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RbeTskm<CaenAfTI17 Exemsa qaM1975.
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GgkarbBaneTAsmrPUmiehIyRtvsab;rab;Ban;nak;.
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3
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a: gFnF; r edaysarEt
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bUCnIydanEdlsagsg;eLIgeRkayrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetycMnYn81.

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)anmkCYbCuKM a enAextkBM t ehIy)anbegtI rNsirSkPaB\sSr Exr\sSr EdldwknaMedayRkmkumy
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km<C a. GkTaMgenHrYmman saLt s b:lu Bt/ b:ul Bt )ansikSaeronsURtenAtamsala)araMgCaeRcIn
sun esn/ exov sMpn/ nig eGog sarI. Cn ehIy)anbYsCaelakenn.
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TUTaMgBiPBelakRtv)anERbkayeTACaTaskrnig sikSaenARbeTs)araMg b:uEnmin)anTTYlsBaabRteT.
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eBl b:ul Bt RtLb;mkRbeTskm<CavijenAqaM1953
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ehIy)ancUlrUmCamYyclnakumynIsxusc,ab;mYy.
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b:ul Bt erobkarCamYy exov b:uNarI enAqaM1956.
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b:ul Bt manzanTIbIenAkgbkSBlkr
RbqaMgnwg)araMgkan;EtmansPaBxaMgkaeLIgenA km<Caa.M 1960
b:ul Bt Rtv)ancat;taMgCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr
kg ]bTVbI \Nc ni Cnkumy
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Exr4. smaCikrbs;KNkmaFikarmCimbkS nwgrbbsaFarNrdExrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl;.
smat;enH rYmman
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etykgqaM1976 ehIy)anlaElgBItMENgenHenAqaM
suIv ehg TTYlbnkkickarkgTB 1979 b:uEn)anbnsitenACaemdwknaMdman\TiBlrbs;
TU samut Rtv)ansal;faCaGacar ExrRkhmdEdl. b:ul Bt rs;enAnireTsxnPaKeRcIn
sux mkBIkm<C aeRkam TTYlbnk Gb;rmM enaKmviCa enAelITwkdIf rhUtdl;fTTYlmrNPaBKWenAfTI15
can; smy TTYlbnkEpkesdkic Exemsa qaM1998. saksBrbs; b:ul Bt Rtv)an
bUCaenAfTI17 Exemsa qaM1998.

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bnsa k;enAkm<C ateTAeTot. edaymankar)armBsI vu tPi aBbdivtne_ nAeBlEdlRbBnn eya)aymankarpas;br
suIv ehg can; smy kmaPi)al nigskmCnbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_ExrCagmYyBan;nak;eTot)anePosxneTA
evotNamxageCIg EdlenATIenaH GkTaMgenH)ancUlrYmCamYy sWg g:ku mij nigskmCndTeTotEdlePos
xneTAdl;TIenaHmunbnic.
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g:ukmij sak;enAnireTsxnTIRkghaNUy bkSRbCaCn bdivtn_ExrRtv)andwknaMedayKNkmaFikarmCim

eyaFaExrRkhmkMBugpwkTwkdUg rUbftksarsarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_TYlEsg

beNaHGasnmYy Edlman suIv ehg Caelxa nig TU samut Ca Gnuelxa. nYn Ca manzanlMdab;TbI .I
esa Pwm Edl CaelxaPUmPi aKbUBakg rykalkm<C aRbCaFibety CasmaCiklMdab;TbI nY . karRKb;RKgTUeTA
enAkg bkSsti kg dkmaPi)alevotNam paM v:an;)a EdlFab;rs;enAkg RbeTskm<C a ehIyEdl)anGHGagfa
evotNamKYrbnRKb;RKgelIclnakumynIsenAkm<CateTA
eTot.
nYn Ca
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nYn Ca ekItqaM1926 enAext)at;dMbg. mkRtv)ansal;fa b:lu Bt EdleTIbEtRtLb;mkBIski Sa
enAqa1M 942 nYn Ca )aneTAbnfa k;mFmsikSa enARbeTs)araMg. RkmkumynIsenAPMeBj)aneRbIR)as;
Y
kRmit2enATIRkg)agkkedayrs;enAvtbiN b:ul Bt CaGkTak;TgkgkarbegItKNbkSRsbc,ab;my
cam:abUBit. enAqaM1944 nYn Ca sikSaEpk ehA {bkSRbCaCn}. KNbkSenH)ancUlrYmRbkYtRbECg
c,ab;enAsklviTalyFmsat EdlenATIenaH kgkare)aHeqatCatiqaM1955RsbtamesckIseRmcn
nYn Ca )ancUlCasmaCikbkSkumynIsf. kicRBmeRBgTIRkghSWENv. KNbkSenHdwknaMeday Ek
nYn Ca vilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<CaenAqaM mas EdlCamnusSsitenAeRkamkarbgab;bBaarbs; TU
1950 ehIy)anbrsmaCikPaBrbs;xnmk samut.
CasmaCikbkSkumynIs\Ncin. nYn Ca
b:lu Bt )anCYybegtI lknki nigkmvFi nI eya)ay
)ancUlsikSavKhVwkhVWnenATIRkghaNUy kg rbs;bkS. b:ul Bt k)aneFVITMnak;TMngCamYyKNbkS
qaM1954 ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkm<Cavij RbCaFibety EdlnwgcUlrYmRbkYtRbECgCamYyKNbkS
enAqa1M 955. nYn Ca Rtv)aneRCIserIsCa sgmrasny
i meTIbbegtI frI bs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
GnuelxabkSBlkrkm<CaenAqaM1960.
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kgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety nYn Ca Rtv kRbCaFi
betyEdlmannina karRbqaMgnwgBYkskPi mU i nigBYk
)aneRCIstaMgCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCn
km<Ca. nYn Ca kmantMENgCaGnuelxaKN mUlFnniymenaHnwgQHenAkgkare)aHeqatenH ehIynwg
kmaFikarmCim nigKNkmaFikarGciny_bkS pl;\TiBlneya)ayxHmk[RkmkumynIskm<Ca.
eTaHCay:agenHkI b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarBakrN_
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ehIykgnamCakmaPi)alCan;x<s;lMdab;TIBIr xusTaMgRsug. KNbkSsgmrasniym)anQHekAGI
nYn CaTTYlxusRtvkg karGnuvteKalneya)ay TaMgGs;enAkg rdsPaCati cMENkbkSRbCaCnTTYlsMeLg
eXareXACaeRcIn Edl)anGnumt[Gnuvteday eqatEtbIPaKryb:eu NaH. PamenaHsuvI ehg eCOCak;fa
buBeV hturbs;Rkmkumy
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KNkmaFikarGciny_bkS.
nYn Ca )annireTsxneTARBMEdnExr-f eRBaHfaRbCaCnesIrEtTaMgGs;)anKaMRTkmvFi nI eya)ay
enAqaM1979. nYn Ca CamYy exov sMpn )an rbs; semcRBHneratm sIhnu CagKMnti eFVbI divtn._ Cag
cuHcUlCamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<Cabnab;BImrN enHeTAeTot clnaExr\sSrmYycMnnY )ane)aHbg;ecalkar
PaBrbs; b:ul Bt enAqaM1998.
tsUrbs;xn ehIycuHcUlCamYYyraCrdaPi)alrbs;semc

RBHneratm sIhnu. enAqa1M 956 suvI ehg )aneFVkI arTak;TgCasmat;CamYy]tmesnIy_ ln; nl; EdlCa
GKbBaakarkgTBrbs; semcRBHneratm sIhnu ehIyEdl)anplC; nU suvI ehg nUvkarFanasnsi xu suvtPi aB
pal;xn . enAqa1M 959 suvI ehg )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdaPi)alsgmrasny
i mrbs; semcRBHneratm
sIhnu EdleFVI[GaCJaFrrdaPi)almanlTPaBcglnigcab;xnkmaPi)albkSlYclak;xusc,ab;CaeRcInrUb.
eyagtamsmIrbs; b:ul Bt BIqaM1955dl;qaM1959 smaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_ExrRbEhlekAsib
PaKryRtv)ancab;xn nigsmab;. rhUtmkdl;edImqaM1960 manEtkmaPi)albkSRbEhl800nak;
nigsaxabkSBIrenACnbTb:ueNaH EdlenAmanskmPaBnigdMeNIrkareBjelj. saxaTaMgBIrenaHrYmman
PUmiPaKbUBamanmUldanenAextkMBg;cam dwknaMeday esa Pwmnig
PUmiPaKnirtImanmUldanenAexttaEkv dwknaMeday Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk.
TU samut/ b:lu Bt/ nig nYn Ca )anbndkw naMskmPaBbkSenATIRkgPMeBj edaymanCMnYyBI eGog
sarI nig sun esn CabBavnBIrnak;epSgeTotEdl)aneTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg.

3> bkSBlkrkm<Ca

mhasn)i atrbs;bkSRbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr)anR)arBeFVeI LIgCasmat; enAkg sanIyrfePgI naTIRkgPeM Bj

BIfT2I 8dl;fT3I 0 ExkBaa qa1M 960. mhasn)i atenHRtv)ancUlrYmedaysmaCikR)aMBrI rUbBIsaxabkS

10
mhasni)atbkSkumynIskm<Ca rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExrRkhmkgEx]sPaqaM1972. tMbn;EdlmanpBNpaQUkcas;bgajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExrRkhm
ehIytMbn;EdlmanpBNpa QUkRsalbgajBItbM n;RKb;RKgedayrdaPi)alnrbbsaFarNrdExr mCmNlksarkm<C a

11

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nigbr eQaHbkSeTACabkSBlkrkm<C a. TU samut )anTTYltMENgCaelxabkS ehIy nYn Ca CaGnuelxa.
enAeBlenaH b:ul Bt manzanlMdab;TIbIkgbkSehIyTTYltMENgCaGnuelxaTIBIrenAqaM1961.
bnab;BI TU samut )an)at;xn7enAqaM1962 mhasni)atbkSCabnan;mYyRtv)anR)arBeFVIeLIg
enAExkumqaM1963. mhasni)at)aneRCIstaMg b:ul Bt CaelxabkS. nYn Ca EdlmantMENgx<s;
Cag b:lu Bt enAkg bkSminRtv)aneRCIserIseT edayehtufa nYn Ca manCab;sac;jatiCamYyCnk,t;bkS
suIv ehg. m:ageTot nYn Ca KWCaCnkumynIsesaHRtg;mak; Edlcg;[bkSBlkrkm<Cakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg

tMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExrRkhmkgEx]sPaqaM1973. tMbn;EdlmanpBNpaQUkcas;bgajBItMbn;Edlkan;kab;edayExrRkhm
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dUecH nYn Ca mineFVkI arRbkYtRbECgCamYy b:lu Bt sRmab;tEM NgenHeT. nYn Ca )anbnsti enACaGnuelxa
bkSnigCaCn dman\TiBlmak;enAkgclnakumynIsGs;ryeBlCagsamsibqaM.
bnab;BTI TYltMENgCaelxabkSPam b:lu Bt )aneTARCkekanenAmUldanTBrbs;evotNamenAPaK
|sanRbeTsehAfa{mnrI 100}. enAqa1M 965 b:lu Bt )aneFVdI eM NIrtampv lMhCU mI ji eTATIRkghaNUy
edIm,IeFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxageCIg. b:ul Bt )aneTAeFVTI sSnkice nARbeTscinnigkUer:xageCIg.
b:lu Bt Rtv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enARbeTscin RbkbedayPaBrak;Tak;CagenAevotNam ehIy b:lu Bt mankarmin

12

eBjcitc eM BaHKMnti Edlfaclnakumy

nIse nAkm<C aRtvEt
bnsti enAeRkamkaremIlkarxusRtvrbs;evotNamteTA
eTot.
4> bkSkumynIskm<Ca

enAExkBaa qaM1966 bnab;BIdMeNIrbMeBj

TsSnkice RkARbeTs b:lu Bt )anbr eQaHbkSeTACa
bkSkumynIskm<Ca edayehtufa b:ul Bt cg;bny
\TiBlrbs;evotNam nigrwtcMNgmitP aBCamYycin.
KNkmaFikarmCimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman b:lu Bt/
nYn Ca/eGog sarI/ vn ev:t GtItRKbeRgnenAviTaly
ceRmInviCaenAPMeBj nig sun esn.
kgGMLgTsvtSr_qaM1960 smaCikfIrbs;
ExrRkhm)anekIneLIgEfmeTot. PaKeRcInnRkmenH
rs;enAtambeNayRBMEdnevotNam EdlCatMbn;dac;
RsyalqayBIkgkmagM eyaFarbs;semcRBHneratm

RkbTsSnavd{I km<C a}rbs;km<C aRbCaFibety elx3 ExmIna

qa1M 978 rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

13
karsEmgsil,kgtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExrRkhmkgextRkecH rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

sIhnu. mUldanFMrbs;bkSBIqaM1966eTAqaM1970sitenAextrtnKIrI.
enAExmIna qa1M 970 ]tmesnIy_ ln; nl; nigshkarIrbs;Kat;EdlniymshrdGaemrik)aneFVrI d
RbharTmak;semcRBHneratm sIhnu ecjBIRBHRbmuxrdedayeCaKCy. minyUrb:nu a nbnab;BeI naH kgkmagM
evotmijnigExrRkhm)ankan;kab;tbM n;CaeRcInenAkg RbeTs. RbCaCnrab;mnWu nak;)anbdiesFminKaMRTrdaPi)al
saFarNrdExrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; ehIyEbrCacUlrYmCamYyExrRkhmedIm,InaMyksemcRBH
neratm sIhnu mkRKb;RKgGMNacvij. kgeBlenaHEdr semcRBHneratm sIhnu )annireTsRBHkay
eTARbeTscin. edaymankarelIkTwkcitn gi karCYyeRCamERCgBIsN
M ak;rdaPi)alcin rdaPi)alevotNamxag
eCIg nigbkSkumynIskm<Ca RBHGg)anbegIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca} nigrdaPi)alnireTsmYyEdlman
nIsk m<C akCasmaCikrbs;raCrdaPi)alrYbrYm
eQaHfa {raCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<C a}8. smaCikbkSkumy
Catikm<CaEdr.
sPaBkarN_vvi tnT_ aMgenH)anpl; kasy:ageRcIndl;RkmExrRkhm. evotNamxageCIgnigcinKaMRT
RkmExrRkhm ehIysemcRBHneratm sIhnu )anGMBavnav[RbCaCncUlRBm:aKIRBEdlGktseU FVbI divtn_
lak;xn CYypl rMlrM daPi)alsaFarNrdExrrbs;elakesna Rbmux ln; nl;. CagenHeTAeTot karTmak;
RKab;Ebkdsnkw snab;rbs;rbbsaFarNrdExr eRkamkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;shrdGaemrikeTAelIpv ptp; g ;
smarnigmUldannanarbs;RkmkumynIs )aneFVI[mankarKaMRTExrRkhmBIsMNak;RbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg
ehIykmaMgTBrbs;ExrRkhmmancMnYnkan;EtekIneLIgCalMdab;.
kgkmaMgkumynIsevotNam )ancUlkan;EteRCAeTAkgRbeTskm<CaenAqaM1970 ehIy)aneFVIkar
CamYyExrRkhmedIm,IerIsnighVwkhVWnTBsRmab;kgkmaMgtsU Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbEhl3Ban;nak;
enAqaM1970 eTAcMnYn4muWnnak;kgqaM1973. enAelIsmrPUmi edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam ExrRkhm)an
TTYlCyCmHelIkgTBrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; Cabnbnab;. cugqa1M 972 kgTBevotNam)andk
ecjBIkm<C a ehIy)anRbKl;bnk sMxan;nsgamenHmk[bkSkumy
nIsk m<C aRKb;RKgvij. eTaHCay:ag
enHkI TIRbwkSaevotNamBIrbbIBan;nak;)anbnsak;enAeFVICaTIRbwkSaEpkbeckeTs.
cab;BEI xmkradl;ExsIha qa1M 973 rbbsaFarNrdExrEdlmanshrdGaemrikCaGkptp; g e; RKg
sBVavuF )anTmak;RKab;EbkRbmaNknHlanetanelIkm<C aehIyeFV[I RbCaCnExrRbEhlbIEsnnak;sa b;)at;bg;
CIvti . karTmak;RKab;EbkenH)anBnWtdMeNIreq<aHeTArkCyCmHrbs;ExrRkhm ehIykg eBlCamYyKaenaH
mnusSCaeRcInEdlxwgsm,anwgkarTmak;RKab;Ebk ehIyEdlman)at;bg;smaCikRKsarxn enaH)ancUlrYmCamYy
bdivtn_ExrRkhm.
kgTBExrRkhmmanPaBsVahab; nigeKarBvinyCagkgTBrbs;rdaPi)alsaFarNrdExr ehIyRkm
ExrRkhmGacRTaMRTnwgkarxVHxatmbGaharnigfaMsgv)an. CagenHeTAeTot {ExrhaNUy}9mYycMnYn)an
RtLb;clU mkkg RbeTsvij edIm,ICy
Y clnabdivtnr_ bs;ExrRkhm. GkTaMgGs;enHRtv)andak;[kan;tEM Ng
fak;TabenATUTaMgRbeTs b:Eu nrhUtmkdl;qa 1M 973 KWbnab;BTI RI bwkSaevotNamPaKeRcInRtLb;eTARbeTsxn vij
GkTaMgenaHRtv)aneFVIXatCasmat; eRkambBaarbs;fak;dwknaMbkSkumynIskm<CaEdlcg;[bkSecjputBI

14

\TiBlrbs;evotNam.
enAedImqaM1973 Eb:tsibR)aMPaKrynRbeTskm<Ca)anFak;eRkamkarRttRtarbs;ExrRkhm
ehIykgTBrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esrI EtKanlTPaBeFVkI arRbyuTb neTAeToteT. eTaHCay:agenHkI
edaysarmanCMnYyBIshrdGaemrik kgTBelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; manlTPaBbnkarRbyuTCamYyExr
RkhmGs;ryeBlCagBIrqaMbnmkeTot.

15

kmaPi)alCan;x<s;ExrRkhmnigKNRbtiPUbreTsenAkgRBHbrmraCvaMg rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI3

kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExrRkhm
1> karcUlkan;kab;TIRkgPMeBj

fT1I 7 Exemsa qa1M 975)anbBabn; vU kareRCtERCkBIsN

M ak;breTs karTmak;RKab;Ebk nigkar
RbQmGavuFdak;Ka nsgamsuvI li ExrryeBlR)aMqa eM nAkm<C a. kbEu: nenAfdEdlenH TIRkgPeM Bj)anFak;eTA
kgkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmaMgkumynIsTaMgRsug.
kgkmagM ]TamEdlRbkbedayksNanBNexAnigBNGacm_esH )aneFVdI eM NIrcUlTIRkgBIRKb;Tsi TI.
RbCaCnTIRkgTaMgGs;)annaMKa ecjmkQreRtbRtatamdgpv ehIyERskGbGrsaTrnigRKvITg;RkNat;s.
eTaHCay:agenHkI kmanmnusSCaeRcInnak;)ansmMlak;xnenAkgpH edayRBy)armfa xnGacRtvcab;
b)aj;smab; eRBaHPamenaH ExrRkhm)anRbkastamviTCatifaxnminEmnmkedIm,IcrcaCamYynrNa
TaMgGs; ehIynwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitmnICan;x<s;nigembBaakarTBrbs;rdaPi)alcas;10.

16

CnbreTsrab;rynak;nigCnCatiExrmYycMnYn)anrt;eTARCkekanenAsNaKarLWPM bcb,nsNaKar
LWr:Uy:al; Edlkak)aTRkhmGnrCati)anRbkasfaCatMbn;GBaRkwt. b:uEnenAeBlEdlExrRkhmcUl
Binti e)assMGatsNaKarenH CnbreTs GkkaEst nigCnCatiExrRbEhlmYy
Y rynak;epSgeTot)anrt;eTA
RCkekankgbrievNsanTUt)araMgvij. ExrRkhm)anbBaaCnCatiExrTaMgGs;enAkgsanTUt[eFVIdMeNIreTA
CnbTedIm,IeFVkI argarksikm. CnbreTsRbmaN610nak;)anbnsa k;enAkg sanTUt Gs;ryeBlBIrs)ah_
eTot munnwgRtvdwkCBantamLaneTAkan;RBMEdnf.
Pambnab;BIrMedaH)anTIRkgPMeBj ExrRkhm)anRbharCIvitemdwknaMCan;x<s;bIrUb mnIraCkar nig
nayTahanrab;rynak;rbs;rdaPi)al
saFarNrdExr. emdwknaMCan;xs< T; aMgbI
rUbenHrYmmannaykrdmnI Lg bUer:t
RBHGgmas;suIsuvti sirimt nig ln;
Nun bn Rbsrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;
nl;. elakesnaRbmux)ancakecj
BIRbeTsmunenHbnicCamYynwgR)ak;
esaFnnivtnc_ nM nY mYylandula rGaemrik.
rdaPi)alshrdGaemrik)anyl;RBm
CemsGkTaMgbIeTAkan;shrdGaemrik
b:Eu nGk TaMgenH)anbdiesFminRBmcak
ecj. RBHGg mas; susI vu ti sirmi t
)ansresrsMbRu tmYyc,ab;epJeI TAsan
TUtshrdGaemrik EdlmanesckfI a kmaPi)alExrRkhmnigTIRbwkSacinQrenABImxu sNaKarLWPM bcb ,nsNaKarLWryU: a: l;
rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

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naMeTAkan;esrIPaB. b:uEnKYr[Gnica minGaccakecjkgsPaBdkMsakEbbenH)an
eT. cMeBaHelak ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsdGsarrbs;Gk minEdleCOmYyvinaTI
NaeLIyfa elakdac;cti e )aHbg;ecalmnusSEdl)aneRCIserIsykesrIPaB. elak
)anbdiesFminpl;karkarBardl;eyIg ehIyeyIgminGaceFVIGVI)anTaMgGs;>>> )an
RbRBwtk hM su EtmYyKt;KkW areCOCak;eTAelIshrdGaemrik. sUmTTYlnUvkarrab;GanGMBI
k]tm mitCaTIRslaj;rbs; mitdesaHRtg;nigrYsrayrak;Tak;rbs;.

17

emdwknaMkm<CaRbCaFibetyCYbCamYyKNRbtiPUbreTs rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

2> karCemsRbCaCnecjBITIRkgnigTIRbCuMCn

RbCaCnenAtamTIRkgnigTIRbCuMCnPaKeRcIneCOCak;fa xnnwgrs;enARbkbedaysuxsniPaBeRkamkar
RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMfIrbs;xn ehIyfaRbCaCnRKb;rUbnwgBYtdKaeFVIkaredIm,IbRgbRgmCati. pyeTAvij
BIrbbeI m:agbnab;BkI an;kab;TRI kgPeM Bj kgTBExrRkhm)ancab;epmI )aj;rHeTAelIGakasCasBaabg[M RbCaCn
cakecjBITIRkg.
ExrRkhm)anbgGM k rs;enATIRkgPeM BjRbEhlBIrlannak; Edlkg enaHrYmbBal TaMgGkePosxn kg
GMLgeBlsgamCagmYylannak;pg[eTACnbT. kgryeBlmYys)ah_ RbCaCnkgTIRkgPMeBjnig
TIRbCuCM nepSgeTot EdlFab;RKb;RKgedayrbbsaFarNrdExrRtv)anbeNjecjeTAeFIkV argarksikmenA
tMbn;CnbT.
suwm sut ehA kuy EdlCaGkFak;suIkenATIRkgPMeBj)anrMlwkeLIgvijnUvehtukarN_EdlKat;)an
eXIjkgGMLgeBlCems

enAfT1I 7 Exemsa qa1M 975 )anecjdMeNIreTARbkbrbrdUcFmta. BIr-bIem:ag

eRkaymk eXIjkgTBExrRkhmeFVdI eM NIrmkPeM Bj. RbCaCn)anecjmkeRkAehIy

18

RKvIRkNat;snigGavssVaKmn_ExrRkhm. PamenaH BYkeK)an)aj;kaMePIgeTAelI

Gakas bBaaRbCaCn[cakecjBITRI kgedayGHGagfaGaemrikaMgnwgmkTmak;RKab;Ebk.
dUcGkeTotEdr )anRbjab;Rbjal;eFVIdMeNIrcakecjenAem:agdb;CamYybgRbus
mitP kei nAvtCamYynigelaksg. enAelIpv dENnNan;tan;tab; BsrU sMeLgmnusS
maERskehArkBukmaynigbgbn nigsERmkekgyMTarrk)ay. ExrRkhm)anrwbGUs
ykrbs;rbrRbCaCn. GkEdlCMTas;mni RBm[ nwgRtvsmab;bk c ab;xn ykeTA)at;.
enAeBlEdlkMBgu EtedIr TBExrRkhmRsIma k;)anTajkGav ehIysYrfa CaGtItTahan
b? Kat;rju fyeRkayvij enAeBlEdlR)ab;Kat;faCakUnsisS. k)anbndeM NIr
rbs;eTARkgtaexA. enAtampv )aneXIjsaksBEdleTIbEtehImfI CaeRcIn. bnab;
BI)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ryeBlbIf )anmkdl;exttaEkv.

19

minmankarelIkElgNa
mYyeTenAkg karCemsenH. Gk
CMgRW tv)anbeNjecjBImnrI eBT.
GkePosxn rab;Ban;nak; CaBiess
kUnekg cas;Cra nigGkCMgW)an
sab;enAtampv. sImanpeBaH
CaeRcIn)ansab;enAeBlsRmalkUn
edaysarK a nf a M n i g esvasu x a
Pi)al. kUnekg)anvegVg)at;BI
BukmayehIy RbCaCnPaKeRcIn
mindwgfaetImanGVIkMBugEtekIteLIg
enaHeT.
sU rI RbCaCnrs;enAext
taEkvk)anrMlkw BIRBwtki arN_Cems
RbCaCnecjBITIRkgPMeBjEdr.
bIrbs; sU rI KWCaTahanrbs;rbb
saFarNrdExrEdlRtvrbYsRtg;
ePA kg eBlRbyuTC amYykgTBExr
Rkhm ehIyRtvbBan mkBa)al
enAmnrI eBTPeM Bj.sU rI )anerob
rab;fa

GakasyandanGnrCatieBaFicintugPMeBj Exemsa qaM1975

rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

kgTBExrRkhm)anbBaa[BYkeyIgecjBITRI kg. niyayfa {minGaceTA)aneTeRBaH

kMBgu manpeBaH ehIybI manrbYsFn}; . BYkeKenAEtbg[M eyIgcakecj. BYkeyIgyM
eGIyyMeRBaHbIedIrminrYc. bnab;mk eyIgrk)anreTHmYy. RKah_bIdak;elIreTH
ehIy)andak;RkmaTak;kGUsbI bneTot. eyIgcg;eTAtaEkv EtExrRkhm)anbg[M eyIg
eFVdI eM NIreTAmuxbneTottampv Catielx5. eyIgqgkat;ERBkkam ehIykQb;daM)ay
hUb. eBlhUb)ayehIyeKR)ab;eyIg[eTAmuxeTot. GUsreTHeLIgrlakRkelonGs;
ehIy. enAtampv bI RtveKcab;ykeTAsmab;ecal. yMxa gM Nas; b:Eu nmindwgeFVI
y:agem:c. )aneTAdl;RsukcmarelI extkMBg;cam. mYyExeRkaymk qgTen)an
kUnRsImYy.
ExrRkhm)anBnl;ehtuplCaeRcInGMBImUlehtu EdlGgkarRtvbeNjRbCaCnTaMgGs;[ecjBI
TIRkg.kg GMLg eBlCemsExrRkhm)anR)ab;RbCaCnfashrdGaemriknwgmkTmak;RKab;EbkenAPeM BjehIy
faRbCaCnmincaM)ac;cak;esapHeT eRBaHfaRbCaCnTaMgGs;nwgGacRtLb;mkvijkgryeBlBIr-bIfeTot.
eGog sarI ]bnaykrdmnITTYlbnkkickarbreTsrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety eRkaymk)anBnl;
ehtuplnkarCemsfa bNalmkBIkgVHxatsmarnigmeFa)aydwkCBan edIm,Idkw mb Gaharmkkan;TRI kg.

20
kmaPi)alExrRkhmenAvalERs rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

b:ul Bt enAkgeBlbMeBjTsSnkicenARbeTscinenAExtula qaM1977 )anniyayfa mUlehtunkar

CemsRbCaCnKWedIm,IbMEbkRkmcarkicrbs;xaMg.
RbvtiviTUPaKeRcIn)anyl;Rsbfa ExrRkhmmankarebCJacity:agmutmaMedIm,IERbkaykm<Ca[eTACa
RbeTsrbs;ksikrnigBlkrEdlkg enaHGMeBIBku rlYy skPi mU ni y
i m nigmUlFnniym nwgRtvlubbM)at;ecal
TaMgRsug. ExrRkhmyl;eXIjfaRbCaCnenATIRkgnigTIRbCuCM nnanaCamnusSminsatsM ehIymanEtksikr
enAtamTICnbTb:ueNaHEdlsatsMRKb;RKan;sRmab;bdivtn_rbs;xn.
bnab;BkI arCems)anbBab; TIRkgPeM Bj)ankayeTACa {TIRkgexac} EdlmanmnusSrs;enARbEhl
bYnmunW nak;beu: NaH. GkEdlbnsti enAkg TIRkgKWsTu E tCakmaPi)alExrRkhmCan;xs< ; kgTB nigkmkrerag
cRk. manhaglk;TnM ji EtmYyKt;enAkg TIRkgpSarFMfI EdlebIklk;sRmab;Gk karTUt. ExrRkhm)aneka
RbeTsBIBPi BelakxageRkA. ExrRkhmminebIkTUlay[CnbreTscUlmkkg RbeTseT ehIykmni ebIkTUlay
[RbCaCnExrcakecjBIRbeTsEdr.
BIr-bIfbnab;BI b:ul Bt nigkmaPi)alCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumynIskm<Ca)aneFVIdMeNIrcUlmkTIRkg
dsat;RCgMenH RkmExrRkhm)anerobcMBiFIbuNrMlwkviBaaNkncMeBaHGk Edl)anBlICIvitkgGMLgeBl
sgam. enATIRkgeb:kaMgeNaHvij manmnusSCagmYymuWnnak;nigmnICan;x<s;cinCaeRcInrUb)anR)arBBiFI
CyCmHrbs;kgTBkumynIskm<Ca elIrdaPi)alsaFarNrdExrEdlKaMRTedayshrdGaemrik.
eTaHCay:agNakeday ksemcRBHneratm sIhnu emdwknaMmanEteQaHrbs;kgTBbdivtn_min)an
cUlrYmkgBiFIenHeT. RBHGgKg;enAEk,rRBHmatarbs;RBHGg KWRBHmhakSRtiyanI suIsuvti kusumnarIrt
sirIvDna EdlkMBugEtRbQYnCaTmn;enATIRkgeb:kaMg. kgGMLgeBlKg;enAnireTsxnenATIRkgeb:kaMgtaMgBI
qa1M 970 rdaPi)alkumy
nIsc ni )anfVayRBHGgnvU karKaMRTTaMgpv neya)aynigpv cit RBmTaMgPUmRi KwHRbkb
edaypasukmYyeTotpg. eRkaymk RBHGg)aneFVeI sckEI fgkarN_my
Y ekatsresIrBICy
CmHrbs;ExrRkhm.

21

emdwknaMkm<CaRbCaFibety nigCasmaCikKNciny_nKNkmaFikarmCimbkSkumynIskm<Ca BIeqVgeTAsaMrYmman b:ul Bt elxabkS

kumy
nIsk m<C anigCanaykrdmnI nkm<C aRbCaFibety/ nYn Ca GnuelxabkSkumy
nIsk m<C anigCaRbFansPatMNagRbCaCnkm<C a/ eGog sarI
]bnaykrdmnTI TYlbnk kick arbreTs/ sun esn ]bnaykrdmnTI TYlbnk karBarCati/ v:n evt ]bnaykrdmnTI TYlbnk Epkesdkci
rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI4

karbegItrdaPi)alkm<CaRbCaFibety
1> Ggkar11

eTaHbICaExrRkhm)aneFVcI m,aMgRbqaMgnwgrbbsaFarNrdExrrbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; Gs;ry

eBlR)aMqa kM e day kclnanigemdwknaMsxM an;rbs;ExrRkhmminRtv)anpSBVpSayCasaFarNeT. bkSkumy
nIs
km<Ca)anrkSakarsmat;enHesIrEteBjryeBlEdlxnRKb;RKgRbeTskm<Ca.
GgkarbdivtnR_ tv)anbegtI eLIgedaysmaCikbkSkumy
nIsk m<C a. GkTaMgenHRtv)andwknaMCasmat;
BIsMNak; b:ul Bt.
enAExkBaa qa1M 975 KNkmaFikarmCimbkSkumy
nIsk m<C arYmman b:lu Bt/ nYn Ca/ esa Pwm/
eGog sarI/ sun esn/ tam:ku / nig vn ev:t. enAqa1M 977 smaCikbInak;eTotjwm rs;/ exov sMpn nig
Ek BkRtv)anbBal eTAkg KNkmaFikarenH. b:lu Bt/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig exov sMpn )anTTYl

22

karGb;reM nARbeTs)araMg cMENk nYn Ca Fab;)ansikSaeronsURtenARbeTsfnigevotNam. smaCikepSgeTot

nKNkmaFikarmCimmancMeNHdwgbnicbncb:ueNaH.

fak;dwknaMbkSkumynIskm<CaBIqaM1976-1978
b:ul Bt
elxabkS
nYn Ca
GnuelxabkS
esa Pwm*

eGog sarI

sun esn*

tam:uk*

vn ev:t*

Ek Bk*

* vn

ev:t nig jwm rs; Rtv)ansmab;enAqa1M 978. esa Pwm eFVGI tXatenAqaM exov sMpn
1978. sun esn Rtv)ansmab;kg qa1M 997. Ek Bk sab;edaysarCMgeW nA
qaM2002. tam:uksab;edayCMgWenAqaM2006.
jwm rs;*
2> karyagnivtn_mkkm<Carbs; semcRBHneratm sIhnu

23

rhUtdl;cgu qa1M 975 ExrRkhmenAEtehAxn gfaCaraCrdaPi)al

rYbrYmCatikm<Ca rdaPi)alEdlRtv)anbegIteLIgenATIRkgeb:kaMgenA
qa1M 970 EdlmansemcRBHneratm sIhnu CaRBHRbFan. mkdl;
qa1M 972 ExrRkhm)anRttRtaelIclnatseU srI EtTaMgRsugeTAehIy
b:Eu nedIm,I)ankarTTYlsal;BGI nrCatingi karKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAkg RbeTs
clnaenHenAbnsiteRkamGFibtIPaBrbs;semcRBH neratm sIhnu
nigraCrdaPi)alnireTsrbs;RBHGgdEdl.
enAExkkda qa1M 975 ExrRkhm)ansuy
M agsemcRBHneratm
sIhnu EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugKg;nireTsenATIRkgBgy:ag RbeTskUer:
xageCIg mkkm<C a. munyagnivtnm_ kkm<C a RBHGg)anyagmkkan;TRI kg
eb:kaMg edIm,IslMu aRbFanaFibtIcni em:A esTug nignaykrdmnI CU eGnLay
EdlkMBgu sRmakBa)alenAmnrI eBT. eRkaymkRBHGg)anmanRBHbnl

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{Tg;bdivtn_ elx4 Exemsa qaM1978}
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enaHminmanGMNaceT. bIs)ah_eRkay
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bBaneTAGgkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTar eyIg[ceRmInelatepaH mharugerOg mhaGsar.

24

Tg;Catikm<CaRbCaFibety

maRta16nrdFmnBu akm<C aRbCaFibety)anEcg

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25

BIfT1I 5dl;fT1I 9ExF qa1M 975 sMeNr

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nak;kg mhasn)i atCatienATIRkgPeM Bj ehIyRtv)an
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EcgGVTI aMgGs;Tak;TgnwgbkSkumy
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4> semcRBHneratm sIhnu laElgBItMENgRbmuxrd

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ElgBItMENgrbs;semcRBHneratm sIhnu. KNGciny_)anRBmeRBgTTYlyksMeNIsuMlaElgrbs;
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enAExemsa qaM1976 sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<Ca)anebIksmyRbCuMelIkTImYynigEtmgKt;rbs;
xn. GgRbCuM)anRBmeRBgKaCakcneTAelIsMeNIsuMyagcUlnivtn_rbs; semcRBHneratm sIhnu eday
plf; aV yRBHGgnvU R)ak;esaFnnivtnc_ nM nY R)aMbBI an;dlu a rshrdGaemrikkg mYyqaM EdlminEdlebIkfVayRBHGg
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)anCab;XuMenA TIenaHrhUtdl;Exmkra qaM1979 KWrhUtdl;fdYlrlMnrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety13.
5> rcnasm<ncat;taMgrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety

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dwknaMeday vn ev:t. KNkmaFikarEtmYyKt;EdlmansiTGi N
M ackg kareFVeI scksI eRmccit nigGnumt eKal
neya)ayrdaPi)alniglknki epSg KWKNkmaFikarGcinyb_ kSkumy
nIsk m<C aEdlman b:lu Bt Caelxa
nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. emdwknaMbkSkumy
nIsk m<C aminEdlykcitT ku dak;eKarBrdFmnBu a nigbTbBatni ana
EdlemdwknaMTaMgenHCaGkGnumt begtI eLIgedayxn gmgNaeT. smaCiknKNkmaFikarGcinyn_ gi KN
kmaFikarmCimbkSkmantMENgenAkgrdaPi)alEdr14.

26

exov sMpn smmitEhm

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vijkgqaM1959. bnab;mk semcRBHneratm
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sParyeBlbYnqaMeTot.
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CaRbFanKNRbFanrdrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety.
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b:ul Bt BIqaM1979 dl;qaM1998 ehIybnab;mk
exov sMpn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdaPi)alkm<Ca.

27

6> karpas;brfkMeNItbkS

enAExmIna qa1M 976 KNkmaFikarmCimbkS)an

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bnic b:ul Bt )anRbkasCasaFarNnUvGtiPaB
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CMBUkTI5

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32tMbn;. PUmPi aKnImy
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enHrYmmanextRBEvgnigextsaV yerogTaMgmUl EpkxHnextkBM g;camEdlsti enAeRtIyxagekItTenemKgTaMgGs;
nigkat;ecjBIRsukmYykgextRkecHKWRsukqg nigkat;ykRsukxHBIextkNalEdlrYmmanRsukxSac;kNal

28

lVam nigmuxkMBlU . PUmPi aKenHEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;EdlrYmmantMbn;20 tMbn;21 tMbn;22 tMbn;23 nig

tMbn;24.
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eday Qit eCOn ehAtam:ku . PUmPi aKenHrYm
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Rtv)ancat;taMg[eFVICaelxaPUmiPaKkNalEdleTIbbegItfI ehIyelxafIrbs;PUmiPaK]trKW kg cab.
PUmPi aKenHrYmmanextkBM g;FTM aMgmUl EpkxaglicTenemKgTaMgGs;nextkBM g;cam nigRsukmYykg extRkecH
RsukERBkRbsb; ehIyEckecjCabItMbn;KW tMbn;41 tMbn;42 nig tMbn;43.

29
emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExrRkhmeFVITsSkicenACnbT rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

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nigEpkxHnextkBM g;sW< ehIyEckecjCaR)aMtbM n;KW tMbn;31 tMbn;32 tMbn;37 tMbn;15 nigtMbn;11.
PUmPi aK|san PUmPi aK108 dwknaMeday N sar:an; ehA y:a smab;enAqa1M 976. PUmPi aKenH
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105 tMbn;107 nigtMbn;505.

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30

kg qa1M 976enH km<C aRbCaFibety)anbegtI tMbn;sy

V t cMnnY BIrepSgeTotEdlTak;Tgkargarpal;
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]trmanCytMbn;106 nigtMbn;RBHvihartMbn;103. RkgkMBg;esambcb ,nRkgRBHsIhnukRtv)an
cat;taMgedayELkBIPUmiPaKEdr.
enAqa1M 977 PUmPi aKfmI y
Y eTot KWPmU Pi aKkNalRtv)anbegtI eLIg. PUmPi aKenHmanTItaMgsti enA
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tMbn;RkecHbtbM n;505 nigtMbn;mNlKIrI btbM n;105 Rtv)anbMEbkecjBIPmU Pi aK|sannigcat;taMgCa
tMbn;sVyt.

31

kmaPi)alExrRkhmeFVIkarRbmUlplRsUv rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

CMBUkTI6

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ExrRkhm)aneFVIkare)assMGatTIRkgnigTIRbCuMCnnana edIm,IlubbM)at;ecalkarrs;enAtamTIRkg
nigksagkm<C amYyfeI dayBwgEpkelIkarBRgIkplitkmRsUv. edImqa1M 976 bkSkumy
nIsk m<C a)anRbjab;
Rbjal;eroberogEpnkarbYnqaeM lIkTImy
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TaMgGs; nigdak;kardaMdHu RsUvCaGaTiPaBcm,grbs;Cati. bnab;BbI Baasnsi xu Cati smUhPavUbnIykmKCW aeKal
neya)aydsMxan;bMputrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety.
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Rtv)antRmv[RbmUlRTBsm,ti kCnTaMgGs;rbs;xn rYmTaMgsmarpH)aypgedIm,IeRbIR)as;rmY . CaEpk
mYyndMeNIrkarenHEdr RKsarExrTaMgGs;Rtv)anbMEbkecjBIKa ehIyRbCaCnRKb;rbU Rtv)ancat;taMg[eTA
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32

33

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rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

34
skmPaBCBandIenAkgKeRmagelIkTMnb;CIkRbLay rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

enAqaM1976 edayRTaMmin)annwgkareRskXan Buk)andYskUnkkmkesarhUb

edayKat;Kti faenaHKWCakUnRtI. fmyY kmaPi)alExrRkhmmak;)ansmab;Bs;manBis
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35

RbCaCnmUldan maynigkUn rUbftksarmCmNlksarkm<Ca

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36

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37

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38

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39
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40
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41

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42

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43
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44

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45

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