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mnusSEdlmanGayuelIsBI14qaM kumarvyCMTg; RtvTTYlkargarFn; niglM)ak. kumarCMTg;TaMgenHRtv
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kargarEdlkMNt;[edayRbFanshkrN_ RbCaCnTaMgenHnwgRtvecaTRbkan;faCaxagM rbs;bdivtn_ ehIynwg
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46

RbCaCnkm<CaRKb;rUbmansiTiCIvPaBeBjTIxagsmar xagsartI nigxagvb,Fm EdlRtv)an

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47

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karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety15. b:Eu nEpnkarTaMgenHsuTE tbraCy ehIy)aneFVI
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48

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erobrab;fa

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GVITaMgGs;.
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BYkExrRkhmEfmTaMgbgM[hUbsac;RCkeTotpg b:uEnRbEkkedayniyayfa min
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RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;vijenAqaM1979.

49

Rkmkumar rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI8

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RKb;kEngTaMgGs;elIpRbeTs. ExrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnrI snsi xu } CaCagkareRbIBak {Kuk}.

50

mnrI snsi xu kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety Rtv)anerobcMeLIgCaR)aMfa k;. mnrI snsi xu TaMgenHRtv)an

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epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBa EdlRtv)anecaTRbkan;BbI TlYcrbs;rbrbcN
M GI ahar rt;ecalkEng bny
i ay
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XuMXaMg yuTCnExrRkhmnigRkmRKsar ehIynigGkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidEdl)anRbRBwtenAkgPUmiPaK.
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KanGkeTas Namak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnIrs-21Edr.
2> xaMgrbs;Ggkar

51

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brTIlMenAkgrbbExrRkhmfa

52
eyaFaExrRkhmenAvimankraC rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

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pitXMedayminEckGkPUmi.

53

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54

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edayshrdGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniymbRbeTsGnutrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam
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RcLMfa)aneFVkI ar[Pak;garsmat;es-Gu-I Garbs;shrdGaemrik Pak;garsmat;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB
sUevot nigCaPak;garsmat;rbs;evotNam. ExrRkhmk)ancat;TukGkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa
Pak;garsmat;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankayeTACaviFImYydmanRbsiTPaBsRmab;kmaPi)almUldan
ykeFVICaelssmab;RbCaCnNamak;Edlxnsb;ex<Im.
3> karcab;xnnigkarXuMXaMg

55

enAcugqa1M 976nigedImqa1M 977 karRsavRCavrkxagM bgb; pkg )ankayCakick arcm,grbs;ExrRkhm.

ExrRkhm)aneFV[I GkPUmei subI karN_BKI a eTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BakesakmYy {RtvecHtamdanKaeTAvij
eTAmk. RtvraykarN_CnU Ggkar}. meFa)ayepSgeTotEdlExrRkhmeRbIkg karEsVgrkcab;xn xagM bgb;

rYmmankarQbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BGI k ykkarN_ kareFVRI bvtri bU pal;xn jwkjab; nigcemy

I sarPaB.
enAeBlEdlxagM Rtv)anrkeXIjeQaHrbs;Gk TaMgenHnwgRtvraykarN_eTAKNkmaFikarXuM bKN
kmaFikarRsuk ehIybnab;mkGkTaMgenHnwgRtvcab;xn . GgkarkRmcab;xn GkNamak;CasaFarNNas;.
RbsinebImansmaCikNamak;enAkg shkrN_my
Y Rtv)ansgSy kmaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;Gk enaHfa
{GgkarGeBajI GkeTAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBajI enHCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtv)ancab;bBan eTAmnrI XuXM aMg
nigsmab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckIbRsavRCav[)anht;ct;faetIGkTaMgenaHBitCa)an
RbRBwtbT]RkidEbbenaHEmnbkminEmneT. ExrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitcab;xus10 min[Elgxus1}.
4> karsYrcemIynigkareFVITaruNkm

GkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelsI Rsal bCab;XeMu nAmnrI snsi xu fak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan

GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgKW a nkarBa)al nigkarRbRBwtG eM BIyg;Xg epSgeTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsab;
kgsanPaBEbbenHkeday kmanmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmnigkarsmab;Edr. b:uEnenAmnIrsnisux
fak;x<s;rbs;ExrRkhmdUcCamnIrs-21 karsYrcemIynigkareFVITaruNkmKWCaskmPaBFmtaRbcaMf.
CU sUPa rs;enAkgextkMBg;camkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety. sUPa Rtv)ancab;xnenAEx]sPa
qa1M 977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGTIV aMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BkI arcab;xn nigsan PaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkg Kuk
Rsukt,gXMy:agdUecHfa

fmy
Y kgsnsi xu bYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs; ehIy)anesI kg smsI Pu aBrabsafa[
eTACYytExSePgI . enAeBlecjmkdl;eRkAsnsi xu sH mkPgk; aMePgI tRmg;rkehIy

56
kgkumar rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr nigrUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

cgd.ExrRkhm)ancab;ykeTAdak;Kku . bnab;BsI a k;enAkg KukGs;ryeBlEssib

f ExrRkhmbBan mksYrcemyI EdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot. kgsnsi xu
)anykExSePIgmkqk;edIm,IsYrcemIy. CYnkaleKvayy:agxaMg eFVI[snb;Ca
eRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNkmxaMgy:agNakeday kenAEteqIyfamindwg. bnab;mk
ExrRkhmbBaneTAmnIrsYrcemIyfImYyeTot. enATIenaHryeBldb;BIrf. cab;BI
eBlenaHmk ExrRkhmElgsYrcemIybeFVITaruNkmeTotehIy. xnR)aNcuHsm
y:agxagM . bIfeRkaymk ExrRkhmedaHElg edayniyayfaGgkarmankarPnR cLM.
b:Eu nRtvsnafanwgminR)ab;Gk NaTaMgGs;GBM sI a nPaBenAkg Kuk. RbsinebImanGkNa
mak;sYr cemIyrbs;KW {mindwg minB mineXIj}19.
5> karsmab;

57

eRkamrbbkm<C aRbCaFibety RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;Rtv)ansmab;eRkambTRbRBwtG eM BI]Rkid

RbqaMgbdivtn_nigrd. RbCaCnfIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_bCMnajkgkareFVIERscmar)an)at;xn.
RbCaCnRtv)annaMykeTARBeRCAbTIvalqayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismab; bnab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtnUv
GMeBIEdlExrRkhmcat;Tku faCakMhsu b)an beBajkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfak;dkw naMrbs;xn . CnrgeRKaHxHRtv
)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysab;edayfb;degIm.
mnusSesrI RKb;rbU EdlRtv)anrkeXIjfa CaGkFab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtv)anykeTAsmab;
ecal. CaTUeTAKanGkNamak;ha nBak;Ev:ntabny
i ayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaabgajfaCnenaHCa
GkecHdwg. CaBiess GkEdlmkBITRI kgRtvEtlak;Rbvtni gi cMeNHviCa rbs;xn ehIyeFVBI tu CamnusSlge; xA.
karsmab;Rtv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNan. GkxHRtvExrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtn_ bCaxaMg
ehIyRtv)anbBan eTAmnrI sYrcemy
I . bnab;BeI nATIenaH)anryeBlBIr-bIEx GkeTasnwgRtvykeTAvalBiXat
EdlGkTaMgenaHRtv)anbg[M lutCgge; nAmat;reNA. bnab;mk GkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtvsmab;edayvaycMEpk
xageRkaynk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; bdbM g. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak;Rtv)an)aj;smab;
kgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kgreNAEtmYy. GkxHeTotRtv)aneFVI[fb;degImsab;edayykfg;pasikRck
k,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNg CaeRcInenAkg RB GkeTasRtv)andwktamLanFMeTAdl;mat;GNg ehIybnab;
mkkgQbkrujbvayTmak;eTAkgenaHEtmg.
eBlxH smaCikRKsarTaMgGs;Rtv)anykeTAsmab;ecal edaysarEtkMhsu Edl)anRbRBwte day
smaCikmak;. ExrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xn smaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmab;eRkamRTwsfI a {CIkesARtvCIkTaMg
bs}.
m:m pbnU RbCaBlrdrs;enAextekaHkug )anerobrab;GBM sI maCikRKsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtv)anykeTA
smab;ecalfa

bnRsIrbs;mak;GayuR)aMBIrqaMRtv)anGgkarsmab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatxImYyEp
hUb. Ggkarvaynwgt,gcbehIykb;Ek,rcmareBat. resolmYy eBlkMBgu edjeKa
kat;RB FukM ni sy saksBrlYy. edIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGkFab;sa l;Ka . minnwk
sanfaenaHCasaksBBukesaH. Kat;Rtvkab;ngw kaMbti Citdac;kecjBIsa . enAEk,r
sBBuk mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtvsmab;edaykat;pac;kdUcKa. rMlgBIenaH
)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdnU GayuCagcitsibqa)M ansab;. Kat;Rtv)anecaTfalYcbbr
ekghUb ehIyRtvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;Rtv)anrMnu gw )avykeTAkb;ecal.
eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CdI nU Etb:nu a nf mayksa b;eTot. Kat;sa b;edaysarkargar
lM)aknigKanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksay20.

58

brievnKukTYlEsg rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

CMBUkTI9

mnIrs-21 KukTYlEsg
59

KuksMxan;bMputkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyRtv)ansal;faCa {mnIrsnisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}

tMNag[Bak{snisux} ehIyelx{21} tMNag[elxsmat;. KukenHmanTItaMgsitenAEb:kxagt,gTIRkg
PMeBj sgat;TYlsVayRB.
mnrI s-21CaKuksmat;sRmab;XXMu aMg sYrcemy
I eFVTI aruNkm nigsmab;Gk eTasEdlRtv)ancab;
bBan mkdak;enATIenH. cab;BBI ak;kNalqa1M 976mk minmanGkeTasNamak;Rtv)anedaHElgeT. kg cMeNam
GkeTasRbEhlmYymunW bYnBan;nak; manEt12nak;beu: NaHEdlenArs;ranmanCIvti bnab;BkI ardYlrlMnrbb

km<C aRbCaFibety. GkTaMgenHRtv)anTukCIvti eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;mnrI s-21.

GkTaMgenHCaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmak;.
1> GKarenAmnIrs-21

mnIrs-21CaGtItviTalyecABjay:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkgqaM1962.
KukenHsitenAelIpdIEdlmanbeNay600
Em:Rt nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbg
salaenH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,vBIrxg
EdlCaGtItsalabzmsikSabwgekgkg. GKar
TaMgGs;enHbegIt)aneTACamnIrs-21.
kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibetymnrI s-21
ruMBTedayrbgsgsIniglYsbnaEdlmanPab;
crnGKisnI. enAkgbrievNKuk manGKarFM
kmaPi)albeRmIkarenAmnIrs-21nigRkmRKsar
bYn. bnb;eronCan;eRkamRtv)anEbgEckeTA
rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca
Cabnb;tUcEdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt
Edlbnbm; y
Y sRmab;dak;Gk eTasmak;. bnbe; ronCan;TmI y
Y EdlmanTMh8M KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;Gk
eTasrYm. enACan;TBI rI bnbn; mI y
Y manTMhFM CM agehIydak;Gk eTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnbm; y
Y Rtv)aneRbI
CakariyalyeFVkI arrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnbm; y
Y eTotRtv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyalyksarnig
kariyalyrd)alTUeTA. pHmYycMnnY EdlenAEk,rKukRtv)aneRbI eFVCI akEngsYrcemy
I nigkEngeFVTI aruNkm.
2> GkeTas

GkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnIrs-21Rtv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSbk,t;bdivtn_ bFab;)aneFVIkar[
kmaPi)alk,t;EdlRtvcab;xnrYcehIy. mYyrykalkngeTA emdwknaMbkSkumynIskm<CamankarsgSy
nigmankarminTukcitkan;EtxaMgeLIgcMeBaHkmaPi)alnigkgTBrbs;xn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qaM1976
enAkg dMeNIrkarrwtbngw snsi xu Cati b:lu Bt )aneFVkI arcab;xn kmaPi)alCan;xs< b; kSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykeTA
XueM nAmnrI s-21. fak;dkw naMExrRkhmyl;fa sRtvmanenARKb;TkI EngTaMgGs;kg pRbeTs ehIy)aneFVkI ar
cab;xnsmaCikkumynIsrbs;xnCaeRcInnak;kgmYyEx. GkeTasenAmnIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs
RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.
kmaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkg KukmYycMnnY )ankayCaGkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmaPi)alTaMgenaH)an
sarPaBBIkarxli RcGUskg karerobcMksar eFV[I xUcm:asunI nig]bkrN_dTeTot bvayGkeTasrhUtdl;sa b;
kgeBlsYrcemIyedayKankarGnuBaat. cemIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnIrs-21CacemIyminBit BIeRBaH

60

GkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtk hM su GVFI n F; r eT ehIyGkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxn BITaruNkmbeu: NaH.

exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdmkBIextkBM g;qa gM CaGtItGkyamenAmnrI s-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab;
BIRbvtirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa

enAqaM1977 mitPkirbs;BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtkMhus ehIyRtv

)anykeTAsmab;ecal. bnab;BeI naHmk Ggkarcab;xn eRBaHCamitP kri bs;Gk TaMgBIr
ehIybBan eTARBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemyI ERkgela manCab;Bak;Bn C amYyGkTaMgBIr
b:Eu neqy
I fa {Gt;maneT}. GksYrcemy
I eQaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas;
faxMeFVkI arnigesaHRtg;. dUecHehIyRtv)anedaHElg ehIyRtv)anbBan eTAkgBl
502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAtnij eTAv:CamYyevotNam.
CIvitenAmnIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBPyxac. eyIgminhanniyayesIc
elgrkKaeT. eyIgminTukcitGkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitPkiCitsiTrbs;eyIgkeday.
RKb;Ka RtvxitxMeFVkI ar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtvdaMbEnngi ciBamw RCk. eyIgRtvRbg
Rbytb pM tu eBleFVkI ar. kMhsu bnci bnc dUcCaegak bEpknwgCBaagM GaceFV[I eyIgsab;)an.
3> bTbBatisRmab;GkeTas

bTbBatienHRtv)anbiTenAelICBaaMgkgbrievNKuk.

61

vinysni)al nKr)alsnisux enAmnIrs-21

1 sYrGIeqIyhwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.
2 min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitglak;bRbEkk tmat;min
)andac;xat.
3 min[eFVIlg; minyl;bBaa eRBaHgCamnusShanRbqaMgnwgbdivtn_.
4 sYrPam eqIyPam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.
5 erOgxVHxat kMhusbnicbnc dUcCasIlFm xUcenHxUcenaH kmin[niyay
erOgxwmsarbdivtn_ kmin[niyay.
6 v:bqk;ExSePIgmin[ERskdac;xat.
7 min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgyesmrg;caMbBaaGj Gt;bBaakuMeFVI GjbBaaGIeFVI
hwgPam RbEkkRcimRcmmin)aneT.
8 kuMykelskm<CaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;Gag[esaH.
9 RKb;bBaaxagelI mineFVItam KWmYyfrgrMBat; ExSePIgqk;rab;minQHeT.
10 RbqaMgvinyGjmYycMNuc RtvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; bqk;ExSePIgR)aMqac;.

bTbBatimYyeTotsRmab;GkeTasRtv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.
1
2
3
4
5

bRmamenAGKar{x-K-X}
min[niyayTak;TgKadac;xat eTaHCasal; bminsal;.
ebIcg;eFIVGVI RtvmankarGnuBaatBIGkyam.
min[Br:Ugr:agTIkEngenA.
eBlGkyambGkepSgcUl RtvedkTaMgGs;.
eBlEqk Rtvdak;deRkayxg. kuMesrI.

4> sanPaBenAkgmnIrs-21

enAeBlbBan eTAdl;mnrI s-21 GkeTasTaMgGs;Rtv)anftrUbnigtRmv[sresrRbvtri bU lmti cab;

taMgBIkmu arPaBrhUtdl;fcab;xn . GkeTasRtvedaHsemkbMBak;ecjTukEtexakg mYy ehIysmarCab;xn TaMg
b:nu a nRtv)anrwbGUsyk. bnab;mkGkeTasnwgRtvnaMykeTAXukM g bnb; EdlenATIenaHGkeTasTaMgenHRtvdak;
exaHeCIgEdlmancgPab;edayRcvak;eTAnwgCBaagM b\d. cMENkGkeTasXueM nAbnbF; RM tv)andak;exaHeCIgeday
rnukEdkEvgmYyrYmKa. exaHeCIgTaMgenHRtvPab;eTAnwgrnukEdkqas;Ka dUecHGkeTasRtvedkdak;k,alTl;Ka .
GkeTasRtvedkpal;ngw \d edayKankenl mug bPy
Y eT. GkeTasRtv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKa.
v:an; Nat GkenArs;ranmanCIvitmak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;elakenAkgmnIrs-21fa
enAkg mnrI s-21 Rtv)andak;exaHeCIgPab;eTAnwgrnukEdkEvgmYyCamYyGkeTasCag
samsibnak;eTot. ExrRkhm[eyIghUbBIrdgkgmYyf. GkeTasRKb;rUbTTYl)an
rbb bbrbYnsabRBatUc nigsmlayswkeQIxH. karniyayKaRtv)anhamXat;
dac;xat. RbsinebIGkNamak;cg;eRkakGgybpwkTwk eKRtvsuMkarGnuBaatBIGkyam
Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaatBIGkyam nwgRtvTTYlkarvaydMCa
Tmn.; eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bnY fmg . eKykTuyy:mU k)aj;CHBImat;TaV r. Rbsin
ebIeyIgenAqayBImat;TaV r eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;f GkeTasRtv
)annaMykeTAsYrcemIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEneyIgeXIj
GkeTasfIRtv)annaMcUlmkCMnYsvij21.

62

kmaPi)albeRmIkarenAkgmnIrsnisuxhUbGaharrYmKa rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

enAem:agbYnknHRBwk GkeTasRtvRsatexaedIm,I[GkyamRttBinti . GkyamRtvBinti emIlERkgela

exaHeCIgrlug bERkgelaGkeTasmanlak;vtG EIV dleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVGI tXat. mYyrykalkngmkman
GkeTasCaeRcIn)ansmab;xn g dUecHGkyammankarRbgRbytN
as;kg karRttBinti emIlexaHeCIgnigbnb.;
sanPaBrs;enAkg mnrI s-21manPaBkxVk; EdleFV[I GkeTasPaKeRcInekItERsg kmrmas; nigc.
minmanfaBM a)aleTenAkg Kuk. kmaPi)aleBTenAmnrI s-21suTE tmin)anTTYlkarhat;eronRtwmRtv ehIy
eFVIkarBa)alRKan;EtedIm,IBnarkarsab;rbs;GkeTas bnab;BIrgrbYsFn;kgGMLgeBlsYrcemIyb:ueNaH.
GkeTasRtv)anbiTmuxCit eBlRtvnaMBIkEngXuMXaMgeTAkEngsYrcemIy. GkyamnigGkeTasmin
GnuBaat[niyayKaeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot buKl ki EdlenARkmepSgKakmni Rtv)anGnuBaat[eFVkI arTak;TgKaEdr.
5> karsYrcemIy

63

viFsI asRBpSCaeRcInRtv)aneRbIedIm,IsrY cemy

I enAmnrI s-21. GkeTasRtv)anvayedayd
dMbg bEmkeQI. CYnkal GksYrcemIyvayGkeTasnwgExSePIgbqk;ExSePIg. viFIsaseFVITaruNkm
epSgeTotEdleRbIenAmnrI s-21manGucePgI )arI bg[M sulI amk bpkw Twkenam ykml cak;clU sac; nigBrd
eLIgelIeBjmYyf bBreCIgeLIgelIdaMk,alcuHeRkam. GkeTasxHeTotRtv)anqUtsac;ngw kaMbti bykfg;
xbR; cmuH. viFsI asmy
Y cMnnY eTotEdleRbIsRmab;cRmaj;ykcemy
I sarPaB rYmmandkRkckdehIycak;Gakul
BIelI bRCmuCTwk. GkeTasmYycMnYnRtvsab;kgGMLgeBleFVITaruNkm.

GkeTasRsIRtv)aneFVTI aruNkmedaykat;edaH bbg[M sTI aMgenaHedaHexaGavecj. GkeTasRsImy

Y
cMnYnRtvGksYrcemIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpvePTpynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety
keday. GksYrcemIyEdlRtvrkeXIjfa)anRbRBwtGMeBIenHRtv)ansmab;ecal.
enAkg cemy
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GkeTasnwgrayeQaHCnk,t;EdlRtvCamitP ki mitr mY kargar
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I .
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reTHePIgfa
tun Cakmkrcas;. vamineBjcitnwgbdivtn_dUc
KavaeTotEdr. ral;fvaEtgeXasna dUcteTAenH
kmaPi)alExrRkhm
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sBVf kmkrcas;eRbbdUcsMrameRkam)ateCIgva vacg;Can;eBlNak)aneRscEtnwgcitva.
BYkvaBUEkxagGMnYtnigRTwsI EtxileFVIkar.
eFVIkarRKan;EtdUr)aysuI)anehIy xUcsIkxUceTA.
eRkABIenH vaBRgwgxneRtomvaybdivtn_ eBlNamanTBmkBIeRkA22.

Ca ehOg sasacarCemseTARsuk)arayN_ extkMBg;FM )ansarPaBBIskmPaBk,t;rbs; taMg

Lj GtItGkeFVIkarenARksYgRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skiBIrfa
CemseTAdl;PUmikMeNItvij taMg Lj edIrRbmUleCIgedIm,IRbqaMgbdivtn_. va)an
eFVIviecTkmRbqaMgeyIgCabnbnab;.

64



ENnaM[bkSBYkElgeKa[suIRsUv.
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ykpHxnCakEngsresrRtak; ehIy)anykRtak;eTA)actamkardan23.

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buKl ki CagmYyBan;nak;enAbeRmIkarkg mnrI s-21. kg enaHmnusSRbEhlbI-bYnrynak;beRmIkarCa

buKlikTUeTA edayrYmTaMgGkdaMbEnbgarsRmab;beRmIesckIRtvkarkgKukpg. eRkABIenH CakgkmaMgeFVIkar
kg brievNKuk EdleFVkI arenAkg GgPaBmYykg cMeNamGgPaBTaMgbIrbs;Kku nigrYmTaMgbuKl ki kariyalypg.
GgPaBenAmnrI s-21rYmman GgPaBerobcMksar GgPaBkarBar nigGgPaBsYrcemy
I . GgPaB
erobcMksarmannaTIcmgcemy
I sarPaBecjBIkaEsSt vayGtbTcemy
I sarPaBrbs;Gk eTas segbGtbT
cemy
I sarPaB nigerobcMTku dak;ksar. buKl ki enAkg GgPaBrgEpkftrUbmannaTIftrUbGkeTasBak;kNal
xneBlGkeTasmkdl;Pam ftrUbGkeTasEdlsab;kgbnb;XuMXaMg nigftrUbGkeTassMxan;eRkayeBl
smab;ehIy. rUbftrab;Ban;snkw enAesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVf b:Eu nrab;Ban;snkw epSgeTot)an)at;bg;.

65
kmaPi)albeRmIkarenAkgmnIrsnisuxhUbGaharrYmKa rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

GgPaBkarBarKWCaGgPaBFMbpM tu enAmnrI s-21. kgsnsi xu

kg GgPaBenHPaKeRcInCaekgCMTg;. kgsnsi xu PaKeRcInmankarlM)ak Duc eQaHedIm kaMg ehceGov
kgkareKarBbTbBaadtwgEtgrbs;GgPaB. kgsnisuxminGnuBaat[ Duc ekItqaM1945 enAext
niyayCamYyGkeTas sYreQaH bvaytb;Gk eTaseLIy. kgsnsi xu kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTaly
Rtv)anhamXat;min[lYcemIlblYcsab;karsYrcemIy ehIyRtv RBHsuIsuvti nig)anCab;cMNat;fak;
eKarB[)anxab;xnnUvbTbBaasamsibcMNucEdlhamR)am min[lYc CasisSBUEkKNitviTaelxBIrTUTaMg
edk Ggy
elg bEpkCBaagM kg eBleFVkI argar. kgsnsi xu RtvedIreTA RbeTs. Duc eFVICaRKbeRgon
edIrmk eFVkI aryaml,at nigBinti Bicy
GVI RKb;ya: gedayRbgRbyt KNitviTaenAsalaeronmYykg
bMput. kgsnisuxNaEdl)an
sun esn smmitexov RbRBwtk hM su FnF; r nwgRtvcab;xn extkMBg;FM. qaM1964 Duc eFVIkar
enAsalaKruekaslbnab;BI sun
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r
cem
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ykeTAsm
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smaCikbkSkumynIskm<CaenAqaM
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n
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1970.
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cab;xnenAEx]sPa qaM1999.
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eTasBIbT]RkidkmsgamnigkareFVI
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sanPaB suxPaBrbs; Duc man
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n
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kgrykalkm<CaRbCaFib
ety sun esn Ca]bnayk eFVI[GkeTassarPaB eKnwgbBanGkeTaseTARkmekA. RkmGegm
rdmnITIbI TTYlbnkkarBarCatinig eFVIkarCamYykrNIFn;FrnigkrNIsMxan;.
karsYrcemIymanryeBlEvg. CYnkaldMeNIrkarenHbn
RKb;RKgpal;eTAelImnIrs-21.
I TaMgenaHecHGan nigecHsresr
sun esn nigRkmRKsarRtv)an eFVrI hUtdl;yb;GRFaRt. GksYrcemy
smab;tambBaarbs; b:ul Bt enA ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagmqaM.
fTI10 Exmifuna qaM1997.

66

7> fak;dwknaMmnIrs-21

mnrI s-21sti eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgkarBarCatidkw naMeday sun esn ehA smmite xov.

muneBlcUlCasmaCikbkSkumynIskm<Ca sun esn Fab;)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMgnigFab;eFVICa
RKbeRgn.
emdwknaMCan;xs< e; nAmnsI -21rYmman Duc RbFanmnrI s-21/ Xwm v:at ehA h GnuRbFanmnrI
s-21/ eb:g bBaakarelIGkyam/ can; RbFanGgPaBsYrcemIy nig b:un GksYrcemIy. b:un
CaGksYrcemIyGkeTassMxan;CaeRcInrUbrYmman Ekv mas/ N sar:an;/ hU nwm/ TIv Gul nig ePaK
qay. emdwknaMKukTaMgenHsuTEtCaGtItRKbeRgn.
8> karsmab;enAmnIrs-21

GkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnIrs-21Cab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHryeBlBIreTAbIEx. eTaHCay:agenHkI
kmaPi)alExrRkhmCan;x<s;mYycMnYnCab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHrab;Ex ehIycemIysarPaBEvgrab;ryTMBr.
bnab;BRI tvnaMxn mkdl;mnrI s-21)anBIr-bIf GkeTasTaMgGs;ngw RtvnaMykeTAsYrcemy
I edayKanxVlx; aV y
KitKUrBIkarBitGVeI LIy. GkeTasTaMgGs; RtvEtsarPaBfaxn KWCaCnk,t;bdivtn_ nigFab;)anRbRBwtb TelsI
TaMgLayEdlGksYrcemy
I sURt[fatam. bnab;BkI arsYrcemy
I cb;sBVRKb;ehIy GkeTasnwgRtvnaMykeTA
{kemcecal} EdlCaBakeRbIkgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyCMnYs[Bak {smab;}.

67
kmaPi)alExrRkhm rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

enAqaTM mI y
Y nRbtibtki arrbs;mnrI s-21 saksBGkeTasRtv)ankb;enAEk,rmnrI . b:Eu n cab;taMgBI
cugqa1M 976mk minmandITeM nrsRmab;kb;exacenAEk,rKukeToteT ehtudeU cHehIyGkeTasRtv)andwktamLan
enAeBlyb;eTAkan;bgw eCIgk sti enAcmay13KILE m:Rt PaKnirtITRI kgPeM Bj EdlenAkEngenaHGkeTas
Rtv)anvaynwgt,gcb xgBUefA bdMbg b)aj;smab;ecalEtmg. CaTUeTA enAeBlEdlGkeTasRtv)an
smab;ehIy kgTBEdldwkGkeTasBImnIrs-21eTA)ankb;saksBTaMgenHenAkgreNAsaksBrYm Edl
reNAtUcmanRbEhlR)aMmYynak; ehIyreNAFMmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;.
mnIrs-21 nig bwgeCIgk Rtv)anERbkayeTACasarmnIrRblyBUCsasn_eday rdaPi)aln
saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<CaeRkamCMnYy]btmrbs;evotNamkgqaM1979.

68

emdwknaMkm<CaRbCaFibetynigKNRbtiPUbreTs rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI10

TMnak;TMngkarbreTs

69

km<CaRbCaFibety)aneFVITMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTscin kUer:xageCIg evotNam Lav Kuy)a

rUma: nI yUehasavI Gal;)anI nigeGhSbI . RbeTsTaMgGs;enHmansanTUtkg TIRkgPeM Bj. kg rykalkm<C a
RbCaFibety kGKrdTUtTaMgGs;elIkElgEtkGKrdTUtcinRtv)anbgaMg[enAEtkgsanTUterogxn.
km<CaRbCaFibety)anebIksanTUtrbs;xnenARbeTscin kUer:xageCIg evotNam rhUtdl;ExFqaM
1977 nigLav. kg cMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH TMnak;TnM gCamYycinnigkUer:xageCIgmanlkNlRbesIr ehIy
TMnak;TMngCamYyLavmanlkNlbgr. b:uEnTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNamkan;EtmanlkNGaRkk;eTA
edaysarEtkarb:HTgci KaenAtambeNayRBMEdn nigkarExVgKMnti KaxagmenaKmviCa . emdwknaMbkSkumy
nIs

km<C aPaKeRcInCaGkRbqaMgnwgevotNam
eGog sarI smmitv:an;
ehIyemdwknaMNaEdlFab;rs;enA bFa b;
manTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNamnwgRtveFVI
eGog sarI ekItqa1M 930 enAextRtavij RbeTsevot
visTu k m elIkElgEt sun esn nig Namxagt,g. eGog sarI )anerobkarCamYy exov FIriT.
eGog sarI. GkTaMgGs;enHRtv)anecaT qa1M 950 eGog sarI )anTTYlGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenA
Rbkan;faCamnusS {k,alyYn xn Exr}. RbeTs)araMg ehIy)ankayeTACasmaCikbkSkumynIs
RbeTsTaMgBIrkmankarExVgKMnti KapgEdr )araMg. eGog sarI )anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<CavijenAqaM
eTAelIbBaa faetIGk NaCaGkkan;kab;Er: 1957 ehIy)an cUlCasmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_Exr.
eRbgkatenAkgEdnsmuRTExr.
eGog sarI beRgnenAviTalykm<CbuRtrhUt dl;qaM1963
bkSkumy
nIsk m<C amanbMNgcg; EdlenAeBlenaH)anrt;clU RBts.U eRkaymk eGog sarI
deNmI ykkm<C aeRkam24BIevotNammk )ankayCaembBaakarkgTBenAPUmiPaK|san.
vij. bkSkmni eBjcitc eM BaHKMnitrbs;
qaM1976 eGog sarI Rtv)anEtgtaMgCa]bnayk
evotNamEdlcg;begItshBn\Ncin rdmnITImYy TTYlbnkkickarbreTs. eGog sarI kCa
Edr.
smaCikKNkmaFikarmCim nigKNkmaFikarGciny_bkS
karb:HTgci Karvagkm<C aRbCaFib pgEdr. eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<Ca
ety nigevotNam)ancab;epmI eLIgenA enAqaM1996. bcb,n eGog sarI rs;enAy:agmanesrIPaB
cugqa1M 975. bnab;BeI naH karRbyuT enAkgRbeTskm<Ca ehIykUnRbseQaH eGog vuF KWCa
Kadxa gM ka)anpH eLIgenAekaHRtl; bPkU ku GPi)alrgTImYyRkgb:lin.
CaPasaevotNam. enABak;kNalqaM
1976 km<C aRbCaFibety)anbegnI TMnak;TnM gkan;EtCitsTi C amYyRbeTscin ehIyCemaHrvagkm<C aRbCa
FibetynigevotNam)ankayeTACaEpkmYynCemaHrvagcinnigsUevot EdlenAeBlenaHrdaPi)alRkg
mUsK aMRTevotNam ehIyrdaPi)alRkgeb:kaMg
KaMRTkm<C aRbCaFibety. enAcugqa1M 976
km<CaRbCaFibetyTTYl)anCMnYyeyaFa
y:ageRcInsnwksnab;BIcin. kgqaM1977
kgTBkm<CaRbCaFibety)anebIkkarvay
RbhareTAelIPmU mi y
Y cMnnY rbs;evotNamEdl
sti enAtambeNayRBMEdnCamYykm<C anig)an
smab;RbCaCnst Rtg;rab;rynak;. TMnak;TnM g
karTUtrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrRtv)ankat;pac;TaMg
RsugenAExF qaM1977.
emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExrRkhmnigKNRbtiPUbreTs kgqaM1978 km<CaRbCaFibety)an
rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

70

xitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xn ehIyBaNiCkmeRkARbeTs enAeBlenaH)anQandl;kRmitkMBUl.

RbeTsEdlFab;eFVITMnak;TMngBaNiCkmCamYykm<CaRbCaFibetyman RbeTscin kUer:xageCIg f Cb:un
hugkug m:ada hasa bg;kaEds nigsigburI. TMnijnaMecjsMxan;rbs;km<Ca RbCaFibetyrYmman RsUv
CrekAsU eQI nigsrIrragstVdkRm Es,k/ Pk/ sk. cMENkTMnijnaMcUlvij rYmman eRKgsBVavuF
rfeRkaH kaMePIgFM m:asuInsRmab;eFVIERscmar plitplKImI nigRkNat;.
TMnijnaMecjPaKeRcInrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetymancMnYntictYcxaMgNas; ebIeRbbeFobeTAnwgkarnaM
ecjenAmunqaM1970 ehIyRtv)annaMykeTARbeTscin EdlCaRbeTsEtmYyKt;man\TiBlmkelIkm<Ca
RbCaFibety. BIqaM1977dl;cugqaM1978 cin)anpl;[km<CaRbCaFibetynUvrfeRkaHrab;ryeRKg
Lan GavuFFunFn; RKab;epagnigRKab;kaMePgI rab;Ban;etan nigynehaHRbtikmcnM nY R)aMmy
Y eRKg. rdaPi)alcin
k)anpl[; nUvkarCYsCulpv rfePgI mYyExSPab;RkgPeM BjeTARkgkMBg;esam nigRBlanynehaHfmI y
Y eTotenA
extkBM g;qa gM . eRkABITnM ak;TnM gBaNiCk m CMny
Y eyaFa nigCMny
Y hirBavt cin)anbBan GkCMnajkarrab;Ban;nak;
[mkeFVCI aGkbeckeTs nigCaTIRbwkSarbs;km<C aRbCaFibety. GkCMnajkarTaMgenH)anCYybgat;beRgn
k,neyaFa beckeTseBT nigbeckeTskg eragcRkdl;kmaPi)alExrRkhm. km<C aRbCaFibety)anes[I
cinbBan TBmkCYyc,aMgCamYyevotNam b:Eu ncni )anbdiesF ehIyes[I manbTQb)aj;Ka nigeFVkI arcrca.
km<CaRbCaFibety)anTat;ecalsMeNIenH.

71

kgcltkumar rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI11

kardYlrlMnrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety
1> mUlehtubIy:agnkardYlrlMrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety

sPaBRTDeRTamrbs;RbCaCn EpnkarbYnqarM bs;km<C aRbCaFibetybBaak;fa km<C anwgplitRsUv

[)anbIetankg mYyhiktaerogral;qa .M tYelxenHmancMnnY eRcInelIsTinp lmunsmybdivtn._ enAeBlTinp l
RsUvmin)anRKb;EpnkarkMNt; kmaPi)alenATUTaMgRbeTs)aneFVrI )aykarN_Ekgkay. bnab;mkkmaPi)al
TaMgenHnwgbBanRsUvy:ageRcIneTAtamcMnYnEpnkarkMNt; edayTuk[RbCaCnTTYlrgkarGt;Xan.

72

kgkumar rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

73

edaysarEtRbtibtki arTUTaMgRbeTsCakarsmat;enaH eFV[I Epnkarkg karRbmUlTinp lRsUv[)anbIetan

kgmYyhiktaminGacGnuvt)an. tMbn;TaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTsminRtv)anGnuBaat[EckrMElkBtmanKaeTAvij
eTAmk bRttBinti emIlfaetImanbBaaGVxI H kMBgu ekItmaneLIgeT. mCimbkSkRmcuHmkemIlsanPaBrs;enArbs;
RbCaCn berobcMEpnkar[kmaPi)alfak;eRkamrbs;xn GnuvtNas;. emdwknaMfa k;elIhak;dcU CaeCOTaMgRsugnUv
GVIEdlfak;eRkam)anraykarN_ cMENkfak;eRkamminhanraykarN_BtmanminlNamYyeTAfak;elIeLIy.
mnCI an;xs< b; kSkumy
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ral;bBaaEdlekItmaneLIgRtv)anemdwknaMTaMgenaHecaTRbkan;faCakMhsu rbs;CnbreTsbCnk,t;. edaysar
EtlkxNrs;enAkan;EtmansPaBy:ab;ynWu eTA RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;)ansab;Cabnbnab; edaykareFVkI arhYs
kmaMgnigKanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;.
visTu k m enABak;kNalqa1M 976 smaCiksMxan;CaeRcInrUbrbs;bkSkumy
nIsk m<C a Rtv)aneFVI
visTu k m. cab;BeI BlenaHmk b:lu Bt nigshkarIeCOfakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgfak;dkw naMbkSkan;EtekItmaneRcIn
eLIg.fak;dkw naMTaMgenHeCOfasRtvrbs;xn manenARKb;TkI Eng. KNPUmPi aK KNtMbn; nigembBaakarkgTB
CaeRcInrUbRtv)ancab;xnnigsmab;ecal. sPaBkarN_kan;EtmansPaBFn;FreTAkgqaM1977 enAeBl
Edl b:lu Bt bBaa[eFVkI arsmab;kmaPi)alPUmPi aKbUBa nigeFVvI si Tu k meTAelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkg PUmPi aK
enHesrI Kansl;. enAeBlevotNamvaycUlPUmPi aKenHenAcugqa1M 977 RbCaCnesssl;Rtv)anecaTfa

)ancUldCamYyevotNam ehIyRtv)anmCimbkScat;Tku faCamnusS{k,alyYn xn Exr}. ehtudeU cHehIy

mCimbkS)anbBan kgTBCaeRcInmkvayRbharPUmPi aKbUBa Edl)ansmab;RbCaCnrab;mnWu nak;. RbCaCnrab;Ban;
nak;)anrt;ePosxneTAevotNam EdlenATIenaH rdaPi)alevotNam)anCYybegItkgkmaMgeyaFamYy.
karb:HTgicCamYyevotNam enHKWCa
mUlehtuFbM pM tu nkardYlrlMrbs;km<C aRbCaFib
ety. enAqaM1975 km<CaRbCaFibety
cab;epImbgbBaaenAtamRBMEdnbeNIrCamYy
evotNam. karRbyuTK a dxa gM ka)anpH eLIgenA
Bak;kNalqa1M 977 KWenAeBlEdlExrRkhm
)an)aj;epageTAelITrI mY extcvU duk RsukhaeTog
nigextmy
Y cMnnY eTotrbs;evotNamEdlbNal
[eRKaHfak;dl;RbCaCnsuIvil nigkgTBevot
NamCaeRcInnak; Edlmin)aneRtmxnCamun.
RbCaCnevotNamrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;clU eTAkg p
RbeTs. kgGMLgeBlEtBIr-bIfnkarvay
Rbhar RbCaCnsuIvilevotNamRbEhlmYYy
Ban;nak;)anrgrbYsnigsab;.
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ynehaHnigkaMePgI FMebIkkarvayRbharRTg;RTay
FMmYymkelIkm<CaRbCaFibety edaydeNIm
kan;kab;)antMbn;cMBuHeskkgextsVayerog.
kgTBevotNam)anvaysRmkcUlCagmKLI E m:Rt
mkkg TwkdIkm<C aRbCaFibety ehIykan;kab;)an rUbftkmaPi)alCnCaticamBIrrUbEdlRtv)anftenAkgbnb;ftrUbmYy
enAkgtMbn;rMedaH/ extRkecH
TIrYmextsVayerog. eqIytbeTAvij km<Ca
rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca
RbCaFibety)ankat;pac;cMNgkarTUtCamYy
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ExrRkhmyl;RBmeFVIkarcrca luHRtaNaEtkgTBevotNamTaMgGs; dkecjBITwkdIkm<CaRbCaFibety
Camunsin. mYyrykaleRkaymkeTot evotNam)andkTBecjBIRbeTskm<C a edayekorGkeTasnig
RbCaCnsuvI li rab;Ban;nak;ykeTACamYypg. KankarcrcaNamYyRtv)aneFVeI LIgeT.
evotNam)anecaTExrRkhmfa )aneFIVkarvayRbhareTAelIextTaMgR)aMbIrbs;xnEdlsitenAtam
beNayRBMEdnCab;km<C a. evotNam)anCMrju [mankarbegtI kmagM bdibk mYyedIm,IeFVkI arbHe)arRbqaMgnwg
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74

eyaFa nigbegtI kmagM sl sRmab;rbbfmI y

Y . RbeTsTaMgBIr
)anRbyuTKaeBjmYyrykalnqaM 1978.
enAfTI3 Exemsa qaM1978 viTRkghaNUyEdl
pSayCaPasaExr)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnkm<C aTaMgGs;eRkak
QreLIgRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. evotNam)an
eRCIserIsRbCaCnExrmYycMnnY Edl)anePosxn eTAevotNam
[cUlbeRmIkgCYrkgTBdwknaMedayevotNam. PaKeRcInn
CnCatiExrTaMgenHKWCakmaPi)al kgTB nigRbCaCnmkBIPmU Pi aK
bUBa. mkRtwmeBlenHmYyEpknPUmiPaKbUBasitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIymYyEpkeTotsti enAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmaMgbHe)arEdlRbqaMgnwgExrRkhm.
enAfTI3 ExF qaM1978 viTRkghaNUy)anpSBV
pSayBIkarbegtI eLIgnUvrNsirSsamKsI egaHCatikm<C a25.
rNsirSenHdwknaMedaysmmit ehg sMrni Edl)anePosxn
eTAevotNamenAcugqaM1978.
embBaakarTBevotNam v:an; eTonyug )andwknaMeFVkI ar
vayRbhary:agxagM kamkelIkm<C aRbCaFibety enAfT2I 5
ExF qaM1978. TBrbs; v:an; eTonyug )anvaykan;kab;
extRkecH kgryeBlR)aMf nigextkMBg;camkgryeBl
mYys)ah_. bnab;mkenAfT7I Exmkra qa1M 979 kgTB
evotNamnigkgTBrbs;rNsirSsamKsI egaHCatikm<C avay
deNIm)anrdFanIPMeBj nigesIrEtpRbeTsTaMgmUlkg
eBlbnbnab;mkeTot. kgTBTaMgBIr)anerobcMmhasn)i atmYy edIm,IbegtI RkmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtnk_ m<C a[
eFVICardaPi)albeNaHGasneRkamkardwknaMrbs;smmit ehg sMrin.
tam:uk eQaHedIm Qit eCOn
tam:ku ekItqa1M 926 enAexttaEkv.
tam:ku )anbYseronGs;CaeRcInqaM ehIy
)anerobkarCamYybnCIdUnmYyeQaH Guk
Xwm ehIymankUnbYnnak;. qaM1949
tam:uk eFVICaRbFan\sSrRsuk kgext
taEkv. tam:uk )ancUlCasmaCikRkm
kumynIsenA qaM1963. BIqaM1968
eTAqaM1978 tam:uk CaelxaPUmiPaK
nirtI.
enAExvicika qaM1978 tam:uk Rtv
)anEtgtaMgCaGnuelxaTIBIrbkSkumynIs
km<Ca. bnab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;km<Ca
RbCaFibety tam:uk minEdlesIsuMkar
elIkElgeTas ehIyminEdlmanbMNg
cuHcUlCamYyrdaPi)aleT. tam:ku Rtv)an
cab;xn edaykgTBraCrdaPi)alenAEk,r
RBMEdnf enAExmIna qaM1999 ehIy
dak;kgmnIrXuM XaMg. tam:ku sab;eday
sarCMgeW nAfT2I 1 Exkkda qaM2006.

2> km<CaRbCaFibetyeRkayqaM1979

75

edImqa1M 979 evotNam)anCYyerobcMbegtI rbbfmI y

Y enATIRkgPeM BjEdlmaneQaHfa {saFarNrd
RbCamanitkm<C a}. rbbenHRKb;RKgRbeTskm<C arhUtdl;evotNam dkTBecjmYyTsvtSr_eRkaymkeTot
KWenAqa1M 990. emdwknaMngi kgTBrbs;km<C aRbCaFibety)anrt;ePosxn BITRI kgPeM BjeTAPaKBayBRbeTs
edayefrI eCIg Lan nigreTHePgI . ExrRkhm)anekorRbCaCnrab;mnWu nak;edaybg[M eTACamYyxn . kg GMLg
eBlnkarCemsCaelIkTIBIrenH RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansab;edaysarGt;Gahar CMgW nigrbYs.

RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansVHEsVgrkpvRtLb;mkPUmikMeNItrbs;xnvij. semcRBHneratm sIhnu nig

RBHjativgSanuvgSRtv)anCemstamynehaHeTARbeTscin.
ExrRkhm)anerobcMGgkarcat;taMgrbs;xn eLIgvijenAtambeNayRBMEdnf edaymanCMny
Y eyaFa
BIbreTs rYmmanmkBIRbeTscinnigRbeTsf. rhUtdl;qaM1990 mhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCati)an
GnuBaat[tMNagrbs;km<C aRbCaFibetybnkan;kab;Gasnrbs;km<C aenAGgkarshRbCaCati ebIeTaHbICa
mankarCMTas;BIsaFarNrdRbCamanitkm<Canigsm<nmitsgmniymrbs;xnmYYycMnYnkeday.
qa1M 979 ExrRkhm)anRbkasBIkarbegtI {rNsirSmhasamKCI ati eshaCati nigRbCaFibety}
b:uEnmin)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbCaCneLIy. enAeBlCamYyKaenaHEdr clnatsUminEmnkumynIsdMbUgmYy
{rNsirSCatireM daHRbCaBlrdExr} Rtv)anbegtI eLIgdwknaMedaysemc sWn san EdlCaGtItnaykrdmnI
kgsmysgmrasniym1955-197026.
RkmGktsUraCaniymmYy EdlmaneQaHfarNsirSrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<CamYykraC GBaRkwt
sni nigshRbtibti ehAkat;fa {hVn sunI buci } kRtv)anbegtI Edr kg eBlbnbnab;Ka enaH eRkamRBHraCkic
dwknaMrbs;semcRBHneratm sIhnu. enAqaM1982 RkmraCaniymhVnsuInbuic RkmrNsirSCatirMedaH

karvilRtLb;rbs;GkEdlenArs;ranmanCIvitbnab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;ExrRkhmenAExmkra qaM1979
rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

76

RbCaBlrdExr nigRkmExrRkhm)anrYbrYmKabegtI rdaPi)alcRmHRtIPaKI EdlmansemcRBHneratm sIhnu

CaRbFan exov sMpn CaGnuRbFan nig semc sWn san Canaykrdmn.I eKalbMNgrYmrbs;rdaPi)alenH
KWedIm,IRbmUlkmagM eFVkI artsrU eM daHRbeTskm<C aBIkareRCtERCkrbs;evotNam. rdaPi)alcRmHRtIPaKIEdl
manRkmExrRkhmCaRkmFMCageKenaH )ankan;kab;Gasnrbs;km<CaenAGgkarshRbCaCati.
bnab;BIkarcrcaGs;ryeBlCaeRcInqaM PaKICemaHkm<CaTaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtelxaelIkic
RBmeRBgsnPi aBenATIRkg)a:rsI enAfT2I 3 Extula qa1M 991 ehIyyl;RBm[mankarerobcMkare)aHeqat
Catimy
Y eRkamkarRttBinti rbs;GaCJaFrbeNaHGasnGgkarshRbCaCatienAkm<C a ehAkat;fa{Gnu tak;}.
RkmExrRkhm)aneFVIBhikarmincUlrYmkare)aHeqatCatiEdlerobcMeLIgedayGuntak; ehIybdiesFminRBm
rMsaykgTBrbs;xn eLIy. eRkaykare)aHeqatCasklqa1M 993 kgTBExrRkhm)anbnRbyuTR bqaMgnwg
kgkmagM rbs;raCrdaPi)alkm<C aEdldwknaMedayRBHGgma s; neratm rNbTi CanaykrdmnTI mI y
Y nigsemc
hun Esn CanaykrdmnITIBIr Gs;CaeRcInqaMbneTot.
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mkCamYypg. emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExrRkhmmYycMnYneTotdUcCa Ek Bk nYn Ca nig exov sMpn )ancuHcUl
CamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<C akg qa1M 998. bnab;BI b:lu Bt TTYlmrNPaB enAqa1M 998 tam:ku CaemExrRkhm
Etmak;Kt;EdlbdiesFminRBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<C a ehIyRtv)ancab;xn enAExmIna qa1M 999.
Rtwmw dMNak;kalenH emdwknaMExrRkhmEdlenArs;TaMgGs;)ansarPaBcuHcaj; bRtv)ancab;xn ehIyclna
ExrRkhmTaMgmUl)andYlrlMCasaBr. RbCaBlrdExrEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;RttRtarbs;ExrRkhmTaMgGs;
)aneFVImatuPUminivtn_ nigrYbrYmCamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<Cavij.

77

ksarmYyenH nigksarEdlenAesssl;dTeTotbgajGMBIBtmanCaeRcInGMBIrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety. ksar

TaMgenH)anqH bBaagM y:agc,as;GBM rI ebob nigmUlehtuEdlRbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansab;)at;bg;CvI ti . enAkg nyenH ksar
nImYytMNag[CIvitrbs;RbCaCnkm<Camak;Edlsab;enAkgrbbExrRkhm. manksarrebobenHrab;lansnwk.
mCmNlksarkm<Ca

78

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79

]Rkidkmkgrykalkm<CaRbCaFibety KWCaesaknadkmrbs;mnusSCatidGaRkk;bMputmYykg
cMeNamesaknadkmTaMgLaynastvtSr_T2I 0. rbbenH)ansmab;CvI ti mnusS Gs;RbmaNBIrlannak;ehIy
bnSl;Tku nUvseI mm:aynigkumarkMRBarab;ryrab;Ban;nak;. RbCaCnExrrab;Esnnak;)anrt;ecjBIRbeTs ehIy
)ankayCaCnePosxn . RKab;mnI rab;lanRKab;Rtv)anbgbe; daykgTBExrRkhmnigkgkmagM rbs;rdaPi)al
Edl)anbNal[RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;sab;nigBikar cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qaM1980rhUtmk. RbCaBlrdExr
CaeRcInmanbBaaCMgpW v cit edaysarEtkar)at;bg;smaCikRKsar EdleFV[I b:HTgci dl;pv city
a: gxagM . kta
TaMgGs;enHehIyCamUlehtucm,gmYyEdlnaM[manPaBRkIRkkgRbeTskm<CanaeBlbcb,n.
emdwknaMExrRkhmTaMgGs;manKMnitRClniymhYsehtu EdlxnTTYlykBImenaKmviCakumynIs
rbs;cni GtItshPaBsUevot nigevotNam. emdwknaMTaMgenH)anbegtI eLIgnUveKalneya)ayCaeRcInEdl
RbmafCIvitmnusS nig)aneFVITukbukemjnigsmab;rgalRbCaCny:ageRcInsnwksnab;. emdwknaMExrRkhm
TaMgenHyl;eXIjfa bdivtnr_ bs;xn KWCapv EtmYyKt;EdlGacnaMkm<C aeTAkan;kraCPaBnigsmPaBsgm.
emdwknaMExrRkhmTaMgenH)anGHGagfabdivtnr_ bs;xn min)anykKMrtU ammenaKmviCa xageRkANamYyeT eTaHbICa
xnBitCa )ancmgtammenaKmviCarbs;GtItshPaBsUevotnigcin dUcCasmUhPavUbnIykm karCems
RbCaCnecjBITIRkgnigTIRbCuMCn EpnkarbYnqaM nigbdivtn_mhaelatepaHmhaGsarkeday.
ExrRkhmmin[tmeTAelIkarsikSaenAtamsalaeT. manEtemdwknaMExrRkhmmYycMnYntUcb:ueNaH
EdlmankRmitvb,Fmxs< ; ehIyeRkABIenHsuTE tCamnusSEdlKanbTBiesaFn_kg kardwknaMrd. kmaPi)alfak;
eRkamPaKeRcInCamnusSminecHGkSr becHGannigsresrbnci bnc . eTaHCaman]bsKya: genHkI kExrRkhm
EtgEtmanmhictacg;seRmckickarFMkgryeBldxIedaymin)anBicarNaGMBIFnFanEdlman blTpl
EdlecjmkBIeKalneya)ayTaMgenHeLIy. kg nyenH ExrRkhm)anERbkayRbeTsTaMgmUleTACavalERs
ehIyERbkayRbCaCnTaMgGs;[eTACaksikrnigCaGkeTasrbs;Ggkar.
siTni gi tRmvkarCamUldanrbs;RbCaCnminRtv)anykcitT ku dak;. RTBsm,ti kCnRtv)anrwbGUs.
sasna RkdasR)ak; nigRbBNITeM nomTmab;)ankayeTACarbs;\tRbeyaCn_. TMnak;TnM gCamYyGnrCatiesrI Et
Rtv)ankat;pac;TaMgRsug. rbbenHminGnuBaat[mankarriHKn;cMeBaHfak;dwknaM beKalneya)ayrbs;Cati
sUm,IEtbnicbnckeday. ExrRkhm)ancat;TukGkecHdwg Gkrdkarrbs;rbbcas; nigGkEdlRbqaMgnwg
neya)ayrbs;xn faCasRtvrbs;rd bCaCnk,t;bdivtnE_ dlRtvEtkemcecal. minmankarelIkElgeTas
ehIykmni mankarpSHpSaCatiEdrenAkg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. ExrRkhm)anERbkayRbeTs[eTACaCMrM
XuXM aMgdFmM y
Y EdleRkaymk)ankayeTApr rbs;RbCaCnExrCitBIrlannak; EdlrYmbBal TaMgkmaPi)alnig
fak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;xnmYycMnYnpg.

]bsm<n
vinysRmab;GkyamenAmnIrs-21
1> GMBIvinykarBarxaMg

eBlyam min[GgybEpk nigmin[sresrGVITaMgGs; RtvedIrcuHeLIgtammuxsBaarbs;xn.

eBlyam min[sYreQaHxaMgdac;xat enAkgbnb;bkgpH.
eBlyam mitN
amanParkicy
am min[edIrecalkEngyam. eBlyam min[mitN
aKanParkic
yamcUllukluy ebIkTVarbbgcemIlGkeTasdac;xat.
cMeBaHGkeTasEdlCab;XuMXaMg ebIeTaHsal;bminsal; min[saksYrCadac;xat.
cMeBaHxagM EdlCab;enAkEngeyIg minGnuBaat[smt bvaydac;xat. ebIxa gM esrI Gkyamniyay
minsab; esIraykarN_Cabnan;[GkTTYlxusRtvCapal;bCaRkdas.
ebIxa gM vamanskmPaBvayesa cak;esa cgk Gark Gard bMrgu nwgelbexA nigmanRbtikmepSg
RtvmanviFankarCabnan; dak;exaHdmkeRkay ehIyraykarN_[GkTTYlxusRtvCabnan;Edr.
eBlxaMgrt;rYc RtvraykarN_Cabnan; Rtvtamcab;Pam manviFankarPam.
eBlyaml,atkarBar kmaPi)alRkmkgha RtvmanmuxenAkEngyamtammuxsBaarbs;xnEdl
bkSRbKl;[.
eBlyam kmaPi)almin[lYcedkbGgyEpk RtvedIrRttBinit[Cab;CaRbcaM.
eBlyam kmaPi)alnigyuTC nRtvEqkeqrRKb;eBlevla tamkarkMNt;[)andac;xat KW24em:ag
EqkbYndgCakMhti KW RBwkeBlem:ag6mg em:ag11fRtg;mg eTot lacem:ag6mg nigyb;em:ag11
mgeTot.
eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy Rtv[vaeskBak;vij eTIbGkEqkecjBIbnb;.
cMeBaHexaGavxaMg Rtv[vaeskBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxneLIy.
eBlyaml,at kmaPi)alRtvkan;knU esaedayxn g minbENtbeNaytamcitx n xli . dac;xat
min[)at;knU esa ebI)at;knU esaminRtvGareT RtvrkkUn[eXIj ehIyRtvraykarN_ GkeTasrt;rcY
kEng)at;kUnesa RtvTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHsmUhPaB.
eBlyam RtveskBak;CaksNaneyaFa minGnuBaat[eskexaxIbedaHGav.

2> GMBIesaexaH

cak;esaxaMgRtvBinitesa kg rng [)anlit eTIbedaHexaHd Rsaymux.

eBlcak;esaxaMg kg rng RtvykecjBIkgbnb;mkTukxageRkA minRtv[TukxagkgeT.
cak;esaxagM ykmkcak;Gacm_ Rtvdak;Rcvak;dmagnigeCIgmageTot eyIgminRtvedIrqayBIxa gM eT.
xagM EdlykmkBIkEngsYrcemy
I vij RtvEqkeqrxn va[)anmFtnigenAeBlbr yam TaMgkgrng.
Rcvak;Rtvcak;[xI y:agEvgknHEm:Rt ebIkrNIBiess RtvxagelIseRmc.

80

3> xagviFankar

xaMgvaenAtampH min[vaTak;TgKa)aneT.
xaMgEdlenAkEngeyIg KWdac;xatmin[vaniyayKa.
cMeBaHGkEdlmanParkicx agkg KWdac;xatminGnuBaat[edIrecjmkeRkAeT Rbytx a gM vaTak;TgKa
)anbxaMgvamanRbtikmepSg.
enAtampHnImYy RtvmanbBaIeQaHxaMgnigelxbnb;.
cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;ngw kaEstRtv
manRKab;eBj.
GkyamCab;CamYyxaMgxagkg min[kan;GavuF GnuBaat[kan;dMbg.
GavuFRtvmanGkkan;c,as;las;.
minRtvTukGavuFecal Rtvkan;Cab;nwgxn.
minRtvTukGavuFenAEk,rxaMgbs<ayGavuFeTAQrCitxaMg.
bryamRtvRbKl;Parkicc,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg
eTot[eTAGkyamfI.
eBlbr yam eTIbGnuBaat[ykFugGacm_ngi Fugenam nigEqkeqr. Parkice nH Gkbr yambMeBj
ehIyGkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGkbryambMeBjParkicxnCadMbUgenHehIy.

81

KnnieTs
ksarbNsardan

ksarPaKeRcInEdlRtv)anykmkeRbIkg karsresrGtbTenH KWykecjBIbNsardannigbNaly

rbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca EdlCaXaMgtml;ksaredImBIrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyFMCageKbgs;enAelI
BiPBelak. ksarEdlRtv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaksareyag rYmman
RbvtirUbrbs;GtItkmaPi)alExrRkhm
cemIysarPaBnigbBaIraynamGkeTasEdlRtv)ansmab;enAmnIrs-21
rdFmnuBanigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety
esovePATg;bdivtn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtn_ TsSnavdIrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety
kMNt;ehtusIBIkicRbCuMKNGciny_bkSkumynIskm<Ca
BakesaknigceRmgrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety
EpnTIkm<CaRbCaFibety
rUbftedImrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety nig
esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun.

bEnmBIelIenH Btm anmYycMnnY eTotRtv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdRI bcaMExrbs;mCmNlksar

km<C a {TsSnavdEI sVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtki m<C aRbCaFibety sarBtm an nigGtbTEtgesckEI dl)an
cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkg kmvFi I {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtsi askm<C aRbCaFibety} EdlerobcMedaymCmNl
ksarkm<CashkarCamYysmaKmGkniBnExr RBmTaMgGtbTsmasn_.
esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtbT

eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr/ {enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA km<C anigbdivtnE_ xrRkhm} bkERbCaPasaExr

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Bin y:af/ {CIvitkUnf kUnRtvEtrs; esaknadkmdCak;EsgkgrbbExrRkhm} GtbTbkERb
kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;RKwHsane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPMeBj qaM2003.
GusI a ]san {GKU bU H yutFi mrbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<C aRbCaFibety} GtbTe)aHBume< lIkTI2
rbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca/ e)aHBum<enAPMeBj qaM2002.
___{karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam CnCaticamnigCnCatiExreRkamrbbExrRkhm} GtbT
e)aHBum<pSayelIkTI9rbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca/ e)aHBum<enAPMeBj qaM 2006.

84

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km<C a1979-1989 tamrykarRsg;sti ti amRKsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<C aCag3lan3Esnnak;)an
sab;kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. enAkg esovePA{rbb b:lu Bt Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_enAkm<C aeRkam
rbbExrRkhm 1975-1979} New Haven and London kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTalyey:l qaM1996
Rbvtvi Ti U Ebn eXonin )an)a:ns; a nfamanmnusScMnnY 1lan5Esnnak;)ansab;kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. karkMNt;cnM nY mnusS
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enARbeTs)araMgkgqaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGkrs;enAkgRbeTs. eRkaymk RbvtiviTU Ebn eXonin )anniyayfa
eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GkRbCasas cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsab;KWmankgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPak;gares-GuI-Ga
enAkg r)aykarN_my
Y EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<C a kar)at;bg;cnM nY RbCaCn} elxecjpSayEx]sPa qa1M 980 )an
sndi a nfaRbCaCnkm<C aRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)ansab;kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. Rbvtvi Ti U m:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGag
faRbCaCnExr Edlsab;kgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetymancMnYnRbEhl7Esn4muWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEpkeTAelIkar
Rsg;siticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij edayeRbbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqaM1975nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqaM1979 ehIydkcMnYn
mnusSsab;tamFmCatiBcI nM nY mnusSsab;srub. km<C aBIqa 1M 975dl;qa 1M 982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum<
qaM1984.
2

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km<C a. sgam\Nc ni elIkTImy
Y )ancab;epmI BIqa 1M 946dl;qa 1M 954 rvag)araMgnigclnatseU votNamevotmijdwknaM
eday hU CImij. CemaHenH)anrIkraldalelIpRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<CanigRbeTsLav.

bkSenHRtv)anbegIteLIgeday hU CImij enAeBlEdlelakkMBugrs;enATIRkghugkug. mundMbUgbkSenHmaneQaHfa

bkSkumynIsevotNam ehIyeQaHenHRtv)anbrmkCabkSkumynIs\NcinenAExkum qaM1930.

edIm,IBRgwgclnatsRU bqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxagM kaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAqa1M 951 evotNam

)anbMEbkbkSkumy
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BIGaNaniKm)araMg.

85

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\Ncin.

minTan;manksarNamYybBaak;[)anc,as;GMBImUlehtunkar)at;xnrbs; TU samut enAeLIyeT.

smasPaBsmaCikKNrdmnI nraCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<C a smasPaBTaMgenaHrYmman semc Eb:n nut naykrdmnI /

exov sMpn ]bnaykrdmnnI gi CardmnRI ksYgkarBar Cati/ sarin qak rdmnRI ksYgkar breTs/ hU yn; rdmnRI ksYg
mhapTTYlbnkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_/ hU nwm rdmnIRksYgBtmannigeXasnakar/ ecA esg rdmnITTYlbnk
ebskkmBiess/ can; yUr:an; rdmnIRksYgGb;rMCatinigyuvCn/ eg:a hU rdmnIRksYgsuxaPi)al kickarsasna nig
sgmkic/ CYn muM rdmnIRksYgesdkicnighirBavt/ ]tmesnIy_ dYg sMGlu rdmnTI TYlbnk PsP areyaFa nigeRKg
sBVavuF/ hYt sm,ti rdmnRI ksYgsaFarNkarTUrKmnaKmn_ngi sagsg;/ Ca san rdmnRI ksYgyutFi m nigkMENTRmg;
tulakar/ Kat Qn; rdmnTI sI kI arKNrdmnI / CYn RbsiT rdmnI TTYlbnk sRmbsRmlkarxitxMRbwgERbgtseU dIm,IreM daHCati/
RBHGgma s; neratm PUrsi Sra rdmnkI ti y
i s/ Kg; supl GnurdmnRI ksYgkarBarCati/ b:ku dWskumar GnurdmnRI ksYgkar
breTs/ v:an; BInI GnurdmnRI ksYgkarbreTs/ suk FYk GnurdmnIRksYgmhapTTYlbnkerobcMCnbTnigshkrN_/ TIv
Gul GnurdmnIRksYgBtmannigeXasnakar/ eGog FIriT GnurdmnRI ksYgGb;rCM atingi yuvCn/ CU eCt GnurdmnRI ksYg
suxaPi)al kick arsasna nigsgmkic / nig kuy FYn GnurdmnI RksYgesdkci n gi hirBavt . esrI EtRKb;smaCikKNrdmnI
TaMgenHmanEteQaHb:eu NaH. GkEdlmansiTsi eRmckick arRKb; Ebby:agKWKNGcinyb_ kSkumy
nIsk m<C aEdlman b:lu
Bt Ca elxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. ksarelx D24008 kgbNsardanrbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca.
9

ExrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExrEdlFab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_qa 1M 950. GkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<C avij

kgGMLgeBlsgam1970-1975 edIm,ICYyExrRkhmRbyuTRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alsaFarNrdExr.
10

munTTYl)anCyCmH ExrRkhm)anRbkasfaxn nwgeFVkI arRbharCIvti mnCI an;xs< r; bs;rdaPi)alsaFarNrdExrrbs;elak

esnaRbmux ln; nl; EtR)aMBIrrUbb:ueNaH EdlExrRkhmehAfa {mhaCnk,t;}. GkTaMgenHrYmmanRbFanaFibtI ln; nl;/
RBHGgmas; suIsuvti sirimt/ naykrdmnI Lg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guin taM/ sUEsn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ukfaj;.

11

ksar D01266 enAkgbNsardanrbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca {esckIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBakGgkarnigBakbkS}.

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esckfI a {BakGgkarbBakbkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgkarcat;taMg minRtveRbIsRmab;bKu l eLIy. cMeBaHbuKl RtveRbIBaksmmit
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12

Nay:an; can;da/ {bgbn EdlCasRtv sgambnab;BsI gam} j:v y:k/ e)aHBume< dayeragBum< Macmillan qa1M 986.

13

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edIm,Icab;BRgt;semcRBH neratm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkgeKalbMNg[RBHGgdwknaMclnatsUmYyeRkamkarCYyTMnuk
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86

EdlevotNamvaycUlkm<Cakan;EtmansPaBFn;FrenaH exov sMpn )anCemsRBHGgeTAkan;RsuksuIsupunEk,rRBMEdnExrf. BIrfeRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgclU mkTIRkgPeM BjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvijehIy.
fTI5 Exmkra b:ul Bt )anyagRBHGgeTACYbRbCuMkgeKalbMNgesIsuM[RBHGgeFVICatMNagrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetyenA
GgkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkmRbwkSasnisuxGgkarshRbCaCatiRbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam.
CafrnwgkickardmansarsMxan;enH b:ul Bt yl;RBmGnuBaat[RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;cakecjBIkm<CaCamYyRBHGgEdr
eTaHbICamankarCMTas;BI eGog sarI Edlcg;TukRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;enAkgRbeTsCacMNab;xaMgkeday. RBHGgnig
RBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynehaHcinmYyeRKg enAfTI6 Exmkra. Nay:an; can;da/
{sRtvbgbng sgambnab;BIsgam} j:vy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qaM1986.
14

KNkmaFikarGciny_ nsPatMNagRbCaCnkm<C arYmman nYn Ca RbFan/ gYn kg GnuRbFanTI1/ eBA sU GunRbFan

TI2 nig rs; nwm/ s san/ muI qaM/ exg sux/ m:at; lI/ fg su/I nig rs; RBab CasmaCik. KNRbFanrdkm<C aRbCaFibety
rYmman exov sMpn RbFan/ esa Pwm GnuRbFanTI1 nig jwm rs; GnuRbFanTI2. smasPaBsmaCikrdaPi)alkm<C a
RbCaFibetyrYmman b:ul Bt naykrdmnI/ eGog sarI ]bnaykrdmnITI1nigCardmnIRksYgkarbreTs/ vn ev:t
]bnaykrdmnITI2nigCardmnIRksYgesdkic/ sun esn ]bnaykrdmnI TI3nigCardmnIRksYgkarBarCati/ hU nwm
rdmnRI ksYgeXasnakarnigBtm an/ CYn eCOn rdmnI RksYgsuxaPi)al/ eGog FIrTi rdmnRI ksYgsgmkic / tUc ePOn
rdmnRI ksYgsaFarNkar/ yun y:at rdmnRI ksYgvb,FmGb;rM nigsikSaFikar. eRkABIenHkm<C aRbCaFibetymancat;taMg
KNkmaFikarmYycMnYndUcCaKNkmaFikarksikmdwknaMeday Cy sYn/ KNkmaFikar]sSahkmdwknaMeday ecg Gn/
KNkmaFikarBaNiCkmdkw naMeday kuy FYn/ KNkmaFikarcmarekAsU dwknaMedaysmmit PYg/ KNkmaFikarKmnaKmn_dkw naM
eday muI R)ag nigKNkmaFikarfamBl. KNkmaFikarTaMgR)aMmy
Y enHsti eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ]bnaykrdmnTI TYlbnk
xagesdkic ehIyRbFanKNkmaFikarnImYymanzanesInwgrdmnI. eTaHCay:agenHkI sabnxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkar
eBjeljc,as;las;eT. dkRsg;ecjBIksarelx D21227enAkg bNsardanrbs;mCmNlksarkm<C a sGI BM {I GgRbCuM
sni)atelIkTI1 kgsmykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<Ca f11-13 emsa 1976}.
15

GuIsa ]san {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} GtbTe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;rbs;mCmNlksarkm<Ca qaM2006.

16

mCimbkSKWCaBakEdlbkSkumy
nIsk m<C aeRbIseM dAeTAelIfa k;dkw naMkBM lU rbs;rdaPi)al nigRksYgEdlmanGMNacTaMgLay.
sabnTaMgenHGacCaKNkmaFikarmCim KNkmaFikarGciny_bkgTB.
17

87

GkRsavRCavrbs;mCmNlksarkm<C a GusI a ]san )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsab;kg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibetycMnnY

BI4EsneTA5Esnnak;. GuIsa ]san )anGHGagfa tYelxenH)anmkBIbTsmasn_rbs;elakCamYyfak;dwknaMCan;x<s;
GusI a mCaeRcInrUb EdlFab;dgw nig)anRbmUlsti Ci nCaticamenAkm<C a. fak;dkw naMGsIu a mTaMgenaH)anniyayfa CnCaticammun
qaM1975mancMnYnRbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqaM1979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak;
b:eu NaH. {GKU bU H yutFi mrbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<C aRbCaFibety} GtbTe)aHBume< lIkTI2rbs;mCmNlksarkm<C a/

PeM Bj/ e)aHBumq< a 2M 002. Rbvtvi Ti U Ebn eXonin )an[tYrelxTab;CagenH. eXonin )anGHGagfa cMnnY CnCaticamkg
qa1M 975man2Esn5munW nak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnnY enHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6munW nak;kg qa1M 979.
eXonin )anTajescksI ndi a nfa cMnnY CnCaticameRkayqa1M 979manRbEhl1Esn7munW 3Ban;nak; mannyfaCnCaticam
Edlsab;kgrbbkm<CaRbCaFiibetymancMnYnRbEhl8muWn7Ban;nak;. Ebn eXonin {etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday
rebobNa RbvticlnakumynIsenAkm<Ca1930-1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum<
qaM1996.
18

Bin y:af/ {CIvti kUnf kUnRtvEtrs; esaknadkmdC ak;Esgkg rbbExrRkhm} GtbTbkERb kare)aHBump< Sayrbs;
RKwHsane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPMeBj qaM2003.
19

CU sUPa {maneTaseRBaHGV?I } dkRsg;ecjBIGtbTEtgesckcI N

M at;fa k;Cy
laPIelxBIr enAkg karRbkYtRbECgkg kmvFi I
EfrkSaRbvtisaskm<CaRbCaFibety EdlerobcMeLIgeRkamkicshRbtibtikarrvagmCmNlksarkm<CanigsmaKm
GkniBnExr enAExemsa qaM2004.

20

m:m pbUn/ {sMNl;CIvitnigRsemalGtItkal} CylaPITIbYnkgkarRbkYtRbECgsMeNrEtgesckIEdl]btmeday

smaKmGkniBnExrnigmCmNlksarkm<Ca enAExemsa qaM2004.

21

v:an; Nat {rUbKMnrU GkeTasmak;enAkg Kuk mYyqakM g mnrI s-21rbs;ExrRkhm} e)aHBume< nATIRkg)agkk edayRkmhnu
White Lotus enAqaM1998.
22

mCmNlksarkm<Ca {GMBIeQaH tun kmkrCYsCulreTHePIg} ksarelx D02831.

23

mCmNlksarkm<Ca {taMg Lj GtItGkeFVIkarenARksYgRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skiBIr \LveFVIkar

enAPUmiCIeGak Rsuk)arayN_} ksarelx D02845.

24

km<C aeRkamCaTwkdIPaKxagt,grbs;GaNacRkExr Edl\Lv)ankayeTACaTIRkghUCmI ji EdlExrehAfaRBnKr. TwkdI

enHRtv)andak;eQaHfa kUsaMgsuIn enAkgCMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg. rdaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRbKl;km<CaeRkameTA[
evotNamkgqaM1949. RbCaCnExrCaeRcInmanrs;enAEpkxHnTwkdIenH b:uEnRbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

25

enAfTI2 ExF qaM1978 clnatsURbqaMgnwgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety)anR)arBmITIg enARsuksl extRkecH edIm,I

begtI {rNsirSsamKsI egaHCatikm<C a} EdleRkaymkkayeTACa{rNsirSsamKkI sagkarBarmatuPmU ki m<C a}.smaCikBIrry
nak;)ancUlrYmenAkgGgmiTIgenH edIm,ITTYlsal;KNkmaFikarmCimrbs;rNsirSdb;bYnrYb Edlmansmmit ehg sMrin Ca
RbFan smmit Ca suIm CaGnuRbFan nigsmmit rs; smy CaGKelxaFikar.

88

26

semcbvresda sWn san ekItenAqaM1911 enAkm<CaeRkam. semcCanaykrdmnIkgsmysgmrasniym BIEx

]sPa qa1M 967 dl;Exmkra qa1M 968. kg TsvtSr_ qa1M 980 semc sWn san )andwknaM {rNsirSCatireM daHRbCaBlrd
Exr}. bnab;BkI arcrcasnPi aBRkg):arIs semc sWn san )anbegtI nigdwknaM {KNbkSRbCaFibetyesrIny
i mRBHBuTs asna}
cUlrYmkgkare)aHeqatCatiqaM1993. semc sWn san )anTTYlmrNPaBedayeraKaBaFenARbeTs)araMg enAfTI19
ExF qaM2000 kgCnayu89qaM.

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DI xaMblU I ekItenAqa1M 981 enAextRkecH. DI xaMblU I cab;epmI bMeBjkargarenAmCmNlksar
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CaGksRmbsRmlKeRmagnkarsikSaBIGeM BIRblyBUCsasn_enAkg rbbkm<C aRbCaFibety. bUlI TTYl
)ansBaabRtbriBaabRtEpkPasaGg;eKsBIsklviTalyPUminPMeBj nigbriBaabRtBaNiCkmBIviTasan
CatiRKb;RKg. bUlI Fab;)aneTAsikSamuxviCaBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ enAsaklviTalykugxdedorRbeTs
kaNada nigFab;)aneTAeFVkI mski SaenAsarmnrI RblyBUCsasn_ nigviTseM LgshrdGaemrik enATIRkgv:asunI
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