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:

M -


1.
( , )
,
.
,

.

: 42, : 78, : 224!

-
2.
.

,
.
2

(diploid). 2

.

-
3.


,
. .

(haploid).

2 , 2

:



2
() ,
.
,
(cytokinesis).


Go

G2/M checkpoint

G1

G2

(interphase):
G1, S, G2

G1/S checkpoint


G1/S checkpoint:
; H

DNA?
G2/M checkpoint:
DNA?
?

G1

G2

10

24

12

29

20

25

40

35

120

: 18-24
: 0.5-2


1.
2. M
3. A
4. T
(peas make awful tarts)


: ,
.

.
:
?

, ,

M - M
1
DNA, 2

,

(recombination).

- 1
n=

2n
!

- 2
:

(crossing-over)


1. ,
()
2.
2 .
2
4 .
3. ,
S DNA.
S
2 .


4. ,
.
,
.
5.
.
.
6. crossingover,
crossing-over .


7.
.
.
8. ,


. ,
.

A

F1

x
1 : 1

: = y, (yellow) = Y

2:1 ???

Expected Punnett Square

Y
y


Y
YY
Yy

y
Yy
yy


:
[ Yy
,
yy
]


:
(. Y
)
: () > y ()
B: !

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