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ក្រោយពេលសង្រ្គាមផុតរលត់ទៅ
ក្រោយពេលសង្រ្គាមផុតរលត់ទៅ
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ISBN-10: 99950-60-00-0
lsxG-10 99950-60-00-0
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-00-8
lsxG-13 978-99950-60-00-8
Printed in Cambodia
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mYystvtSr_eRkaykarcuHdundabrbs;cRkPBGgr kGeM BIeXareXAenHKanfmfycuHEdr. esckI
Gg;Gacrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaeTIbnwgbEnmKMnitTuTidniymmYy nigKMniteCOkmvasnay:agRCaleRCAmYy
EdleKGacsmtEtm:agKt;cMeBaHkarsMeNHsMNalrbs;eKBIRBHBuTsasna. enAeBlEdlbNal
rdCitxagman evotNam nigesom BRgIkGMNac nigcMNg;eRskXanrbs;eKmkelITwkdIExr RbCaCn
km<Ca)anRtvjaMg[eCOfa BUCsasn_nigvb,Fmrbs;xn muxnwgRtvrlaysabsUnminxan. ehIy
vb,Fmrbs;eK)anbeBaj[eXIjcemIyGaceFVI)anBIrcMeBaHkarKMramKMEhgmYyEbbenaH bmYy
RBmTTYlykkarKMramKMEhgenH BIeRBaHvaCaerOgminGacecosrYc bmYyeRbIR)as;meFa)ayTaMgGs;
edayKankarelIkElgeTaHCaRtveRbIGMeBIeXareXAkeday edIm,IRbyuTTl;nwgkarKMramKMEhgenaH.
kardak;bNasaedayELkmYy hak;dUCasgt;EfmelIRbCaCnExrrgTukevTna KWRbPBTaMgLay
nGMeBIeXaeXArbs;eK minEdlrIgstesaHeLIy. RbPBTaMgenHsMgMenAeRkamGnisSrPaBmYy Edl
rIkkan;EtFMeLIg cMeBaHkareRbImnGaKm nigkareCOelIexacRBaybisacedayRKan;EtmanGVIbiT)aMg
b:ueNaH. kgryeBlsgamBIqaM1970 dl;qaM1975 dMeNIrerOgmantKahUrEhEdlmanRbCa
RbiyPaBbMput )anerobrab;[dwgBI]b,tiehtuCaRbvtisas TaMgLayEdlbNaRBHraCasmyGgr
kat;k,alsRtvnanarbs;RBHGg nigRbtibtiviCamnGaKmKafa. kgGMLgeBlnsgamenHPaBTn;Pn;
dl,Il,ajrbs;Exr CasBaabgaj[eXIjkarGt;nmYy ticCagPaBGkrgGMeBIrbs;eKedaymin
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enAkgelakxagkg EdleCOelIkmaMgFmCatidwknaMelak EdleBareBjedayRBlwgexacRBay GarkS
Gkta. RBHraCaNacRkmYy EdleKminsal; CaTIEdlesaPN nigExSKafanaMmknUvkarCYylYgelam
citeFVI[rsayTukRbQmnwgeRKaHGasncEmkminGacyl;)an. b:uEn enAeBltfPaBnneya)ay
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enAeBlEdlRkmGkbdivtn_rbs; b:ul Bt cUldl;rdFanI RbCaBlrdTaMgGs;enARkgPMeBjsMKal;
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b:uEn sankarN_enARbeTsevotNam )anbgM[BYkkumyniskm<CabeBaj[eXIjskmPaBmYy
edayqab;rhs. enAqaM1945 hU CImij )anseRmcfa bkSRtvEtepImeFVIskmPaBedaylYclak;.
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nGgkartMbn;mYyeLIy. BYkkumynis Lav nigExrnwgmanGgkarcat;taMgpal;rbs;eK ehIydUecHBYk
eKGacnwgBRgIkplRbeyaCn_rbs;eKkgRbeTserogxn eRBaHenAminTan;manbkSBitR)akdmYy.
cMeBaHeKalbMNgenH BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anerobcMeFVImhasni)attMNagTUTaMgRbeTselIkTI1
enAfTI17 Exemsa qaM1950 kgRBPMPaKnirtIRbeTskm<CaedaymantMNagCagBIrrynak; cUlrYm
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semcBMuEmn edaykarsnaEdleFVIenARkghSWENveT.
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epSgeTot BYkkumynisevotNam)anRbkan;ykkarseRmccitmYy EdlEtgEteFVI[BYkeKxVl;cit
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clnakumynisrbs;km<Capg nigeFIV[clnaenHyktamKMrUrbs;eK BYkevotNam)anEbgEckclna
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eTAevotNamxageCIg manPaKeRcIn)anbnMxnCamYykgTBevotmijmuncakecjBIRbeTskm<CaeTAtam
sxsMxan;nkicRBmeRBgRkghSWENv. BYkkm<CaxHkgcMeNamBYkkm<CaTaMgenH )anTTYlbBaa[
cakecjBIRbeTskm<CaBIembBaakarExr\sSr bevotmijrbs;eK ehIyGkxHeTot)ancakecj
edaysRKcit. eGog lIm yuTCnvyekgmak; kgcMeNamyuTCnekgTaMgenH enAcaM)anfa14 BYk
evotNam)ansYrKat;fa etIGkgcg;eFVIdMeNIreTAevotNamxageCIg edIm,I{hat;eronviCaeyaFa}
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niyayBakGVITaMgGs; ebIsinmaneKmksYrfa etIBYkGkgecjdMeNIreTAPaKxageCIgedaycitgEmn
b? GkTaMgGs;)anrkSaPaBesmsat; ehIyBYkExrTaMgenaH)aneLIgCiHelInavab:ULjmYyeRKg
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bnab;mk RtveKcat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAsalaeyaFasWnt. ehtuenH smaCikCagBak;kNaln
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sRmaMgsRmab;kickarneya)ayedaylYclak;mYyenAkgRbeTs. enAqaM1954 eBlEdlsgam
putrlt;eTA )anlbcUlmkRkgPMeBjCasmat; edayEkgCaGgrkSnayTahanevotNammak;15.
b:uEn TaMgrUbKat; TaMgBYkkumynisdTeTot EdlsitenAkgRbeTskm<Ca BuMRtv)anTTYlkarpt;pg;eRKg
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kumynisenAqaM1955 edaymnusSmYyBan;nak; enAkgRbeTskm<Ca nigmYyBan;nak;enAevotNam
xageCIg )anbegIt[mankarExVgKMnitxagEpkneya)aymYyy:agRCaleRCA Edl)anpHeLIgRBm
CamYyGMeBIsahavyg;Xg mqaMeRkaymkeTot.
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breTsTaMgGs; -kgTBGaNaniKm)araMgnigevotmij- )anyl;RBmsuxcitcakecjBIRbeTs tamkic
RBmeRBgnsnisITRkghSWENv. kare)aHeqatedayesrIRbEhlCaRbRBwteTAenAqaM1955.
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TisedAneya)aymYy EdlEbkBImunTaMgRsugsRmab;clnarbs;eK.
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kumynisPaKeRcIn. kngmkBYkenH BuMFab;EdlmanmUldanenAkgraCFanIeT ehIyPaKeRcInCaGkmin
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nak;b:ueNaH EssibCamaCikbkSkumynis\Ncin/ db;nak;mkBIbkSkumynis)araMg ehIybI bbYnnak;
mkBIbkSf16. emdwknaMneya)ayrbs;eKKW sWg g:ukmij )antaMgTIsak;GaRsyenATIRkghaNUy
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esITTYlsal; nigPab;cMNgTak;TgmitPaBCamYyRbeTsTaMgenaH edayGnuelameTAtamneya)ay
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cMeNamemdwknaMTaMgLayEdleKTTYlsal;. [bBasIla 1kareKarBGFibetyPaB nigbUrN
PaBTwkdIeTAvijeTAmk 2karminRCtERCkkgkickarpkgrbs;RbeTsdT 3karminQanBanKa
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GkbkERbRbl].
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EbrCaRcanecalkarbeBaIcbeBaIrbs;BYkeKeTAvij. tamrybTvicarNkfaCaeRcIn EdlcuHpSay
kgkaEstnanarbs;semc)anecaTsYredaycg;dwgfa20 etIkarGbGrsresIrrbs;RkmRbCaCncMeBaH
neya)ayGBaRkwtrbs;RBHGgmanCab;Tak;TgeTAnwg{karRTRTg;rbs;breTs} EdlkMBugsitenABI
eRkayKNbkSenaHEdreT?. ehIyenAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu GbGrnwgkarsresIrrbs;
bNaRbeTskumynisenaH semckeFVI[Gksab;TaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgemIleXIjnUvPaB xusKarvag
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elIkdMbUgmk[RbeTskm<CaenAqaM1956. shrdGaemrik )anbeBajRbtikmy:agxaMg. bNa
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emaHmut edIm,IBRgwgGMNacrbs;xn nigcat;karedaHRsaybBaaBYkkumyniskgRbeTspal;rbs;
RBHGg. RBHmhakSRt EdlCaRBHbitarbs;RBHGg)anesayTivgtenAqaM1960 ehIyGMNwHteTA
semc RBHneratm sIhnu R)afadwknaMRbeTsCati kgzanCaRBHRbmuxrdmak;vij. edIm,IerobcMerOgenH
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mYyRbqaMgnwgBYkGkkaEstrbs;eK EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaBbMput. fTI13 Exkkda qaM1960 Rkm
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mUldanc,as;las;esaH. semccg;deNImykRkmniymeqVgBImUldanrbs;xn EdlmankgvN
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clnaExrRkhm
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122
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EdldwgesaH.
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1955 ln; nl; )anrMlaybBalKNbkSneya)aydtUcrbs;Kat;CamYynwgKNbkSsgmrbs;
semc RBHneratm sIhnu.
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CafIeLIgvij. b:uEn karykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat; manlkNTUlMTUlayCagGVIEdlsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu bGkneya)aysmyTMenIbdTeTotFab;)anKiteTAeTot. Kat;Fab;dwknaMkgTBCaeRcIn
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RbeTsCatikgkalkngeTAehIy enAkgkarbBaak;karGHGagBImrtkrbs;RBHBuTsasnaeTAvij.
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pyKaRsLHnwgBYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;kargar} nigkarxacrEGgfa BYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;
kargar} TaMgenaHdeNImykRbeTskm<CaedayeRbIkmaMg )anbnSl;TuknUvlkNBiessrbs;Kat;
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tMNagKMnitRClhYsehtu nigEdlpyKa nigneya)ayCabnbnab;enaH )antRmg;eq<aHeTArkeKaledA
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RTwsIbnab;bnSMnlTihVasuIs kdUckarRbkan;BUCsasn_ nigkarsb;ex<ImCnbreTs.
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karBRgIkKankarTTYlxusRtvenHfa {CamhicitacEmkxuseK EdlEkERbeFVI[kgTBenH kayeTACa
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fa RbeTskm<CamansmtPaBbeNjkgTBevotNamy:agrhsdUcKa. ehIy ln; nl; )ansuM[
shrdGaemrikbMBak;GavuF[kgTBrbs;Kat;EtkgmYyfb:ueNaH. enAxNenH BYkGaemrikaMg)an
bdiesF ehIy ln; nl; )anbegIt {kgTBmbYnem:ag}rbs;Kat; edayRBmTTYlykTahaneRCIserIsfI
TaMgGs; edayKanKitBIsmtPaBrbs;BYkenaHeLIy ehIyGnuBaat[kartMelIgzannrskielOnrhs
hYsehtu EdlvakayeTACanItiRkmTmab;eTAehIy enAkgkMLgeBlnsgamenaH. vaenAmankar
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skiy:agqab;rhs nigEdlBukrlYy ehIy ln; nl; )anbeNay[manTRmg;nGMeBIBukrlYyepSg
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edayminRBmTTYlsal;bBaaTaMgenH ln; nl; EbrCacUlcitRbwgxHExgpl;eTA[kgTBrbs;Kat;
nUveRKgkarBarxagEpkevTmnCag EdltamrUbKat; Kat;eCOkgcitfa vanwg[kgTBTaMgenaHeTArk
CyCmHCaminxan. enAqaM1970 Kat;)anecjRkwtmYybegIt {Ggkarsgamvb,FmmYy eday
eRbIR)as;evTmnburaNExr-mn sitenAkgkariyalykMENnkgTB. GgkarenH RtveKdak; eQaHfa
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ln; nl; edIm,Ipl;kas[BYkkumyniskm<CabegIt nighVwkhVWnkgTBpal;rbs;BYkeK.
nicsun nig KIsuIghr BuMmanbMNgdwknaMeFVIsgammYydl; {TIpac;RBRt} RbqaMgnwglTikumynis
enAGasuIeT eTaHbICashrdGaemrikminRbkas;BIsm<nmiRtfIrbs;eK KWRkgPMeBjkeday. ebskCn
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TaMgGs; Edlbgaj[eXIjpyBIerOgenHeT KWkarenAxVHkicRBmeRBgTaMgLayCapvkarEdledAbBaak;
edayc,as;las;nUvkarKaMRTenH \riyabfrbs;sPashrdGaemrik Edl)ankat;bnylTPaBepSg
edIm,IerobcMeFVIsgamPam bnab;BIkarlukluyrbs;TahanGaemrikaMgenARbeTskm<CakgEx]sPa
qaM197015 edaybBaati[manbuKlikcMnYn BIrrynak;y:ageRcInbMput GaceFVIkargarsRmab;rdaPi)al
GaemrikaMgenARbeTskm<Ca ehIykMNt;muxnaTIrbs;kgTBGaemrikaMgenARbeTsenHy:agtwgruwgbMput.
tamkarBit sPaGaemrikR)afafa sgamenARbeTskm<CaRtveFVI[cb;munEdlRtvcab;epIm.
vamanbnmknUvrebobeRbIl,ickl nigkarbeBaatmYy rvagRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg nigsPa mYy
cMENkehIymYycMENkeTot rvagRbFanaFibtIdEdlenH nigsm<nmit ln; nl; rbs;Kat;. BYkGk
tMNagGaemrikaMgRbcaMenARbeTskm<Ca Rtv)ancat;TukCaGkkan;GMNacpac;karEdr BIeRBaHRkgPMeBj
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tm nigTMhMnkicsnarbs;GaemrikaMgeLIy edaysabeRBaHedayectnanUvPaBminc,as;las;sIBI
lkNnigPaBFn;FrnsgamrhUtdl;eKaledATaMgLayrbs;xn Rtv)anseRmcenAevotNamsin.
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GkePosxnEdlmancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg GkrbYskgmnIreBTnanaEdlpkmnusShYsehtu nig
sRmab;mnusSkMBugrgeRKaHedaykarGt;Xanrab;sibBan;nak;eTot BIeRBaH ERscmarTaMgLay)anRtv
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eXIjfa BYkkumynisevotNam)anvayRbyuTsRmab;EtplRbeyaCn_pal;rbs;BYkeKb:ueNaH
KWkarBar {TICRmk}TaMgLay enARbeTskm<Ca karBarRckpvmYyedIm,IFanadl;kardwkCBanes,g
Gahar nigeRKgsmarcaM)ac;[kgTBrbs;BYkeKsRmab;eFVIkarRbyuTenAevotNamxagt,g. Casmat;
saLt s krYmcMENkkgkarRBy)armGMBImhictarbs;BYkevotNamkgtMbn;enH dUc ln; nl; Edr b:uEn
saLt s Kitfa RtvTuk[BYkevotNamenAyUrbniceTotsin edIm,I)anBRgwgkgTBpal;rbs;Kat;
bnab;mkeTIbbeNjBYkenHecj. enAkgryeBlnkarCYbcrcaCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu
naTIRkgeb:kaMg emdwknaMExrRkhm)anCYbBiPakSaCamYy paM v:an;dug Edr ehIy)anCMTas;nwgsMeNImYy
rbs;evotNam EdlsuM[rMlaybBalGMNacbBaakar nigkgkPaBRbyuTevotNam-Exr25 cUlKa
TaMgGs;. s )anGHGagfa Kat;)anbdiesFsMeNIrbs;RkghaNUykgkarbBanTIRbwkSabeckeTs
nigneya)aymkCYyerobcM{tMbn;rMedaH}TaMgLay enARbeTskm<Ca b:uEn sakSIEdl)aneXIj
pal;EPkCaeRcInnak; )anraykarN_[dwgfa BYkevotNammaneFVICaemeKxH enAtMbn;dFMlVwgelVIyrbs;
RbeTskgbNaExdMbUgnsgam26.
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yl;fa xnmankmaMgRKb;RKan;ehIyedIm,IdMeNIrkarnUvkmviFI {visuTkm} pal;rbs;eK ehIydUc ln; nl;
Edr CadMbUgBYkeK)anrkerOgGaNikCnevotNamkMBugrs;enAtamtMbn;nana EdlBYkeKRKb;RKgenAPaK
xagekItRbeTskm<Ca27. edayykelsBIkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;evotNam EdlCaerOgminsUv
c,as;las; BYkExrRkhm)andkhUtGavuFBIRbCaCnsuIvilevotNamTaMgGs;. GkxHRtvcab;xn xH
eTotRtvsmab;ecal ehIymanCaeRcInnak;)ane)aHbg;pH ksidan bPUmiensaTrbs;eK edIm,Irt;eKc
eTAenARbeTsevotNamvij. erOgTaMgenaH)anRbRBwteTAedaysat;kM)aMgbMput. enAkgRbeTs BuMman
GktMNagkaEstGnrCatiRbcaMenAnwgkEngeT ehIyeTaHCay:agNakeday ebIRkghaNUydwg kKan
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BIevotNamxageCIgmkvij eRkayBIkarnireTsxnryeBldb;R)aMqaM edIm,IcUlrYmeFVIbdivtn_kgqaM
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bkBaRkGWtRkeGag nigmhictarbs;BYkevotNam cMnYnGkrgeRKaHEdlnwgRtveKbMePcecal bnab;BI
sgamdRcbUkRcbl;enH EdlbNasm<nmitsuTEtCasRtv nigCasRtvrbs;BYksm<nmit. Kat;Kan
yl;RcLMesaHrvagkgTBrbs; ln; nl; EdlkUnTahanbgaj[eXIjPaBkMsak ehIyBYknayTahan
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BYkGkeFVImatuPUminivt)anRtveKtamdany:agsit ehIyenAqaM1975 PaKeRcInkgcMeNamGkTaMgenaH
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253
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255
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257
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eT. BYKeKlak;biH)aMgkarsmab;rgalTaMgenHmin[RbCaCndwgeLIy ehIybdiesFerOgTaMgGs;enaH
CanickalNamaneKsaksYrxnBIbBaaenH. dMeNIrvileTAmuxrbs;karbdivt karbgabGMeBIRbqaMg
bdivtn_ KWeFVI[ekItmanmnusSsab;tehagy:ageXareXA nigsat;kM)aMgrebobenHRKb;TIkEng.
ebIsinCaBYkExrRkhm erobcMEpnkarRbQmmuxKaenHCamYynwgBYksRtvrbs;eK enAsmy
sgam BYkeKkRtveFV[I PJak;eplI edaykarelcecjnUvxagM sRtvbreTsPamenaHEdr. BYkevotNam
EdlCasm<nmitdKYr[xacrbs;xn )anbgM[BYkkm<CaTTYlrgmuneK nUvGVIEdlRbEhlCakarRbQmmux
Tl;KadmuWgm:at;mYyCamYybreTs kgkMLgExdMbUgnkarkan;GMNacrbs;BYkExrRkhmedayminEGGg;
262
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
yUreLIy.
RkGWtRkeGagnwgCyCmH BYkevotNam)ankMNt;cakecjBI{TICRmk}nana EdlBYkeKFab;)an
eRbIR)as;sRmab;vayRbharBYkGaemrikaMg nigkgTBevotNamxagt,gCaeRsc. b:uEn BYkkumynis
evotNam enAEGGg;minRbjab;dkfyBITwkdIkm<CaeLIy CaBiessenAbNatMbn;dac;Rsyalnext
rtnKirI nigmNlKirI. BYkExr)anepJIBakbNwgpvkarmYyeTA[RkghaNUy edayesI[kgkmaMgevot
NamTaMgGs;cakecjBITwkdIkm<Ca. BYkeK)anTTYlkareqIytbmkvijCaesckIEfgkarN_mYy Edl
kgenaHfa mYycMENknTwkdIenHKWCarbs;evotNam dUecHkgTBevotNamsitenAkgTwkdIrbs;RbeTs
eKeT.karb:HTgicKaRsal)anpHeLIgenAtamRBMEdnnRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybNal[mankarRbQm
muxKaCaelIkdMbUgrvag mCim nigesa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBaEfmeTot. b:ul Bt nigbkS )ansI
benas Pwm Edlrhn;vayRbyuTCamYynwgBYkevotNameBk ehIyTUnanKat;[Gt;Ft;Tb;citkuMGal
RbRBwtGVIRClhYs.
karvayRbyuTKaCaeRcIn )anraldalBIPaKxageCIgbMputmkRBMEdnPaKxagt,g nigrhUtdl;
ekaHTaMgLaykgQUgsmuRTesom EdlBYkevotNam)anTamTarfaCarbs;xnEfmeTot. BYkkm<Ca
)anecaTsYrBYkevotNamfa ehtuGVI)anCamineKarBkicRBmeRBg EdlBYkeKFab;)anseRmccuH
htelxaCamYynwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu kalBIqaM1967 ehIyEdlTTYlsal;RBMRbTl;bcb,n
rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca. eTaHCaBYk)araMgKUsbnat;RBMEdnTaMgenH Edlpl;cMeNjdl;BYk
evotNamkeday ksemc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;eRbIR)as;ExSbnat;enHkgkiccrcaepSg edIm,I
bgajPstagEtm:agb:ueNaHfa BYkevotNamElgmansiTiTamTarykTwkdIepSgeTotehIy.
BYkevotNameTIbnwgQHsgamrbs;eKfI enAeBlEdlBYkeKRbkasR)ab;BYkemdwknaMRkg
PMeBjCasaFarNfa eKKYrEtebIkeFVIkiccrcasIBIbBaaRBMEdnCafImgeTot41. erOgEdlRtvCECkKa
xaMgbMputenaH KWExSbnat;RBMEdn {eRbvIey:} EdlBYk)araMg)anKUsCaRBMEdnsmuRTrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
b:uEnkalenaH BYk)araMg)anKUseLIgRKan;EtCakarkMNt;RBMEdnrd)alGaNaniKmb:ueNaH BuMEmnCa
RBMEdnGnrCatiBitR)akdmYyeLIy.BYkkm<Ca)anbeBajRbtikmtbeTAvij eday)anbBannaval,at
CaeRcIneRKgeTAkan;tMbn;ekaHTaMgLay EdlkgenaHmanekaH BULv: mYy )ankayeTACacMNucsMxan;
nkarvivaTKaenH.
enAedImEx]sPa BYkExrRkhm nwkRBy)army:agxaMg cMeBaHeKalbMNgepSgrbs;BYk
evotNam mkelITwkdIdBIsidrbs;Exr rhUteFVI[BYkeKcab;epImEqkeqrnavabreTsTaMgGs; EdlebIk
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
267
EdlCasmaCikKNelxamCimbkS)ankan;kab;tMENgsMxan;TaMgBIrenHtaMgBImunrdaPi)al Edlman
lkNRKan;EtbeBaat Rtv)anRbkasrMlayCapvkarem:H edIm,IbgajR)ab;BiPBelaknUvmuxmat;
BitR)akdrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetybdivt.
sarI )anykBYkGtItRkmRkg):arIs mkbMeBjRksYgrbs;Kat; ehIyyk CYn RbsiTi EdlCa
mitCitsiTCageKrbs;Kat;kalenAeronRbeTs)araMg mkeFVICa]bkarI. bNabBavndTeTot dUcCa k
saKuN nig Kat Qn; CaedIm )anrkeXIjTIBMnwgmYy nigkicKaMBardCak;lak;mYykgRksYgenH enAeBl
EdlbkScab;epImeFVIkare)assmatBYkbBavnrbs;xn. GkeTotEdlmancMnYny:ageRcInbMput
BuM)anTTYlPBVvasnadUcenHeT. Pak;garTUtCaeRcInEdleFVIkaredIm,IplRbeyaCn_sRmab;ExrRkhmkg
eBlsgamenaH kBuM)anTTYlmuxtMENgGVIEdrbnab;BIqaM1975 ehIy)anRtveKbBaneTAdak;enAkgCMrM
BlkmBiess minqayBITIRkgb:unaneLIy. enATIenaH BYkeK)anCYbnwgbBavnCaeRcInEdlFab;CYy
KaMRTBYkExrRkhmenAbreTsCafImgeTot ehIyEdlsuTEtRtLb;mkkm<Cavij edIm,ICYykarbdivt.
kgzanCabBavn BYkeKmuxCaTTYlrgesckIsab;kgCMrMBiessTaMgenHminxan. b:uEn karrs;enAeday
lM)akeTvnadUckarrs;enAkgCMrMTaMgenH eXIjfa minGacmaneRKaHfak;CagkEngeTot kgRbeTs
km<CaenAkMLgkarbdivtTIBIr EdlBYkeKRtvedIrtameLIy.
sarI )aneRtmxnkan;muxgarepSgEdlKat;kan;kab;enAeBlenH taMgBIyUryarmkehIy.
Kat;Fab;)anerobcMeKalkarN_ExrRkhm sIBIkargarbreTs niglTikumynisGnrCatitaMgBICMnan;Kat;
enATIRkg):arIsem:H EdlenAkgeBlenaHKat;Fab;)aneTAcUlrYmCabnbnab;kgmehaRsByuvCn
kumynisCaeRcInelIk EdleKerobcMeLIgenAGWr:ub nig)anCYbBYkGktMNagkumynisnRbeTsFM
RBmTaMg)ansab;eKalKMnitGMBIkarbdivtCati nigBiPBelakrbs;eKpg. bnab;mk Kat;)anvilRtLb;
mkRbeTsvij ehIy)anrYmcMENkCYydl;karbdivtkm<CaCamYybgfrbs;Kat; KW b:ul Bt eday
beRgn[dwgviFIsasepSg nigcritmnusSrbs;bkS edayyl;RBmTTYlParkicepSgEdlbgf
Kat;RbKl;[ taMgBIkarBRgIkBRgwgbkSenAPMeBj enAedImTsvtSr_1960 rhUtdl;kargarTMnak;TMng
CamYynwgRbeTsevotNam nigcin. kgsmysgam sarI )ancMNayeBlevladsMxan;rbs;Kat;
edayecjmuxTak;TgCamYynwgsm<nmitbreTsnana edayeFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgeTARkgeb:kaMg bRkg
haNUy r:ab;rg{karTak;TgKa} CamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigRbgRbytmin[semceFVIGVI
rMlgRBMEdnEdleK)ankMNt;[RTg;eFVIenaHpg.
kgkasenH Kat;nwgEfgkarN_eTAkan;GgkarshRbCaCati nigBiPBelakkgzanCardmnI
268
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
RksYgkarbreTsrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety. Kat;CatMNagnkarsb;exI<mCnbreTsrbs;RbeTs
km<Ca edayRcanecalsMeNIsuMpl;CMnYymk[km<CaTaMgGs; nigGHGagbBaak;BIkarmincUlbkSsm<n
NamYyrbs;RbeTsKat;TaMgRsug. sarI KWCamnusSEtmak;Kt; Edl b:ul Bt eCOTukcitsRmab;[
niyayR)ab;BiPB elakBImuxmat;BitR)akdrbs;km<Cabdivt. eK)anniyayfa Kat;kCamnusSEtmak;
Kt;Edr Edlhan niyay[ b:ul Bt dwgnUverOgminCaTIeBjcit EdlKat;RbmUl)ankgryeBl
nebskkmmYykg cMeNamebskkmCaeRcInelIkenAbreTs. sarI EtgEteFVIdMeNIrCamYy RbsiTi
EdlbeRmIKat;Ca CMnYykar nigCaGkbkERbPasa EdlParkicenH RbsiTi)anbMeBjsRmab; b:ul Bt
enAkm<Ca. GtIt saLt s kRmTTYlCYbCnbreTsmak;edayKan sarI nig RbsiTi enAGmEk,r
Kat;eLIy. enAeBlEdlbBaaGnrCatikan;EtmansarsMxan;xaMgeLIgkgbNaqaMCabnbnab;mkeTot
sarI Rtv)ancat;taMg[TTYlbnkerobcM nigGnuvtEpnkarmYy kgeKalbMNgCYyeRsacRsg;RbeTs
Cati.
sun esn rdmnIkarBarRbeTs kCamnusSmak;Edl)aneRtmxnTTYlmuxtMENgenH dUcCa sarI
taMgBIyUryarmkehIyEdr ebITukCakareronsURtrbs;Kat;xagvisyenHminsUvCa)anduMkMPYnkeday.
Kat;CaKruekaslviTUeBjlkN eday)anTTYlbriBaabRtEpkTsSviCa mYyenAsalasre)an
Rkg):arIs. Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkPMeBjvijenAqaM1955 edIm,IbeRgnsisS nigdwknaMkarbdivt.
sun esn Fab;Rtv)anEtgtaMg[eFVIkarenAviTasanBuTsasnbNit nigviTalysuIsuvti munnwgkay
CanaykEpkRsavRCavenAviTasanCatiKruekasl. kgkMLgeBlnkarkan;kab;muxtMENgenHehIy
EdlmanpHeLIgnUv)atukmrbs;BYknisSitkgqaM1963 ehIyEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )ancat;
TukKat;CaGk TTYlxusRtvkgerOgenH. edayKYr[say esn )anRbkaseRkaymkfa Kat;minGac
beBajGMnYt fa Kat;)anekNnisSitTaMgenaH[eFVI)atukmeLIy kb:uEn semc RBHneratm sIhnu BuM)an
cuHeQaHKat;kgbBaIeQaH mnusScMnYn samsibbYnnak;Edr ehIy esn )ancakecj BITIRkgCamYynwg
CnkumynisCaeRcInnak; epSgeToteTA.
mnusSmaDtUcesIg Bak;Ev:ntas )anRtveKRbKl;Parkic[TTYlxusRtvxagEpkkgTB. esckI
esaHRtg;EdlKat;bgaj[eXIjtaMgBIenARkg):arIs RbEhlbgCamUldannkarTukcit[Kat;kan;mux
tMENgsMxan;CageKenHehIy. esn )ancab;epImbMeBjmuxgarfIrbs;Kat;kgzanCaGkEdlmanviCa
eRCARCH ehIyEdl)ansikSay:agsuICeRmAGMBIsgamTaMgLay EdlKat;vinicyfa manlkN
smRsbCageK dUcCasgamrbs;RBHecAGFiraC Nab:UeLg CaedIm CaBiesskareLamBTTIRkgmUs
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
rs;enAkgshkrN_rbs;PUmixn.
BYkemdwknaMenAmCim )anBwgEpkeTAelIshkrN_TaMgLayxaMghYsehtu. RbEhlCaBYkeKRtv
shkrN_TaMgenaHjaMg[eCOfa karCemsRbCaCnecjBITIRkgnana nwgmandMeNIrRbRBwteTAeday
KanbBaaeLIy tamr)aykarN_epSgEdlbNaRbFanshkrN_TaMgenaHepJImk[mCimkgryeBl
sgamEdlniyaybMepIshYsehtu GMBIRbPBFnFan niglkNxagEpksuxaPi)alntMbn;rbs;eK
eRBaHxacERkg {Ggkar} Gak;Gn;cit.
cab;BIExmInaqaM1975bnab;BIkarGnumtKeRmagEpnkarCemsnigkareprRbCaCnBIkEngmYy
eTAkEngmYykgkasmhasni)atrNsirSrYbrYmCatielIkTIBIr EdlR)arBeFVIenAExkumkgRbeTs
km<C aenaHeK)anes[I {BYkGkcas;} RbgeRbbxn TTYlnUvkarmkdl;rbs;{BYkGkf}I rYcCaeRsc.eKenA
xVHeBlevlaCaeRcIn edIm,IerobcMEpnkarepSgkg karCemsRbCaCnedayminKitBIkarriHrkmeFa)ay
edIm,IciBawm nigerobcMlMenACafI[mnusSrab;lannak;pgeT. KanGkNamYydwgfa manRbCaCnb:unan
nak;EdlRbkasfaxnCaGkmankMeNItenA extkMBg;cam ext)at;dMbg bexttaEkveLIy. kgTBRbcaM
PUmiPaKRtv)ancat;taMg[CYydwgCBan{BYkGkfI}TaMgbgMmkdak;kgPUmikMeNItrbs;eK bdak;kgPUmiPaK
pal;rbs;kgTBTaMgenaHcMeBaHRbCaCnNaEdlminmankMeNItenACnbT. kgTBkman krNIykicFana
snisux nigkemcecalnUvRbCaCnkm<CaTaMgLayNaEdleKRbkasfa CasRtvkgsmysgam
edaybMEbk BYkenaHecjBIBYkGkdTeTot ehIysmab;ecalenAtampv bkgshkrN_epSg.
manEtRbePTe)akbeBaaty:agbuinRbsb;Etm:agb:ueNaH EdlbiT)aMgkarRBy)armpal;BI
GnaFibetyEdlbkSRBWxacNas;. manEtkgTBPUmiPaKb:ueNaH EdlbeBasmin[karbdivtn_Rtv
rlaysabsUn -CaskIPaBnkaresaHRtg;EdlPUmiPaKTaMgGs;)anbeBaj[eXIjenAeBlcab;epIm
eFVIbdivtdMbUgcMeBaH {Ggkar}. kgzanCaGkbeRmIdmanPkI kgTB)anRttBinitBIelIdMNak;kal
epSgkgkarCems nigkarsmab;{BYksRtv}Gs;CaeRcInBan;nak;.
vadl;eBlEdl{BYkGkcas;}beRgn{BYkGkfI} [dwgBIPaBBi)akRTaMRT nigc,ab;vinyrbs;
RbeTskm<CabdivtehIy. man{BYkGkcas;}xH RbEhlCaxkcit nigRsLaMgkaMg eday)andwgBI
EpnkarepSg kgkareprRbCaCnBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyeTot. erOgenHmannyfa c,as;CaBuMman
karERbRbleT. CaFmtaviFankarN_dtwgEtgCaeRcInenAsmysgam Rtv)anbnrbnyEfmTaMg
Rtve)aHbg;ecaleTotpg kgeBlRbeTsmansniPaB. ebITukCaTIbBab;nsgamBuM)annaMmknUvkar
rIkceRmInxages,gGaharbnicesaHkeday ky:agehacNas;vaeFVI[manesckIsgwmkgkarEsVgrk
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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CMBUkTI6
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enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
BuMEmnCacMNucecjdMeNIrmYyeT.
BYkkumyniskm<Ca )anykbTBiesaFn_EpkesdkicEdlmanlkNeqVgbMputnRbvtisas
rbs;kumynis -karbdivt]sSahkmkgrvagmbYnem:agrbs;salIn nig em:A esTug- mkGnuvtCa
sgVak;Fmtarbs;karbdivteK. ehIyBYkeK)andwknaMkarPan;ERbTaMgenH tamry{Ggkar}dGafkM)aMg
edayehtufa BYkeKenAEtlak;bkSBIeRkayCBaaMgsmat;mYyCanic. edayGnHGEnghYsehtu edIm,I
sakl,gTajykkarKaMRTBIRbCaCnTaMg\teGonxas BYkeK)ankayeTACaGkkan;GMNacpac;kar
nigRKb;RKgdwknaMRbeTsedayeRbIGMeBIePrvkm. saracrENnaMnImYy EdlBYkeKpSBVpSay[
dwgCasaFarN EtgGmeTAedayrlknkarkemc nigkare)assmatmYyfIeTotminEdlxan edIm,I
karsab;bgab;BIsMNak;RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgmUl.
eGog sarI )anGHGagfa mCimminEdlnwksanfa )anRttRtaRbeTsedayBitR)akddUecH
Tal;EtesaH ehIybkSGacvaytmfa xnRtvKMramkMEhgCahUrEhrminecHcb;BIsMNak;BYksRtv
EdlkMBugsakl,gdeNImGMNaceK5. mundMbUg bkS)anecaTRbkan;eTAelIBYkmnInsgmcas; ehIy
)ansmab;BYkenHecalGs;mYycMnYnFM. bnab;mk bkS)anpSayecjnUvrebobbkRsayGMBIbdivtn_
sgmniymrbs;xn ehIyenAeBlEdlsankarN_rbUtputBIdrbs;xn bkS)ancab;epImsgSyeTAelI
elxabkSPUmiPaKxH ehIy)an[eKsmab;ecalGs;CaeRcInnak;. edaydwgxnfa RtvhuBTCMuvij
suTEtsRtv bkS)anGnuvtn_{sgamvN} kgkarRsavRCavrk{BYkxaMgsRtv}TaMgGs;sgwmmYy
ehIy)ankmat;ksikr nigsmmitTaMgLayrbs;eK BIeRBaHGkTaMgenaHBuMmanRbPBkMeNItCavNEdl
RkIRkbMput bBIeRBaHBYkenaH )ancgsm<nemRtICamYysRtvvNmYyEdlmanHcg;bMpajkarbdivt
EteKmin)anbBaak;lkN[)anc,as;las;pgeT. mCimmanmnilsgSyeTAelIshrdGaemrik
shPaBsUevot nigevotNamfamanbgb;Pak;garCaeRcInnak; enAkgpbkSkumyniskm<Ca. kar
e)assmatTaMgLay )anbnedaykare)assmatCaeRcIneTot b:uEn {sRtv}kan;EtminGaccab;)an
nigmaneRKaHfak;xaMgeLIg kgcitKMnitrbs;bkS.
BYkExrRkhm)anFay[dwgfaGMNacBMuEmnsitenA{cugkaNugkaMePIg}eT.GavuFrbs;BYkeKFab;
)anvayplrMlMrbbcas; b:uEnseRmcsRmceTA GavuFTaMgenaHbgaj[eXIjfa BuMmansmtPaBbegIt
mUldanGMNacfImYyeLIy. cMeBaHerOgenH eKRtvEteFVI[mankarKaMRTnigkareyaKyl;KadCak;lak;
mYyBIRbCaCn EdlBYkkumyniskm<CaminEdlsVHEsVgrknigminEdlTTYl)anTal;EtesaH. edayxVH
karKaMRTenH BYkeK)anRKb;RKgdwknaMRbeTsedaykareRbIGMeBIeXareXA nigePrvkm.
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kassresrsMbuRtenAeBlf)aneT ehIyGUnkKaneRbgcak;ceggsRmab;sresrsMbuRtenAeBl
yb;Edr. etIbgenAPeM Bjsuxsb,ayCaeT? RbEhlb:nu a nf b:nu a nExeTot eTIbbgmkrkGUn}.
GMNwHteTA bu)aNa )anrs;enARbkbedayksiTdUc{BYkGkcas;} nigRbBnrbs;fak;dwknaM
shkrN_Edr. nagmanmbGaharRKb;RKan;sRmab;briePaK mansemkbMBak;eRcInbgr nigman
RkbxNCaRKsarkmaPi)almak;. nagxitxMeFVIkary:agsVitsVaj b:uEn enHElgCaeBlem:agEdleK
Gt;RTaMmin)andUcmuneTot ehIyenAeBlEdlnagRtveRkakmuneBlRBwkRBlwm edIm,IeRsacc,arbEn
rbs;shkrN_ {R)aMdgkgeBlRBwk} rYcehIybMeBjParkicCaFmtarbs;nag eTIbRtLb;eTAeRsac
bEnrbs;nagmgeTot {R)aMdgkgeBllac}.
{BYkGkcas;} enAEtsgSyrUbnagCanic. nag)anniyayR)ab; Edt Casmat;kgsMbuRtmYy
EdlmanmkeRkayeTotfa {bNamitPkirbs;GUn)anniyayfa mannarIeRcInnak;Nas; EdlRcENn
nwgGUn. narITaMgenaHFab;rs;enACamYybdivtn_taMgBIR)aMqaMmkehIy ehIyKannarINamak;manbI
Edlmanzanx<s;dUcbgeLIy etIeKRtveFVIy:agdUcemcedIm,I)aneLIgzanx<s;dUecH?}.
payCIvitrbs; Edt )anrHkan;Etx<s;EfmeTot. minyUrb:unan eRkayeBlEdl bu)aNa sresr
sMbuRtTIBIrrbs;nageTA[bIenAedImqaM1976 Edt nigRksYgrbs;Kat;Rtv)aneprmktaMgenATIRkg
PMeBjvij. b:uEn munnwgcakecjeTA Edt )aneFVIdMeNIreTA)arayN_edIm,ICYb bu)aNa sin ehIyenA
eBlEdlKat;cUlkan;muxtMENgnagkmanpeBaHEdr. kUnTImYyrbs;nagRtv)at;bg;CIvitkgPaBRcbUk
Rcbl;nsgameTAehIy \LvenH BYkeKRbEhlCaGacciBawmkUnrbs;xnedayxng)an. Ggkar
)anRbkasfa RbCaCnRtvEtbegItkUn[ekIneTVmYyCaBIr edIm,I[manhtBlkrrwtEteRcIn sRmab;
sarRbeTseLIgvij.
b:uEn karRsemIRsmrbs; Edt )anRtveFVI[rlay)at;bg;eBlEdlKat;mktaMglMenAenARkg
PMeBjem:H. EtBIrqaMesaH TIRkgEdlKat;Fab;sal;kalBIKat;enACaRBHsg eronsURtenATIenH )an
kayeTACaTIRkgmYyEdlElgmanGVITaMgGs;. eKhdanFM nigGKarEdlmaneRcInCan;Rtv)aneK
EkERb[eTACakEngedkrYm EdlBYkburs nignarI Rtvrs;enAedayELkBIKa. CaTUeTA xagkgRKwHsanTaMg
enaH manpH)ayrYmmYyEdleKRtveTAhUb)ayenATIenaHRKb;EteBl. CIvPaBrs;enACaRKsar KWBi)ak
Nas;y:agehacNas;ksRmab; Edt nigkmaPi)alepSgeTot EdlmanzanesInwgKat;Edr.
karrs;enArbs;Kat; Rtv)anRtab;tamKMrUnPaBCab;XuMTaMgRsug dUcBYkGkeFVIkareTotkg
rdFanIEdr. Kat;)anrs;enAkglMenAsanmYyCamYybursCaeRcInepSgeTot EdlRtveRkakBIRBlwm
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BYkkumynis. m:ageTot yuvnarITaMgenH )anTTYlkarEfTaMBa)alCMgWkgmnIreBTnanarbs;ExrRkhm
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ehIykarkRmitRBMEdnkgkaredIrehIr hak;dUcCabgaMgBYknag[rYcputBIGMeBIkMNaceXareXA EdlekIt
manerogral;fkgRkgPMeBj eRBaHfa BYknagBuMmansiTiecjBIpH bBIeragcRkeLIy eTaHCakar
edIrkMsanCaFmtamYykI. enAeBlEdleKnaMBYknagTaMgenaHeTAsgRsUv bdaMbEnkgtMbn;CuMvijTIRkg
BYknagRtveKbMEbkecjTITBIKa. enHCa {karbMEbkbM)ak;sgmmnusS} dl\texaH EdlelakRsI
han;Nas; Gaernt_ Fab;)anBiBNna kgsgmmYyEdleKbegIteLIgelIGMeBIePrvkm.
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nagehIy. vNa )anTTYlsMbuRtmYyBImayrbs;nagEdlmanCMgWCaTmn; edaygVrsuM[nagvileTApH
vij. nag)aneFVIBaksuMmYyeTARbFaneragcRk b:uEn eKBuMRBmGnuBaatc,ab;Qb;[nageLIy. vNa
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nagElg)anTTYlBtmanNamYyBIRKsarnageTotehIy. GMNwHteTA nagenAEtmak;gKt; edayrs;
TaMgGs;sgwmkgbdivt_GafkM)aMgenH.
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)annaMykeTAkan;mnIreBTBa)al EdlenATIenaH nag)aneXIjkgTBrbYsCaeRcInnak; tameKniyay
R)ab;nagfa RtvrbYskgkarRbyuTKaCamYynwgkgTBevotNam.
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345
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e)aHBum<pSaykgryeBlsgamqaM1973 eK)ankMNt;ykfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1951 TukCafEx
begItbkS. fExenH CakarlayLkLMmYyrvagninakarBIrCaEppankarsRmHsRmlEpkneya)ay
mYy sMedAbRgbbRgmkmaMgTaMgGs;rbs;bkS kgkicRbwgERbgeFIVsgam.
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eCaKCy nigkareFVIbdivt eday)anbBab;erOgenH CamYynwgkarRsuHRsYlKamYyGMBIfExkMeNItbkS
Edlyl;RBm[RbeTsevotNam nUvtYnaTIdsMxan;mYykgkarksagclnakumynisenAkm<Ca. mCim
manbMNgbdiesFecal]bkarKuN TaMgGs;rbs;BYkevotNam nigcMNgTak;TgTaMgGs;CamYyGtIt
bkSkumynis\Ncin ehIy)anseRmccitkat;ecalPaKxH nRbvtisasrbs;xn edayykqaM
1960 CaqaMnkarbegItbkS edayeFVI[RkghaNUyCaGkeFVIGMeBIleTACaGkKMramkMEhgvij.
karsRmbsRmlKaGMBIfExkMeNItbkS kicRBmeRBgKaEdlKanEcgc,as;las; sIBIRbPB
edImrbs;bkS )anRtvbM)at;)anedaygayRsYldUcKanwgsm<nPaBepSgeTot EdlbegIt[maneLIg
kgsmysgamEdr enAeBlNaEdlbkSRtvkarkicKaMRTBIninakarTaMgGs; nigBIRbeTsevotNam.
edayRbeTsmansniPaB mCim cg;sakl,geFVIkarbgehtumYy edayemIlgayfa KURbqaMg Kan
smtPaBeFVIGVImYyekIt cMeBaHBYkevotNam edIm,Ibgaj[eXIjBI]tmPaBrbs;bdivtkm<CaCafI nig
{bnST} bkS[putBIsmasPaBTaMgGs; EdlsiTnwgBYkevotNam.
KWBuMEmn {BYkGkfI} eToteT EdlBYkemdwknaMkumynisepatkarsgSyeTAelIenaH ehIyRbCaCn
km<CaEdlFab;rYmcMENkCYyksagkarbdivt )ankayy:agqab;rhseTACaGkrgeRKaHvij. Rbvti
356
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
357
358
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
359
360
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
361
362
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
363
bdaMs<eBjmYyqaMGcwgeT}.
hYt )ansnidanfa enAcugqaM1976 manBYkbBavnBIR)aMryeTAR)aMmYyrynak; enAeFVIkar nigrs;
enACamYyKa kgtMbn;CuMvijTIRkgPMeBj dac;ELkBIRbCaCnTaMgGs;. hYt enAnwkeXIjfa BYkGkEdl
RtLb;BIshrdGaemrikmkvij RtveKykeTAdak;[rs;rwtEtqayBIeKBIgeTAeTotnaqaMdEdlenaH. KW
enACMnan;enaHehIy Edl hYt nigBYkbBavndTeTot RtveKcat;[eTAenAeFVIkarkgEpkmYyenAeRkamkar
RKb;RKgpal;rbs;RksYg]sSahkm ebItamKat;san KWedIm,ICMnYskmkrRbmaNCadb;nak;EdlRtveK
smab;kgeBlfIenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgenaHehIy. hYt enAeFVIkarkgeragcRksEdkelx7 tam
mat;Ten)asak; ehIy)anemIleXIjBIcmaynUvrebobrbbrs;enArbs;bNasmaCiknvNGkman
ksiTieTotpg.
BYkGkRttkar nigBYkkmkarsuTEtCakmaPi)alExrRkhm. hYt erobrab;fa {enAPMeBjBYkeK
sak;enAEk,rkEngrs;enArbs;eyIgEdr. BYkeKeFVIkarCamYyeyIg b:uEn briePaKy:agRKb;RKan;enA
eBlEdleyIghUbEtbbrravb:ueNaH. enHBuMEmnCasmPaBeT EdlBYkkmaPi)alrs;enA nighUbcuk
RbesIrCageyIgeTAeTot. erOgenHvaminsMxan;b:unaneTkalebImindwgsab; brs;enaH. etIGacGYtxn
beRmIRbeTsdUcemceTA?.
RTI em:ghYt nigbBavndTeTot )ancMNayeBlevladsMxan;bMputkgCIviteBjvyrbs;eK
edIm,IsikSaBIbBaaepSgEdl\LvenH RbeTskm<CakMBugRbQmmux -etIRtveRbIR)as;[Gs;lTPaB
nUvRbPBFnFandscesIgrbs;xn RtveFVITMenIbkmksikm nig]sSahkm edayminBwgEpkshRKas
cRmHCati bmhaGMNacbreTsnanaedayrebobNaeTA?. etIRtveRbImeFa)ayEbbNa edIm,IjaMg
[RbCaCneCOfa kargar nigkareFVIBlIkmepSg Edlpl;[kgdMNak;kaldMbUgnkarbdivtn_ c,as;Ca
TTYl)anlTplkgkarEklmCIvPaBrs;enARbesIrCagmunmYy nigeFVI[mankraCeBjeljdUcemc
eTA?. b:uEn eK)anhamXat;min[eRbIR)as;karecHdwgrbs;eKeLIy. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;BYkeK
)ankayeTACarbs;EdleKsgSyeTAvij. BYkeKetagEtlublageTasedayTTYlTNkm eFVIkargar
bBavnCaeRcInqaM EdlBYkeKRtvbMeBjedIm,IBYkExrRkhm. hYt EdlFab;eCOfa GackayeTACa
smaCikbkSkan;GMNacenaH enAeBlenHeTIbdwgxnfa CaTaskrrbs;bkSeTAvijesaH. manEt
RbCaCnkm<CaEdlmanvNPaBedImRtwmRtvmYycMnYnb:ueNaH EdleKcat;TukCamuxsBaalkgkar
eRtmbBalkgbkS. tambBaarbs;KNelxamCim sun esn nig Duc )anykcitTukdak;kmat;
smasPaBKhbtIecjBIkgpbkS BuMEmnbegIncMnYnsmaCikbkSeT.
364
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
365
366
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
367
368
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
369
370
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
371
372
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373
eyIgmindwgfa bNalmkBImUlehtuGVIeT}.
sankarN_)anpas;br bkScab;epImekItmnilsgSyeTAelI {BYkGkcas;} nigbkCnkumynis
mYycMnYnEdlrYmKMnitRbqaMgnwgkarbdivtn_. kare)assmat {BYkGkfI}Rtv)anbBab;kare)assmat
{BYkGkcas;} nigBYkGkesaHRtg;nwgbkSeTIbEtcab;epImb:ueNaH. karsmab;rgaldMbUg EdleKRbRBwt
kgshkrN_rbs;kumtenH )anbgaj[eXIjkan;Etc,as;cMeBaHkarBitmYy nkarpas;brCaTUeTAdKYr
[rnt;. cab;BIfenHeTA kumt ElgmanehtuplPyxac BIkar)at;bg;sRmab;CIvitrbs;Kat;bnicmg
Edr. \LvenH manEtbkCnkumynisdUc pat; CaedImb:ueNaH EdlRtvlM)akcit22 .
kgsmysgam pat; )anQaneLIgzany:agqab;rhseRBaHEtKat;kayCaGnuRbFantMbn;
103 kgextRBHviharEdlsitenAPaKxageCIgbMput. Kat;)anerobkarenAeBlEdlKat;sitenAkg
PaKxagRbeTsenAeLIy ehIy esa Pwm EdlCaelxabkSPUmiPaKbUBaFab;eFVICaem)akgBiFIenHpg.
pat; EdlRtvrab;cUlkgcMeNamyuTCnvyekg nigBUEkcMNanrbs;kgTB )anEbkecjBIRbBn nig
kUnrbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVIdMeNIeTAkan;tMbn;103. Kat;)anTTYlsal;fa kgeBlsgam Kat;)ankay
eTACaeBCXatmak;. BYkkumynisExrTaMgGs; EdlvilBIRkghaNUymkvij eRkayqaM1970 ehIy
EdlsitenAkgtMbn;rbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKsmab;ecal edayectna beRbIBakfa{CnKYr[emIlgay
TaMgGs; EdlRtLb;BITIRkghaNUymkvij)an)at;xnenAqaM1974}.
b:uEn vamandMeNIresAhgxHditdamelIryeBlbeRmIkargarrbs; pat; Edr. enAedImqaM1974
BYkExrRkhm)anepImeFVIkarvaylukCaTUeTAmYyRbqaMgnwgRkgPMeBj ehIyyuTCnmYycMnYnFMrbs;
PUmiPaK]tr )anRtvbBanmkPaKxagt,g edIm,ICYyeFVIkarhuBTrdFanI. ehtudUcenH sabcMehogrbs;
BYkkumynisenAextkMBg;FMRtvcMh ehIykgTBrbs;saFarNrdExr )aneqtkasenH cab;eFVIRbti
btikarvayTmHmYy ehIyrMedaHykRbCaCnsuIvil)anCitbImuWnnak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkgtMbn;enH.
kalenaHRbCaCnTaMgenH )anerobrab;R)ab;GksarBtmanGnrCatinUvPstagdMbUg sIBICIvPaBrs;enA
kgtMbn;nanarbs;ExrRkhm ehIykarerobrab;rbs;BYkeK BuMEmnCaerOgEdlKYr[rIkrayTaMgRsugeT.
tMbn;rbs; pat; RtvTTYlkarxusRtvmYyEpkEdr kgkarvayTmHrbs;TBbcamitenH. embBaakarvy
ekg )an)at;bg;yuTCnkgkarRbyuTRbEhlCaghasibnak;edaymanEssibbInak; RtveKcab;
)anCaeQIyswk. emekaymak; kgcMeNamemekayrbs;Kat; )anRBmanKat;enAeBlenaHfa {kMhus
mYyEbbenH BuMGaclublagRtwmEtsmyRbCuMsVyTietonmYy)aneT}.
niyaym:ageTotfa vaminRtwmEteTEdlRKan;EtTTYlsal;kMhusrbs;xn nigsab;kareRbn
374
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
375
376
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
377
vib,disarI cMeBaHbT]RkidmYyEdlKat;dwgfaminEdl)anRbRBwtTal;EtesaH.Kat;)ansresrfa{taMg
BIkarcab;dak;Kuk emIleXIjEtpvmYyKt;EdlcMhFgenAcMeBaHmux. muxCasab; BIeRBaHdwgBI
Rbtikmrbs;bkScMeBaHrUb nigkareRbI{viFankarcugeRkay}rbs;bkSc,as;Nas;. nwkkgcitfa
RtvEtRbgRbytmin[manGVImkb:HBal;dl;suxPaBenAtampveLIy kgeKalbMNgedIm,I[Gacrk
eXIjbBaaEdlnaM[manakarcab;xn BIsMNak;BYksnisuxenH>>>}.
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha bNaemdwknaMbkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha sUmesI
[bkS bNasmmitCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha GaNitGasUrcMeBaHpg. KaneBlNamYy
EdlmanbMNgk,t;nwgbkSesaHeLIy>>>. edayehtufa ]tmKtiepSgrbs;bkS Edl
eCOTukcitenaH GacGHGagcMeBaHbkSy:agesaHGs;BIdYgcitfa manesckIPyxacnwg
RbePTnkarsab;EbbenaHNas;. )armxacERkgkUn nigecArbs; BuM)ankayeTACaGk
bnBUCrbs;bkS>>>. eTaHCamankareFVITaruNkmepSg EdlbkSGacdak;eTaskgeBl
enHkeday kbkSBuMGacyk)anBInUvPstagNamYy Edlbgaj[eXIjBIGMeBIk,t;
eLIy BIeRBaHBuMEdlmancitk,t;Tal;EtesaH. sUmGgVrkrbkS emtasEmgnUvkar
GaNitGasUrxH cMeBaHkUnrbs; nigTukCIvit[BYkva)anenArs;pg BIeRBaHCasac;Ca
Qamrbs;bkSy:agBitR)akd.
eFVIenAmCmNlXuMXaMgrbs;Rkmsnisux
RBwkfTI5 Exmkra qaM1978
htelxa hgS [nambdivtrbs; pat;]
bnab;BIkareFVITaruNkmCaeRcIns)ah_ pat; )anRbKl;eTA[ Duc nUvcemIysarPaBsresrdmYy
cMnYnCagR)aMbITMBr sIBI{skmPaBk,t;rbs;Kat;}. eRkaymk enAExkum Kat;)anTTYlsal;BIbTelIs
EpksIlFm. {kMhusqgEpksIlFmCamYyRsI} enHCacMNgcemIysarPaB EdlkgenaH
Kat;)anr:ayr:ab;BIsITaMgLay EdlKat;Fab;manTMnak;TMngxagpvePTenAmun nigeRkaykarerobGaBah_
BiBah_rbs;Kat;. enAExmIna Kat;)ansresrksarmYyman huksibbYnTMBr sIBIExSbNajQby
karN_mYy EdlmgdwknaMedayBYkes>GuI>Ga>mg edayBYkevotNam.
pat; eBCXatkalBIeBlfI enATIbMput)anrkeXIjGafkM)aMgnkarrYmKMnitk,t;TaMgGs; Edl
latRtdag[dwgedaybkS nigBYkk,t;EdlbkSeRCIserIsTukCamunsRmab;Epksnisux {BYkGkfI}
378
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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
379
380
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
381
382
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
383
FmtaRtv)anbegInrhUtTal;EteKsmab;mnusSkgmYyelIk edayKancitesJIbrMePIbbniceLIy.
KanGVImYyGacbgn;karxHExgrbs;BYkXatkrTaMgenaHeT EdlenATIbMputsuTEtyl;pyfa GkNa
keday kGacEbrk,almkRbqaMgnwgBYkeKvijEdr -CaBiessbNaemdwknaMbkS- ehIyxMRbwgkmat;
sRtvpal;rbs;xnecalTaMgGs;. BYkeK )anlak;cMnYnmnusSEdleKsmab; cMeBaHfak;elIrbs;BYkeK
RbEhlxngpgkmindwg.
b:uEn eKGacrab;eXIjcMnYnRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlRtvsmab;rgalTaMgGs; tamrybNwgrbs;
sakSImak; EdlFab;rs;enAPUmiPaKnirtI24. Kat;rs;enAtMbn;13 CatMbn;mYy kgcMeNamtMbn;TaMg
samsibbI rbs;PUmiPaKenH. dUckgTUTaMgPUmiPaKnirtIEdr tMbn;enHRtv)an sRmaMgTukedaymCim
sRmab;eRbIR)as;BYkkmaPi)alenATIenaHkgkare)assmatPUmiPaKdTeTot. b:uEn sakSIenaH
)anniyayfa RbCaCnkm<CaRbEhl38>400nak; Rtv)aneKsmab;CapvkarkgtMbn;rbs;Kat; cab;
taMgBIqaM1975 dl;qaM1978. cMnYnenHRbEhlCaEpktamcitrbs;GkNamak; dUcKanwgtYelxn
karRbmUlplTaMgLay EdlBYkkmaPi)al)anEkgbnM sRmab;CaksarsRmab;GgkarkNal b:uEn
kgnypyKaRsLH. CaTUeTA BYkkmaPi)alTaMgenaH eRcInbnycMnYnBitnGksab;[ticbMputenAkg
r)aykarN_epSgrbs;BYkeK BIeRBaH rbbenH)anRbkasfa cMnYnRbCaCnetagEtbegIn[eRcInEfm
eTot. KWTegVIenHehIy EdleFVI[eXIjc,as;las;BIPaBqtellarbs;rbbenH mCim )anbgab;bBaa
[eKeFVIkare)assmatepSg karsmab;mnusS nigkareFVI[RbCaCn km<Casab;kgeBleFVIkargar b:uEn
mCim EbrCasgwmcg;[RbCaCnekInmYyeTVCaBIr kgryeBlBIrTsvtSr_xagmuxeTAvij.
ebIKit[sBVeTA bBaIeQaHdEvgnGkrgeRKaHenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg eFVI[eKdwgcMnYnGksab;
ticCagcMnYnRbCaCnEdleK)ansmab;erogral;qaMkgTUTaMgRbeTseTAeTot. KWmanEtksar EdlkRm
rk)anCacemIysarPaBepSgb:ueNaH Edlbgaj[eKdwgBIRbvtirbs;bNasmaCikbkSkumynis
nigRbvtimnusSFmtamunnigeRkaykarbdivt. ksarTaMgenaH )anerobrab;BIRbvtinkarBiPakSaEpk
neya)ay kll,icsmat;bRmgbMpajKag nigkartsUedIm,IGMNacpkgbkS. kgrdmYyEdlBwg
EpkelIsnisuxCaFM EdlbiTTVarRbeTsCatigTaMgRsugenaH mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg)ankayeTACasabn
EtmYyKt; EdlGac[dwgBIbcyEdlCaedImehtuepSg nigKMnitKYr[RBWxacbMputrbs;karbdivtenH.
384
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385
CMBUkTI8
xa nigRkeBI
386
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
387
388
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
389
390
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bBaamYyEpktUcEdleFVI[BYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBjxVl;RBy )anrlay)at;enABak;kNalqaM
1977. sitiepSg3sIBIkarRbmUlplRsUv)anbgaj[eXIjfa plitplRsUvmansPaBl
RbesIrCagbNaqaMmun -qaM1976 1>900>00etan/ qaM1977 2>700>000etan dUecH
eKRtvbegInbrimaNplRsUv[)anmYyeTVCaBIr TukTMnukbRmgsRmab;karbriPaK. b:uEn eKGacmineCO
tYelxTaMgenHfaBitEdr. shkrN_nana RtvEtbBanr)aykarN_epSg eTAfak;elIrbs;BYkeKerog
ral;db;fmg ehIy)andwgy:agrhsfa shkrN_xnmuxCanwgRtvTTYlkm ebIsinCar)aykarN_TaMg
enaHBuMsuIKanwgkareRKagTukCamunrbs;mCim.
RbCaCnkm<CaEdlxMRbwgERbgeFVIkardUcBYkTaskr edIm,IsgRsUv BuM)anTTYllTplBIkarRbwg
ERbgrbs;xnenHeLIy. BitehIy minRtwmEtplRsUvmanbrimaNTabCagtYelxrbs;mCimb:ueNaHeT
b:uEn mCimenA)anRbmUlykRsUvmYyPaKrwtEteRcIneLIgKanQb;Qr sRmab;ciBawmkgTB ciBawm
PUmiPaKdTeTot EdlkMBugCYbRbTHkarGt;Xany:agsem,Im ehIytamrdaPi)al[dwgfa RsUvenaH
sRmab;naMecjeTARbeTscin sigburI nigGahVikmYycMnYn. m:ageTot RbEhlenABak;kNalqaM
1977 BYkemdwknaM)anpl;BtmaneTARKb;PUmiPaKfa RtvEtGnuvtn_tammtiENnaMEdlmanBImun eday
tRmv[mankarhUb)ayrYmTaMgGs; CaviFankarEdlkat;bnybrimaNes,gGaharbRmgTuksRmab;
RbCaCnEfmeTot.
ehtuenH RbCaCnmansPaBkan;EtexSayeTA qab;rgTTYlCMgWepSg nigkan;EtRtveFVI[xUcTwk
citxaMgeLIgedaysarkarbdivtn_ enAeBlEdlmCimbgab;bBaaenAExkkda qaM1977 [BYkeK
beBajkarRbwgERbgeFVIkarCafIeTotenaH. edaysMGagelItYelxEdlsresredayGMNaccitmnusS
mak; nigRbkbedaysuTidiymsIBIplitplksikmenaH mCim)anRbkasfa RbeTskm<Camanes,g
GaharGac]btmxnedayxng)anehIy eRtmxnsRmab;karGPivDn_dMNak;kalTIBIrCaeRsc KW
karksagksikmTMenIbmYy. RbCaCn)ankayeTACamas;elITwk edaysarkarbegItRbBnFara
sasfI. mUldanrbs;bdivtRtv)anRbkasfa mansirPaBelIvisyesdkic nigneya)ay Edl
CavisyBIr EdlminGacbMEbkecjBIKa)ankgcitKMnitrbs;BYkemdwknaM.
EpnkarbYnqaMfI4 )aneRKag[shkrN_nanae)aHbg;RbPBFnFanepSg EdlnwgRtvbegIn
meFa)ayplitkmkgksidan nigcmarFMrbs;rd ehIyEdlplitplnwgRtvTuksRmab;eragcRkEk
cmbGaharBIksiplEdleTIbbegItfI. EpnkarenH sgt;Fn;eTAelIeragcRkcRmaj;srs/ eragcRk
tm,aj/ eragcRkeFVIEkvnigeragcRksuIm:g;t_/ eragcRkRkecA ekAsU nigkarbnH. ksidan nigcmarFM
xa nigRkeBI
391
392
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xa nigRkeBI
393
394
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
395
396
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
397
)anTTYlrgnUveRKaHGt;Xan nigkarkab;smab;mnusSmYycMnYnEfmeTot.
ebIKiteTAtamEbbbTrbs;mCim eKaledAbnab; RbEhlCaeKaledAEdlmCimRtvkar kar
seRmceCaKCyRbesIrmYy ehIyEdlFab;sal;braCydUcKa KWPUmiPaKbUBa. EmnehIy mCimFab;
epJIesckITukcitelI Pwm edIm,ITTYl)anCyCmHmYykgCemaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. sBaa
smal;dMbUgEdlbgajfa RkghaNUymankgTBmYyRbesIrelIseK y:agCak;EsgenaH )annaM[
mCimsgSyfa Pwm mankarXubXitCasmat;CamYyRbeTsevotNam. skmPaBBImunrbs;Kat;kg
bkS )aneFVI[Kat;eTACatYy:agebkCnsRmab;[eKecaTRbkan; BIbTdwknaMExSbNajcarkmmYy Edl
erobcMeLIgedayRbeTsevotNam kgeKaledAplrMlMbkS nigkarbdivt.
mYyEpkkareRbbeFobrvag Pwm nigPUmiPaKbUBa ehIymYyEpkeTotrvag tam:uk nigPUmiPaKnirtI
KWmanlkNeFVI[eKdwgerOgr:avy:ageRcIn. enAExkkda qaM1977 tam:uk nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; )ankan;
kab;sanPaBdRbesIrmYy ebIniyayGMBIEpkneya)ay. Kat;eTIbnwgdwknaMeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaK
BayB nigPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCatMbn;RkIRk EdlminEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;NamYykgKeRmagkaresdkic
rbs;mCimTal;EtesaH. BitEmnEtPUmiPaKnirtImanRBMEdnrYmmYyCamYyevotNamkeday kBuMEmn
TIenHeTEdlRbeTskm<Ca nigevotNameQaHTas;ETgKaBIbBaaTwkdI nigPUmimYycMnYnenaH dUecHkitiys
GaRkk;enHRtvFak;mkelIPUmiPaKbUBavij.
m:ageTot m:uk BuMmankan;muxtMENgNamYyenAkgrdaPi)aleT. edImeLIy Kat;manGaCIBCa
bBaakarTBmak; ehIykayeTACaelxabkSPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RbEhlenATIbBab;nsgamb:ueNaH.
Rbhak;RbEhlCaenAsmyenaHEdr Kat;)anQancUlkgKNelxamCim b:uEn BuMEmnCasmaCikd
sMxan;mak;dUc esa Pwm eT. b:uEn critKanGaNitGasUr nigkarbuinRbsb;EpkeyaFarbs;Kat; )anpl;
[Kat;nUvsMeLgdmanbTiGMNacelIslb;eKg Twkmat;Rb kgpKNkmaFikarmCimbkSy:agqab;
rhs. m:uk CaKMrUmnusSFun {Gkddl;} EdlkarBarPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; edaykarpab;pnykKab;ykKYr
nigeKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSgrbs; b:ul Bt Kanelg edayeCosvagmin[ekItmaneOgr:avGVI EdlnaM
[mankarlM)akdl;xn nigsitEtmak;gedayKaneKsal;EfmeTot. dUecH b:ul Bt emIlBuMeXIjfa
Kat;CamnusSKYr[RBy)armmak;eT ehIyenATIbMput )ancat;TukKat;CamnusSsMxan;mak;kgcMeNam
mnusSsMxan; EdlGac[mCimeRbIR)as;seRmc)anlTplCaeRcInRbkar kgkare)assmatTaMg
Layrbs;bkS.
CaCnsMxan;dUcKa m:uk RbEhlCasm<nmitcas;mak;rbs; Duc emKukTYlEsgEdrehIyemIleTA.
398
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
399
400
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
401
402
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
403
ExSkarBarmYy kgcMeNamExSkarBardsMxan;bMputrbs;km<Ca.
enAPaKxagt,gmanEtpvCatielx1b:ueNaH EdllatsnwgtambeNayRBMRbTl;PaKxagt,g
PUmiPaKbUBa nigtPab;TIRkgRBnKrmkRkgPMeBj kat;tamextsVayerog Rtv)aneKcat;TukCapv man
sarsMxan;dUcKa. pvCatienHlatsnwgqgkat;extsVayerog nigtMbn;EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa
{cMBuHesk} CaTIlanEdlmankarRbyuTbgrQamy:agxaMTaMgxagBYkGaemrikaMg kdUckgTBevotNam
nigkm<Ca. sun esn EdlmanmuxnaTICardmnIkarBarRbeTs CaGkTTYlbnkemIlxusRtvelIpvCati
elx1enH. RbEhledIm,Isgt;bBaak;BI ExSRkvat;karBarrdFanIKWpvCatiTaMgBIrenH sitenAkgPUmiPaK
bUBaehIyemIleTA eTIb)anCa esa Pwm Rtv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFan {KNkmaFikarsmrPUmi}enaH.
enAeBlenH mCim )ankMNt;TITMhMnCemaHrbs;xnCamYyevotNamrYcCaeRsc. kgkarbk
RsaycugeRkayenH BYkevotNamminRtwmEteFVI[keRmIknUvninakarmantaMgBIGtItkalmkrbs;eK kg
karbBalRbeTskm<CaCa]bsm<n nigbMpajRbCaCnenH[sabsUnb:ueNaHeT b:uEn BYkeKbeRmICa
sRmab;BYksUevot. eTaHCaedaydwgxn bmindwgxnkeday ksgamEdleKBRgIk[FMenH Rtvsmnwg
bMNgEpkcitsas nigneya)ayrbs;km<CaTaMgRsug. erOgenHmannyfa b:ul Bt cg;l,gbTiCafI
CamYynwgmhaGMNacmYy kgcMeNammhaGMNacFMnBiPBelak.dUcBYkeKFab;)anRbkasCyCmH
rbs;eKelIshrdGaemrik kgkMLgsgamcugeRkayEdr bkS nigemdwknaMrbs;xn)anGHGagenAeBl
enHfa RtveLamBTedaymhaGMNacmYyeTot. RbkarenH vasmRsbnwgesckIRtvkarEpkcitsas
rbs;eK EdlsitenAkgsanPaBkNalkarRbQmmuxdak;KaCaskl edaycat;TukRbeTs nigBYkeK
CacMNIEdlRbeTsepSgeTot b:gR)afacg;)an.
tamrebobmYyEdlqab;yl;kar nigEdleFVI[RBy)armbMputenaH BYkeK)anbegItEl,gRbfuy
xat bcMeNjkgsgam edaybBaak;GHGagfa sgamCalkNEdlEsgecj[eXIjkarEbk)ak;
Karvagcin-sUevot. Rtg;cMNucenH BYkeKRbEhlCaminRtvkarkarelIkTwkcitrbs;Rkgeb:kaMgb:unan
eT. CaTUeTA BYkcin)anRBmanBiPBelakCasaFarN nigedayELkshrdGaemrikfa kardkfyTaMg
RsugmYyrbs;GaemrikaMgecjBItMbn;enH eRkayqaM1975 nwgbg[mankarTnanmYyedaypal;BI
rbbvatTIniymsUevotminxan. kgeBlmansniPaB BYkcin)ansnapl;CMnYyrbs;eK eTA[RbeTs
evotNam ebIsinRbeTsenHbriharBIGnutrPaBniymsUevotCasaFarN b:uEn BYkevotNam)anRcan
ecal. \LvenH BYkExrRkhm)andutbeBaHkarvivaTmYy EdlBYkcinGacGHGagfaeFVI[manTmn;dl;
TsSnrbs;eK.
404
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
enAqaM1977 kgeBlEdlRkgeb:kaMgyl;RBmpl;GavuFfImk[BYkkm<CaEdlBYkeKTamTar
BYkcin)anesICafI[BYkExrbgajxnCacMhRbkasxnCaCnkumynisbgajfa b:ul Bt CaGkdwknaMbkS
nigRbeTs ehIycab;epImTb;Tl;nwgkarerobrab;erOgr:avdKYr[rnt;TaMgLay rbs;BYkGkePosxn Edl
rt;ecjBIkm<CaRbCaFibetyeTARbeTsf. Cafrnwgkarpl;GavuFenH nigkarCYyKaMRTEpkkarTUt
mYyrwtEtxaMgeLIgrbs;BYkcin b:ul Bt )anTTYlyl;RBmecjmuxdwknaMkgzanCaemdwknaMrdaPi)al
EdleK)aneRKagrYcmkehIy niglHbg;citKMnitTBRBrbs;xnecal y:agehacNas; kgvisykarTUt
Edr. CMhanenH Rtv)anqgputenAExkBaa qaM1977 kgkaseFVIBiFIbuNxYbnkarbegItbkS.
b:uEn b:ul Bt )anbeBaHsgamenAmunRBwtikarN_enH. enAExmifuna kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )an
vayRbharBYkevotNamenAtamRBMEdn kgtMbn;pvCatielx7 EdlsitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;
esa Pwm. tamPstagepSg )an[dwgfa kgTBbUBa)anvayRbharGaNikCnevotNam EdlkMBug
rs;enAkgEdndImYy EdleKkMNt;[RbeTskm<CaedaykicRBmeRBgmYy EdlseRmccuHhtelxa
enAqaM1967 edaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu RkghaNUy nigrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,g
evotNam.enHCacMENkdImYyrbs;exttaynij EdlevotNamerobcMCatMbn;esdkicfIenATIenaHtam
kmviFIrbs;RkghaNUy TuksRmab;dak;BYkGkTIRkgEdlrbbenHvinicyfa KanRbeyaCn_sRmab;
esdkicenATIRkgRBnKr. BYkkm<Ca )ancat;TukbMNgenHfa CarebobbkRsaymYyrbs;kumynis
GMBITmab;cas;KMrilrbs;evotNam kgkarbBanniKmCnCaeRcIn[mkratt,atdeNImTwkdIbreTs
edayerobcMCaksidanenATIenaH.
karRbyuTKa)anbnenAkgtMnb;enHeBjryeBlnExkkda. enAfTI17 kkda BYkembBaakar
TBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anecjpSayr)aykarN_mYy bnab;BI)anebIkeFVIkarRbCuMmYy sIBIbBaaCemaH
RBMEdn. mansl;EtmYyc,ab;b:ueNaH EdlRtv)anrkeXIjeLIgvij KWc,ab;EdlbBaneTA[smmit rin
embBaakarkgBlFMelx4 nPUmiPaKbUBa. eQaHBitrbs;Kat;KW ehg sMrin CamnusSmak;Edl)ans
EmgtYnaTImYyy:agsMxan; kgsgamryeBlmYyqaMeRkaymk. smyRbCuMenH TMngCadwknaMeday
esa Pwm EdlseRmcecjr)aykarN_mYy edaypSBVpSaymtiENnaMTUeTAcMeBaHembBaakarTBTaMgGs;
rbs;PUmiPaKenH. enHCaksarsmat;mYyEdleKTuksRmab;Et{embBaakar}b:ueNaH. enHCaesckI
dkRsg;mYy
mtiENnaMTUeTATIBIr kgnaTICakgTB eyIgRtvEtbnkarRbgRbytCab;Canic eRtmeFVIkarRbyuT
nigkemcxaMgsRtvRKb;eBlevla enAeBlfkdUcCaenAeBlyb;. eyIgminRtvebIkkas[sRtv
xa nigRkeBI
405
406
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
407
408
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Cati )annaM[RbCaksikreyIgyl;RcLMGMBIsarCativNkgkarRbqaMg.
Kat;)anbgaj[eXIjfa tYnaTIrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu mansarsMxan;tictYcbMput
ehIy)anriHKn;sabnraCaniymEfmeTot. Kat;BuMTTYlsal;KuNUbkarrbs;BYkevotNamEdl)anCYy
RbyuTkgbNaqaMdMbUgnsgamRbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs; ln; nl; eT ehIykminsUvsgt;bBaak;BItYnaTI
rbs;BYkcinEdr BIeRBaHKat;Kanerobrab;bBalRbeTsNamYyeLIy kgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgBIrenH.
Kat;niyayfa CMnYyrbs;bNamitPkibreTs vaRKan;Etbnab;bnSMb:ueNaH.
ehIyKat;)anRbkasfa bkSkumynis)anrMedaHRbeTskm<CaCaelIkdMbUgbMput nRbvtisas
rbs;xn kgryeBlCagBIrBan;qaM RbCaCnkm<Ca)anrs;enAkgsPaBxVHxatsBVEbby:ag nigkgkI
Gs;sgwmy:agxaMg. Kat;)anecaTsYrsMNYrmYymunnwgeqIyxngfa etIfNaEdlCafelIkkitiys
sRmab;RbCaCnTaMgenH? KWfTI17 Exemsa qaM1975 CafCyCmHelIkgTBrbs; ln; nl;.
bkS)anrMedaHRbCaCn raMgxb;kar)at;bg;TwkdIrbs;km<CaCasaBr BIeRBaHerOgenHFab;ekItman
kalBImunrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatisitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;vNekgRbvBaepSg.
Kat;GHGagfa {RbCaCnenHminGnuBaat[GkNamak;RbRBwtGMeBIrMelaPbMBan karQanBan kareRCt
ERCkkickarpkgkareFVIviTgSna nigkarbgehtu RBmTaMgkarbgitRBMEdnrbs;xnCadac;xat}.
b:ul Bt )anbBaak;bMPWCafIfa RbeTskm<CaBuMmanectnabgehtunwgRbeTsNamYyTal;EtesaH
eTaHCaRbeTsNakedayehIy faRbeTstUc nigTn;exSaymYyBuGM acelbRt)ak;RbeTsFMmy
Y )aneT.
enAfbnab;BIkarEfgsunrkfarbs;Kat; b:ul Bt )aneLIgynehaHeq<aHeTARkgeb:kaMg ehIy
eRkaymkeTARkgBgy:ageTot.
edayRtveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayxaMg BYkcin)aneRtmbRmgnUvkarTTYlsVaKmn_y:agkk;ekAmYy
cMeBaHCnpac;karenH nigGkEhhmrbs;Kat;EdlrYmmanTaMg eGog sarI pg. enATIRkgBgy:ag b:ul Bt
)anR)ab;[dwgCIvRbvtisegbmYynCIvitpal;rbs;Kat;. BYkcin )anCYy]btmBYkkm<Ca kgkar
e)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdIxatFMmYy rMelcedayrUbPaBBNFmCatisIGMBIkarbdivtn_rbs;Exr Edlman
cMNgeCIgfa km<CaRbCaFibetye)aHCMhaneTAmux. ExSPaBynrbs;cin EdleFVI[ esa Pwm esceFa
eLIg k)anecjpSayenACMnan;enaHEdr. dUcKanwgTsSnavdI ExSPaBynenH )anbgaj[eXIjBI
RbeTsmYyEdlsm,rsb,aynwgBYkksikr nigkmkr EdlRsLaj;kargarkMBugCIkRbLayTwk daMnig
RctRsUv edaypl;nUvkmaMgcitCafIdl;eragcRkFuntUc. kareXasnaGMBIsgam pas;brrUbPaB
RbeTskm<Ca )anRtvbeBaj[eKdwgB.
xa nigRkeBI
409
410
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sgam.
enAqaM1977 RbEhlCamansmrPUmiBIrenAeBldMbUg enAtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf nig
RBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. enAqaMenaH RbeTsf)anraykarN_[dwgBI]b,tiehtuRBMEdnRbmaN
mYyryelIkCamYyRbeTsCitxagxn PaKeRcInKWenAkgtMbn;nanaEdlTamTarRBmKaedayBYkfpg
nigBYkExrpg. b:uEn enAExtula qaM1977 bnab;BI)anvinicyfa RbeTsevotNamCasRtvBitR)akd
BYkemdwknaMbkSRtvkarbBab;karRbyuTKaenAtamRBMEdnfmYyGenI. eKRtvEtrk {Pak;garsmat;
rbs;evotNam} mak;edIm,ITmak;kMhusBIbBaaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf. tamkarBit kgTBExrRkhm
enAtamRBMEdnRbeTsf )anTTYlbTbBaaepSg dUcKanwgkgTBEdlkMBugQreCIgkarBartamRBMEdn
CamYyRbeTsevotNamEdr {karBar} eBalKWvayRbharEdndITaMgLay EdlenAmankarCECkrkxus
RtvenAeLIy.
mCim)anbBankgTBrbs;PUmiPaKnirtIeTAe)assmatPUmiPaKyBrYcehIy enAeBlEdlekIt
man]b,tiehtuepSgenAtamRBMEdnf. BIdMbUg ebIBYkemdwknaMbkSsIbenas[ rs; jwm elxabkS
PUmiPaKBayB cMeBaHkareFVImin)anseRmclTplEpkksikm nigRbBnFarasas tamsMNUmBrEdl
eKcg;)anenaH enAdMNacqaM1977 BYkeK)anelIkeLIgnUvkarecaTRbkan;fImYyeTot KWkarjHjg;[
ekItmanbBaaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf. ehtuenH rs; jwm Rtv)ansIbenas minRtwmEtcMeBaHskmPaB
bMpicbMpajbeRmI[BYkes>GuI>Ga> b:ueNaHeT b:uEn kRtvecaTfaKat;CaPak;garrbs;evotNam.
eBlenaH eGog sarI )anTTYlbMeBjebskkmEklmTMnak;TMngepSg CamYyRbeTsf [)an
RbesIreLIgvij ehIy)anjaMg[BYkfeCOfa RbeTsevotNamrYmbgCakarKMramkMEhgsMxan;bMput
RbcaMtMbn;. Kat;)anerobrab;BI {karrkeXIj} Tan;eBlevlanUvtYnaTICaPak;garmuxBIrrbs; rs; jwm.
{tam rs; jwm fa ]b,tiehtuenAtamRBMEdnRtv)anbgeLIgBYkPak;garrbs;{es>GuI>Ga>16}. kalenaH
rs; jwm RKan;EtniyayeLIgvij nUvkarecaTRbkan;epSg EdlerobcMeLIgedaymCim edIm,IsIbenas
bNaGnuRbFanpal;rbs;Kat;b:ueNaH. {b:uEn sarI )anbEnmfa eyIg)anrkeXIjeRkaymkfa rs;
jwm kFab;manTMnak;TMngepSg CamYyBYkevotNamEdr}.
cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk ]b,tiehtuCamYyBYkfminsUvmaneRcInb:unaneLIy eTaHbICavaminTan;
rlay)at;TaMgRsugkeday ehIykarTak;TgrvagExr-f kan;EtmanPaBlRbesIrCagmunKYr[kt;
smal;. RbeTskm<CakMBugeRtmxnRbLgbTinwgRbeTsevotNamrYcCaeRsc.
enAExtula nigExvicika BYkevotNamminenAesmeday\ttbt cMeBaHkarvaylukfImYyrbs;
xa nigRkeBI
411
412
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
413
rbs;evotNam;} EdleKbBalmkkgbkSkumyniskm<Ca.
enAExmIna esa Pwm RbEhlCa)anebIkeFVIkicRbCMusmat;mYy CamYybNashkarIdCit siTbMput
rbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)anniyayENnaM[RbgRbytxnCab;Canic bNakmaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa
EdlmCim)ancab;xnenAeBlfIenH BMuEmnCamnusSk,t;CatieT b:uEn Camitrbs; RbCaCn matuPUmi
nigkarbdivtn_. kgerOgenHvaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Pwm )anENnaMKaKat;mankarRbgRbyt
d,itGIsankarN_)anpas;brTaMgRsug ehIymanExSsgVak;mYyEdlKat;rkvaytmBMuRtveLIy.
kgryeBlmYyEx kmaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBaRbEhbYnrynak; Rtv)aneKcab;dak;KukenATYlEsg.
embBaakarnkgBlFMcMnYnBIrrbs;mCim Edle)aHRbcaMkarenAkgPUmiPaKenH Rtv)ancab;xn nigdak;
CMnYsedaymnusSEdlKanesckIesaHRtg;nwg esa Pwm bnicesaH. mCim )ane)assmatrcnasm<n
bkSRbcaMtMbn;nana ehIyykTBEdlkMBugsitenAkgPUmiPaKenH mkRKb;RKgxng. Duc enAPMeBj nig
sun esn enAPUmiPaKbUBapal; )anKitKUreFVIkare)assmatmYy mantmesInwgkarvayRbharCaTUeTA
mYyRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm nigkgTBEdlenAmancitesaHRtg;CamYyKat;enAeLIy.
b:uEn Pwm nigkgTBrbs;Kat;enAEteCOminGs;minehIyfa vaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Gk
TaMgenHyl;faBYKeKBuMEmnCamnusSk,t;eT ehIyeCOfa mCimnwgEkERbkarsgSyEdlxusrbs;xn
eLIgvij eRkayeBlEdlkarBitnwgRtveKdwgc,as;. BYkeK)anbgaj[eXIjnUvPaB{qab;gayeCO}
dUc{BYkGkfI}Edr enAedImdMbUgnkarbdivtn_. enAeBlEdlBYkembBaakarTBrbs;PUmiPaK RtvekaHehA
eTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYyenAEx]sPa BYkeK)aneKarBeFVItamPam. enHKWCaGnak;mYyrbs;mCim.
enAcugEx]sPa embBaakarrbs;PUmiPaKbUBaRbmaNCamYyrynak; )anRtveKekaHehAeTAcUlrYmkg
{karRbCMuCaeRcIn}rebobdUcKa ehIyGkTaMgGs;enaH )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEngRbCuM hak;dUcCahVg
ecom edIreTArkkEngBiXatdUecaHEdr.
enATIbMput esa Pwm pal;kRtveKehAeTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYy edayGkeFVIkareRkambgab;Kat;mak;
EdleKdwgc,as; eRBaHEtPkIPaBrbs;Kat;cMeBaHmCim. esa Pwm )aneKcxnehIy)anbBannirsarmak;
[eTAesuIbsYrBIkmvtnkarRbCMu. nirsaTImYyBMueXIjvilRtLb;mkvijeLIy Pwm )ancat;nirsarTIBIr[
eTAeTot bnab;mknirsarTIbI ehIyenATIbMputnirsarTIbYn EdlCashkarIdCaTITukcitbMputrbs;Kat;.
KaneXIjnirsarNamYyvilRtLb;mkvijesaH. enAfTI25 Ex]sPa mCim )anbBaa[eFVIkarvay
lukeTAelIPUmiPaKbUBaedaykgBltUcBIr EdlkgBlmYymanTaMgrfeRkaH flClik pg cuHTwkk)an
eLIgeKakk)an ehIyqgkat;TenemKg edIrcuHtampvCatielx7edIm,IsRmkeTArk esa Pwm.
414
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
415
416
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
417
418
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIRkgPMeBj)anelceLIgkgGtbTkaEstTaMgenH hak;dUcCaTIRkgmYyEdlesIrEtdUcTIRkg
exac. BYkGkkaEst)anKUsbBaak;BIkarxVHPaBTMenIbTan;smy citKMnitRbCaksikr CaGknaMBak
bdivtn_ EdlBYkeK)anCYbsmasn_. ksikrTaMgenaHBuM)anniyayBIkarsmab;rgalmnusSGs;rab;Ban;
nak;eT- CabBaasMxan;bMputrbs;bdivtn_. RbEhlBYkeKbeBasminniyay BIeRBaH BYkenaHsuTEtCa
BYkkumynisdUcKa. b:uEn GkeqIyqgBtmanmak; )aneFVIkarkt;smal;y:agbuinRbsb;enHfa {eyIg
TaMgGs;Ka)an)ak;citeCOmKeTsk_naMpvrbs;eyIg enAeBlEdlGkTaMgenaHRbkasfa sRtvvN
Rtv)ankmat;ecaly:agqab;rhsenARbeTskm<Ca}.
esckIraykarN_epSgrbs;sarBtmanRtv)anbkERb nigeFVIGtaFib,ayy:agTUlMTUlay
b:uEn KWExSPaBynrbs;TUrTsSn_eTAvijeT Edlbg[manRbtikmxaMgkabMputenaH. enAshrdGaemrik
nigenAGWr:ub TUrTsSnikCnCaeRcIn )anemIlkarykBtmandGsarmYy EdleFVI[GkemIlTn;citGaNit
cMeBaHGVIEdlExSPaBynbgaj[eXIjyuvCnvyekgCaeRcIn QrCMeTItelIhibeQI edIm,IbBaam:asuIn
enAkgeragcRkmYy. BYkGkemIlTUrTsSn_smal;eXIjTwkmuxrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlRtveFVI[Py
xac b[ecHGt;Fn;enAeBlsMEdg[eXIjkarrMCYlcittictYc. BYkeKemIleXIjksNanBNRbepH
mYy EdleFVI[manPaBpyKaRsLH CamYynwgGnusSavrIy_nRbeTsmYy EdlFab;EtmanskmPaB
GUGr nigrs;evIk.
GkkaEstbYnnak;nbkSkumynis m:akS-elnIntUcmYyenAshrdGaemrik )aneFVItamBYk
yUehasavI edayeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RkgPMeBjEdr21. BYkeK)ancMNayeBlR)aMbIfenARbeTskm<Ca
kgExemsa ehIy)anvilRtLb;eTAvijCamYynwgTsSnxusKamYy. GknaMBakrbs;RkmeKKW dan
eboresn (Dan Burstein) )anbeBajnUvkaresIcsresIrRClhYsehtu cMeBaH{eCaKCy}TaMgLay
rbs;karbdivtn_ ehIy)ansEmg[dwgkarCinqn;rbs;Kat; cMeBaHBYkGkEdleCOBICMrMkargar nigkar
smab;rgl EdlGHGagedayBYkGkePosxn. edaypynwgBYkyUehasavI BYkGaemrikaMg)an
{rkeXIjmnusSEdlmancitesaHRtg; kgrebobsEmgTsSnrbs;eK eTaHCaenAcMeBaHmuxbNaem
dwknaMbkSkeday}. eboresn)ansYreTA eGog sarI fa etI mankarsmab;rgalbeT? sarI eqIyfa
{BitCaKandac;xat}. ehIyGkkaEstenH)an bBaak;GHGagfa{GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_CaerOgminBit
mYy EdleKRbDiteLIgTaMgRsug}.
enAExsIha bNaKNRbtiPU{Camit}nRbeTssuyEGt nigEblhSik )anmkeFVITsSnkicenA
km<Ca b:uEn Rtv)anTTYlrak;Tak;RbkbedayPaBminsUvhkhak;b:unaneT eTaHCaKNRbtiPUTaMgenaH )an
xa nigRkeBI
419
420
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
421
422
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
423
424
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
425
426
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
427
428
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
429
430
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
xa nigRkeBI
431
432
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
433
CMBUkTI9
Tmab;epSgnsgam
434
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
435
436
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
437
438
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
439
440
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
441
442
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Tmab;epSgnsgam
443
dFMbMputrbs;eK.
enAeBlenaH RbeTs)araMg)ancUlmkeFVIGnraKmn_ nig)aneFVI[sirPaB EdlbegIteLIgeday
karRsuHRsYlKaenAqaM1845 Pan;ERbGs;. eRkamelskarBarRbeTskm<CaTl;nwgBYkf BYk)araMg
)anbegIt\Ncin KWkarbBalRbeTseRcInCaRbeTsEtmYyminsmTMngenH )aneFVI[RbeTskm<CacuH
Tn;exSay nigeFVI[kan;EtGacgayrgeRKaHBImhicta epSgrbs;evotNamCagmuneTAeTot. BYk)araMg
)ancab;epImc,aMgdeNIm ykRbeTsevotNamenAqaM1862. enAcugstvtSr_TI19 BYk)araMg)an
taMgGaNaniKm bkan;kab; RbeTsLav km<CanigevotNamedaykmaMgTB begItCashBn\NcinfI.
karRttRtarbs;GaNaniKm)araMgmanlkNkeRmalRBpSsRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;. RbeTs
evotNam RtvEbgEckeTAtamkarkMNt;RBMEdnPUmiPaKrd)alTaMgbIrbs;xn kUsaMgsuIn CamYynwg
RkgRBnKrCardFanIrbs;xn )ankayeTACaGaNaniKmmYyEdlRKb;RKgdwknaMpaledayRbeTs
)araMg{rd}rbs;evotNamBIreTot Rtv)anRttRtaedayGKeTsaPi)almak;. karRBmeRBgKafIrbs;
RbeTsevotNam)anRtveFVI[vinas. rdrbs;evotNamsmyTMenIbmanryeBlEtCag huksibqaM
bnicb:ueNaH. b:uEnebIKit[sBVeTA BYk)araMg)aneFVI[BYkevotNamBinitedayELknUvsRtvrYmmYy
nigeKaledAmYydUcKa KWesrIPaB EdlelIkTwkcitdl;karrIklUtlas;nKMnitCatiniymmYyrbs;
evotNamEtm:agKt;.
dUcEdleyIgFab;kt;smal;rYcmkehIy BYk)araMg)anvinicyedayKanrYjrafa CnCatiGNam
bevotNamCasmasPaBmnusScUlciteFVIkar nigqatvagvnEdndI\Ncinrbs;eK CakEngRbCMurbs;
GarFm)araMgTaMgmUl. BYkemdwknaMevotNam EdlEtgEtbgaj[eXIjnUvkarRbqaMgrbs;xn cMeBaH
GMNacrbs;GaNaniKm enAeBleRkaymkeTot suTEtCamnusS Rbs nigsI EdlFab;TTYlkarGb;rM
mYyenARbeTs)araMg nigeronsURtBIBYk)araMgnUvTsSnmYycMENky:agFM sIBIkarrMedaHxnBIGaNaniKm
niym.
BYk)araMg )anTUTat;eTA[BYkevotNamvij nUvEbbEpnCaeRcIn. BYkeK)anyl;RBm[evotNam
mansiTikan;kab;TwkdIelIRbeTskm<Ca RBmTaMgsiTikan;tMENgx<s;kgRbeTsenH nigenARbeTsLavpg
EdldUcCaCYyBRgwgTwkcitrbs;BYkevotNamrwtEtxaMgeLIg Edlman{vasnaCak;Esg}mYydUecH. kg
TidPaBesIrEtTaMgGs;rbs;xn shPaB\Ncin )anCYyRbeTsevotNam[rIklUtlas;. dMbUg
shPaBenHeFVI[eKTTYlsal;fa karbegItenHRtwmRtvtamc,ab; EdltamryenH KWRbeTsTaMgbI)an
begItCaGgEtmYyKt; EdlRKb;RKgdwknaMedayemdwknaMEtmak;. enHCakaryl;eXIjmYy EdlPan;
444
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445
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449
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451
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453
454
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Tmab;epSgnsgam
455
456
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ehIyenAsnisITqaM1970enaH BYkcin)anFana[BYkevotNamrab;rkBYkGkbdivtkm<CaedayesIPaB
Ka ehIyCYyBYkTaMgenH[begItkgTBpal;rbs;eKpg.
ebIRkghaNUy CYybegItkgTBExrRkhmEmn nigCYyvayRbyuTkgcenaHeBlenaH Tl;nwg
kgTB ln; nl; kshRbtibtikarenHmanlkNtwgEtgNas;. mundMbUgBYkevotNam)anTamTar
begItbBaakardaneyaFacRmHmYyenAkm<Ca kareFVIskmPaBeXasnarYmKaEtmYy nigkarebIksala
eyaFamYyrbs;evotNamkgPaK|sanRbeTskm<CaEfmeTot21. BYkExrRkhm)anbdiesFkarpl;
eyabl;TaMgenH rYmTaMgsMeNIepSgeTotsMedArlaybBalkgTB nigrcnasm<nkumynisTaMgBIrpg.
BYkExrRkhmxacERkgfakarpcepImKMnitmYyEbbenaH ebIKit[sBVeTA KWCakarcab;epImdMbUgnyuTna
karmYy edIm,IrYmbBalkgTBrbs;eKCamYykgTBevotNam Edlnwgpl;[RkghaNUymanGMNac
bBaaBIelIkarbdivtrbs;km<Caminxan.m:ageTotkgryeBlsgam\NcinelIkTImYy BYkevotNam
c,as;CabdiesFEdr ebIsinCaRbeTscinesIbegItbBaakardaneyaFarYmmYy CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkcin
[eyabl;Camunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeTACasmaCikPaKticnmhashPaBmYyrbs;cinenaH.
erOgTaMgenH CakarRbQmmuxcgGaXadKadEdl EdlekItmanenA\Ncin bnab;BIsgamenA
eBlEdltYkkumynisnImYyl,gkarBartYkmYyeTot edIm,InwgkMNt;BIEbbEpnRbesIrCageK kg
karrkSaGnutrPaBrbs;xn. cMeBaHEl,genH shPaBsUevot)ansEmg[eXIjlkNesaHGegIy
bMput. RkgmUs )anbnRbmUlpMkarRbwgERbgrbs;xneTAelIkarCYyTMnukbRmgcMeBaHRkghaNUyEfm
eTot ehIycat;TuksgamenARbeTskm<Ca CaCMBUkcugeRkaynsgam\NcinelIkTIBIr. BYksUevot
)anrkSaTuksanTUtrbs;eKenARkgPMeBj eBjryeBlnsgam ehIyyl;RBmedayhYseBleTA
ehIykgkardak;[manGktMNagfak;Tabmak;enArNsirSrYbrYmCatirbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu /
ExrRkhm.
RbeTscin)anTak;Tgkan;EtCitsiTCamYyRkgv:asuInetan. enAqaM1970 Rkgeb:kaMg )anebIk
eFVIkarRbCuMcrcaCasmat;CamYyrdaPi)alrbs;elak nicsun. enAqaM1972 RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg
)aneFVIdMeNIrCaRbvtisasrbs;Kat; eTATIRkgeb:kaMg edayRBmeRBgTTYlsal;RbeTscinCapvkar
mbIqaMbnab;BICyCmHrbs; em:A. elak nicsun )aneFVIdMeNIreTAshPaBsUevotenAqaMenaHEdr ehIy
)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgkRmitGavuFyuTsas (SALT) pg. enHCasmykMBUlnyuTnakar
rbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,Ipac;sm,TanepSg BIRkghaNUykgkarRbCMucrcasniPaB enATIRkg):arIs ehIy
BYkemdwknaMevotNamxageCIg)anvinicyRbkbedaykarfb;)armkgcit cMeBaHbNasm<nmiRtrbs;
Tmab;epSgnsgam
459
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esckIRtvkarrbs;BYkeKEtBak;kNalb:ueNaH.
tmkeTot BYkeK)anKbM)at;CnM y
Y enH kg kmvFi kI sagRbeTseLIgvijmYy EdlminGaceFV)I an.
R)ak;esIrEtTaMgGs;Rtv)anykeTAeRbIkarPaKeRcInenAPaKxageCIg cMENkPaKxagt,getagEtRbwg
Rtdrrs; edaysarskepSg EdlmanenAsl;GMBIrbbcas; nigpldMNaMdsm,rrbs;xn. m:ageTot
kmviFICMnYyEdleRCIssRmab;PaKxageCIg nwgRtvRBmeRBgKaenARkghugkugCagRbeTsevotNam.
CaCMnYskaresIsuMluyedIm,Iksagpvfl; erobcMbNajGKisnInigRbBnFarasaseLIgvij>>>.l.
RbeTsevotNam )anTTUcsuMnigTTYl)anmUlniFiy:ageRcIn sRmab;sabnakmnsaleFVIRkdasmYy
EdlcMNayluyGs;y:ageRcInkgPaKxageCIg nigmnIreBTTMenIbmYyenARkghaNUy EdlBYkevot
NamminGacRTRTg; nigpt;pg;smarvHkat;sRmab; mnIrBa)aleraKtamext EdlmansmarsuTEt
Gn; KWKanTaMg]NmaRt Rbdab;sg;kemA nigGKisnIeTotpg. BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUyminRBmTTYl
sal;fa RbeTsxnCaRbeTsRkIRkmYykg cMeNamRbeTsRkIRkCageKnBiPBttiyelakeLIy ehIy
fa eKRtvkarCMnYymUldanmYymunnwgGacksagehdarcnasm<n]sSahkmmYy. BYkemdwknaMevot
NameCOfa GacksagsgmmYyEdleFVI[manlkNCa]sSahkm TMenIbTan;smyEtmYyCMnan;
mnusSb:ueNaH. cMeBaHcMNucenH BYkeKmankarRcas;Rcal;dUcBYkkm<CaenAEk,rxagBYkeKEdr BYkeKcg;
eFVI[seRmclTplEpkesdkicdGsarPambnab;BIsgam ehIyBYkeKminRBmsab;karENnaMNa
mYyrbs;BYkGkCMnajkarbreTs -mYyPaKy:agFM CaGkCMnajkarsUevot- EdlRBmanfaBYkeKkMBug
Gar-k xngehIy.
rUbPaBEdlBYkevotNammanxng minGnuBaat[RkghaNUyeFVIGVImYyepSgBIenHeLIy.
BYkeKCaescedvId (David) nBiPBttiyelak Edl)anvayQHykS hlIy:at (Goliath) GaemrikaMg.
BYkeK)anvayQHEtmak;g edayKanCMnYyBIkgTBbreTsNamYy nigedayKanrdaPi)albreTs
mYy dak;bgM[eFVItamqnxneLIy. BYkeKCamnusSviesselIsmnusSpgTaMgBYg CaerOgniTanrs;
mYy. ehIyBYkeKKitfa RbeTsevotNamCaRbeTsx<g;x<s;CageKmYykgcMeNambNaRbeTsx<g;
x<s;CageKnBiPBelak- BuMenaHesat etIRtvbkRsayBIkarsakl,grebobeFVIGtXadxng rbs;
BYk)araMg nigBYkGaemrikaMg eRBaHEtminTTYlsal;kraCrbs;eK eRkamkarvayRbharrbs;clna
kumynisevotNamedayrebobNaeTA?.
GknaMBakmak;kgcMeNamGknaMBakrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRbkasCaeRcInqaMeRkaymkfa
{mundMbUgeyIgcg;begItGVI EdlmanlkNFMxaMgNas; dUcCaeragcRk kardanFMCaedIm. b:uEn vaKan
468
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475
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sasn_mansitenAkgkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcinenARkgRcWLWgEmn vamuxkayeTACAkarRbqaMgnwg
BYkcinenAPaKxageCIgCasaFarN EdlPaKeRcInFab;CYyKaMRTbdivtn_kumynisEdr.
CnCaticinenAPaKxageCIgmanticCagenAPaKxagt,g magmYylannak; mageTothuksibmWun
nak;. BYkGkmancinenAPaKxageCIg )ancakecjBIRbeTs bnab;BIkicRBmeRBgRkghSWENvqaM
1954. BYkcinEdlsitenAkgRbeTs suTEtCaksikr/ sib,kr/ bBaavn/ RKbeRgn/ GkrksuI
kMbuikkMb:uk. dUcBYk cinenAPaKxagt,gEdr BYkeKrs;enAkgsgat; bPUminana dac;edayELkBIGeTot
ehIybMeBjmuxrbrtamRbBNI CaGkensaT nigkmkrCBanGIv:an; eLIgcuHk):al;enAeqrsmuRT/
kmkrGNgEr:enAtamPM CaGklk;eRKgcanqaMg/ GkCMnYj nigGkkan;kab;ePaCnIdankgTIRkgnana.
xusEbkBIBYkcinenAPaKxagt,g BYkcinenAPaKxageCIgmankRmitecHdwgx<s;mYy nigykcitTukdak;kg
erOgneya)ay. kUnrbs;BYkeK)ancUlbeRmIkgkgTB ehIykgcMeNamenaH manmYycMnYn)ansMu
cUlCasmaCikbkSkumynisevotNam.
b:uEn BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUyminTukcitEfmeTot cMeBaHBYkcinenAPaKxageCIg kdUcCaPaKxagt,g
ehIy)anTmak;eTaseTAelIBYkenHy:agqab;rhs. BYkeK)ankayeTACaRbePTGklatRtdag[dwg
erOgsat;kM)aMgmYy GMBIbBaaepSgrvagRkgeb:kaMg nigRkghaNUy bnab;mk kgpnRtIekaN
km<Ca-evotNam-cin eTot.
erOgcRmgcRmasTImYy KWlkNCaBlrdCnCaticinkat;evotNam. TaMgRbeTscin TaMg
RbeTsevotNam minTTYlsal;sBaatiBIreT ehIyRbeTsTaMgBIrCYyKaMRTkarrs;enAEbkExJkKarbs;
CnCatieK. RbeTsTaMgBIr manRkmkargarEterogxn EdleFVIkarsRmab;shKmn_CnCatieKenA
breTs EdlcMeBaHGkTaMgenaH RbeTsTaMgBIr)anyl;RBmpl;[siTiBiessEfmeTot. edaysarehtu
karN_enH bkSkumyniscin nigevotNam )anseRmcciteFVIkicRBmeRBgrYmmYyenAqaM1955fa
smaCikCnCatiPaKticcinenArdkumynisfInRbeTserotNam nwgrkSasBaaticinrhUtdl;TIbBab;
nsgam. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgmansiTi nigkrNIkicdUcKa nwgRbCaBlrdevotNam ehIynwgGac
seRmce)aHbg; bmine)aHbg;sBaaticinrbs;eKtamsRKcit. enARbeTsevotNamxagt,g RbFana
FibtI eyom )anRbkasCaketaPaKIfa CnCaticinkat;evotNamTaMgGs; suTEtCaBlrdrbs;saFa
rNrdevotNam.
karBi)akcite pSg )ancab;epmI CamYynwgbdivtnv_ b,Fm enAeBlBYkyuvCncin )anedIrdEgKa Ca
k,n edayRKvIkUnesovePARkhmkgd. enAtamsalaeroncinTaMgLay BYkRK )anelIkTwkcit[eFVI
478
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479
480
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kemcbMpajpHsEm,g nigkarlYcbn;RTBsm,tirbs;BYkeKTaMgkkklkgciteday\tmanGMNaceFVIGVI
ekIt. tamTIRkgnana CnCaticinCaeRcIn)an)at;bg;kargarrbs;eK. BYkcinkat;evotNam )ancab;epIm
lk;GVITaMgGs;EdlBYkeKman nigpl;R)ak;sMNUkedIm,ITTYl)ansMbuRtGnuBaateFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin
tampveKak. GkxHeTot eLIgCiHk):al;edIm,Ib:unb:geTA[dl;eqrsmuRTcin bekaHhugkug. karecjeTA
TaMghVgrbs;GkePosxntamTUk)ancab;epIm.
enAPaKxagt,g bkS)anGnuvtedayeBjeljnUvviFankartwgruwgepSgsMedARbqaMgnwgBYk
KhbtIenAExmIna qaM1978 KWeRkayeBlEdlBYkcinenAPaKxageCIgcab;epImePosxnbnic. ebICn
CatiPaKticenAPaKxageCIgRtvecaTRbkan;BIsEmgtYnaTICakmaMgTIR)aMCnCatiPaKticcinenAPaKxagt,g
Rtv)ancab;kMhusdUcKa BIeRBaHGkTaMgenaHrkSaTuklTimUlFnniym. rdaPi)al)aneFVICatUbnIykm
shRKasBaNiCkmenAPaKxagt,g biThagTMnijTaMgGs;rbs;BYk {GkCMnYjCaKhbtI} edaytRmvfa
R)ak;snSMTukpal;xnTaMgGs;RtvykeTAdak;kgFnaKarCatinana CamYynwgkarRttBinitrbs;rdaPi)al
elIkardkR)ak;eTAvij. ebIsinCaviFankarTaMgenHRtvGnuvteTAelIBYkevotNamkdUcBYkcin vamuxCaeFVI
[b:HBal;y:agxaMgdl;BYkcinkat;evotNamminxan.
enAvsAnrdUv manCnCaticinkat;evotNamy:agehachuksibBan;nak; )ancakecjBIRbeTs
evotNameTAkan;RbeTscin. CnCaticinnigevotNamCag db;muWnnak;)anePosxntamkaNUttUc
edIm,IeTAkan;RbeTsepSgkgGasuIPaKGaeKy_. tamsitiEdleTIbmanfIfa GkTaMgenaHRbEhlCa
Rtvsab;y:ageRcInkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIr. RbeTscin)anecaTRbkan;RbeTsevotNamGMBI {kar
eFVITukbukemj nigkarbeNjecj} cMeBaHCnCatiPaKticcin. enAEx]sPa Rkgeb:kaMg)anlubecal
kmviFICMnYysMxan;Edlpl;eTA[RbeTsevotNam ehIyehATIRbwkSaTaMgLayrbs;xnRtLb;mk
Rsukvij.
sRmab;RkghaNUyyl;fa karecaTRbkan;epSgrbs;cin KWCacMENkmYynkarrYmKMnitk,t;
dFMmYyedIm,IeLamBTRbeTsevotNam. eRkaymanCemaHRBMEdnrvagExr-evotNam enAExF qaM
1977 bnic viTrbs;evotNam )anpSayesckIEfgkarN_mYydUcteTA {taMgBIkarcab;epImman
GFikrN_rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca BakccamGar:amepSg)anelcBBImak;eTAmak; [kgcMeNam
CnCatiPaKticcin] faRbeTscinnwgCYyKaMRTRbeTskm<Ca ehobsgammYynwgpHeLIg ehIy [CnCati
PaKticcin] enARbeTsevotNamnwgsitkgeRKaHfak; dUecHRtvEtcakecjBIRbeTsenH edayqab;
rhsbMput43}.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
481
kareqy
I tbrbs;RkghaNUycMeBaHdMeNIrmanPamnGkePosxn tamTUk KWsti enARtg;benas
RbeTscinEdlpSBVpSayBakccamGar:amGuCGal[mnusSmaeKcecjBIRbeTsevotNam. enAEx
bnab;mk RbeTsevotNam)anecaTRbkan;BkY cinfa )anpln; vU {karKaMRTTaMgRsugmYycMeBaHBYkGkkan;
GMNacenAkm<C a kgkarebIkqakeFVIkarQanBanrbs;eKRbqaMgnwgRbCaCnevotNam}.
RkghaNUy)anRbkan;CMhrCapvkarmYy EdlebIkkas[evotNamRbkasBIRbePTrdmYy
sti kg sanPaBBiessmYyEdlkgTBCaGkrkSasNab;Fab;. tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;BYkevotNam
fa Rkgeb:kaMg)anebIkrNsirSBIrRbqaMgnwgRbeTsrbs;eK edayeFVI[ekItmankarrMeCIbrMCYlkg
cMeNamCnCatiPaKticcin nigedayCYyCMruj[BYkkm<CavayRbharRbeTsevotNamtamRBMEdnPaK
xagt,g ehIyRbeTscin)anKMramdl;snisux nigGtiPaBrbs;RbeTsevotNamEfmeTot. dUecH
\LvenH RkghaNUyGacepImeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;xn CamYyRkgmUseTACapvkarEdr.
PaBsMxan;xagCatisasn_)ancab;epImelceLIgenAeBleFVIkarvayluk. tamkarvinicyCamun
EdlminKitdl;karBitfa karmanxnCacinkat;evotNamKWCaCnk,t;mak;. RbeTscinpal;Rtv)anecaT
Rbkan;BI {KMnitcegtcgl;niymnCnCatihan} nigmanbMNgdeNImykRbeTsevotNameday
kmaMgTB. BYkGkkan;GMNacenARkghaNUy)aneFVI[karrs;enArbs;CnCatiPaKticciny:ageRcIn
CYbkarlM)ak rYcehIyyl;RBmTTYlsMNUkedIm,IGnuBaat[eKrt;ePosxntamTUktUc EdlemIleTA
KYr[RBWxacy:agxaMg bNal[GkTaMgenaHsab;Gs;y:ageRcIndUcKanwgBYkGkEdleTAdl;RbeTs
epSgedaysuvtiPaBEdr.
enATIbMput RbeTsevotNam)anRbgeRbbxnedIm,IeFVIsgamrYcCaeRsc. \LvenHkgTB
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manyuTCncMnYnmYylannak;Tl;nwgcMnYnR)aMbIryBan;nak; EdlCakgTBrbs;bNaRbeTsminEmn
kumyniskgtMbn;enHbUkbBalKa. CamYynwgRbCaCncMnYnhasiblannak; RbeTsevotNamKW
CamhaGMNackumynisTIBIrenAGasuI.
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lukluyRbeTskm<Ca ehIyGacTmak;karTTYlxusRtvTaMgGs;eTAelIRbeTscinEdlCasRtvcas;
rbs;xn. RbeTsevotNamRtvRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaaFn;FrCaeRcInenAkgRbeTsrbs;xnEdl
CMrj
u rdaPi)alGMBavnav[RbCaCnRbmUlpkM magM CafmI g eTot edIm,IRbQmnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;mha
GMNacbreTsmYyKWRbeTscin. RbeTskm<CaminGanmaneQaHCaRbeTspl;eRKaHfak;BitR)akd
482
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483
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TIbBab; nPaBenAesmsat;
karvilvl;sartICarYm
eyIg)aneTAdl;RbeTskm<CaenAcMeBlEdlBiPBelak CaBiess elakxaglic cab;nwkPkdl;
esaknadkmenANcin eRkaysmysgameLIgvij. Pambnab;BIsgamcb; rdkarGaemrikaMg man
bMNgbMePcecalRbeyaK{evotNam Lav nigkm<Ca}TaMgRsug. TsSnIyPaB Edlbgaj[eXIj
shrdGaemrik Edle)aHbg;sanTUtrbs;xn enATIRkgRBnKr mYyfmunmankarsMucuHcaj;rbs;
evotNamxagt,g KWCasBaacab;epImnUvkarBnarkarCECkBiPakSaKasIBIsgam EdlRbkas[dwg
BIr-bIGaTiteRkaymk edayRbFanaFibtICMnan;enaH KWelak ehSr:al; hVrd (Gerald Ford) [CaGnuRbFa
naFibtIrbs; nicsun Edl)anbntMENgenABak;kNalGaNtiBIqaM1974 dl;qaM1976 -kMNt;
rbs;GkbkERb]. shrdGaemrikeTIbnwgsal;nUvkarxkcitdFMCaelIkdMbUgrbs;eK ehIyEfmTaMg
braCyxagEpkeyaFadFMbMputCaelIkTImYyrbs;eK ehIyeKminGacpas;brkarBitenH edaybegIn
karbdiesF nigbenassPaCan;TabGaemrikaMg Edlkat;bnyfvikaCMnYy Edlyl;RBmpl;[Rkg
RBnKr kgb:unanExcugeRkayenH ehIyecaTRbkan;clnaRbqaMgsgamfa )anbMpajTwkcitRbCaCn
GaemrikaMgeLIy.
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KanemdwknaMGaemrikaMgNamak;enAqaM1975 RBmTTYlsal;lkNBirbs;vaesaHeLIy. sERmkkg
rMBg sEmgesckIekARkhay EdlTamTar[mankareqIytb )anFUrRsalmkvij edayehtufa
sgam)anQandl;TIbBab;ehIy. BIrqaMbnab;BIkardkfyrbs;kgTBGaemrikaMg CyCmHrbs;BYk
kumynis )anpl;[CemaHenHmanRckecjminc,ab;las;mYy sRmab;crnmtisaFarNGaemrikaMg
TaMgGs;. sgamRtvGUsbnay hYsGMBIsmykMBUlnclnarbs;GksniPaBniymeTAeTot. kar
BiPakSaxagneya)aymYyrbs;mnusS EdlmanPkIPaBcMeBaHRbFanaFibtIenAshrdGaemrikkalenaH
minKYreFVI[BYkevotNamxageCIg nigBYkExrRkhmedIrcUlkgRkgRBnKr nigRkgPMeBj)aneLIy.
TaMgBYkGkcUlcitneya)ayeRbIkmaMg TaMgBYkGkniymsniPaB BMu)anEsVgrkcemIyenAxagmag
nsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgeT - edayBicarNaCa]TahrN_ erOgTaMgmUlenA\Ncin/ erOgRbeTskm<Ca/
RbeTsevotNam/ RbeTscin nigTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;RbeTsTAMgenH. RbkarenH GacnwgeFVI[man
484
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karecaTRbkan;eLIgvijGMBIKngmenaKmviCa EdlENnaM[RbRBwttamenAshrdGaemrikkgkMLgeBl
sgam. edayehtuenH clnaRbqaMgsgam )ancab;epImcuHexSaykalebIkgTBGaemrikaMgbBab;
karRbyuT. ehIybnab;BIqaM1975 enAeBlEdlrdaPi)alshrdGaemrik bdiesFElgBinitkic
snarbs;xn edayRkEsEPkriHKn;mYy/ ElgTTYlsal;karTTYlxusRtvCayfaehtuenaHKWGVI
sitenAkgPaBmineGIeBICaTUeTA.
neya)ayCapvkarrbs;shrdGaemrik nigevTyitPaB PaBqab;rMePIb rbs;BYkGaemrikaMg
hak;dUcCaRtveFVI[enAnwgfl;. KWeRbbdUcCaRbeTsTaMgmUlRtveFVI[PwkPaMg/ [cuHexSayy:agxaMg/
[mYem:AEmnETn enAeBlpas;breyabl; bKitBicarNaeTAelIGVIEdlekItmankgkMLgsgamenA
\Ncin. BYkGkniymneya)ayeRbIkmaMgenAEtCaGkniymneya)ayeRbIkmaMg GkniymsniPaB
enAEtCaGkniymsniPaB edayKanBaksmImYyRtvpas;breLIy. buNxYbelIkTImYy nigelIkTIBIr
nkarbBab;sgam )anqgputeTAesIrEtKannrNakt;smal;. kgcMeNamRkmGktTl;Kaxag
neya)ayTaMgsgxag manGkrgeRKaHy:ageRcIn TahanrbYsBikar bcat;fa)at;xn/ nigexaceRcInNas;
EdlRtvbeNjecj.
ehtukarN_mYykgcMeNamehtukarN_CaeRcInnkarbMBarbMBan hYsehtumYy bkarLkLWymYy
EdleKminGaceCosvag)an Gacpac;BYkGaemrikaMg ecjBIkarbMePcRbeTsevotNam CarYmrbs;eK
GtItyuTCnmak; )anlak;xnenAkgpHrbs;Kat;enAtMbn;CayRkgv:asuInetan nig)an)aj;rHeday
kaMePIgyneTAelIeKhdantUcEk,rxag naeBlresolfGaTitmYykgrdUvrga rhUtTal;Etb:Ulis
mUldaneTAdl; ehIy)an)aj;smab;GtItyuTCnenaH1. eKrkeXIjfa b:UlisRBnKrefakTabmak;
)ankan;{GaharcminTan;cit}mYyRbGb; enAeRkammb;nmnIrbBaekaN.
elak hg;rI KIsSIghr enAeFVICardmnIRksYgkarbreTs beRmIkargar[elakRbFanaFibtI hVd
EdlCaGkelIkeTas[GtItRbFanaFibtIxUcekreQaH nicsun cMeBaHbT]RkidTaMgGs;EdlKat;Fab;)an
RbRBwt Tak;TgeTAnwgerOg v:FWeht. CamYynwg KIsSIghr nighVrd bgajxncMeBaHmuxecARkm salRkm
BnareBlmannyfa karenAesmsat;cMeBaHBiruTPaBTaMgGs;Tak;Tgnwgsgam/ karhamR)ammin[
sVHEsVgcg;dwgfa ehtudUcemc)anCashrdGaemrikRtLb;mkCab;Bak;BnkgCemaHmYy EdlRtvcaj;
eTAehIy eFVIGVIfVIebIvaeFVI[RbeTsCatibg;xaty:agNakI. BYkGaemrikaMgEdlFab;TTYlxusRtvcMeBaH
mhnrayenH )anTTYlKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarls;la edayPaBenAesmsat;mYy. BYkeK)anRtLb;eTA
kariyalyemFavIvij EdlsitenAkgrgVg;Can;x<s;nrdaPi)al bkan;kab;muxtMENgx<g;x<s;enATIdT
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
485
486
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
487
488
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
489
490
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
491
492
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
493
494
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
495
496
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
497
498
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
499
500
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
501
b:uEnBYkevotNamRbEhlCaseRmceCaKCyedaygayRsYl edIm,I[mankarKaMRTdl;buBVehtu
rbs;eKtTl;nwgBYkExrRkhm EdlFab;RtvefaleTasRtg;edayrdaPi)alGaemrikaMg ebIBMudUecaHeT
edayRkmniymeqVgEfmeTot. b:uEn GaRsyedaykarRbRBwtpal;rbs;eK BYkeKRtLb;eTACaKanGk
rab;rkenAshrdGaemrikeTAvij. ehIyBYkevotNamRtvRbQmmuxTl;nwgBYkkm<Ca edayKankarCYy
KaMRTCak;lak;BImCdanmYycMnYntUc eTaHCaenAshrdGaemrikkeday.
lYgelamGgVrRkgv:asuInetan
CImmI xaFr GtItGPi)alrdehSGrhSI dvagv )anemIleXIjnUvbriyakasRbkbedayeRKaH
fak; nigminsuxRsYlrbs;RbeTsbnab;BITIbBab;nsgamenARbeTsevotNam nigerOgr:av v:FWeht
EdlbNal[RbFanaFibtI nicsun Fak;BItMENg. Kat;)anQHkare)aHeqateRCIserIsRbFanaFibtI
GaemrikaMg enAqaM1976 CamYynwgkmviFImYysMedApSHmuxrbYsTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTs EdlekIteLIg
edaysarsgam bGVIEdlTak;TajkarykcitTukdak;rbs;estvimanmYy Edl\teGonxas nigEdl
RbTajeTAEtxagpvGaRkk;.
BYkevotNam Gaccg;)anRbFanaFibtI EdlbgajesckIGnueRKaHCageK cMeBaHbuBVehturbs;eK
edayehtufa xaFr Fab;eXasnakgeBle)aHeqat edaysnaxMRbwgbegIt[manTMnak;TMngCaRbRktI
CamYyRkghaNUy. ehIykgryeBlR)aMbYnExdMbUgnGaNtirbs;Kat; RbFanaFibtI xaFr R)afaeFVI
[BiPBelakPJak;epIl edayGHGagBITisedAfImYynneya)aykarbreTsGaemrikaMg kdUckarbBal
rebobfIdUcenAbNaqaMEdlmanbnBIsgamelakTIBIrEdr. kgRkbxNenH KMnitpcepImdMbUgmYy kg
cMeNamKMnitpcepImdMbUgrbs;Kat; KWbBaneTARkghaNUynUvKNebskmmYy EdlmaneKaledA
Rbkas[dwgBIeKalbMNg CYysRmlkarerobcMsiticMnYnTahanGaemrikaMg Edl)at;xnkgkarRbyuT[
ehIyCasaBr. KNebskmenH kmaneKaledAmYysMxan;Nas;Edr KWbBaHbBalRbeTsevotNam
eFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngepSg kglkxNGacTTYlyk)ansRmab;mCdanGaemrikaMg
PaKeRcIn.
b:uEn RbvtinkarcrcaTaMgLayrbs;GaemrikaMgCamYyBYkkumynisevotNam nwgRtvCMruj[
mankarRbgRbytEfmeTot. suIrusv:an;s_ rdmnIkarbreTsfIrbs; xaFr sal;y:agc,as;nUvsMuNMu
erOgenH edayehtfaKat;Fab;cUlrYmkgkarRbCMucrcaenAqaM1968 EdlrkklEtnwgbiTeTAehIysIBI
502
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
503
504
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
505
506
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
507
508
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
509
510
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
511
512
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
513
514
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
515
mkeRkAedIm,IvayRbharsRtvrbs;xn.yuTsasenH)anebIkkas[BYkRkic vaydeNImykTIRkg
Rtr )an-kMNt;ehtuGkbkERb] nkarvatTIrbs;sUevotenAGasuIGaeKy_.
karmincuHsRmgtaMgBIedImTIrvagv:an;s_ nigRbhSInsI )anERbkayeTACaCemaHBitR)akdsIBI
neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuI. CaGkusl bBaasIBI\riyabfEdlRtvRbkan;ykenAcMeBaHmux
sgamExr-evotNamenaH Rtv)ancat;TukCaerOgbnab;bnSMeTAvij edaysarkitanuPaBrbs;mha
GMNacmYyEdlecHEtekIneLIg KWRbeTscin.
karvalukEpkkarTUtrbs;elak xaFr enAqa1M 977 EdlmanlkNeFV[I xusbMNgCaeRcIncMNcu
CaBiess vaBMumanlTplsIBIkarEklmTMnak;TMngepS CamYyRbeTscinRbesIrelIsmuneLIy. enA
ExsIha v:an;s_ )aneFVIdMeNIreTARkgeb:kaMg. munkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat; Kat;)aneRtmrYcCaeRsc edIm,I
eFVIesckIEfgkarN_dsMxan;mYy edIm,Ibnykar)armepSgrbs;sUevotfakarRBmeRBgmYyrvagcinGaemrikaMg BMuEmnsMedARbqaMgnwgshPaBsUevoteT17. elakrdmnIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anbBaak;
GHGagfa kareFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgCamYyRkgeb:kaMg RbesIrCagmunnwgBMuKMramkMEhgRbeTsNamYy
eT ehIybeRmIEtplRbeyaCn_sniPaBb:ueNaH. RkgmUs )anRtveFVI[eBjcit b:uEn enAeBleTAdl;
RbeTscin v:an;s_ )anrkeXIjfa BYkcinsuTEtRtveFVI[xkcit. {bnbYnnak;}EdlCasgtMENgbn )an
TTYlCadMENlnUvCMgWminTukcitrbs; em:A cMeBaHectnaepSgrbs;sUevot. BYkeKBiniteXIjkgry
eBleRkaysgamnUvGtRbeyaCn_mYy sRmab;BYksUevotenAGasuI ehIy)anRbkasCasaFarN BI
erOgenH enAeBlEdlBYkeKesI[BYkGaemrikaMgrkSaTukmUldan TBrbs;BYkeKenAGasuIGaeKy_dEdl.
BYkcin )aneFVI[eKyl;y:agc,as;fa BYkeKRtvkarkarRBmeRBgKamYyCamYyshrdGaemrik
edIm,IbBab;nUvGVIEdlBYkcincat;TukCakareCOneTAmuxmYyrbs;sUevot bnab;BIkardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMg
kgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkeK)anefaleTasnUvBaksnaBImunrbs;elak xaFr EdlfabgarCamun
nUvkarrIkdalRbkbedayeRKaHfak; nigkat;bnykarRbQmmuxsUevot-GaemrikaMg edaysarkarcrca
kat;bnyGavuFyuTsas sl 2 (SALT II). CMhrrbs;cin KWesIrEtdUckarviPaKrbs;GaemrikaMg
kgryeBlmansgamRtCak;Gcwg. ehIyenAeBlEdl v:an;s_ bBaak;EfmeTotGMBIneya)ayrbs;
xaFr enATIRkgeb:kaMg BYkcinsmal;eXIjkarbgehtumYyenATIenaH. ]bnaykrdmnIcin etg savBIg
)anRbkasfa TsSnvisy nTMnak;TMngCaRbRktICamYy xaFr manlkNGab;GY CagRbFanaFibtI
hVrd eTAeTot.
bnab;mk BYkcin)ancab;epImeFVIyuTnakarmYyedIm,IeRkInrMBkRkgv:asuInetanCaerOyfa BYkeK
516
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
517
[Rbkan;CMhrCasRtvmYycMeBaHevotNamy:agbuinRbsb;.
crn)anERbRtLb;enAEx]sPa qaM1978 enAeBlEdl RbhSInsI eFVIdMeNIreTATsSnkicCapv
karenARbeTscin. Kat;)anecalsMdIeFVIkarRBmanxaMgrbs;Gaemrik GMBICemaHdCUrct;rbs;RbeTs
enAGasuI EdlseRmccitcUleTAxagRbeTscinral;elIk.
sRmab;GasuITaMgmUl qaM1978 KWCaqaMEdlRBwtikarN_epSgERbRbly:agxaMg. vibtiCahUr
EhmYy EdlRbEhlCaKanTak;TgrvagKanigKa )anbNal[mankarRbQmmuxxagneya)ayy:ag
twgEtg hak;dUcCasameRbHCasBaa[dwgmunBIkarrBaydImYyEdr. enAEx]sPa rdaPi)alGaemrikaMg
)andwgfa RbeTsevotNam manKeRmagkarcUlluyRbeTskm<Ca. kalBIExmun sanTUtshrdGaemrikenARkg)agkk)anbBanTUrelxCabnan;mYyeTATIRkgv:asuInetan tamRbPBBtmanmYyrbs;
evotNamCamit )an[dwgfa RkghaNUy)anvaytmfa BYkkumyniskm<Ca {)anRbkan;ykmaKa
Pan;RcLMmYy EdlBYkeKedIreTArkpvGaRkk;>>> ehIyfa enHCaerOgEdleyIgminGacTTYlyk)andac;
xat}. BtmanenH nigBtmanepSgeTot CaBiess GMBIkareFVITukbukemjeTAelICnCatiPaKticcin
)annaM[{BYkGkcaMXaMemIl\Ncin} enAsanTUtsnidanfa sgamnwgpHeLIgenAmundMNac;qaMenH.
sanTUtGaemrik cg;dwgfaBYkcinnwgeFVIRbtikm edaymeFa)ayy:agem:cxH BYkeKnwgkarBarRbeTs
km<Carbs; b:ul Bt edaymWum:at;Emnb?.
RbhSInsuI BuM)anelIkykerOgevotNammkniyayeT kgryeBlndMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;Kat;
enARbeTscin BIeRBaHBYkcin)anniyaykarBarbuBVehturbs;xny:ageRcIn kgkarvivaTEdlnaM[BYkeK
RbqaMgnwgRkghaNUyenaH. erOgEdlmaneKalbMNg KWRkgeb:kaMgBuM)anBiPakSaBIKuNsm,tinrbb
b:ul Bt enAkm<CaeLIy. RbhSInsI )aneFVI[cinrMePIbcit tamBaksmIfa {R)akdEmnehIy
dwgfaTMnak;TMngepSgrvagRbeTscin nigevotNammansPaBGaRkk;y:agxaMg b:uEnminyl;BIerOg
EdlBYkcinkt;smal;fa BYkevotNamCaGkKMramkMEhgmkelIxnenaHeLIy. RbeTsevotNam)an
kayeTACab:usiCYrmuxmYyrbs;RkgmUs enARBMEdnPaKxagt,grbs;RbeTscin}.
enAEx]sPa qaM1978 smITaMgenH)aneTACasmIbMepIshYsehtu b:uEnva)anpl;nUvtmdl;
niekbbTrbs; RbhSInsI GMBIkarRbQmmuxmYy{tamkarRbKl;siTi}. va)anbgaj nUvmUldan
EdlBYkcinBwgEpkCasMGag edIm,ITamTar[BYkGaemrikaMg e)aHbg;ecalbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUv
TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;eKCamYyRkghaNUy. m:xWl GUesnbWk GkkeTsxagbBaaRbeTscinenA
RkmRbwkSasnisuxCati )andMNalfa {eyIgdwgfa TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;RbeTscinCamYyBYkevot-
518
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
519
RBMEdn.
dMeNIrrbs; RbhSInsI kbg[manRBwtikarN_GaRkk;mkdl;Rkgv:asuInetanPamEdr. v:an;s_
)anRtveFVI[xwgxaMgNas; b:uEn ecosvagkarRbQmmuxedaypal;mYy CamYyTIRbwkSasnisuxCati Edl
eBareBjeTAedayPaBrhsrhYn ehIyeBjcitnwg{CECkrkxusRtv}GMBIcMNucExVgeyabl;KaEt
b:ueNaH. elakrdmnIkarbreTs CamnusSsitkgCMhrBi)akedaHRsaymYy TsSnkicrbs;
RbhSInsI )anTTYleCaKCymYy enAeBlEdldMeNIrrbs; v:an;s_ eTATIRkgeb:kaMg nigkarcrcarbs;
hUlRbk CamYyRbeTsevotNam EbrCaTTYlbraCy. kgCemaHEdlekItmanrvagbNaKURbqaMgkg
RbeTs RbhSInsI KWCaGkRbesIrCageK ehIyKat;manBYkcinenAxagKat;eTot EdlenHRbEhlCaeFVI[
Kat;manGMNaceTotpg. RbeTsevotNam enAEtTamTar[GaemrikaMgpl;CMnYymYyCanic edIm,IeFVI[
TMnak;TMngrbs;xnCamYyRkg v:asuInetan manRbRktIPaB ehIym:ageTot erOgr:av edvId eRTg (David
19
Troung) kpHeLIgEdr .
eRTg EdlCa\sSrCnnclnaRbqaMgsgamenAshrdGaemrik )anRtvcab;xnenAfTI31
Exmkra qaM1978 nigRtvecaTBIbTeFVIcarkic rdaPi)alGaemrikaMgedIm,IRbeTsevotNam enAkg
ryeBlcrcaqaM1978 sIBIRbRktIPaBnTMnak;TMngepSgrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. ekItenARbeTs
evotNam eRTg CakUnRbsrbs;smaCikeqImmak;nkmaMgTIbIenAevotNamxagt,g EdlBMuEmnCaGk
kumynisTaMgkminEmnCaGkRbqaMgkumynisEdr. edaymksikSaenAshrdGaemrik enATIbMput eRTg
)anmk taMgTIlMenAenARkgv:asuInetan CakEngEdlKat;)ankayeTACaGknaMBakrbs;kmaMgTIbIsRmab;
RbeTsevotNam.
eRTg nig rU:Nal; humhVI CaGkCab;ecaTCamYyKakgerOgr:avenH )anRtvecaTRbkan;BIbTpl;[
BYkevotNam nUvTUrelxsmat;Tak;TgnwgbBaaneya)ayCahUrEhmYy EdlmansarsMxan;sRmab;Rkg
haNUy KWesckIsegbmYymancMNgeCIgfa karTak;TgGaemrikaMg-evotNam ebskkm vUdxUk Edl
erobcMeLIgedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRbeTsm:aeLsuIenAExemsa qaM1977 RBmTaMgkarviPaKmYy
eRkamcMNgeCIgfa TMnak;TMngeRkARbeTsrbs;evotNam EdlsresredaykugsulGaemrikaMgRbcaM
TIRkghugkug enAEx]sPa qaM1977. PaKeRcInnTUrelxsuTEtmancarbBaak;fa {karsmat;} EtRtv
TTYlkarcat;Cafak;eRkambMputxagvisysnisux ehIyBYkemFavIrbs;GkTaMgBIrmineCOfa ksarTaMg
enH manlkNsMxan; sRmab;snisuxCatirbs;shrdGaemrikeT. b:uEn eRTg nig humhVI Rtv)an
kat;eTas ehIyrdaPi)alrbs;evotNamRtvrYmbBalkgerOgr:avenHEdr. kGKrdTUtdMbUgrbs;
520
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
521
522
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
523
524
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
525
526
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
RBMEdnkgkareFVIsBayCaCagsartI {rMedaHCati}.
BYkGkTTYlplRbeyaCn_edaypal;BIsankarN_fIenH KWbNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasaneNaH
eT. enAqaM1978 RbeTsTaMgenH)anRtvbeBaarrkplRbeyaCn_edayRkghaNUy RkgPMeBj
nigRkgeb:kaMg EdletOnbgM[eRCIserIscUlxagbkSBYkeKkgsgamkumynis Edlc,as;Camkdl;
kgeBlqab;. smaKmGasan )ansitenACaGBaRkwt ehIy)anTTYlkarbnbnyy:agsem,ImTaMgBI
xagkm<CakdUcevotNam.
dMeNIrTsSnkicbnknyKa nbNaebskCnkumynis )ancab;epImenAExmkra qaM1978
edaykareFVITsSnkicrbs; egVnDuyRTij rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAkgRbeTsbYnn
smaKmGasan24. Kat;)anseRmceFVIkicRBmeRBgmYyCamYyRbeTshVIlIBIn EdlkgenaHCemaHTaMg
Gs; enAeBlGnaKtnwgRtvcrca nigseRmckgsartI {sRmHsRml nigmitPaB}mYy. enARbeTsf
GktMNagrbs;evotNam )ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgBaNiCkmmYy.
dMeNIrpnKanTsSnkicTaMgenaH )anfycuHCabeNaHGasn enAeBlEdlRbeTsevotNam
nigkm<Ca BiPakSaGMBIsMeNIsniPaBepSg. bnab;mk RkgPMeBj)anRcanecalEpnkarsniPaB cuHfTI
5 Exkum qaM1978 rbs;evotNam ehIyeRkaymkminyUrb:unan KNkmaFikarmCimbkSevot
Nam)anrYmRbCuMKa nig)aneFVIkarseRmccitcUllukluyRbeTskm<CaCasmat;.
RkgPMeBj)anbneFVIkarvayRbharrbs;xn tamRBMEdnRbeTsTaMgBIr KWRbqaMgnwgRbeTsfpg
RbeTsevotNampg. RbkarenH)anCMruj[BYkf esIdak;bBalRbeTs\Ncin TaMgGs;kgtMbn;
sniPaBmYy EdlnwgrYmbBalTaMgRbeTsGasan. TaMgkm<Ca TaMgevotNam KanrMePIbrIkraynwgKMnit
enHeT.
clnankarcrcaeTAvijeTAmkEpkkarTUtecHEtbneTAmuxeTot. enAEx]sPa RkgPMeBj)an
seRmceFVIkicRBmeRBgmYyCamYysigburI edIm,IeFVIkarpas;brxagBaNiCkm nigkarerobcMEpkTUrKmna
Kmn_rvagRbeTsTaMgBIreLIgvij. b:uEn GasanenAEtminkan;eCIgxagNaCanic.
enAExmifuna qaM1978 BYkkm<Ca)andak;[BYkevotNamBinitnUvsMeNIsniPaBrbs;eKmg
vanwgmankarCYbRbCMuBiPakSaKa kgeKalbMNgriHrkdMeNaHRsaymYytamkarcrcaenAdMNac;qaM ebIsin
CaevotNamsnaeCosvag {GMeBIGriPaBTaMgGs;} cab;BIeBlenHeTA. BYkevotNam)ancat;TukkaresI
enH CaerOg {KYr[Gs;sMeNIc} ehIy)anelIksMeNIRbqaMgmYyeTAvij KWkarQb;)aj;KaCabnan;mYy
nigkarbegIttMbn;KankgTBmYyenAtambeNayRBMEdnrYm. RbeTskm<Ca)aneqIytbfa enHRKan;Et
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
527
528
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
529
evotNam.
karGMBavnavTaMgenH EdlerobcMeLIgkgeKalbMNgCYyKaMRTRbeTsGasan )anTTYllTpl
dUcEdleKsgwmTukEmn karrkSasanPaBdUcmundEdl. smaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKy_yl;eXIjfa
KanehtuplNamYyEdlRtve)aHbg;GBaRkwtPaBrbs;xn edIm,IBYkExrRkhm bBYkevotNameLIy.
dUecHehIy)anCaGasanBMutv:a bRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPsiTimnusSenAkm<CaRbCaFibety ehIymin
RbqaMgnwg\riyabfrbs;evotNamcMeBaHBYkGkePosxntamTUkenaH. smaKmGasanykcitTukdak;
nwgerOgepSgCaCagbBaHbBal[bswmRbeTsTTYlykBYkGkePosxn\Ncin EdleTABIRbeTs
evotNam-Lav-km<Ca nigsRmalbnky:agFn;FrmYypg.
karecjeTATaMghVgPam nigRbkbedayTukPy)aneFIV[tMbn;Citeqr nigeqrsmuRTrbs;RbeTs
TaMgGs;nsmaKmGasanERbeTaCaxusBIsPaBedIm. RbeTsm:aeLsuI )aneRbIekaHTaMgmUlmYy
sRmab;[BYkePosxnsak;enA. BYkecarbn;)anecjbn;tamsmuRT nigrMelaPsIePT ehIysmab;
CnCatievotNamTn;exSayCaeRcIn munEdlTUkrbs;BYkeKcUleTAdl;RcaMg. eqrsmuRTBNmasrbs;
tMbn;)anRtvcUllukBaseBjedayBYkGkePosxn EdleRskXandac;dac nigrayedrdaseTAeday
kemckmITUk. BYksil,krm:aeLsuI EdleRbIR)as;RkNat;)aTik sRmab;KUrKMnUr )anrkeXIjRbFanbT
fImYykghVgGkePosxntamTUkEdlyMsRsak;TaMgenHsRmab;bgajkgKMnUrdviciRtrbs;BYkeK.
bNalrdTaMgGs;)aneFIVskmmPaBGIVmYydUceRKagTukCamun smaKmGasanenAEtRbkan;CMhr
GBaRkwt. rdkumynisnana)ancUlxagbkBYkmYy bmYyeTotenAkgCemaHedIm,IRbeTskm<Ca.
bsimRbeTsbgaj[eXIjfa xnRtveFVI[xVl;GMBl;dUcKa edaybBaaCnePosxnkdUcCabBaasgam
Edlc,as;Camkdl;kgeBlqab;. karerobcMepSg Rtv)aneKerobcMdak;esIrEtrYcral;Gs;ehIy.
eTaHCabBaaPstagnerOgrMelaPsiTimnusSkRtvbBab;eday eGog sarI rYcGs;ehIyEdr kgkasn
dMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTAGgkarshRbCaCatienAExtula rYcral;ehIyEdr enAeBlEdlKat;)anGeBaIjeyIg
[eTAeFIVTsSnkicenARbeTsrbs;Kat;.
enAExkBaa BYkGkkaEstRkghugkug)aneTAeFVITsSnkicenAkm<Ca ehIyenAedImExvicika KN
RbtiPUCan;x<s;mYyRkmrbs;cin k)aneTAdl;PMeBjEdr. KNRbtiPUenaH rYmmanCaBiessGkTTYlxus
RtvEpksnisuxpkgrbs;bkSkumyniscinpg - CamnusSmak;EdlFab;dwknaMkareFVIvisuTkmCaeRcIn
kgRbeTspal;rbs;xn. cab;BIfenHeTA RbeTsCatiRtvRbkasdak;kgPaBmanGasn. rbbExr
Rkhm )anbBanTUrelxeTA[ rIqad Dudm:an; nigGkniBn edayR)ab;dMNwgfa dMeNIrmkkm<Carbs;Gs;
530
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
531
CMBUkTI11
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
{BakkgGtbTenHsmal;GkniBn KWGkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr}
RKan;EtynehaHcinrbs;eyIgcuHdl;cMNtGakasyandaneBacintugPam hak;dUcCaman
GarmN_fa nwg)anCYbkgKMnitrevIrvayrbs; nUvmnusSmak;eRkayBIXatKay:agyUr1. Fab;sal;
RbeTskm<CaEdr kgryeBlnsgam eRBaHFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBj BIrqaM kgzanCaebskCn
Biessrbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us. eRkaymk enAeBlEdlsitenATIRkgv:asuInetan edIm,Isresr
GtbT[kaEst enAEtykcitTukdak;cMeBaHRbeTsenHCanic ehIykgGayusamsibmYyqaM man
eQaHl,Il,ajCaRbeTsGkeCIgcas; bCaGkkeTsxagbBaakm<CaeTAehIy. b:uEn GVIEdlemIl
eXIjeRkamRkEsEPkenABlenH KWBMuEmnRbeTskm<Ca EdlFab;sal;kgryeBlsgameT KWCa
RbeTsmYyEdlrt;eKcecjBI. pvfl;TaMgLaysat;RCgM KanGVImYykeRmIkesaH. KanGkNamak;
niyaymkrkeyIgeLIy elIkElgEtGkenaH)anTTYlbBaaBIGkkan;GMNacBIGgkar.KankareFVIdMeNIr
BIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyTal;EtesaH ebIGkNamYyminRtv)anGnuBaatedayGgkar.
eyIg)aneTAdl;RbeTskm<CaBITIRkgeb:kaMgtameCIgynehaH manBIdgkgmYys)ah_ Edlkal
enaHCapvTak;TgEpkBaNiCkmEtmYyKat;rvagRbeTskm<CanigBiPBxageRkA.eK)anbgab;[eyIgenA
Ggyesmsin rhUtTal;EteKehAeQaHeyIgtamRkm. RkmdMbUgbMput EdlcuHBIynehaH suTEt
BYkGkCMnajkarcin mancMnYnRbmaNCadb;BIrnak; EdltMNagRbEhlbIPaKbYn nGkdMeNIrTaMgGs;.
bnab;mk KWBYkGWr:ubFat; duHk,aleBaH mYyRkmtUc nigKNRbtiPUmYynKNbkSBlkrCb:un.
enATIbMput eK)anehAeQaHeyIg ehIyeyIg)ancuHBIynehaH edIm,IeLIgCiHkgLanEm:sWeds BIreRKg
EdlctenAeCIgCeNIrenaH. enHKW Cakarcab;epImdMeNIrTsSnkic {EdlmanRkbxN}rbs;eyIg
cMeBaHkarbdivtn_ExrRkhm. eyIgsitkgdMumUlmYy EdlremolenAmuxmnusSma nigTIkEngepSg
EdleKGaceFVI[pH Ebk)anedayxMRbwgbgMdkxn[putBIGMNacrbs;bkS.
RbeTsEdleKGaceQagddl; )anbgajxneLIgCaRbeTsEdlmanerOgGafkM)aMg eFVImin[eK
yl;)an. RkgPMeBjEdlemIleXIjBIcmay mansRms;y:agesaHkeRkaH rebobCaR)agtml;
sBmYy. ExSlYsbnaERcHcab;EdleKdak;BTCMuvijsYnc,ar mhavifI nigRKwHsannana rbs;rdaPi)al
kgeBlsgamRtvrlay)at;Gs;mindwgeTANa. r)aMgTaMgLay enAtampvRtv)anCMnYsedayepIg
532
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
533
534
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
535
536
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
537
538
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
cab;BIfenHeTA TVarEdkRtv)aneKcak;esaRKb;eBlem:ag.
\LvenH ElgGac)anCYbeTotkgTIRkgPMeBjfI EdlFab;sal;nUvsRmab;karTTYl[sak;
GaRsyedaykarKYrsm nigrak;Tak; CamYynwgkarTak;citedayELk CaTIRkgmYynGkkan;RBHBuT
sasnanTVIbGasuIenH EdlminGackayeTACaTIRkgTMenIb bEbbbsimRbeTseLIy. rdFanITTYl
rgeRKaHkacCaeRcIn GMeBIBukrlYykarelaPln;RTBsm,titGMeBIhigSbiTmux nigPaBmineGIeBIcMeBaH
TuKtPaBrbs;GkdT. TidPaBTaMgBIrenH )anekItmanRBmKakgGtItRkgPMeBj dUckgcMeNamRbCaCn
ExrTaMgmUlEdr. GkxHdUcrUbCaedImFab;RsLaj;cUlcitRbeTsenH nigGafkM)aMgrbs;xn. GkxH
eTot Fab;)anrkeXIjTaMgGs;sgwmnUvPaBcuHdundab nigCMenOeRkAsasna. b:uEn sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
RbeTskm<CaCaRbeTsmYyEdlminGacePc)an. eBlRtLb;mkdl;lMenAdanvij )ansnaeFVItam
c,ab;vinyTaMgGs; )aneFVI[GkdTsitkgeRKaHfak;dUcEdr. eyIg)anRss;RsUbGahareBlRBwk
kgbnb;TTYlTan)ay CakEngEdleyIgbriePaK)ayrYmKaRKb;EteBl. mbGaharRtveKnaMykmkBI
pH)aymYyenACitenaH edayGkCiHm:UtUmak;Edlykmkdak;enAmat;TVarpHxageRkay. eyIgRtv)an
beRmIedaybuKlikmYy RkmmanExrbInak; GkbeRmIvyekgmak; nigyuvnarIeFVIkickarpHBIrnak;. eyIg
kmanGkebIkLanmak; nigGkkarBarmYyRkm.
enATIbMput CYn RbsiTi )anmkdl; edIm,Icab;epImENnaMeyIg[sal;BIrebobrbbenATIenH. Dudm:an;
niig Fab;)anCYbKat;Edr enAeBlEdlKat;GmdMeNIr eGog sarI eTARkgjvy:k b:uEn eyIgTaMgBIrKanGk
NamYydwgfa Kat;CamitdCitsiTbMputrbs;rdmnIkarbreTs nigCamitrbs; b:ul Bt pal; kgsmyenA
CanisSiteronenATIRkg):arIsenaHeT. enHKWCamnusSTImYyEdleyIgsal;c,as; ehIyEdleKbBan
mk[eyIg eXIjcab;taMgBIkarmkdl;rbs;eyIg.
RbsiTi manmaDFM nigmanBNsm,rPwfaCagBYkExrPaKeRcIn. Kat;manbkBarsgaesIrEtdUc
escEpndI ebIeRbbeFobnwgBYkGkbdivt epSgeTotEdleyIg)anCYb. kgcMENkenAsl;nkarsak;
GaRsy Kat;KWCaExScMNgrbs;eyIgCamYyRbeTsenH CamKeTsk_naMpv nigCaGkbkERbPasarbs;
eyIg. Kat;CamnusSEdlRtvfak;elIcat;taMg[mkbgajnimitrUbRbesIrbMput rbs;RbeTskm<Ca
dl;BYkGkkaEstbreTs. karN_EdleKRbKl;[Kat;emIlxusRtvelIBYkeyIg KWCasBaadmansar
sMxan;dMbUgbMput EdleKpl;[cMeBaHTsSnkicrbs;eyIg.
Kat;)ancab;epImniyayedaykareFVIesckIraykarN_mYy. kgbnb;)ay eyIgGgyenACMuvij
tucaMkt;RtaedayykcitnUvtYelxepSg EdlKat;R)ab;[dwgBIlTpldGsarxagEpkesdkic esckI
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
539
RbkasepSgsIBIRbvtinCemaHCamYyRbeTsevotNam RTwsIepSgEdlKat;GHGagBITisedArbs;
karbdibvtn_km<Ca. b:uEn Kat;EtgEtvilmk niyayBIbBaaBYkk,t;evotNamCanic ehIym:ageTot
edayeyIg)anykCab;CamYynUvesovePAexArbs;rbbenH sIBIGMeBIQanBanrbs;evotNampgenaH
Kat;)anEppaM[eyIgGanenAeBlyb;pg. enATIbBab; eyIg)anelIkykbBaasiTimnusSmkniyay
ehIyKat;)aneqIymkvijedayesIcjwmfa {BYkGs;elaknwg)aneXIjminxan KWBMumanbBaasIBIsiTi
mnusSeT. Gs;elakxVayxVl;EtnwgBYkk,t;rbs;bn ln; nl; xaMgeBk ehIyBMu)anykcitTukdak;nwg
RbCaCnkm<CacMnYn90PaKry Edlrs;enARbkbedayCIvPaBlRbesIrCagmun edaysarEtkar
bdivtn_pgeT}.
eBlem:agEdlenAsl;kgfenaH nigfbnab;)anRtveyIgeRbIR)as;mYyPaKFM sRmab;kareFVI
eTscrN_. eyIgmansiTiTTYl)ankmviFIdUc{bNaKNRbtiPUCamit}nRbeTssuyEGd yUehasavI
nigEblhSik EdlmkkalBIfmunEdr. kb:uEn RKb;EtkaredIremIlrbs;eyIg EtgEtmannirsarmak;
tamdaneyIgCab;Canic. eK)annaMeyIgeTAemIlRBHbrmraCvaMg nigRBHviharRBHEkvmrkt Edl RbsiTi
)aneFIVesckIraykarN_fImYy sIBIkarRKbdNb;Epkvb,Fmrbs;)araMg CaRbFanbTEdlKat;hak;dUc
CacaMCab;kgcit. Kat;)anecaTRbkan;BYk)araMgfa )anRbmUlykrbs;rbrmantm lYcbn;rUbbdimakr
nigrtnvtrbs;RbeTsGs;CaeRcIn. Kat;)anGHGagfa BYkRbvtiviTU)araMg )ansresrRbvtisas
km<CaeLIgvij lMeGogeTArkeCaKCypsl;rbs;xn brbs;evotNam. Kat;KanniyaymYym:at;esaH
BIBYkGaemrikaMg RbEhlmkBImUlehtuxagneya)ayfI ehIyemIleTAedayKat;cUlciteRtmTukkar
sb;ex<Imrbs;Kat; RbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg EdlKat;Fab;sal;y:agc,as;Cag.
ecjBIRBHbrmraCvaMg eyI)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;sarmnICati EdlsabnaeLIgedayBYk)araMgEdr
kgrcnabTExr nigEdlsitenApvmagEk,renaH. RbsiT )anENnaMeyIg[kt;smal;fa sarmnIrenH
Rtv)anTTYlkarEfTaMy:agRbesIr ehIyfa karbdivtn_)ancat;TukRbkbedayesckIeBjcitBIGtIt
kalrbs;RbeTs. RbsiTi )anerobrab;fa vtmYycMnYn)an)at;rkmineXIj bNalmkBIkarlYcbn;
EdlekItmaneLIgenATIbBab;nsgam b:uEn vtsil,PaKeRcInEdlmantmkat;fmin)anenaH KWsit
enAtamkEngedImrbs;vadEdl.b:uEn vtTaMgenaHKanGkNakarBarnigEfTaMeLIy stVRbecovCaeRcIn
)anbeBajsMeLgRKlYc eRkamemdMbUl FUlI nigsm,kBIgBag rMuBTBIelIRBHeksrUbcmak; bNa
RBHraCaRkgGgr Gacm_stVepSg )aneFIV[PkrUbdimaRbLak;ssMRBH.
enAeBlRBlb; bnab;BIbriePaK)aylacrYc eK)annaMeyIgeTATsSnaExSPaByn sRmab;
540
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
541
542
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
543
544
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
545
546
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
547
548
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
549
550
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
551
552
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
553
epSg kgryeBlnkarsak;GaRsyrbs;eyIgEdr.
eyIg)ansak;enAGgrcMnYn BIryb;. enAeBlerobcMecjdMeNIrRtLb;mkvij KWekItmankaryWt
yUrmYy EdleyIgmin)annwkKitCamun. dMbUg eK)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa pvfl;RtvlicTwkGs;ehIy
b:uEn buKlikEpksnisux )anmkraykarN_R)ab; RbsiTi CaerOy. edayPy)armpg eyIg)an
Ggyrg;caMCaeRcInem:agedaysab;viTkMsanpg shrdGaemrik nigRbeTscin )anRBmeRBgKaeFVI[
TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;eKmanCaRbRktivij. RbsiTi )anRbkasfa kicRBmeRBgenH )anekIteLIgRtv
kaslNas;sRmab;km<CaRbCaFibety.
enATIbBab; eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTATIRkg)at;dMbg sitenAkgPUmiPaKBayB. KWTIenaHehIy
EdlRbCaCnTIRkgPMeBjmYycMnYnFMrs;enAbnab;BIkarbeNjecj. fVIebIenACMnan;enH minsUvmanGk
Namak;dwgBIskmPaBRbRBwteTAnRbeTskm<Cabdivtkeday keyIg)anTTYlBtmanmYycMnYn sIBI
PUmiPaKBayBenHEdr BIeRBaHPUmiPaKenHmanRBMEdnCab;nwgRbeTsf ehIymanBYkGkePosxnrt;ecj
BIRbeTsy:ageRcIntaMgBIqaM1975. tambNaRsukxH karsmab;mnusS nigkarGt;Xan )anRbly
CIvitRbCaCnTaMgRsuk TaMgPUmi. KWTIenaHehIy Edlsgwm)anCYbGkNamak; EdlFab;sal; nigenA
TIenaHEdr EdlGacBinitemIledaylitln;BIsanPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnEdleKcat;Tukfa CaGk
gayrgeRKaHCageKeRkamrbbExrRkhmdtwgrwg.
eyIgRtvcMNayeBlmYyf edIm,I)aneTAdl;Rkg)at;dMbg. eyIgQb;enAEk,rsuIsupun edIm,I
TTYlGaharfRtg; nigTsSnamCmNlRsavRCavekSRtsasmYy. RbsiTi kgEbbbTBuMGacRtab;
tamrbs;Kat; )anxMRbwgeFVI[eyIgeCOfa dIdmanCICatirbs;PUmiPaKBayB RtvRbCaCnbgbegInpl
)anlRbesIr sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgbgs;kgRbvtisasrbs;km<Ca. BYkExrRkhm)ansakl,g[eK
sgBUCRsUvfIEbkKa tamKMrUdIepSg EdlminTamTar[mankardak;CIKImI dmantmfenaHeLIy.
BUCRsUvTaMgenaH Rtv)anEbgEck[RbCaCnkgTUTaMgPUmiPaKBayB ehIyrYmpSMnwgRbBnFarasaspg
)anpl;plRsUvy:ageRcInelIslub.
enAeBlyl; eK)anENnaM[eyIgerobcMsMNYrepSgTukCamun kgkrNIEdl b:ul Bt yl;RBm
[eyIgcUlCYbmunkarbBab;ndMeNIrTsSnkicenH.
enARBwkfbnab; mankaregOgql;mYyekIteLIg. RbsiTi )anR)ab;[eyIgdwgfa eyIgGaceTA
TsSnaEtshkrN_mYyKt;rbs;PUmiPaKenH KWGVIRtvhamXat;TaMgGs;. Kat;GHGagfa emdwknaMTaMg
Gs;eTAeFVIERsGs;ehIy. CMnYserOgenH eyIgEbreTAemIlsMNg;TMnb;TwkCaeRcInkEngEdlksag
554
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
eLIgedayBYkGkCemsvij.
edayKanKitKUrEvgqay cab;epImCECkCamYy RbsiTi fa eyIgRtvEteTATsSnashkrN_nana
rbs;PUmiPaKBayB ebImindUecaHeT dMeNIrrbs;eyIgnwgkayeTACaKanplRbeyaCn_ ehIyelsTaMg
Layrbs;elak minEmnenAdEdldUecHeT. Kat;)ansgsmImkPamfa enHKandwgsmIxng
Edl)anniyaypgeT ehIyKat;)anbEnmfa {Gkgnwgminyl;c,as;BIRbeTsenHCarhUt}.
karCECkKa)anbneTAeTot ehIy)anrMBkfa eGog sarI )ansnafa eyIgGacnwgeTATsSna
shkrN_nana rbs;PUmiPaKBayB edIm,IbdiesFedayCak;lak;nUvkareBalGagepSg GMBIkarrMelaP
siTimnusSy:ageRcIn edaypynwgkarelIkeLIgrbs;BYkGkFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBj. b:uEn KW\t)an
karTaMgGs; RbsiTi CamnIbdivtn_mak;EdlRtvcat;[mkPUtkuhkeyIg. RtvCMrujeTAkgCMhrkarBar
xnrbs;Kat; Kat;KankareRCIserIsNaeRkABIbegInkarPUtPreLIy.
kMhwgrbs;ekIteLIgedaysareyabl;minGaceCosrYcmYyEpkFMnkarhamXat;enH. etIKat;
TTYlsal;esckITukcitEdlmaneTAelIBYkmKeTsknaMpv )ancab;epImrlayxSl. kgryeBl
esssl;nfenaH RbsiTi nig )anniyayrkKatictYcNas; ehIykareFVIdMeNIrCabnbnab;mkeTot
hak;dUcCakayeTACaGk RbEkkRbNaMgCageK edayRbEkkminRtwmEtCamYymas;pHrbs;eyIg
b:ueNaHeT b:uEn CamYy Dudm:an; nig xadEv:l.
enAeBlresol eyIg)anedIreTAemIlTMnb;TwkmYy ehIyeyIgniyayKaBIPaKesssl;ndMeNIr
rbs;eyIgbneTot. xadEv:l nig Dudm:an; )anecaTsYrBIsMNg;enH EdleK)anCYsCuleLIgvij bnab;BI
TTYlkarxUcxatedaysarTwkCMnn;dsahavkalBIrdUvvsSamun. yuvbursenHeQaH v:un manGayumR)aM
qaM KWCaGtItyuTCnmak; EdlrMsayecjBIkgTB nigRtv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanKNkmaFikar TTYl
bnkkgkarksagTMnb;Twk. eyIgFab;)anTTYlsititamksar nigEdlminGacepgBinitdwgxusRtv
)ansIBITMnb;enH nigsMNg;epSgeTotEdlksagkgPUmiPaKBayB. m:ageTot sMNg;TaMgenHFab;
RtvviTpSaykalBIb:unanExmunpg. snHTb;Twk)an)ak;excxI BIeRBaHTMnb;BuM)anTTYlkarRttBinit
RtwmRtvtambTdankgryeBlnkarsagsg;eT. enAeBldl;evnrbs; )ansaksYryuvCnTTYl
xusRtvkEngenH BMuEmnsYrBIRbBnFarasas EdleKGYtGagxaMgNas;enaHeT KWsYrBIbBaasgam.
v:un )anERbkaykarsmasn_eTACaEl,gkarBiPakSatTl;mYy. edayRtveqIynwgsMNYrepSg
rbs; Kat;EbrCaRbetageLIgeTAelIsMNg;ebtugeTAvij edaytRmv[ RbsiTi nig eLIgeTAtamKat;
Edr. )ansYrKat;BIkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgkgGMLgeBlsgam BIsanPaBrs;enArbs;
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
555
556
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Kat;pg.
{RbTsevotNam cg;bgM[km<CacUlCacMENkmYynshBn\Ncinrbs;xn>>>. eyIg)andak;
TNkmy:agFn;Fr cMeBaHBYkQanBanevotNam>>>. BYkeKnwgRtvRbLkkgsgamyUrGEgVgmYy>>>.
qaMmun BYkeKRtvsitenAkgPaBekaeLIgvijelIqakGnrCati edaysarEterOg{Gkrt;ePosxntam
TUk}. BYkevotNamElgGacbMPnmtisaFarNBiPBelak)aneTotehIy. \LvenH BiPBelakdwgfa
RbeTsevotNamCakUnGukmYyrbs;shPaBsUevot}.
sgamc,as;CaekItmankgeBlqab; sMNYrrbs;eyIgsIBIbBaasiTimnusS nigsanPaBrs;enA
rbs;RbCaCn suTEtenAeRkAsac;erOg. RbsiT nig sarI )anbBaak;GHGagTaMgBIrnak;fa BuMmanBnnaKar
enAkgRbeTseT yutiFmRtv)anpl;[kgshkrN_nana edaytulakarRbCaCn ehIycemIy KWmanEt
b:uNwg cMeBaHsMNYrTaMgb:unanrbs;eyIg. sgamvamansarsMxan;CagBYkeyIg. b:uEn sarI )anRbkas
R)ab;eyIgfa BMumanerOgGVIeFVI[Gs;elakRBy)armeT Gs;elakFab;eXIjkickarBarrbs;kgTBkm<Ca
enAERkkrYcehIy. tamkarBit eyIgFab;eXIjEtLan hSImYycMnYn pkeBjeTAedaykgTBb:ueNaH.
Kat;)anbEnfa TIPak;garBtmanTaMgLayenARkg)agkk )anbdiesFmineCOfa eyIg)aneFVIdMeNIreTA
kan;kab;ERkkeT ehIy)ansresrfa eyIg)aneTARtwmEtTenbiTenAeRtIymagTenmuxRkgkMBg;cam
b:ueNaH. enATIbBab; sarI )ansYrBIkarcab;GarmN_rbs;eyIg ehIy Dudm:an; )aneFVIkareqIytbKYr[
esJIcsresIrfa {eyIgnwgbnsegtBinit nigecaTsYrnUvsMNYrepSgteTAeTot}.
sRmab;BYkGkkarEst KWvaRKb;RKan;Nas;eTAehIy b:uEn sarI cg;B xadEv:l mitrbs;RbeTs
km<Ca eFVIkarcab;GarmN_ ehIyKat;)anetOnbgM[ xadEv:l beBajnUvTsSnpal;rbs;Kat;. sarI
)anniyayeTAkan;sasacarGg;eKsfa {eyIgKanGVIlak;)aMgesaHeLIy}. b:uEn xadEv:l )aneFVI[
sarI egOgql;RsLaMgkaMg {CMnYskarBiPakSaBIEpparbs;bdivt sasacarrUbenHEbrCasYrrdmnIkar
breTsGMBIsgamCamYyRbeTsevotNameTAvij edayfa vanwgmantmdUcemcxHeTAsRmab;cMeBaH
bNaclnakumynisepSgeTot enAkgPUmiPaKenH CaBiess cMeBaHbkSkumynisf. xadEv:l )an
cat;TukxnKat;fa Camitrbs;GkbdivtTaMgGs; -BYkGkbdivtevotNam BYkf nigBYkkm<Ca ehIy)an
bgaj[eXIjnUvkarRBy)army:agxaMg cMeBaHTsSnvisyepSgnsgam rvagRbeTskm<Ca nig
evotNameTotpg. sarI )aneqIytbdUcEdlKat;Fab;niyaykalBImunEdrfa BYkkumyniskm<Ca
)anQHsgamrbs;xn edayKankarCYy]btmBIGkNamak;eLIy ehIyfa BYkf GacdwknaMeFVIdUcKa
Edr. Kat;)anbEnmeTotfa km<CaRtvkarEfrkSaTMnak;TMng dlRbesIrCamYyRbeTsf enAeBlenH.
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
557
KWvaCabBasab;rs;mYysRmab;RbeTskm<Ca.
xadEv:l BMuTTUcsYrGVIeToteT ehIy)ancMNayeBlevlaesssl;kgyb;enaH Ggysmwg
emIlcan)ayKat;eTAvij. dUcEdleyIgTaMgGs;Kanwksgwm mbGaharsuTEtmanrsCatiqaj; nig
eBareBjeTAedayRsal. b:uEn manEtBYkeyIgb:ueNaH EdlpwkRsa BYkkm<CaRKan;EtelIkEkvpwb
nwgbbUrmat;rbs;xn CakicKYrsmb:ueNaH. eyIg)aneRkakecjBItuqab;rhsmuneK sarI mankickar
CaeRcInEdlminTan;eFVI. xadEv:l enAEtGgyesmKanniyaysI. Kat;Fab;CamnusSEdlniyay
eRcIn nigrYsrayCageK kgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIr GarmN_mYhgrbs;Kat; )ansacecjmkelI
eyIgEdr. Kat;yl;fa bMNgdxab;xnGMBIshRbtibtikarbdivtrbs;Kat; EdlmanBIyUrmkehIy )an
Rtvrlay)at;bg;Gs;enAmuxEkvEPkTaMgKUrbs;Kat; ehIyeFVI[Kat;Pystkgcity:agxaMg.
EskeLIg eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTAPaKxagt,g ehIyeyIgeTAdl;kMBugEpkMBg;esamenAeBl
resol bnab;BI)aneRbI])ayklmYyedIm,IsmasBYkGkePosxnExreRkam Edlrt;mkBIevotNam
xagt,g. GkTaMgenH)anEfgR)ab;eyIgfa BYkeK)anrt;ecjBIRbeTsevotNam BIeRBaH rdGMNac
enATIenaH suTEtRbqaMgnwgrbbmUlFnniym ehIyfa BYkeKmkRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IEsVgrkR)ak;kas.
eyIgBMu)aneFVI[GkTaMgenaHGs;sgwmeLIy. edayKan RbsiTi eyIgTaMgbInak; )anyl;citefImKa
RbesIrCagmun. R)akdehIy eyIg)anbegItRkmmYymanKa bInak; EdlcUlcitcg;dwgerOgsmat;
rbs;eK. Dudm:an; mank,alTMEBk nigmanTwkmuxmYyCaGksb,ayrIkrayrebob {Gcas;} citlmak;.
xadEv:l CaCnCatieGkUsmak; manmaDmaM eBareBjedaykmaMgekvka rhsrhYn mansMNuMsk;Evg
Edlrlas;rvic dUcsk;RsI biT)aMgmin[eKdwgGayuBitR)akdrbs;Kat;. bEnmlkNEbkrbs;
RkmEtb:uNwg BIeRBaHCasImak;.
enAkMBg;esam eyIg)ansak;enAkgeKhdandlmYy elIkUnPMmYy EdllyecjeTArksmuRT
tameKniyayR)ab;eyIgfa pHenHCakmsiTirbs;RBHmhakSRtiyanI kusm RBHmata semc
RBHneratm sIhnu. enARBwkfbnab; pemXPWRsLHlNas; ehIyeyIgsgwmcMNayeBlevla
eBjmYyfenAkMBg;Ep. mundMbUg eKnaMeyIgedIrtampvCab;mat;smuRT EdleyIgGacemIleXIj
navamYyeRKgkMBugebIkmkBIsigbUrI mYyeTot mkBIRbeTscin kaNUtseNagmYyEdltubEtglm
emIleTAKYr[sb,ayrIkray RBmTaMgXaMgpkTMnijFMTUlaymYy eBareBjedaysMLIK nigCrekAsU
sRmab;karnaMecj. emdwknaMmak;nKNkmaFikarkMBg;Ep )anGnuBaat[eyIgCYbsmasn_ryeBl
knHem:agbnab;mk eK)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgCamunfa dl;eBlEdleyIgRtvvilRtLb;eTAvijehIy KWvil
558
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
559
560
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
561
teTA eyIgmanTmab;nwgrebobcat;karenHehIy.
eKenAminTan;niyayR)ab;eyIgBIkarCYbsnnaCamYy b:ul Bt dEdl ehIyeyIg)anvilRtLb;
mknievsndanenARkgPMeBjvij edIm,IerobcMRbdab;Rbdarbs;eyIg. bnab;BIRss;RsUbGaharfRtg;
rYc Rbs)andkxneTAkan;bnb;rbs;eKmak; edIm,IBinitemIlkMNt;xIrbs;xneLIgvij bsRmak
kay. enArg;caM[BYkGgrkSkarBarecjeTAedkfsin edIm,IecjedIrelgeRkA. TVarEdkBuMmanGkNa
cak;esaeLIy. lbecjmkeRkA Edlsntfa CakaredIrkMsanelIkcugeRkaybgs;rbs;kgRkg
PMeBj. )anedIrkat;xagmuxGtItmnIreBTcin enAtammhavifIRBHmunIvgS ehIyEPkedogsmwgemIl
eTAxagkgenaH. kgTBkm<CaCaeRcIn TMngCaRtvrbYskgeBlRbyuTKa edkskswgenAelIERKrg;caM
TTYlkarBa)al. bndMeNIreq<aHeTAmat;Ten enAeBlEdlrfynEm:sWedsmYyeRKg )anebIkmk
Qb;Ek,rkgsMeLgkg;rfynsegtnwgfl;ekAsU.
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kgrfyn ehIynaMmkkan;kEngsak;enAvijy:agelOn eRBaH b:ul Bt )anyl;RBmTTYlCYbBYkeyIg
kgrvag1em:ageTot ehIy sYn )armfa regVgpv.
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Dudm:an; nig )anerobcMrYcCaeRscsRmab;sYr b:ul Bt. eyIgnwgRtveKTTYlCYbrYmKa cMENk xadEv:l
)anTTYlsiTi[eFVIkarsnnamYydac;ELk edaysarKat;Ca{mit}rbs;rbbenH.
karkac;bkkac;ragTaMgenH mantmesInwgkar)anCYbsnnaKamYy CamYynwgemdwknaMdGafkM)aMg
mak;Edr. BYkeyIgCaGkkaEstGaemrikaMgdMbUgbgs; EdlRtveFVIsmasn_CamYyKat;. LanEm:sWeds
FMmYy EdleyIgminFab;EdleXIjkalBImun RtvmkTTYlykBYkeyIgedIm,InaMeTAkan;GtItvimanrda
Pi)al EdlksagedayBYk)araMg. KWCaRKwHsanmYyBNRbEpHRsGab;mYy sg;enAEk,rmat;Tenxag
ekItvtPM.
rfyn )anebIkeLIgtampvragekagdUcF mYyehIydak;eyIgcuHcMBImuxTVar. mnIrbs;rdaPi)al
BIrnak; EdlenArg;caMkareTAdl;rbs;eyIg )anGmCUndMeNIreyIgrhUtdl;bnb;TTYlePJvdFMsem,Im
mYy. vaMgnnBNsenAtambgcTaMgGs; keRmIktictamkmaMgxl;bk;nkgGKisnICaeRcIn EdleK
erobcMdak;CMuvijbnb;enaH. BIcmay emIleXIj RbsiTi muneK EdlenAQrxagsaMdCamYyGk
bkERbPasamak;eTot nigshkarImak;.
eGog sarI enAQrkgCeRmAnbnb;. enAEk,rKat; KWtYGg b:ul Bt pal;EtmgenAGgydUcCa
562
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
563
564
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
edaykmaMgTBeLIy}.
KMnitEdlFab;begItCarUbragenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigkEngeFVITaruNkmepSgeTot nUvRTwsI
GMBIkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy )anbNal[ekItmanKMnitrevIrvayEbkxuseKenHEdlfa rfeRkaHrbs;b:ULj
CaeRcIneRKg nigkgTBefIreCIgrbs;eqkU RbeTseqkUsv:aKI kMBugEtedIrqgkat;valERsenAPaKxag
ekItkm<CasMedAmkRkgPMeBj nigeTAhYsBIenHeTAeTot. d,itGI b:ul Bt )anniyayTukCamunehIyfa
bNaRbeTsnbkSsm<nv:asUvI BuMEmncg;)anEtRtwmenaHeT BIPMeBjeTAkgTBTaMgenaHnwgedIrsMedA
eTARkg)agkk ehIycuHmkRbeTsm:aeLsuI nigsigburIeTot.
enHCarebobbkRsayfImYynUvRTwsInEl,gdUmINU erOgEdleKKitkgcitepSg b:uEn smI
niyaypSwg ehIyRbEhlCakarb:unb:gbMPitbMPysamBamYy. b:ul Bt bBaak;fa {bkSsm<nv:asUvI
RtvRbQmmuxnwgGgkarGUtg;} ehIyfaKat;manbMNgcgPab;PaBKg;vgSrbs;xnnwgbNaRbeTs
Gasan nigbNaRbeTsnGgkarGUtg; y:agKYr[ql;. ehtukarN_EdlrwtEtKYr[cab;GarmN_ CaTI
bMputenaHKW RbeTscinRtv)anKat;erobrab;bBalkgEl,gsgamenHEtmYym:at;Kt;. b:ul Bt niyay
EtBIGasan nigGUtg; b:ueNaH hak;dUcCaRbeTskgGgkarTaMg2enH CaGkkan;eCIgRbeTskm<CaGIcwg.
RbeTscin nigeRKgsBVavuFEdlxnpl;mk[ BuMmanBniyaykgKeRmagnkarCYbsmasn_enHeT.
eGog sarI EdledIrcuHedIreLIgBIeRkayxg b:ul Bt )anTb;CMhang:k; cieBaImeLIgRCj dTaMgBIr
RkBat;eTAeRkay.
BYkGkbkERbPasa )anesI[mankarbBaak;bMPWc,as;las;.
Dudm:an; nigrUb pal;)anEbremIlmuxKaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IbBaak;[dwgfa eyIgsab;BBakEdl
Kat;niyaydUcKaEdreT -ktikasBaav:asUvI )aT.
b:ul Bt )anbnedaybkRsaybMPWfa ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTsevotNamBuMGacykQHRbeTs
km<CaEtmak;g)an? Kat;bBaak;fa BYkevotNam {BuMGacseRmceCaKCyvaydeNImykkm<Ca
edaykmaMgTBdac;xat>>>. BYkeKBuMGackab;PUmisasTwkdIrbs;km<Ca ehIyBuMmanCnkm<CacUlrYm
CamYyedIm,ICYyBYkeK nigBuMGacdwkCBaneRKgsmarbrikarrbs;xncUlmkkgRbeTseyIg)aneLIy.
eyIg)aneFVI[BYkevotNamTTYlrgbraCyCabnbnab;>>>. ehtudUecH BYkeKRtvEtebIkkarvayRbhar
y:agFMRbqaMgnwgeyIg}.
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RtveFVI[PyRByenAeLIy enAeBlEdlelcBfa bkj RbIhSInsI TIRbwkSasnisuxCatirbs;RbFana
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
565
566
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
567
GkkarBareyIgenANa? etIBYkeKRtLb;mksmab;vijeT?.
Qb;KitBIRbeTskm<CaeTot edayxacERkgkayeTACamnusSLb;sti. kgryeBlRbmaN
Ca huksibnaTI )anedaHxnedaykarRtiHriH ehIynwkeTAdl;mnusSepSgeTot. minGacnwkKitkgcit
nUvGVIdl)anekIteLIgeLIy.
BsUrsMeLgRThwgmYyy:agxaMg bnedaysMeLglan;RbwbmYy. sMeLgEkvEbkmYy CMhan
edIreLIgCBaaMglan;xrkgbnb;EdleyIgsak;GaRsyenAxagmux edayeFVI[BsUrsMeLgkgkaMgkgbnb;
. srCMhanedIrmkCitTVarbnb;gUtTwk eXIjdRkg:ukrbs;esaTVarFak;cuH KWmit La CamnusSmak;kg
cMeNammnusSCaeRcInEdlsal;c,as; nigCaGkbeRmIkgpHEdlminecHniyayPasabreTsNamYy
eLIy. enAlutCgg;enAeLIy. La RkeLkemIlmYyEPt edIm,IemIlfaetImanRtvrbYsbeT ehIy
Kat;EbreRkayRtLb;eTAvij)at;. )aneQageTAcab;dKat; sYrKat;edayniyayExrb:LaMfa etICn
CatiGaemrikaMg nigGg;eKs KW Dudm:an; nig xadEv:l enaH)ansuxsb,ayCaeT? Kat;eqIyfa {minGIeT
minGIeT}. etagKat;Cab;GgVrsuM[Kat;enATIenHsin. Kat;ebIkePIgeLIgvij edayR)ab;[enAesmkuM
edIrrehtrhUt ehIyKat;kcakecjeTA. sitenAEtmak;gCafIkgsMeLgRThwgnm:asuInRtCak;
edayKandwgBIGVI Edl)anekIteLIgbnicesaHeLIy.
GacRtLb;eTAbnb;edkvij)an b:uEn enAEtGgyRcehagkgbnb;TwkdEdl. etIRbCaCnegIb
bHe)arRbqaMgb? etIRtveKcat;TukCasRtvmak;EmneT? etIBYkevotNamvayRbharRbeTskm<Ca
b? etIRtvCab;Gnak;kgRbeTsmYyEdlRtveKlukluy dUcEdlFab;nwkRBWxactaMgEtBIdMbUgenaH
Emnb? eT KWCaerOgminTMngesaH. ebIEbrCaeKnwksanfaBYkeyIgCa>>> eTAvij? eT eyIgsuTEtBYk
Es,ks eKminGacRcLMeyIgCamYynwgBYkGkdwknaMExrRkhm)aneLIy. ykl RtvQb;KitCafI.
kgkMLgdb;R)aMnaTI )anBsMeLgmYyEdlsal;y:agc,as;. RbsiTi CamYynwgEbbbTCamnIrbs;
Kat;)aneKaHTVarbnb;rbs; ehIyehAeQaH. kecjeTATaMgjrcMRbb;enAeLIy ehIy)anesuIbsYr
BIeCaKvasnarbs;GkeTot EdlrYmdMeNIrmkCamYy.
Dudm:an; )ansuxsb,ayCaeT. xadEv:l Rtvsab;edaysarRtvRKab;.
kgTIRkg KanerOgGVIepSgeTotekIteLIgeLIy elIkElgEtXatkmelIrUb m:al;xUm xadEv:l.
KankarbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuF KanrdRbhar KanTaMgkarQanBanrbs;evotNameLIy.
BYkeK)annaM Dudm:an; cuHmkeRkam edIm,I[GaceXIjrUbKat; bnab;mk eK)anesI[eyIgeLIg
enAxagelIvij edIm,Ibgaj[eyIgeXIjrUb xadEv:l EdledkskelI\dkar:UkgexaGavBIhSam:a
568
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
569
RbEhlkMBugxSwbR)ab;BIbTbBaaepSg.
bnab;BIkarsaksYrcemIyrbs;eyIg eyIg)anecaTsYrsMNYrCaeRcIneTA RbsiTi vijmg. etI
ehtukarN_many:agdUcemcxH? etImanGVIekIteLIg? Kat;eqIyfa {GkEdlvayRbhareyIg} TMngCa
enAmanesrIPaBenAeLIy. eRkABIBYkGkEdlRtvsmab;rYcehIy BIrnak;eTot )anRtvBYkeyIgcab;xn
)anenAkgsYnc,ar Kat;)anbBaak;fa mnusSbInak; Rbdab;edayGavuF)anQryamkarBarpHenH
enAeBlEdleyIgRtvvayRbhar. bnab;mk RbsiTi )anTukecalBYkeyIg[enAEtgkgpHmYyeTot
edayFanaGHGagfa eyIgRtv)ankarBarlRsYlbYlehIy. Dudm:an; nig)anqgkat;raRtIenaH eday
niyayKarhUt. enAeBlRBwk eK)annaMykGahareBlRBwkmk[eyIgRss;RsUb ehIyeKGeBaIj
eyIgeLIgCiHrfynEm:sWedsmYyeRKg. eGog sarI )anerobcMBiFIbuNmYysRmab; xadEv:l Edr
bnab;mk eyIgRtveLIgCiHynehaHeFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTARkgeb:kaMgvij.
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xadEv:l )anRtveKdak;kgkarmQUseQIy:agsamBamYy BTCuMvijeday)ac;paCaeRcIn. BYkeK)an
ebIkKRmbkarmQUs edIm,I[eyIgGacemIlmuxrbs;Kat;EdlesksagM nigsbs; a t;CaelIkcugeRkay.
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eyIgmanKaEt 4nak;b:ueNaH KW eGog sarI/ CYn RbsiTi/ DId Dudm:an; nig. elIsBIenH manBYkGkkarBar
nigBYkGkbeRmICaeRcInnak;. kgesckIEfgmrNTuky:agxImYy sarI )anecaTRbkan;BYkevotNam
ehIy)ansEmgmenaseBatnaesaksaydRCaleRCArbs;RbeTsKat;cMeBaHmrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l
enH. eRkaymk eKrkeXIjfa bNasmaCikxagEpksnisuxExrRkhmCaGkeFVIRbtibtikaredIm,I
smab; xadEv:l edayectna.
cemIysarPaBcugeRkayCaeRcIn EdleKcRmaj;yk)anedaykareFVITaruNkmelIBYkGkeTas
enAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg kmanTak;TgnwgXatkmrbs; xadEv:l Edr. kmaPi)alExrRkhmBIrnak;
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mansgamCamYyRbeTsevotNam. PstagRbeyalTaMgLay EdlmanenAkgcemIysarPaB
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Kat;Ca{mit}rbs;rbbExrRkhm ehIyRbEhlCaedIm,IbegItCa]bsK nigeFVI[KeRmagkar{esrIkm}
rbs; eGog sarI TTYlbraCy. GVIEdlCak;c,as;KansgSy KWfasmaCikmak;nRkmemdwknaMbkS
570
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
571
CMBUkTI12
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kgTB EdlFab;)anepImeFVIkarvaylukpac;RBRtRbqaMgnwgsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g enAqaM
1975. Kat;)anGnuvtnUvGVIEdlKat;ehAfa yuTsas {paQUkrIk} EdlRtveKeRbIR)as;CaelIk
dMbUg kgkarvaylukenAqaM1975enaH.
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kgtMbn;sm,reTAedayRBPMenAPaK|san tRmg;mkswgERtg EdlenACab;mat;TenemKg. fTI25
ExF kgTB mYyPaKy:agFM )anebIkeFVIkarvaysRmkecjBImUldanBIr EdlsitenAxagkgPaKxagt,g
evotNam. BItaynij BYkevotNam)ansRmkeLIgeTAextRkecH qgmkPaKBayBextkMBg;cam
nigxaglicRkgPMeBj. BIkMBg;EpsmuRThaeTog BYkenH)anvayeLIgmkPaKxagekItrYcsMedAeTArk
kMBg;EpkMBg;esamrbs;km<Ca nigeLIgeTATisxageCIghYsBIexttaEkveTAeTot eTIbtRmg;mkRkg
PMeBj.
yuTsasrbs;evotNam sitenARtg;BgVagkickarBarrbs;ExrRkhm edIm,IQaneTAvayTItaMg
eyaFasMxan;edaycM CaBiessRkgPMeBj. BITItaMgeyaFasMxan;TaMgenH kgTBrbs;evotNam
nigBRgayTBecjbneToteRbbdUcCapaQUkrIkmYy ehIyvayExSkarBarrbs;bcamiRtBIeRkayxg
vij. kgTBrbs;RkghaNUy )anruleTAmuxeRkamkicKaMBartampvGakasmYy Edlr:ab;rgedayyn
ehaHGaemrikaMg EdleKrwbGUs)an nigynehaHmuic-21 Edlpl;edayBYksUevot.
kgTBExrRkhm )antsUTb;Tl;y:agnnHnenolNas;Edr b:uEn RtvBYkevotNam eFVI[RsLaMg
kaMg)at;mas;karTaMgRsug nigesIrEtKankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnpg. yuTsas{paQUkrIk} )anbMEbk
RbCaCnkm<Ca[sitenAdac;BImYyeTAmYyminGacTak;TgKa)aneLIy ehIyebIkkas[BYkevotNam
bEgVgdankgvresnaFMTaMgmUlCaeRcInrbs;ExrRkhm kgdMeNIrrulrbs;eKsMedAmkRkgPMeBj.
b:uEnRkghaNUy)anbdiesFKanQb;Qrfa BuM)an[kgTBrbs;xncUlRbyuTeT. evotNam
GHGagfa KWrNsirSsegaHCatikm<CaEdlCaGkr:ab;rgkarvayRbyuTTaMgGs; ehIyeK)anelIksr
572
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
573
574
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
BakBakrN_EdlkgenaHfa RbeTskm<CanwgFak;eTAeRkamcMNuHRbeTsCitxagmYyTaMgRsugKW
mYyEpkFMbNalmkBI b:ul Bt nigbkSkumyniskm<Ca EdlmanrUbKat;dwknaM. edIm,IsabnaRbeTs
km<CamYyEdlxaMgBUEk kraC mincMNuHrebobrbbesdkicBiPBelak nigCaRbeTsEdlminGac
vinasBIbNaRbeTsCitxagenaH bkSkumyniskm<CaminRtwmEtkab;smab;RbCaCngGs;TaMgRsuk
TaMgPUmi nigbMpajGgkarcat;taMgrbs;xnesIrEtexcxIb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMg)anGuCGal[RbeTsevot
NamlukluycUlmkRbeTskm<CaEfmeTot.
edaykarsgswktamkareRbIkmaMg RbeTscin)ancUllukluyRbeTsevotNamenAfTI17
Exkum qaM1979vij CamYynwgkgTBBIryhasibBan;nak; Edl)anvayRbyuTkgryeBlBIr
s)ah_ elIsmrPUmimYyRbEvgR)aMbIryKILEm:Rt. BYkcin)andkkgTBrbs;xnfyeTAvijenAExmIna
eday)anRbkasfa BYkeK)an{pl;emeronmYy}[evotNamrYcehIy edIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgkarkan;kab;
RbeTskm<Carbs;evotNam. kb:uEnenHCakarbgajeLIg[eXIjnUvkarKaMRTy:agKYr[ql;mYy cMeBaH
bNasmmitkm<Carbs;BYkeK.
edayBit BYkcin)anrg;caMkgryeBlBIrEx eRkayBImankarlukluyRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IeFVIkar
sgswkeTAelIRbeTsevotNam. R)akdNas; karcUllukluyPaKxageCIgRbeTsevotNam eday
BYkcinGac[eKvinicyfa enHCaRbtikmneya)aymYy BuMEmnCakarsakl,gxageyaFamYy edIm,ICYy
BYkkm<CaenaHeT. m:ageTot karcUllukluyenH manGanuPaBTUeTAmYyxusKaTaMgRsug edayehtufa
RbeTscin)anPab;CemaHdyUrlg;rbs;xnCamYyRbeTsevotNam eTAnwgPaBCMBak;cak;eRsHn
sgam kgnamnRbeTskm<CaEdr.
Rkgeb:kaMg eqtTajykRbeyaCn_BIkasenH edIm,Isgt;bBaak;BIEl,gsm<nfI EdlerobcM
eLIgEfmelIGVIEdlKYrrnt;nsgam\NcinelIkTIbIeTot. shrdGaemrik )anyl;RBmedayKan
raErk nUvBakeBalGagrbs;cin EdlbgajPstagBIkarsgswknwgRbeTsevotNam eTaHbICa RbCa
CatiCaeRcInPyxacfa karlukluyrbs;cinGaceFVI[mankarttaMgKakgTMhMFMmYy rvagcin nigsUevot
keday.
karcUllukluyrbs;cin )aneFVI[eKdwgBCasaFarN nUvkarrYmKasMedAeKalbMNgEtmYykg
plRbeyaCn_rbs;cin-GaemrikaMg ehIyGHGagfa RbeTscinnwgenAbnXaMemIlbBaaepSgrbs;
\NcinteTAeTot b:uEnmgenH KWsitkgbkelakxaglicmg. RbIhSInsI )anrYmviPaKTanCYykgerOg
enHy:agxaMg. Kat;)anniyayedaypal;fa Kat;manKMnitbBaHbBalRbeTsf [rYmshkary:ag
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
575
576
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
577
578
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
579
CMBUkTI13
sniPaBGsarbg;
cMNaykmaMgFMeFg b:uEnTTYl)anpltic
nardUvrMehIyEdl hun Esn kMBugCYbCamYy GuIhr rU:haqUv semc RBHneratm sIhnu kMBugEteFVI
yuTnakarmYyenAeRkARbeTs. naBiFICb;elogEdleBareBjedayruyenaH r:UhaqUv )anBnl;R)ab;
hun Esn fa semc RBHneratm sIhnu KWCatYkEdlTTYlxusRtvkg bBaasKsajenAelIqak
GnrCati. bnab;BI)aneKcecjBIkm<Ca edaykarCUnBrrbs;ExrRkhmmk semc RBHneratm sIhnu
maneCaKCyy:agxaMg enAkgkarEfgsnrkfamYyefaleTasevotNamehIyKaMRTcin. ehIyRTg;k
BayambEgVgdanmin[eKKitfa RTg;CatYkkg karelIksy
ExrRkhmEdr. semc RBHneratm sIhnu
)anefaleTas karkan;kab;rbs;evotNamenAkm<Cafa {CaeRKaHfak;mYy EdlminEmnRtwmEtCaeRKaH
fak;rbs;RbeTsnanaenAGasuIb:ueNaHeT EtkCaeRKaHfak;cMeBaHBiPBelakTaMgmUlEdr}. cUlmkdl;
karniyayGMBIerOgExrRkhm semc RBHneratm sIhnu manbnlR)ab; {shrdGaemrikfa enHKWCa
eBlevlaEdleyIg RtvTukerOgsiTimnusSedayELksin eRBaHfa manerOg cMeBaHmuxCaeRcIn EdlRtv
EtedaHRsayCabnan; KWsniPaB nigtulPaB nRbeTsmhaGMNac}.
enAkgdMNak;kaldMbUgnkarelgEl,genaH lkxNk)anRtvkMNt;eLIgrYcCaeRsc. shrd
Gaemrik nigRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_ RBmTaMgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAGWr:ub )anRBmeRBgKacMeBaH
karTamTar[dak;bBaaGMNacneya)ay FMCagerOgsiTimnusSenAkm<Ca. sMNYrRKb;y:agBTCuMvijEt
bBaafa etIeFVIy:agNaedIm,IbBab;karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca. bBaaepSgeTot Rtv)anham
min[ykmkniyayBiPakSaeLIy. GVIEdlhamCaBiessenaHKW karTTYldwgBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_
rbs;ExrRkhmfa etIGMeBITaMgenaH Rtv)anevotNambBab;)anedayrebobNa ehIykmin[niyay
GMBIfa etIExrRkhmKYrTTYleTasEbbNa cMeBaHGMeBI]RkidkmRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati EdlBYkeK)an
RbRBwtenaHEdr. TaMgenH )aneFVI[manPaBxVHkareCOTukcit CaBiess enAeBlEdlenAGgkarsh
RbCaCati eQaHrbs; GuIEtr Rtv)aneKelIkeLIgCaerOy edIm,IbgajGMBIPaBBuHBarkgkarkarBar
GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_min[ekItmaneLIgmgeTot.
b:uEn bBaarvagevotNam nigkm<Ca Rtv)ancindak;elIeKkgbBaIEdlCabBaarbs;cin. cin)an
eRbI\TiBlrbs;xn CaBiess CamYyshrdGaemrik nigGasuIGaeKy_ edIm,IRKb;RKgmtiGnrCatiCMuvij
580
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
581
582
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
eBjdMeNIrCIvitrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH.
cMNucsMxan;nsgamenaHKW faetIBYkeKQrenAxagNa nrNaRtv)andak;Biny ehIynrNa
RtvCUnrgVan;? karseRmccitrbs;GnrCati KWminrvl;xVayxVl;nUvral;karecaTRbkan;sIBIbT]Rkidkm
RbqaMg nigkarrMelaPsiTimnusSrbs;ExrRkhmeLIy. GgkarshRbCaCati k)anbBab;karesuIb
Gegtrbs;BYkeKelIerOgkI nkarMelaPbMBansiTimnusSdFn;Frrbs;ExrRkhm. erOgkIEdlkMBugman
dMeNIrkarenATIRkghSWENv Rtv)aneKTukecaledayELk edayykehtupldsamBafa GFibety
PaBrbs;km<Ca KWsMxan;CagbBaasiTimnusS. BYkeK)anbiT)aMgCitnUvkarBitEdlfa b:ul Bt nigExr
Rkhm Rtv)anecaTBIbT]RkidkmdRBpSbMputenAstvtSTI20. karviPaKEbbTB sIGMBITMhMnbBaa
rbs;shKmn_GnrCati minRtv)aneKelIkeLIgmkBiPakSaeT. manTBrbs;ExrRkhm Rtv)aneK
seRmcfa CakarcaM)ac;kgkaredjevotNam[cakecj nigCMruj[mankarcrcarsnisBaasniPaBenA
km<Ca. eK[ehtuplfa RbsinebImin[kgTBExrRkhmeFVIskmPaB ehIyykBYkeK[eLIgtulakar
GnrCatienaH evotNamnwgminRBmcakecjBITwkdIkm<CaeLIy. krNIeRkABIenH CaBiess karcg;[man
tulakarkat;eTasExrRkhm edIm,IbegIt[manyutiFm nigCMenOTukcitxgrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaRtv)an
eKTat;ecal. ebIcg;pas;brKMnitEdlKitfakarmantulakar KWnaM[EtmanGUsbnaykarRbyuT[kan;Et
yUrenaH RtvkareBlRbEhlCa 15qaMeTot edIm,Ibrecj. tulakarenAGtItyUehasavI eTIbekItman
eLIgenAqaM1994 mYyqaMeRkayeBlsnisBaasniPaBenAbUes. ehIyRtv)ancuHhtelxaenA
Edtun rdGUhyU shrdGaemrik.
enATsvtSr_qaM80 RksYgkarbreTsGaemrik minRBmeRbIBakRblyBUCsasn_ edIm,IGFib,ay
BIrbb b:ul Bt enaHeT. karsakl,grbs;rdaPi)alRbeTsGUsalI kgbMNgelIkGMBItulakarenA
TsvtSr_qaM80 Rtv)anshrdGaemrik cin nigRbeTsGasanTaMgLaybgak;. eKyl;fa karyl;dwg
GMBIkarRbRBwtGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs;ExrRkhm EdlnaM[evotNamcUlmkplrMlMBYkeKenaH nwg
pl;KuNsm,tidl;karQanBanrbs;evotNam. ehIynwgnaM[mankarbgM[eFVIkarcrcamYyCamYy
haNUy.shrdGaemrik cg;[niyayEtBIeRKaHfak;nkarQanBanrbs;evotNamb:ueNaH.Gaemrik
cg;bBaHbBal[shKmn_GnrCatiKitdUcxnEdr. GkkarTUtrbs;GaemrikRtvhammin[cab;dCamYy
mnIExrRkhmeLIy. sunrkfaPaKeRcIn )anRtvdak;bBalnUverOgr:avGaRkk;BIGtItkal b:uEn cMENk
erOgsgamvij BMueXIjmandak;bBalTal;EtesaH.
cMNucdMbUgbMputrbs;BYkeK KWniyayfa karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca RtvEtTTYlkardak;
sniPaBGsarbg;
583
584
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
585
586
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
587
CYyrkpveTAmux[RTg; nigRbeTskm<Ca.
enAkgvyeTIbEt35qaM elak kd m:ataMg CaGkkarTUtTIBIrenARbcaMenAsanTUt)araMg Kat;
sitenAeRkamEtbBaarbs;elakGKrdTUtmak;b:ueNaH. EdlcEmkCagenHeTAeTotenaHKW elIkenH
CaelIkdMbUgehIy EdlKat;Rtv)aneKbBan[mkeFVIkarenAeRkARsuk. b:uEn m:ataMg CamnusSEdlman
smtPaBmYyrUb ehIyCabuKlEdlcMNanBIerOgr:avTak;Tgnwgcin. enAeBleronenAmhaviTaly
elak)anykCMnajBIrmux. mYyKW viTasasneya)ay edIm,IkayCaGkkarTUt ehIymYyeTot
KWCMnajxagPasarbs;RbeTsbUBa. Kat;)aneRCIsykCMnajxagPasacin nigPasarusSI. enAqaM
1964 eBlEdlKat;Rtv)antRmv[beRmIkargarTBBIrqaM eRkayeBlbBab;mhaviTalyenaH
Kat;Rtv)anrdaPi)al)araMg bBanKat;[mkRbcaMkarenAsanTUtTIRkgeb:kaMg EdleTIbnwgebIkfI
edaymantMENgCaGnuBnEpkvb,Fm. Fak;kg;enAkgTIRkgenaHGs;ryeBl2qaM enAkgeBlEdl
clnabdivtn_vb,FmcinkMBugEtBuHkeBaalenaH m:ataMg cab;epImmanmenaseBatnacak;eRCAcMeBaH
RbeTscin ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKaenaHksb;bdivtn_cin.Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTscinenAqaM 1966
ehIyeFVIdMeNIrRtLb;eTARbeTsrbs;Kat;vij kat;tamRbeTskm<Ca. enAeBlenaH semc RBHneratm
sIhnu CaRbmuxrdehIyCnCati)araMg enAmankarsVaKmn_enAkm<CaenAeLIy. m:ataMg )aneFVITsSnkic
enAGgr ehIyPJak;epIly:agxaMg cMeBaHkaremaHmutskmrbs;km<Ca kgkarkarBarnmanikdGsarrbs;
xn EdlpyBIcin KWkMBugEtxMRbwgbMpajxngeTAvij. enAeBlRtLb;mk):arIsvij edIm,IkarhVwkhat;
karTUt m:ataMg )anseRmcfa nwgbneronPasa nigGkSrsascinbneTot sRmab;CIvitkCn nigcMNg;
cMNUlcitrbs;Kat;.
eRkayeBlRtLb;mkvij m:ataMg )ancUleFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTsTTYlbnkEpkGWr:ub.
ehlI dWNUGay EdlCamitrbs; m:ataMg ehIyFab;)aneFVIdMeNIrkarTUtCamYyKat;eTARbeTs
PUmaenaH )anniyayfa m:ataMg mankarRbytRbEygNas; ehIymin[xngFak;xnCaCnrgeRKaHn
PaBEbkrbs;GasuIenaHeT. manGkCMnajGasuICaeRcInenARksYgkarbreTs EdlElgCa)araMgeTot
b:uEn m:ataMg xusEbkBIBYkenaH KWKat;minEmnCaRbePTEdlesksarug ehIypwkEtbtgenaHeT.
eRkayBIeBlbBab;kargarbYnqaMenAkariyalyRbFanaFibtI)araMg EdlKat;)aneFVIkar 80
em:agkgmYyGaTitehIynig)ankayCaGkeCIgkkariyaFibetynigCaGkyuTsassuIsgEdrenaH
Kat;k)anTTYltMENgeTAenAeb:kaMgvij. enATIenaHKat;)anCYbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu. PamenaH
CnCati)araMgmak;enaH k)anCab;citnwgRbCaRbiyPaB nigPaBvyqatrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
588
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
589
590
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
mkeFVICaTB nigedIm,ICMnYyGnrCati.
yuKsmyenaHKWCacMNuckkdxaMgbMputnsgamRtCak;. enAqaM 1980r:UNal;rIehn )anCab;
eqatCaRbFanaFibtITI40rbs;shrdGaemrik ehIyPamenaH kepateTAelIkarbegInTBrbs;sUevot
EdlCakarKMramKMEhgdl;sniPaBBiPBelak. kalenaH eLGUnIt eRbseNv enACaRbFanaFibtIrbs;
sUevotenAeLIy. edaysarGsmtPaB nigkareCOelIlTisalIndggwtggl;rbs;Kat; )aneFVI[ rIehn
dak;garcMeBaHTegVIrbs;Kat;fa CaTegVIEdllabsUevot[kayCa{cRkPBbisac}. enAeBlRbhak;
RbEhlKa EdlCnePosxnkm<CakMBugRtdabRtdYsePosxnBIRbeTskm<CaeTARbeTsf smsaMg
QWrIgr nigeBareBjedaykarxVHxatenaH cRkPBsUevotRtv)anTTYlkarvayRbharBIxagkg. kar
vayRbharenaHcab;epImBIkUdkmneragcRkk):al; Gdansk eRkamkardwknaMrbs; elc v:aelsa. kar
RKb;RKgrbs;sUevotenAGahanIsankan;EtRBpSeLIg.enaHbEnmnyfakarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam
RKan;EtCaEpktUcmYynkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotb:ueNaH. navaeCIgTwkrbs;sUevot)ancab;epImeRbI
EpkaMr:aj; rbs;evotNamenAExmIna qaM1979. sUevot CaRbeTsmYykgcMenNamRbeTs mYycMnYn
tUc EdlKaMRTkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca.
enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_ kMBugCMruj[mankarTTYlxusRtvelICnePosxn
tamTUkrbs;evotNam[eTARbeTsnanaenaH RbeTsf kMBugCYbRbTHnUvkarhUrcUlnUvCnePosxnExr
rab;muWnnak;Edr. enAdMNak;kalnqaMdMbUgsPaBkarN_ KWRcbUkRcbl;Nas;. kgcenaHExmIna nigemsa
qaM1979 f)anbiTRBMEdnrbs;eK. b:uEn eRkaymkkebIkeLIgvij bnab;BIevotNamseRmccitbgt;
GaharExrRkhm)ak;TB nigRbCaCnsuIvileRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;eK. sPaBkarN_)anFak;cuHdundab
rhUtdl;CnTaMgenaH mansPaBdUcCaeRKagqwgecHedIrdUecaHEdr. bnab;mk evotNam)ancab;epIm
e)assMGatTIRkgPMeBjedaykmat;ecalGksak;enAEdleKmincg;)an CaBiess KWExrkat;cin.
skmPaBenaH bNal[RbCaCnEdlRtveKCemsecjBIPMeBjenAqaM1975 ehIyBayam
RtLb;mkPMeBjvij ePosxneTAkan;RBMEdn EdlCaehtueFVI[cMnYnCnePosxnenARBMEdnkan;EtmancMnYn
eRcIneLIg. BYkeKxacfa evotNamnwgeFVIkarCemsRbCaCnecjBITIRkg dUcEdlExrRkhm)aneFVI
Edr. dMbUg f)an[BYkeKcUlTaMgGs; b:uEneRkaymk enAExmifuna k)anbBanBYkeKcMnYn 42>986nak;
[mkRbeTskm<CavijtamCRmalextRBHviharEdleBareBjedaymIn. ehtukarN_enaH )anbNal
[RbCaCncMnYn 10>000nak;sab;.
ehIycMeBaHCnePosxntamTUkvij Rtv)anshKmn_GnrCatieqIytbedayPaBsb,rsbMput.
sniPaBGsarbg;
591
rUbftdsaMgsmrbs;CnePosxnkm<CaEdleXIjEtqwgdUcexacenaH )anCMruj[GgkarCMnYymke)aH
TItaMgenARBMEdn. GksRKcitbreTs)anmkeFVIkarpal; CYye)aHtg; CIkbgn;Gnamy ehIybBaH
bBalGkkarTUt nigGkkaEst [mkRBMEdnxagekItrbs;f edIm,IeFVICasakSIcMeBaHkarQanBanelI
mnusSelakenH. erOgr:aveXIjfa manPaBsKsajCagGVIEdlCnbeTsTaMgLaynwgKiteTAeTot.
kgcMeNamGkEdlTTYlCMnYyTaMgenaH manTaMgExrRkhm nigcMNab;xaMgrbs;BYkeKEdlPg;ykmkBI
RBMEdn. GkeFVIkarkgGgkarCMnYymYy )aneRbbeFobkarPg;ekogKr[edIrtamExrRkhmenaHCa
{bnayXMuXaMgclt}. b:uEn enABiPBxageRkA erOgr:avenHRtv)aneKdwgfaCakarrt;ePosxnrbs;
RbCaCnBIsgam ExrRkhm nigevotNam. BYkeK)anCYbnUvsPaBGt;Xan CMgWGasneraK RKncaj;
nigCMgWrebg EdleFVI[GRtamnusSsab;kgmYyfKW 50nak;. TaMgenaHtMNag[esadnadkmdexacpSa
EdlmanlkNrYmmYydUcKa. enAqaMdMbUg eK)anTTYlnUvkarGaNitGasUr nigR)ak;BIGnrCatienaH
CalTplnkaryl;RsbmtiCaTUeTAmYyenAGgkarshRbCaCati EdlefaleTasevotNam.
dl;qaM1981 CMrM)anpl;nUvlTpldeCaKCymYykgRbvtisasTMenIbnCMnYy eday)an
kat;bnyGRtaCMgWbNalmkBIkgVHGahar kgcMeNamkumarBI 50PaKry cuHmkRtwm 2>5PaKry
RtwmryeBlEtmYyqaMb:ueNaH. ehIyenaHkCaRbtibtikarCMnYydfmYy EdlcMNayGs;TwkR)ak;
cMnYn 71500dulakgmYyf enACMrMexAGuIdag eTAelIGahar esvaeBT karhVwkhVWn nigkarGb;rMdl Edl
swgEtlCagenAtamPUminanaenARbeTsfeTAeTot. CNM EdlCaGksRmbsRmlrbs;Ggkar
shRbCaCati)anniyayfa {edaymincaM)ac;ql;faehtuGVI )anCaTIenH mankarcMNayelIsBIFmta
eT. eXIjfaeyIgminGaceFVIGVIeRcIncMeBaHerOgenaH)aneT. edaysarTMnak;TMngcas;rbs;Gaemrik
RbCaCnemIleXIjsUevotCaBYkvatTIniym ehIymankarcab;GarmN_y:ageRcInenATIenH EdlCa
cMNab;GarmN_mYyEdlKanenAkEngdUcCaGahVikGICaedIm}.
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)aneKhamR)am bNal[mas;CMnYymankarlM)akkgkarEsVgyl; edIm,IdwgfaetICMnYyTaMgenaH
Rtv)anykeTACYyRbCaCn bkykeTACYyTB. ebskmrYmKamYyrbs; yUnIeshV nigKNkmakar
kak)aTRkhmGnrCati Rtv)aneKsVaKmn_edayPaBesaHGegIy. rdaPi)alkm<Ca k)anTTYlsal;
592
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
593
594
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
595
596
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
597
RbcaMqaMsIBIkm<Cab:ueNaHeT.
sUm,IEtRbeTsGUsalI Cb:un nigGkneya)aymYycMnYn dUcCasmaCisPaGaemrikmYyrUbrbs;
KNbkSRbCaFibetyBITIRkgjvy:k eQaH eshVin sULa kcUlrYmpcepImEdr. mankarRbCMuCaeRcIn
)anekItmaneLIg ehIyBtmanTak;Tgnwgkm<CakecjelITMBrkaEstCaeRcInEdr. b:uEnskmPaBTaMg
LayenaH mankarpas;brEtbnicbncb:ueNaH.
enAkgRbeTskm<Cavij karvivDn_manTMhMtictYcbMput. evotNamenAEtbnkarRKb;RKgelIrda
Pi)altamryCMnYykarrbs;eK. evotNamTTYlkarxusRtvedaypal;elIeyaFa edaydak;TBrbs;
evotNameFVICaExSkarBar. cMENkCMnYyxagesdkicvijevotNam nigsm<nmitrbs;eK mantictYc
Nas;EdlGacpl;[km<Ca. karbiTTVaresdkic)anpac;degImkgkarxMRbwgCYsCul nigsegaHRbeTs
eLIgvij. enABak;kNalTsvtSr_qaM1980 km<Ca)anRtveKTukecalBIeRkay ehIyGRtarIkceRmIn
rbs;km<CaKWmanRtwmEtBIrxg;b:ueNaH. enAeBlEdlRbeTsf sigbUrI \NeNsuI nigm:aeLsuI kMBug
BRgIk nigGPivDn_esdkicrbs;BYkeKCamYynwgbeckviTaTMenIb ehIyRbBnGb;rMrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH
kan;EtRbesIreLIg RbeTskm<CakMBugsitenAkgyuKsmyfIenAeLIy. km<Carvl;sVHEsVgrkRKab;
FBaCati[)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IciBawmRbCaCnxnEdlPaKeRcInCasIemm:ay nigkumar. shRKascm,g
rbs;km<Ca KWkarCIkGNg eFVIRbBnERs nigebIkTIpSar sala nigpH[mandMeNIrkardUcRbRktIeLIg
vij.
erOgr:avrbs;ExrRkhm )ancab;epImRCabcUlkgstisaFarNCnenAqaM1984 enAeBlEdl
erOg {valBiXat} )anecjpSay. enaHCaerOgmYyEdlniyayGMBIsgamenAkm<Ca nigbdivtn_Exr
RkhmtamryCIvitrbs;GkkaEstExrmak;eQaH Dit Rbn nigmitPaBrbs;Kat;CamYy GkraykarN_
Btmanrbs;kaEstj:vy:kEfmeQaH suItnI san;bWk. CamYykaresaHRtg;cMeBaHerOgBitmYy
EdlKYr[ekatsesIr/ Gkplitkun edvId putemn nig rULg; sSehV )anbkRsaynUverOgr:avdsKsaj
mYy dak;eTAkgesanadkmrbs;buKlmak; edIm,I[gayRsYlyl;. kgGMLgeBlEtb:unanExb:ueNaH
erOgvalBiXat )ane)aHkm<CaBIsgamRtCak;eTAkgvb,FmsaFarNmYy. ExrRkhmGavexA )an
cUlCamYy hVasuIs GavRbepHehIytUv)aneKsal;faCatYGgGaRkk;enAstvtSTI20enaH. Bakfa
valBiXat )ankayCacMENkmYynBakGaemrik.
RkmriHKn;neya)ayGaemrik mYycMnYntUc)ansgwmfa karTTYlsal;erOgr:avkab;smab;rbs;
ExrRkhmnwgbgM[rdaPi)alGaemrik kat;eQaHExrRkhmecjBIbBaIRkmtsUsm<nmitrbs;Gaemrik.
598
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
599
600
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
601
602
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
603
RbeTseRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotTaMgLayenAGWr:ubxagekIt )ancab;epImkarRbqaMgnwgshPaB
sUevot. karRbqaMgdMbUgbgs;KWcab;epImenAqaM1980 enAeragcRkplitk):al;mYyeQaH Gdansk enA
RbeTsb:ULj dwknaMeday eLc v:aeLsa. enAqaM1983 TBeCIgGakasrbs;sUevot )an)aj;Tmak;
ynehaH rbs;kUer:-007 mYyenABIelIekaHsaxalIn Edlsmab;Gs;CnsuIvilcMnYn269nak;.
CagenaHeTAeTot KWsUevotemIlgaycMeBaHkarebCJacitrbs;rdaPi)al rIehn kgkarRbNaMgRbECgxag
sBVavuF ehIy)aneFVI[esdkicsUevotrIgexSaHGs;. edaysarkarcMNayelIeyaFahYsehtu
esdkicrbs;sUevotRbEhlkgGMLgqaM1979 dl;qaM1985 minmankarlUtlas;esaH.
eTIbEtGayu54qaMenAeBlcUlkan;GMNac eha)aqUv )aneFVIkarvaysRmkmkelIneya)ay
RbeTsrbs;Kat; edaybegItnUvBakesakTaMgT,ayEdlsnanUvkarEkERbneya)ayrYmman (Glasnost)
karebIkcMh (Perestroika) karEkERbrcnasm<n (Democratization) RbCaFibetyPaB (New thinking) KMnitfI
Edlpl;esrIPaBeBjelj edIm,IeFVI[neya)aybreTsrbs;sUevot)anrs;eLIgvij.
kitanuPaBrbs;sUevot)anFak;cuHbMput CaBiess KWTMnak;TMngCamYycinnigshrdGaemrik.
enAqaM1984 TIPak;garBtman Tass )anpSayfa TMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigshrdGaemrik )anFak;cuH
dl;kRmitmYy EdlminFab;manBImunmkkgRbvtisassUevot. cMENkTMnak;TMngCamYycin KWman
kRmitTabdUcKa. CemaHBIbBaakm<Ca)anqHbBaaMg[eXIjBIkarRbyuTKaCabnbnab;edaypal;
nigcMhGs;kalCag20qaMkngmk.
eha)aqUv )anEkERbsPaBkarN_enaHy:agqab;rhs. enAqaM1989 Kat;)anbBanKNRbtiPU
xagBaNiCkm[eTARbeTscin. enaHCaskmPaBdMbUg bnab;BIeBlCag20qaMkngmk. enAExvicika
naqaMenaH karRbCMukMBUlmYyCamYyelakRbFanaFibtI rIehn enATIRkghSWENvk)anebIkeLIg.
eha)aqUv )anEbreTArkmitrbs;Kat;[CYy ehIy)anEtgtaMgmitrbs;Kat;CardmnIRksYgkar
breTs eTaHbICamitKat;BMuFab;manbTBiesaFn_xagEpkenHkeday. Cabnmitrbs;Kat;)anBwg r:UhaqUv
bneTot edayEtgtaMg r:UhaqUv [TTYlbnkEpkGasuI. erOgr:avkcab;epImmanPaBRbRktIvij. r:UhaqUv
\LvTTYlxusRtvkargarenAGasuI nigeFVIkarCamYyrdmnIkarbreTs. BYkeKdak;karBRgwgTMnak;TMng
enAGasuICacMNuccm,gnrebobvarrbs;sUevot.
r:UhaqUv minEdlemIlRtLb;mkeRkayvijeLIy.
enAfTI28 Exkkda qaM1986 r:UhaqUv )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkgkMBg;Eprbs;sUevot enAtamCay
smuRT):asuIhVikeQaH v:aDIvUsk edIm,IerobcMeRKagBIyuTsasrbs;sUevotenAGasuI. Kat;)anniyay
604
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
605
606
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
607
608
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
rbs; eha)aqUv.
hun Esn )aneRtmxnrYcCaeRsccMeBaHkaresIsMurbs; esv:adNadehS. Kat;)anTTYlsBaa
Camun BITUtEdlKat;cat;taMgeTAsUevot sIBIkarpas;brnKMnitrbs;sUevotcMeBaHkm<Ca. enAqaM1982
hun Esn )anbBan eha NaMhug EdlCaGkkarTUtdRbsb;sl;BICMnan;semc RBHneratm sIhnu [eTA
eFVICakGKrdTUtenAmUs EdlCakEngdsMxan;mYyrbs;km<CaeRkABIhaNUy. eBleTAdl;Pam eha
NaMhug Rtv)an r:UhaqUv CYyykGasar nigemIlxusRtv. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa {r:UhaqUv
CamnusSsMxan;bMputsRmab;. c,as;ehIy nwgminniyayCamYyKat;BIerOgevotNamRKb;RKgeT.
edaysarkareTAdl;edaypal;rbs; r:UhaqUv nigkarKaMRTrbs;Kat;cMeBaH )anR)ab;PMeBjedaypal;
mat;fa [eRtmxncMeBaHkarERbRbl ehIykarERbRblenaH nwgmanTMhMFMedaysarkarKitfIrbs;
eha)aqUv. enHCaerOgEdlRtvniyay ehIy hun Esn kKat;sab;. )anR)ab;Kat;fa )ansegt
eXIjBIkarERbRblrvagTMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigGWr:ubxagekIt ehIydwgfa edaysarEteyIgminsUv
sMxan;enaH Kitfa eyIgnwgmankarERbRblEdr}.
edaysarkarKaMRTxaMgBIsUevot hun Esn kGacbBaHbBal[evotNam nigrdaPi)alPMeBjfa
rdaPi)alTaMgBIrKYryl;RBm[Kat;CYbCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAfTI22 Exemsa
edaymankarGbGr xH hun Esn )anyagGeBaIjsemc RBHneratm sIhnu [CYbKat;enATIRkg):arIs/
skxUm bk kg;Ebr:a.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneqIyfa eT.
BIrbIs)ah_eRkaymk enAfTI7 Ex]sPa semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anlaElgBItMENgCa
RbFanrdaPi)alcRmH EdlRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alPMeBjGs;ryeBl1qaM. BIeb:kaMgmk RTg;)anman
bnlfa RTg;FujRTan;nwg {GMNacpac;karrbs;ExrRkhm EdlenAEtRbkan;xab;nUvmaKaEbbGuIEtr nig
salIn rbs;elak b:ul Bt}. enABIeRkaykarbMepIsenH KWCakartv:adRsbc,ab;mYyfa ExrRkhmvay
RbyuTCamYyRkmGkKaMRTrbs;RTg;enAtamRBMEdnkm<Caf. enaHKWminEmnCaelIkTImYyeT b:uEnCaeBl
dlmYysRmab;RTg; edIm,IRTg;Gacpac;xnBIrdaPi)alcRmH edIm,ICYbCamYy hun Esn}.
enAmUsvij r:UhaqUv )ancab;epImehA[kGKrdTUtExr eha NaMhug cab;epImerobcMkarRbCMu
eday)anbBan[Kat;eTA):arIs. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa CalTplnkarBiPakSarvag r:UhaqUv nig
kd m:ataMg {Rtv)anbBaneTA):arIsedIm,IerobcMkarRbCMu}.
GkkarTUtTaMgBIr)anCYbKaenAmUs bnab;BI r:UhaqUv RtLb;eTABIPMeBjvij.enAtampveFVIdMeNIreTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
609
610
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
611
edayrdaPi)alsBVfGnuBaat[BuTsasnars;eLIgvij vtPaKeRcInkMBugsitkgkarCYsCul.
hun Esn CaGkRttBinitemIlelIkarpas;brTaMgGs; EdleFVI[eKKitfaKat;CaemdwknaMrbs;
km<Ca. enAeBlEdlkm<CakMBugEtCaTIcab;GarmN_rbs;GnrCati GkkarTUtPaKeRcIn emIlrMlgRbFan
RkmRbwkSard ehg sMrin EdlCaemdwknaMtampvkar ehIyEdlFab;Cafak;elIrbs; hun Esn enAPUmiPaK
bUBa kalBIsmyExrRkhm. hun Esn mansMNaglkgkarRbECg. ebIeRbbeTAnwg ehg sMrin/ hun
Esn CaGkneya)ayskmnigTan;smymak;. Kat;minbBab;nUvTmab;RKb;RKgdlitln; nigtwgrwug
Edlcak;bsdeRCArbs;Kat;eT. ehIyTmab;enH CaTmab;EdlCalTplnGayu nigedaylTikumynis
rbs;Kat;. b:uEnxusKaRtg;fa karyl;eXIjrbs;Kat; minsUvCaxuskaryl;eXIjrbs;Gk EdlminKit
BIPstag behtupl bkKMnitGkdTesaHeBkeLIy. RbsinebImannrNamak;GacCYyKat;[BRgwg
GMNac)an Kat;nwg[GkenaHcUlRkmCamYy edayminRbkan;fa CnenaHCaRBHGgmas; Caksikr CaGk
CMnYj bkCaTahaneLIy. dUcGkneya)aykgRsukdTeTotEdr Kat;cUlciteFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTs
CECkelgCamYyksikr nigsem<aFTIlMenAfI. eTaHbICaKat;lak;)aMgBIsBaadMbUgnGMeBIBukrlYy Edl
TTYlR)ak;sMNUk nigGMeNay edIm,I[rdaPi)alGnuBaat Kat;minEdllak;nUvkarRsLaj;cUlcitcMeBaH
CIvitEdlRbesIreLIgenaHeT. Kat;CMruj[RbCaCnExrrs;enA)anRbesIr ehIyecHTajRbeyaCn_
BIkarebIkTVarRbeTseLIgvij.
enAelIqakGnrCati hun Esn maneRbbmYyeTot. xusBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;)anpac;
xnecj BIExrRkhmtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyxusBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;minEdlCabuKlsMxan;
enAkgbkSrbs; b:ul Bt bkkgCYrTahan brdaPi)aleLIy. RbEhlCaKanemdwknaMExrRkhmNamYy
Fab;BeQaH sal; hun Esn muneBlEdlKat;eLIgkan;GMNac eBlEdlevotNamcUlRsukpgeT.
edayehtuenaH Kat;GacTamTarcrcaEtCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu Etmak;b:ueNaH. Kat;)an[
ehtuplfa Kat;lHbg;Gs;y:ageRcIn eTIbGackarBarmin[ExrRkhmRtLb;mkvij dUecHKat;mincaM)ac;
CYbcrcaCamYyBYkExrRkhmeT. r:UhaqUv )ansnafa ExrRkhmKg;EtnwgRtvdak;bBalkgkarcrca
eT. b:uEn hun Esn cg;[BYkeK KanvtmanesaHkgkarCYbBiPakSarvagKat; nig semc RBHneratm
sIhnu eRBaHfaxacBYkenaHeqtkasRtLb;mk kan;GMNacvij {eRkamsMBt;rbs;semc RBHneratm
sIhnu}.
edIm,I[BiPBelakyl;c,as;BICMhrrbs;Kat;enAkm<Ca eha)aqUv )anGeBaIjGkkaEstnaMmux
\NensuImak;[mkeFVIkicsmasn_dkRmmYyenAmUs enAfTI21 Exkkda. bnab;BI)anniyaymgeTot
612
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
613
614
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
615
616
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
617
618
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
619
620
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
621
622
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
623
624
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
625
626
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
627
628
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
629
EdlRKb;KaecaTsYrkgcitenaHKW {ehtuGVI)anCakicRbCMuenaHminRtv)aneKelIkf?}.
enAcMeBlenaH manRkm)atukrkUnsisSrab;muWnnak; )anmkenABaseBjvaleFonGanem:n Ca
kEngEdlnwgRtveKTTYlsVaKmn_ eha)aqUv Capvkar. BYkRkmnisiStcin)anelIkfGbGrsaTrTiva
yuTCn mkeFVIkarkan;Tukkarsab;Pamrbs; hU y:av)ag EdlCaemdwknaMmYyrUbrbs;BYkeK. enAtam
pvsniPaBsYKaeTAvaleFonGaem:n BYkeK)anERskbnfa {lTiRbCaFibety eyIgcg;)anlTiRbCa
Fibety}. BYkeK)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIsMNak;RbCaCnRKb;RsTab; cab;taMgBIkmkrrhUtdl;GkCMnaj
edayBYkeK)anpl;dl;Rkm)atukrnUvTwk nigmbGahar bkcUlrYmedIrCamYyBYkeKenAkgTIlanenaH.
PamenaH )atukmenH)ankayCa)atukmsuIvilmYydFMCageKbgs; enAkgRbvtisaskumyniscin.
BYkeK )anTamTar[dak;bBallTiRbCaFibetyeTAkgmhictarbs;cin kgkmviFIGPivDn_TMenIb
rbs;cin.
eha)aqUv )aneFVIdUcGVIEdlRkmnisiStenaH TamTareday)anbBal eb:er:ssyka cUleTAkg
Epnkar GPivDn_TMenIbrbs;RbeTsKat; Edl)anmkdl;cMeBlGaRkk;bMputEdlGaceTArYc. RkmRbqaMg
rdaPi)alcincat;TukKat;CavIrCn. cMENkmas;pHrbs;Kat; EdlnwgTTYlkarCYbRbCMuCamYyKat; Ebr
CaKitfa KMnitrbs;Kat;sIBIlTiRbCaFibetyenAkglTikumynis CaKMnitdeRKaHfak;mYy. bdaenA
tamTIlaneFonGaem:n RbEhlCaniyayBIKat;dUcCa {GKrdTUtRbCaFibety} b:uEnKat;minRtv)an
eKGnuBaat[eXIjbda kareFVIkUdkmedayGt;Gahar nigtg;e)aHenAtamTIlanenaHeT. pyeTAvij
eK)anbrTItaMgTTYlKat;eTAvalynehaH EdlKanTaMgRBMRkhmpg.
eBlevladviessnCyCmHEpkkickarTUtrbs; etg EdlnwgRtveFVIeLIgkgfTIBIrndMeNIr
TsSnkicbIfrbs; eha)aqUv nwgRtveFVIenAmhasalRbCaCn. EtkEngenaHRtvnisiStykeFVI
cMNab;xaMg. eBldviessenaH KWkarCYbKarvag etg nigeha)aqUv edIm,IsRmbsRmlTMnak;TMngrvag
RbeTsTaMgBIr bnab;BImankareRbHqaGs;ryeBlsamsibqaMmkehIy. enAnaTIcugeRkay emdwknaM
sUevot Rtv)anrujeTATVarcMehognTIlan edIm,I[CYbnwg etg. eha)aqUv )ancuHhtelxaCamYy etg
nUvcMNucTaMg18 edaymandak;bBaakm<CaCacMNuccm,g enAkgbBaIEdlKeRmagnwgkgeBlbniceTot
seRmc. emdwknaMcinRtv)anGeBaIj[eTATsSnkicenAsUevot.
enAfbnab; EdlCafcugeRkayndMeNIrTsSnkic eha)aqUv RtvCYbniyayCamYyGksar
BtmanGnrCatiEdlCYbCMuKaCaRbvtisas. b:uEnsnisITkaEstenH esIrEtnwgRtvlubecaleTA
ehIy edaysarEtRkmLanrbs; eha)aqUv Rtv)aMgsHeday)atukrenAtampvmkkan;mhasal
630
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
631
632
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
633
634
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
)araMgeTAvij.
eRkaymkbnab;BIRbkasxnRTg;fa CabitakraCCatirYcmk semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTam
Tar[dak;ExrRkhmcUlkgrdaPi)alctuPaKI eday[rdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn EtmYyekAGIb:ueNaH.
ebIKMnitenaH Rtv)aneKbdiesFecal enaHevotNamnwgbnkar {TTYlxusRtvTaMgRsugnUvral;karbn
sgam nigkarlM)akTaMgLayenAkm<Ca}bneTot.
mkdl;s)ah_TImYynExsIha snisIT)anyl;RBmnUvkarerobcMKeRmagsnisBaasniPaB
GnrCatimYy b:uEnkm<CaminRBmTTYlyk. Gkmas;CMnYyFMrbs;BYkeKkcakecjBI):arIsPam.
enAkgGgRbCMuminQb;Qr BYkeK)anRbEkkGs;ryeBlbIs)ah_ rYmmanTaMgerOgsIBIebskkmrk
karBitrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatienAkm<Capg.
m:ataMg )anTTYlsal;fa {kicRbCMuenAs)ah_TImYymandMeNIrkareTAl b:uEnenAs)ah_TIBIr RKb;
y:agmindMeNIrkareTA)anleT}semc RBHneratm sIhnu bdiesFminRBmkeRmIkeTAmux vaybkral;kar
elIkniyayBIExrRkhmBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ ehIyminRBmTTYlsal;fa BYkExrRkhm nigGMeBI
Rbly BUCsasn_rbs;BYkeKCaehtupl EdlbNal[manbBaaenAkm<CaeLIy. RKb;y:agsuTEtCa
kMhusrbs;evotNam nigrdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn.
m:ataMg )aneTAelgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu ral;fenAsNaKarhUlIedGuInCitRBlanynehaH
CakEng EdlRTg;cecsTarsak;enATIenaH. {RTg;fa RTg;mincg;cUlrYmkgsnisIT EdlmansuTEtBYk
rdmnIkarbreTsFunTabeT. RTg;TamTarkaremIlskmPaBbnpal;tamTUrTsSn_vij}.
enAfTI18 ExsIha Duym:as )anyagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu elogGaharfRtg;CamYy
m:ataMg. Duym:as TUlRTg;fa )araMgdak;[mansnisITenH eRBaHcg;pl;kasfVayRTg;. eBlenaH
semc RBHneratm sIhnu ksYrvijfa etIGacmanpv[km<CaRsuHRsYlKaeT? tamrysmIrbs;m:ataMg
{Duym:as nig )anfVay eyabl;fa RkmRbwkSaCatictuPaKI EdlmanKNbkSBIrkgrdaPi)al}.
eRkaymkBYkeKkesI[RTg;Tuk erOgEdl BYkeKniyayenHCasmat;sin ehIysemc RBHneratm sIhnu
kyl;RBm. kgryeBlEtb:unanem:ag b:ueNaH BYkRkmtsU)anRbkasfa enaHKWCakardak;mkBI
RbeTs)araMgEdlBYkeKminGacTTYlyk)an.ehIyBYkeKkTTYl)ankarKaMRTBImas;CMnYyrbs;BYkeK.
enATIbBab;nGgsnisIT GkKaMRTrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAEtKaMRTRTg;. RbeTssigburI
Ca]TahrN_ )anniyayKaMRTsemc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agxaMg ehIyRbqaMgnwg hun Esn )anlub
ecalkarpas;brCMhrrbs;RbeTsGasan EdlnaykrdmnIf qaTIq )ancab;epImenaH. enAkgKMnit
\
sniPaBGsarbg;
635
636
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
shrdGaemrik minTan;eRtmxnkgkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYyhaNUyeT.
CagenaHeTAeTot Kat;)anniyayBIKMnitpal;xnrbs;Kat;fa RbeTsCaeRcInxac semc RBH
neratm sIhnu nigExrRkhm bgak;dMeNIrkarsniPaB eRBaHBYkeKdwgfa TBevotNamnwgdkfy EdleFVI
[BYkeKKitfa eKnwgQHRbeTsmkvijedayeRbIkmaMgTB. {BYkeKeqtykRbeyaCn_BIkardkTBrbs;
BYkeyIg edIm,Isakl,gemIlelIkcugeRkay} fac; niyay.
ehIyKat;RBmanfa RbsinebIExrRkhmxitmkCitEdlGacKMramkMEhgRkgPMeBj)an evotNam
nwgminRtLb;mkCYy hun Esn vijeT {TaMgenaH nwgkayCakarTTYlxusRtvrbs;shKmn_BiPBelak
CaBiess RbeTsTaMgLayNa EdlTamTar[mankardkTBecj}.
enAfTI21 ExkBaa qaM1989 evotNam)andkTBelIkcugeRkayecjBIkm<Ca. BYkeK)an
RbkasBIcMnYnsab;rbs;KaeK cab;taMgBIeBlcUlmkRbeTskm<CaenAqaM1978. BYkeK)anniyayfa
manTahanevotNamsab;eBlenaHmancMnYn55300. cMnYnenH manelxRbhak;RbEhlnwgcMnYn
TahanGaemriksab;enAkgsgamevotNamEdr. RkmtnIkagTBkm<Ca )anRbKMkMdrdMeNIrcakecj
narIkm<CakgsMBt;hUl pamYg dlRbNIt)anykpamk[BYkeK ehIyenAtampvCUndMeNIr manGkxH
bgrTwkEPk enAeBlEdlTBeFVIdMeNIrkat;. enATUTaMgRbeTs GarmN_cMeBaHkarcakecjenaH man
lkNlayLMKa. rdaPi)alrbs;km<Ca )ansEmgnUvkardwgKuNcMeBaHevotNam Edl)anCYy
segaHBYkeKecjBIrbbExrRkhm enAeBlmYyTsvtSr_mun. cMENkRbCaCnxH )armxacfa eBl
evotNamminenAExrRkhmnwgRtLb;mkvij. RkmGksegtkarN_minpvkarelIkalbriecT nkardk
TBevotNamecj )ansmal;fa TBevotNamcugeRkaybgs; )andkecjBIkm<CaenAfTI29
ExkBaa.
KannrNamak;Kitfa manCMnajkarevotNamrab;rynak;enARbeTskm<Ca kgrUbPaBepSgeTot
enAeLIyeT. rbbPMeBjenAedayxngkraC. hun Esn )anKUsvasTukfEbbenaH CayUrmk
ehIy. sBaaNevotNam dUcCarUbPaBrbs; hU CImij nigkareXasnatamviT EdlrMBkRKb;KaBIrbb
ExrRkhm )anrlay)at;Gs;. Kat;)anCMnYskareXasna edaykareTsnaFm ehIykdkecjnUvkar
hamR)amcMeBaHCMenOsasna. Kat;k[maneLIgvijnUvRTBsm,tipal;xn nigcab;epIm[manmUlFn
niymvij. b:uEnGMNacnrd)alenAEtenAkgdrbs;KNbkSrbs;Kat;dEdl. rdaPi)alkbegIteLIg
nUvrdFmnuBafImYyEdlEpkPaKeRcInelIc,ab;eRkamsmy ln; nl; Edlminsgt;Fn;elIkarpl;nUv
esckIFananUvesrIPaBpal;xndUcCaesrIPaBkgkarbeBajeyabl; siTibegItsmaKmesrI sarBtman
sniPaBGsarbg;
637
esrI nigRbBnBhubkS.
xusBI semc RBHneratm sIhnu Edlbnab;BIsnisITenA):arIs )anrMBwgelIGkCMnYybreTskan;Et
xaMgeLIgenaH hun Esn )anykestGkkILaRbdal;drwgmaMmYy ehIyniyayfa TBrbs;Kat;GacTb;
Tl; nigExrRkhm)an. Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTsehIyraykarN_fa TBrbs;Kat;kMBugRbyuT
CamYyTBExrRkhmenAtamRBMEdnf. hun Esn )anniyayenAkgsnisITkaEstfa {GkBfaExr
RkhmbRmgnwgvayykPMeBj? etIBYkeKGacnwgvayykPMeBjy:agdUcemc ebIeKBMuGacTaMgTb;Tl;
enAtamRBMEdnpg?}.
b:uEn hun Esn k)andwgfa Kat;)an)at;bg;karKaMRTrbs;sUevotEdr. r:UhaqUv )anR)ab;Kat;Tuk
CamunfasUevotminGacbnCYy)anrhUtenaHeT.eRkaykardkTBecjrbs;evotNamrdaPi)alkm<Ca
mankraCPaB BIkarkarBarrbs;breTs CageBlNaTaMgGs; taMgBIqaM1979mk.
RbeTsnanaminsUvmankarTukcitcMeBaHsmtPaBrbs;rdaPi)alPMeBj kgkarTb;Tl;CamYy
karvaysRmkrbs;ExrRkhmeT. enAExdEdlenAkarRbCMurbs;GgkarshRbCaCati rdelxaFikar
eCm ebkW enAfTI29 ExkBaa )anCYbbriePaKGahareBlRBwkmYy CamYyrdmnIkarbreTsnRbeTs
Gasannana ehIysYreyabl;rbs;BYkeK BIbBaaRbeTsmhaGMNacnana edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsay[
km<Ca. enAv:asuInetanvij rdaPi)alrbs; bUs )anTTYlrgsm<aF[eqIynwgneya)ayrbs;BYkeK
elIbBaaExrRkhm. enArdUvswkeQIRCHqaMenaH kaEst)anecaTsYrfa etIehtuGVI)anCardaPi)alKat;
Tuk[ExrRkhmenAesrI ebI\LvTBevotNamdkGs;ecjBIkm<CarYceTAehIy?. karecaTsYrenaH )an
naM[GnurdelxaFikarrbs; ebkW elakrUbWt KImmIt elIkbBaaenaHenAkgGgRbCMuCan;x<s;. tamry
GkcUlrYmRbCMumak;)anfa KImmIt niyayfa {eyIgRtveCosBIkaEstelIbBaaenH ehIyEbrmkepat
elIfa etIGgkarshRbCaCatiGaceFVIGVI)anxH}.
rdaPi)alrbs;bUs mineCOfa TBrbs;evotNamdkecjGs;BIkm<CaeT. BYkeK)anbBaneday
smat; nUvTahanGavuFFunRsalrbs;BYkeK [mkCYyRkmtsUrbs;km<Ca EdlminEmnkumynis edIm,I
bRmgERkgmankarRbyuTKamgeTot.
sMNYrEdlecaTsYrxagelIenH )aneqIyedaykarvayRbyuTrbs;ExrRkhmfImYy. bnab;BI
karRbyuTKaGs;BIrbIs)ah_ TBrbs; b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa BYkeKvay)anTIRkgb:linPaKxaglic
EdlCatMbn;Er:t,gehIy. eRkaymkExrRkhm)anEbrmkb:gyk)at;dMbg EdlCacMNucsMxan;kg
PUmiPaKBayBTaMgmUl. eqIytbnwgkar)at;bg;Rkgb:linenH rdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn )anRbkas
638
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
639
640
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
641
642
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
643
644
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
645
646
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
karvivDn_dsMxan;enH.
b:uEnenABIeRkayskmPaBkarTUtdcegtenH karRbEkkKadFMmYy)anekIteLIgenAkgsParbs;
GaemrikRbqaMgnwgneya)ayrbs;rdaPi)al bUs cMeBaHkm<Ca. enAkgsPatMNagras smaCiksPa
eqssW Gat;XIn nKNbkSRbCaFibetyBIrdm:asaQUest CaGkCMTas;xaMgCageKenAkgsPa.
RBmeBlCamYyenaH RkmPaKeRcInEdldwknaMeday ct mItEql xagKNbkSRbCaFibety BIrdem:n
)anbgnUvbBaay:agxaMgcMeBaHrdPi)alrbs;bUs. mgenaH GatXIn Fab;eFVIkarCamYy sULa edIm,Ipl;
CMnYydl;CnePosxnkm<CaenAtamRBMEdnf. CnePosxnTaMgenaH \LvPaKeRcInrs;enAmMTIRkgLEvl
rdm:asaQUest. b:uEneRkaymk Kat;kEbkecjBI sULa eRBaHKat;mineBjcitcMeBaHkarKaMRTrda
Pi)alcRmH semc RBHneratm sIhnu ExrRkhm nig sWn san BIeRBaHmanExrRkhmenAkgenaH. \Lv
eBlEdl TBrbs;evotNamdkecjBIkm<Ca Kat;eCOy:agxaMgfa neya)ayrbs;Gaemrik EdlbnKaM
RTcMeBaHrdaPi)alcRmH CaGMeBIGsIlFmmYy. TIbMput Kat;kbeBajnUvKMnitrbs;Kat; cMeBaHTsSnik
CnTUTaMgRbeTstamrykmvIFIBtman Biess rbs; BITW ecnnIg nTUrTsSn_ eG b suI Edl)ancak;pSay
enAfTI26 Exemsa qaM1990.
edayeqIynUvsMNYrrbs; ecnnIg EdlmanTMenareTAelIKat;enaH Kat;kbeBaj[dwgBIPaBmin
eBjcitrbs;Kat;cMeBaHrdaPi)al rbs;bUs EdlbnCYy]btmCaTwkR)ak; dl;CMrMCnePosxnExrRkhm
EdlsitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs; b:ul Bt. ehIyKat;kniyaydl;karbnTTYlsal;ExrRkhm enA
GgkarshRbCaCati karpb;min[manCMnYymnusSFmdl;RbCaCnkm<CaEfmeTot. TegVITaMgenH KW
sMGagelIEtehtuplfa CakarRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamelITwkdIkm<Ca sUm,IEt\LvenH
evotNamdkTBGs;BIkm<Cakeday.
enAeBlEdl ecnnIg sYrBImUlehtu Kat;)aneqIyfa neya)ayGaemrik Ca{neya)aynkar
KMusb;}.
{eyIg)aneFVIsgamCamYyevotNam ehIy\LvenH enAEpkcugeRkaynsgamenaH ebIeyIg
eRbIExrRkhmCacMNab;xaMgenaHeyIgnwgeRbIBYkeK. eyIgmindwg eyIg\LvminEmneRbIR)as;ExrRkhm
enaHeT}.
enABImuxrUbPaBRBexovRsgat;tamRBMEdn ecnnIg )ansmasn_CamYyTahan Edlniyayfa
kareFVIshRbtibtikarrvagkgTBExrRkhmCamYyTBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig sWn san
mandMeNIreTAy:agl. Gaemrik)anham TaMgBIrRkmfa enaHminEmnCaCMnYyrbs;GaemrikeT. ecnnIg
sniPaBGsarbg;
647
648
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
ebIExrRkhmkGgyenAkgRkmRbwkSasgamCamYyBYkminEmnkumynisEdr? KanGVIEdlGac)aMgCit
enaHeT emdwknaMrbs;RkmminEmnkumynis )anEckekAGICamYyExrRkhmGgy enAGgkarshRbCa
Cati}.
eTaHbICakarBitQrenAxag Gat;XIn keday ksULa enAEtQHeqat 280elI 163dEdl.
b:uEn karRbyuTeTIbEtcab;epImb:ueNaH. dl;RtwmExkkda xagRBwTsPa )anlUkdcUlkgerOg
enaH edayeBjTMhwg. smaCikRBwTsPa mItEql nigcnsuI dan;hVt nKNbkSsaFarNrd mkBIrd
mIsUrI )anedIrEckcaysMbuRtTamTar[bdiesFGasnrdaPi)alcRmHenAGgkarshRbCaCati.
ehIyBYkeKTamTar[cab;epImpl;CMnYymnusSFmdl;km<Ca ehIy[ebIkTMnak;TMngedaypal; CamYyrda
Pi)al hun Esn. BYkeKkTamTar [bBaak;c,as;fa ExrRkhmKancMENkkgGnaKtrbs;km<Ca eLIy.
enAeBlEdlmhGMNacCYbRbCMuKaenAelIkenHenA):arIs smaCikRBwTsPaTaMgBIrrUbenaH RbmUl
)anhtelxacMnYnCag60.
\LvrdaPi)alrbs;bUs RtvEterIsfa ykmYyNa. TIRbwkSasnisuxCati sRkhV )andwknaMRkm
RbqaMgnwgkaredIrQaneTArkevotNam brdaPi)al hun Esn. CMnYykarrbs; ebkW )anrujKat;[edIr
eTApvbBaasBIenaHvij. Gnurbs;Kat; rUbWt KImIt )anTTYlsal;fa {manmnusSmYyRkm enAkgrda
Pi)alyl;fa pvedIrEdllbMputkgerOgevotNam KWQr[nwg. BYkeKeCOfa viFImYyEdlGaceFVI[
evotNameTarTn;)an KWmanEteyIgmineTarTn;xng}. KImIt Rtv)an ebkW dak;[TTYlxusRtvrk
viFankarneya)ayfImYy edIm,ItTl;nwgevotNam nigrdaPi)al hun Esn. bnab;BI)anCYbCECk
CamYymnIBIrbInak;mk KImIt niyayfa Kat;)andak;eyabl;rbs;BYkeKbBalKa [ecjCakBab;KMnit
mYy EdlGac[GkenAestviman EdlCMTas;nwgKMnitenHEbreTArkevotNam nig hun Esn GacTTYl
yk)an. EterOgenH eyIgRtvEteFVIedaysat;.
smaCikepSgeTotnrdaPi)al )anrMlwkBIkMhusrbs; ebkW EdlbraCykgsnisIT):arIs enAqaM
1989 KWenAeBlEdlKat;sMu[ KImIt emIlCaBiesselIbBaaGasuI. CMnYykarelxaFikarnGgkar
GnrCati cn bultun )anniyayfa ebkW Kitfa CaerOgmYycMELk EdlshrdGaemrikminRBmCYbedaH
RsayCamYyevotNam nig hun Esn enAeBlEdlevotNam )andkTBecjBIkm<CaGs;ehIyenaH.
bultun niyayfa{kmviFIrbs; BITr ecnnIg )aneFVI[RBwTsPaxwgy:agxaMg. EpkmYynkarFUres,Iy
enaH ehIyEdl)annaMykkm<Camkdak;enAxagmuxvij}.
sULmu:g )anecjeTA):arIsedayTaMgmindwgfa etIkarcuHsRmgenaHCaGVIpgeT. enAeBlEdlKat;
sniPaBGsarbg;
649
650
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
651
652
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Gvsankfa
653
Gvsankfa
654
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Gvsankfa
655
656
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
eBalGHGagc,as;las;TaMgBIrenHeT.
minRtvkarmnusSEdlniyayTukCamuneLIy. eTaHbICamanbBaaepSg eTaHCaRbvtisas
rbs;xnRbkbedaykarsab;RBat;R)asGnrayy:agNakeday kRbeTskm<Ca enAEtCaRbeTsn
esaPNPaB nigkartsUmincMNuHGkNadEdl. ehIyesckIbBab;EdlmanlkNsmRsbCageK
KWRbEhlCaesckIsegbmYy nerOgr:avrbs;mnusSxHkgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn Edl)anelIkeLIg
enAkgesovePAenH.
FnaKarik muI kumt
kumt )ankayeTACamnusSmak;kgcMeNamRbCaCncMnYn R)aMryBan;nak; Edlrt;ePosxnecjBI
RbeTsrbs;eK ehIyEbkExJkeTArs;enARbeTsepSgBaseBjBiPBelak. enAdMNac;qaM1985
kgcMnYnGkePosxnTaMgGs;enH manmnusSRbEhl BIrryBan;nak; )anecjeTAtaMglMenAenAbreTs
mYyrysamsibBan;nak;enAGaemrikxageCIg citsibBan;nak;enAGWr:ub. mBan;nak;eTotrs;enAtamCMrM
epSgrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatiEk,rRBMEdnf. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<CakgbrimaNx<s;bMput -BIrrysam
sibR)aMBan;nak; )anrs;enAtambeNayRBMEdnf-km<Ca edayKankarKaMBarBIGgkarshRbCaCati
eLIy KanTaMglknikCaCnePosxnEfmeTot ehIysitenARbeLaHkNalrvagBYkGtsUkm<Ca nig
kgTBrbs;f.
kumt CamnusSmanPBVsMNagmak;kgcMeNamGkTaMgenaH. Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTskm<Ca
cMeBlEdlmankarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anqgkat;RBMEdnfenAEx]sPa qaM1979
bnab;BI)anedIrqgkat;RbeTsGs;ryeBlbYnEx. Kat;niyayfa {karyl;RcLMrbs; KWmkBIeCO
fa eKc,as;CaTTYlrak;Tak; edayrak;Tak;minxan. Kitfa BiPBelakxageRkA nwgbgajsmancit
rbs;eKcMeBaHeyIg}.
edayPBVl sanTUtRbeTskaNada )anyl;RBmTTYlsal;CaCnePosxneBjc,ab; ehIyk
minRtveKrujRcaneTARBMEdnmageTotEdr. enAExmifuna qaM1979 kgTBrbs;f)anbgitbgMRbCaCn
km<Ca EssibBan;nak; [qgRBMEdneTAkan;kEngmYyEdlRbkbedayeRKaHfak;y:agxaMg. mnusSCa
eRcInnak;Rtvsab;. minyUrb:unaneRkaymk shKmn_GnrCati )anbBaHbBal[BYkfRbkan;\riyabf
mnusSFmCamunmYy cMeBaHGkePosxnkm<CaTaMgGs;.
Gvsankfa
657
658
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Gvsankfa
659
660
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
kMNt;cMNaMxI
661
kMNt;cMNaMxI
CMBUkTI1
esckIdkRsg;BI In a Notebook, in The Memory of War: Poems 1968-1982 (Edimbourg, Salamander Press, 1982).
2
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
3
sgamelIkTImYy)anRbRBwteTABIqaM1946 dl;qaM1954 rvagevotmij nigBYk)araMgEdll,g
deNmI karRttRtaelIbNaGaNaniKmrbs;BkY eKenA\Nc ni eLIgvij bnab;BsI gamelakelIkTIBrI .
4
eKRbEhlCamindwgBIcMnYnGkrgeRKaH EdlcUlrYmeFVIbdivtn_enAkm<Ca edaykarsmab;/ CMgW/ kar
briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; BitR)akdesaHeLIy. sasacarsaklviTaly elak Stephen Heder
nigelak Ben Kiernan )anGHGagfa mancMnYnmYylannak;. elak David Hawk GkTTYlxusRtvelIkar
GegtmYysIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xgrbs;bdivtn_km<Ca )anvaytmfa cMnYnBIrlannak; KWekokbMput
nwg cMnYnBitR)akd ehIyKWKat;enHgEdlFab;sIbenas ehIyvaBMumankarRsuHRsYlKasIBIcMnYn
RbCa BlrdenAqaM1975 EdlmanBIR)aMmYylaneTACagR)aMBIrlannak;keTEdr.
5
Rbvtirbs;FnaKarik KWsMGagelIkarTak;TgKa EdlGkniBn)ansmasn_CamYyKat;enAkgGMLg
eBlsgam nigkarsmasn_enAeBleRkaymkeTot EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAqaM1982
nigenAqaM1983.
6
FnaKarGnrCatiedIm,IkarsabnaeLIgvij nigkarGPivDn_ (BIRD) nigsmaKmGnrCatiedIm,IkarGPi
vDn_/ r)aykarN_rbs;KNebskkmesdkicenARbeTskm<Ca/ qaM1969/ ksarsmat;manbI
k,al/ fTI12 Extula qaM1970/ TMBr45.
7
Ibid., TMBr45-46.
8
elak Esk sg/ {TsSnrbs;km<CaGMBIbdivtn_}/ in Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays,
eRkamkarcat;EcgdwknaMrbs;elakedvId eqnlr nigelakebneXonin (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983).
9
r)aykarN_rbs;KNebskkmesdkic/ op. cit., TMBr46-47.
10
sUmGan Cambodi:a The Search for Security, rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1968) sRmab;
karviPaKeBjeljmYy.
11
semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlTajehtusMGagkgsarTUrelxrbs;sanTUtshrdGaemrikenARkg
662
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
CMBUkTI2
TsSnavdI {Tg;bdivtn_} elx8 ExsIha qaM1975. kareBalsresIrGMBIKuNsm,tikgTBTaMg
Gs;EdlmanteTAeTotnsunrkfa KWecjBIRbPBEtmYy.
EpksIBIRbvtisasburaNenH KWsMGagCasMxan;elIesovePAepSgdUcteTA
{bNaRbCaCnenA]bTVIb\Ncin} rbs;elak hSk sWeds/ Paris, Dunod, 1962.
{bNardEdlniymsasnahiN RBhBasasnaenA\Ncin nig\NensuI}/ Paris, De Boccard, 1964.
Ggr An Introduction, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963.
{Ggr/ mnusS nigf} rbs;elak EbNard_-hVIlIB hslIey:/ Paris, B. Arthaut, 1965.
A History of South-East rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall, New York, Sain Martins Press, 1980.
hSk sWeds
Georges Coeds, Angkor: An Introduction (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963), TMBr45.
X
X
X
3
4
5
Ibid.
7
8
kMNt;cMNaMxI
10
663
elak V.M. Reddi, A History of the Cambodian Independance Movement 1863-1935 (Tirupati, Inde, Sri Venkateswara University
Press, 1970) TMBr33.
11
Rbvtirbs; sWgg:kfaj; nigkareFVI)atukmenARkgPMeBj KWBwgEpkCasMGagelIesovePArbs;elak
V.M. Reddy nig V. Thompson RBmTaMgniekbbTfak;bNitrbs;elak ebneXonin eRkamcMNgeCIgfa {etI
b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? RbvtinlTikumynisenAkm<Ca/ 1930-1975 (Monash
University, Victoria, Australia, 1983).
12
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMBr84.
13
niekbbTrbs; ebn eXonin/ op. cit., TMBr60.
14
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMBr85.
15
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMBr100.
16
{bTsmasn_rbs;smmit b:ul Bt>>> cMeBaHKNRbtiPUGksarBtman yUehasavI}/ RkgPMeBj/
ExmIna qaM1978. CIvRbvitrbs;yuvCn saLt s KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmasn_enH/ elIesovePA
sikaKarik CMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg nigkareFVIsmasn_ Lt sYg CabnRbsrbs; s edayelak
esehVn ehdr.
17
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMBr125.
18
kareFVIsmasn_ eGog FIriT CaRbBnrbs; sarI edayGkniBn.
19
niekbbTrbs;elak Milton Osborne, op. cit..
20
esovePA {GnusSavrIy_EpmElm nigCUrct;} rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette, 1981).
Rbvtirbs;RKsar CYn KWRtv)anbMeBjbEnmedaykareFVIsmasn_ mitrYmviTalymak;eQaH KirITit
nigkareFVIsmasn_ CYn m:um nig CYn RbsiT edayGkniBn.
21
karviPaKGMBIneya)ayrbs;)araMgenAsmyenaH KWsMGagelIesovePAepSgdUcteTA
Communism and the French Intellectuals rbs;elak David Caute, New York, Macmillan, 1964.
Les communistes franais dans leur premier demi-sicle (1920-1970), rbs;elak Annie Kriegel, Paris, Le seuil, nouvelle dition
1985.
smaCenATIRkgTYrs_ (Tours), karcab;kMeNItrbs;bkSkumynis)araMg/ Paris, R. Julliard, 1964.
French Communism 1920-1972 rbs;GkniBn Ronald Tiersky, New York, Colombia University Press, 1974.
22
smasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
X
X
X
X
664
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
23
CMBUkTI3
Im et Sivone Prom, Khmer Folk Tales GtbTvayGglIelx/ 1976.
esovePA{bNardEdlniymsasnahiNenA\Ncin nig\NensuI} rbs;elak hSk sWeds/ Paris,
De Boccard, 1964.
Ibid.
esovePA The Great Chinese Travelers: An Anthology rbs;elak Jeannette Mirsky, (New York, Pantheon, 1964),
TMBr218-219.
niekbbTrbs;elak ebneXonin {etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? RbvtinlTikumynis
enAkm<Ca 1930-1973/ (Monash University, Victoria, Australie, 1983).
{clnatsURbdab;GavuFExr}/ esovePAesIgrbs;KNkmaFikarsniPaBExr/ Extula qaM1952.
niekbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ opt. cit..
6
7
8
9
Ibid.
ksarrwbGUs)anBIsRtv {karENnaMsIBIlkxNnkarcUlCasmaCikbkSrbs;CnCaticin}/
fTI24ExmifunaqaM1952.TUrelxCapvkarrbs;GaemrikaMgelx749EdleKGacrkBtmanenA
Wasson-Echols Collection, Cornell University.
10
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr.
11
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
12
niekbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ opt. cit..
13
esckIeqIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlelIkmkniyayCasMGagkgniekbbTrbs;elak ebn
eXonin/ op. cit..
kMNt;cMNaMxI
665
14
Ibid.
21
ksarEdlbBanedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTsenAqaM1957.
22
BIsanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjeTARksYgkarbreTs/ fTI9 Exmifuna qaM1956.
23
Ibid.
24
Ibid.
27
Ibid.
28
666
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Stephen Hedter, The Historial Basis of the Kampuchea-Vietnam Conflict: The Development of the Kampuchea Communist Movement
34
46
Ibid.
47
48
cemIysarPaBrbs; bUpat.
49
Ibid.
50
.
51
Ben Kiernan, The Samlaut Rebellion... (op. cit.).
52
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbn>>>}/ sunrkfa/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
1
667
CMBUkTI4
karerobrab;BIrdRbharqaM1970 tamBtmanEdlcuHpSaykgkaEstenACMnan;enaH nigesovePA
epSgdUcteTA
Anatomy of a coup rbs;elak T.D. Allman.
Cambodi:a The Widening War In Indochina rbs;elak Jonathan Grant, Laurence Moss et Jonathan Unger (New York,
Washington Square Press, 1971).
The Khmer Republic at War and The Final Collapse, rbs;elak sak;sut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Milatary History, 1980).
sak;sut saxn/ op. cit..
tamelak William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxpal;xnrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenA
RkgPMeBjepJIreTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI25 Ex]sPa qaM1972.
X
X
2
3
Ibid.
kar[Gtnyrbs;
sak;sut saxn/
12
Ibid.
13
TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
op. cit.
TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
9
karBiBNnaBIclnabM)at;CatiCIhV edayelak Jonathan Grand et al. (op. cit.) RBmTaMgelak William Shawcross,
Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and The Destruction of Cambodia esaknadkmmYyEdlKan sarsMxan;/ Paris, Balland,
1979).
10
m: suIsupa Edlsmasn_edayGkniBn.
11
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI2 ExkBaa qaM
1970.
TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
14
esovePA {nvexmrniym} rbs; ln; nl; PMeBj/ saFarNrdExr/ 1974.
15
enAmankarCab;dRbyuTeBjTMhwg manTahanGaemrikaMg BIrmWunR)aMBan;nak;enAkm<Ca enAfTI7
Ex]sPa qaM1970.
668
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
16
Ibid.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
32
669
tamesovePA Cambodia in the Southeast Asian War rbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell et Lek Hor Tan (New York, Monthly
Review Press, 1975).
33
bBaIeQaHbNalsmaCiknraCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Ca nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca edayyk
tambBaIrbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell.
34
Ca suT Edlsmasedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExmifuna qaM1981.
35
karBiBNna nigkarelIkniyaysMGagTaMgenH KWsMGagelIesckIbkERbcMnYnBIr BIesovePA {Rs
eNaHRBlwgExr}rbs; Guit sarin.esckIbkERbmYyEdlvayGglIelxRtv)anesIedayGkniBn
nigelak GuIsIy:am:a kUKI. esckIdkRsg;xHRtv)ane)aHBum<pSaykgGtbT {etIExrRkhmCaGk
Na} edayGkniBn enAkgkaEstv:asuIetanb:usnaExmIna qaM1974. esckIbkERbTIBIrEdlman
lkNeBjeljCag Rtv)ane)aHBum<pSayedayelak Timothy Carney kgesovePA Communist Party
Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, Cornell University, 1977). karelIkniyayTaMgb:unantamesovePA{RseNaHRBlwg
Exr} KW)anmkBIkarbkERbrbs;elak Carney belak Koki.
36
Xa bGtbTmM nigkarBiBNnaEdlmanteTAeTot suTEtsMGagelIRbvtisasbkS.
37
cemIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas/ {cemIyrbs; X}/ fTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976/ enAsarmnIr
TYlEsg. GtbTbkERbrbs;elak esehVn ehdr.
38
BYkemdwknaMnclnatsUExr nigsmaCikraCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCati enAxagkgRbeTskm<Ca.
39
esovePAexA (op. cit.).
40
karerobrab;GMBIshkrN_TaMgLay KWykKMnittamGtbT {kmaPi)al/ bNasmaCik/ RbCaCn
nigkgTBbdivtn_RtvmUlmtiEtmYy}/ kgTsSnavdITg;bdivtn_ ExsIha qaM1975 nigtamGtbT The
Khmer Krahom Program to create a Communist Society in Southern Cambodia rbs;elak Kenneth Quinn, TUrelx
epJIeTARksYgkarbreTsenAfTI19 Exkum qaM1974.
41
sunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbneRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
42
CYn RbsiTi EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
43
esovePA Aftermath: The Struggle of Cambodia and Vietnam rbs;elak John Pilger nig Anthong Barnett (Londres,
New Statesman, 1982), TMBr52.
44
tamTUrelxrbs;elak Kenneth Quinn Edlmanerobrab;rYcmkehIy RBmTaMgkarelIkerobrab;TaMg
Gs;EdlmanCabnmkeTot.
670
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
45
karBiBNnaGMBITIRkgPMeBjkgryeBlsgam KWsMGagelIkarykBtmanepSgEdlseRmceFVI
eLIgenACMnan;enaH edayGkniBnpal; rYmTaMgr)aykarN_RbcaMfrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgeBjGMLg
eBlnsgam.
46
tamesovePA The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung rbs;elak Stuart Schram (New York, Frederick A. Praeger,
1963).
47
b:ul Bt/ kgTsSnavdITg;bdivtn_.
48
Ibid.
49
50
kareFVIsmasn_rbs;GkniBn.
51
sak;sut saxn/ op. cit..
52
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI31 Exkkda qaM
1973.
53
Ehm samin EdleFVIsmasedayelak esehVn ehdr.
54
b:ul Bt/ kgTsSnavdITg;bdivtn_.
55
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/fTI29ExmkraqaM1974.
56
karBiBNnaBIkarRbyuTpac;RBRt tamkarerobrab;rbs;elak sak;sut saxn/ op. cit., nigr)ay
karN_epSgRbcaMfrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMg.
57
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI7 Exmkra
qaM1975.
58
sak;sut saxn/ op. cit..
CMBUkTI5
1
2
kMNt;cMNaMxI
4
671
672
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
24
25
Ibid.
26
esovePA A History of Russia rbs;elak Sir Bernard Pares (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), TMBr 507.
Franz Schurmann et Orville Schell (op. cit.), TMBr409-410.
28
Ibid., TMBr211. bdivtn_TIBIrbs;salIn nigneya)aymhaelatepaHrbs;cin )anseRmcCMruj
EpkesdkiceTArk]sSahUbnIykm nigEkERbkarRbRBwtiepSg edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnkgRbeTs
eCOfa eKQancUlsmyTMenIbehIy. BYkExrRkhmminsal;BIeCaKCy EdlmankMNt;enH
pgeT.
29
elak haNah_ Gaer:n )anniyayBakrfa {kalNaRBHraCakan;Etpac;kar bdivtn_Edlnwgmk
CMnYskEngrbs;RBHGgkan;Etpac;karCagRBHGgeTAeTot}/ kgkarniBnl,gsIBIkarbdivtn_
(Gallimard, 1985). eTvraCanRbeTskm<Ca KWCaRBHraCakan;GMNacpac;karCageKmYyGgkgcMeNam
RBHraCa Edlkan;GMNacpac;karCageK ehIyBYkExrRkhmCaGkbdivtn_eRbIGMNacpac;karCageK
27
kMNt;cMNaMxI
673
kgcMeNamGkbdivtn_ EdleRbIGMNacpac;karCageK.
30
31
D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (New York, St. Martins Press, 1970).
674
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
47
2
3
5
6
CMBUkTI6
sMbuRtenH CacMENkmYynksarrbs; hYt bu)aNa enAsarmnIrTYlEsg EdlrkeXIjedayGk
niBnenAmCmNlenH ehIybkERbenAnwgkEngeday CMu bUrI CamKeTsk_rbs;rdaPi)al. kg
ksarenHmanmmYydMu esckIRbkasrbs;nagenAfEdlsnisuxnaMxnmkdak;Kuk/ CIvRbvtirbs;
nag/ karlatRtdagBIeQaHsmaCikEdleKGHGagfa CaExSbNajrbs;nagcMnYn 15c,ab; cemIy
sarPaBGMBIsMbuRtCaeRcIn EdlnagsresrepJI[sVamIrbs;nag/ CIvRbvtimYyrbs;bInag nigmti
ENnaMy:agEvgrbs; Duc epJIeTA[kmaPi)alEdlTTYlbnksYrcemIy. BYkGkEfrkSasarmnIr
TYlEsg)anniyayR)ab;fa enHCaksarRkas;CageKkgcMeNamksarenATIenaH.
RTI em:ghYt nig buin Nal; EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
tamc,ab;rdFmnuBa Edle)aHBum<pSay nigviPaKeday emon sg;KIm kg Southeast Asian Affairs,
qaM1977.
bTePgCatiRtv)ane)aHBum<pSay kgTsSnavdI {km<CaRbCaFibetye)aHCMhaneTAmux} EdlCa
TsSnavdIpvkarmYyrbs;rbbenH.
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), TMBr53. {BIkarPUtkuhk eTAGMeBIhigSa
kMNt;cMNaMxI
675
.
.
Ibid., p. 55.
9
Rbvtirbs; bu)aNa nig Edt KWsMGagelIksarrbs;nagenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. kareRbIR)as;
ksarenH nigksarepSgeTot EdleRbIsRmab;bBaak;GMBIsmyenH KWRtv)anjaMg[pusKMnit
edayelak Jonathan Spence, The Death of Woman Wang (New York, Penguin, 1982).
10
esovePA The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse rbs; sak;sut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Military History, 1980).
11
karykBtmanEdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAsmyenaH.
12
sUmGanerOg {ramayN} ramekr edIm,IdwgBIerOgyuTkfaTaMgmUl.
13
karBiBNnaGMBImnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgtamkareFVITsSnkicrbs;GkniBnenAqaM1983. lkNBitn
cemIysarPaBCaeRcInenAsarmnIrTYlEsg KWRtv)anGHGagbEnmeday eGog sarI kgkareFVI
smasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmnwgGkniBn ehIyRtve)aHBum<pSaykgGtbT {bnb;mrNrbs;BYkExr
Rkhm}rbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us fTI2 ExsIha qaM1981.
14
bTsmasn_TaMgLayrbs;GkniBnenAsarmnIrTYlEsg nigkarBiPakSaCamYy edvId hk.
15
bTsmasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn edayBYkGkePosxnEdlcUlcitlak;GnamikPaB.
16
eGog sarI EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
17
bNaemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenAExF qaM1978.
18
sUmGanGtbTvayGglIelx {shkrN_TaMgLaykgkm<CaRbCaFibety} rbs;elak Lr:a
sammr/ ExsIha qaM1981 nigkareFVIsmasn_ eGog sarI edayGkniBn.
19
tamGtbTrbs;elak Lr:a sammr/ op. cit..
20
Rbvtirbs;RKsarm: KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_EdlGnuBaatpl;dl;GkniBnedaysmaCikRKsar
Edlrs;ranmanCIvitcMnYn4rUbKW suIsupa/ bUpa/ sUem:t nig Pa.
21
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
22
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
Ibid., p. 55
23
Ibid.
24
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
676
25
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
kMNt;cMNaMxI
677
.
42
GtbT {GkNaxHCaBYkExrRkhm?} rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr cuHpSaykgkaEst
v:asuInetanb:us ExmIna qaM1974.
43
v:un EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenAqaM1978.
44
embBaakar BIn EdlsmasedayGkniBn.
45
karkt;smal;rbs;GkniBnkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIrenAqaM1978.
46
karsmasn_EdlseRmceFVIedayGkniBnenAqaM1979.
Data Paper No 106, Ithaca, 1977)
CMBUkTI7
1
tamcemIysarPaBrbs; bU pat sMuNMuksarenAsarmnIrTYlEsg.
2
karerobrab;BImnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigsmareFVITaruNkm tamkareFVITsSnkicEdleFVIeLIgeday
GkniBnenAqaM1983.
3
edvId hk/ {mnIrsmab;mnusSTYlEsg Index on Censorship, Londres, Exmkra qaM1986.
4
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assmatenAPUmiPaK]tr nigBayB KWyktamksarepSgrbs;elak
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power in Democratic Kampuchea, ksarvayGglIelxEdlBiniteLIg
vijenAExsIha qaM1982.
5
smasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
6
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power..., (op. cit.).
7
karcab;xn nigkarsmab; kuy FYn KWyktamesovePAexA/ ehtukarN_ nigPstagepSgnGMeBI
QanBan nigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca PMeBj/ 1978 nigbBaICn
rgeRKaH EdlCab;Kuk nigsmab;enAmnIrs-21 kgrbb b:ul Bt / eGog sarI/ GtItviTaly
TYlsVayRBenARkgPMeBj GtbTvayGglIelx/ sarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_enA
TYlEsg/ PMeBj/ KankalbriecT.
8
tambBaICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.).
9
karvaytmtambBaICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.) nigkarRsavRCavrbs;elakesehVn ehdr nigelakedvId
hk.
10
ksarcuHkalbriecTfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976/ mancMNgeCIgfa {cemIyrbs; X. elIkTI mYy
678
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Ibid.
14
Ibid.
17
.
18
esckIdkRsg;BIcemIysarPaBrbs; hU nwm Edle)aHBum<pSaykgesovePA The Bureaucracy of Death:
Documents from Inside Pol Pots Torture Machine rbs;elak Anthony Barnett, Ben Kierman, Chantou Boua, New Statement
(Londres), fTI2 Ex]sPa qaM1980.
19
tambTsmasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAExkkda qaM1981.
20
elak hVg; hVaNug/ RKeBTxagcitviTa ekItenAekaHm:aTInik EdleFVIkarenARbeTsGal;ehSrI
nig)ankayeTACabkSBnnkarbdivtn_enATIenaH. esovePA {BYkGkrgTukxaMgenAelIEpndI} rbs;
Kat; EdlGYtGMBIksikr nigkarbdivtn_tamrykareRbIkmaMg )anCH\TiBleTAelImnusSniymeqVg
nigGkbdivtn_CaeRcIn kgTsvtSr_ 1960 CaBiessenAGahVik nigGaemrikxagt,g.
21
GVIEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; kumt KWyktamkarCYbsmasCaeRcInelIkEdleFVIeLIgedayGk
niBn.
22
GVIEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; pat KWyktamcemIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.
23
esovePAEdlrkeXIjenAsarmnIrTYlEsgedayelak edvId hk nigbkERbedayelak esehVn
ehdr.
24
Gk)aneXIj-)andwg-)anB enAPUmiPaKnirtI Edlsmasedayelak edvId hk nigGkniBn.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
1
2
5
6
679
CMBUkTI8
smasn_EdlRBmpl;[GkniBnenAExmkra qaM1979.
esovePA {savtarnsgam>>> nigesckIsgwm} rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette - Stock,
1979).
cMnYntYelx KWyktamcemIyCalaylkN_GkSrrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHsMNYrepSgEdlecaTsYr
edayGkniBn nigelak rIqad Dudm:an enATIRkgPMeBj naExF qaM1978.
karerobrab;BIEpnkar 4qaM tamsunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnelIkeRCag>>>}/ PMeBjExkBaa
qaM1978.
bTsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn/ km<CaRbCaFibety/ enAExF qaM1978.
Ibid.
karviPaKGMBIPUmiPaKbUBa KWyktam
esckIsegbnkarkat;eTas edaykM)aMgmux b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI enAExsIha qaM1979
enAPMeBj EdlmanpSaytamviTCapvkar.
esovePA Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Cormorans rbs;elak Ben Kiernan, kgesovePA Revolution and Its
Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays rbs;elak David Chandler nig Ben Kiernan (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Chronicle, No 64 ExkBaa - Extula qaM1978.
karsmasn_nwg Ehm samin EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExkkda qaM1981.
karmasn_CamYy hun Esn nig Guk buneQOn EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAPMeBj/ qaM1983.
RbvtisasbkS.
8
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExsIha qaM1980.
9
karviPaKGMBI\riyabfrbs;km<CacMeBaHRbeTsevotNam KWyktamesovePAdUcxageRkam
Cambodi:a The Search for Security rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1967).
Document on Border Issue haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTsevotNam/ fTI7 Exemsa qaM1978.
Origins of the conflict rbs;elak esehVn ehdr (op. cit.).
10
Stephen Heder, ibid..
11
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr.
12
smasn_EdlGnuBaat[GkniBn.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
680
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
13
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
14
karelIksresIrenH nigGVIEdlmanbnmkeTot KWdkRsg;ecjBIsunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {mha
CyCmHrbs;bdivtn_>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1977.
15
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
16
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
17
elak Nay:an; can;da kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa (FEER) Exkum qaM1978.
18
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenAExvicika qaM1977.
19
tamTIPak;garBtmanevotNamfI.
20
tamviTkm<CaRbCaFibety.
21
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assmat nigkarsmab; esa Pwm KWyktamesovePA Wild Chicken... (op. cit.)
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan.
22
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenAExkkda qaM1979.
23
cMnYnEdlGHGagedayelak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..
24
elak Nay:an; can;da kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa/ qaM1979.
25
sunrkfa b:ul Bt {eyIgbn>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
26
esckIdkRsg;BIlixitpvkarrbs;BYkGkkaEstkg Seven Days, fTI19 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
27
r)aykarN_eBjeljndMeNIrenHmankg Robert Brown, The New Face of Kampuchea (Chicago, Liberator Press,
1979).
28
karkt;smal;epSgrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHelak emor_dal; nigKNRbtiPUEblhSik KWyktam
karsmasn_Edlyl;RBmedayb:ul BtcMeBaHelakhSg;emor_dal;nig b:ul BtsnnaCamYyKN
RbtiPUsmaKmEblhSik-km<Ca/ PMeBj/ ExsIha qaM1978.
29
tamkarsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn dUckarelIkGVImkniyayCasMGagrbs; han tav Edr.
30
esovePA{qayhYseCIgemX/R)aMqaMCamYyBYkExrRkhm}rbs;GkRsI Lr:g;Bic (Paris, Barrautt, 1984).
31
32
Ibid.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
681
CMBUkTI9
sUmGanesovePA ehtukarN_epSg nigPstagnGMeBIQanBan nigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTs
evotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca PMeBj/ qaM1978 edIm,I[dwgPaKlitln;EfmeTot.
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations ksarvayGglIelx/ fTI12 Exkum
qaM1978.
Rbvtisasrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePATaMgLaydUcxageRkam
Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. 1 : From Colonialism to the Viet-Minh rbs;elak Joseph Buttinger (New York,
Praeger, 1967).
bNaRbCaCnenA]bTVI\Ncinrbs;elak hSksWeds/ Paris, Dunod, qaM1962.
A History of South-East Asia rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall (New York, St. Martins Press, qaM1970.
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations (op. cit).
Rbvtirbs; hU CImij/ lTiCatiniym nigkumynisniymrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePAdUc
xageRkam
{hU CImij} rbs;elak hSg; LaKUeTor/ ):arIs/ qaM1968.
Vietnamese Anticolonialism rbs;elak David Marc (Berkely, University of California Press, 1971).
{lTikumynisniym nigCatiniymrbs;evotNam} rbs;elak EBr rUest )arIs/ Galile,
qaM1978.
EBr rUest/ op. cit., TMBr200-202.
X
X
X
4
5
X
X
X
6
7
Ibid.
RbvtisasbkS.
TUrelxCapvkarcuHfTI24 Exmifuna qaM1952 rbs;KNkmkarkickarbreTs. Echols Collection,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
682
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
10
23
Ibid.
24
kMNt;cMNaMxI
683
.
Van Tien Dung, op. cit..
The Myth of a Liberation rbs; Truong Nhu Tang, New York Review of Books, fTI21 Extula qaM1982.
27
sgat;GtbTmMenH nigGVITaMgGs;EdlmanteTAeTot EdlepateTAelI\riyabfrbs;RbeTs
evotNam eRkaysmysgam KWsMGagelIkarsmasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;dl;GkniBn eday
mnIpvkar)araMgmak;EdlR)afalak;GnamikPaBrbs;xn.
28
Troung Nhu Tang, op. cit..
29
Tiziano Terzani, op. cit..
X
X
X
30
Ibid.
31
Hoang Nguyen
EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenARkghaNUy qaM1983.
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
33
smasn_Edlyl;RBmnwgGkniBn enARkghaNUy qaM1979.
34
cMnYntYelxnplitplRsUv/ GtiprNa nigkarxVHxatRsUv KWRsg;ecjBIGtbT {RbeTsevotNam
RbwgERbgbnkarGPivDn_ karsnaeFVIsgmniym/ vibtiPyBIeRKaHFmCati nigkarhat;eronCa
Gciny_}/ vb,Fm nigkarGPivDn_ saklviTalykatUliklUvuaMg/ EblhSik/ qaM1979.
35
Vietnam: A Socialist Economy in Transition, r)aykarN_smat;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/ fTI5 ExmIna
qaM1980/ PaKTI1/ TMBr15.
36
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBnenARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
37
esckIraykarN_GMBIrbskmenAsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNam/ GgkarelIkElgeTasGnr
Cati/ TIRkgLgRd_/ qaM1981.
38
Duyen Anh EdleFVIsmas_eday Lik ehatan; kg Index on Censorship, TIRkgLgRd_/ ExmIna qaM 1984.
39
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
40
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
41
karviPaKGMBIbBaaCnCatiPaKticcin nigkarRsavRCavkrNIenH KWyktam
ksarvayGglIelx The Chinese Community in North Vietnam : Comrades in Confrontation (1979) rbs;elak
Alexandro Casella nig Paul Quinn-Judge, kareFVIsmasn_GkePosxnCabnbnab;enATIRkghugkug BIfTI4
dl;fTI10 Exmifuna qaM1979/ kgnamnGgkar American Friends Service Committee ksarvay
32
684
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
Casella
CMBUkTI10
1
eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr/ kaEstv:asuInetanb:us/ qaM1975.
2
BImun/ GaharUbkrN_CaeRcInrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTs )anCMruj[mankarsikSaRsavRCavBI
\Ncin. sUmGanGtbT Cambodian Tragedy, Problems of Communism rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr/
Ex]sPa-mifuna qaM1984.
3
GtbTmMsIBIsmaKmGasan KWyktamkareFVIsmasn_GkkarTUtCaeRcInrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH nig
karykBtmanepSgenACMnan;enaH.
4
EpksIBIRbeTsLav KWdkRsg;tamGtbT Laos : The Widening Indochina Conflict rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt
ebkxr/ Indochina Issues, No 2 Exmifuna qaM1979.
5
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn.
6
karerobrab;GMBIclnasniPaBniymeRkayqaM1975 KWeFVItamkarkt;smal;epSgrbs;GkniBn
nigkarsnnaCamYyskmCnCaeRcInnak;.
7
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; xUr:a ev:s suTEtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFIVsmasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;
dl;GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1983.
8
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; hSeGn)aeG KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_EdlRBmpl;dl;GkniBn
enAExtula qaM1982.
9
karerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk KWdkRsg;BIbTsmasn_ Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enAExF
qaM1981.
10
karbkRsayrbs; pan; ehon GMBIkarcrca KWyktambTsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkg
haNUy enAqaM1983. karbkRsayrbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk tamkareFVIsmasn_ Edlyl;RBm
pl;[GkniBn.
11
karsmasn_smaCikmak;nRkmkargar EdlR)afa[lak;GnamikPaB.
12
karyl;eXIj nigkarerobrab;TaMgLayrbs; hUlRbk KWdkRsg;BIkarsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgCamYy
kMNt;cMNaMxI
685
GkniBnenAExF qaM1983.
13
hUlRbk nig pan; ehon)anGHGagbEnmeTAvij eTAmknUvkarbkRsayBIkarcrcarrbs;eKenATIRkg
):arIs kgkareFVIsmasn_CamYyGkniBndac;edayELkBIKa.
14
smasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn.
15
karbriyayerOgrbs; esehVn sULa nigkarerobrab;TaMgLay KWyktambT smasn_Edl
yl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn enAExsIha qaM1982.
16
karBiPakSatTl;rvag RbhSInsI - suIrusv:an;s_ sIBIneya)ayGaemrikaMgenAGasuI KWBwgEpkCa
sMGagelIBtmanepSgEdlpSayecjenACMnan;enaH RBmTaMgelIkareFVIsmasn_EdlRBmpl;[
GkniBn edaymnusSBIrnak; mak;enAExkkda nigmak;eTot enAExvicika qaM1981 nigedaybNa
shkarIrbs;Kat; rIqad hUlRbk enAExemsa qaM1981 nigExvicika qaM1983/ m:xWl
GUkesnbWk enAExvicika qaM1981 nig r:UbWtGUklI enAExF qaM1981pg. karerobrab;TaMgGs;
-elIkElgEtBtmanpy- suTEtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_TaMgenH.
17
bTGnraKmn_rbs; suIrusv:an;s_ enA Asia Society enARkgjvy:k/ qaM1977.
18
TUrelxEdlGkniBnmanmeFa)ayyk)an edaysarRbPBBtmanepSg EdlecjBIrdaPi)al.
19
karykBtmanEdlbMeBjedayGkniBnenACMnan;enaH ehIyEdlmYyEpk)anecjpSaykg
kaEstv:asuInetanb:us enAfTI1 Exkum qaM1978.
20
sUmGansarNarbs;elak xaFr nig RbhSInsI
{GnusSavrIy_rbs;RbFanaFibtImak;} rbs;elak CImmIxaFr/ Paris, Plon, qaM1984.
Power and Principe : Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981 rbs;elak bkj RbhSInsI (New York,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).
21
karerobrab;BIkarcrcatamkareFVIsmasn_nana EdlRBmpl;dl;GkniBneday egVn kUfac;/ rIqad
hUlRbk nig m:xWl GUkesnbWk.
22
karmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAExF qaM1981.
23
tamcemIyCalaylkN_GkSrrbs;elak CImmI xaFr tbnwglixitsYrrbs;GkniBnEdleFVI[Bisar
kgsarNa nGtItRbFanaFibtI (op. cit.).
24
kalb,vtienH KWsMGagelIGtbTepSgEdlecjpSayenAsmyenaH CaBiesskgTsSnavdI
esdkiccugbUBa (Far Eastern Economic Review).
X
X
686
1
1
2
3
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
CMBUkTI11
CMBUkEdlmanbnmkeTot KWEpkelIkMNt;xI nigrUbftCaeRcInEdlftedayGkniBn enAkgry
eBlndMeNIrBIrs)ah_rbs;xnenAkm<CaRbCaFibety naExF qaM1978.
CMBUkTI12
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExtula qaM1980.
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExmkra qaM1979.
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1981.
CMBUkTI13
RksYgkarbreTsrbs;shPaBsUevot)ansYrsMNYreTA GuIhr rU:haqUv>>> enH nigksarrbs; rU:haqUv
TaMgGs; nigBaksmIdkRsg;pal;TaMgGs;KWEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy r:UhaqUv enATIRkg
):arIs enAfTI22 Extula qaM1991 nigenATIRkgjy:k enAfTI23 ExkBaa qaM1992.
PasacinEdlKat;niyayKW {BiessEmnETn ehIynigBieraHEmnETn}. bTsmasenATIRkg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> CamYy Yassen N. Zassoursky EdlCaRBwTbursrbs;mhaviTalysarBtmanviTa
enAsaklviTalym:Us .
r:y manGarmN_fagayRsYleFIVTMnak;TMngCamYy rU:haqUv Nas;>>> bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy
esbPWlfun r:y enATIRkgv:asIunetanDIsIu enAfTI1 Exkkda qaM1991.
{Kat;Rtv)ankt;smal;edaysarkarKitEbbminTak;TgeTAnwgsasna nigedaysarPaBTn;Pn;>>>>}.
bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy Yevgniy V. Afansyev enAfTI 17 ExkBaa qaM1991.
cab;taMgBIGayu16qaM enAeBlEdlKat;e)aHbg;kareronsURtenAfak;viTaly>>> luHRtaNaEt
niyaym:ageTot ral;BaksmIdkRsg;pal; nigksarRbvtirUbrbs; elaknaykrdmnI hun Esn
TaMgGs; KWsmageTAelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnenA TIRkgPMeBjenAfTI08 Exmkra qaM1983/
enATIRkgsssug rbs;RbeTs)araMg enAfTI10 Exvicikar qaM1988/ enATIRkgPMeBj enAfTI 20
ExmIna qaM1989/ enATIRkg):arIs enAfTI28 Exkkda qaM1989 nigfTI30 ExsIha qaM1989/
enATIRkgPMeBj enAfTI5 Ex]sPa qaM1992.
Kat;)anniyayfa {mansMNag}. bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAqaM1983.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
7
687
688
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
22
.
{eyIgviPaKedayesaHRtg; nigTTYlsal;y:agkahan>>>} Asia 1988 Yearbook, Far Eastern Economic Review,
p.252.
29
{elakr:UhaqUv KWsMxan;bMputsRmab;>>>}.enHnigBaksmIdkRsg;bnbnab;KW BwgEpkelIbTsmas
rbs;GkniBnenATIRkg):arIs enAqaM1989 nig1991/ enATIRkgPMeBj enAqaM1989 nigqaM
1991 nigenATIRkgv:asIunetan enAqaM1991.
30
manExSTMnak;TMngpal;xnpgEdr>>> ehtukarN_nerOgenHKWBwgEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy
Jean-Jacques nig Khek Galabru enATIRkg):arIs kgqaM1989 nig1990 nigksarcmgrbs;TUrelx
cMnYn14 rvagelaknaykrdmnI hun Esn nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
31
EpkelIkarykBtmanrbs;GkniBnCMuvijkicRbCMuBIrrvagelaknaykrdmnI hun Esn nigsemc
RBHneratm sIhnu.
32
enAkgbTsmassresrdEvgmYy>>>. bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1988.
33
elak qaTIq Qunhav:an )anR)ab;TIRbwkSaekgTaMgBIenH>>>. GkniBnsmasCamYyelak qaTIq
Qunhav:an, Kraisak Choonhaven, nig Pansak Vinyaratn, enATIRkg)agkk enAqaM1990/ ehIyBaksmI
dkRsg;epSgeTotBI Pansak KWBwgEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnenAkgTIRkg):arIs enAqaM1989
enAkgTIRkg)agkk nigTIRkgv:asIunetan enAqaM1991.
34
dMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;elaknaykrdmnI hun Esn EpkelIesckIraykarN_ tamsarBtmanBI
(Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts fr Asienkunde, 1995)
28
kMNt;cMNaMxI
Bangkok Post
35
689
nig
ksarBI James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy, Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnams
Sons, 1995), pp. 72-83.
36
ksarCasarBtman nig Dobbs, Down with Big Brother.
37
ksarCasarBtmannig Donald Morrison, ed., Massacre in Beijing: Chinas Struggle for Democracy (New York: Times,
Inc., 1989).
38
EpkelIkaryksarBtmanrbs;GkniBnenAkgRBwtikarN_ nigksarpvkarrbs;snisITenATI
Rkg)arIs.
39
kicRbCMuCamYy Nguyen Co Thach nig General John W. Vessey, Jr. EdlEpkelI bTsmasrbs;GkniBn
CamYy Vessey enATIRkgva:sIunetanDIsIu enAqaM1991.
40
enAkicRbCMu sULm:Un )anR)ab; kt m:aTIn GMBIEpnkarrbs; ebkKr>>> ral;BaksmIdkRsg;TaMgGs;BI
rIqat sULm:Un nigr)aykarN_GMBIkicRbCMukarTUtrbs;Kat;EdlEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBn enA
qaM1991 nigqaM1992.
41
enAfTI2 Exmkra qaM1990 rdmnIRksYgkarbreTs James Baker )anepJIrlixitmYy>>>. eday
EpkelIkMNt;ehtukCnrrbs;mnIGaemrikCan;x<s;mak;Edl)ancUlrYmenAkgkicccarTaMgenH.
42
KMnitkgkarekaHRbCMusmaCikGciny_rbs;RkmRbwkSasnisuxGgkarshRbCaCati. bTsmas
CamYy sULm:Un nig cn bUltun.
43
karerobrab;GMBIkicRbCMurbs;smaCikGciny_TaMg5 rbs;GgkarshRbCaCati EdlEpkelI
bTsmasCamYy sULm:Un/ rU:haqUv/ m:aTIn/ bUltun nigkMNt;ehturbs;mnImak;Edlminsal;eQaH.
44
{manmnusSmYyRkmenAkgCYrrd)al>>>}. bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy Robert Kimmit, enATIRkg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> enAExF qaM1990.
690
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg GtItmnIrs-21
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
691
TmayPaBsKsajnkarecaTRbkan;epSg nigGkSrsmat;rbs;BYkExrRkhm.
m:ageTot Kat;manTwkcitTUlMTUlaybMput Edlpl;[nUvksarepSg EdlrkeXIjenA
sarmnIrTYlEsg. ehdr pal; nig edvId hk Edl)anesuIbGegtBIbBaasiTimnusS )andak;[eRbI
R)as;nUvBtman nigksarCaeRcInEdlKat;RbmUl)anenATYlEsg ehIyEdlGnuBaat[)ansresr
esovePAenHeLIg.sUmEfgesckIdwgKuNcMeBaHelakFIm:UFI xaNI CaGkkeTsGaemrikaMgmak; eTot
xagbBaakm<CanigCasmaCikEpkkickarTUt Edlbgaj[eXIjnUvTwkcitTUlay eday)anpl;
ksarCaRbvtisasy:ageRcInmk[ EdlmanmYycMnYnFM KWKat;RbmUl)anmkBIKukTYlEsgEdr.
xaNI kCamnusSdkRmmak;kgcMeNammnusSdkRmCaeRcInnak; EdlmansmtPaBbkERbBIPasa
Gg;eKseTACaPasaExr EdlGac[eKyl;esckI)anBIerOgBYkkumyniskm<Ca.
CMnYyrbs; ehdr/ hk nigxaNI manlkNkMNt;seRmcBIerOgenH BIeRBaHeK)anraraMgCaeRcIn
elIkeRcInsa min[eFVIdMeNIreTARbeTskm<Ca nigTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIksarepSgenAsarmnIr
TYlEsg edayxnpal;eT. rbbrbs;elak ehg sMrin )anRttRtay:agRbytRbEyg min[GkNa
mak;cUleTArkksarTaMgenaHeLIy. sRmab;bBaaTaMgenH eKRtvEtTTYl)ankarGnuBaatBiessmYy.
GkGPirkSsarmnIrTYlEsg )anniyayR)ab;Casmat;enAqaM1983fa CaTUeTARbCaCnkm<CaBuMEdl
)anTTYlkarGnuBaat[cUlemIlksarTaMgenaHeT ehIyfa manEtCnbreTsmYycMnYnb:ueNaH EdleK
GnuBaat[ftcmgksarTaMgenaH)an. m:ageTot karcUleTARsavRCavksar KWRtv)_ ankRmitRBMEdn
edaysarPaBkRmecjTidkar EdleKyl;RBmpl;[BYkbreTsedIm,ITsSnaRbeTskm<CatictYceBk.
eRkayBIkardak;BaksucM lU rbs; 2qaM )anTTYlTida karmYyenAdMNac;qa 1M 980 b:Eu n rdaPi)al
rbs;evotNam)anraraMgkareFVdI eM NIrrbs;eTotedaybdiesFminRBm[qgkat;tamRbeTsevotNam
eLIy EdlenAeBlenaHvaCapvEtmYyKt;EdlGaceTAdl;RbeTskm<Ca)an. bnab;BI)anesIerIBaksuM
rbs;eLIgvij )anTTYlkarGnuBaateTAkan;RbeTsTaMgBIrenAqa1M 983 b:Eu ntaMgBIeBlenaHmkTida kar
epSg)anRtveKRcanecalCanic. b:uEn ksarCaeRcInEdlRbmUl)anenAqaM1983 )anGnuBaat
[bBab;esovePArbs;cb;sBVRKb;.
lkxNCak;lak;nksarTaMgLayenAsarmnIrTYlEsg KWKanGVIeFVI[eKegOgql;eLIy. bNa
GkkeTsl,I -ehdr nigxaNI- k)anbBaak;GHGagBIPaBTak;TgKay:agCitsiTCaRbvtisasrbs;
vaEdr. ehIykgbTsmasn_mYy EdlKat;)anGnuBaat[CYbenAqaM1981 eGog sarI mnusSTIBIr
rbs;bkS )anbBaak;bMPWBIlkNBitncemIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edl)andak;CUnKat;Binit Ca]TahrN_
692
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
nigkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;BYkExrRkhmkgkarRbRBwtGMeBIsahavyg;Xg enATYlEsgedIm,I[rwtEtc,as;
las;EfmeTot. )ane)aHBum<pSayesckIbBaak;bMPWenH kgGtbTmYyeRkamcMNgeCIgfa {bnb;
mrN rbs;BYkExrRkhm} kgkaEstv:asuInetanb:us ecjenAfTI2 ExsIha qaM1981.
sMNuMerOgrbs; bU pat CatYy:agKMrUmYy rYmman 8 cMENkEvg EdlmanCIvRbvtixusKabYn nig
ksarbYnepSgeTot sBI sI a nkarN_enAPaK\sanRbeTskm<C amunsmysgam {kMhsu xagsIlFm}
rbs; pat; CamYyRsI kareFVIXatemdwknaMbkSmak;enAPUmiPaK]tr kgryeBlsgam nigesckI
segbmYyncemIyrbs; pat; cMeBaHsMNYrepSg EdleKsYrbnKaminecHcb; edayGksYrcemIy
Gnamikmak;.
ehdr )anRbTHeXIjksarenHenAsarmnIrTYlEsgkgqaM1981 ehIyKat;)anbkERb
sRmab; enAqaM1982. )aneRCIserIsykksarenH BIeRBaHRbvtirbs; pat; kargarrbs;Kat;kg
pbkS )anpl;nUvrUbPaBmYy EdlswgEtsBVRKb;sIBIsmaCikbkSfak;mFmmak; BIeRBaHmuxgarEdl
Kat;)anbMeBjCabnbnab; suTEtmanCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;mYycMnYndUcCa exov
sMpn/eGogsarI nig b:ul Btpal;. m:ageTotGnaKtrbs;Kat;kqHbBaaMg[eXIjBIGnaKtrbs;clna
ExrRkhmEdr. CakUnkMRBaEdlmanmuxrbrkMbuikkMb:uk Kat;)ankayeTACaemdwknaMtMbn;dsMxan;mak;
bnab;mk)anGnrayCIvit enAkgkare)assmatdFMmYykgcMeNamkare)assmatFMrbs;bkS.
edIm,IerobpMeLIgvijnUvRbvtirbs; pat; )aneRbIR)as;BtmanCaeRcInEdlmanenAkgsMNuMk
sarrbs;Kat; ehIy)anykBtmanenHeTAeRbbeFobnwgksarepSgeTot KWBtmanEdleKrkeXIj
kgsMNuMerOgepSgeTotenAsarmnIrTYlEsg bmkBIRbPBCaeRcInminEmnkumynis kgCMnan; semc
RBHneratm sIhnu nig ln; nl;. kgsMNuMerOgpal;rbs;Kat; CIvRbvtidMbUgEdlsresredaydrbs;
pat; KWCaRbvtimYymansarsMxan;CaTIbMput.ehIyxageRkamenHKWCakarbkERbmYy Edlpl;cMeBaHmit
GkGannUvKMrUmYy nbNaCIvRbvti nigcemIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edlyk)anmkBITYlEsg. enHKWCa
karbkERbbRgjmYy GtbTeBjTaMgRsugmanesckIEvgeBk BuMGaccuHkgesovePAenH)aneLIy.
CIvRbvtimYy
eQaHedIm bU pat;/ eQaHbdivt hgS GayuEssibqaM ekItenAPUmiremj RsukekaHGENt
exttaEkv.
eQaHBuk bU ePaK/ eQaHmay nBV kUv. GkTaMgBIrrksuIciBawmCIvitedayeFVIERscmar.
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
693
Kat;TaMgBIr)ansab;taMgBIenAekgenAeLIy. minEdlnwkRsmeXIjBImuxmat;ragerArbs;Kat;y:ag
dUcemceT.
manbgbnRbsRsIR)aMBIrnak; bgRsIbgs;eQaH efg \LvenHKat;RbEhlCamanGayu 60
qaM ehIyKitRtwmqaM1978CakUneBAeKbgs;>>>.
bnab;BI)at;bg;Bukmay eyIg)anrksuIciBawmCIvitedayeFVIERsdEdl>>>.
BIqaM1950 dl;qaM1953 )aneronsURtenAkgsalamYyenAekaHGENt. enAqaM1954
cUleronenAsalavtKW vtemRBemlg>>>. )ansikSaenATIenaHrhUtdl;fak;GaTikdan. kalenaH
rs;enAkgvtCamYyRBHsgCaeRcInGg. enAqaM1955 nigqaM1956 )anmkbnkarsikSa fak;
GaTikdanTI2 enAsalaeBaFicintug RsukPMeBj. enAeBlenaH )anrs;enAeRkamGaNaBa)al rbs;
bgRbseQaH bU Tit CanayTahanBak;skimYynkgTBqRteyagRbcaMbnayeBaFicintug. BIqaM
1956 dl;qaM1959 )ansikSaenAviTalykCnkm<CbuRtRkgPMeBj>>>. sUmCRmabfa kar
bMBak;bMb:nGMBIbdivtrbs; )ancab;epImtaMgBIqaM1957mk enAviTalykCnkm<CbuRt. Fab;
)ancUlrYmkgskmPaBeXasnaepSg edIm,IBRgIk\TiBlkaEst{RbCaCn} kgcMeNamkUnsisS
viTalyCaeRcIn.
Fab;eTAkEngkariyalyrbs;kaEstenaHCaerOy. eKGacGHGagfa minEdleFVIkar
Tak;TgCamYymCdanGkceRmInniymrbs;kaEstTal;EtesaH>>>.
enAcugqaM1959 )anrt;ecjBIpHbgRbsrbs; bU Tit TaMgkNalGRFaRt edIm,IeTArs;enAkg
kariyalyrbs;kaEst {GksegtkarN_} EdlkgenaH )aneFVIkarxagkMENGtbTkaEst EdleK
e)aHBum<sakl,gdMbUg nigkargarxagEckkaEst>>>. minyUrb:unaneRkaymk )ancUleFVIkarCamYy
bgEhm eQaHbdivt exov sMpn. RtveKcab;xn nigdak;Kuk dMNalKanwgGkeFVIkarenAkaEst bYn
nak;epSgeTot edayrdaPi)alCMnan;enaH. eBlecjBIKku enAedImqa1M 960 )aneTAenAvtsaV yBEB
mYyryxI edayenAEteFVIkarTak;TgCamYy bgEhm Canic EdlenAEtCaemekayrbs;dEdl>>>.
)ankayeTACakmkrsg;pHf>>>> b:uEn Kij)antamdany:agRbkit>>> )aneKcxneTAenACa
mYynwgRBHsg ehIy)ancUlrYmkgkarsresresovePA>>> karviPaKxagGkSrsil,_CamYy {mitmak;}
eTot. eyIg)anlk;siTiniBnkgesovePAmYyk,alcMnYn bIBan;erol bnab;mk eyIgEbgEckluyKa
nigcayvayeTAelIrbs;eRbIR)as;epSg.
[karRsavRCavrbs;b:Ulissmat;)anbgM[Kat;pas;brTIlMenA nigmuxrbrCafImgeTot]. )an
694
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
695
696
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bkS)anbBanRbFanKNkmaFikartMbn;fImak;eTot edaymaneFVICaelxa>>>.
[mrNPaBrbs; bgm:n RtveKsIbenas[ pat; enAeBleRkaymkeTot. GVIEdlmkbnBIcemIy
sarPaBdMbUgTaMgenH )anqgBICIvRbvtiBitR)akdmYyeTAnwgkaresuIbGegtmYysIBIkMhusCayfaehtu
epSg karRbRBwtxusKngmaKa nigGMeBI]Rkidpal;rbs; pat;.
yb;mSil smmit Duc xagEpksnisuxBiess)anRbkasfa BYkyuvCn nigBYkcas; RbCaCn
RKb;PUmiPaKTaMgGs; )anbBaleQaHeTAkg cemIysarPaBrbs;BYkeKEdr.
bkSCaTIeKarBnigCaTIesha.munnwgxnRtvCab;Kuk KanPyxacfabkScab; edaysarmanTak;
TgCamYynwgGMeBIk,t;rbs;RkmepSgEdlCaExSry yYn/ es>GuI>Ga> b ka>ehS>eb> eLIy BIeRBaH
minEdlmaneKalbMNgk,t;nwgbkSbnicbncesaHeLIy sUms,f. mnusSk,t;TaMgGs; EdlFab;
sal; ehIyCamYyGkTaMgenaHEdlFab;eFVIkarTak;Tg kminEdlniyayR)ab;BIGMeBIk,t;Edr>>>.
dMbUg enAeBlEdlmitPkirbs;eyIgcUlmkrk minEdlnwkKitfa eKmkrkcab;rUbeT. eCO
fa KWBYkeKsuTEtCabgbnrYmCatig CamnusSEdlFab;sal;b:ueNaH ehIyBYkeK)ancab;Rkesab
edIm,Ibrwt b:uEn enAeBlEdlBYkeKrwtbnwgkarbrbs;eK ehIyenAeBlEdlcab;epImerIbRmH mit
eyIg)anniyayR)ab;[enAesmkuMkeRmIk BYkeKykexaHmkdak;d ehIyRKbEPkedayRkNat;
mYybnHeTot. manesckIPyxacdUcCasab;eRsceTAehIy>>>.
taMgEtBIkarcab;dak;XuMXaMg emIleXIjRckEtmYyKt;sRmab;. c,as;Casab; BIeRBaH
Fab;dwgBIRbtikmrbs;bkScMeBaHrUb dwgBIkarBwgelIviFankarcugeRkayepSgCaeRsc. TUnanxn
gfa RtvEtEfrkSasuxPaBmin[manGVImkb:HBal;eLIy edIm,IGacRsavRCavrk[eXIjBIbBaa
EdlnaM[mankarcab;xnedayEpksnisuxenH. bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha bNaemdwknaMbkSCa
TIeKarB nigCaTIesha sUmsMNUmBr[bkS bNasmmitCaTIeKarB nigCaTIeshamanesckIGaNit
GasUrcMeBaHrUbpg>>>.
sUmTTUcGgVrbkS emtabgajnUvesckIGaNitRbNIcMeBaHkUnrbs; nigTukCIvitBYkva[
rs;enApg. BIeRBaHCasac;CaQamBitR)akdrbs;bkS.
eFVIenAmCmNlXuMXaMgrbs;Epksnisux
RBwkfTI5 Exmkra 1979
htelxa hgS
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
697
698
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
699
700
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
701
702
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
703
704
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
kalb,vtisegb
X
X
kalb,vtisegb
705
706
1969
1970
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
dtUcEdlman kmaMgeLIgdl; 5>000nak; - RbQmnwgkgTBCati 35>000nak;.
karTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgCasmat; nigedayxusc,ab;elIeKaledAnanarbs;
evotNam EdlsitenAkgTwkdIExr.
fTI18 ExmIna semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRtvTmak;BIGMNaceday ln; nl;/ sirimt
nig ecg ehg.
fTI23 ExmIna semc RBHneratm sIhnu RbkasBIkarbegItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca
EdlrYmmanBYkExrRkhmpg.
fTI9 Extula saFarNrdExr )anRtvRbkaseLIgenAkgPMeBj.
kgTBevotNamxageCIg bnkarvayRbyuTTl;nwgkgTB ln; nl; kgeBlEdlBYkExr
RkhmbegItkgTBrbs;xn. enAExF kgTBRkgPMeBj )anepImeFVIRbtibtikarswkecnLa
TI2 ehIy)anRtvrgkarvayRbhary:agxaMgedaykgTBevotNamxageCIg. Rbtibtikar
swkenH minEdlcab;epImCafIesaHeLIy.
ln; nl; Rtv)ane)aHeqatCab;CaRbFanaFibtI rbs;saFarNrdExr.
fTI27 Exmkra karcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgRkg):arIssIBIkarbBab;sgamenA
evotNam. BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anbdiesFmincrca.
BYkExrRkhm r:ab;rgkarvayRbyuTPaKeRcInbMputenAkm<Ca enAeBlEdlBYkkumynis
evotNam dkfyeTAbNatMbn;Cab;RBMEdn.
shrdGaemrik )ancab;epImTmab;RKab;EbkelIRbeTskm<CaeLIgvij.
BYkExrRkhmbBaa[begItshkrN_kgtMbn;TaMgGs;EdlBYkeKkan;kab;.
smaCGaemrikaMg)antRmv[bBab;karTmak;RKab;EbkenAfTI15 ExsIha.
CaqaMcugeRkayEdleBareBjedaysgamenARbeTskm<Ca. BYkExrRkhmdeNImyk
karRKb;RKgclnabHe)aredaykmat;BYkkumynis EdlRtLb;mkBIevotNamxageCIg
bNasmaCiknCnCatiPaKticevotNam nigBYksemc RBHneratm sIhnu niym.
karvaylukpac;RBRtrbs;ExrRkhm )ancab;epImenAfcUlqaMskl 01-011975.
fTI17 Exemsa BYkExrRkhmedIrcUlkgRkgPMeBj nigbBaa[CemsRbCaCnecjBI
rdFanIPammYyrMeBc.
1971
1972
1973
X
X
X
1974
1975
kalb,vtisegb
707
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
708
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
X
X
X
X
X
kalb,vtisegb
1980
X
X
1981
X
X
1982
X
X
1983
709
710
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
km<Canigbdivtn_ExrRkhm
esckIEfgGMNrKuN
sUmsMEdgnUgkardwgKuNrbs;cMeBaHGkTaMgLayNa Edl)anCYyeRCamERCg[eFVIkar
RsavRCav nigniBnesovePAenHeLIgtammeFa)ayepSg Gke)aHBum<pSayesovePArbs; Alice
Mayhew EdlmansTacMeBaHesovePAenH nigTTYlsal;PaBbt;EbnTaMgGs;tampvEdlKat;RtvEtedIr
tam. cMeBaH muI kumt nig qaMg sug EdleFVI[sal;RbeTsrbs;eKkgryeBlnsgam nigCYy[
yl;c,as;BIesaknadkmrbs;xnenAeBlenaH nigeRkaymkeTot. cMeBaHGkkeTsneya)ay Stephen
R. Heder Edl)anbkERbksarCaeRcI n ni g eq I y tbedayGt; F t ; c M e BaHsM N Y r epSgrbs; s I B I
neya)ayExrRkhmnigCYyGansMeNAedImrbs; nigcMeBaHGkkarTUt nigRbvtviTU Tim Carney EdlCYy
edaycitsb,rskgkarEsVgrkksarepSgrbs; nigCaGkGansMeNARBagrbs;mYyEpkEdr.
cMeBaHRKsarm: nig ram -suIsUpa/ bu)a/ faj;/ Xun/ favI/ sUem:t nig Pa- cMeBaHmitPaB nigkarsal;
rab;Ganrbs;eKRBmTaMg James Fenton Edl)anerobcM[eyIg)anCYbKapg.cMeBaHelaksasacar Edward
Friedman sRmab;karENnaMTaMgLayrbs;Kat;sIBIbNakarbdivtn_enAGasuI. cMeBaHelak Peter Pringle Etel
Adnan EdlCYypl;[nUvTRmg;epImnesovePAenH. cMeBaHelak Ben Kiernan Edl)anbBanniekbbTfak;
bNitrbs;Kat;mk[. cMeBaHkaEstv:asuInetanb:us EdlFab;eFVIkarCamYysRmab;mYyEpkFMnkar
RsavRCavrbs; ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHbNaGtItshkarIrbs; H.D.S. Greenway nig Laurence Stern sRmab;
karelIkTwkcitrbs;eKenARKadMbUg/ cMeBaH Lynn Darling nig John Burgess. cMeBaHshkarITaMgGs;rbs;kaEst
nigbNasmaCiknGgTUt Edl)anCYb nigelIkkmaMgcit edayKansMc CaBiesselak Sathiah, Kishore
Mahbubani, Alexandro Casella, Betsy Kenedy, Neil Davis, Dominique Gerard, Desaix Anderson, David Hawk, Christopher Hitchens nig
Nayan Chanda. William Goodfellow nigmCmNlneya)ayGnrCati Edl)anyl;RBmpl;GaharUbkrN_
mYy[sRmab;ryeBlmYyqaM. Bob Borosage nigviTasanRsavRCavneya)ay Edl)anpl;kariya
lyeFVIkarmYy[. Carol nig Ping Ferry Edl)anpl;GaharUbkrN_mYysRmab;kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;. J.R.
Reeder Edl)ansresrsMeNIsMu[BinitksarepSgeTAtam c,ab;sIBIesrIPaBkgkarpl;Btman.
cMeBaHbNit Marianne Faure nig Wendy Law-Yone sRmab;karRsLaj;ykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat;. cMeBaHelak
Steve Mendelson sRmab;KMnUrrbs;Kat;. enATIbBab; sUmbBannUvkarEfgGMNrKuNdkk;ekAcMeBaHRbCaCn
km<CaCaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIsmasn_enAkgRbeTsrbs;eK benAbreTs ehIyEdl)anerobrab;R)ab;
edaykahannUverOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCajwkjysitkgkaleTsminKYr[eCOeTAeTot. TIbMput KW
GkTaMgenHehIyEdlpl;CameFa)ay[sresresovePAenHeLIg
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
GMBIGkniBn
eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr KWCaGkeqIyqgsarBtmanrbs;sarBtman v:asuInetanb:usEdleRkay
mk )anTTYltMENgCaniBnnaykbreTsCan;x<s;rbs;viTCati ehIyfIenH CaCMnYykarniBnnayk
rbs; sarBtmanj:vy:kEfms_ TTYlbnksarBtmanbreTs nigsarBtmanhriBavt. Kat;)anray
karN_ nigsresrBtmanBIRbeTskm<Cacab;taMgBIqaM1973 [eTAj:vy:kEfms_, The London Review of
Books, TsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa nig Die Tageszeitung. esovePA enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA TTYl)anrgVan;
esovePArbs; Robert F. Kennedy nigRtv)aneRbIR)as;CamUldansRmab;karftExSPaBynksarrbs; riTI
):an; EdlmancMNgeCIgfa bu)aNa. Kat;kCaGkniBnesovePARbvtisas sgamevotNamrbs;
shrdGaemrik. Kat;TTYl)ansBabRtEpk karsikSaBIGasIuxagt,g BIsaklviTaly TIRkg
v:asIunetan ehIysBVf kMBugrs;enACamYykUnBIrnak;rbs;Kat;enATIRkgv:asIunetanDIsIu.