ក្រោយពេលសង្រ្គាមផុតរលត់ទៅ

km<Canigbdivtn_ExrRkhm
enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA
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ksarbkERbTI5nmCmNlksarkm<Ca
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bkERbCaPasaExreday eTB em:gXan nig suka GuIEr:n Binit nigEksRmleday qaMg yu RkahVik nig
kMuBrTrkarIeday Kwm suvNdanI rcnaRkb nig tYesovePAeday qaMg yu nig Kwm suvNdanI e)aHBum<pSay
elIkTI1 enAqaM2005 edaymCmNlksarkm<CashkarCamYysanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMenAkm<Ca rkSasiTi
X
X
Translation Series No.5 X Documentation Center of Cambodia

Elizabeth Becker: When the War Was Over, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
Translated by Tep Meng Khean and Sokha Irene X Edited by Youk Chhang X Graphic by Kim Sovanndany
X Cover and Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany X Published by Documentation Center of
Cambodia and the American Embassy in Phnom Penh X Printed in Cambodia, 2005 X Copyright X
X
X
mCmNlksarkm<Ca
Searching for the truth.

Documentation Center of Cambodia
P.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Tel.: + 855 (23) 211-875
Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358
Email: dccam@online.com.kh
Homepage: www.dccam.org
DISCLAMER
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
TsSnbeBajenAkgesovePAenH KWrbs;GkniBnEtmak;Kt;.
ISBN-10: 99950-60-00-0
lsxG-10 99950-60-00-0
ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-00-8
lsxG-13 978-99950-60-00-8
Printed in Cambodia
matika
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rbs;RBHGg. m:ageTotTIRkgPMeBj enAEtCaTIRkgsMxan;EtmYyKt; CamYynwgBlrdRbEhldb;
PaKrynRbCaBlrdTUTaMgRbeTs. b:uEn cab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_60 RkmvrCnrbs;RbeTscab;epIm
PyRByBIGnaKtrbs;xn. bgbn nigmitPkirbs; kumt )armfa RbeTskm<CakMBugmanPaByWty:av
xaMg ebIniyayGMBIEpkesdkic nigneya)ay.

RbCaCnCagbIPaKbYnrs;enARsukERscmar. cMeBaHksikrTaMgenHyl;fa KuNRbeyaCn_n
kraC RtvsEmgecj[eXIjedaykarrIklUtlas;Epksgmkic kareFVI[visyGb;rMlRbesIrCag
mun EdlebItamRBHraCbnlrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu fa minRtvbMPTRmg;dsMxan;nlkNGk
kan;BuTsasnaCaRbBNIrbs;RbCaksikr[xusBIsPaBedImeLIy.semc )aneRbIR)as;mYyPaKbIn
fvikaCati7sRmab;eKaledAenHCasmamaRty:agsem,Im enAeBlEdleKdwgfa PaKeRcInnbNa
RbeTskMBugrIklUtlas; eRbIfvikay:ageRcInrvagBIR)aMeTAdb;PaKrynRbPBFnFanrbs;eKb:ueNaH
sRmab;visyGb;rM. enAqaM1970 CaqaMEdlRBHGgRtvplrMlMsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )anyl;
RBmpl;mR)aMPaKry nfvikaCatiEfmeTotcMeBaHvisyenH.
kumara-kumarI enAPUminanarbs;km<Ca )ankayeTACaGkmancMeNHviCaedayBitR)akd. enAeBl
EdlRbeTs)anTTYlkraCmanEtkumara-kumarImYyPaKbIb:ueNaH)ancUlsalaeronenAqaM1955.
enAkgryeBldEdlenH cMnYnkUnsisSviTaly)aneLIgBI 5>000dl; 118>000nak; cMnYnRK
beRgn)aneLIgBI7>000 dl; 28>000nak;. b:uEnGVIEdlyuvCnTaMgenHeronsURt KWCaerOgmYy
eTot. Cajwkjy xwmsarnmuxviCasikSaTaMgLayBuMmanGVIFMduMEdlRtvdwgeT CamYynwgtYnaTIGnaKt
rbs;eKCaGkeFVIERsenaH. kgsaladac;RsyalPaKeRcInenACnbT sasacarTaMgLay)anGnuvt
kmviFIsikSamYy Edlcmgtamrebobbgat;beRgnrbs;)araMgTaMgggwtggl; ehIykgkarbgat;
beRgnRbvtisasBiPBelakKWman lkNGWr:ubCagGasuI ehIyxagmuxviCasil, nigvb,Fm KWman
lkN)araMgCagExr. salaeronTaMgLayEdltRmg;eTArkviCaCIvmYy KWmantictYcNas;. enAqaM
1968 TUTaMgRbeTsmannisSit7>000nak; EdlmanEt130nak;b:ueNaHeronxagekSRtsas.
CnCati)araMgmak; EdlbeRgnmuxviCaRbvtisaskgviTalyrbs;km<CamYyenAqaM1969 )anbk
Rsayfa rkeXIjPaBminc,as;las;y:agqab;rhsfa muxviCaRbvtisassabeRBaHRKab;BUCkgcit
KMnityuvCnTaMgenH>>>.sRmab;BYkenHRbvtisasBiPBelakKWCakarRbyuTminc,as;mYy EdlKUsRtv
FMTaMgGs; cab;BIeshSadl;Nab:UeLGug nigbIsak; )anRbQmmuxtTl;KaelIdIERsdFMlVwgelVIy
mYy>>>}8.
EbbEpnnRbBnGb;rM EdleFVItamvb,FmbreTsmYyTaMgeFcEPkenH KWCaplbegIt[mankar
EbgEckvNepSgedaysMGagelIKMnitfa vamanRkmvrCnGkecHdwgmYy EdlminecHRbQmmuxnwg
karlM)akRKb;Ebby:agkgsgmeT elIkElgEteFVIkar nigbBaab:ueNaH. KMnitenH Ebkecjmkeday
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
kgBIKMnitEdlvaytmx<s;cMeBaHxngmYyeTotrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdleFVI[cak;bs

y:ageRCAfVIebIminbBaak;kedayehIytamryenHksikrTaMgLayGaclmcitnwg {ebHEpelIedImeQI}
TaMgLayedIm,Irs;enAy:agRsYl. enHCaKMnitKandwgBIkargareFVI[)ak;kmaMg EdltRmv[dIERscmar
RtvbBalTwkenAeRkamkemAfy:agekAeLIy. sRmab;semc RBHneratm sIhnu RTg;RBHcinafa
ksikrenACnbTrs;enARbkbedaysuPmglehIy ehIysemcykRBHTyTukdak;eFVIy:agNa[
RbCaCnkm<Ca nigBYkbreTsTTYlsal;karBitenH.
kumt etagEteTACamnusS{GkecHdwg}mak;kg cMeNamGkecHdwgnana.yuvCnTaMgLay)ankMNt;
eKalbMNgeTArkGnaKtmYyEbbenaH edaycUleronenAtamviTalyl,I bnab;mk saklviTaly
epSgenAbreTseTot kgeKalbMNgeFVICaRKbeRgn nigsasacar Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
RtvkarsRmab; {kUnecA} RBHGgCaBlrdenAkm<Ca. RbeTskMBugGPivDn_dTeTot)anCMruj BYk
nisSiteKEdlmaneTBekasl nigmhictax<s;[kayeTACaRK xagmuxviCaviTasas Gkbecka
Fibety bGkbMeBjParkicepSg [TTYl)ansmtPaBcaM)ac;nana edIm,ICMnYsBYkGkCMnajkar
breTs BYk)araMgenAkgkrNIRbeTskm<Ca. kgRbeTsrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu BYkGkecH
dwgTaMgenaH )ankayCasasacar]tmsikSa CamYyR)ak;ebovtSr_y:agx<s;9. mnusS{ecHdwg}
TaMgenHCaRbPBpl;nUvbuKlikdl;salaeron nigsklviTalyfI kariyalynanarbs;rdaPi)al
nigsarBtman. BYkeK)anbegItsmaKmsasacar smaKmGkniBntUctacmYy ehIybBavndT
eTot begItshKmn_ nadkrnadkarI tnIkr nigviciRtkrmYy.
BYkeKrs;enAkgTIRkgmYyRbkbedayesaPNPaB EdlRtvTMnukbRmgy:agykcitTukdak;
edaybgaj[eXIjBIEpnkarepSgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu cMeBaHRkmvrCnrbs;RBHGg.
KankareRKag KitGMBIpHfx<s;sagsg;Cab;KatambeNaymhavifInanaenARkgPMeBj TaMgeragcRk
epSg EdlkMBugxak;EpSgecjeFVI[kxVk;TenemKg nigTen)asak;pgeT. semc RBHneratm sIhnu
cg;)anGKarrd)alsaFarNnana EdlnaM[nwkeXIjdl;nimabnkmnextrbs;)araMg. BYkGaNa
niKm)araMg)ansagsg;pyBIenaH edayehtufa BYkeK)anksagRBHbrmraCvaMgy:agFMenAkgTIRkg
sarmnIr nigkMEpgRBHraCvaMgkgrcnabTnnimabnkmExr. raCFanInwgenAEtCakMBg;EppvTwkEbb
r:Um:g;TicmYy.
kgTIRkgPMeBjrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu shKmn_dTeTot)anr:ab;rgbeRmIesvaepSg
edIm,ICa RbeyaCn_dl;raCFanI. BaNiCkmRtv)anRKb;RKgedayBYkcin EdleFVInirRbevsn_ karecj
10
eTAtaMgenARbeTsdT mkdl;fIenAcugstvtSr_TI19 CamYybMNgeFVI[manRTBsm,tisksmkg

EpkmYy Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu vinicyfa RkmvrCnrbs;RBHGgminmancMNUlcit. BYkcin)an
kan;kab;esIrEtpac;muxelIBaNiCkm shRKasepSg nigFnaKarkCn. BYkbBavnExr EdlcUlcit
xagesdkic )anRtvbBaHbBal[kayeTACamnIpl;eyabl;dl;raCrdaPi)al nigbnab;mkpl;
RkbxN rgVg;kRmitfak;GkraCkarCan;x<s; Can;bnab; nigCan;Tab dl;bNaFnaKarraCrdaPi)al
EfmeTot. RBHraCtRmiHenH BwgEpkCasMGagelI\riyabf EdlBYk)araMgFab;Rbkan;ykCaRbBNI
mkehIy CaehtubNal[manenATIbBab;nUvTIRkgmYy EdltaMgeLIgelIkarEbgEckCatisasn_eBjTI
BYkcin suTEtCaGkrksuIcgkaredayykkarR)ak;hYsRbmaN nigCaGkCMnYj BYkevotNamEdlmk
dl;CamYyBYkGaNaniKm)araMg)anbMeBjmuxgarCaQjkNal bRbkbmuxrbrTIbI RbCaCnkm<CaCa
RbPBpl;ksikr mnIraCkar nigbBavn BYk)araMgEdlenAsl;eRkayRbeTs)ankraCsuTEtCaGk
CMnajkar mas;kmsiTicmarekAsU beFVIkarkgvisyGahrN-nIhrN. enACMnan;semc RBHneratm
sIhnu eKmincaM)ac;ecH PasaExrenAeBleFVIdMeNIrkgTIRkgeT ecHPasa)araMg evotNam bcin
KWRKb;RKan;ehIy.
bNaCnCatiExrvNmFmenARkgPMeBj Edlrs;enAFMFat;kgTIkEngEdlmanevTyitPaBenHKW
enAdac;Etg BIcMENkFMmYynCIvPaBrs;enArbs;raCFanI ehIydac;qayBIBiPBelakeTot. kumt nig
RbCaCnkm<CaCMnan;Kat;)aneTACakUnecATeRmIsrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu BuMEmnCaBlrdkraC
EdlGacmaneCaKCy bbraCyEtmak;g)aneLIy. GMeBIBukrlYyTUeTA)aneFVI[BYkGkmanbuBVsiTi
manCIvPaBRslRsNukmYy ehIysemc RBHneratm sIhnu mankareTarTn;mYyenAeBl EdlRBHGg
cat;EcgkargarkgzanCamhakSRtmYyGg. RBHGgsBVRBHTypl;tMENg nigbuBVsiTiepSgenA
tamTMenIgRBHTyrbs;RBHGg ehIyBuMeFVIeTAtamsBaNsmymYykgkarEbgEckGMNac brebob
RKb;RKgsmtamvicarNBaaNkgkarpl;rgVan;eLIy. BYkGkEdlEGbGbrkRbeyaCn_ Rtv)anCYy[
smtambMNgR)afa BYkGkjHjg;[manvwkvrRtvTTYlTNkm ehIyedaysarb:Ulis nigsPavKti
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu ecHEjkRkmmYy[eXIjxusKaBIRkmmYyeTot.
semc )anbegItsRmab;mnusSTUeTA dUckumt CaedImnUvsgmmYyEdlpyKa EfmTaMgminRsb
nwgvicarNBaaNeTotpg. RBHGg)anbBaak;fa km<CaCaRbeTskan;lTiRbCaFibetymYy b:uEn RKb;
RKgedayRBHmhakSRtTaMgRsug. ksikrTaMgLay)ane)aHeqat[KNbkSrbs;RBHGg BIeRBaH
RBHGg CaeTvraCa nigCaemdwknaMmYyGgEdlecHeFVI[RbCaCncUlcit. sgmniymrbs;semc
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
11
RBHneratm sIhnu CarebobbkRsayTMenIbmYyy:agnraCaFibety EdlCYyTMnukbRmg nigKaMBar

GkdTCanic. semc )aneRbIR)as;PasaminBitmYynlTim:akSsuIs edIm,IefaleTas{mUlFnniym}
kgeBlEdlRBHGgedoltHPaBTMenIbTan;smy edIm,ItemIg{lTisgmniym} TukNaCaRBHGgman
KMnit{GPiCnaFib-ety}keday. GMBIvisyneya)aykarbreTs RBHGgmanRBHraCbnldwknaM
RbqaMgnwgGaemrikaMg edayCYyeFVI[TMnak;TMng dCitsiTCamYybNaRbeTskumynisEk,rxagrIk
lUtlas; CaCagCamYyRbeTsf{mUlFnniym} ehIyGYtxnRBmCamYyKafa CaGkRbqaMglTikumy
nisxaMgCageKbMputkgBiPBelak.
buKliklkNrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRKbdNb;elIRbeTsCati bukkemc kumt
nigbNamitrbs;Kat;EdleronenAviTaly enAeBlEdlBYkeKecjputBIkruNvy nigcab;epImerobcM
EpnkarepSgsRmab;GnaKt. b:uEn enAqaM1960 BYkkumynisenAevotNamxagt,g )anepImeFVI
sgamCacMhmYyRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alRkgRBnKr nigvaytbcMeBaHyuTnakarRbqaMgkumynisrbs;
rbbenH. sgam\NcinelIkTIBIr)ancab;epIm. kgRbeTskm<CaEk,rxag karRbyuTKa)anlubelI
kitanuPaBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agqab;rhs ehIy kumt yl;fa sgamenARbeTs
evotNam nwgkMNt;seRmcGnaKtnRbeTsrbs;Kat;Edr.
RbeTskm<CaBuMEmnsitenAkgtMbn;ekonekaHmYynGasuIeT b:uEn KWenAcMkNalsgam\Ncin
elIkTIBIr. RbeTsevotNamxagt,genAPaKxagekIt nigRbeTsLavenAPaKxageCIg suTEtCa
smrPUmiRbyuT. RbeTsfEdlenAxaglic)ankayeTACabEgkeRkayrbs;GaemrikaMg CamUldan
mYysRmab;ynehaHRbedjRbtikm nigCaTIkmSansb,aymYysRmab;kgTBGaemrikaMgEdlQb;
sRmak. kgcenaHRbeTsTaMgbIenH RbeTskm<CarebobCnbTrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )an
elceLIgkgzanCaTwkdIGBaRkwtmYyminKYr[eCO.
enAeBldMbUg sgamhak;dUcCabRgbbRgmRbCaCnkm<Ca[mUlEtmYy. kumt emIleXIjPaB
xusKatictYcrvagCMhrrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigCMhrrbs;sasacarTaMgLayrbs;Kat;
EdlniymeqVgRClsIBIbBaasgamenARbeTsevotNam. TaMgGs;Ka)anRbqaMgCMTas; nwgkareFVI
GnraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMg. TaMgGs;KaCayuTikCnnneya)ayGBaRkwtmYyrbs;km<Ca. kgGMLgqaM
dMbUgnCemaH GkTaMgGs;dUc kumt CaedIm)anekatsresIr nigKaMRTneya)aykarbreTsrbs;
semc RBHneratm sIhnu TukNaCaBYkeKbnkartv:aRbqaMgnwgGMNacbgab EdlRBHGgeFVImkelICIvit
12
rs;enArbs;eKkeday.
enAeBlEdlsgampHeLIg semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rtv)aneKsal;dwgc,as;kgBiPBelak
TaMgmUl cMeBaHkarRbkan;GBaRkwtniymy:agxab;xnrbs;RBHGg10. enAqaM1955 RBHGg)anyag
eTAcUlrYmsnisITenARkg)an;Dug edayENnaMbNaRbeTskMBugGPivDkuM[Pab;eCaKvasnarbs;xn nwg
mhaGMNacNamYy ehIyRtvseRmcpvedIrpal;rbs;xnedayxng. tamlMnaMCaTUeTAmYyBiPB
kumynis)anTHdGbGrsaTrcMeBaHesckIRbkasenH. shrdGaemrikminrvl;nwgGVITaMgGs;. enAqaM
bnab;KWqaM1956 shrdGaemrik)ansakl,gBiesaFn_GBaRkwtniymrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
edayesI[RbeTskm<Ca cUlCasmaCikmYynGgkarsnisBaaGasuIPaKGaeKy_ ehAkat; es>Ga>tU
CabkSsm<nkarBarmYy EdlbRgbbRgmbNaRbeTsenAeRkambgab;shrdGaemrikTaMgGs;. semc
)anbdiesF. CakarsgswkrbbRkgRBnKr )anseRmcraMgxb;Epkesdkicrbs;RbeTskm<Ca
nigkMNt;TMnijepSg EdldwkeLIgtamTenemKg rhUtdl;RkgPMeBjEdlenAeBlenaHCakMBg;EpEt
mYyKt;rbs;RbeTs.
CamYynwgsgamenARbeTsevotNam karbgitbgMfIeTot)ansgt;mkelIsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu kgbMNg[RBHGgEkERby:agehacnUvneya)ayGBaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGg. bkBYkTaMgsg
xag b:gR)afacg;)anedaysat;kM)aMgnUvpvpt;pg;PsPar -smarswkdmantmenARbeTskm<Ca
ehIycg;eRbIR)as;RbeTsenH edIm,ItaMgmUldanepSgrbs;xnpg. shrdGaemrik CaGkeRbIkar
Kabsgt; dMbUgeKRbkbedayPaBmuWgm:at;bMput edayRbkascMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu faeFVIxn
CaRbeTsGBaRkwt EtEbrCaKaMRTBYkkumyniseTAvij. mundMbUg semc RBHneratm sIhnu eFVItam
karKabsgt;TaMgenH ehIyGHGagfa RBHGgRtvkarBYkeKedIm,ITTYl)ankarFanadrwgmaMmYy xagEpk
snisuxBIbNaRbeTsminEmnkumynis Ek,rxagrbs;RBHGg KWRbeTsf nigevotNamxagt,g. b:uEn
BYkGaemrikaMgbdiesFminTTYlsal; ehIysemc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRtvjaMg[eCOfa shrd
GaemrikCaGkTajExSBIeRkaykarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy sMedAplrMlMRBHGgkalBIqaMmun KWqaM1959.
RBHGgmanbnlRtv. dUecHGBaRkwtniymrbs;emdwknaMkm<Ca eRkaymk)anRtvlablnedaykar
minTukcitpal;xny:agxaMgmYy -nigmanbgajPstagpg- cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMg.
qaM1963)ankMNt;nUvrbt;mYysRmab;RbeTsevotNamRbeTskm<Cakumt RkmniymsaM nig
niymeqVgrbs;km<Ca.
qaMenHCaqaMcugeRkayrbs;kumtenAviTaly. mitPkiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; nigxnKat;nwgRtveFVI[
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
13
GMBl;munGVITaMgGs;kgkareRCIserIssaklviTalymYy EdlBYkeKnwgRtvcUleron b:uEn sgammin

GnuBaat[eKenAEtCamnusSbrisuT)aneLIy. sgamkminGnuBaat[semc RBHneratm sIhnu
eFVIGVIekItEdr Edlcab;epImPy)armcMeBaHrUbRBHGgpal;RBmTaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<Capg. CaGaT
]tmesnIy_ KInIm pulesna naykrdmnIGBaRkwtniymLav )anRtvsmab;enApHrbs;Kat;eday
RkmmnusSniymsaM Edle)aHbg;rNsirSrYbrYmbegIteLIgenAqaMdEdlenaH edIm,ITb;sat;sgam.
pulesna Camitmak;rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigmanTsSnmYydUcsemcEdr. ebIsinsgam
raldaldl;RbeTsLav etIRbeTskm<CanwgmanGVIekIteLIg?
mYyExeRkaymk KWenAEx]sPa qaM1963 )atukmGhigSamYyrbs;RBHsgBuTsasna Edl
kMBugRbRBwteTAenATIRkgev: evotNamxagt,g Rtv)anbgabedaykgTBenATIenaH Edl)anebIkkar
)aj;RbhareTAelIhVgmnusSedaykaMePIgynCaeRcInedIm nig)ansmab;mnusSR)aMbYnnak; EdlkgenaH
manekgR)aMBIrnak;pg. RbeTsevotNamxagt,g)anbeBaj[ eXIjnUvkareRbIkmaMgedaykg nig
y:ageXareXA. RBHsgBuTsasnamYyGgRBHCn 70RBHvsSa)aneFVIGtXad edaydutxngenA
TIRkgRBnKr. GkbYsbInak; nigdUnCImak; )ansmab;xngenAExsIha edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgneya)ay
bgabrbs;rbb eg:a Dijeyom. KanGVImYyGaceFVI[b:HBal;EfmeTot dl;RbeTskan;BuTsasnamYy
dUcRbeTskm<Ca)aneLIy ehIysemc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRbkasCasaFarNfa eyom
CamnusSkan;sasnakatUlik-r:UmuaMg mansmancittictYc cMeBaHRBHBuTsasnaEdlnwgbnkan;GMNac
minelIsBI BIr-bIExeLIy.
RkgPMeBj)anRtveFVI[PwkPaMgedaysarsgam. edayRtveFVI[BieraFxaMg semc RBHneratm
sIhnu Rbkasfa shrdGaemrik nig eyom suTEtCaGkRtvTTYleTas. semc)ankat;pac;TMnak;
TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamxagt,g ehIy)anTayTukCamunBICyCmHmYyrbs;kumynis
{eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsevotNam hak;dcU CaRtvkMNt;rcY ehIy. eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTs RbEhl
CanwgdUcKakgeBlminb:unaneTot. b:uEny:agehac eyIgmankarlYgcitxHEdr Edl)anRBmanBiPB
xaglicCajwkjy}11.
enAfTI13 Exvicika qaM1963 RbFanaFibtI eyom nig eg:aDijj CabnbegItrbs;Kat; Rtv)an
smab;kgRkbxNnrdRbharmYy Edlmankaryl;RBmnigCYysRmledayshrdGaemrik.semc
RBHneratm sIhnu Ca\sSrCndMbUgkgcMeNam\sSrCndMbUgnBiPBelak Edlsmal;eXIjkarlUk
drbs;Rkgv:asuInetankgrdRbharenH ehIy)anefaleTasshrdGaemrikBIkarRbRBwtGMeBIk,t; Edl
14
CabT]Rkid nigEdlKitTukCamunkgzanCasm<nmitmYy.RBHGg )anRcanecalPammYyrMeBcnUvCMnYy

TaMgGs;rbs;GaemrikaMg Edlpl;mk[RbeTskm<Ca. semcmanRBHTycg;Tb;shrdGaemrik [sit
enAeRkAkickarrbs;km<CaTaMgRsug edIm,IbnylTPaBnkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg sMedApl
rMlM beFVIXatRBHGg.
cMeBaHneya)aykgRbeTsvij kareqIytbrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu cMeBaHsgamenA
RbeTsevotNammanlkNminc,as;las;dUcKa. enAqaM1963 RBHGg)ancat;EcgeFVIkarpas;br
sMxan; CaeRcInEdlbg[mankMhwg nigkarExVgeyabl;KasRmab;RkmniymsaM kdUcRkmniymeqVg
ehIyEdlenATIbMput knaMeTAdl;kardYlrlMsRmab;rUbRBHGg.
eTaHbICaRBHGgmansmancitcMeBaHBYkkumynisbreTskeday kRBHRbmuxrdExrminTukcit
RkmniymeqVgrbs;km<CaEdr. enAqaM1963 eBlEdlsgampHeLIgenAkgRbeTsevotNamEk,r
xag RBHGg)anRbkan;ykneya)ayCasRtvy:agecjmuxcMeBaHRkmniymeqVg. karbHe)arRbqaMg
)ancab;epIm edaykareFVIkUdkmrbs;kUnsisSkgextmYyenAPaKBayB bnab;mk )anraldalmkdl;
raCFanIeTot. edImdMbUg clna)atukmrbs;kUnsisS eFVIeLIgedIm,Itv:aCasMxan;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIkeRmal
eXareXArbs;bU:lisexteT b:uEnbnab;mk va)anERbkayeTACakarvayRbharTUeTA cMeBaHrdGMNacTaMg
Gs; CaBiess rUbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu pal;.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anecaTRbkan;RkmniymeqVgfa CaGkjHjg;[mankarrMeCIbrMCYl
enH EdlCaehtubgM[BYkemdwknaMeqVgniymcakecjBIRkgPMeBj. kgcMeNamenaH kmansmaCik
sMxan;nKNkmaFikarkNalExrRkhm Edl)anbegItbkSkumynispal;rbs;eKCapvkar enAqaM
1960 CaqaMnkarcab;epImsgamenARbeTsevotNamEdr. PaKeRcInnBYkExrRkhmTaMgenH
)anEsVgrkTIlak;xnkgRBs,at rt;cUlRBm:aKI nigcab;epImerobcMbkBYkRbqaMgnwgsemcvij.
ExrRkhmxHeTot )anecjdMeNIreTARbeTs)araMgCafI. karcakecjrbs;eK )aneFVI[rBayjab;jr
y:agxaMg dl;shKmn_nisSit nigbBavnenARkgPMeBj. kumt nwkeXIjBIkarRcbUkRcbl;Edlsitman
mYyrykgraCFanI enAeBlenaHsIBIbBaasgam nig\riyabfEdlRtvRbkan;ykcMeBaHGkniym
eqVg. semc RBHneratm sIhnu GYtxngfa sgmniym b:uEn RBHGg)anTmak;eTaselIBYk
GkTaMgLay EdlRbkasxngfa CaGksgmniymEdr ehIyRbkasBIkarykcitTukdak;rbs;RBHGg
cMeBaHTMenIbPavUbnIykm nigkarcat;Ecg[)anrIkceRmInnUvEpkesdkic nigsgmrbs;km<Ca.
ebIkarvayRbharrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu RbqaMgnwgRkmniymeqVgmanlkNRtg;
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
15
karRbQmmux CamYyRkmniymsaMBuMEmnCaerOgcaM)ac;RtveFVIeT EdlecjmkBIkarb:unb:gmYy edIm,I

Ekkunesdkicrbs;RbeTs bnab;BIkarbdiesFCMnYyGaemrikaMg. kgTBrbs;km<Cars;edaysar
CMnYyenH EdlCYyeFVI[manlMnwgdl;CBaIgTUTat;cMNUl-cMNayrbs;RbeTskm<Capg. KanmUlniFi
TaMgenH kgTBrbs;km<CanwgcuHexSay enAeBlEdlkgTBrbs;bNaRbeTsCitxagrIkFMFat;. ehIyBYk
emkgTBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu RtveFVI[Gs;sgwmEdlminGackarBarRbeTs)an kgkrNI
EdlmankarvayRbharBIRbeTsevotNam bRbeTsf. dUecH kgTB KWCasl nGVIEdlRbEhlCa
kayeTACacegamGkbHe)arniymsaMmYy RbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigbg[manrdRbhar
mYyenAqaM1970.
m:ageTot semc )aneFVI[eKdwgBCasaFarNnUvkmviFImYy edIm,IBRgIkCatUbnIykm Epk
esdkic nigedaHRsaybBaaepSgEdlbNaleLIgedaykar)at;bg;CMnYyGaemrikaMg.RBHGg)aneFVI
CatUbnIykmshRKasCaeRcIn FnaKar nigRkmhunGahrN-nIhrNTaMgGs;. RBHGg)anTb;tm
TMnijepSg edIm,IbM)at;karRbkYtRbECgnigbnykarvinieyaKrbs;breTs. enAeBlEdlRbeTsf
kMBugmansnHrIklUtlas; edaysarkickarCMnYj nigCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMgPab;nwgsgamRbeTskm<Ca
EbrCamanGRtarIklUtlas;TabmYyRbmaNR)aMPaKryb:ueNaH. sRmab;shKmn_GkrksuItUctac
rbs;RbeTs sRmab;RkmvrCn nigvNkNal enARkgPMeBj enHCakarbnMEPkmYyehIy KWBYkeK
enHg EdledIrtYnaTICaKnwHmYykgrdRbharenAqaM1970.
GVIhak;dUcCaKannyTaMgGs;. kumt nigmitPkiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; BitCaBi)akEsVgyl;BI
RBwtikarN_epSgNas;. Buk-may mitPkirbs;BYkeK/ BYkGkneya)ay nigsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu pal;)anniyaynigmanRBHbnlpyKasIBIsgam nigGnaKtRbeTskm<Ca. RbeTsCatiRtv
EbkCabkSCaBYk y:agehackenARkgPMeBjEdr. kumt yl;eXIjGnaKtrbs;xnRtvKMramkMEhg
minRtwmEtedaysarsgamenAevotNamb:ueNaHeT b:uEn edaykareRCIserIsmankMNt;EdlRbeTs
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu pl;[Kat;.
enAqaM1963 KWkgkaleTsenHehIy Edlkumt)anecjdMeNIreTAsikSaenAbreTs. Kat;
manbMNgeKc[putBIkarrs;enAcegtcgl; nigkan;EttantwgeLIgenATIRkgPMeBj. Kat;)anseRmc
citeFVIdMeNIreTA[qayBuMEmnenARbeTs)araMgdUcbNamitPkiPaKeRcInrbs;Kat;eT b:uEneTARbeTs
kaNada CaTIEdlKat;)anbnkarsikSadMbUgenAsklviTalyLav:al; bnab;mk enAsklviTaly
m:ak;hSIl edayenAEtbnkarTak;TgKa tamsMbuRteqIyqg CamYyRKsar nigmitPkiTaMgLayenA
16
RbeTskm<CadEdl. kumt sitenARbeTskaNada enAeBlEdlshrdGaemrikcab;epImbBanTB

y:ageRcInmkRbeTsevotNam enAqaM1965 ehIyEdleFVI[Kat;nwkPyxac. BIb:ussegtBinit
rbs;Kat; Kat;)anRbmaNBIkmaMgrbs;Gaemrik EdlKat;minFab;vaytmesaHenARbeTs)araMg ehIy
yl;c,as;BIPaBBuHeBarnkarRbqaMgtTl;nwgkumynisrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. b:uEn CaCMnYseFVI[eKsal;
xnkgkarCECkBiPakSasIBIsgam Kat;rkeXIjfa karcab;GarmN_rbs;Kat;cMeBaHneya)ay )anRtv
eFVI[cuHGn;fy.
enARbeTskaNada kumt)anbgajKMnitxnEdrfa Kat;manbMNgsikSaxagEpkesdkic. Kat;
)anRsavRCavBIRTwsIepSgrbs;lTisgmniym nigmUlFnniymedaysmal;eXIjkarCECkBiPakSa
xagneya)ay kgRbeTsrbs;Kat;enAEtmankRmitdUcsmyedImenAeLIy. bnab;mk Kat;ykcit
Tukdak;enAxagEpkesdkic hirBavt nigkarRKb;RKgEpkBaNiCkmvij. kareronsURtrbs;Kat;Rtv)an
bBab; ehIyKat;)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<CavijenAqaM1968. Kat;cakecjBIRbeTskaNada
kgeBlEdlclnaRbqaMgsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgrIkraldal ehIyEdlcMnYnTahanGaemrikaMgsab;enA
RbeTsevotNamekIneLIg. Kat;cab;epImeCOCak;kgcitfa meFa)ayRbesIrCageKkgkarCYy
RbeTsrbs;Kat; KWRbwgERbgbegItesdkicxaMgmYy BuMEmncUlrYmkgkarCECkBiPakSaneya)ayminecH
cb;enHehIyenaHeT.
b:uEnenAeBlmkdl;RbeTsrbs;Kat; kumtdwgxnfa KMnitfIrbs;Kat;BuMsUveXIjmaneRbIR)as;
kgRbeTskm<Carbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu eT. enAqaM1968 kmviFICatUbnIykmrbs;semc
)ancUlCaFrmantaMgBIR)aMqaMmkehIy nig)aneFVImnusSRKb;KaxkcitCaxaMg.semc RBHneratm sIhnu
)anrwbykshRKasnanaBIBYkGkCMnYj ehIyRbKl;eTA[BYkGkeFVIkarEdlmanebovtSr_Tab nigKan
smtPaBkan;kab;vij. Kat;)anl,gbegItrd-Gk]btmmYy (Etat-providence) edayKanRkdasR)ak;
nigkarKaMRTneya)aycaM)ac;. enAqaM1967Kat;)anrlas;ecalemdwknaMniymeqVgsMxan; bnab;mk
Kat;EbrmkBwgBak;RkmniymsaMvij edIm,I[dwknaMGnuvtkmviFIsgmniymrbs;Kat;. KanGkNamak;
cg;eFVItamkumteT enAeBlEdlKat;esIbegItshRKasesdkiccRmHfI sgamenAevotNam nig
sankarN_neya)aytwgEtgTal;RckenAkm<Ca KWCabuBVehtuEtmYyKt; EdlKYr[eFVIkarBinitBicy.
kumt)anQaneCIgcUlkgBiPBFnaKar-enARkgPMeBj CaBiPBnFnaKarEdlRtveFVICatUbnIy
km. edayminGacRbqaMg)an Kat;RtvGUsTaj[cUlkgkarCECkBiPakSa xagneya)ay CafImg
eTot ehIykgryeBlBIrqaM EdlmanCabn dMeNIrrs;enArbs;Kat; kdUcCadMeNIrrs;enArbs;smaCik
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
17
PaKeRcInnRkmvrCnenAraCFanIEdr EdlCaGkRbmUlnigpSayBakccamGar:amepSgGMBIsgam.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAeBlenH)anmanRBHbnlxaMgy:agecjmux RbqaMgnwgBYkExrRkhm
EdlRBHGgecaTfa manbMNgGUsTajRbeTskm<Ca[Fak;enAkgsgamenARbeTsevotNam.
kumt nigbNamitPkirbs;Kat; mineCOkarecaTRbkan;rbs;semcRbqaMgnwgRkmniymeqVgeT
ehIyGkxHkgcMeNamenaH )ancakecjBIraCFanI edIm,IeTArYbrYmnwgBYkExrRkhmrYceTAehIy. GkxH
eTot sitenAkgraCFanIdEdl nigrg;caMemIledayxacERkgfa karvayRbyuTTaMgGs;GacTak;Taj
shrdGaemrik bevotNammkkan;RbeTskm<Ca-bRbeTsTaMgBIrpgkmindwg. kumt CacMENkmYyn
RkmcugeRkayenH EdlCaRkmxagPaKeRcIn. eTaHbICaKat;mankMhwgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
keday kFnaKarikrUbenH )anbnGbGrsresIrBaksnarbs;semc EdlnwgeFVI[RbeTssitenA
edayELkBIsgamenAevotNamEdr.
BakccamGar:amfI)anelcBsussaykgraCFanI. enAqaM1970 eKxSwbexSvfa semc
RBHneratm sIhnu )ancgsm<nPaBCamYyBYkkumynisevotNam ehIy)anGnuBaat[BYkenHtaMg
{TICRmk} enAkm<Ca. kgtMbn;CnbTnana BYkExrRkhm)anbgaj[eXIjPaBecjmuxkan;EtxaMgeLIg
kgkarRbwgERbgrbs;BYkeK edIm,Ibg[mankarbHe)armYyrbs;ksikrRbqaMgnwgRkgPMeBj. TIRkg)an
RbgeRbbxncMeBaHkarRbQmmuxtTl;Ka Edlc,as;Camkdl;kgeBlqab;.
enAfTI18 ExmIna qaM1970 RkmniymsaM)anerobcMrdRbharmYyRbqaMgnwgsemc RBH
neratm sIhnu. kumt nigbNamitPkirbs;Kat; mancitsb,ayrIkrayCaxaMg BIeRBaHBYkeKBinit
eXIjRBwtikarN_mYy EdlGaceRbbeFob)annwgkarbegItrbbsaFarNrdenARbeTs)araMgEdr.
EmnehIyBYkemnkarrYmKMnitKaeFVIrdRbhar )ansnabegItsaFarNrdExrmYy EdlnwgmanlkN
Tan;smyRbCaFibety nigGBaRkwtBitR)akd. TIRkgPMeBjeBareBj eTAedaykarsb,ayrIkray
CaxaMg eKnwgpas;CMnYsrbbBukrlYymYy ehIyGYtGMBIkarbeNay[eFVIGVItamcit edayrdaPi)al
skisiTisatsM nigTan;smymYy. RbkarenHTMngCaffrNas; enAeBleTACakarBit -saFarN
rdmYyeday\tmanbdivtn_ KankarRbTaj[Fak;kgePIgsgamenAevotNam.
karyl;RcLMTaMgenH minmanfirevlarhUtdl;qaMcugqaMeLIy ehIyminyUrb:unan vaelceLIg[
eXIjfa rdRbharRtv)andwknaMCasarvn edaymnusSBIrnak; KWRBHGgmas; sirimt nig]tmesnIy
ln; nl;. sirimt CaTayaTxagExS suIsuvti nRBHraCvgSanuvgSExr EdltamrymagenaH BYk)araMg
)anRbKl;raCblgeTA[semc RBHneratm sIhnu eLIgRKgraC enAqaM1941eTAvij. sirimt CaKU
18
RbECgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigpyBIRBHGgedayehtufaRBHGgmas;sBVRBHTynwgBiPB

CMnYj nigshrdGaemrik.cMeBaHerOgenHRBHGgmas;)ancgsm<nnwgBYkGaemrikaMgEdlRbCaCnkm<Ca
mYycMnYnsntfa RBHGgmas; RbEhl)anTTYlkaryl;RBmBIBYkGaemrikaMgedIm,IeFVIrdRbkar nigBak
snaKaMRTmYyehIyemIl_eTA. sirimt CatMNagPaBTMenIbTan;smy PaBbuinRbsb; cMNgCamYynwg
CMnYyGaemrikaMgenH Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRcanecal. RBHGgmas;CatYGgmYy EdleFVI
[mnusSCaeRcIndUcCa kumt CaedIm cUlcity:agxaMg ehIybNasmaCiknGkmanviCaCIvesrI
enARkgPMeBjsmal;eXIjRBHGgmas;fa CaGkeRsacRsg;RbeTsCati.
ln; nl; Ca\sSrCnmak;EdlmanmuxyUrmkehIy. Caemb:Ulisrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
nigCaemdwk naMkgTBkgryeBlCaeRcInqaM Kat;Rtv)ancat;TukCamnusS\texaHTIBIrrbs; sirimt. KW
ln; nl; EdljHkgTB[RbqaMgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu. CamnusSEdlecHlMntambMNgGkdT
Kat;Fab;)andwknaMKNRbtiPUCaeRcInelIkeTARkgeb:kaMg edIm,IbegItTMnak;TMngdCitsiTCamYyBYk
kumyniscin ehIy\LvenH )anecjmuxcat;EcgeFVIkargarsRmab; siirimt vijmg.
kumt nigbNamitPkirbs;Kat; )ansEmgeXIjPaBeqatlg;bMput eRBaHfardRbhar)annaMmknUv
sgam BuMEmnnaMsniPaBmk[RbeTseT. m:agvijeTot BuMEmn sirimt eT Edlkan;GMNac b:uEnKW
ln; nl; eTAvijEdlkayeTACamnusScMbgeKnrbbpac;karmYy.
BIr-bIfbnab;BIkarbegItrbs;xn saFarNrdExrRtv)anGUsTaj[Fak;eTAkgCemaH RBMEdn
EdlbgeLIyPamedayBYkkumynisevotNam. Kat;)anGMBavnav[kgTBkm<CaTaMgGs; Edlmin
Tan;manlTPaBRKb;RKan;rYmKaRbyuTTl;nwgsRtv. enAEx]sPa shrdGaemrik)ancUllukluy
RbeTskm<Ca kgeKalbMNgedjtamBYkkumynisevotNam. RbCaksikr)aneFVI)atukmkgext
CaeRcInedIm,ITamTar[semcvilRtLb;mkvij. enATIRkgeb:kaMg semc)anTTYlyl;RBmeFVICa
emdwknaMrNsirSmYy kgeKabMNgvayRbyuTTl;nwgsaFarNrdExrfI EdltamBit RBHGgbeRmICa
dMbUl)aMgBYkExrRkhmesaH.
kumt RtvkarryeBlCaeRcInEx edIm,IEsVgyl;BIPaBeqatlg;rbs;xn. Kat;)anyl;RBm
bMeBjebskkmxImYy edayeFVIdMeNIreTAbreTs edIm,ICYyKaMRTbuBVehturbs;saFarNrdfI nigbBab;
BakccamGar:amepSg EdlfardRbharenaH Rtv)anerobcMeLIgedayBYkemTahan EdlenAeRkam
bgab;BYkGaemrikaMg ehIyEdlRbjab;cg;naMRbeTs[Fak;eTAkgePIgsgamenAevotNam. eKeRCIs
erIsKat; BIeRBaHKat;CaExrmak;kgcMeNamCnCatiExrdkRm EdlecHniyayGg;eKs.
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
19
BIr-bIExeRkaymk enAeBlKat;RtLb;mkvij eTIb kumt dwgxnBIdMeNIrxVHKMnit nigesckIRtiHriH

TaMgRsugrbs;Kat;. ln; nl; )andeNImGMNac edayeRbI])aykl esIrEt TaMgGs;eTAehIy.
edayBit ln; nl; )aneFVI[briyakasenArdFanIpas;br dUcEdlKat;)ansna b:uEnTIRkg\LvenH
rwtEtBukrlYyCagenAeRkamrbbsemc RBHneratm sIhnueTAeTot ehIyGVIEdlRtvelIkykmk
BiPakSa BuMEmnTMenIbPavUbIykmeT b:uEnKWsgameTAvij. ln; nl; esIsuMCMnYyeyaFaBIshrdGaemrik
ehIyCafreTAvij Kat;dak;eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTskm<Ca kgkNab;dBYkGaemrikaMg.
kumt cab;epImnwkkgcitfa BakccamGar:amTaMgGs;suTEtmanmUlehut etIshrdGaemrik Xub
XitKaerobcMrdRbharetI sirimtb ln; nl; bTaMgBIrnak;RtvGaemrikpl;luy[Emnb. mitPkiTaMgGs;
rbs;Kat;maneyabl;mYy KanGkNamak;mancemIyeT. edaydwgxnRtveKbMBan GMNwHteTA Kat;
bdiesFcMNgTak;TgpvkarTaMgGs;CamYysaFarNrdExr edayRbmUlpMKMniteTAelIGaCIBrbs;Kat;
ehIyxMeFVIkaredIm,IeLIgbuNskienAFnaKarBaNiCkmExrvij.
enAxageRkAkEngeFVIkarrbs; kumt TIRkg)anERbRblEbkBImun. mhavifITaMgLay suTEttub
EtgedayrbgExSlYsbna. BYknayTahanEdlmanksNankaKI)ancUlBaseBjhagkaehVnana
ebIkbrLanhSIby:agGs;elOnqgkat;rdFanI edaybgydIRTelamBIeRkay nigeFVIbkBadUcescRtaj;
sgamtUctac. nayTahanxHkgcMeNamenaH suTEtCamitPkirbs;kumt EdlseRmccitRbkbGaCIB
kgvisymYyEdlrkkRmeRkA)any:ageRcIn ehIyEdlkMBugrIkraldaleBjTMhwgenAkgkgTB nigrda
Pi)alfI. Kat;enAEtTak;TgCamYyGkTaMgenaH ehIyeBjryeBlnsgam eK)aneXIjKat;pwkRsa
enA)anIydansNaKarLWPM GtItsNaKarLWrUy:al; CamYynayTahanmYyRkm EdlbriePaKGahar
fRtg;enAetomkarhV ):arIs (Caf de Paris) CamYymnICan;x<s;nRksYgkarbreTs.
CamnusSKYr[RsLaj; cYlcitecjedIrelgnigEtgeskBak;sat)atCanicenaH kumt KWCaGk
EdlRtveKTTYlsVaKmn_kgkarCYbCuMKaRbePTenaH. Kat;)anbBalxneTAkgmCdan EdlmanGMNac
CaeRcIn TaMgExrkdUcbreTs ehIyykcitTukdak;y:ageBjelj cMeBaHeCaKvasnarbs;Kat; edIm,I
niyayeRBakR)aCJKaeTAvijeTAmk kgesckIsgwmEsVgrkcemIyepSg. erOgEtmYyKt;Edlpl;
lkN[Kat;xusBIeK KWKat;kRmbeBaj[dwgeyabl;NamYyNas;. Kat;TukcitelImnusStictYc
ehIycUlcitXaMemIlCag edaymincUlrYmeLIy.
enAeBldMbUg sgamminsUveFVI[rebobrs;enArbs; kumt pas;breT. rhUtdl;mankarERbRbl
xaMgenAqaM1973 karRbyuTKa)anbgaj[eXIjlkNEdleFVI[PJak;epIl cEmk nigKYr[RBWxac
20
mYy. enAxageRkA RbCaCnkm<CaesIcjjwm eBalBakcMGn;Kaelgy:agsb,ay. GVIEdlRbCaCn

cat;TukdUckarCECkBiPakSaxagneya)ay CaTUeTAeRcInEbreTArkkarpas;brsmIreGcrGUceTAvij.
KanmitPkiNamak;rbs;kumtyl;BIGtny nigTMhMnCemaHeLIy ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<Ca Rtv
bBaleTAkgsgamevotNam bkgeKaledA rbs;BYkGaemrikaMgEdlsuTEtCaKUsRtvBitR)akd
GIcwg? kgeBldMNalKaEdl kumt Gacyl;dwgBIerOgenH mnusSTUeTAenARsukERscmarBuMTan;rgpl
b:HBal;BIsgamenAeLIyeT. PaKeRcInkgcMeNamenaH enAEteCOfasemc RBHneratm sIhnu
RKb;RKgelIpRbeTsBITIRkgPMeBjeTA. BYkbreTssmal;eXIjkgPaBxVHkaryl;dwgkickarepSg
bkgPaBmineGIeBInUvPstagmYy EdlminmanlkNFn;Fr beRKaHfak; dUckgRbeTsevotNam
Ek,rxageLIy.
kumt eCOtamBakBYkbreTs-GaemrikaMg nig)araMg-EdlBiBNnaBIRkgPMeBj nigsgamfa
CakEngEdlekItmanRBwtikarN_\tnymYy. BYknayTahanCan;x<s;GaemrikaMg)anniyayBITahan
km<CafaCa {kUnxa} rbs;BYkeK eTaHbICaenAeBlBYkeKcaj;karRbyuTBIsmrPUmimYy eTAsmrPUmimYy
keday. kgTBrbs;km<CaEdlkMBugRbyuTBak;paksBaaGkSrrbs;Kat; {KYr[cg;esIc} kgeyaFBl
exrmCati nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca. Tahanrbs; ln; nl; suTEtCamnusScEmkEdlkMBugecjeTA
vayRbyuTedayebomrUbRBH/ ExSKafa TahanmYycMnYntUc)anbukTmHTBsRtv bnab;BI)anCk;kBaa
mYyexS. GKbBaakarkgTBrbs; ln; nl; Ca]tmesnIytUctacmak; edImkMeNItExr-hVIlIBIn eQaH
sUEsn EhVrNg;eds Fab;)ansabnasRmab;kariyalyrbs;Kat;nUvGKarFuntUcmYy EdleFVI[cab;
GarmN_BIGMnYtrbs;Kat; edayerobcM[vaelceLIg[eXIjFMCageKbMput. BakcMGn;RbesIrCageK
sRmab;BYkGaemrikaMg KWeQaHGknaMBakkgTB GaM r:ug (Am Rong: I am wrong: yl;xus). BYkbreTssuTEt
RtveFVI[rMePIbcit edaylkNEdlhak;dUcCaBaygay bEkgbnMenARbeTskm<Ca.
kumt hak;dUcCadwgxnfa Elgyl;BIRbeTsrbs;Kat;eTotehIy. Kat;dwgfaBYkbreTsminGac
seRmcrk[eXIjc,as;BIkarBitenARbeTskm<Ca)aneT b:uEn kminGackMNt;edayc,as;las;GMBI
kll,icnsgam)anEdr KWenHehIyCaerOgEdlRbCaCnkm<CavayRbyuTKa. mitPkiTaMgLayrbs;
Kat;hak;dUcCaRtveFVI[ehghagkgcit. ln; nl; manbkBaCaGkkan;GMNacpac;karEdleCOCMenO
minsmehtupl tamBakENnaMrbs;bBVCitCaRKsMNBVrbs;Kat; Kat;)an[eK)aceray {xSac;mn}
CuMvijTIRkgedIm,IbeBas[sRtveTAqay. m:ageTot Kat;manGakb,kiriyaerIseGIgCatisasn_Edl
Gacpl;eRKaHEfmeTot edayeCOCak;BIPaBx<s;elIseKnRbCaCnExrelIBYkevotNam. kumt minGac
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
21
eKarBmnusSmak;EbbenaHeT ehIyrwtEtminbeNay[Kat;dwknaMEfmeTot ehIybNamitPkiKat;mYy

cMnYnkmanninakardUcKat;Edr.
cab;BIqaM1971BYkGkEdlmanbuBVsiTienATIRkgPMeBj)ancab;epImcakecjBIRbeTs.RKeBT
bBavnnigBYkGkRbkbviCaCIvesrI )anePosxneTARCkenARbeTs)araMg BYkEdlsitenATIenaHrYcmk
ehIy)ansitenAbneTAeTot. cMENk kumt minEdlKitcg;cakecjBIRbeTsesaHeLIy. Kat;bBaak;
R)ab;mitPkiTaMgLayrbs;Kat;fa {enHCaRbeTs nwgrg;caMTIbBab;nsgam}.
ln; nl; )anBresrIPaBkgkarsEmgmtidUcEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;eFVIEdr. kumt
Fab;dwgerOgenHBImunmkehIy b:uEn kgeBlCamYyKaenaH Kat;minnwksanfaGMeBIBukrlYy)anekItman
CaTUeTAeLIy. kgeBlRbeTsmansgam kgTB)ankayeTACakEngrkluy)aneRcInCageKrbs;
sgm -GkEdlmanlTPaBlYcluyrab;landularBICMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg- nigCakEngEdlRbRBwtbT
]RkidxaMgCageKbMput. BYk]tmesnIy )annaMmuxdMeNIrrs;enAEbbGnacarmYyy:agecjmux pwk
RsakUjak;laysUdamuneBlfRtg; Tmab;ksageKhdaneFVIBIsuIm:g;t_FM naMcUlrfynTMenIb ebIk
KNenyenAFnaKarRbeTssVIs CamYyluyEdllYc)anBIshrdGaemrik nigBIkgTBpal;rbs;
BYkeK.
kgzanKat;CaFnaKarik nigCaGkEdlmnusSTUeTATukcitelIKat; kumt )anRtwmEtdwgeRcInBIerOg
GaRsUvTaMgenHb:ueNaH. erOgGaRsUvxHkgcMeNamerOgGaRsUvCaeRcInRtv)anbgaj nigbrihary:ag
EvgkgsarBtmanGnrCati b:uEnKanlTplCaduMkMPYneT. meFa)aykibekgluyrbs;BYkeyaFa
manRKb;rUbPaB. ]TahrN_dUcCa BYknayTahan)andak;eQaHTahanexacCaeRcIn kgbBaIebIkR)ak;
Ex. BYkeKbeBajsmarswkrbs;BYkTahanxneTAlk;enApSarggwt lk;eTA[BYkExrRkhmnUvRKab;
rMesvEdlshrdGaemrikpl;[ ykluysRmab;pt;pg;PsPar dak;ehae):Axng ehIyTuk[kUnTahan
suIGt;suIXan.
FnFansRmab;karrs;enArbs;kumt KWBwgEpkelICMnYysb,rsFmrbs;GaemrikaMgTaMgRsug.
FnaKarrbs;Kat; kdUcCaFnaKardTeTotTaMgGs;Edr )anbMeBjplkRmtamrykmviFIR)ak;CMnYy
mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg Edlpt;pg;CarUbiybNsuTsRmab;karnaMcUlrbs;km<Ca.enAeBlEdlkumtrYbrYm
KaCamYynwgFnaKanik nigGkCMnajxaghirBavtepSgeTot edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgneya)ay
GtiprNa karbeBajcayhYyRbmaN nUvFnbRtCaehtubNal[tmTMnijeLIgTUeTArbs; ln; nl;
Kat;)ankt;Rtakgcitfa emc)anCaRkmrbs;Kat;man\TiBltictYcem:H. enAeBlEdlCnpac;karRtv
22
karluyedIm,ITUTat;TwkR)ak;EdleKKbM)at; Kat;)anRtwmEtbegIntmluyExrEdldak;[cracrmYyeTV
CaBIrb:ueNaH edayKanR)ab;[dwgCamuneLIy. FnaKarnana)antv:aRbqaMg b:uEn ln; nl; nigBYk
GaemrikaMgBuMykcitTukdak;nwgerOgenHbnicesaHeLIy.
FnaKarTaMgLay )antbeTAvijedayl,ghamXat;eRKgsmarRbNIt EdlnaMcUleday
ln; nl; nigBYkGksmKMnit. BYknayTahanrbs;Cnpac;kar)ansgeTAvijPamEdr edayebIk
FnaKarpal;xnEdlRTRTg;eday {mUlniFikgTBEdlmintRmv[eRbIR)as;} ehIy)annaMcUlrfyn
TMenIb nigm:asuInRtCak;edayxngCamYyFnbRtnFnaKarpal;xnrbs;eK. karRbRBwtxusKngenH
BuMRtwmEtb:HBal;dl;viCaCIvrbs;kumteT b:uEnvaeFVI[RCabsBVeBjTIRkg nigcMENknRbeTs EdlenA
RKb;RKgeday ln; nl; enAeLIy.
PaKkan;EtFn;FrnsankarN_RbeTs )anekIneLIgbnicmg ehIymkdl;qaM1973 eTIb
sgamcab;epImb:HBal;dl;dl;karrs;enArbs;RbCaCnmak; TaMgGkenATIRkgkdUcCaenACnbT xN
EdlshrdGaemrikepImyuTnakarTmak;RKab;Ebky:agsem,Imrbs;eK ehIyBYkExrRkhmcab;epIm
kgeBldMNalKanUvdMeNIrBIrqaMrbs;xneq<aHeTArkCyCmHpac;RBRtEdr.
kgGMLgnkarTmak;RKab;EbkR)aMBIrEx edayKanQb;Qrrbs;GaemrikaMg RbCaCnkm<Ca
CagmYylanR)aMEsnnak;)anePosxnmkkan;RkgPMeBj EdleFVI[RbCaCnkgRkgekIneLIgeTV12.
srubeTAshrdGaemrik)anTmak;RKab;EbkmkelICnbTRbeTskm<CacMnYn 257>465etan eRcInCag
Bak;kNalnbrimaNRKab;Ebk Edl)anTmak;eTAelIRbeTsCb:unkgGMLgsgamelakelIkTI2.
lTpl)anmaneLIgCabnbnab;Ka nigbg[mankarxUcxaty:agsem,Im. RbCaCnElgGaceFVIERs
cmar nigensaT RbkbedaysnisuxeTotehIy ehIyvaeRKaHfak;xaMgNas;kgkareFVIdMeNIrtampvCati
nana. ehtukarN_samBaTaMgenH bgaj[eXIjBITuklM)akevTnasRmab;RbCaCnesIrEtTaMgGs;.
pdIERs)anFak;cuHBIbIlanhikta enAeBlcab;epImsgammkenARtwmCagR)aMEsnhiktab:ueNaH
enAeBlbBab;yuTnakarTmak;RKab;Ebk. enAkgRbeTsmankarxVHxates,gGahary:agxaMg ehIykg
TIRkgnana rbs;eRbIR)as;lkRmmaneXIjNas; BIeRBaHvaeRKaHfak;xaMgNas; EdlQjdwkrbs;
TaMgenHmktampvTwk bpvfl; nigmantmhYsehtu ebIdwkrbs;TaMgenHmktamynehaH.
kumt )ansmwgemIlTIRkgrbs;Kat; EdlERbkayeTACamCdanRcbUkRcbl;edayxng.
sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgkgRbvtisasnvsmyBYkGksuMTan)anelcmuxenAtampvnanakgTIRkg. edIm
eQITaMgLay EdlduHGmtammhavifInanakgsgat;EdlmanFnaKarrbs; kumt taMgenA RtveKbk
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
23
sm,kecj edIm,IykeTAeRbIR)as;eFVICa]sdut. sMNg;GnaFibety)anrIklUtlas;enARKb;kEng.

kumt nigmitPkiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; )anpl;TICRmk[bgbnEdlmkBIqaysak;enA.
mbGahar )anecaTCabBaamYyrwtEtFn;FrCagkEngsak;enAeTAeTot ehIykarhUbGahar min
RKb;RKan;)ancab;epImraldalkgCMrMCnePosxnnana. PaBRkIRkKWmanCaTUeTA. ln; nl; )anRbkan;
neya)aymYyEdldUcCaTTYlsal;braCyrbs;Kat;Edr edayedaHsaBIkarpas;bryuTsasmYy
smaCikTaMgLayrbs;rdaPi)al)anRbkasfa BYkeKxHExgRKb;RKgBuMEmnEtEdndIeT b:uEn RbCaCn
rbs;xnEdr ehIyfashrdGaemriknwgpl;CMnYycaM)ac;edIm,IciBawmGkTaMgenH. kgTBrbs; ln; nl;
rYmmanBYknayTahanEdlkat;EtBukrlYyxaMgeLIg bKansmtPaB nigkUnTahanEdlpt;pg;Gahar
[minRKb;RKan; RbmUlsuTEtbraCy ehIysmtPaBrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgkgkarpt;pg;rdFanI )anRtveFVI
[Gnray. BYkExrRkhm)andeNImykkarRttRtaTenemKg. enAqaM1974 BYkExrRkhm)anbiT
xb;pvCatiTaMgGs; ehIyenATIbMput ynehaH)aneTACameFa)ayEtmYyKt; kgkarpt;pg;Ggr nig
eRKgsmarswk[rdFanI. RkgPMeBjRKan;EtCaekaHsib,nimitmYyb:ueNaH EdlPab;edayExS
segaHminsitesrmYycmayrab;Ban;KILEm:RteTAnwgrdaPi)alGaemrikaMgmYy EdleFVI[regaHregI
edaydMe)Apal;rbs;xn EdlbeBaj[eXIjtamryerOgGaRsv v:fWeht.
kgrdFanI Ggr)ankayeTACakarxVl;GMBl;mYy \TiBlnsgam)anFak;eTACaerOgbnab;bnSM
vij. karEsVgrkGgrnigluykak;edIm,ITijva KWCakgVl;FMbMputminRKan;EtsRmab;RbCaCnsIvuileT b:uEn
sRmab;BlTahan. shrdGaemrik)anRbKl;karEckcayes,gGahar[rdaPi)al ln; nl;
emIlxusRtvEtEbrCaelaPln;bMepIscMnYnGgrEdleKdwgBRKb;KaeTAvij. mnusSTaMgenH )anlk;Ggr
ticCagBak;kNalncMnYnsk[kUnTahankgtmTabmYy [R)ak;CMnYy niglk;Ggr EdlenAsl;kg
tmhYsRbmaNmYysRmab;ehae):Apal;rbs;xn. karxVHxatmbGahar)anekIteLIgRBmKa nwg
GtiprNa mYy EdleLIgelOndUcRBj kgrvagmYyqaM R)ak;erol)aneLIgBI280dl; 1600 erol
sRmab;mYydular ebIdUrtamGRtapvkar13. plitplEdlRbCaCnRtvkarCacaM)ac;bMput ElgGac
lUkdTij)anehIysRmab;RbCaCnvNkNal nigrwtEtminGaceTotsRmab;TahanRkIRk EdlekIn
cMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIgenATIRkg.
b:uEnmindUecaH vNkNalTaMgenH nigBYkGkmanbuBVsiTidUc kumt CaedIm )anTTYlsal;rbb ln;
nl; edaysRKcit. BYkeK)ansEmg[eXIjkarGak;Gn;RsBn;city:agxaMg b:uEnKancg;dwgGVIeRkAEtBI
TIbBab;nsgameLIy.BYkeKRtveFVI[rMePIbcitedaykarRKaMRTTaMgRsug EdlshrdGaemrikyl;RBm
24
pl;[ ln; nl; ehIyGVIEdlCaGaCJabBaansgam )anRtwmEtTuk[Kat;nUvEdndIbnicbncb:ueNaH

sRmab;dwknaMkarRbyuT[maneCaKCy. enAExmInaqaM1973 ln; nl; )anpakesrIPaBcugeRkay
bMputrbs;buKlmak; esrIPaBkgkarsEmgmti CMenO nigkarRbCuM esrIPaBkgkare)aHBum<pSay
EdlFanaedayrdFmnuBa. ln; nl; EfmTaMgbMbiTsiTiEdlmanlkNCaCnTak;TgnwglMenAzan
nigsMbuRteqIyqg kgeKaledAsRmldl;karcab;xndl;pHedaymincaM)ac;mandIka karRttBinit
sMbuRteqIyqg karXaMemIlkareFVIdMeNIrTaMgGs;. karGnuBaat[cakecjBIRbeTsnaMbNal[
manR)ak;TwkEt rab;Ban;dularCacaM)ac;.
b:uEnenAqaM1975 kumt GacTajehtusMGagEtTidPaBTIRkgPMeBjmYyb:ueNaH edayenArkSa
lkNsatbrisuTmYycMnYntUc. dUecH Kat;minRBy)armxaMgeLIy enAeBlEdlBYkExrRkhmdMeNIr
karvaylukpac;RBRtrbs;eKenAfcUlqaMsakl fTI1Exmkra nigcab;epImeFVI[kgTBmYy Edl
GaemrikaMg sntkarBarRtvbraCyCabnbnab;. Kat;eCOTaMgxusfa Kat;minGacmaneCaKvasnaGaRkk;
CagrbbsaFarNrdExreT. EbkGMBIBYkGkmanbuBVsiTienAevotNamxagt,g EdlemIleXIjkg
braCy c,as;Camkdl;kgeBlqab;nUvsBaamYy[cakecjBIRbeTsenaH kumt BuMmanbMNgcakecj
BIRbeTskm<CaeTehIyPaKeRcInnmitPkirbs;Kat;kGcwgEdr.BYkeKGHGagfafbnab;nwglRbesIr
Cagmun.
fTI1 Exemsa qaM1975 kumt nigRbCaCnTaMgGs;enARkgPMeBjyl;fa sgamcb;ehIy.
enAfenaH BYkExrRkhm)andeNImTIRbCuMCnGkelOgCakMBg;EppvTwk nigCaExSRkvat;karBarPaK
xagt,gPMeBj. GkelOgCasmrPUmiekAmYykgcMeNamsmrPUmiekACaeRcIn EdlKYr[xacrnt;bMputn
sgam KWkarTmak;RKab;EbkRcLMeTAelImUldanGkelOgedayynehaHeb-52 GaemrikaMgmYyeRKg
)anbNal[mnusSsab;137nak; nigrbYs268nak;. taMgBIenaHmk eQaHGkelOgKWCarUbPaB
nkarxUcmuxmat;nigPaBCUrct; EdlsgamenHbegIteLIg rYmTaMgEbbEpnminKYrman EdlBYkGaemrikaMg
RbRBwtmkelIsm<nmiRtTaMgLayrbs;eKpg.
kardYlrlMGkelOg )anjaMg[shKmn_breTseCOfa dl;eBlEdlRtvcakecjehIy.
Pam sanTUtnana)anbiTTVarmunkMNt;eBl ehIyBYkGaemrikaMg)anCemsbuKliktUctacrbs;eK
y:agqab;rhsbMputtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. kUnGkmanluykm<CaxH CaBiess BYkGkEdlman
Bukmay bgbnenAbreTs )ancakecjBIRbeTsRBmKa. enAfTI12 Exemsa bNasmaCikcug
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
25
eRkaynsanTUtshrdGaemrik)ancakecjEdr. edaypynwgGVI EdlmaneLIgenAevotNamxagt,g

RbCaCnkm<CaminsRmkdUcmnusSqteTAkgsanTUt edIm,ICEBagrkkEngGgymYy enAkg]TmaKcRk
rbs;GaemrikaMgCaeRcIneRKgeLIy.
enAfTI16 Exemsa KWbYnfbnab;BIkarcakecjrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg BYkExrRkhm)andeNIm
kan;kab;Gakasyandanrbs;TIRkg. kumt )aneTAkan;kariyalyeFVIkartameBlem:agdUcsBVdg
b:uEnenAeBlenaHKat;)anykfg;mYyEdldak;RcasduHeFj exaGavBIhSam:aeTACamYypg. edayBit
enAeBlyb; Kat;sRmakenAFnaKar elIkaregOmYyEk,rbnb;dak;TUEdk. RBwtikarN_dMbUgEdlKat;
emIleXIjeBlebIkEPkeLIgenAeBlRBwkfbnab; KWshkarImak;kMBuglakRmalBUkmYyenApvcUl.
{etIGkgeFVIGIhwg?} kumt sYrTaMgminTan;PJak;dwgxn RsYlbYl {erobcMelIkTg;Cys} mitrbs;Kat;
eqIytbvij.
dMbUg kumt minyl;GVITal;EtesaH. Kat;KanbMNgbeBaj[eXIjesckIeRtkGr esIrelateT
Kat;dwgxnfa Kat;CamnusSGBaRkwt. Kat;ecjmkQrelIexOnCeNIrrbs;FnaKar edaysmwgemIl
enARKb;TisTI. RKwHsanenHsitpvRtELgEkgdl,ImYykgcMeNampvRtELgEkgl,Irbs;TIRkg
EdlvifImYymkBIGakasyandanExVgnigmhavifIRBHmunIvgS CapvsMxan;rbs;rdFanI EdlsNkxn
BIeCIgeTAt,g. CafIeTot Kat;Elgkt;smal;GVITaMgGs; eRkAEtBITg;Cys EdlelIktubEtg[Et
)an enARKwHsanepSgeTot.
enAeBlRtLb;cUlmkkgkariyalyKat;vij Kat;eXIjyuTCnvyekgeskBak;exAmak; enAkg
enaH EdlesI[Kat;naMeTACYbrdmnICaGkTTYlxusRtvkEngenH. {eqIytbeTAyuTCnenaHfa
GkgRcLMkEngehIy kumt niyay. BuMmanrdmnIeT ehIyTIenHkBuMEmnRKwHsanrbs;rdaPi)alEdr
enHCaFnaKarmYy. Kat;kecjeTAvijPam}.
ExrRkhmrUbenH EdlkumtCYbCaelIkdMbUg RbEhlCaBuMEmnyuvyuTCnFmtamak;EdlvegVgpv
eT. kumt GgyehIycab;epImeFVIkarbneTot. RbEhlenAem:ag10RBwk semcRBHsgraC )anman
sgdIkatamviTnUvesckIGMBavmYy[rkSaPaBsb;esm{sgamcb;ehIy eyIgTaMgGs;Ka suTEtCa
bgbn. sUmsitenAesmsat;enAtampHerogxn14}.
bniceRkaymk ]tmesnIymak;nkgTBrdaPi)alEdlcaj;)aneFVIesckIRbkastamviTmYy
dUcKa ehIy)anecjbBaa[bBab;karRbyuTTaMgGs; eRBaHfa {karcrcaKakMBugEtRbRBwteTA}.
RbEhlenAevlafRtg; kumt )ancakecjBIkariyalyrbs;Kat;edIm,IeTAbriePaKGaharf
26
Rtg;CamYybgbnCIdUnmYyKat;eQaH Guin jil enApvmageTot EdlKat;eFVIkarenARkmhunraCaysy

yankm<CakgzanCanayk. BYkkgTBExrRkhmeskBak;exA \LvenH )anedIreLIgtammhavifI
RBHmunIvgSCaRkmtUc. enAkEngGahardanraCaysyyan kumt nigbgbnCIdUnmYyKat; naMKa
niyayBITIbBab;nsgam ehIysaksYrGMBItYnaTIEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nwgRtvsEmgenAkg
rdaPi)alfI. BIrem:ageRkaymk enAeBlEdlkumtRtLb;eTAkariyalyKat;vij Kat;eXIjebskCn
manGMNacmak;rbs;BYkExrRkhmsitenATIenaHCaeRsc.
{tamkaremIleXIjCak;Esg enHCabBavnmak;/ kumt bBaak;. Kat;enaH)anesIsuMCYbRbFan
FnaKarEdlRtLb;eTApHKat;vij)at;eTAehIy. bnab;mk ebskCnenaHRbkasfa Kat;cg;dkhUtR)ak;
kas nigGVITaMgGs;Edlmantm RBmTaMgmas.l. etagEtBnl;R)ab;Kat;fa FnaKarkCn
TaMgLayminrkSaTukmaseT KWTukEtFnbRtb:ueNaH. Kat;enaH)ansgsmImkvijfa BYkGaemrikaMgman
KeRmagTmak; RKab;EbkelIRkgPMeBj ehIyfa Kat;)anTTYlbBaa[naMykGVITaMgGs; Edlmantm
eTACamYy}.
karKMramBIkarvayRbharrbs;GaemrikaMgenH BuMeFVI[kumtRClRcaleLIy. Kat;mineCOBIerOg
enHeT ehIyKat;)anGHGagnwgebskCnExrRkhmvijfa kuM[RBy)armGI Kat;sal;BYkGaemrikaMg
c,as; BYkeKnwgminRbRBwterOgGcwg enAeBlEdleKcaj;\LvenHeT. {)anniyayCamYyKat;
)aneFVI[Kat;sb;GarmN_edaygay kumt erobrab;. CamnusScuHcMeNamnwgGkdTCanic ehIy
dUcCamanmenaseBatnanwgKat;Nas;. EfmTaMgbBaak;R)ab;Kat;edIm,IelgesIcfa bnb;dak;luy
rbs;eyIgKWmaMxaMgNas;GacTb;Tl;nwgRKab;EbkeRcInRKab; rbs;ynehaHeb-52)an. b:uEn kmaPi)alExr enAEtesI[ehARbFanFnaKarmkCYbdEdl}.
kumt )anTUrsBeTARbFanrbs;Kat;Edlyl;RBmmkCYbPamenAFnaKar. b:uEn vtmanrbs;
buKlikBIrnak;eTot KWCaGkcaM)ac;xanmin)an mak;CaGKRttBinitnigmak;eTotCahirBawk edIm,IebIkTVar
TUEdk. kumt suxciteFVIdMeNIrtamrfyneTArkGkTaMgBIrdl;pH ehIynaMmkkan;FnaKarvij. enAtam
pvKat;segtemIlTidPaBepSg EdlKat;)anRbmaNTukCamun. BYkExrRkhm)andkhUtGavuFBI
RbCaCnTaMgGs; TnwmnwgeBlsgamCitbBab; BlrdsuIvil )ancab;epImmanGavuFxIedIm,IkarBarxn.
Kat;eXIjKMnrGavuFCaeRcInenAtamRCgpvnana b:uEnKat;Cab;rvl;nwgebskmrbs;Kat;xaMgEmnETn
rhUtTal;EtKat;min)ansmal;BIkarsb,ayrIkray rbs;RbCaCnsamBaeLIy. enAeBlEdlmnI
FnaKarsMxan;TaMgbICYbCuMKaehIy eKkcat;EcgebIkTVarTUEdk ehIy kumt )anRttBinitBIelIkarrab;Fn
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
27
bRt EdlmanRbEhlCamYylandularKitCaluyExr. Kat;erobcMbgan;dTTYlmYyEdlmancuHht

elxaedayRtwmRtv ehIyRbKl;kUnesaTUEdkeTA[ExrRkhmrUbenaH. eBlraRtI)anQancUlmkdl;
Kat;)aneFVIkargarenHCitdl;em:ag7yb; ehIyebskCnExrRkhm)anesI[ kumt ykluydak;kg
TUEdkvij.
eTaHCaKat;eRbIeBlmYycMENkFM enAeBlresoledIm,Irab;FnbRtkgbriyakassb;esm
enAFnaKarkeday kkumt dwgfa briyakasrbs;TIRkgERbRblEdr. Kat;BsMeLg)aj;kaMePIg EtBIs
EtBas nigkar)aj;rHedaykaMePIgyn. buKlikmak; )anxSwbR)ab;Kat;fa BYkExrRkhm)anbBaa[
RbCaCncakecjBITIRkg. b:uEn viTBuMmanpSBVpSaybTbBaa[eFVIkarCemsecjeT. kumt RtveFVI[
Tal;KMnitmindwgKitEbbNa ehIy\LvenH EdlKat;bBab;kickarrbs;Kat;rYcehIy Kat;dwgxnfa karxwg
mYem:A)anraldaleBjxnR)aNKat;.
kmaPi)alExrRkhmrUbenaH)ansuM[kumt nigGkTTYlxusRtveTotrbs;FnaKarsitenATIenH
sinedIm,ICYyRsal; eRCIserIsksarepSg. {esIcjwmehIyeqIytbfa eT GrKuNehIy
cg;ecjBITIenH kumt erobrab;R)ab;. enAeBlenaHBYkeK)anesICUndMeNIr RtLb;eTAvijtamrfyn
mYykgcMeNamrfynCaeRcIneRKgrbs;BYkeK kgeKalbMNg[qgkat;r)aMghamXat;nana eday
KanbBaa b:uEn)anRcanecalkaresIrbs;eK. CRmablaRbFan nigbNashkarIrbs;. CMnYs[
karRtLb;eTApH EbrCaseRmcciteFVIdMeNIreTAsNaKarLWPMvij eRBaHRtvkarpwkmYyEkvsin}.
kumt )anecjedIrkgeBlyb; ehIyKMnitrbs;Kat;)ancab;epImvilvl;minR)akdRbCa. enA
cMeBaHmuxKat; Kat;eXIjTIRkgmYyEdlRtvratt,at PyRBy nigTeTsat. Kat;RtvkareBlmYyry
edIm,IRttRtakarRClRcbl;kgcitrbs;Kat;eLIgvij. kgTIRkgKansl;mnusSmak;esaH.
kgeBlEdlkumt kMBugeFVIkarenAFnaKar BYkExrRkhm)anepImCemsecjBITIRkgPMeBj
edaycab;epImBImnIreBTnanaeTA. BYkGkrbYs GkBikar edIrGUsxnedaylM)aktamEdlBYkeKGaceFVI
)an. GkrbYsmYycMnYnedkskswgenAelIERKenAeLIy Edlmanbgbnmak; rujBIeRkayedaykan;
e)akesr:Umpg. Bukmak;Edls<aykUnRsIKat;dak;kgkRmalBUkmYy cgCuMvijkrbs;Kat;kMBugyM
GNWtGNk. mnusSCitBIrmWunRtv)anbeNjecjBImnIreBTnana enAeBlresolfenaH.
bnab;BI)anedjmnusSecjBImnIreBTGs;ehIy kgTBkumynisCaRkmtUc Edl kumt Fab;
eXIjedIrcUlRkgPMeBj )anbMEbkKaeTAkan;sgat;epSgkgRkgPMeBj. yuTCnxHbBaacracrN_enA
tampvRkELgEkg yuTCnxHeTotedIrBIpHmYyeTApHmYyedIm,IbBaa[RbCaCncakecjPam. BYkeK
28
GHGagedayKYrsmfa {BYkGaemrikaMgnwgmkTmak;RKab;EbkelIRkgPMeBj. sUmecjdMeNIrCabnan;

min)ac;ykGIeTACamYyeRcIneT bniceTotbgbnnwgRtLb;mkvijehIy}.
BYkGkEdlRbEkktv:a suTEtRtvbBaa[[eTAtamTisedAkMNt;edaykar)aj;kaMePIgbegIl
GkTaMgLayNaEdlrwgrUssuTEtRtvkemcecal. kumtFab;)anBsMeLgRKab;kaMePIg EdlkgTBExr
Rkhm)aj;kgryeBlnkareQaHRbEkkKabnicbncTaMgenH. enAeBlenHKat;KaneXIjGVIeRkAEtBI
sMNl;EdlenAsl;eRkaykarvinasb:ueNaH. GKiPy)aneqHCHBnWrnaleLIgenAeCIgemX.
dUcRbCaBlrdTaMgGs;enARkgPMeBjEdr kumt minsUvedkBYneT kgryeBlBIrs)ah_cugeRkay
eRkamePgRKab;kaMePIgFMnkarvaylukpac;RBRtrbs;ExrRkhm. karGs;kmaMgrbs;Kat;)anrlay
)at;Pam enAeBlEdlKat;xMRbwgTTYlykTsSnIyPaBEdlKat;eXIj eRkamEkvEPkrbs;Kat; KWTIRkg
PMeBjsat;RCgMdUcvalrehazan.
Kat;edIreLIgtamvifIRBHmunIvgSsMedAeTAkan;sNaKar ehIysMNYrepSgkMBugkkUrkkaykg
xYrk,al rbs;Kat;. Kat;nwkkgcitfa Kat;nwgTTYl)ancemIyenAsNaKarLWPM. kalBIb:unanfmun
kEngenHRtv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;GBaRkwtsRmab;CnbreTsTaMgGs;. BYkGkTaMgenaH nwgerobrab;
R)ab;Kat;BIGVIEdlekItmaneLIg. enAeBlEdlKat;mkdl;pvRkalRkslitrbs;sNaKar Kat;rt;
TaMgsgGarmN_viHEtb:HGkEdlsal;rab;GanKayUrmkehIy KWvisVkrmak; eFVIkarenARksYgRbsNIy_
TUrKmnaKmn_EdlFab;eTAsikSaenAshrdGaemrik.
kumt Qb;g:k;eBlkMBugrt;. {Gacsnidan)antamryTwkmuxrbs;Kat;. Kat;hak;dUcCaRtv
eFVI[xVl;citNas;. Kat;R)ab;dMNwgfa BYkbreTs)anecjdMeNIreTAkan;sanTUtrbs;)araMgGs;
ehIy. bnab;mk Kat;bBaak;R)ab;fa Kat;)anRbKl;kUnEtmYyKt;rbs;Kat;[BYkbreTsemIlxusRtv
ehIyedIm,I[varYcputBIeRKaHfak;. mincg;eCOKat;BIerOgenHeT b:uEnKat;bdiesFmineqIynwgsMNYr
epSgeToteLIy.Kat;eBalfaKat;mincg;niyayR)ab;eTehIyfaKat;mindwgfaGkNamYy EdlKat;
Tukcit. bnab;mkKat;edIrecjBIeTA)at;}.
BYkbreTsKWCamnusScugeRkayEdlBYkExrRkhmRtvKitKUr. bnab;BI)aneFVIkarCemsRbCaCnkm<CaecjBIrdFanI[eTAkan;TIedAepSgrYcehIy BYkeK)anbBaatamRbdab;bMBgsMeLg emRk
[GtifiCnTaMgGs;enAtamsNaKarcakecj RKwHsanenHBuMEmnCatMbn;EdlRtv)ankarBarmYyeT.
dUecHBYkbreTsRtveTAkan;sanTUtrbs;)araMgTaMgGs;. b:uEnRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlQasvCageK dUcCa
visVkrEdlkumtFab;)anCYb dwgfasanTUt)araMgBuMGackarBarCnCatiExr)aneLIy.
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
29
ebIsinCaKat;beNayxneTAtamTidPaBenH kumtc,as;CaERskedaykarPyxac. mYyEpkn

kartsUykQHxngenH)aneFVI[Kat;dkdegImedayBi)ak {enHCaelIkcugeRkayehIyEdl
Rtac;crtampvnanaenAkgTIRkgrbs;}. bnab;mkKat;mansartIeLIvij. {KWminGacmanGcwgeT.
RtvEtTuksiTinkarminTukcit[Kat;cuH. eyIgnwgmkvijTaMgGs;Ka}. Kat;EbrRtLb;eRkay ehIy
cab;epImEsVgrkGuinjilCabgbnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;. Kat;minGacBuHBarnwgRBwtikarN_GaRkk;enHEt
mak;geT. Kat;)anCYbGuinjil edaycdnenAcmayCagmYyryEm:Rt ehIyGkTaMgBIr)anecj
dMeNIrCamYyKatamrfyneTAkan;sgat;CayRkgeQaHTYleKak CakEngEdlbgbnCIdUnmYyKat;
manxmtUcmYyqayBIpvfl;.
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cg;ePcBYkExrRkhmeTAehIy. {minRtvbeNayxn[Fak;eTAkgkareFVsRbEhseT kumt niyay.
eyIgRtvEtsgwm. minGaceCOedaye)aHbg;kUnrbs;enAfmYybnab;BIkarmkdl;rbs;BYkExr
RkhmeT. mincg;elIktmBYkExrRkhmhYsehtueBkeLIy cg;eFVIxnCaGkRbkbedayvicarN
BaaNmak;}.
bnab;BIryeBlbIf kEnglak;xnrbs;Kat;Rtv)anrkeXIjenAkgGMLgnkarEqkeqr rukerI
y:agCak;lak;mYyenAkgrdFanI. yuTCnmak;)anbgajxnenAmat;TVarpHKat; ehIyniyay edayKYr
smfa {bgbn smmitsUmGeBaIjcakecjBIpH. BYkcRkBtinwgmkTmak;RKab;EbkelITIRkgeyIgmin
xan. BIr-bIfeTotbgbnGacRtLb;mkvijehIy}.
enAeBlenH kumt suxciteCOBIerOgTmak;RKab;EbkenH. bgbnCIdUnmYyKat; nigrUbKat;)an
ecjdMeNIrCamYyRKsarrbs;Kat;edaye)aHbg;ecalRTBsm,tiTaMgGs; nigeKarBtambBaaEdl
ExrRkhmkMNt;[. BYkeK)ancakecjBITIRkgPMeBjtampvCatielx5 EdlnaMeq<aHeTATisxageCIg
edayehtufaBYkExrRkhmbBaak;R)ab;[RtLb;eTAPUmikMeNItvij KWPUmirbs;Bukmay bCIdUnCItarbs;
xnrs;enA. RkgPMeBjCa {PUmikMeNIt}rbs; kumt dUecHKat;)anseRmceTAtamGuinjilrhUtdl;
PUmirbs;Kat;EdlCaPUmiFMmYyenAkgextkMBg;cam. EtkgryeBlb:unanem:agb:ueNaH BYkeK)an
eTATan;hVgRbCaCny:ageRcIn EdlRtvbeNjBITIRkgPMeBjEdr enAeBlEdl kumt kMBugrab;FnbRt
enAkgFnaKar.
BYkeKedIrmat;RckecjBITIRkg smuTmnusSenAQrkkkujeBjelIpvdtUcEdlRtvnaMeq<aHeTA
CnbTedaykgTBeskBak;exACaeRcInnak;. kumt nwkKiteTAdl;mnusSmYyhVgEdl enACab;kgsad
30
mYyKanRckecj. BYkGkmanEdlenAsl;RkdasR)ak;enAeLIy )anTijmbGaharBIGklk;dUr

EdltaMgenAtamcieBaImpv edaylk;kgtmfhYsehtu GgrknHKILRkam fmYyrydularKitCa
luyExr RtIEdlsc)anBIRbLayTwkmYyfhasibdular. BYkGkRkIRk EdlKanGVIesaH)angakecj
minTijGVITaMgGs;. GkCMgWxHsQamRtdrxl;enAelIcieBaImfl;. KanGkNamak;Qb;edIm,ICYyGk
EdleKminsal;eLIy. KanGkNamak;nwkKitRbqaMgnwgBYkExrRkhm nigbBab;karcakecjTaMghVg
EdlKYr[rnte; nHpgeT. sRmab;erOgenHeKetagEtkmat;ecjnUvskmPaBminsmehtusmplTaMgGs;
enAeBlEdlBYkeKbnedIrkgCMhanFn;Bab;mYy. erogral;f enAem:ag4laceKR)ab;[Kat;edk ehIy
BYkeKGs;sgwmCaxaMgBImak;eTAmak;. eKdas;GkTaMgenaH[PJak;enAmuneBlRBwk edIm,IecjdMeNIreTAmux
eTot. BYkeKedIrpMKa eTAtammCdansgmrbs;eK kumt nigbgbnCIdUnmYyKat; edIrCamYyCnCati
ExrecHdwgdT eTorbs;TIRkg BYkmas;hagTMnijedIreTAmuxCamYymas;hagTMnijdUcKa BYkGksuMTan
CamYyBYk GksuMTan. kumt )anedIrdUecHkgryeBldb;f rhUtdl;hVgmnusSEdlmanrab;Ban;nak;eTA
dl;s<anmYyqgkat;Tensab. enAkEngenaH kumt nigbgbnCIdUnmYyKat;)anedIrsMedAeTATisxagekIt
nigPUmikMeNItrbs;jilvij.
Kat;Qb;sRmakenAERBkkamCaTIRbCuMCntUcmYyenAeRtIymagnTen EdlenAeBlenH Rtv
mnusSbImWunnak;cUlenABaseBjedayrg;caMeFVIdMeNIrbneTot eq<aHeTAkan;PUmikMeNItrbs;eK. enAERBk
kammanmbGaharnigmankmaPi)alExrkMBugrg;caMRttBinitmnusSTUeTA. Guin jil Rtv)anehA[cuH
eQaHmuneK. kumt Fab;BeKniyayfa BYkkumynisRsal;eRCIsmnusSmaedayesI[sresr{Rbvti
rUb} rbs;xn CaBiessGMBIkargarEdlBYkeKFab;eFVI eRkamrbb ln; nl;. {enAeBlEdlBYkExrRkhm
sUm[bgbnCIdUnmYysresrCIvRbvtirbs;Kat; )ansuMsresrdUcKaEdr kumt erobrab;. eyIgB
RbCaCnxHniyayfa eKnaMmnusSeTAeronsURt EdleyIgbkRsayfaCa {karlagxYrk,al}. eyIg
R)afasitenArYmCamYyKa edIm,IKaMBarKaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyRtvExrRkhmebIk[eTATaMgBIrnak;}.
bgbnCIdUnmYysac;qaymak; EdlCaGtItmnIKyenAGakasyandaneBacintug )anbeBaj
bMNgrYmdMeNIrCamYyeyIgEdr ehIyeyIgTaMgbInak;)aneTAbgajxnrYmKaenAmuxBYkExrRkhm.
{bnab;BI)anpl;BtmanTaMgGs;sIBIrUbeyIgEdlBYkeKcg;)anehIy eyIgRbkasfaeyIgcg;ecj
dMeNIreTACamYyKa. BYkeKnaMjilnigmnIKyecjeTA b:uEn)anGHGagfa BYkeKBuMRtvkarRbvtirUb
rbs;eT. GkTTYlxusRtvmak;bBaak;R)ab;fa {enAeBlNaeKRtvkarRbvtirUbenaH eKnwgsYrrkBI
smmitehIy. sitenAEtmak;gKt;}.
GkEdledIrtamBIcmay
31
edayeXIjbgbnCIdUnmYyKat;edIreTAqay eRkamkarGmkarBarrbs;BYkExrRkhmRbdab;GavuF
kumt manGkarPysn;esaCaxaMg. taMgBIfTI17 Exemsa jilFab;CaGkrYmdMeNIrCamYyKat; RKb;
CMhan. karCECkKaelgrbs;Kat;)ankarBarrUbKat; dUcCaExlmYyBITsSnIyPaBKYr[RBWxacTaMgLay
EdlkMBugekItmanbnKaCuMvijKat;. kgryeBldb;BIrfGkTaMgBIr)anedIrBIPMeBjeTAERBkkameday
minsUvxVayxVl;nwgBYkGkRkIRknigGkGt;Xan GkRtdrxl;Citsab;Gk)at;xneLIy eRBaHeyIgCECk
KaEtBImUlehtunkarCems BItYnaTIEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nwgkan;kab;enAkgrbbfI BIkal
briecTnkarRtLb;eTARkgPMeBj BIkarrYmcMENkEdleyIgGacpl;dl;karbdivtn_b:ueNaH. BYkeKFab;
rkSa[sitesry:agyUrtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an nUvCIvitRbkbedayksiTi EdlKanPaBR)akd
rbs;eK. \LvenHKWPaBsat;RCgM kumt sitenAEtmak;geBareBjeTAedaykarPyrnt;.
Kat;RtLb;mkrkRKsarrbs;jilvij -RbBnrbs;jil kUnrbs;Kat; nigbgbnCIdUnmYy BIr-bI
nak;eTot- ehIy)at;bg;esckIsgwmCabnan;. RkmRKsarEdlenAsl;R)aMmYynak; )anTTYlbBaa[
eLIgCiHkgLankamIj:gmYyeRKg pkmnusSeBjENneTAehIy Edl)andak;RKsarenHcuHenAnay
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mYyRKab;kgeBaH BYkeK)ansRmakkgyb;enaHedayedkRtsulTl;xgKa. EskeLIgBYkeK)anRtv
naMeTAkan;PUmiCitxagmYyCaTIEdleKpl;kEng[rs;enAeRkamxmmYysg;BIKl;bsSIbukdaMkgdIpal;
EdlCaFmtakEngenHCaTICRmkrbs;stVb:ueNaH. {eyIgrs;enAdUcCastVRCkedaybriePaKsMNl;
mbGaharEdleKe)aHmk[eyIg. dwgxnfa eyIgTaMgGs;KasiteRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;bdivtn_Edl
eyIgBuM)anCYybdivtn_}.
BYkeK)anedIrqgkat;extedayel,nyWt BIkEngQb;dkmSt;mYyeTAkEngmYyeTot rhUt
dl;PUmikMeNItrbs;Kat;enACits<WcmarelI EdlCatMbn;dIERsdmanCICatienAEk,rcmarekAsU. enAeBl
enHCaf16 Ex]sPa KWCitmYyEx)ankngeTAcab;taMgBICyCmHrbs;ExrRkhm. vanwgBuMmankar
vilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBj nigeTArkCIvPaBrs;enAEdlkumtFab;)ansal;eLIy. RkmRKsarBuMRtv)an
GnuBaat[eTACYbCuMKavijeT b:uEnRtvbBan[eTArs;enAkg {shkrN_} FMmYy EdlRbmUlpM mYyBan;
R)aMryRKsarsiteRkamkarRttRtarbs;ExrRkhmbInak;. kumt Rtvcat;taMg[eFVIkarkgkgplitmYy
CamYymnusSeBjvydb;BIrnak;eTot ehIy)anTTYlrbbes,gGaharRbcaMExCaelIkdMbUg EdlkMNt
;[RKsarKat; Ggrdb;R)aMKILsRmab;Blkrmak; EdleFVIkareBjem:ag R)aMBIrKILknH sRmab;Gk
EdleFVIkarBak;kNaleBl cMENkekg Kan)anTTYlGVIesaH edayeKsntfaRtvpl;[mnusS
32
eBjvyehIy. KWmanEtb:uNwg KanRtI KanbEn KaneRbgqa Kansac;eT kumt )anRtveFVI[RBy)arm

BIerOgenHEfmeTot.
{dwgxnfa eyIgTaMgGs;KalHbg;Gs;ehIy. karviPaKTaMgGs;EdleyIgFab;niyaykg
ryeBlnsgam TsSnTaMgGs;rbs;eyIgGMBIGVIEdlRbeTskm<CanwgeTACay:agNa suTEtxus
y:agxaMg rhUtTal;EtElgemIleXIjnUvGVIEdlekItmanBitR)akd. enATIbMput yl;c,as;nUvGVIEdl
ekItmancMeBaHGkTaMgLayEdlExrRkhmeRCIserIs[eTA {eronsURt} ehIyBYkeKRtvsmab;ecal
TaMgGs;. kgcMeNameyIg GkEdlBYkkumynisminsmab;KWTuksRmab;eFVIkardUcstVFatu}.
tmkeTot eKesI[mnusSTaMgGs;sresrRbvtirbs;xnbsURt[eKsresrtam. enAEx]sPa
nigmifuna kumt )aneRbIeBlevlaTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;edIm,IeroneFVIERs EsVgrkGVIEdlGacbriePaK)an
enAkgRB.CamYyRKsarrbs; jil Kat;edIrerIsxgebHbEnRBswkeckedIm,IseFVI {bbrRbg}bbr
eRKgmYyRbePTmanbg;bEnlaypg.enAedImdMbUg BYkeKBuM mancanqaMgesaHeLIy KWmanEt]bkrN_
eFVIERs rgl rnas; b:ueNaH. BYkeKmanEtsemkbMBak;enACab;nwgxn EdlBYkeKeskBak;enAeBl
EdlcakecjBITIRkgPMeBjmk. BYkExrRkhmR)ab;fa karsakl,gGVI[dwgBi)ak-RsNukTaMgenH
KWCakarcaM)ac; edIm,I{eFVIbdivtn_QaneTArkkar]tmxnedayxng}.
b:uEn enAExkkda mnusSCaeRcIn)ancab;epIm)at;xnenAeBlyb;. eKnaMGkTaMgenaH eTAmgmYy
GtItTahanbBukmayrbs;GtItTahanTaMgenaHGtItmnIrdkarGtItsmaCikrdaPi)alrbs; ln; nl;
GtItbBavn. kumt RtveKTuk[rs;enAteTAeTot. {)ansresrsRmab;BkY ExrRkhmnUvRbvtri bU Bisa r
mYy BIeRBaHkgshkrN_manbBavnepSg eToty:ageRcInEdlFab;sal; kalenARkgPMeBj. b:uEn
BYkExrRkhmmindwgGVIFMduMBIFnaKareT. cMeBaHExrRkhmTaMgenaHyl;fa RKbeRgnCabBavn b:uEn min
EmnFnaKarrikeT. sRmab;BkY eKyl;fa FnaKarRKan;EtCakEngmYyeKrkSaTukluy ehIyBYkeKRbEhl
Cacat;TukCaesnesrsamBamak;b:ueNaH EdlqatRbsb; b:uEnBuMmanR)aCJa):aFINas;NaeT}.
enAshkrN_ yb;mansPaBsat;RCgM KWmanEtBYkkmaPi)alExrRkhmb:ueNaH EdlhanedIrBI
kEngmYyeTAkEngmYy. eKsab;BCajwkjynUvsMeLgeCIgmnusSedIrxusBIFmta sMeLgkrrbs;
GkNamak;EdleKnaMykeTA. kumt enAnwkeXIjfa yb;mYysMeLgmnusSedIrmanlan;BEk,rxmrbs;
Kat;EdleFVI[Kat;snidanfa eKmknaMrUbKat;eTAeTdwg. nwkkgcitfa {enHCaerOgmYy EdlRtvxaMmat;
sgt;citedIm,Irs; ehIymYyeTotsURTaMrs;sRmab;Etsab;m:agb:ueNaH. )anseRmccitrg;caMBIrqaM
ebIsinBuMmanERbRblBIeBlenHeTAeT nwgeFVIGtXad}.
PaBcab;epImnRbeTskm<CasmyTMenIb
33
CMBUkTI2
cMeBlEdl kumt eRKagKitBIEpnkarsmab;xn enAExmifuna qaM1975 b:ul Bt EdlCaGkTTYl
xusRtvFMbMputelITukevTnarbs;FnaKarik )anEfgsunrkfadsMxan;mYykgTIRkgPMeBj Edlsat;RCgM
esIrEtdUcvalrehazan. edayniyaykgzanKat;CaRbFanKNkmaFikareyaFanbkSkumy
niskm<Ca Kat;)anEfgnUvRbePTsunrkfaKYr[FujRTan;mYyenAmuxkgTBcMnYn3>000nak; Edlmk
CYbCuMKakgrdFanI edIm,ItMNag[bNaGgPaBTBFMrbs;bkSkumyniskm<Ca. sunrkfaenH rYmmankar
bkRsayrbs;bkS GMBIRbvtisas EdleTIbmanfIenH. kgenaH Kat;k)anbkRsay BIkarEdlbkS
kgTB nigBYkemdwknaMrbs;bkS )antRmvxneTAtamRbvtisasrbs;km<Ca nigBiPBkumyniseday
reboby:agNapg.
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BYkeKCaGkTTYlrgeRKaH. \LvenHBYeKsuTEtCamas;kan;kab;RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl. smITaMgLay
rbs; b:ul Bt KWkareXasnaedayKaneGonxas KanRbvtisas b:uEn BaksmIenH)anqHbBaaMg
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begIt[maneLIg edIm,IbnGtiPaBBIbNaqaMdexAGab;GY nigEdlesIrEtbMpaj[sabsUneTAehIy.
b:ul Bt )anniyayfa {kgTUTaMgBiPBelak taMgEtBImansgambdivtn_ mkehIytaMgEtBI
cRkBtiGaemrikaMg vakekItmkminTan;EdlmanRbCaCatiNamYy kgTBNamYy GacmansmtPaBedj
kmat;cRkBtiGaemrikdl;TIbMput ehIydeNIm)aneCaKCymYyTaMgRsug)anenaHeLIy. KanmnusSNa
mak;epSgeTot kBuMGaceFVIdUecH)anEdr>>> kgTBrbs;eyIg)anbMeBjebskkmenH RbkbedayeCaK
CymYy EdlmanBImunmkesaHkgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. ebIniyaytamPasaFmtakgerOgenHeKeCOfa
enHCasad rbs;RBHGaTieTB BIeRBaHkickarenHmanlkNFMelIslb;RkElg mnusSsamBaBuMGaceFVI
[seRmc)aneLIy}1.
BYkGkEdlkMBugsab;sunrkfaenH suTEteskBak;exaGavrEhkryuIry:RKb;RbePT GkxHman
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epSg. tYnaTICaGkcm,aMgRbcaMstvtSr_ EdlxaMRkajnenol elIsMNl;mhictarbs;cRkBti
GaemrikaMgmuneKbMput hak;dUcCaCyCmHenH minFYnlmnwgcitrbs;eKesaH b:uEn b:ul Bt )anRbkas
34
R)ab;fa lkNsuPaBrabsarbs;eK Rtv)anbEnmeTAelIPaBffr elI{PaBbrisuT} nCyCmH

rbs;eKEfmeTot.
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manBImunmkesaHkgRbvtisaskgTBnRbeTseyIg} nigBiPBelakTaMgmUl. manEtRbCaCati
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RbeTsxn nigRbCaCnxn)anTaMgRsug dac;xat nigsatbrisuTy:agenH.
b:ul Bt )anerobrab;bBalkgsunrkfaenHfa {CyCmHdbrisuT} nig{mas;kar} )aneFIV[
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GEgVgenaHeT. kgsunrkfarbs;xn b:ul Bt )anelIkykbNafExdEsnGaRkk; cMnYn8Ex eRkamkar
Tmak;RKab;EbkGaemrikaMgkgqaM1973 mkeFIVCaTTIkrN_ edIm,IsMGagkarGYtekgkagBIbkS rbs;xnfa
CaGkQHshrdGaemrik muneKbgs;. Kat;)anniyaybnfa {eRkaykarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBm
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eRBaHkgTBenH)anvayRbyuTenAkm<Camindl; 3Expg. eRkayEdlsPaGaemrikaMg)andak;kMNt;[
35
bBab;karTmak;RKab;EbkenAkm<CaRtwmfTI15 ExsIha qaM1973 BYkExrTaMg 2Rkm)anbnkar

vayRbyuTKaEtg ehIyKURbyuTTaMgsgxagKitfa BYkeKRtvGtItsm<nmitrbs;xne)aHbg;ecal
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rykalbIqaM kgkarRbyuTTl;nwgKUsRtvmYy EdlmanEtkgkarsntKURbyuTTaMgsgxag)anegIb
ecjmkkNalval ehIydwgxnfaBYkeK)anvayRbyuTRbqaMgEtbgbng KWBMuEmnRbqaMgnwgBYk
evotNamxageCIg dUcEdl ln; nl; )anGHGagenaHeT ehIykBMuEmnRbqaMgnwgkgTBGaemrikaMg dUcEdl
b:ul Bt bBaak;GHGagenaHEdr. b:uEn KWBYkeKRbqaMgEtCamYyCnrYmCatikm<CadUcKab:ueNaH. kMhwg
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manmUldan GMBIbTBiesaFn_ {xn]btmxn} dvinashinehac exacpSa EdlRbCaCnRtvEtedIrtam
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ksikr kmkr bkgTBdUcKa. muxrbrepSg Edl\tRbeyaCn_)anRtvlubbM)at;ecaltaMgBIfdMbUg
nkarbdivtn_em:H. BaNiCkm shRKaskCn )anrlay)at;bg; eKbiTpSar haglk;TMnijePaCnIy
dan ehIyeKbM)at;R)ak;kas;Elg[mancayEfmeTot. mnusSmak; )anTTYlrbbhUbcuksRmab;Et
kargarEdlxn)aneFVIb:ueNaH. bdivt)anGYtekgkagbMeBjtamesckIRtvkarTaMgGs;rbs;RbCaCn[
)anRKb;RKan;.
36
rd)anTamTareFVICamas;kmsiTielIRTBsm,tiTaMgGs; nigkarRttBinitral; skmPaBTaMgGs;

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c,ab;GVITaMgGs;. RbCaCnKWsitenAkgkNab;dRkmemdwknaMrbs;xn EdlCaGkseRmcGMBIbrimaN
es,gEdlRtvhUb karpt;pg;faMsRmab;Bal)al TNkmepSgEdlGnuvtelIGkmaneTas.
karrs;enArbs;RbCaCnsitenARtg;kareFVIkarEtm:agKt;. salaeronRtvbiTTaMgGs; sasna
RtvhamXat;. ElgmanbBaakmSansb,ay karsRmaklMEheTotehIy. kareFVIdMeNIr karGan kar
sresrRtvhamXat;TaMgRsugcMeBaHRbCaCnTaMgGs; erorElgEtGkmanbuBVsiTimYycMnYntUcb:ueNaH.
BYkemdwknaMkumyniskm<Ca minTukcitBYkbreTsy:agxaMg rhUtTal;EtBYkeKekaRbeTs
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rbs;RbeTs nigKMnitBiessedayELkmYynBiPBelak Edldk;Cab;kgcitrbs;Gk)ankan;GMNac
taMgBIenaHrhUtmkdl;sBVfenH. TMenomTmab;TaMgLayrbs;raCaNacRkenH)anpl;CaKMrUmYy BMu
RtwmEt eTvraCa smyTMenIb KWesc RBHneratm sIhnu b:ueNaHeT b:uEn kpl;CaKMrUcMeBaHGkTaMgLay
EdlRbECgGMNacCamYynwgRBHGg.
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RsYlkarc,aMgdeNImykRbeTskm<Ca nigkarRttRtaryeBlekAsibqaMrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg )an
37
bEnmPaBlVIgCUrct;eTAelImrtkenaHeTot. kgTIbMput enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<CaseRmcdeNIm)an

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RbeTsCitxagTaMgBIrman esom nigevotNam )ankat;ykTwkdIxHrbs;xn edaymankarCYyeRCam
ERCgesIrEtTaMgRsugBIescExrmYyGgCanic ehIyBYk)araMgkFab;Rbkasfa RbCaCnkm<CaminecH
rs;enA[cuHsRmgtamsmyTMenIbeLIy. enAeBlEdlGkdwknaMNamak; egIbeLIgRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg
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edayCnbreTsmak;.
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GMBIesaPNPaB nigPaBsmsga tulPaB nigsmamaRt PaBsuIKarvagTMhM RtwmRtvNas; kgRbBn
Farasas kdUckgsil,xagkarqak;dRbNItrbs;BYkeKEdr.
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cMeNHCan;dMbUgGMBIrebobeRbIR)as;Twkrbs;bNaRbCaCnEdlFab;rs;enAmunBYkeK kgRClgTenemKg
eRkam ehIyEdlecHbgrTwk ecjBIvalPk;l,b;enAEdndIsN ecHRKb;RKgTwkCMnn;enArdUvePg nigrkSa
TwkTuksRmab;bBalERsenArdUvR)aMg. dUcKaEdr rcnabTnnimabnkmenAGgrmanTRmg;dUcR)asaTenA
38
RBHraCaNacRkcam:,a EdlCardRbECgmYysitenATisxagekItRkgGgrEdr. BYkExr)anRtab;tamBYk

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kb:uEn KWRbeTs\Na Edl)annaMmknUvkarrYmviPaKTanmYyPaKy:agFMdl;kareFVI[RkgGgrman
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CnCatiExrnUvRkbxNCMnajmYycMnYny:agFM EdlBYkeKkMBugRtvkaredIm,IksagraCaNacRkBitR)akd
mYy. cab;taMgBIstvtSr_TI2 eRkayRKisskraC BYkRBahN_\Na)aneFVIdMeNIrxVat;ExVgenAkgtMbn;
enH BIRbeTsPUma mkkm<Ca nigRbeTscam:,a. CnCati\NaTaMgenHEdlCabuBVCit bQj)annaMmknUv
vb,FmfImYykgzanCaebskCnCMnYj bsasna BMuEmnCaTBRsYcnkgTBc,aMgdeNImTwkdImYy
eLIy. RbeTs\NaBMuEdlRtttatMbn;enHTal;EtesaH b:uEn vb,Fmrbs;xn)aneFVI[RCtRCabkg
sgmnanaenAGasuIGaeKy_ rYceTAehIytamrykarpas;brTMnijeTAvijeTAmkedaysnuiviFITaMgenH.
CnCatiExrksitenAkgcMeNamGkyklMnaMtamvb,FmfIrbs;\NadbuinRbsb;TaMgLayEdr.
viTasassIBIc,ab;k,nnPBEdndI elakFatuviTa karyl;dwgGMBIRBhBasasna )anelcrUbrag
eLIg[xneXIjdUckarBRgIkelakTsSnpal;rbs;xnEdr KWBMuEmnCaTsSnRbkYtRbECgmYyeT ehIy
karlaybBalGriyFmTaMgBIrenH)anbeBaj[eXIjplsm,rEbbbMput.raCaNacRkGgr Edlman
firevlaR)aMmYyryqaM ehIyEdlmaneQaHl,IxrxareTARKb;TisTImYyEbbenH kedaysarEtsabn
TaMgLayrbs;xnsit enAkglkNrwgmaMdEdl fVIebImankarERbRblxH bRtveFVI[b:HBal;dl;
TICeRmAkeday rhUtmkdl;karbdivtn_rbs;ExrRkhmeTot.
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bkmaMgcitdwknaMelak ]bmadUcCaePg pr xl; beRKaHFM EdlRtvFak;mkelImnusSCatihak;dUcCa
ecHKitKUr ecHekARkhay bcg;pnasmab;dUcCamnusSeyIgEdr CnCatiExr)anRBmTTYlyksasna
hiNenHrYmTaMgsBaaN eTvraCa mYypg edayBuMe)aHbg;KMnitEdleCOfa manRBlwg kmaMgcitdwknaM
elakrbs;xneLIy ehIyEdlsitesrrhUtmkdl;sBVfenHeTot. eTvraCa)ankayeTACaemdwknaM
Etmak;Kt;elIescRtaj;nkulsm<nTaMgLay EdlmanbTanuPaBx<s;elIGVITaMgGs;. enAkaleRkay
mk bNaescenAGgr)anseRmceFVI[eKeKarBbUCaxn dUcCabNaescnGaTieTBdUecaHEdr. bNa
escTaMgenH)anTTYlnaTIkgcMeNamesc kan;GMNacpac;karTaMgLay nsmykalrbs;xnCaemdwknaM
kMBUl xagEpkneya)ay sIlFm TMenomTmab; nigsasnanGaNaRbCarasrbs;xn. RbvtiviTUdeqIm
39
mak; KWelak hSksWeds )ansresrfa {eKGacGHGagedayminxacxusfa KWRBHmhakSRtenHehIy

EdlCaGaTieTBFMnRbeTskm<CaburaN}3.
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kgkNab;dxnTaMgGs; EdlbeRmICamUldankgkarvatTwkdI nigPaBsm,rrugerOgnraCaNacRkrbs;
xn. enAsmyrugerOgkMBUlrbs;xnnastvtSr_TI14 Ggr KWCaraCaNacRkmYy EdlmanGanuPaBxaMg
bMputenAeRCay\Ncin. raCaNacRkenH latsnwgeTATisxagekItrhUtdl;smuRTcinPaKxagt,g
edayrab;bBalTaMgPaKxagt,gevotNam nigdIsNTenemKgpg. eenAPaKxaglicmanrYmbBalBIPaK
xagt,gRbeTsLav rhUtdl;raCFanIhgR)a)ag nigeLIgrhUteTAdl;RbeTscineTot. enAPaKxaglic
manrYmbBal RbeTsf nigmYyEpkRbeTsPUmaehIyenAPaKnirtIrhUtdl;eRCaysmuRT Rka EdlPab;
RbeTsf eTARbeTsm:aeLsuI.
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elIkargarFMEdldwknaM edayRBHmhakSRt CaBiessbNajGagskTwk TMnb;Twk nigPWERs Edlman
bcydl;bdivtn_xag neya)aysRmab;CMnan;rbs;RBHGg. erOgsMxan;bMputKW RBHGgRtveFVICamas;
elIbBaaTwk[)an. FatuGakasEdlmanPaBpyKanwgxl;rdUv edayqas;KarvagTwkCMnn;liclg; nig
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karbBalTwkkgERs)anekIneLIgminRtwmEtpdIeFVIERsb:ueNaHeT b:uEncMnYn npldMNaMRbcaMqaM
EdlekInBImYydl;BIrdgrhUtdl;bIdgpgkgmYyqaM. cMnYnelIsBIkMNt;nplRsUv KWCaRbPBFnFan
dsksmrbs;RkgGgr.
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epSgnRBHraCaNacRk )anr:ab;rgeFVI[mankarTak;TgKaCahUrEh nigCYysRmldl;kardwkCBan
epSg TUkTaMgLayEdlpkRsUveBj bdwkf sRmab;ksagR)asaT/ k):al;dwkkgTBeTARbyuT/
TUktUc)annaMykTMnijmklk;kgraCFanIdrugerOg. munbgs; Ggr KWCaRBHraCaNacRkTwkmYy.
RkgGgrkCasgmmYyEdleFVI[RCtRCabeTAedayCMenOcMeBaHeTvraCa EdltamkarBnl;rbs;
RBHmhakSRtTaMgLayfa vacaM)ac;dl;karsabnavimantml;sBFMswmsCaeRcIn EdleyIgFab;sal;
40
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kNalnPBEpndI nigCaTIsMNak;nGaTieTBTaMgLay. tamkaBniTansMswtmYyfa KWCa{burImYy
EdlBTCuMvijedaykMEBgFMmhimahak;dUcCaPMCaeRcIn EdlBTBiPBelakdFMlVwgelVIy. enAeBlenaH
edaysmwgKyKn; TITYlrabesIBNmas nigR)ak; RbCaCnminRtvkarcg;emIlGVIeRkABIkMBUlPMemru
eLIy4}.
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minGaceRbbpwm)antamcMnYn/ TMhM nigPaBl\texaHrbs;va5}. Ggrvt CaR)asaTtMNaglTisasna
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rbs;xn. kgGMLgR)aMmYystvtSr_Cabnab;mk RbeTsesom ehIyeRkaymkRbeTsevotNam
41
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mYyEpkrbs;xn.
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rIklUtlas; CaBiessenARbeTsGalWm:g; -kMNt;rbs;GkERbsRml BIeRBaHkareQaHKaBIerOg
sgraCecHEtekIneLIgebIKit eTAtamlkNbBaasKanvisalPaBrbs;RbeTs. RBHmhakSRt
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nvb,Fmrbs;km<CaEdlkayxusBIsPaBedImb:ueNaH.
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rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAeBlEdlescneratmRtv)aneRCIserIs[eFVICaRBHmhakSRt
kgqaM1860 RbeTskm<CaRKan;EtCaRsemalnraCaNacRk EdlFab;manGtiPaBenAsmyGgr
b:ueNaH. RbeTsevotNam)andeNImykPaKxageRkamndIsNTenemKg bcb,nPaKxagt,g
evotNam ehIyfIenH)ansakl,geFVIGaNaniKmmkelIRbeTskm<CaedayxngeTot. kar
bHe)armYyrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca nigkareRbIkl])ayepSgrbs;esom)anbgM[BYkevotNamdkfy
eTAvij.esomnigevotNam)anTamTarsiTiRKb;RKgmYymkelIRbeTskm<CaehIysemc RBHneratm
42
sIhnu mankarlM)aknwgbMeBjcitRbeTsCitxagxnTaMgBIr edaymin[)at;RbeTsRBHGgNas;.

karFak;nfyEpkvb,Fm nigesdkic )anRbTajRbeTsCatieTArksPaBcuHdundab ehIyRbCaCn
km<Ca)andNwgsYredayesaHRtg;fa etIRbeTsrbs;eKRtvCMrujeTArkkarrlaysabsUnEmnb?
KWkgcenaHRbehagenHehIy EdlBYk)araMg)ansRmkcUlmkkan;TIenHy:ageRcIn kgkarRbNaMg
RbECgmYyrvagRbCaCatiGWr:ubnana edIm,IdeNImykPaBsm,redayFnFanenAGasuI. BYk)araMg )an
sMKal;eXIjfa TenemKgKWCapvTwkmYy naMeTAdl;RbeTscin)antamTisxagt,g ehIyyl;eXIjfa
edayeFVIGaNaniKmelIbNaRbeTsEdlmanTenenHhUrkat; BYkeKnwgCRmldMeNIr rhUtdl;GaNacRk
kNal RbeTscinEfmeTot ehIynwgeFVI[keRkIkrBaydl;TItaMgTaMgLayrbs;BYkGg;eKs Edlman
enARbeTscinenaHeTotpg. b:uEn mnICan;x<s; EdlenAGmescesom)anTb;Tl;nwgBYk)araMgeday
meFa)ayepSgy:agbuinRbsb; sMedAeTArkBYkGg;eKsvij RbeTsesom enArkSa)ankraC
rbs;xn Cafrnwgkarcg;)anrbs;xnmkelIRbeTskm<Ca kb:uEn RBmCamYyenaH)ancMeNjTwkdImYy
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RbeTs)araMg)anjaMg[escneratmeCOfa eKmanbMNgRtwmEterobcMRbeTsrbs;RBHGgCa
GaNa Ba)almYyb:ueNaH nigeFVI[eTACardRTnab;mYy rvagGaNaniKmevotNam Edl)araMgvinicyfa
sMxan;CageK nigRbeTsesom EdlRtvcat;TukenAeBlenaHfa CacMENkmYysitkgrgVg;\TiBlrbs;
Gg;eKs. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anLayRBHhselxaelIsnisBaaepSgCamYy RbeTs)araMg
kgqaM1863 nig1864 edIm,IkarBarraCblgrbs;RBHGgBIbMNgR)afaCabnbnab;mYyrbs;kSRt
TamTarraCblgCaeRcIn RBmTaMgRbeTsevotNam nigesompg. bnab;mkkgmeFa)ayedIm,IQan
eTAdl;eKaledAcugeRkaymYy RBHGg)ansakl,ge)akbeBaatBYk)araMg edaycrcacuHsnisBaa
smat; CamYyRbeTsesomEtRBHGgRtvbraCy.
BYk)araMg )anRbkasR)ab;escneratm EdlnwgbndwknaMRbeTsrbs;RBHGgfa RbeTs)araMgnwg
ENnaM[RBHGgeFVItamEterOgneya)aykarbreTsrbs;km<Cab:ueNaH. drabNaBYk)araMgKitfa
xnGaceLIgeTAdl;RbeTscin)antamTenemKg drabenaH RbeTskm<CaElgsUvmansarsMxan;cMeBaH
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Bak;kNalGaTieTBkgRbBNIdTUlMTUlayrbs;ExrdEdl.
escneratm sBVRBHTynwgmuxgarenHy:agR)akd. GkenACMnan;enaHmak;)ansresIrRBHGg
enAqaM1888fa {RBHGgmankaryl;dwgx<s;mYyGMBIneya)ayenAGasuI manTsSnRkGWtmYy GMBIPaB
43
ffrnBUCsasn_rbs;RBHGg. eKGacniyayedayKanPnRcLMfa RBHGgCaCnCatiExrdMbUgbgs;n

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rbs;RBHGgedayKanrwtt,iteLIy. RBHGg)anbBaa[eKvaytb;mnITaMgLay EdllM)akRbedA nig
smab;RsI EdlminesaHRtg;enAkgvaMgecal. ehIyrasRbCa rbs;RBHGg EdlBuMKitBIkarRbRBwt
rbs;RBHGg )an]TisxncMeBaHRBHGgnUvkareKarBmYy EdlminGacmanGVImkeFVI[regaHregI)an.
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mak;)ankt;smal;eXIjfa {karCMBak;citrbs;RbCaCnkm<CacMeBaHbNamhakSRtrbs;Kat; Edl
RKgraCsm,tiBIBukdl;kUn KWmanlkNRCaleRCAnigesaHRtg;Gs;BIeBaHBIBug. taMgBIyUryar
Nas;mkehIy RbCaCatiTaMgmUlmanTmab;nwgKMnitmYyfa minRtveFVI[GtiPaBpal;rbs;xnXatqay
BIRBHraCvgSanuvgSeLIy. RBHraCaKWCakarcab;kMeNItrbs;RBHGaTieTB CabuKlEdlmanlkNKYr[
eKarBbUCa nigx<g;x<s;CageKbMputrbs;RbCaCati}7.
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sgraCsm,ti)anekItmaneLIg\tQb;Qr suIsuvti )ansakl,gTmak;neratmBIraCblg eday
TTYl)ankar[drbs;BYk)araMg cMENk suIvta kcg;deNImraCsm,tiEdredaybMBak;GavuF[bNakul
sm<nPM nigjHjg;BYkenH[eFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMg.
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)an[esckIyl;RBm BIeRBaHRbeTs)araMg)anbBaak;fa R)ak;EdlRbmUl)anenH nwgykeTAeRbIR)as;
sRmab; TUTat;cMNaykgkickarBarRbeTskm<Ca. bnab;mkenAqaM1884 BYk)araMg)anTamTar
siTRttBinitelI BnKyrbs;RbeTsEfmeTot Edlpl;R)ak;cMNUly:agsnwksnab;. elIkenH
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anbdiesF.tamRBHraCtRmiHrbs;RBHGg {eKnwgKitfa RBHmhakSRt
c,as;Ca)at;bg;GMNacTaMgGs;elIRbCarasrbs;RBHGgminxan}.
edaymankMhwgy:agxaMg BYk)araMg)anseRmccitQb;eFVIelgCamYyesckan;GMNacpac;kar
44
Eb:kbUBaRbeTsenH ehIy)antak;EtgsnisBaafImYyeTot edayerobcMkarRKb;RKgrbs;;eK elIkickar

rd)al tulakar hirBavt nigBaNiCkm rbs;RbeTskm<Ca EdlswgEtkat;bnyeTACardGaNaniKm
mYyeTAehIy. edIm,IbEnmelIkarRbmafenH GKeTsaPi)al)araMg )anbgM[ neratm cuHhtelxaelI
siTisBaafIenH edayeRbIkmaMgTBsRmkcUldl;RkLabnMpal;rbs;RBHGg 17>7>1884 ehIy
)anbgab;bBaa[RBHGgLayRBHhselxaenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgBIGavuFrbs;xn.
karepInbM)ak;muxenH )anb:HBal;dl;PaBffrrbs;Cati. eRkamkardwknaMrbs;raCvgSanuvgS
RbCaCatiTaMgmUl)anegIbbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg. karbHe)arEdleK[eQaHfa kub,km qaM
1885 bclnakarBarRBHmhakSRt )anrIkraldalBaseBjpRbeTs nigGUsbnaykgryeBl
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minEmnescneratmkeday.CajwkjyksikrTaMgenaHEtgRtv)ansmaCikmYyGgnraCvgSanuvgS
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suIvta EdlCaKURbECgnwgescneratm KWCaGkdwknaMRbyuTsMxan;CageK. edayehtuenHRBHGg
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ebIsinCaBYk)araMgBRgwgGMNacrbs;eKkan;EtrwgmaMeLIg RbkarenH nwgmannyfa BnGakrepSg
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eTACakmsiTikCn sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgbMput nigCakmsiTirbs;BYk)araMg BYkGenaRbevsn_evotNam
EdlmkBIkUsaMgsuIn BYkcinkat;Exr EdlelaPln;RTBsm,ti nigBYkGPiCnExr EdlnwgeFVI[ksikrTaMg
enaH kayeTACakmkreRkamkicsnavij. CamYynwgRbBnRKb;RKgrbs;RBHraCaksikrTaMgLay man
siTTTYlplBIdIFI EdlBYkeK)andaMduHkgryeBlmYyyUrGEgVgEdr.
escneratm )anTukdak;RBHkayqayBIkarRbLkKaenH edayRBHGgenAcaMsegtemIl nigrg;caM
braCydTan;hn;rbs;BYk)araMgeTAvij EterOgenH minEdlekItmaneLIgmgNaeLIy. enATIbMputna
ExsIha qaM1886 RBHGg)anseRmcRBHTyeFVIGVImYyedIm,IRbqaMgBIeRkayxgsuIvt Edlkan;Etman
45
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ehIynwgnwkeXIjGMBIesckIRtvkarcaM)ac;EdlBMuGacGt;RTaM)anCaeRcInrbs;BYkeKminxan.
RBHmhakSRt)aneFVIesckIRbkasmYy EdltamryenaHfa BYk)araMg)anfVayGMNacmYyEpk
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RBHGgeTAkan;extnanaCamYynwgkgrkSaRBHGg edIm,IbBaHbBal[RbCarasdak;GavuF nigbBab;kar
bHe)arRbqaMg. cMeBaHerOgenH vamankarbMPan; KWBYk)araMgbMPan;escneratm edayeFVI[RBHGgeCO
TukcitnUvGVIEdlRBHGgcg;eCO ehIyrUbRBHGgpal; kbMPan;RbCarasEdr edayTTYlGHGagnwg
RbCaCnBIerOgepSg eTaHbICaRBHGgElgGaceFVI)antamBaksnakeday.
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ryeBlhasibqaMEdlmanCabnab;mkeTot kenAmankartv:aRbqaMgdac;BIKaCaeRcInfVIebIvamanlkN
sHsa RbqaMgnwgTidPaBkeRmaleXareXAbMputnkartaMgCaGaNaniKmrbs;)araMgkedaykvaBuMmankar
egIbbHe)arCalkNCatiEdr. RBHmhakSRtRtv)araMgTijTwkcit)an. CafrnwgsiTikan;kab;raCblg
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emdwknaMmak; EdlFab;cuHj:mcMeBaHmuxkmaMgrbs;breTs. ehIyedayerOgenHGacnwgekItmaneLIg
vij enAeBleRkaymkeTot RBHraCaGgenH)aneFVIGVIRKb;Ebby:ag edIm,Inwg[GkTaMgLayEdlRbwg
ERbgrMedaHRbeTsCati xatecjBIqakneya)ayTaMgGs; nigBMuGaceFVIxn CaKURbECgrbs;RBHGg)an
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fyticeTAeRkamkarRttRtamYyrbs;breTs EdlmankmaMgxaMgCag.
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Gam:as;. BYkeK)anrkSaTukesc[enARKgraCdEdl bRgbbRgmbegItRkmRbwkSamnIkgRsukmYy
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46
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segaH RbeTskm<CakgzanCaRbCaCatimYydUceKdUcg BIeRBaHCnCati)araMgxHEdlCaGk
Rbkan;bkSBYkcg;[Pab;RbeTskm<CaeTAnwgkUsaMgsuIn CaPaKxagt,gRbeTsevotNam -PaKxageCIg
maneQaHfa tugkwg ehIyPaKkNaleKehAfaGaNam.
karRbKl;GMNacBitR)akd)andl;kMNt;eBlRbKl;[BYk)araMgTaMgGs; GVIEdlRbCaksikr
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mCdanRBHraCbriBarCan;x<s;manRbCaCntictYcb:ueNaH Edldwgxnfa BYk)araMg)andak;nwmRttRtaTaMg
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epSg EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;RTRTg;sgVak; nkarrs;enArbs;RBHGgCaRBHmhakSRt. CamnusSEdl
mancitdUcGNatePIg RBHGg)anriHrkmeFa)ay edIm,IbegInR)ak;dak;kgXaMgRBHraCRTBvij eday
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)an. RBHGg)anesayTivgtenAedImstvtSr_TI20 CaRBHmhakSRtEdlRtveFVI[xUcRBHTy eday
nireTsRBHkayedaycitg eTAKg;Rbfab;enAkgRBHraCdMNak;pal;rbs;RBHGg.
47
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mutmaM )anEbrmkrkRBHraCarbs;xnvij EdlCanimitrUb nigCacnl;mYyrbs;RbeTsCati. nimitrUb
rbs;RbeTskm<CaenH )anepImXatecjBIGMNacdwknaMRbeTskan;EtxaMgeLIg b:uEn RbCaCnkm<Ca
enAEteKarBnimitrUbenH BuMEmneKarBGMNaceT CaTmab;EdlrkSakaryl;RcLMTaMgLay[enAsitesr
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pg.
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48
RbeTskm<CakraC. kb:uEn munkarmkdl;nBYkburaNvtviTa nigBYkRbvtiviTU)araMg R)asaTTaMgenaH

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pg. enAeBlEdlGkTaMgenH RtvbBab;kickarrbs;BYkeK kgGMLgTsvtSr_1960 BYk)araMg)an
bgajPstag[eXIjfa CnCatiExrmanzantYnaTIdUcBYksil,krr:UmuaMg nigRkikEdr kgcMeNamBYk
sil,kr nigBYkGkEkERb[manrebobfI EdlKanKURbdUcnasmyburaN.
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RbeTs)araMgEdr sIBI\riyabf EdlBYkGaNaniKm)araMgRtvRbkan;ykcMeBaHvb,FmepSg rbs;Gk
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RbCaCnEdleKtaMgGaNaniKm laybBalvb,Fmrbs;xnCamYyvb,Fm)araMg ehIyERbkayeTACa
GaNikCnnmhashKmn_kgtMbn; manRbeTsExr evotNam nigLav bmYykGnuBaat[vb,Fmkg
RsukenAKg;vgSEGbnwgvb,Fm)araMgEdr eTaHCay:agNakeday kbBaaGs;enHmanEtvrCnkgRsuk
b:ueNaH EdlmansmtPaBlaybBalvb,FmTaMgBIr)an. sMeNIcugeRkayenH)anTTYleCaKCy enA
kgkicBiPakSaenaH sRmab;ehtuplepSgxagGnuvtdkdUcxagneya)ay.
kareFVI[RbCaCnEdlekItkgRsukERbkayeTACaBlrd ecHniyay nigeFVIbkBadUcBlrdxnenaH
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Blrdmas;Rsuk EdlkMBugRbyuTnwgRbeTs)araMgedayRtwmRtv BIeRBaHkartaMgCaGaNaniKm)an[
RbplBITIbBab;nvb,Fm nigTMhMRbeTsCatixn)anmkdl;ehIy. BYkGkRsavRCav)araMg EdlxM
RbwgERbgEklmkaryl;dwgrbs;)araMg cMeBaHBiPBenAbUBaTis[lRbesIrCagmunenaH KWsuTEtCaGk
kan;Tg;naMmuxGkneya)aynana EdlmanbMNgkarBarvb,FmTaMgLaykgRsukGayTaMgenH. BYkGk
RsavRCavTaMgenaH )anpl;TLIkrN_fImYy Edl[RbeyaCn_dl;karrkSaRbeTskm<Ca CaRbeTs eday
ELk nigCYyeFVI[BYkGkRttRta)araMgenARkgRBnKr EdlenAbneRbIkll,icepSg edIm,IbBal
km<CaeTAkgkUsaMgsuInenaHmin)anseRmceCaKCyeTotpg.
lTplnkickarTaMgenaH )anseRmceCaKCyCagkarBiPakSaxagneya)ay EdlRbRBwteLIg
Cabnbnab;enaHeTAeTot. Gs;ryeBlCitmYystvtSr_ kgkargardenOylM)ak BYkburaNvtviTU
49
BYkRbvtiviTU nigBYkGkR)aCJxagPasarbs;)araMg )aneR)aHRBM[Rbvtisaskm<Ca nigRBlwgCatiExr

manCIvitCafIeLIgvij. enACMuvijGgrBYk)araMg)anCYsCulR)asaTcMnYn citsibBIr eLIgvij Edlkg
enaHmanR)asaTGgrvtpg. kickarTaMgenH )anrYmbgCaEpksMxan;mYykgkarRsavRCavRbvtisas
edayehtufa sMNg;TaMgenaH)anpl;nUvtmdelIslubmYy edIm,IbkRsayBIRbPBnGMNacrbs;
RkgGgr/ karyl;dwgBIxng nigmUldan ntMNraCRBHmhakSRttamBUCBgSRBHraCvgSrbs;xn.
KWkgryeBlnkarCYsCulR)asaTeLIgvij EdlBYkGkburaNvtviTU)araMg )anecjpSayesovePA
sIBIGagTwk/ TMnb;Twk nigfl; CaTMnb;nGtItRbBnbeBajbBalTwkkgERs. mYycMENkFMnGVIEdleK
dwgsBVfenHBIGtItkalRbeTskm<Ca rkeXIjedayBYkGkRsavRCav)araMgTaMgenH.
sadrbs;GkTaMgenaH )anmanlTplCafaMelIkkmaMgmYymkelICnCatiExr EdlesckIffr
Fab;RtvCan;QIedayRbeTsesom evotNam nigBYkrd)al)araMg CaerOy. RbCaCnkm<Can
stvtSr_TI19 Fab;manGtItkalmYy EdlBYkeKGacvaybkRkGWtfa xnRKan;ebICageK. edaykarrk
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dundabnUvfamBlmYyfIeLIgvij eday)anbegIt[mansalaBuTikCaeRcInsmRsbeTAtamRbBNI
RBHBuTsasna nigraCaFibetyEfmeTot.
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kgcMeNamenaH KWmanRsIdeqImmak;eQaH suyhSan kabuWeLs8 (Suzanne Karpels) EdlCaGkCYyeFVI[
RBHBuTsasnarIklUtlas;eLIgvijkgsPaBsb;sat;mYy munnwgCYyRTRTg;clnaTamTarkraCrbs;
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EdlenAeBlenaHCamCmNlsikSaBIPasa nigGarFm bUBaRbeTsdsMxan;bMputkgBiPBelak.
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Tukdak;sarepSg nigsasaswkrit EdlminGacCMnYs)anxagsasna EdlnagRbmUl)any:ageRcIn
edIm,IkarBarEfTaM kdUcedIm,IeFVI[RBHsgExrTaMgLayyl;dwgnUvGtbTTaMgenaH EdlKanGkNamak;
ykcitTukdak;Gs;ryeBlCayUrmkehIy.
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nigkmat;ecalTmab;eCOexacRBay Gkta )anmYycMENkFM EdlFab;{eFVI[xUc}tmRBHBuTsasna
efrvaT -hInyan- enA\Ncin. raCbNaly)anbegItviTasanBuTsasnbNitenAqaM1930 Ca
mCmNlEtmYyKt;rbs;km<Ca Edl)anTak;TajnisSitCaeRcInBIrdGaNaniKmdTeTot enA\Ncin
50
CaBiessCnCatiPaKticExr EdlkMBugrs;enAkUsaMgsuIn. Gkkan;BuTsasnaevotNam Edlman

PaKticenAkgRbeTsExr KWRbtibtiRBHBuTsasnamhayan.
RbCaCnkm<CenAPaKxagt,gevotNamTaMgenaH KWBYkExreRkam kmanrYmbBalkgKeRmagkar
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elIkTwkcit[RbCaCn km<CanwkeXIjfa kalBIedIm dIsNTenemKgTaMgmUl KWCakmsiTrbs;xn.
tamBit EpkxageRkamdIsNenH Rtvkm<Cakan;kab;mYyryeBlxIb:ueNaH KWRbEhlmYystvtSr_.
kalBImunTIenaH CaRbeTsrbs;CnCaticam EdlCaPaKIRbECgmYykgcMeNamPaKIRbECgTaMgLay
rbs;Exr. eRkaymk CnGenaRbevsn_ExreRkamTaMgenaH )ankayeTACaGkCatiniym Edlmancit
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erIsCageK.
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nana rbs;GkRsukb:ueNaH. edayehtuenHyuvCnExrmYyPaKFM suTEt)anTTYlkarbgat;beRgn
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RbeTskm<Ca. viTasan)anBnl;[ecalKMnit eFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsf edIm,IeronbBab;muxviCarbs;xn
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edaygayb:ueNaHeT b:uEn k)aneronBIKMnitRbqaMg)araMg Edlpl;nUveRKaHfak;.
BYk)araMg)anBRgIkvisyvb,FmepSgEfmeTot CaBiess xagvisysil,. BYkenH )an
erobcMRkmr)aMRBHraCRTBeLIgvij sabnasarmnIrepSg nigksagsalaCaeRcIn EdlenATIenaH
eK)anbeRgnBIsil,rbs;Exrdl;yuvCnRskreRkayeTot. enAqaM1920 elakhSr RkslIey
(Georges Groslier) )anbegItsalasil,rbs;km<Ca edIm,IlubbM)at;ninakarepSg EdlbgeLIgeday
neya)ayesdkicGaNaniKm. karykBndary:agFn;FrelIplitplkgRsuk nigkarnaMcUlTMnij
bsimRbeTs Edlmantmefak )aneFVI[TIpSarlk;vtsil,ExrRsutcuH. RBHsgEdlBIedImFab;
CYyeRCamERCgbNasib,krkgRsuk Elghanpl;TunCYysil,PNRbeTseTotehIy ehIyTij
51
paRkdas nigTMnijbsimRbeTssRmab;dak;elIGasntamvtvij salarbs; RklIey )aneFVI[

Tmab;CaRbBNIrbs;sib,kr EdlrksuIEtmak;genaHmanCIvitCafI ehIy)ankarBarviciRtkm
karqak;elIeRKgR)ak; nigsadrbs;Cagcmak;eTotpg.
karRKb;RKgrbs;GaNaniKm Kan)aneFVIGVICaduMkMPYn edIm,ICYyCMrujesdkicExr[mansnHCafI
ehIyesIrEtKankarb:unb:gnvUbvIykmNamYyesaHeLIy. kg\Ncin EdlCaGaNaniKmrbs;)araMg
karBRgIkvisyesdkic)anRbmUlpM CaBiess elIvisyksikm nigkarrukrkGNgEr: CaBiess
enAevotNamxagt,g. enARbeTskm<Ca BYk)araMg )anerobcMeFVIdMNaMcmarFMPaKeRcIn KWekAsU b:uEn
kmankaehV nigdMNaMsRmab;naMecjepSgeTotEdr.BYk)araMg )anCYy[lUtlas;edaymincMeBaHdl;
EpkEtmYyKt;xagvisyesdkic KWBYkcinrksuIykkarR)ak;hYsRbmaN edaytRmv[sgpldMNaMmk
vijy:agFn;. ksikrTaMgLay )anRbqaMgtbtedayepImbgaj[eXIjkarminsUvbgMbegInplitpl
RsUvrbs;Kat;eT. sareBIBndFn;Fr nigbMNulepSgcMeBaHBYkGkcgkarR)ak; )aneFVI[RbCaksikr
Fak;eTAkgCIvPaBRkIRkmYyfI EdlCaerOyeXIjfa manPaBdUcnrk.
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niyayfa RbCaCnkm<CaCamnusSxilRcGUsenaH rwtEtc,as;eLIgEfmeTot. sIRbvtiviTUGaemrikaMg
mak;eQaH evohSInIj:a fumsun (Virginia Thompson) EdlFab;mkeFVITsSnkicenA\Ncin )anGFib,ay
erobrab;BIGakb,kiriyarbs;BYk)araMgcMeBaHRbCaCnmas;Rsuk kgGtbTmYynaqaM1937fa {PaB
pyKa )aneFVI[eKcab;GarmN_y:agxaMg rvagGtItkalEdlmaneQaHdl,Il,ajmYy nigbcb,nkal
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enaHNas; edayRbCaCnTaMgenHKanRbwgERbgeFVIGVImYyedIm,ICYyxngTal;EtesaH. CnCatiExrTaMg
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GnaKtesdkicrbs;eKmanlkNrkTukcitmin)aneLIy. BYkenH suTEtRtveTas[rlaysabsUn
enAcMeBaHmuxBYkGenaRbevsn_evotNam>>>}9.
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nwgkarpnaenHBIsMNak;BYkGkrMelaPebotebonCabreTs. BYk)araMg)annaMykkmkrevotNam
eRkamkicsnamkeFVIkarenAcmarekAsUnanarbs;km<Ca CaCagTukcitCatiExr{EdlxilRcGUs}.
BYk)araMgBuM)anCYyCMrujkarGb;rMtamsmyTMenIbpgeT RbeTskm<CaBuMmanviTaly)araMgenAeLIy
52
munqaM1935 ehIyPaKeRcInnkUnsisSviTaly suTEtevotNam nig)araMg. BYkkUnecArbs;vrCn

km<Ca dUcCasemc RBHneratm sIhnu CaRBHntaRBHmhakSRtneratmCaedIm RtveKbBan[eTAeron
enAviTalynanarbs;)araMgenARbeTsevotNameNaH.
cMENkenAkm<Ca BYk)araMg BuM)anbegItrd)alTUlMTUlayCamYymnIkgRsukdUcenAevotNameT
ehIyCnCatievotNam enAEtbnTTYlbnkeFVIkickard)alepSgenARkgPMeBjdEdl. kgRbeTs
BuMmanvrCnfI Edl)anTTYlKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarGb;rMTMenIbmYysRmab;RbqaMg nwgBYk)araMgEdr ehIy
edayRkmmnIGmRBHraCa RTRTg;karRttRtarbs;breTsy:agmaMTaM RbeTskm<CaenAEt CaGaNaniKm
mYyEdlgaydwkdEdl. enATIbMputsmaKmGkkan;BuTsasna Casabnrbs;km<CaEtmYyKt;Edlman
\TiBlxaMgKYrsm)ancab;epImKaMRTdl;menaseBatnaRbqaMg)araMg nigedIm,IbgehtunwgRBHmhakSRt
EfmeTot. viTasanBuTsasnbNitrbs; kabuWeLs )ankayeTACasMbukRbqaMgGaNaniKmmuneK
bgs;enARkgPMeBj.
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neya)ayTMenIbmYy. eRkamkarCYyTMnukbRmgrbs;)araMgdUcnag kabuWeLs CaedIm RBHsgTaMgenaH
)anBYtdCYyKakgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<CadkRmTaMgLay EdleRbnRbedA[dwgBITsSnepSgn
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sBaaNCatiExrrbs;eKeLIy. bNasmaCikPaKeRcInnvrCntUctacrbs;km<Ca mankaryl;dwg
y:agRbesIrmYyGMBITmab;rbs;)araMg b:uEn )aneFVI[xUcekreQaHRbeTsCati edaysarEtkarRBmTTYl
nwmGaNaniKmrbs;eK.
enHCaelIkTIBIrehIy EdlRBHsgTaMgenaH)ansEmgtYCaPak;gareFVI[mankarpas;brenA
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tMENgmun rbs;eKFab;)aneTsnapSBVpSayBIsasnafI KWRBHBuTsasnaefrvaTcMeBaHRbCaCnkm<Ca
cas;TMuTaMLay edIm,IjaMg[dUrsasnaecj. PaBsatsMEpkneya)ay criyaFm nigsIlFm rbs;
raCaNacRkenAeBlenaH)anecaTeLIg ehIyRbCaCnkm<CaTaMgmUl)anbrcitKMnitmkeCOelIsasna
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plRbeyaCn_xagsmar nigGMNacecjGs;BIxn. RKgcIBrBNelOgy:agsamBa RBHsgfITaMgenaH
yl;fa RBHGgCaGkTTYlxusRtvelIGVITaMgGs; minEmnmanEtbNasmaCiknvNGPiCnenaHeT.
53
enATIbMput RBHsg)anseRmceFVIxn[eKeKarBbUCadUceTvraCaEdr Edl)andUrRBHTymkeCOelIRBHBuT

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enAstvtSr_TI20 RBHsgTaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;plnGMNacEbkBIFmtamYy fVIebIsPaBeRkA
emIleTA dUcCaGkdak;RBHkaykeday. enAeBlRBwkRBham RBHsgTaMgLay)annimneTAkan;pHrbs;
GkPUmi RBHeksncuH nigyk)aRtTTYlcgan;BIGkRsuk. RBHGg)annimneTAbgat;beRgnekg
ciBawmBYkekgkMRBacgRkgk,nc,ab; criyaFm nigc,ab;sgm eRbnRbedAGMBI\riyabfEdlRtvRbtibti
kgTidPaBepSg EdlmanRbcaMf bEdlcaM)ac;kgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;PUmiRsuk. Cafrmkvij ksikr
TaMgLay)annaMKaksagvtGaram RBHvihar kudi salaqan; nigeFVItamkarTUnaneRbbRbedArbs;
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enATIbMputRBHsgBuTsasnaCaCnkm<CaEtmYyKt; Edlman\TiBlGacbgehtuCamYyBYk)araMg
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RBHsgTaMgLayRtv)anTTYlsal;fa CaRkmsVytmYy EdlkMBugkarBartmepSg nigvb,Fmrbs;
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sitkgcMeNamtMNagrbs;RBHCaeRcInnak; EdlRsemIRsmcg;sabnaRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaeLIg
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RBHsgdTeTotEdlRbqaMg)araMgk)anedIrtam. RBHsgTaMgenH)anQandl;eKaledAbegItkgTB
mYymanmnusSR)aMBan;nak; suTEtRbCaksikrTaMgGs; b:uEn Rtvay[braCyedayRBHraCvgSanuvgS
54
eRcInCagedayBYk)araMg. enAqaM1867 RBHsgmYyGgcugeRkay EdlCaembHe)arEdrenaH )an

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RbCaCnemIl.
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cMeBaHBYk)araMgesaHeLIy. RBHsgTaMgenaHyl;eXIjfa GaNaniKmniym )anbMpicbMpajRbeTs
km<Cadl;bsKl;CaCagCYykarBarRbeTsenH BIeRBaHBYk)araMgGHGagdUecH. GknaMRBHsgbHe)ar
)anTTYldwkmuxclnatv:amYyRbqaMgnwgkareRCIserIs RbCaCnkm<Ca[cUleFVITahanedIm,IeTACYyc,aMg
BYk)araMgkgeBlmansgamelakelIkTI1 ehIy)anEhkbNRbkaseRCIserIsTBenAtampvnanakg
TIRkgPMeBjecalTaMgGs;. enAeBlEdl suyhSan kabuWeLs begItviTasanBuTsasnbNitrbs;
xn KWBYkRbqaMgTaMgenHehIy Edlnag)anCYypl;CamUldanRbtibtikarmYy ehIyviTasan)anTTYl
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)anrYmKaCaCnCatiPaKticmYyeBareBjeTAedayKMnitCatiniym y:agxaMgka Edlrs;enAedayELkBI
matuRbeTsrbs;xn nigkMBugrs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;breTs. BIkgcMeNamBYkGkTaMgenaHehIy
EdlpuseLIgnUvmnusS dmaneQaHl,Il,ajmYycMnYnFM nigGkRbyuTsMxan;CaeRcInedIm,IkraC.
RBwtikarN_ EdlKYr[kt;smal;KW faj; )ancab;epImkarsikSarbs;Kat;enAkgsalavtnana
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kUsaMgsuIn EdlBuMEmnCardkgGaNaBa)al faj; )anTTYlkarGb;rMmYyxusBIFmtabnicsRmab;Cn
km<Camak;enACMnan;enaH. Kat;)anvilRtLb;mk kUsaMgsuIn vij ehIyTIbMput)anseRmcmktaMglMenA
enARkgPMeBjCaTIEdlKat;)ancUleFVIkar enAviTasanBuTsasnbNit eRkaykarbegItRKwHsanenH
bnic. edaysarcMeNHdwgrbs;Kat; Kat;)ankayeTACaelxaFikarrbs;viTasanenH ehIyenAqaM
1936 Kat;)anrYbrYmCamYy ):ac QWn kgkarbegItkaEstPasaExrCaelIkdMbUgbMputrbs;RbeTs
maneQaHfa {nKrvt}. tamryeQaHenH nigkaEstenH faj; )anlatRtdagBIvtbMNgcg;)an
kraCrbs;RbCaCnExr cg;elIktemIgvb,Fmrbs;CatieLIgvij nigrkSakarBarRbCaCatipg.
55
Kat;eCOCak;kgcitfa BYk)araMgR)afaekabkab;RbeTsrbs;Kat;kgsanPaBmYy EdledIrminTan;smy

nigEdlBwgEpkEteTAelIeK edIm,IRbKl;eTA[BYkevotNamenATIbMput.
kaEst)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnRbkan;Gakb,kiriyamYyEdllMeGogeTArkkarbHe)ar b:uEn )an
biT)aMgkarGMBavnavenHedaysmal;karTak;TgKatamrebobsresrGtbTmYyCaPaBsasna. faj;
rYmnwgRBHsgTaMgLay )anepImecaTRbkan;R)akdRbCacMeBaHGaNaniKmniymCaelIkdMbUg enARkg
PMeBj. )araMg)antbmkKat;vijedaykarRttBinitkaEst nigkardak;[sitenAeRkamkarXaMemIl
eTot. edaydwgxnfa RBHBuTsasna EdleKykmkeRbIxagpvneya)ay )ankayeTAbBaaBi)akmYy
enARbeTsPUmaenaH BYk)araMg)anrYsran;rwtt,itskmPaBTaMgLayrbs;clnaRBHsgCatiniym
EdlkMBugcab;kMeNItenAkm<CaEdr.
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rlt;nPaBcMNuHeKrbs;GasuIBImhaGMNacGWr:ubnana. karcUlkan;kab;rbs; Cb:un KWCaFatupSM Edlpl;
sMTuHrbs;xndl;clnaTamTarkraCrbs;km<Ca.
RbeTs)araMg)ancuHcaj;enAcMeBaHmuxRbeTsGalWm:g; EdlCasm<nmitRbeTsCb:un kgbkS
sm<nhVasuIstaMgBIeBlenaHem:H. BYkGalWm:g;)anbgab;bBaa[rbbenARkgvIQI (VICHY) rbs;)araMg
Edlsuxcitnk,alcUldCamYysRtv [rbbRkgvIQICardaPi)alsaFarNrd)araMg dwknaMeday
esnaRbmuxeb:taMg (PTAIN) ehIyEdl)antaMgsak;karenARkgvIQI CMnan;GalWm:g;cUlQanBan
kan;kab;RbeTskgsmysgamelakelIkTI2 BIqaM1941 dl;qaM1945 -kMNt;GkERbsRml]
bgab;BYkmnIRKb;RKgGaNaniKmTaMgGs;enA\Ncin eFVIshRbtibtikarCamYyBYkCb:un. RbkarenH KW
bkRsay[dwgfa BuMmankarRbyuTKakgnamnRbeTskm<CaeT BYkGaNaniKm)araMgTTYlyl;RBm
shkarCamYyBYkCb:unedayrIkraydrabplRbeyaCn_epSgCarbs;xn nwgRtv)ankarBareday
BitR)akd. GVIEdlminsUveTAmkrkKa KWGkEdlFab;mansmancitcMeBaHclnatsUrbs;)araMg Edl
kMBugRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYkNahSI.
RbeTskm<Ca )aneFVI[eKsmal;xnedayRbKl;xnpl; KUlIkMENn nigBYkGkRsuk EdleK)an
cat;taMgeLIgkgeKalbMNg {eFVIshRbtibtikar} eTA[BYkCb:un. enHCaRbeTsGaNaniKmEtmYyKt;
kgtMbn;EdlBuMmanclnaTamTarkraCdUceK ehIyBYk)araMgnrdaPi)alRkgvIQI CaBYkbsimRbeTs
EtmYyKt; EdlminRbqaMgtbnwgBYkCb:un. BYkhUlg; BYkGg;eKs nigBYkGaemrikaMg )anvayRbharbkS
sm<nenH ehIyenATIbMput )anseRmcbBaHbBalBYkGktsUPaKeRcInnclnaTamTarkraCTaMgGs;
56
mkcUlrYmCamYyBYkeK edIm,IvayRbyuTnwgRbeTsCb:un.
edayBuMmanxacjejItGMeBIbHe)arNamYy enARbeTskm<Ca kgTBRBHecAGFiraCCb:unRKan;Et
begItTIesnaFikartUcmYy enARkgPMeBjEk,rmnIrRbsNIy_b:ueNaH ehIyRbKl;Parkic[BYkraCkar
rd)al)araMgbndwknaMGaNaniKmteTAeTot. cRkPBCb:un )aneRbIkgkmaMgTaMgGs;rbs;xn edIm,IBRgIk
nigBRgwg {mNlvibulPaB} rbs;xnenAkgPaKxagekItGasuI. sRmab;bcb,nkal \Ncin)anbMeBj
muxgarCamUldanmYybeRmI[Cb:un EdlkgTBrbs;xnGacnwgvayRbhareTAelIRbeTsdTeTotenA
GasuIGaeKy_.
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eKFab;b:gcg;)anKW\Ncin hugkug sigburI m:aeLsuI \NensuI PUma nighVIlIBIn.
enAeBlEdlRbeTsCb:unCab;rvl;nwgsgamTaMgenaH RbeTsfkriHrkkasEdlGnueRKaHmYy
edIm,IeqtTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIPaBTn;exSayEdleTIbmanfIrbs;BYkGaNaniKm)araMg enAkm<Ca
EdlbnymkRtwmtYnaTICaGkkarBarb:ueNaH. RbeTsf)anvaylukPaKBayBRbeTskm<CaenAqaM
1941 bnab;mk )aneFVIkarsRmHsRmlmYyCamYyGaCJaFreyaFaCb:uneTot. edayTUTat;sniPaB
CamYyRbeTsf BYkCb:un)anbgM[BYk)araMgRbKl;GaNaext)at;dMbg nigsuIsupun rYmCamYyEpkxH
nextesomrabeTA[BYkf. EtmYyEPtesaH RbeTskm<Ca)an)at;bg;TwkdIrbs;xn mYyPaKbI nig
mnusSCitknHlannak;.
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dUecaHEdr. karkan;kab;rbs;BYkfenAPaKBayBRbeTs )anbNal[manRbtikmBIr EdlCYykMNt;
rykalnsgamEdr kMhwg nigPaBGam:as; )anbgM[karesayTivgtrbs;esc EdlkMBugesay
raC KWRBH)aT suIsuvti munIvgS rwtEtqab;mkdl;. edayeFVIrMlgBIelIk,alrCTayaT GkEdlRtv
esayraCbnBIescmun EdleK)ansntrYcmkehIyenaH BYk)araMg)anRbKl;raCblgeTA[esc
ekgmYyGgvijKW semc RBHneratm sIhnu RBHCn 18RBHvsSaCaRBHraCntarbs;escneratmvij.
enACMnan;enaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu hak;dUCaRKan;EtCasisSviTalyminecHekItTukmak; EdlcUl
citRsLaj;stVesH karer:m nigExSPaByn b:ueNaH ehIyCamnusSEdleKcg;qak;eTACaGVI k)anEdr.
b:uEn RBHGgRtvEteFVIxn[kayeTACaeTvraCasmyTMenIbmYyGg EdlTaMgRbeTs)araMgTaMgmha
GMNacbreTsdTNamYyeTot GacEfTaMkarrYbrYmCamYyRBHGg edIm,IkayCamas;kmsiTieLIy.
m:ageTot kar)at;bg;TwkdImYyPaKbI )annaM[mankarrYbrYmCaelIkdMbUg rvagbNaRBHsgCati
57
niym nigBYkvrCn EdlmankarecHdwgeRCARCH fVId,itEtvamanlkNbeNaHGasnkeday. karrYbrYm

enH RbEhlCabeRmICafalbNHbNalGkCatiniymepSg EdlnwgeFVIkaredIm,I semc RBHneratm
sIhnu bRbqaMgnwgRBHGgvijkmindwg CaBiess KWyuvburs b:ul Bt nigGnaKtemdwknaMExrRkhmdT
eTotCaeRcIn.
BYk)araMgmin)anbMeBjkarTTYlxusRtvy:agsMxan;rbs;eK edIm,IkarBarRbeTskm<CaBIRbeTs
CitxagxnesaHeLIy. vrCnkgRsuklHbg;ecalkaryl;RcLMrbs;xnenAeBlEdl sWg g:ukfaj; n
viTasanBuTsasnbNitbegIt[mannUvkarRBmeRBgxagEpkneya)aymYy rvagRBHsgfak;eRkam
TaMgLay nigvrCnkgRsuk. Kat;Ca \sSrCnKanKURbdUcmak; GaRsykarTukcitBIRBHsgeshaCati
TaMgBYg EdlFab;manTMnak;TMngCamYyGkmanbuNskiFM cUlcitniyayPasa)araMg enARkgPMeBj
CaFmta. dUecHRBHsgTaMgenaH suTEtCaGkykcitTukdak;y:agxaMgnwgRbBNIrbs;xn ehIyebI
RBHGgman BuTdIkaCaPasabreTsmYy KWPasaf. GkTaMgenaH)aneRCIserIssmaCik nigyuTikCn
rbs;eKBIkgRsTab;RbCaCnRkIRknsgm nigBYknisSitEdlBYkeKTTYlykkgraCFanI CaTUeTAeRcIn
ecjmkBIsalabeckeTsnana.
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BYk)araMg)anseRmccitbegItviTaly)araMgmYyenAPMeBj munsgamelakelIkTIBIrbnic eKdak;
eQaHsalaenaHfa salasuIsuvti CaeQaHnExSRsLaymYy kgcMeNamExSRsLayrbs; RBHraC
vgSanuvgSExr. BYkGtItsisSsalaenH )anbegItsmaKmmYysRmab;rkkargareFVIkgrd)al
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eFVI[smaKmenHERbkayeTACaRkmGkCatiniymmYyvij.
BYkGtItsisSsalasuIsuvti )aneTACasmaKmEtmYyKt;rbs;vNCan;x<s; EdlTamTar[man
TMenIbPavUbnIykmRbeTsCati nigTRmg;kraCR)akdmYysRmab;RbeTskm<Ca. KaneKaledANa
mYykgcMeNameKaledATaMgenH EdlminTak;TgnwgbMNgR)afarbs;RBHsgeshaCati Edlcg;erobcM
RbeTskm<CaeTACarbbraCaFibetykraCmYy ehIyTuk[RbBNITaMgLayrbs;ExrrIkRtkuMRtkal
dUcedImeLIgvijeLIy. b:uEn eRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;Cb:un bnab;BIkar)at;bg;TwkdIenAPaKBayB faj;
Gaccat;viFankarRbmUlRkmTaMgBIrenH edaysarEtRkmNakdUcRkmNa KWcg;[RbeTsmankraC
dUcKa.
smaKmGtItsisSsalasuIsuvti )ancab;epImpl;luykak;cMeBaHRBHsgTaMgLay sRmab;kar
58
nimnrbs;RBHGgeTAtamRsukERscmaredIm,IeTsnaRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg. smaKmenH)anCYy
pl;[RBHsgnUvTwkR)ak;y:ageRcIn EdlRBHGgkMBugRtvkarCaxaMgnigFmanurUbfImYy. clnaRBmKa
enH )anrYmbgCakarKMramkMEhgdmanGanuPaBmYysRmab;BYk)araMg nigsRmab;rbbraCaFibety
ExredaymincMeBaH kgeBlEdlRBHmhakSRtCYyKaMRTBYkGaNaniKm. RBHsgTaMgLay EdlRbkan;
RbBNIxab;xn nigBYkGkmanksiTiTMenIb EdlniymPasa nigneya)ayrbs;)araMg )anTTYllTpl
PammYyrMeBc b:uEn edaycMnYnvrCnmantic smaKm)anEpkelIRBHsg[kayeTACanimitrUbnkar
bHe)ar nigyks,g;cIBrrbs;RBHGgeFVICanimitrUbnkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwglTiGaNaniKmniym.
BYkGkkan;GMNacGaNaniKm)anRbqaMgtbvijedayminbgg;yUreLIy. BYkmnI)araMgnrda
Pi)alRkgvIQI EdlRtveFVIekARkhayedaykarGMBavnav[RbCaCneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMg kan;Et
ecjmuxxaMgeLIg )anseRmcbiTkaEstnKrvtmin[ecjpSay ehIyb:unanExeRkaymkeTot KWenA
fTI18ExkkdaqaM1942BYk)araMg)ancab;xnemdwknaMRBHsgmYyGg KWGacarEhmecovEdlFab;
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eLIg. RBHGg)aneTsnaBIFmGhigSa b:uEn edaylMnaMdac;ELk BIeRBaHRBHGgyl;fa kgTB nigb:Ulis
)araMg)anrYmbgCa]bsKKYr[RBWxac cMeBaHkartsUedIm,IkraC. kgcMeNamPstagnBiruTPaB
EdleKRbmUl)anRbqaMgnwgRBHGg nigRBHsgdTeToteKecaTRbkan;fa RBHGg)anbkERbksar
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sankarN_kan;EtFn;FrEfmeTotb:ueNaH BIeRBaHelak Ehm ecov minRtwmEtTTYl)ankareKarBrab;Gan
BIBYkbBavncMeBaHsadTaMgLayrbs;RBHGgenAsalab:ueNaHeT b:uEn kTTYl)ankareKarBbUCaBI
RbCakiskr.
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KaneGIeBInwgvinyrbs;sasna EdltRmv[RBHsgTaMgenHcUleTAbgajxnenAcMeBaHmuxRkmCMnuMsg
rbs; RBHGgpal;Camunsin sgkm edIm,IlacaksikabTmunnwgRbKl;eTA[GaCJaFrsuIvil -Cakar
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RbqaMgdTeTot )anGMBavnav[eFVI)atukmRbqaMg)araMgCaelIkdMbUgbMputnRbvtisasTIRkgPMeBj.
)atukmenH KWCaKMnitmYyrbs; sWg g:ukfaj;11. enAeBlEdlkaEstnKrvtRtvhammin[ecj
59
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RbeTskm<Ca kraCBIRbeTs)araMgehIy. eRkayBIkarcab; ehom ecov faj; )aneKcxneTAenApH
skibICb:unmak; ehIy)anTTYlnUvkaryl;RBmBIGaCJaFrCb:uny:agqab;rhscMeBaHkarerobcMeFVI)atukm
enH. faj; )anCUndMNwgCamuncMeBaHBYkCb:unGMBIkarTamTarepSg EdlKat;nwgdak;CUnBYk)araMgBinit
enAeBlxagmux KWkaredaHElgGkeTasneya)ayTaMgGs; karerobcMsabnsaFarNnanarbs;
RbeTseLIgvij karshkarEpkesdkicdCitsiTCamYyBYkCb:un edIm,ICYyRTRTg;dl;karRbwgERbg
eFVIsgamrbs;eK nigkartak;EtgrdFmnuBamYyEdlkMNt;RbeTskm<CaCa {raCaFibetyCatisgm
niymmYy}.
enAfTI20 Exkkda mnusSCit BIrBan;nak; )aneqIytamkarGMBavnavrbs;faj; ehIy)anmk
CYbCuMKaenAxageRkayRBHbrmraCvaMg evlaem:ag9RBwk edIm,IedIrdEgCak,nmYyEdlnaMBYeKeTAdl;mux
kariyalyeFVIkarrbs;er:suIdg;Can;x<s;)araMg sitenAEk,rvtPM. )atukrTaMgGs;)anRtveFVI[rMCYlkg
citCaxaMg edayBuTdIkarbs;elakEhmecovEdlTl;nwgBYkb:Ulis)araMgkgeBlcab;RBHGgfa{elak
enATIenH elakgGaceFVIGVI)antamEtcitelakgcg; eRBaHelakgCaecAhVaynay. elakg
GacykCIvit)an b:uEn RBlwgrbs;nwgbnsitenACaerogrhUt}12.
enAeBlEdlBYk)atukreTAdl;muxRKwHsanenaH eK)anRbkasfa manEtRbtiPUmYycMnYntUc
b:ueNaHEdlnwgRtvGnuBaat[cUlxagkg edIm,IbgajCUnkarTamTarepSgrbs;xn. hVgmnusSEdl
kgcMeNaHenaH manRBHsgCitR)aMryGg )anRbqaMgtv:a. b:Ulis)araMg )ansHsMedAeTArk)atukr
EdlKanGavuF ehIyvaysMBgk,alBYkenaHedayRBng;enAeRkamRkEsEPkBYkb:UlisCb:un Edlsit
enAedayELkeFVImindwg. BYkGkRbqaMgtv:a)anrt;eKcxnEdlkgcMeNamenaH manmYycMnYnFM min)an
vilRtLb;cUlmkraCFanIvijCaerogrhUt. Etkgryb:unanfb:ueNaH BYkGkRbqaMgCitBIrrynak;)an
Rtv)araMgcab;xn b:uEn BuMmanrUb sWg g:ukfaj; eT.
edayRtvlak;edayBYkCb:un sWg g:ukfaj; )ansitenAPMeBjenAeLIy Kat;)anepJIsMbuRtCa
hUrEh eTATIesnaFikarCb:unenATIRkgRBnKr edayGgVrkrsuM[BYkCb:unbBankgTBmYymkPMeBj edIm,I
vayplrMlMBYk)araMg nigCYybMeBjkarTamTarepSgrbs;Kat;. enAdMNac;qaM edaydwgfa sMeNIsuM
rbs;xnnwgminRtveFVI[seRmc Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrqgcUleTARbeTsf ehIyenAExmkra Kat;)ancak
ecjBIRkg)agkk eq<aHeTAkan;TIRkgtUkeTot CaTIEdlKat;)ansitenATIenaHbIqaM. Kat;)anTTYlkar
bNHbNalmYy ehIy)anTTYlzannrskiCaGnuesnIy_k kgkgTBRBHecAGFiraC. enARbeTsCb:un
60
faj; )anyl;RBmy:aggayGMBIehtuplBnarkareFVIrdRbharmYy EdlKat;)anepJIsMbuRtmk[CnrYm

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GasuIb:ueNaH EdlnwgGacedaHRsaybBaaTaMgGs;enARbCaCnGasuI EdlkgenaHPBVvasnarbs;RbeTs
km<CaeyIgRtveKPab;CamYyEdr}13.
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BYkemdwknaMmYycMnYn Rtv)anbBaneTATIRkgRBnKredIm,Ikat;eTas[Cab;KukenAekaHBULkugdr (POULO
CONDOR) ExrehAekaHRtLac. bIqaMeRkaymk Ehm ecov )anTTYlGnickmenATIenaH ehIyRBHGg
)anEfgRbkasmuneBlrlt;CIvitfa {sab;edayrIkray ebIsinCadwgR)akdkgcitfa RbeTsrbs;
nwgRtvedaHElgBInwmGaNaniKmbreTsenaH. sUmbn;Rsn;edIm,IesrIPaB}14.
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GMLg)atukmExkkda enATIbMputkseRmccityl;RBmtamsMeNIenH. Gacar emon sasacarPasa
)alIenAvtmYynaRkgPMeBj)anePosxneTAkan;extkMBg;cam bnab;mk rt;eTARbeTsevotNameTot
EdlenATIenaH Kat;)aneTACaCnCatikm<CaelIkdMbUg Edl)ansuMcUlbkSkumynis\NcineRkam
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Cab;KukenAevotNam nigedayRBHsgdTeTotPyxacminhanvilcUlmkRkgPMeBjvij enAkg
raCFanI BuMman\sSrCnNamak;epImclnaRbqaMgnwgBYkGaNaniKm)araMgeLIy. RkmvrCn nigRBHsg
TaMgLay )anpakTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;xn ehIy)anedIreTAtamTisedAEterogxn. seRmcsRmleTA
BYkGPiCn nsmaKmGtItsisSsalasusI vu ti )ankayeTACaemdwknaMRbeTskm<C akraCeRkamrCkal
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAeBlEdlRBHsgsMxan;gakeTAcUlCamYyBYkkumynisvij.
RBHsg EdleRCIsykeQaH sWg g:ukmij CaeQaHEdleKehACakarcMGk KWCakarpSMKarvag
eQaH sWg g:ukfaj; nig hU CImij RKan;EtCaRBHsgdMbUgkgcMeNamRBHsgCagdb;)ayGg Edlcak
ecjBIRkgPMeBjnigEsVgrkkarCYy]btmBIBYkevotNamkgeKalbMNgbegItclnamYyedIm,ITamTar
kraCb:ueNaH.
enAqaM1942 tamRBMEdnTaMgBIrrbs;km<Ca BYkbreTsmanbMNgGuCGalkarbHe)arenARkg
61
PMeBj[pHeLIg. enATisxagekItBYkkumynisevotNam )ansakl,geRCIserIsRbCaCnkm<CataMgBI

eRcInqaMmkehIy edayminsUv)anTTYleCaKCyeLIy. enAqaM1930 hU CImij )anbegItbkSkumy
nis\NcintamkarENnaMBIGgkarkUminETn enARkgmUs Edlcat;taMg[Kat;begItbkSmYy edIm,IRbmUl
bNaclnakumynisenAkm<Ca Lav nigevotNam [cUlKaEtmYy. b:uEn enAkm<CaBuMmanclna
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evotNam EdlkMBugeFVIkarkgcmarekAsUnana enAPaKxagekItRbeTskm<Cab:ueNaH. pyeTAvijbnab;
BIkarKabsgt; EdlBYk)araMgeFVImkelIRBHsgenATIbMput bkSkumynis\Ncincab;epImbBalRbCaCn
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edayGavuFRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKmniym)araMg b:uEn KankmviFIneya)ay eFVI[mankPaBEtmYyeT.
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clnakumynis EdlbMBak;GavuFedayBYkevotNam nigExr\sSr EdlCYyRTRTg;edayBYkf
eTIbnwgcab;kMeNItdMNalKakgeBlEdlekItman)atukmenARkgPMeBj. mag)anrayTBenAtam
tMbn;RBMEdnEterogxn. )ancuHbBaIykmnusScMNUlfI)anCaeRcInnak; eRkayBImanclaclenAqaM
1942. BYkGk CatiniymmYycMnYnFM Edlrt;ePosxnecjBIPMeBj enATIbMput kseRmcciteTAcUl
rYmCamYyBYk\sSrenAPaKxaglickm<Ca GkxHeTotrt;eTATisxagekIt suMcUlbkSkumynis\Ncin
ehIymYycMnYn epSgeTot)ancUleTAxagBYkCb:un.
enAqaM1943 bnab;BIRtvrgkarvaybkkgmhasmuRT):asuIhVik BYkCb:un)anpas;bryuT
sasrbs;xn KWBYkeK)anbBab;kicshRbtibtikarCamYyGtItrdaPi)alGaNaniKmCaeRcIn ehIy
62
)anbegIt[manrbb Gay:g {kraC} enARbeTsPUma sigburI nigenAekaHhSav:a \NensuI.

RbCaCnenARbeTsTaMgenaH minKaMRTrbbGenaRKamTaMgenHeT ehIykarRbyuTtsUy:agskm
tTl;nwgBYkCb:un)anekItmanenARbeTsPUma \NensuI nigm:aeLsuI CabneTAeTot edaymanCMnYyBITB
sm<nmit GaemrikaMg Gg;eKs pg. niyayedayxI BYkCb:unBuMGacseRmceFVI[RbCaCnTaMgenaH pas;
brcit)aneLIy ehIyedaydwgxnBIbraCyenH eTIbBYkeKseRmccit minerobcMbegItrbbGay:grebob
dUcenaHenA\NcineT eRBaH rdGaNaniKmTaMgGs;rbs;)araMg rYmbgCaRbPBpt;pg;dsMxan;bMput
sRmab;karRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;Cb:un.
Tal;Etmkdl;niTaXrdUvqaM1945 kgsanPaBdGs;sgwmmYy eTIbBYkCb:unRbfuyRbfan
eFVI[\Ncin)at;bg;sirPaB.enAeBlenaHBYk\sSrenAxaglic nigBYkkumynisenAxagekIt )anBRgwg
kmaMgrbs;xnkan;EtrwgmaMeLIg ehIy)anbegItkgTBpal;rbs;eKeTotpg. BYkGkCatiniym)anbg
begItclnaEdlmanGanuPaBbMput b:uEn emrbs;BYkeK )ansEmg[eXIjPaBeTarTn;Tb;minQHkg
erOgcg;)anR)ak;kas nigGMNactaMgBIeBlenHeTAehIy. BYkkumynis CaGkeKarBvinyRtwmRtvCag
eK nigsitenAeRkamGMNacBYkevotNamTaMgRsug. b:uEn ebIsinclnaTaMgBIrenH minbgaj[eXIjkar
KMramkMEhgBitR)akdmYycMeBaHrdaPi)al)araMg kBYkeK)anbgaj[BYkCb:undwgfa enARbeTskm<Ca
manclnaCatiniymmYy EdlmansmtPaBGacepImeFVIkarRbyuTmYyRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMgEdr ehIy
RbEhlCacuHcUlnwgRbeTsCb:uneTotpg.
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)araMgCaeRcIn RBmTaMgTahankgRsukpg ehIyenATIbMput kseRmccab;RbCaCnsuIvil)araMgTaMgdak;
XMuXaMg. bYnfeRkaymk semcRBH]byuvraC RBHneratm sIhnu )anRbkasrMlaysnisBaa
qaM1863nig1884EdlLayRBHhselxaedayRBHGyekaRBHGg ehIyRbkasBITIbBab;GaNa
Ba)al rbs;)araMgpg. b:unans)ah_eRkaymkkgsarrbs;RBHGg EdlEfgenAeBlcUlqaMExr
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anmanbnlfa {enHCaqaM EdlcRkPBnRBHGaTitrH)anrMedaHRbCaCn
enAnana GasuI ehIy)anpl;cMeBaHRbCaCnExrbcb,nenH nUvkraC mYyminGacvaytm)an}15.
minyUrb:unan BYkCb:un)anbgaj[eXIjfa BaksnakarBarRbeTs km<Carbs;eKCaBak\t
xwmsar dUcKanwgBaksnarbs;mhaGMNacbreTsdTeTot Edl)anniyayBImunEdr. RbeTsCb:un
)ancab;epImeFVIkarbn;deNImRTBsm,tirbs;RbeTsCati RbmUlykRsUvGgrrab;Ban;etaneTAciBawm
kgTBrbs;xn nigerIsCnkm<Ca R)aMBIrBan;nak;[cUleFVIkgTBCabnan;. karcab;BYkrd)al nigBYkGk
63
beckeTs)araMgTaMgGs;dak;Kuk )anRCmucesdkicCatieTAkgPaBcuHdundab. eRkamkarbgitbgMsemc

RBHneratm sIhnu )anyl;RBmpl;siTi[BYkCb:uneRbIR)as;RbCaksikrExr kgkarsabnapvfl;
CaeRcInkEng. eK)anbeRgnPasaCb:unenAtamsalananakgraCFanIEdr. eRkamelsfa rMedaH
RbeTsBI)araMg BYkCb:un)andak;[mankarkan;kab;mYy nigrd)aleyaFamYyedaypal;enARbeTs
km<CaEfmeTot.
RtvCMrujcit[hanedayKMrUrbs;Cb:un BYkf)anrwtbnwgGMNacrbs;eKelIEdndIPaKBayB
RbeTs EdlBYkeKdeNImykedaykmaMgenAqaM1941 enaHeLIgvijEdr. BYkf)anRbmUlBndarkg
bNaextkm<Ca EdlBYkeK RttRta ehIy)anbgM[RbCaCnTaMgenaHniyayPasafEfmeTot.
PaBGak;Gn;RsBn;cit )anraldaleBjpRbeTsehIy KWkgsmyenHehIy EdlkarykcitTukdak;
cMeBaHGBaRkwtniym )ancak;bsR)akdEmnETn EdlRbeTskm<Canwgbgaj[eXIjkgTsvtSr_
EdlmanCabnbnab;mkeTot.
enAmansl;cMNucmYy EdleKRtvCECkBiPakSaKa etIGkNasmnwgkan;kab;GMNacmYy enARkg
PMeBj? BYkCb:un)anehA sWg g:ukfaj; BITIRkgtUkRtLb;mkvij ehIy)anEtgtaMgKat;CardmnI
karbreTsnRbeTskm<CamYyEdl {kraC}. edaycat;TukxngCamnusSffr skismnwgdwknaM
RbeTsfaj; )ancab;epImRbqaMgyuvRBHmhakSRtsemc RBHneratm sIhnuPam.GtItPaBrbs;Kat;
CaGtItyuTikCn Catiniym )aneFVI[Kat;eTACaKURbECgR)akdRbCamYycMeBaHRBHraCa ehIy faj;
hak;dUcCaKanxVl; RByBIesckIeGonxas EdlKat;GacmankgerOg EdlKat;dwknaMrbbGay:gmYy
enAcMeBaHEPkRbCaCn kdUckgcitKMnitrbs;Kat;pal;pgeT. Kat;KiteXIjCaeRscBI TIbBab;nsgam
Edlkan;EtxitCitmkdl;CagRbeTskm<Ca bRbeTsCb:unFab;nwksaneTAeTot.
fTI9 ExsIha qaM1945 CafEdlshrdGaemrikTmak;RKab;EbkbrmaNUmYyRKab;eTotel
ITIRkgNahasaKI EdlbBaak;BIbraCyCasaBrrbs;RbeTsCb:un mitPkiTaMgLayrbs; faj; )anerob
cMeFVIrdRbharmYyenAPMeBj ehIy)anEtgtaMgKat;CardmnITI1. enATIbBab;nsgam BYkGkTaMgenaH
manbMNgfaRbeTskm<CaRtvmanemdwknaMCatiniymmak; RbkbedayPaBR)akdkgcitrwgmaMmak; BuMEmn
yuvkSRtshkarniymmYyGg Edlbgajfa smtPaBrbs;RBHGg GaceFVIkaredayKanerIsmux
sRmab;RBHecAGFiraC)araMg bCb:un.
faj; Rtv)anelIk[eFVICardmnITI1 edIm,IraraMgRbeTs)araMgmin[RtLb;mkkm<CamgeTot.
elak dWehal nigBYk)araMgesrI Fab;)anRbkas[dwgBIbMNgrbs;eKedIm,IRbmUlykGaNaniKmrbs;
64
)araMgTaMgb:unanmkvij. edayEsVgrkmeFa)ayTaMgGs;sgwm edIm,IraMgsat;pvBYkGtItGktaMg

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CaclnaEtmYyKt;rbs;evotNam EdlRbqaMgnwgkarvilRtLb;mkvijnrbbGaNaniKm ehIyEdl
faj; KiteXIjfa Caclna mankmaMgRKb;RKan;sRmab;vayRbharBYk)araMg.
b:uEn rdmnIkarBarRbeTsrbs; faj; pal; Edl semc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;elIkTwkcitCa
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eTotpg. kgnamRBHraCa elakrdmnI)ansuM[BYk)araMgRtLb;cUlmkRkgPMeBjvijCabnan; ehIy
CYyTb;sat;sm<nPaBmYy Edl faj; eFVICamYyevotNamenaHpgEdltam elakyl;sm<nPaBenH nwg
naMeTArkkarkan;kab;RbeTskm<CaedayRbeTsevotNamCaminxan BuMEmnnaMeTArkkraCenaHeT.
enAfTI10 Extula qaM1945 kgkPaBTBGg;eKs )araMg nig\Na )anrulcUlkgraCFanI.
faj; Rtvcab;xneRBaHEtGMeBIk,t;rbs;Kat;. semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlCaGk)anbBab;GaNa
Ba)alrbs;)araMg ehIyEdltamkarBitCaGkenACab;eTasBIerOgk,t;nwgRbeTs)araMgenAeLIyenaH
)ansuxRBHTyyl;RBm[BYk)araMgbnkarRttRtaRbeTskm<CaCafIeLIgvij. RBHGg)anEsVgrk
esckIGnueRKaHBIBYk)araMg edIm,I)ansitenAelIraCblgdEdl. eRkaymk RBHGg)anxVHExVgbgaj
PstagBITegVITaMgLayrbs;RBHGgfa {eyIgsuTEtCaGkRkIRketaxaMgNas; edIm,ICYypt;pg;esckI
RtvkarepSgrbs;eyIg bkarBarRbeTseyIg>>> eyIgCaRbCaCatitUcmYy manRbCaCnbIlannak;
sitenAcenaH RbCaCnevotNam mlannak; nigRbCaCnesom db;BIrlannak;}.
edaykareRbIl,icklTaMgenH semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anbgaj[eXIjnUvcritBitR)akd
rbs;RBHGg. kgGMLgbNaqaMdMbUgnrCkalrbs;RBHGg RTg;)anbNal[rdaPi)alGaNaniKm
)araMgdwknaMedayKansEmgkarGak;Gn;RsBn;RBHTyCasaFarNeLIy. karyl;RBmedayKanrwgrUs
rbs;RBHGgcMeBaHBlRbharrbs;Cb:unenAqaM1945 KWCaerOgEdleKGacdwgmundUcEtKa. PaBbuin
Rbsb;eRbIkl,icrbs;RBHGg enABuMTan;beBaj[eXIjeTmnkarbBab;nsgam kgeBlEdlGMNac
rbs ;RBHGgCakmvtnkarBiPakSaxagneya)ayenaH. kaleNaH semc)ansEmg[eXIjfa
RBHGgGacedaHdecjBIKURbECgTaMgLayrbs;RTg; CaBiess sWg g:ukfaj;. niyayedayxI RBHGg
eRtmbRmgRbKl;RbeTskm<Ca eTA[BYk)araMgCaeRsc[EtRBHGg)anenAeFVICaescdEdl.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAkan;kab;raCblgrbs;RBHGg ehIyBYk)araMg)anyl;RBmpl;
lknikRbeTskm<CaCa{rdsVytkgpshPaB)araMg}. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ane)aHbg;kar
65
tsUedIm,ITamTarkraC kgeKalbMNgrkSamkudraCrbs;RBHGg ehIyRBHGg)ancMGk[ faj; kg

kasenaHPam. erOgTaMgGs;enH KanerOgNamYyeKcputBIRkEsEPkBYkyuvCnenAraCFanIeLIy
EdleTIbnwgcUlrYmkgvKTImYynRbvtisassmyTMenIbrbs;km<Ca ehIyEdlerobcMxnkan;kab;tYnaTI
sMxan;bMputkgPaKerOgCabneTAeTot.
CMnan;yuvCn EdleBareBjedayPaBKYr[sgwm
enAeBlEdl semc RBHneratm sIhnu XubXit[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYk)araMgmkkm<Cavij
Casmat; hU CImij nigevotmij)anerobbRmgEpnkarepSgedIm,IraraMgRbeTs)araMgmin[taMgGaNa
niKmelIRbeTsevotNamCafIeLIy. kgGMLgsgamelakelIkTI2 BYkevotmij)anbriharBYkCb:un
CasaFarN ehIy)anrYmshkarCamYyBYksm<nmitRbqaMgBYkhVasuIs CaBiessedayRbmUlBtman
epSg nigpl;nUvkarKaMRTmYyEpkdwkCBanPsPar[BYkGaemrikaMgpg. enATIbBab;nsgam hU CImij
)anelceLIgCabitakraCeday\tRbEkk)anrbs;RbCaCnevotNam ehIyenAfTI2 ExkBaa
qaM1945 naTIRkghaNUy Kat;)anRbkaskraCrbs;evotNam enATIlan )aDij y:agLarik.
RBHecAGFiraC)avday rbs;evotNam )anGbGrsresIresckIRbkasenHCabnan;.
b:uEn db;mYyfeRkaymk BYk)araMg)anvilRtLb;mkRkgRBnKrvij edaysarkareFVIGnra
Kmn_rbs;kgTBGg;eKs. edaypynwgBaksnapl; kraC[rdGaNaniKmnanabnab;BIsga
mkeday kBYksm<nmitenAEtGnuBaat[RbeTs)araMgyk\Ncin mkeFVICa kmsiTidEdl. bnic
eRkaymksgam)anpHeLIgehIy)anraldaldl;PaKxageCIgenAqaM1946. BYk)araMg)anseRmc
citbM)at; hU CImij ecjBIeCaKCyrbs; Kat; nigraMgxb;min[RbCaRbiyPaBrbs;Kat;sayPaymk
PaKxagt,gCaTI EdlBYkevot mijkMBugRbkYtRbECgCamYynwgbNaclnaGkCatiniymepSgeTot.
enHKWCasgam\NcinelIkTI1 EdlmanfirevlarhUtdl;qaM1954.
enATIbMput sgamenH)anraldalmkdl;RbeTskm<Ca b:uEn enAeBlEdlsgampHeLIg
BMuman\sSrCnCatiniymNamak; eFVIkarRbmUlpMRbCaCnkm<CaRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig
neya)aycuHj:mrbs;RBHGgeLIy. RBHsg Ehm ecov RtvsuKtkgBnnaKar faj; RtvBYk)araMg
cab;dak;KuktamkaresIsuMrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu. clnaGkCatiniymdtUcRtvbMEbkxnCa
bIRkmdac;edayELkBIKa. PaKeRcInnBYkGkRbqaMgCaRBHsg EdlFab;EFVIneya)ayCamYy Ehm
ecov )anrt;eKcxneTArs;enAtamCnbT ehIyenATIbMputmanmYycMnYnFMkgcMeNamenaH )anseRmccit
66
eTArYmshkarCamYyBYkkumynisevotNam edayRbmUlKaCabkSEtmYy nigvayRbyuTkgCYrBYk

evotNamcab;BImUldannana EdltaMgenAkgPaKGaeKy_RbeTskm<Ca. bNaRkm\sSrminEmn
kumynis EdlRbmUlpMenAxagmageTotnRbeTskgextnanaPaKBayB)anGHGagRbgeRbbxn
tsUnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigBYk)araMg CaeRsc b:uEn CamYynwgCMnYyrbs;BYkf. BYkGtIt
sisSsalasuIsuvti CaRkmGkCatiniymEtmYyKt; EdlsitenAkgraCFanI )anbegItKNbkS
neya)aymYyedIm,ItTl;nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigBYk)araMgtammeFa)aysniviFI.
enHCaryeBlRcbUkRcbl;mYy EdlkgryeBlenaHBYk)araMg nigBYkkm<Ca ElgdwgfaGkNa
mYy EdlBYkeKRtvvayRbharehIy. Rkm\sSrnana minsUvmanrcnasm<nlRtwmRtveT edayman
TsSnrYmEtmYy KWbMNgvayykQHBYk)araMgEtb:ueNaH. BYkkumyniskcg;vayBYk)araMgdUcBYk
\sSrEdr b:uEn bnab;mkKWeFVIbdivtn_bneTot ehIyBYkenHkmanectnabBaHbBalBYk\sSr[mk
cUlrYmCamYyBYkxnEdr. BYkGkCatiniymenAPMeBjmaneyabl;fa RtvRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMgdac;eday
ELk BIeRBaHBYkeKbdiesFkartsUedayGavuF ehIyGYtsresIrBIkarpas;brsgmtamneya)ay
niympvkNalvij.
ebIKit[sBVeTA BYkExrRkhmnwgRsg;ykBYkemdwknaM nigsmaCikrbs;eKBIkgRkmTaMgbIenH
b:uEn BuMEmnenAmunkarbBab;eTAnsgam\NcinelIkTI1enAqaM1954eT KWbnab;BIclnanImYyepIm
Ebk)ak;KarwtEtxaMgeLIg. BYkemdwknaMExrRkhmxHkgcMeNamBYkemdwknaMExrRkhmEdll,IeQaH
y:agGaRkk;manRbPBmkBIRkgPMeBj nigBIsmaKmGtItsisSsalasuIsuvti CaBiessGkneya)ay
Rbs nigRsI mYycMnYnFM Edl)andwknaMrdaPi)alkm<CaRbCaFibetyenHg. edIm,Iyl;dwgBYkBYk
ExrRkhmBIlkNsKsaj nigBIPaBmincuHsRmgKarbs;BYkenH eKRtvEtepatKMnitmYyeTAelIGVI
EdlekItmanenARkgPMeBj bnab;BIsgamelakelIkTIBIrputrlt;eTA.
BYkGtItsisSsalasusI vu ti )aneRCIserIssmaCikrbs;xn CasMxan;BkI g cMeNamsisSviTaly
enHTaMgGs; EdlCaRKwHsanmFmsikSamYysRmab;EtkUnecAvrCnkgRsukeronsURtb:ueNaH b:uEn
kmankUnsisSenAsalabeckeTs nigviCaCIv mkcUlrYmkgclnaenHEdr. kgcMeNamsisSsala
eRkayenH manyuvCnmak;EdlenAeBlenaH hak;dUcCaGkEdlRBy)armnwgrt;ecj[putBIGgb;n
RbBnGb;rMrbs;km<Cab:ueNaH. saLt s Edlbnab;mk )anRbkan;ykrhsSnamfa b:ul Bt Fab;)an
eronsURtkgGnuviTalymYyenAext kgeBlEdlBYkCb:uncUlmkdl;TIRkgPMeBj. CakUnRbsrbs;
GkmanpHsEm,g dIFImak;enAPaKxageCIgextkMBg;FM s Rtv)anrab;cUlkgRKsarmYy EdlmanCIvPaB
67
FUrFarRKan;ebI b:uEn BuMEmnCacMENkmYynvrCnecHdwg Edlrs;enATIRkgeLIy. tamkarGHGagpal;xn

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rgVg;RKsarvij.
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RbwgERbgdUcKa nigmin)aneCaKCydEdl. s )aneronsURtesIrEteBjbNaqaMnkarRttRtarbs;
Cb:un kgRKwHsanmFmsikSamYyenAextkMBg;cam EdlmanrebobrbbdUcsala)araMgEdr eRBaHfaKat;
BuMEdl)anseRmccUleronkgviTalyBitR)akdmYyeLIy. enAqaM1944 kgGayudb;R)aMbYnqaMKat;
)ancakecjBIGnuviTalyenH edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTARkgPMeBj EdlKat;)ancUleronkgsalabeckeTs
mYy. Kat;)aneronxagmuxCMnajCageQI eRkamkaremIlxusRtvrbs;bgRbsKat; nigCaGkTMnukbRmg
Kat; KW Lt sYg EdlCabuKliktUctacEpkRksYgBiFIkarenARBHbrmraCvaMg. CaeRcInqaMeRkaymk bg
Rbs Kat;)anniyay[dwgfa enACMnan;enH s Cayuvbursmak; EdlKYr[cUlcitsamBa ]sSah_Bayam
mFt nwgFwg ehIyminykcitTukdak;erOgneya)ayeLIy.
b:uEn dMeNIrCIvitrbs; s KWeFVIeTAtameK[eyabl;b:ueNaH CaCagkuM[eKfa Kat;Cabursmak;
Edl)anseRmcedIrtYedayqab;rhs kgeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsKat;nUvtYnaTImYy EdlmanGMNacCag
ksidanrbs;BukKat;eTAeTot. eTaHCamankarcaj;eRbby:agsem,Im EdlbgeLIgedaysaredIm
kMeNItrbs;Kat;CaGkFab;rs;enARsukERscmar nigsmtPaBepSg rbs;Kat;minsUvR)akdRbCa
keday k s RbwgERbgeFVIkaredaymanHkgRKwHsannana Edl)anpl;kEngmYysRmab;rUbKat;.
edImkMeNItrbs;Kat;TaMgenH RbEhlCatRmg;Kat;eTArkRkmnviTasanBuTsasnbNit b:uEnkalenaH
enAPMeBjKat;)an eFVIskmPaBRkEvlCuMvijsmaKmGtItsisSsalasuIsuvti ehIyenATIbMputkkay
eTACasmaCiknclnaenH EdlteTAmuxeTotKat;RtvEtykeRbbBIelIRBHsgTaMgLayeTot.
s )ancUleronsalabeckeTsenARkgPMeBj kgsmykal EdlmanPaBsuxsanEpkneya
)ay ehIykarpas;brmYy. bBaaTaMgGs;EdlnwgEdlRKbdNb;elIRbvtisasrbs;km<CakgGMLg
samsibqaMbnbnab;mkeTot )anecaTeLIgCaelIkdMbUgbMput edaymnusSmYycMnYnFM EdlnwgkMNt;
seRmceRkaymknUvcemIyepSg.
karCECkBiPakSaxagneya)ay )ancab;epImPameRkaysgamelakelIkTI2 enAeBlEdlBYk
)araMg)anGnuBaat[RbCaCnkm<Ca begItKNbkSneya)ayepSg nigcUlrYmkgkare)aHeqateRCIs
68
erIssPasRmab; {BieRKaH} mYy. eFVIdUecH RbeTs)araMgR)afabBab;karTamTarepSgedIm,IkraC

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Canic.
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EdlRbkbedaycitKMnitRbCaFibety nigKMnitsgmniymEfmeTot. KWKNbkSenHehIy EdlTak;
Taj)ankUnsisSGnuviTalynanadUcCa s CaedIm nigkUnsisSviTalysuIsuvti EdlmanRTBsm,ti
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CaGkmaneRbbCageKenAkgsPasRmab; {BieRKaH}. rdaPi)al)ancab;epImEkTRmg;bNasabn
sRmab; RBHmhakSRtEdlcas;hYssmyeTAehIy ehIy)anbegItrcnasm<nepSg sRmab;RbeTs
km<CaTMenIbmYy. rdaPi)al)aneFVI[eKyl;y:agc,as;fa xnnwgseRmceFVIkargaredaymincMNuHGk
NaeLIy. b:uEn CaCagbg[mansgammYy rdaPi)al)aneFVIesckIGMBavnavEGbxagBYk)araMgkg
KMnitKitfa RbeTs)araMgnwgBuMGacsitenARbeTskm<CaCaerogrhUteT drabNasgamkMBugvwkvr
y:agxaMgenARbeTsevotNamenaH. BYkRbCaFibety )anpSaynUvCeRmIsrvaglTPaBBIrEdlxn
RtvbgajcMeBaHRbeTs)araMgfa bmYysuxcitpl;kraCmk[BYkxnKW BYkbBavn BYkvrCnkm<Ca
benATIbMputRtvbgMcitpl;kraCeTA[BYkbHe)ar EdlkMBugRbyuTtsUkgRBPM bnab;BIkareFVIsgam
bgrQammYy. enAqaM1947 elak sWn san rdmnIRksYghirBavt)aneFVIxnCaGkBaMnaMesckI
GMBavnavdKYrsmenHeTA[RbeTs)araMg {eyIgesIsuM [Gs;elakyl;BIbMNgR)afadRCaleRCA
rbs;eyIgGMBIerOgkraCenH ehIyCYyeyIg[)anseRmctamsMNUmBrenHpg>>>}17.
KNbkSRbCaFibety k)anGMBavnaveTAkan;Rkm\sSrnana [e)aHbg;ecalkartsU eday
GavuFrbs;eKRbqaMgnwgRbeTs)araMg nigCYyEkERbsanPaBRbeTsCati tammeFa)ayRsbc,ab;
vij. BYkRbCaFibetyenAEteTAmuxdrabTukNaCaemekayrbs;xn KWGkGgmas; yutivgS esay
TivgtenAqa1M 947kg CnayusamsibbYnqakM e day.tamkar[eyabl;rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
69
BYk)araMg)andak;CMnYs yutivgS edayRBHGgmas;mYyGgeTot EdlCamnusSGPirkSniym dUc

RBHmhakSRtEdr ehIyEdlminTTYldwgnUvGVIEdlKNbkSRbCaFibety)aneFVImYyPaKFMkngmk.
emdwknaMfIenH)anykBYkrdmnIGPirkSniymfI CaeRcInnak;mkdak;CuMvijxn ehIy)anEkERbsPa
sRmab;{BieRKaH} eTACasPa{Rbfab;Rta}vij.
b:uEn KNbkSRbCaFibetyenAman\TiBlmYyy:agxaMgelIRbeTsCati ehIysitesryUrGEgVg
CagryeBlnkarkan;kab;GMNacy:agxIrbs;xnenaHeTAeTot. b:unanqaM eRkaymksemc RBHneratm
sIhnu )anyksmI nigKMnitepSgrbs;BYkRbCaFibetymkeRbIeLIgvij edIm,IedaHRBHkayecjBIBYk
)araMg ehIy)anbeBaj[eKdwgfaxnCaRBHbitakraCCatirbs;RbeTs. m:agvijeTot KNbkS
RbCaFibety)anbMpusTwkcityuvCnrdFanI[keRmIkskmPaBeLIg. KeRmagrdFmnuBa nigesckIEfg
karN_rbs;xnsIBIrdaPi)alTan;smymYy sRmab;RbeTskm<CaenaH )anman\TiBly:agsem,ImmYy
eTAelIBYkyuvCnTaMgenaH. BYkkUnsisSenAsalasuIsuvti )anpas;brcitmkeCOTsSnepSgrbs;
KNbkSRbCaFibetyvij EdlFab;sVHEsVg[mankarcUlrYmrbs;BYkGkTaMgenaH edIm,IbegInfamBl
]tmKtiniymedImkMeNItsgmrbs;eKBIeRBaHKNbkSRbCaFibetydwgfa mnusSeBjvyTaMgenH
nwgeTACaRbPBnbNaemdwknaMsRmab;CMnan;bnab; CaCMnan;EdleBareBjeTAedayPaBKYr[sgwmeRcIn
EdlnwgeFVI[RbeTskm<CakraCmincMNuHeK.
edayBitmanyuvemdwknaMCaeRcIn)anCRmlxnmkxagmuxqakneya)ay. cab;taMgBIqaM1946
BYknisSit)anmkbegItRkmmYyehAfa RkmrMedaHRbeTskm<CaBIGaNaniKmniym)araMg EdldwknaM
edayyuvbursmak;eQaH eGog sarI18. Kat;CamnusSRceLIsebIsKansuCvI Fmma k;enAsalasusI vu t.i
Kat;manedImkMeNItenAkm<CaeRkamkgPaKxagt,gRbeTsevotNam sarI niyayExrb:LaMmansMenog
CaevotNam ehIyBuMEmnsitenAkgcMeNamBYkGkhuWhadUcBYkGkeronsURtCamYyKat;eT b:uEn Kat;xM
RbwgERbgeFVIkary:agsVitsVajedIm,I[)ankayeTACaRbCaCnkm<CadUceKgEdr.Kat;)anpas;eQaH
KImRtag eTACa eGog sarI vij eRBaHvamansMenogCaExreRcInCag ehIy)anEkgbnMsMbuRtCatikMeNIt
mYy edIm,IeFVI[Kat;manGayutic gayRsYlkgkareprkarsikSaBIsalamYyenAPaKxagt,grbs;
evotNam mkeronkgRKwHsansikSaenAkgextmYyenARbeTskm<Ca. enATIenaH Kat;)anbeBaj
[eXIjsmtPaBrbs;Kat;y:ageRcIn ehIyminyUrb:unan k)ancUleronenAsalasuIsuvti edayman
GaharrUbkrN_mYypg. CasisSBUEkKNitviTabMput Kat;)anRbLgCab;mFmsikSabRtTImYyrbs;
Kat; CamYyBinlRbesIrNas;. bnab;mk Kat;)anRbkan;yksanPaBkgpvneya)ayPam.
70
CamnusSGg;GacsVahab; R)aCJavagv nigcuHcMeNam sarI )anRtveFVI[cab;citedayneya)ay

rbs;KNbkSRbCaFibetyehIy BuMEmnmanEtKat;mak;geT. Gu suIm EdleRkaymk)ankayeTACa
kGKrdTUtrbs; ln; nl; RbcaMshrdGaemrik nig ekg v:an;sak; GnaKtGkdwknaMsMxan;bMputrbs;KN
bkSRbCaFibety )ancUlrYmCamYy eGog sarI nigGkdTeTotkgkarCECkBiPakSaKaCajwkjab;Edr
eday)aneFVI[viTalyenH manskmPaBGUGrCanic. viTalyRBHsuIsuvti KWCamCmNll\texaH
sRmab;GnaKtemdwknaMTaMgGm,alm:anenH. RKwHsanenHsitenAkNalTIRkgeRkamRsemavtPMcMBI
eRkaysarmnIrCati c,as;Nas;enHCasalasRmab;kUnmnIkgRsukeronsURt CakEngEdlpus
ecjnUvkartv:aRbqaMg kgcMeNamRbCaCatinana EdlsitenAeRkamnwmGaNaniKmbreTs.
)atukmCahUrEhmYyenAviTalyenH )anecjBIRckcegtmkelITIlanneya)ayRBmCamYy
karGMBavnavmYy[mankUdkmTUTaMgRbeTs edIm,ICYyKaMRTkarTamTarkraCpal;rbs;KNbkSRbCa
Fibety -karTamTar EdlRcanecaledaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu. enHKWCa)atukmrbs;BYknisSit
EdlekItmanCaelIkdMbUgbMputkgRbvtisasnTIRkgPMeBj.
kUdkm EdldwknaMeday eGog sarI hak;dUcCaBuMsUvmanGtnyFMduMb:unaneTenAsmyenaH b:uEn
va)anedAy:ageRCAkgcitrbs;yuvemdwknaMrUbenH Edldwgfaxn)ankayeTACasl sitenAcMkNal
qakneya)ayrbs;CatieRsceTAehIy. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anbriharclnaenHCasaFarN
ehIy)anEfgRbkasfa BYksisSviTalyKYreFVIGVI[)anRbesIrCagenH edIm,ICYyRTRTg;kiccrcanana
rbs;RBHGgCamYyBYk)araMgvij. kgeBlCamYyKaenaH semc)aneFVI[eKyl;y:agc,as;fa RBHGg
KanbMNgEckrMElkGMNacCamYyrdsPaeT ehIyrwtEtGt;EfmeTotbnab;BImrNPaBrbs;RTg;
yutivgS. ehtuenHkaryksVyPaBneya)ay EdlRBHGgykmkeRbIR)as;CanimitrUbenH )anbgaj
[eXIjfa Kan)anRbeyaCn_GVITaMgGs;.
edayRtveFVI[Rsgakcit nisSitCaeRcIn)ancab;epImelIkniyayBIBYkGktsUevotmij Edl
tamBeKGHGagfa )anRbyuTtsUedIm,IkraCenARbeTsevotNamEdr. RtveFVI[xkcitedaysar
]bsKepSgxagneya)ay EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAPMeBj sarI )anesIsuMeTAeronenARkg):arIseday
)anTTYlGaharUbkrN_sikSamYypg. GaharrUbkrN_TaMgenH kRmGkNa)anTTYlNas; eRBaHmviFI
EdlRKb;RKgtamrykariyalynisSitkm<CaeTIbEtcab;epImenAqaM1947 CamYynwgGaharUbkrN_
samsibmYyb:ueNaH. vaTMngCaGacfa sarI )anesI[GkmanbuNski EdlKat;Fab;sal;tamry
KNbkSRbCaFibetyCYyeFVIGnraKmn_ edIm,IFana[rUbKat;)anTTYlkEngeronmYykgsklviTaly
71
rbs;)araMg. enAqaM1950 Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIr eTARkgRBnKredIm,IeLIgCiHk):al;ehaH eq<aHeTARbeTs

)araMg. Kat;)anEbkecjBIBiPBdtUcnGkneya)ayCanisSitenAPMeBj edIm,ICIvPaBenAtammhavifI
nanaenARkg):arIsvij EdlKat;nwgcgmitPaBCamYykm<Camak;eTot.
saLt s )aneTAdl;RbeTs)araMgkalBImYyqaMmun. edayKiteTAdl;lTplnkarsikSad
Bayamrbs;Kat; s kTMngCa)anTTYlGaharUbkrN_tamryTMnak;TMngdUcKanwg sarI Edr enHCaTMenom
Tmab;mYyenARkgPMeBjeTAehIy. karEdlBYknisSiteFVIdMeNIreTARbeTs)araMgedIm,IbnkarsikSaviCa
Can;x<s;enATIenaH)anrYmbBal s eTAkgRbePTBYkGkRtsRtayEdr. BitehIykarsikSaenAskl
viTaly KWCaksiTimYy EdlkgenaH RbCaCnkm<CasamBaeTIbEt)aneQagdl;kgeBlfIenH
b:ueNaH ehIymanyuvCnRtkUlGPiCntictYc Fab;)aneTAeFVIkarsikSarbs;eKenATIRkg):arIs. kalBI
munRbCaCnkm<Ca)aneTAeronenAsklviTaly)araMg naTIRkghaNUyeNaH eRBaHenAPMeBjKan
salaeronrebobenHeT. b:uEn karkan;kab;RttRtarbs;Cb:un ehIybnab;mksgamenAevotNam
)aneFVI[TIRkghaNUyeTACaTIRkgmYyElgsUvmansuvtiPaB ehIyRbEhlCaenAcugTsvtSr_1940
Cnkm<CamYycMnYntUc)ancab;epImrYmCamYybNayuvCnnrd GaNaniKmepSgeTot EdlBuHeBareFVI
dMeNIrdEvgqay nigdlM)akrhUteTAdl;Rkg):arIs edIm,ITTYl)ansBaabRt nigeroneFVIneya)ay.
karrkeXIjpveTARkg):arIsedayKanCMBak;vak; vinnwgvrCnNa )anbNal[ s nig sarI manGarmN_
fa xnRtv)aneKeRCIserIsCaGkQanmuxeK kgbNaGk{EdlmansmtPaB nigcMeNHviCax<g;x<s;}
TaMgLay -enHCa\riyabf EdlGkTaMgBIr minEdle)aHbg;ecalmgNaesaHeLIy.
plGaRkk;epSg EdlekItmanenAkgkarbBanBYknisiSt Bi)akRbedA nigRbkbedaymhicta
hYsehtu eTAeronenARbeTsmYy EdlPaKeRcInnBYkkmkre)aHeqat[KNbkSkumynisenaH )an
kay eTACaerOgKYr[mnilsgSytaMgBIdMbUgTIem:H. enAeBlEdl saLt s eTAdl;TIRkg):arIs man
nisiStExrCaeRcIn)ansakl,gcg;dwglTim:akSsIsrYceRsceTAehIy ehIyEfmTaMgbegItnUvGVIEdlnwg
kayeTACakwbm:akSelnInrbs;km<CaenARkg):arIseTotpg. BIkgcMeNamRkmenHmanelcecj
buKliklkNrbs;nisiStmak;eQaH CYn mMu Edl)aneTAdl;RbeTs)araMgkalBIqaM1946. Kat;Ca
mnusSEdlKYr[RsLaj;cUlcit nigCaGkTTYlmrtknRKsarGPiCnmYy kgcMeNamRKsarGPiCn
TaMgLayenAkm<Ca. CamnusSbuinRbsb; satsga edaymanbkBaCaGkcUlcitsb,ay EdlGac
bM)at;kgVl;epSgrbs;CnCatikm<Camak; EdleTIbeTAdl;TIRkg):arIsfI. Kat;nwgkayeTACaCnCati
ExrdMbUgbgs; Edl)anTTYlsBaabRtBIsalaBhubeckeTsRkg):arIs.
72
enAsmyenHkdUceBjryeBlnRbvtidRcbUkRcbl;rbs;BYkExrRkhmEdr mMu nigbnRbsTaMg

bIrbs;Kat; )anpl;[clnakumyniskm<Ca nUvPaBffr niglkNEdleFVI[eKeKarBekatxac. Etxn
Kat;mak; eQaHrbs;vgSRtkUl CYn )anbNal[manlTplenH. RKsarrbs;Kat;)anQaneLIgdl;
sanPaBmYyelIseKelIsgkg GMLg stvtSr_T1I 9 enAeBlEdlBYk)araMg tRmv[semc RBHneratm
sIhnu TTYlyl;RBmeFVIkarEtgtaMgmnIraCkarmak;19eQaH CYn [kan;muxtMENgCaelak {vaMg} rd
mnIGmRBHraCvaMg enHCamuxgarmYy EdlRtvkan;tkUntecA manzanesInwgrdmnITI1Edr ehIy
tYnaTIenHkGnuBaat[ CYn manmUldanmYyy:agrwgmaM nigpl;eTA[kUnecAKat;EfmeTot. Kat;ecHTaj
ykplRbeyaCn_GMBImuxgarrbs;Kat;Nas; ehIykgTmab;nGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;BYkmnIGmRBHraCa
ExrKat;k)ankayeTACaGkmansm,tiy:agsksmmak; b:uEn RbkarenHRbEhlCaeFVI[Kat;)at;bg;
karRslaj;rab;GanBIsMNak;semc RBHneratm sIhnu Edr.Kat;)anbegIt[manrvagGkTaMg BIr KWKat;
nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nUvkarRbNaMgRbECgmYy EdlmUlehtuepSg)ankb;)at;enAkgsPaB
sKsajnkarniyayedImGaRkk;BIBYkescTaMgenHrbs;BYkeK edayehtuenHeTIb)anCakUnrbs;elak
vaMg RtveKpat;ecalminrab;rkedaybNaesc EdlGksgraCbnBIesc neratm mkeTot.
karRbNaMgRbECgenHenHsitenAbnrhUrmk. b:uEn ecArbs;elakvaMg KWkUnRbsrbs;RtkUl
CYn )aneTACacMENkmYynRkmyuvburs EdlmanksiTibMputenAkgRkgPMeBj ehIyminbeNayxn
[semc RBHneratm sIhnu smtbraCy)aneLIy. fVIebIBYkeKGaceBjcitnwgCIvPaBmYy Edlsm,r
eTAedayPaBTMenr karGEglfak;fmBIhVgGkbeRmIkgPUmiRKwHmYykgbNaPUmiRKwHCaeRcInrbs;xnenA
PMeBj nigRsYlRsNuky:agNakeday kyuvbursTaMgenH)aneRCIserIspvmYyxusKa. eRkamkar
kan;kab;rbs;Cb:un GkTaMgenHFab;)ancUlrYmnwgRkmGkCatiniymedayecjmux -dMbUgCamYyBYk
yuTikCnrbs; sWg g:ukfaj; eRkaymkCamYyKNbkSRbCaFibety.
sanPaBsgmrbs;BkY eK)anpln; vU kmagM sksi Ti mi y
Y sRmab;RbqaMgCMTas;ngw semc RBHneratm
sIhnu bGkNamak;epSgeToteTaHCaGkNakeday. kUnmak;kgcMeNamkUnrbs;RKsarRtkUlCYn
manesckIkahanGsar edayhanTietonsemc RBHneratm sIhnu cMeBaHkarRbRBwtminsmTMngrbs;
RBHGg Edlbgab;begankitiysRbeTskm<Ca kgkasnRBHraCdMeNIrmYyeTAkan;Rkg):arIs kalBI
qaM1946. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anseRmcRBHTycat;TukRkmRKsar CYn faCaRkmmnusS
EdlykcitTukdak;sgswk edIm,Ilublagkitiys[bg bbnRsI rbs;eK KWBuMEmnCaGkneya)ay
RtwmRtv dUcGkneya)ayeTot Edlcg;dwknaMRbeTskm<Caeq<aHeTArkRbBnneya)aymYyEbkBI
73
enH. RBHGg)anRbkasedayRtg;fa {RKsarCYn dmanGMNac minEdlGt;n[Tal;EtesaH eRBaH

bdiesFminRBmerobkarCamYykUnRsIKat;}20.
eTaHCadUcemckI mUlehtuEdlCMruj[BYkeKeFVIGVImYy)anelcCarUbrageLIg RkmRKsarCYn nwg
bgVileCaKvasnarbs;km<CaRsbeTAtamKMnitrbs;xnedayTwkcitemaHmutbMput enAeBlEdlBYkeK)an
cgsm<nPaBCamYyyuvCnTaMgLayman saLt s nig eGog sarI CaedIm ehIy)anrYmbegItCamYy
GkTaMgenHnUvkwbm:akSelnIneTotpg. saLt s )ancuHeQaHcUleronenAsala)araMgEpkviTGKisnI
cMENk eGog sarI )aneRtmerobcMRbLgykmFmsikSakkRmwt2rbs;xnEdr.
briyakasneya)ayenAeBlenaH21 kMBugBuHkeBaaly:agxaMg ehIyBYkbBavn)araMg)antak;
EtgeLIgnUvmUlbTepSgEdlmanlkNelceFaCageKsRmab;smyeRkaysgam enAqaM1949
dl; qa1M 950 enAeBlEdlyuvCnkm<C aTaMgBIrcab;epmI karsikSarbs;eK KNbkSkumy
nis) araMgEtg
EtRbQmmuxnwgkarelcBdMNwgepSgEdlfa RbCaCnsUevotrab;Ban;nak; RtveKcab;XuMXaMgkgCMrM
nanarbs;salInEdr. CMenOTukcitcMeBaHkarsakl,grbs;sUevot )anRtvbMpajdUcKaedaysarkar
vayRbhary:agFn;Frrbs;salInRbqaMgnwg TItU nigneya)aymincMNuHeKrbs;RbeTsyUehasavI.
b:uEn PaBRsgakcitcMeBaHneya)ayrbs;sUevot Rtv)anCMnYsmkvijedayrlknclna
RbqaMgninakarGaemrikaMgniym EdlmanfirevlaeBjryeBlsgamenARbeTsevotNam. sgam
enAkUer: qaM1951Epnkarm:asalkgkarsabnaGWr:ubeLIgvij nigPaBpac;muxxagfamBlbrmaNU rbs;
GaemrikaMg bUkbBaleTA)aneFVI[shrdGaemrikelceLIgCakarKMramkMEhgmYy cMeBaHBYk)araMgniym
eqVgCaeRcInnak;. GkxHemIleXIjkgEpnkar m:asal nUvkarb:unb:gmYyedIm,Idak;RbeTs)araMg[sit
enAeRkamGMNacneya)ay nigvb,Fmrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. GkxHeTot )ansMGagelI{clnaEsVgrk
sniPaB}fIrbs;sUevot CaclnakarBarsniPaB EdlekIteLIgRtvkaleTs sRmab;TahanGaemrikaMg
EdlkMBugRbyuTenARbeTskUer: nigRKab;EbkGaemrikaMg EdlkMBugKMramkMEhgsniPaBenAGWr:ub eRkay
smysgamelak. enAeBlEdlelak hSg;b:Ul saRt (Jeam-Paul Sartre) eFVIkarpas;brCMhrKYr[
cab;GarmN_mYyenAqaM1952 edIm,IKaMRTshPaBsUevot Kat;)anepImbegItclnamYyEdlman
visalPaBy:agFMeFg.
enHKWCabriyakaskMBugeFVI[Qk;vegVgmYycMeBaHBYkyuvCnkm<Ca EdlsnadeNImykkraC
CUnRbeTsrbs;eK. enAeBleTAdl;TIRkg):arIs BYkeKenAEteCOCak;elIrebobRKb;RKgtamlTiRbCa
FibetymYyEfmeTot b:uEn )ancat;TukxngCaGkbdivtn_ BIeRBaHBYkeK)andak;[BinitnUvbBaatYnaTI
74
rbs;RBHraCamYyGgkgRbeTskm<CamYyEdlkraC. karERbRblrbs;eKBIGkRbCaFibety
dBuHeBareTACaGkm:akSsuIsniym Rtv)anCYysRmledaykumynis)araMg edayehtufa ebItamsmI
eGog sarI KWelak m:UrIsfUer: (MAURICE THOREZ) pal; EdlCaGKelxabkSkumynis)araMgtaMgBIeRcIn
qaMmkehIy )anpl;[BYkkm<CanUvkarCYyeRCamERCgrbs;Kat;edIm,IerobcMbegItkwbmYy sRmab;sikSa
BIlTikumynis22.
kwbenH )ankt;smal;nUvdMNak;kalsMxan;mYykgRbvtisas rhUtmkTl;eBlenaH EdlkMNt;
nUvbraCyepSgrbs;BYkniymeqVgkm<Ca. kalBImun sRmab;nisSit mak;enARkgPMeBjpvdRbesIr
eq<aHeTArklTikumynisRtvqgkat;tamryRBPM ehIyecjBITIenHQaneTArkBYkyuvCnevotmij
EdlkMBugRbyuTtsUtamtMbn;RBMEdnPaKxagekItEfmeTot. enARkgPMeBj skmPaBrbs;kumynis BuM
)anRbRBwteTACab;lab;rhUteT ehIykBuMsUvman\sSrCnkumynissRmab;CYytRmg;pvsitenAkg
raCFanIEdr. kgRbeTsrbs;eK yuvbursTaMgBIrRtvEtlHbg;ecalmCdannisSit ehIysuxcitTTYl
ykGaNaBa)alevotNamenAkgtMbn;TBRBmYy edIm,IGacsikSaBIlTikumynis enHCapvdtUc
cegt EdlmanEtnisSitenAPMeBjtictYcb:ueNaH )anseRmccitBuHBartsUenACMnan;enaH.
enATIRkg):arIs s nig sarI )aneFVIkarhat;eronCamYynwgRKTaMgLay EdlCaGkerobcMkgTIRkg
mYy EdlmanvNkmkrmYy nigBYkbBavn EdlCaxneTAkgvNkmGkSrsil,_m:akSsuIs nigKNbkS
kumynismYy EdlkMBugTamTarR)ak;ebovtSr_x<s;CagmunsRmab;BYkkmkr ehIycUlrYmkgkare)aH
eqat. KNbkSkumynis)araMgFab;)anRbkan;maKa {sniviFI} eq<aHeTArklTisgmniymtamrykar
e)aHeqat KWBuMEmnkartsUedayGavuFeT -CaCMhrEdlnwgdUcCMhrRKadMbUgrbs;BYkExrRkhmEdr. GVI
EdlmansarsMxan;CaTIbMputmYyKW BYkRKbgat;beRgnlTikumynisdl;BYkyuvCnkm<CaTaMgenH
CaRkmEtmYyKt;kgzanCabkS EdlRbqaMgCMTas;nwgsgam EdlBYk)araMgnaMmuxeFVIenA\Ncin.
eGog sarI nig saLt s )ankayeTACamitPkinwgKay:agCitsiTbMput nig)ancgsm<nmiRt
edayELkCamYy CYn RbsiTi eTot EdlCaGkminsUv)aneronsURtb:unaneT kgcMeNambgbnRbsTaMg
4nak;. sarI EdlCamnusScUlcuHkgCMnuMcMeNammitPkiCageK KWCayuvbursmak;manTwkmuxRss;Rsay
EdlgaykgkaresIc nigCaCnRbkbedayqnmak; EdllemgeTAxagkarseRmccitPamehIyqab;
rMePIbjab;jr EdleralraldUcGNatePIg. saLt s CamnusS mwHminsUvecHniyaysIRbkb
edaylkNepSg CaGkKitKUrEvgqay nigmanbuKliklkNsatbrisuTCageK. Kat;manesckI
R)akdkgcitmYyy:agsb;esm EdlnaM[eKcUlciteFVItamKat;RKb;Ka. mitrbs;Kat;eQaHRbsiTi
75
Edl ecHniyay)araMgsat;ehIyenaH KWCamnusSmak;eRcInmYem:A qab;xwg nigqab;TukciteK b:uEn

cUlciteFVI[eK)ak;muxEdr edaysarEtsanPaBrbs;Kat;CakUneBAnRKsar dx<g;x<s;mYy Kat;BuMEmnCa
KURbECgmak;sRmab; s nig sarI eT.
BYkGkTaMgenaH)anrs;CuMKaenApHelx28pvsaMgGs;eRdedGar_ (Saint-Andr-des-Arts) sgat; LataMg
kgElVgbnab;nGKarmYy Edl eGog sarI/ muM/ RbsiTi nig k saKun RBmTaMgnisSitExrRkhm
epSgeTot)anrs;enAkgsmykalxusKa.minyUrb:unanmanyuvnarImak; )ancUlmkrs;enACamYy
Edr nagCasImak;EdlmanrUbsRms;CaExr nigmanqnrwgbuwgeQaH exov FIriTi23 CakUnRsIrbs;ecARkm
KYr[eKarBmak;. CamnusSmancritmincMNuHGkNa nag)aneTACanarImak;kgcMeNamnarIdMbUg Edl
)aneronsURtenAsalasuIsuvti ehIy)anTTYlBinEpkPasa)araMglRbesIrCageK. nag)anTak;Taj
karykcitTukdak;BIyuvCnmYycMnYnEdr b:uEn tamkarPJak;epIlBIbNamitrYmfak;rbs;nag eKfanag)an
)ak;citRsLaj; eGogsarI eTAehIy.ebIGkdeTotvaytmnagx<g;x<s;CageGogsarI edaysanPaB
kgsgmsmtPaBxagcMeNHviCa nigrUbsmsSenaH FIriT )anrkSaTukGnusSavrIy_mYyepSgeTAvij
cMeBaH eGog sarI nagemIleXIjfa eKEdlekItmksRmab;EteFVICaemdwknaM CamnusSEdlsal;tm
buKliklkNrbs;xn ehIyEdlyl;eXIjfa TsSnrbs;xnsuTEtlTaMgGs; d,itGI nagkCab;citCa
xaMgnwgbuBVehtuCatiniymdUcCarUbKat;Edr. tamBitnag)aneRCIserIseronenAsalasre)an (Sorbonne)
edIm,IRbLgyksBaabRtmYyEpkGkSrsasGg;eKs tamnagniyayKWedIm,IRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm
niym)araMg. KWehtudUecHehIy )anCanageFVIdMeNIrfat;eTACYb eGog sarI enATIRkg):arIsenaH Edl
CamYyKat;enHnag)anPab;BakelIkCMnUntaMgBImunkarecjdMeNIrrbs;nageTARsuk)araMgem:H.
GaBah_BiBah_ Edl FIriT )anerobcMenAeBlEdleTAdl;rdFanI)araMg )aneTACatYy:agmYy enA
smy enaHCakarRtab;eFVItamrebobcMGkmYycMeBaHvNKhbtIRkgPMeBjCan;cas; nigGkneya)ay
rbs;nisSitmuneBlEdlnagminTan;kayeTACaGkbdivtn_. KUsVamIPriyaTaMgBIr )anCYlbnb;FMmYy
ehIy)anGeBaIjmnusSTaMgLayNa EdleKFab;sal;mkcUlrYmkgBiFIenH. dUecHkarTTYleFVI
bdisNarkicePJv )anRbmUlpMGktMNagrbs;km<CaRbcaMTIRkg):arIs EdlRbBnrbs;Kat;KWCamitPki
CitsiTrbs; FIriT nisSitkm<CaTaMgGs; bNamitPkim:akSsuIsniymrbs; sarI BYknisSitnbNa
RbeTsGaNaniKmdUcCa evotNam TuyeNhSI Gal;ehSrI nigm:ar:uk CaedIm. eK)ansuM[mak;bg;
viPaKTanmYycMnYn BIrryhVg; sRmab;BiFIenH ehIyGkcUlrYmesIrEtTaMgGs; )anbMeBjtamsMNUm
Br. FIriT )anbBaHbBal RbsiTi [erobcMeFVIPthar eRBaHKat;maneTBekaslxagviCaeFVImbGahar.
76
enHKWCabriyakascugeRkayRbkbedaysuPmglbMput Edl FIriT enAEtnwkeXIjBICMnan;enaHCanic

eRBaHmitPkikm<CaTaMgGs;rbs; nagGacCYbCuMKa edayKaneQaHdeNImykQHKaeLIy. nag)an
niyayfa {enAeBlenaHBuMmankarEbk)ak;KarvagCnCatikm<CaeT. eyIgTaMgGs;rYbrYmKalNas;}.
GaBah_BiBah_enHKWCamanplRbeyaCn_mYyelIsBIenaHeTAeTotBIeRBaHvaBuMRtwmEtpSMpMyuTikCn
neya)ayk,alrwgBIrnak;b:ueNaHeT b:uEn vak)anbRgbbRgmbgRsIrbs; FIriT eQaH exov b:uNarI
CamYy saLt s EdlCamitrbs; sarI Edr. b:uNarI )aneFVIdMeNIr eTAkan;Rkg):arIsCamYybnRsIrbs;
nag kgeKalbMNgkayCasasacarmak;. nagCanisSitRsImak; EdleFVIkarGVImYyeday litln;
Nas; nagmanragerAsgaCagrUbsmsS ehIymanR)aCJasartIekvkapg. nag)anCYb saLt s kg
smyRbCuMepSgrbs;kwbm:akSsuIs eday FIriT CaGkbBaHbBal[nagcUlrYmCamYyeKg. KanGVI
mYybgajfa enHCaesckIeshadFMeFgrvag saLt s nigb:uNarI eT ehIyGaBah_BiBah_rbs;eK KWCa
GaBah_BiBah_mYy EdleFVIeLIgedayKitEtBIRbeyaCn_pal;xn KanKitBIesckIeshaeLIy. eday
jaMg[eKeCOCak;GMBIcritR)akdRbCa nkarRslaj;cUlcitxagneya)ayrbs;xn sarI nig s kdUc
BYkGkbdivtn_munnigeRkayBYkeKEdr manbMNgerobkarEtCamYyGkNaEdlxnTukcit ehIyEdlBuM
manehtuplNamYyk,t;nwgBYkeKb:ueNaH. \LvenHyuvGkRbyuTtsUTaMgBIr )anrYbrYmKaedaycMNg
RKsar CagedaycMNgneya)ay.
neya)ayenH )anRtvdas;[keRmIkeLIgenAkgbriyakasnTIRkg)arIs. yuvbursTaMgBIr
Casma CikbkSkumynis)araMg b:uEn GkTaMgBIr)anbgaj[eXIjrYcmkehIynUvTsSnmYy EdleKmin
GacsanTukCamun Tak;TgnwgbBaaBiess EdlkMBugekItmanenARbeTskm<Ca. enAqaM1950 cMeBl
EdlkarvayRbhary:agxaMgrbs; salIn RbqaMgnwgelakesnaRbmux TItU nigbkSkumynis)araMg s
)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsyUehasavI. Kat;)anrs;enATIenaHEtmYyExb:ueNaH kgzanCanisSitsRK
cit kgkgBlkargarmYy EdlkMBugsabnapvCatiBIhSaeRkbeTARkg Ebl had (Zagreb-Belgrade).
Kat;)ansEmg[eXIj smancitrbs;Kat;cMeBaHRbeTskumynisdtUcmYy Edlb:unb:gkMNt;maKamYy
dac;ELk ebIeTaHbICamankarTietonCaeRcInBIbNaRbeTskumynisCitxag EdlmanGMNacxaMgCagxn
keday. edaysPavKtiBYknisSitkm<Ca)anyl;c,as;BIsanPaBenH.
mR)aMBIrqaMeRkaymk enAeBlEdlKat;RtveKsal;eRkameQaHfa b:ul Bt enaH s nwgeFVI[Gnu
sSavrIy_nkarsak;GaRsymYyExenH puseLIgCafI edayKat;)anGeBaIjCnCatiyUehasavI kg
cMeNamCnCatiGWr:ubdMbUgeKbMputmkeFVITsSnkic edayGnuBaat[BYkenaH ftCaExSPaBynnUvbTBi
77
esaFn_nkareFVIbdivtn_rbs;Kat; ehIy)anpl;RbvtirUbneya)ayrbs;Kat;CaelIkdMbUgeTotpg.
GkniymeqVg)araMgxH kminyl;RsbcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;epSgGMBI{KMnitCatiniymnKhbtI
tUctac} nig {KMnitRbqaMgsUevotniym} EdleRbIRbqaMgnwg TItU Edr BIeRBaHKat;minRBmTTYlsal;fa
{KMnitRbqaMgsUevotniym} etagEtCarbs;sUevot eTIbRtvenAeBlEdlvaCaeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTs
yUehasavI. bBavn)araMgCaeRcInnak; Fab;)aneFVIdMeNIrbUCnIyeyscrN_eTAkan;RbeTsyUehasavI
ehIyenAeBlRtLb;mkvij BYkenH)anEfgsresIr TItU EdlCaGkksaglTisgmniym {CamYynwg
esckIkahanmYy nigKMnitsartIeBjlkNmYy EdlRbEhlmanEtmYyenAkgBiPBelak24. smI
sresIrTaMgenH )aneTACakarelIkTwkcitmYysRmab; saLt s Edr Edl)anecaTRbkan;edayecjmux
nigCab;mni dac;CamYymitP kri bs;Kat;ceM BaHkarRbmafrbs; sUevotcMeBaHrUb TIt.U samsibqaeM Rkaymk
FIriT )anrMBkeLIgvijfa {eyIgmankarExVgeyabl;Ka[CamYybkSkumynis)araMg] EtGMBIbBaaGFib
etyEdlmankMNt;} b:ueNaH edayeyagtamRTwsIsUevot Edlfa GFibety rbs;RbCaCatimYy KW
RtvkRmitkMNt;edaykarvinicyepSg eTAelIGVIEdlRtwmRtvsRmab;shKmn_kumynisCaTUeTAeday
GnuelameTAtamlkNvinicyrbs;shPaBsUevot EdlCaGkGPi)alclnakumynisGnrCati.
enAedImTsvtSr_1950 enHRKan;EtCacMNuctUctacmYysRmab;BYknisSit\NcinenARkg):arIs
EdleTArYbrYmKakgCYrGkbdivtm:akSelnInb:ueNaH. BYknisSitkm<Ca )aneFVIkargaredayshkary:ag
CitsiTnigedayKanKMnitlak;elombnicesaHeLIyCamYyBYknisSitevotNam. kartsUrYmrbs;eK
RbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg )aneRCIserIsneya)ayEdlBYkeKFab;Rbtibtri cY mkehIy )anCYybiT)aMg
karvivaTepSgrbs;BYkeK. FIriT )anvaytmBICnCatievotNamCaeRcIn kgcMeNamsm<nmitd
CitsiTkgrbs;Rkm ehIynag)anrMBkBIbBavnmak;eQaH egVn xak;evon faCamitpal;xnmak;rbs;
nag. {Kat;EtgmkGKarrbs;eyIg[enApvsaMgGt;eRdedGar_]Cajwkjab; ehIy)anRbELgelgCamYy
nwgTarkCakUnrbs;eyIg >>>eyIgmankarTak;TgKalNas; KWTMnak;TMngCamitPaBCamYyKat; nigCnCati
evotNamdTeTotenARkg):arIs}.
niyayedayBit enAeBlenaHCnCatikm<Cam:akSsuIsniym Rtv)ancat;TukedaybNanisSit
ExrdTeTotfa CaGkCitsiTnwgBYkevotNamxaMgeBk. GkxH)anecaTsYrBIrebobEbbNaEdlGk
m:akSsuIsniymGacGYtxnfa CaBYkGkCatiniymdxaMgka nigeFVIshkarRBmKa CamYynwgBYkevotNam
EdlCasRtvsYBUC.
b:uEn BYkm:akSsuIsniymkm<Ca minKitPaBGmitCaRbvtisaseT ehIycUlciteFVItamrebobvar
78
EdlerobcMeLIgedaybkSkumynis)araMg KWlTi salIn niymkarRbqaMgnwgkarniymeFVIGVItam

lkNGaemrikaMg nigkarRbqaMglTiGaNaniKmniym. enAeBlenaH KNbkSkumynis)araMg )anyk
tRmab;tamdMENlcugeRkaynlTisalInniymEdr. BYkkumynis)ankat;eTasvIrbursBIrnak;rbs;
bkScMeBaHbT]RkidepSg Epkneya)ayenAkgkasnkarkmat;CnRbqaMgtUcmYy sMedAbgaj[
salIneXIjfa xnkkmat;mnusSminlecjBICYrrbs;eKEdr. karkat;eTasGg;eRdm:arTI (Andr Marty)
nigsal TIy:ug (Charles Tillon) CaGtItyuTCnBIrrUb kgsgamenARbeTseGs,:ajenAqaM1952
)aneTACakarRtab;eFVItamkarkat;eTasepSgrbs;BYksalInniym )anTak;TajkarykcitTukdak;
y:agxaMg EdlerobcMeLIgkgRbeTsnanaenAGWr:ubxagekIt. edayPBVl KNbkSkumynis)araMg BuM)an
ciBawmcitsmab; GkTaMgLayNaEdlRtveKRbkasCaBiruTCneT KWRKan;EtbeNjGkenaHecjBIbkS
b:ueNaH. b:uEn \TiBlnlTisalInniymEdlenAmanlkNbrisuTenH mkelICnCatikm<Ca)anelc
ecjrUbrageLIgkgryeBlCaeRcInqaMeRkaymkeTotenAeBlEdlkarkmat;CnRbqaMgrbs; saLt s
)anqHbBaaMg[eXIjlkNBiess EdlbnSl;TukedayGksalInniymkalBIGtItkal.
karRbqaMglTiGaNaniKmniym KWCamUlehtusMxan;nkarTak;Tajcit EdlKNbkSkumynis
)araMgsakl,gmkelICnCatikm<CaTaMgenaH.erOgenHBMuGacrbUtputBIyuvCnevotNammak;KW hU CImij
eT EdlFab;)anCYyniyaybBaHbBalBYkkumynis)araMgRbkan;CMhrenH. KWkarRbqaMgnwglkN
GaemrikaMgniymenHehIy EdlCaerOgfIsRmab;Cnkm<CaTaMgenaH nigCH\TiBleTAelIneya)ayrbs;
s y:agCak;c,as;. saFarNmtidTUlMTUlaymYyrbs;)araMgPyxac {TVIbGWr:ubmYy EdleKeFVI[man
lkNCaGaemrikaMg} edayKMramkMEhgdl;vb,Fm neya)ay snisuxrbs;)araMg edayELkkraC
rbs;RbCaCati)araMg. RkmniymeqVgrbs;)araMg)anRbgestRbqaMgnwgkarbMBak;GavuFCafImYyrbs;
bsimRbeTseRkamkardwknaMrbs;shrdGaemrik EdlRkmniymeqVgcat;Tukfa CaKMnitpcepImrbs;Gk
cUlcitedaHRsayGVImYyedaycm,aMg RbEhlCamanCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgEpnkarvayRbharmYyrbs;
GaemrikaMgedayGavuFnuyekEGr edIm,IkarBarxnCamunRbqaMgnwgshPaBsUevoteTotpgkmindwg. Rkm
niymeqVgenH hanrhUtdl;eTAniyayfa BYkTahan)araMgnwgkayeTACa{GksuIQlc,aMg}[Ggkar
snisBaa Gatg;TikxageCIg{GUtg;} EfmeTot. RkmniymeqVg)araMg)anERbkayyuTnakareXasna
rbs;xnRbqaMg nwgshrdGaemrik eTACa{karRbyuTedIm,IkraCCati}vij. erOghwgehIy KWCakarKit
bRmgrbs;Cnkm<Ca nigRbCaCnenAeRkamGaNaniKmdTeTot EdlkMBugerobcMxnvayRbyuTnwgGaNa
niKmniym)araMg enAeBlEdlBYkeKvilRtLb;eTARbeTserogxnvij.
79
RkmniymeqVgrbs;)araMgRbmUlyksmHcitTaMgGs;rbs;clna. sRmab;xn sgamenAkUer:Ca

GMeBIQanBanmYyrbs;GaemrikaMgy:agc,as;. viciRtkar):ab BIkasS )anKUrKMnUrmYypaMgsIBIkarsmab;
rgalenAkUer:. enAniTaXrdUvqaM1952 elak Gg;eRdsIl )ansresrcuHkgkaEst Guym:anIeT nUv
GtbTCahUrEhrmYy edayecaTRbkan;shrdGaemrikdwknaMeFVIsgamCIvsasmYy RbqaMgnwgRbCaCn
kUer: ehIyRtvEtbBab;25. CaeRcInqaMkngputeTA enARbeTs)araMgBIExkBaa qaM1949 dl;ExF
qaM1952KWCakarsak;GaRsydyUrEdlmanEtmgKt;rbs; saLt senAeRkARbeTskm<Ca-eRkay
mkKat;nwgeFVIdMeNIrepSgeTotEtmak;g- nigTsSnkicxIenARbeTscin evotNamxageCIg nigkUer:
xageCIg. karsak;GaRsyenARbeTs)araMg)ancarwkkgxnrbs; s nUvpt;KMnitmYy Edlmingay
pas;brtamrebobqab;rMePIbcitNamYyesaHeLIy. elak hSg; b:Ul saRt (Jean Paul Sartre) Gacpas;br
TsSncMeBaHBYksUevotkgqaM1956 edaysarkarbgabenARbeTshugRKI (Hongrie) enAeBlenaH s
)anRbyuTtsUedIm,IRTRTg;clnakumynisrbs;km<Ca[enAmanCIvitteTAeTot ehIyminsUvxVayxVl;nwg
bBaaPUmisasneya)ay EdlFab;GUsTajKat;[Fak;cUlkgkarbdivteLIy.
kgGMLgsak;enACaeRcInqaMenATIRkg):arIs s )ancab;epIme)aHCMhandsMxan;eq<aHeTArkkarcat;
Ecg dwknaMclnakumyniskm<CamuneK. Kat;)aneRCtcUlkgmCdanvrCnniymeqVgrbs;RbeTsKat;
-CaerOggaybMputenAbreTsCagenARbeTsKat;- ehIy)anTTYlmuxgarmYyCaGkCMnajxagyuT
sas EfmTaMgCaGnaKtemdwknaMeTotpg. Kat;k)anbeBajsmtPaB[bNasmaCiknKNbkS
RbCaFibetyenATIRkg):arIs nigTIRkgPMeBj)ansal;. Kat;)anpl;GtbTepSgeTAcuHpSaykg
TsSnavdICaPasaExrmYy eQaHnisSitkm<CaEdlkMBugbriharsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigneya)ay
rbs;RBHGg26. kgeKalbMNgkuM[)at;bg;GaharUbkrN_rbs;eK BYkyuvbBavnTaMgenH )aneRbIR)as;
rhsSnamCaeRcIndUcCa {ExresrI} {BlkrExr} ehIycMeBaH saLt s Kat;dak;fa {ExredIm}.
rhsSnamenH )anbgaj[eXIjnUvKMnitCatiniymxaMgkabMputrbs; saLt s nigcritEdlvay
tmx<s;cMeBaHxngEbkBIFmtarbs;Kat;pg. KWCaeQaHGkniBnmak; Edlcat;TukxngkgzanCaem
dwknaMsMxan;bMput. {ExredIm} )anEtgsresrsRmab;TsSnavdInisSitkm<CanUvGtbTbriyamYy Edl
bgaj[eKdwgEfmeTotfa rUb saLt s EdlelcecjmkCamnusSGn;KRmk;enaH )ankayxneTACa
Gkneya)ay nigCaGkmenaKmviCadbuinRbsb;mak;. karRbLgyksBaabRtEpkviTGKisnIrbs;
Kat; minEdl)anseRmclTplleLIy b:uEn Kat;)aneTAGkRKeKxagRTwsIkumynis ehIyEdlKat;)an
ykmkGnuvty:agcEmkenARbeTsrbs;Kat;pal;.
80
GtbTEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {raCaFibety bRbCaFibety} Rtv)ane)aHBum<pSay enAqaM

1952. CabzmKat;)aneFVI[eKcab;GarmN_fa CaGtbTpitcmgmYyEdlpkeTAedayKMnit CaKMrU
epSgrbs;BYkkumynis)araMgenAsmyenaH. b:uEn s )anbgaj[eXIjBIl,icdqatvagvrbs;Kat;
kgkareRCIserIsTIedA EdlKat;Rtv)aj;Edr KWsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigraCaFibetyBuMEmn
GaNaniKm)araMgeT eRBaHfaGtbT nigesckIEfgkarN_epSgeTot eRcInEtbriharCajwkjab;eTA
elIGaNaniKmniym)araMg nigcRkBtiniymGaemrikaMgeTAehIy. saLt s manesckIvagveFVI[eK
eCOfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigraCaFibetyExrCa]bsKrMxandl;BYkniymeqVgTaMgLay
EdlRbyuTtsUkgRBPM bEdlRsuHcitKaeFVIGVImYyedayrlak;enATIRkg):arIs.
CadMbUg GtbT)anefaleTasrbbraCaFibetyfa Camitrbs;GaNaniKmniym)araMg CasRtv
rbs;RbCaCn nigRBHBuTsasnaenAkm<Ca. bnab;mk s )anbgajBIlTiRbCaFibetykgRkbxN
kumynismYyfa CaKMnitfIEdlnwgnaMmkpl;[RbeTsCatinUvrdaPi)alTan;smy nigRbkbeday
mnusSFmmYy. kgeBlCamYyKaenaH Kat;xMRbwgBnl;EvkEjky:agCak;lk;fa KMnitfIenHnwgebIkpv
eTArkTMenomTmab;epSgkalBIburaN edIm,IPab;smyTMenIbeTAGtItkaleLIgvij. {rbbRbCaFib
ety)anelIkm<s;EfmeTotnUvBakeRbnRbedATaMgLayrbs;RBHBuT BIeRBaHRBHBuTCaGmas;rbs;
eyIgCamnusSdMbUgbMput Edl)ancglbgaj [BIlTiRbCaFibety]. dUecH manEtrbbRbCaFibety
mYyb:ueNaH EdlnwgGaceRsacRsg;tmdRCaleRCArbs;RBHBuTsasna}.
s sal;TwkcitGkGanrbs;eKc,as;Nas; Kat;dwgfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;BuMmanRbBNIkan;lTiRbCa
FibetyeT ehIyKat;RtvEtbegItGVImYyedIm,ICMnYsraCaFibetyvij. edayehtuenH Kat;eFVIhak;dUc
CaeCOfa manEtsasnab:ueNaH GacbMeBjkEngRbehagenH)an. Kat;dwgEdrfa vNKhbtI nwgcab;
manesckIPyxac ebIsinCaBYkniymeqVgGYtGMBIkarlubbM)at;raCaFibety nigRBHBuTsasna Edl
CaedImehtunesckIraykarN_minlit EdlKat;)anlatRtdag[eXIjrvaglTikumynis nigRBHBuT
sasna. edayRbmUlpMkartRmg;)aj;rbs;Kat;eTAelIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;)ansresrfa
yuTsasrbs;RBHmhakSRtsit enARtg;eFVI[sgamrbs;BYk)araMgRbqaMgnwgBYkGktsUedIm,IkraC
GUsbnaykgryeBlBIrqaMeTot bnab;BIenaH RBHGgnwgTamTarkraCenHBIBYk)araMg ehIyRBHGgnwg
GYtekgkagfa CaGk)annaMykesrIPaBmkpl;[RbeTsCatirbs;RBHGg.
karviPaKrbs;Kat; KWBitCaRtwmRtvEmn. s )anniyayTukCamunfa kmviFImYyEbbenaHnwgBuMpl;
[km<C anUvkraCBitR)akdmYyeLIy ehIynwgebIkkas[semc RBHneratm sIhnu {xbm; at;RbCaCn
81
cab;cg nigkmat;GkTaMgLayNaEdlRbqaMgCMTas;nwgneya)ayrbs;RBHGgEtb:ueNaH. bnab;mk

RBHGgriHrkl,iceFVIkarrMlayKNbkSepSg EdlRbqaMgnwgplRbeyaCn_raCblgecalTaMgGs;
d,itGIKNbkSneya)ayTaMgenaHminRBmenAesmeLIy. enATIbMputneya)ayrbs;RBHmhakSRt
KWbg[mansgamsuIvilmYy EdlnwgdutkemcGVITaMgGs; rYmTaMgvtGarampg. RBHsg RbCaCn
buKlikraCkarTaMgLay nwgsal;nUvkarQWcab;exacpSaedaykarRBat;R)asRKsar. GkTaMgenaHnwg
eXIjBukmay RbBn nigkUnecArbs;eK RtvkinkemcedayhVgrfeRkaH pldMNaMepSg nwgRtv
bMpajecal}.
tamKat;sresrkgGtbTrbs;Kat;fa lTiRbCaFibety Edl s cg;)ansRmab;RbeTskm<Ca
nwgGaceRbbeFob)annwgbNalTiRbCaFibety EdlekItecjBIkarbdivtrbs;)araMg enAqaM1789
karbdivtrusSIenAqaM1917 EdldwknaMedayelnIn nigsalIn karbdivt cinrbs;bNit sun y:atesn
-nigkarbdivtTaMgGs; Edl)anlubbM)at;raCaFibetyecal.semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigraCa
FibetyRtvEtrlt;rlay.
saLt s )ancakecjBIRbeTs)araMgenAqaM1953 eRkayeBlEdlrdaPi)alkm<Ca )anpak
GaharUbkrN_rbs;Kat; eRBaHEteFVI[mankarrMeCIbrMCYlxagneya)ay nigkarmin)aneCaKCykgkar
RbLgyksBaabRtEpkviTGKsi nIrbs;Kat;cnM nY bIelIk. tameKniyayfa s eRcIncMNayeBlevla
CaeRcInedIm,IGankMNaB)araMg CageronsURttamesovePAbeckeTsepSg. Kat;)anseRmccit
vilmkkm<Cavij edIm,IvayRbyuTRbqaMgnwg)araMg CaCagenAbnkarsikSaeronsURtlTikumynisrbs;
Kat; enATIRkg):arIs. b:uNarI KUdNwgrbs;Kat;k)at;bg;GaharUbkrN_dUcCaKat;Edr cMeBaHkareFVI
skmPaBneya)ayrbs;nag ehIyGkTaMgBIr)anerobkarykKaCabIRbBnrYceRsceTAehIy munnwg
RtLb;mkRkgPMeBjvij.
eGog sarI nigRbBnrbs;Kat;bnsitenAkgGKartampv saMgGg;eRd edGar_ dEdl nigciBawmCIvit
edaysarR)ak;kasEdlmay FIriT epJIeTA[ EdlGnuBaat[kUnRsIKat;eronbBab;yksBaabRtGkSr
sasGg;eKsrbs;nagenAsalasre)an. cMENk sarI vij ke)aHbg;karsikSaTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;
edIm,Ibdivtn_Edr. CamYy CYn muM Kat;)aneTAcUlrYmkgmehaRsByuvCnkumynisCaeRcIn EdlerobcM
enATVIbGWr:ub nig)aneRCIserIsenATIRkg):arIsnUvCnkm<CadTeTot [cUlCasmaCikkwbm:akSelnInrbs;
Kat;. muM EdleFVIRBegIykenIynwgkarKabsgt;rbs;RkgPMeBj )antaMglMenAdanCasaBrenARkg
):arIs nigerobkarCamYyRsI)araMgmak; ehIy)ankayeTACanimitrUb mYyeRbbdUcCaBuksRmab;BYk
82
nisSitkm<Cakan;EteRcIneLIg EdlsMucUlCasmaCikkwbenH ehIytmkeTot GkTaMgenHsuTEtkay

eTACaBYkemdwknaMExrRkhm KW exov sMpn/ sun esn nig hU yn;.
GtbTepSgEdlbnSl;Tku edaynisSitBIrnak;kg cMeNamnisSitTaMgenaHKW exovsMpnnig hU yn;
)anqHbBaaMg[eXIjnUvPaBlitln;mYynneya)ayrbs;RkmeqVgniymkm<Ca kgGMLgsmykalTI
BIrenH enARbeTs)araMg. GkTaMgBIr)ansresrkgnamnsklviTalynUvniekbbTfak;bNitmYy
mak; edaycglbgajrcnasm<nepSgEpkesdkicrbs;RbeTskm<Ca nigesI[BinitnUvesckI
seRmceFVIkarpas;br EdlnwgeFVI[RbeTsCati)anTMenIbTan;smy edayepImecjBIkarEbgEckRbkb
edaysmFmmYynUvePaKRTBTaMgLay nigkarBRgwgkraCmYyrbs;RbeTs[kan;EtrwgmaMeLIg.
fVIebImankarb:unb:gepSg EdlmanenAeBlxagmux edIm,IerobcMkargarTaMgLayrbs; exov sMpn
[)anseRmceCaKCy CaBiessesckIRBagGMBIkarbdivtqaM1975 keday kniekbbTTaMgenH man
lkN EbkBIeKedaysarrebobniyayEbbsamBa nigniympvkNalrbs;GkTaMgBIr. niekbbT
TaMgenHnwgkayeTACaKMrUnkarsakl,gksagsgmniym Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu b:unb:geFVItam
kgkMLgTsvtSr_1960. mnusSTaMgBIrnak;enH )anRbwgERbgerobcMtaragR)akdniymmYy GMBI
esdkicrbs;RbeTsEdlKanGkRsavRCavkm<CaNamak;epSgeTotFab;)aneFVIdUecHeLIy. esckI
seRmcepSg EdlBYkeKGYtGagedIm,I[eKykeTAeRbItam hak;dUcCabeRmIplRbeyaCn_epSgrbs;
vNkan;GMNac CagmenaseBatnarbs;GktsUkgRB EdlkMBugmankGanPaBeTAvij.
hU yn; )ansresrGMBIRbCaksikrkm<CanigKeRmagkarepSgrbs;xnkgkareFVITMenIbPavUbnIy
kmenAqaM1955. kgenaHKat;)ankarBarfa RbeTskm<CaBuMEmneFVI[lM)ak evTnadaysarvNmas;
dIFMmYy EdlkMBugsgt;kRbCaCnksikrtamrykarCYlRbvas;dIdUcCIvPaB kgCnbTmYycMnYnFMenA
GasuIenaHeT b:uEn RbeTskm<CaRtvRbQrmuxnwgbBaaCaeRcInepSgeTotCarbs;ExSdac;edayELk.
RbCaksikrkm<Ca esIEtTaMgGs;suTEtmandIFI b:uEn CaGMBkdItUceBk EdlBYkeKBuMGacTajykpl
)anRKb;RKan; mkciBawmCIviteLIy. dUecHBYkeKRtvvNkdUcCab;Rcvak;edaysarkarCMBak;bMNulrbs;
eK dUcCaBnGakrepSg EdlGnumti[eRbIedayBYk)araMg KWvaFn;FrxaMgNas;. tmEdlBYkQjbg;
eTA[RbCaksikrsRmab;plitplTaMgLay KWTabCagtmplitplenATIpSareTAeTot. RbCaksikrBuM
GacEkERbpldMNaM[)anekInelIsBImuneLIy edayKanR)ak;kasTijCIbsmarTMenIb. edIm,IbMeBj
esckIRtvkary:agRtdabRtdYsTRmaMeTAdl;cugqaMeRkay RbCaksikrRtvEteTAxIluykak;BIGkrksuI
cgkar EdlykkarR)ak;hYskMNt; bnab;mkxICafIeTotedIm,IsgbMNulelIkmun. hU yn; )ansresr
83
fa {sRmab;GVIkeday KWRbCaksikrRtvkarR)ak;CacaM)ac; -sgbnl;cas; bg;Bndar TijRKab;BUC CYldI

CYl]bkrN_plit CYlstVBahn >>>Kat;EtgEteTArkGk[xICanic}.
karEbgEckdICacMENktUcenAtaMmCnbTnana nigkarCMBak;bMNulrbs;ksikrKWCaehtunaM[eK
bkRsayfa ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm<CamanTinplRsUvkgmYyhiktaTabxaMgCageKem:H kgcMeNam
TinplRsUvEdlTabCageKenAkgtMbn;enH. eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg rdaPi)al
BuM)anepImKMniteFVIkargarFM EdlRbCaksikrRtvkarenaHeLIy CaBiess RbBnFarasas EdlsMxan;
bMputsRmab;visyksikmrbs;km<Ca. RbCaksikrenAEtliclg;kgbMNul epSgteTAeTot ehIy
etagEt{yk}smaCikxHnRKsarrbs;eK eTAeFVICakBaHdac;frbs;mas;bMNul niglk;dIFImYy
cMENkrbs;eKehIy xIluykak;kan;EteRcIneLIgEfmeTot. hU yn; yl;eXIjfaRbCaCnenAtam
CnbT rbs;RbeTskm<Ca Eb:tsibPaKry CaksikrRk EdlmandIEtmYyhiktab:ueNaHkgmYyRKsar
man]bkrN_plittictYcehIytRmv[CYldI CYl]bkrN_ nigCYlstVBahneKCaerOy edayKan
cMNUlGVIedIm,Ikat;pac;dMeNIrvilcuHvil eLIgnTurKtPaBenHTal;EtesaH.
nisSit)anTamTa[mankareFVIGnraKmn_mYyBIrdaPi)al. edIm,IGnuBaat[RbCaksikrkayeTACa
GksgbMNuleK)an rdaPi)alRtvEtpl;[Kat;nUv {rebobRKb;RKg\NTanmYy EdlmanlkNRbCa
CnBit kgplRbeyaCn_rbs;hVgRbCaksikr EdlCaRbPBfamBlEtmYyKt; nPaBsm,rrugerOg
rbs;RbeTs}. edayrMedaHxnrYcBIkarKitmmerOgCMBak;bMNuleK RbCaksikr nwgcab;epImEklmkar
plit[kan;EtRbesIrCagmunminxan. hU yn; )ansresrfa CaBiess ebIsinCardaPi)al CYypt;pg;
eRKg]bkrN_ nigeFVI[tMbn;CnbTnanaTMenIbTan;smyeLIgehIy RbwgERbgerobcMrcnasm<nkargar
RbkbedayvicarNBaaNmYy kgRkbxNnEpnkarsrubmYykgkarplit.
niekbbTrbs; exov sMpn mancMNgeCIgfa esdkci r bs;km<C a nigbBaaTMenIbPavUbnIykm )anRtv
bBab;bYnqaMeRkaymkeTot KWkgqaM1959. eKGacBinitemIlniekbbTenHfaCaeyabl;rYmmYy GMBI
plitplCatirbs;km<Ca edayqHbBaaMg[eXIjnUvKMnitepSgrbs; hU yn; Edr. m:ageTot niekbbT
rbs; hU yn; kmanbgajR)ab;kgCMBUkksarBieRKaHdxIrbs; exovsMpnEdrEdlKeRmagkarTMenIbPavUbnIykm nig]sSahUbnIykmRbeTsCatihak;dUcCaEpkelIkarsikSaviPaKrbs; hU yn; TaMgGs;.
exov sMpn )ansresrdayPaBR)akdkgcitfa {RbeTskm<CaGaceFVI[manlkNCaRbeTs
]sSahkm)an BIeRBaHvaKanvdcRk dMeNIrvilvl;minecHcb; nPaBRkIRketaky:ak EdlGacbM)at;
)anedaykarRbwgERbgrbs;mnusSEdlmansm,CBa}. tamrykarviPaKdsaMjaMmYyGMBIsmtPaB
84
Epk]sSahkmrbs;RbeTs Kat;)anBnl;EvkEjky:agCak;lak;BIlkN smehtusmpln

niekbbTEdlmanBImunrbs; hU yn; edayepImecjBIsanPaBmYyEbkBIKa EdltamryenaHfa kar
lubbM)at;R)ak;bMNulrbs;ksikrKWCaKnwHnkarcab;PBCafIrbs;RbeTskm<Ca. exov sMpn )anbBal
TMenIbPavUbnIykmvisyksikmkgKeRmagkarGPivDn_Epk]sSahkmrbs;Kat;. Kat;)anRbkas
edaymuWgm:at;fa eKminRtvbeNay[plRbeyaCn_epSgrbs;rdaPi)al nigshRKasbreTsnana
bgM[eyIgeFVItamEbbbTEdlRtvEteFVITMenIbkmRbeTskm<CaeLIy. tamkarBit enHKWCakarecaT
Rbkan;munkarevlamYy cMeBaHbNaRkmhunBhuCati nig\TiBlrbs;RkmhunTaMgenH mkelIRbeTs
ttiyelaknana. sMpn BuM)anGYtGMBITIbBab;nkarvinieyaKrbs;BYkbreTseT KWENnaMEtGMBIrkarRtt
BinitdTUlMTUlaymYyelIkarpas;brTMnij nigBaNiCkmrbs;km<Cab:ueNaH. Kat;)anTamTar[rdeFVI
BaNiCkmpac;muxelIeRKgbriePaKsMxan; karRttBinitRbBnhirBab,Tan nigsarBnntm Tot.
eKaledArbs;Kat;KWkarRbmUlpMnigkareFVImas;elIR)ak;mUlFnfImYy EdlnwgRtvykeTAdak;CaedImTun
rksuIkgkmviFIepSgedIm,IeFVITMenIbPavUbnIykmRbeTskm<Ca BMuEmnykeTAdak;FnaKarbreTsepSg
eLIy. RbkarenHnwgCYyeFVIbMeBjsVyPaBrbs;CatinignaMmknUvGRtanmuxrbrbegInplekInkan;Et
x<s; ehIynwgFanakareFVI[rwtEtRbesIreLIgnUvkRmitCIvPaBrbs;RbCaCnTaMgGs; -enHCabNaeKal
edA EdlkgenaHKat;emIleXIjy:agc,as;BIesckIRtvkarCaFmtarbs;RbeTsCati.
m:agvijeTot sMpn )ansMu[mankarRttBinity:agtwgrwugmYyrbs;rdeTAelI]sSahUbnIykm
karTak;TgepSgrbs;breTsnigkarEkTRmg;rcnasm<nesdkic. ehtukarN_sMxan; KWGkEdlvay
tmsMeNIepSgrbs;Kat;kdUcCasMeNITaMgLayrbs; hU yn; KWCaGkEdlmanPaBR)akdkgcitdUcKa
fa RbeTsCatinigsal;nUvPaBsm,rrugerOgCaminxan ebIsinCaRbCaksikrGacbgbegInplelIdIFI
rbs;eKedaymanvNKhbtIkm<CaPaKeRcIn kyl;RsbtamKMnitenHEdr.eKalkarN_TaMgLayEdl
EbkecjBIsMeNITaMgenaHsuTEtCaeKalkarN_ EdlmanenAkgkargarFMrbs; sMpnGVIEdlCa]bsK
sRmab;RbCaksikrkm<Ca KWTmab;GaRkk;nkareFVIkargar EdleFVI[zitezredayGkrMxanepSgeTotenH
KWGkRKb;RKgrdminl. FnaKarik muI kmt Fab;GbGrsresIrkarviPaKenHehIysemc RBHneratm
sIhnu kyl;RsbEdr. b:uEn KanbBavnNamak;kgcMeNambBavnTaMgenH dwgnUvGVIEdlRbCaksikrpal;
KiteXIj ehIyRbqaMgtbtcMeBaHviFITaMgenHEbbNaeT.
kargar nigKMnitpcepImTaMgLayrbs;bNayuvCnkm<Cam:akSniym )anTak;Tajkarykcit
Tukdak;CaeRcIn ehIyBYkbBavn)araMgsMxan;)ancat;BYkeKcUlkgcMeNamGkRtiHriHkRmitx<s; Edlman
85
KMnitPWsVag nigEdlbBalrebobfIRbesIrelIseKelIsgrbs;RbeTskm<Ca. minyUrb:unan eK)an

niyayBICMnan; yuvCnCaTIsgwmenH. kgkarniBnl,gmYyenAqaM1961 GMBIliTiRbCaFibetyenA
km<Ca EdlsresrsRmab;mCmNlsikSaBITMnak;TMngGnrCati maneQaHmnusSbInak;enAkgKnnieTs
nesovePACaeRcIn EdlsresredayBYkkm<Ca KW exov sMpn/ hU yn; nig CYn eCOn kUnmak;kg
cMeNamkUnTaMg4rbs;RtkUlCYn GkTaMgenHsuTEtCaGnaKtemdwknaMExrRkhm.
ekreQaHdl,Il,ajrbs;eK )aneFVI[semc RBHneratm sIhnu RBy)arm Edl)andak;[man
viFankarfICaeRcIn edIm,IraraMgkuM[BYknisSitkm<CadTeTot{qgemeraK}BIlTikumynisenATIRkg):arIs
eday)ancat;[mnusSniymeqVgxaMg eTAeronenAkgsklviTaly)araMgtamextvij. b:uEn GVIEdl
Tak;Tajcitrbs;RkmeqVgniymsitenAmandEdl.
BYkyuvGkRsavRCav EdleBareBjeTAedaykarebCJacitTaMgenaH )ancat;TukxngCaGkniym
lTmi a: kSsusI TaMgsac;TaMgQam BuEM mnCanisSitFmtaenaHeT ehIy)anepmI cUlRbLkkg qakneya)ay
TaMgGs;Ka enAeBlEdleKvilRtLb;mkkm<Cavij. BYkeK)ancab;epImGnuvtPamnUvkarpas;brRTg;
RTayRbeTsrbs;xn nUvGVIEdlBYkeKFab;)aneronecHdwgkgsklviTalynanarbs;)araMg nigkgp
bkSkumynis)araMgEdlniymsalIn.
kgryeBlnGPiRkmenH BYkeKpal; kRtvpas;brcritlkNrbs;xnEdr EdlCajwkjab;
ehob EtnwgkayeTACamnusS EdleKesIrEteTAehIy. BYkeK)anRtveFVI[RsbeTAtamsanPaBlt;dM
xn nigeFVI[QWcab;xaMgedaysarsgamEdlBYk)araMgnaMmuxeFVI edIm,I[)ansitenA\NcinteTAeTot
edaysarsgamEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu dwknaMeFVI edIm,IbM)at;lTikumynisrbs;km<Ca
edaysarCemaHEdl xVHesckIesaHRtg;rvagBYkkumynisGasuI nigedaysarsgamdKYr[ex<ImreGIm
rbs;BYkGaemrikaMg enA\Ncin.
ExrRkhmdMbUgbgs;kgcMeNamExrRkhm EdlcakecjBITIRkg):arIs edIm,IRtLb;mkRbeTs
km<CavijKW saLt s. Kat;)anmkdl;km<CaenAExmkra qaM1953 ehIy)ankayeTACaCnkumynis
km<CadMbUgmak; kgcMeNamCnkumyniskm<CadMbUg EdlbNHbNaledayBYk)araMg[eTArYbrYm
CamYyevotmij kgrNsirSsgamdeNImkraC RbqaMgnwgRbeTs)araMg.
86
maKaeq<aHeTArkGMeBIk,t;
87
CMBUkTI3
taMgBIkumarPaB RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs;)anRtveFVI[RCtRCabvb,Fmrbs;xntamryerOgniTan
RbCaRbiyExr erOgRbvtiepSg EdleBareBjeTAedaykarkMEbgstmYyrebobGnacar ehIyCajwk
jab; KWkarkMEbgelgsIBIPaB\tnyrbs;CIvitmnusSkgvalvdsgSar EdlmanTMenarmYyduHeTAxag
escksI b,aykg kamtNanigGMeBIG)aymuxepSg. tYGgEdlmanenAkg erOgeRBgTaMgenH eRcInEtCa
BBYkmnIrbs;RBHraCadmanbTanuPaBxaMgbMput stVRkeBIlg;exA stVTnSayEdlqatvagv nigRbCaCn
km<CasamBaFmta EdlbENtbeNay[tNadBuHkeRBaalrbs;xnCan;QIelI vicarNBaaNdl
RtwmRtv. TaMgenHsuTEtCaerOgeRBg erOgPr EvgminecHcb; Edlsac;erOgTaMgenaHeRcInRttCan;Ka
BImYyeTAmYyRbkbedaylkNeqatlg;exAsIBICIvPaBenARsukERscmar EdlqHbBaMg[eXIjnUv
CIvPaBmYy EdlRKb;RKgedaykmagM FmCati nigCMenOelIplkmvasnaTak;TgnwgsasnaRBHBuT. CIvPaB
rs;enA EdlerOgeRBgTaMgenaHr:ayr:ab;eRcInmankarbBab;mYykMbutFj. tamsPaBxageRkAerOgTaMg
enaH BuMmandMbUnaneT ehIyCYnkalhak;dUcCaKanGtRbeyaCn_pg. erOgniTanTaMgenaH eRcInbgaj[
eXIjfa karrs;enA KWeBareBjeTAedayehtukarN_Edlmin)anKitTukCamunfa GMeBIhigSaCacMENkmYy
nkarBiesaFn_ ehIyEdleKRtvEtRbwgERbgEsVgrkpvmYy naMeq<aHeTArkCIvitrs;enAdRbesIrCagmun
kgkarcab;PBrbs;xnenACatixagmuxeTot. enHCaerOgmYy EdlmancMNgeCIgfa mayasI 1
kalBIeRBgnay manbursmak;manRbBnEtBuMmankUneT dl;yUreTA RbBnenaHmanshay
naMmkedkkgpHEtsBVf.
fmYy bIeTACIkdMLgkgRB dl;fekAkcUleTARCkenAxmGktamYy. RbBnyktgVayeTAbn;
Gkta[eFVIbIxn[gab; nalnwgykshayeFVICabI. bIeXIjRbBnedIrdMedAmkxmGktaekItcitnwkql;
kcUleTABYneRkayxgrUbGktacaMemIlRbBn.
RbBnGuCeTonFUbrYcehIy niyaybn;Rsn;fa
mincg;ykbIeT ykbIeTot sUmGktakac;bI[sab;eTA nwgfVayRCkmYy.
bIBdUcenaH keqIyeLIgBIeRkayxgGktafa
eGI ebInagmanshay ehIycg;[Gjkac;bI[gab;enaH gayeTvileTApHvij Rtvrkman;
RkabTaMgemTaMgBgmYysm,k esar[vasuIeTAsab;ehIy.
X
88
emenaHkRbjab;vilmkpHvijedayeRtkGr rkTij)anemman;RkabmYysm,kesarTuk[bIsuI.
luHdl;RBlb;bImkBICIkdMLgksYrfa
eKh_GWy )anGIsuI)ay?
emenaHeqIy
ca+ manman;RkabmYysm,kesarTuk[Gk
bIRsdIbEnmfa
erob)aymksuI.
RbBnkelIk)ayTaMgman;Rkabmk[bI. bIsuIGs;man;RkabmYysm,kkeFVICaQWedkfrhWu.
emenaHGrNas;minsanfa bIGktaeFVIEmn kebIkTVarnaMshaymkedkCamYy. bIeRkakeLIgGgy.
RbsshayeXIjdUcenaHsHrt;minTan;kcUleTABYnkgBagFMmYy. bIeXIj EteFVICamineXIjminB
ehIyERskR)ab;RbBnfa
GjrgaNas; daMTwk[KagUtbnicnalnwgsab;.
nagenaHBfabIcg;sab;GrNas; d,itRtvnwgBakEdleTAbn;GktaEmn. luHRbBndaMTwkBuHehIy
bIbgab;fa
dgTwkRtCab;)anmYykmmk ykmklaynwgTwkekA RbBnkkeNtkmecjeTAdgTwk.
bIeXIjRbBnecjeTA)at; keRkakeLIgedIreTAelIkTwkBuHmYyfageRsaceTAelIshayenAkg
BagenaHsab;eTA ehIycUleTAedkvijeFVICaQWfrhWudUcmun.
nagenaHvilBIdgTwkmkvij emIleTAeXIjshayRtvTwkekArYjsrsdkkecjBIBagmk keFVI
sBaa[lwbkgBagvij EtshayenHminRBmeFVItamesaH klUkdeTAcab;RCmuCRtvswkRtecokrelH
RCHTaMgsk; eTIbdwgfabIeRsacTwkekAsmab;shayeTAehIy nagBuMsIykRKbBagmkRKb ehIyykTwk
mk[bIgUt bIkminsIGVI TwkkmingUtehIykedkeTA.
luHRBwkeLIg emenaHBuMdwgKiteFVIdUcemcnwgykexac[putBIpH knwkeXIj {kgRsukmanecarbYn
nak; EtgedIrlYcGkpgerogral;yb; dUcenHGje)akBYkenHmg}.
KitehIy nagenaHkedIrxIsMBt;hUl GavERB ykmkhalCMuvijpH. BYkecareXIjehIy Kitfa
eyI emenHmanNas;etI eyIsyb;enHeyIgeTAlYcva[)an.
nagenaHkhalsMBt;hUlGavERBenaHluHdl;eBllaceTIbykeTACUneKvij ehIyykExScgrwt
Bagexacy:agCab;.
X
89
ecarbYnnak; luHdl;yb;kbbYlKaeTAlYc cUleTArkrbs;TaMgenaHBuMeXIj eXIjEtBagmYycg

mat;Cab; knaMKaEsgykBageTAdl;RBqaykRsaylUkemIl.
GamYylUkdeTARtvsk;dkdecj ehIyERsk
vWuysURt.
GamYylUkdeTARtvswkRtecok RtvEPk RcmuH taMgERsk
vWuyexac.
GamYyeTotmineCO klUkdeTotRtvedImRTg egIbeBalbBaak;
exacEmnvWuy exacEmn.
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ragcalmg.
CYnfmYy emenaHcuHeTAkMBg;rkTijGIv:an; d,itmansMeBAeTIbmkdl;BIRsukeRkA. emenaHedIrdl;
Bak;kNalpv kCYbnwgecarbYnnak;enaH. BYkecareXIjehIyknaMKaRBtcab;edIm,IvayEtemenaHeBal
fa
eNIyGk ebIGkvayk\tRbeyaCn_Edr d,iteTATarR)ak;BInaysMeBA dUcenHGkeTACamYy
eTA kalNaTarR)ak;)an eyIgnwgEckKacay.
ecarTaMgbYnnak; BfaeTATarR)ak;keBjcitbbYlKaeTA. emenaHpaMecarTaMg4nak;fa
Gs;GkQrcaMenAelIRcaMgcuH ebIkalNaeXIje)aydGkcuHeTAcuH)anR)ak;ehIy.
faehIy vakcuHeTAkgsMeBA niyaylk;ecarTaMgbYnnak;[naysMeBA. naysMeBAkyl;RBm
ehIyRbKl;R)ak;bYnENnknHeTA[emenaH. emenaHecjmkeRkAkbk;dehAecar. BYkecarsanfa va
ehA[eTAykR)ak;knaMKacuHeTA. dl;ehIynaysMeBA)aneRbIbeRmI[cab;BYkenHdak;Rcvak;enA)at
sMeBA.
emenaH)anR)ak;ehIyvilRtLb;mkpHvij. dl;Bak;kNalpvCYnCayb;keLIgedkelI edImeQI
mYyRbbmat;pv.
ecarTaMgbYnnak;naMKakac;Rcvak;rt;ecjBIsMeBATaMgyb;. CYnCayb;yUrNas; knaMKaeLIgeTA
edkelIedImeQIFM EdlemenaHedkEdr. ecarbInak;eLIgeTAedkelIEmkedayxn. ecarmak;eToteLIg
eTAkCYbemenaHenAelIcugeQI. GaecarenaHfa eGIhggehIymgenH hggrt;cuHebIrYc.
emenaHelIkR)ak;bgajehIy Din xSwbfa
X
90
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emenaHRsdIfa
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esaHehIy [bgs,fb[bgeFVIGVIkeFVIEdr. emenaHniyaybBaak;
ebIRsLaj;citmYynwgKa manEtliTGNatKa.
nagenaHelonGNatehIyneTArkGaecar. GaecarliTGNatnagenaH ehIylanGNatva[
nagenaHliTvij. nagenaHxaMGNatGaecarenaHdac;Gs;mYykMNat; ehIyRcanTmak;BIelIcugeQIFak;
dl;dIERskBEtLl ecarbInak;Kitsanfa naysMeBAecamcab;kelatBIEmkeQIrt;eTAehIyERsk
ehAKa
vWuyKaeyIgrt; naysMeBAedjehIy.
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Ll KavaKitsanEteKedjcab;kRbwgrt;ykEtRBHGayUserogxn.
emenaHcuHBIelIcugeQIykR)ak;eTApH eTArksuICamYybIsuxsb,ayteTA.
erOgniTanRbCaRbiy EdlRbkbedayl,icklenH Rtvrab;cUlkgRbePTTUeTAdUcKanwgerOgeRBg
rbs;bgbnRbseQaH hIm (Grimm) TaMgBIrnak;Edr [nirutiviTU nigCaGkniBnGalWm:g; 1785-1863
CaGkbegItnirutiviTaPasaGalWm:g; ekItenA haNU (Hanau) rdehs (Hess) GalWm:g;xaglic. Kat;)anrYm
CamYybnRbsrbs;Kat;eQaH vIlEhm (Wilhelm) ekItenAhaNU 1786-1859 sresrerOgRbCa
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enaH nigehtukarN_EdlsPaBeXareXAenAEtKanGkNapnaeTas )anpl;zan[Kat;dac;edayELk.
vaBuMmandMbUnan bsIlFmeT KWmanEtkarEvkEjkBnol;fa karRbRBwtGMeBIeXaeXAcMeBaHGkdT
bNal[manGMeBIeXareXArwtEtxaMgeLIgEfmeTot.
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ekreQaHrbs;xnEdlRtvkarenaHeT. erOgPrTaMgenaH CaPstagmYynGMeBIeXareXA swgEtminGac
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X
91
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mkem:H.
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TaMgLay EdltRmv[bg;Bndar nig[bMeBjkargarlM)aklMbinKanplkRmedIm,Isabna R)asaT
sRmab;bUCaRBHGaTieTB nigGMNYtrbs;RBHraCa. RbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAKanGVIbnicbncesaHkgxn vN
GPiCn tUctacsal;EtPaBsm,rhUrehor ehIyPaBxusKarvagvNTaMgBIr)anelceLIgy:agc,as;
RkELt. RbCaksikrEdlRbwgeFVIkary:ag hYsRbmaNeRkamkemARBHGaTit EdlekAesIeqHsuTEt
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ehIyEdlkMBugcMExgrs;y:ag RsYlkgeKhdandFMswmsrbs;xnmaneQaHCa {mnusSEs,ksPWdUc
efImf}eTAvij eTaHbICavN TaMgBIrmanBUCsasn_EtmYykeday. RkmvrCn dak;eQaHrbs;xnsuTEt
PasasMswtehIyEvgeTot rIRbCaCnkm<CanigGkrs;enAtamRBPM EdlRtveKykeTAeFVICakBaH
enaH BuMmanTaMgeQaHEfmeTot ehIyRtveKsmal;edayehA {GaEq} bCa{GasMGuy}.
rebobcat;EcgxagtulakareRcInEteFVIpynwgc,ab;rd dUcsabndTeTotrbs;RBHraCaEdr
ehIyRkmmnusSEdlkan;GMNaccUlciteTarTn;eTArkkMhwgNas;. RbCaCnkm<CasamBa eRcInmankan;
GavuFmYykg dCanic ema: HehIyCemaHkMbkiu kMbku: TaMgLayGacnaMeKeTArkkarRbyuT susI ac;htu QamKa
Tal;Et)an. karniymeCOexacRBayGarkSGkta nigCMenOfa manRBlwgbkmaMgFmCatidwknaMelak
enaH minEdlbMpajsasnaepSgrbs;RbeTsEdlrIklUtlas;eLIgnUvkarRbtibtimnGaKmGUmGam
smyedImEdlRtvkarGMeBIeXaeXACaCMnYy. karkat;GvyvxHecjBIragkay -Rbdab;bnBUC b
k,al -Rtv)ancat;Tukfa pl;bTiGMNacdl;GkEdleFVITukeTasBYkeK. bNaRBHraCa EdlCaKURbECg
RtveKkat;k,ald-eCIgehIyeKcat;eFVIBiFIkb;saksBtamRbBNIsasnarbs;CnCatiExrRkIRk
etaky:ak munnwgcab;epImkarsabnatamKeRmagkarFMmYy edIm,IFanaeCaKCydl;sMNg;enaH. eKk
eRbImeFa)ayrebobdUcKaenHEdr sRmab;KURbECgTaMgLayEdlcg;deNImraCblg. Gkkt;Rta
savtarmak;enAsmyGgr)anR)ab;[dwgfa {enAfEdlRBHraCaGgfIRtvRbkaseLIgesayraC
RBHGnuCrbs;RBHGg suTEtRtveKkat;ykGvyvmYyecj xHRtveKkat;RmamdmYy xHeTotRtveK
kat;RcmuH}3.
TaMgGs;enHCaBaksmIrbs; CU taKan; CaCnCaticin Edl)anmkTsSnaraCaNacRkenH enA
dMNac;stvtSr_TI13. Kat;)andMNalfa mnusSTaMgLay EdlRtvecaTRbkan;BIbT]RkidFn;Fr
92
)anRtveKykeTAkb;TaMgrs;kgreNACaeRcIn EdleKCIkenAxagmuxmat;pvcUlTisxaglicraCFanI.
eK)andak;eTascMeBaHGMeBI]RkidtUctacepSg edaykat;Rmamd cgld bdTaMgmUlmYy ehIyebI
tamGkdMeNIrCaticinenHfa CnCatiExrmancitKMnitcEmkxusBIFmtasIBIlkNRbkbedayeRKaHfak;
nbTelIsmYy. Kat;beBajKMnitfa {GMeBIG)aymux nigEl,gsuIsgBuMmanhamXat;eT}4 b:uEn sVamI
mak; GaceFVITaruNkmshayrbs;RbBnxnEdlpitk,t;)an edayekobeCIgshayenaHnwgdgab;mYy
rhUtTal;EtGkenaHsuxcitRbKl;RTBsm,tiTaMgGs;rbs;xnCaCMgWcit.
mYystvtSr_eRkaykarcuHdundabrbs;cRkPBGgr kGeM BIeXareXAenHKanfmfycuHEdr. esckI
Gg;Gacrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaeTIbnwgbEnmKMnitTuTidniymmYy nigKMniteCOkmvasnay:agRCaleRCAmYy
EdleKGacsmtEtm:agKt;cMeBaHkarsMeNHsMNalrbs;eKBIRBHBuTsasna. enAeBlEdlbNal
rdCitxagman evotNam nigesom BRgIkGMNac nigcMNg;eRskXanrbs;eKmkelITwkdIExr RbCaCn
km<Ca)anRtvjaMg[eCOfa BUCsasn_nigvb,Fmrbs;xn muxnwgRtvrlaysabsUnminxan. ehIy
vb,Fmrbs;eK)anbeBaj[eXIjcemIyGaceFVI)anBIrcMeBaHkarKMramKMEhgmYyEbbenaH bmYy
RBmTTYlykkarKMramKMEhgenH BIeRBaHvaCaerOgminGacecosrYc bmYyeRbIR)as;meFa)ayTaMgGs;
edayKankarelIkElgeTaHCaRtveRbIGMeBIeXareXAkeday edIm,IRbyuTTl;nwgkarKMramKMEhgenaH.
kardak;bNasaedayELkmYy hak;dUCasgt;EfmelIRbCaCnExrrgTukevTna KWRbPBTaMgLay
nGMeBIeXaeXArbs;eK minEdlrIgstesaHeLIy. RbPBTaMgenHsMgMenAeRkamGnisSrPaBmYy Edl
rIkkan;EtFMeLIg cMeBaHkareRbImnGaKm nigkareCOelIexacRBaybisacedayRKan;EtmanGVIbiT)aMg
b:ueNaH. kgryeBlsgamBIqaM1970 dl;qaM1975 dMeNIrerOgmantKahUrEhEdlmanRbCa
RbiyPaBbMput )anerobrab;[dwgBI]b,tiehtuCaRbvtisas TaMgLayEdlbNaRBHraCasmyGgr
kat;k,alsRtvnanarbs;RBHGg nigRbtibtiviCamnGaKmKafa. kgGMLgeBlnsgamenHPaBTn;Pn;
dl,Il,ajrbs;Exr CasBaabgaj[eXIjkarGt;nmYy ticCagPaBGkrgGMeBIrbs;eKedaymin
tbtvij. elakxageRkAkMBugkayeTACaelakEdleKminGacRttRta)an RbCaCnkm<Ca)anlak;xn
enAkgelakxagkg EdleCOelIkmaMgFmCatidwknaMelak EdleBareBjedayRBlwgexacRBay GarkS
Gkta. RBHraCaNacRkmYy EdleKminsal; CaTIEdlesaPN nigExSKafanaMmknUvkarCYylYgelam
citeFVI[rsayTukRbQmnwgeRKaHGasncEmkminGacyl;)an. b:uEn enAeBltfPaBnneya)ay
GnrCati nigtfPaBnsgamelceLIgCafI karRbqaMgtbteTAvijmansPaBeXareXAhYsRbmaN.
enAeBlEdlRkmGkbdivtn_rbs; b:ul Bt cUldl;rdFanI RbCaBlrdTaMgGs;enARkgPMeBjsMKal;
93
eXIj BYkGs;enaHeskBak;{exA}xaMgNas; ehIyKWmnusS {eskBak;exA} TaMgenHehIy EdlseRmc

citcat;TukRbCaBlrd {Es,ksdUcefImf} rs;enATIRkgCaCnrgeRKaH KWCnEdleKRtvEtsmab; edIm,I
lublagkMhwgtamGMeBIkMNaceXareXArbs;eK EdleK)anciBawmkgcittaMgBIyUryaNas;mkehIy.
enAeBlEdlevotmijepImsgamenAqaM1946 edIm,IraraMgkMu[RbeTs)araMgeFVIGaNaniKmCafI
mgeTot mkelIRbeTsevotNamenaH RbCaCnkm<Ca)anvayRbyuTRbqaMgBYk)araMgrYcmkehIyenAkg
RbeTspal;rbs;xn. TItaMgdrwgmaMrbs;eKCaeRcInmansitenAkgEb:kxaglicRbeTs EdlenATIenaH
BYkExr\sSrminEmnkumynis)ane)aHCMrMrbs;xn edaymanRbeTsfCamUldanbEgkpg. enACMnan;
enH RbCaCnf KWsitenAeRkamrbbesrIniymRbqaMgGaNaniKmniymrbs;elak RBIDI paNuMy:ug (Pridi
Phanomyong). RtvCMrujedaybMNgdRCaleRCAmYy edIm,Iedjkmat;bNalGaNaniKmGWr:ub ecjBI
GasuIPaKGaeKy_ RBIDI )aneFVI[Rkg)agkkeTACaCRmkdsuxsanmYy sRmab;BYkGkRbyuT edIm,I
kraCPaBnbNaRbeTsLav PUma evotNam \NensuI nigkm<Ca.
enHKWCamUldansMxan;esIGayuCIvitsRmab;BYkGkCatiniym\sSr edayehtufaBIRbeTsfeTA
BYkeKGacvayBYk)araMgBIeRkayxg ebIsinCaBYkevotmijbnvayRbyuTenAPaKxagekItenaH. enARkg
)agkk BYk\sSr)ansRmbsRmlskmPaBepSgrbs;BYkeKCamYyclnakraCepSgeTot
edIm,ITijes,g GavuF nigpas;brBtmaneTAvijeTAmk. raCFanIrbs;f)ankayeTACaTIRkgrwtEt
Tak;TajcitEfmeTot enAqaM1946 eBlEdl RBIDI RtvbgitbgM[RbKl;eTARbeTskm<Cavij nUvbNa
extTaMgLayenAPaKBayBeRkamkarKabsgt;rbs;BYk)araMg nigshKmn_GnrCati enHKWCatmEdl
RbeTsfLg;d RtvEtbg;edIm,I)ancUlGgkarshRbCaCati. dUecHCnCatif ElgEsgeLIgCaGkeFVI
GaNaniKmkiceTotehIytamkaremIleXIjrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca.
b:uEn enAExvicika qaM1947 rdRbhareyaFamYyrbs;RkmniymsaM)anplrMlM RBIDI ehIybgM[
bNaclnakraCrbs;km<CaRtLb;mkRbeTsrbs;xnvij. dMeNIrPan;ERbenH )aneFVI[lkNtsU
rbs;RbCaCnkm<CaedIm,IkraC nigsgam\NcinelIkTI2 EdlRtvbneFVIteTAeTotenaHERbRblpg
Edr. edayKankarKaMRTrbs;f Exr\sSrenAmanRbPBpl;CMnYyEtmYyKt;KW evotmijkumynis.
TaMgshrdGaemrik TaMgRbeTsGg;eKsKancg;KaMRTBYk\sSreT. BYk\sSrmYycMnYnFMkgcMeNam
enaH)anbdiesFminRBmshkarCamYyBYkkumyniseTedayeTAcUlrYmkgrNsirSrYbrYmmYyRbqaMgnwg
BYk)araMgvij CaehtubNal[mankarkat;pac;CasaBrmYyrvagbNaclnakumyniskraC nigmin
94
EmnkumynisenARbeTskm<Ca.
kgeBldMbUg BYkkumynisevotNam)ansakl,gbegItrNsirSkPaBmYy edayRbmUlpM
eLIgvijnUvRkmExr\sSr nigclnakumynisExr EdlmankMeNIteRkamkarRttRtarbs;evotNam.
kgeBlEdlmanrdRbharrbs;RkmniymsaMf BYkevotNam)ancab;epImbNHbNalCnCatikm<Ca
CaeRcIn edIm,IerobcM[eTACakmaPi)alsRmab;clnakumnisExrmYykgpnclnakumynis\Ncin.
kalebIBYkkumyniskm<CaTaMgenHRtv)anbMBak;bMb:n nigerobcMrYcehIyBYkeKnwgbegItrNsirSd
TUlMTUlaymYyCarbs;Exr edIm,IvayRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg.
b:uEn sankarN_enARbeTsevotNam )anbgM[BYkkumyniskm<CabeBaj[eXIjskmPaBmYy
edayqab;rhs. enAqaM1945 hU CImij )anseRmcfa bkSRtvEtepImeFVIskmPaBedaylYclak;.
bkSkumynis\NcinRtv)anrMlayecalCapvkar edIm,IeFVI[eKcab;GarmN_fa enHKWCarNsirS
kPaBrbs;evotmijminEmnBYkkumyniseT EdldwknaMeFVIsgamtsUTl;nwgBYk)araMgenaH.
edIm,IBRgwgnimitCatiniymrUbrbs;clna BYkevotNam)anseRmcfa RbeTsnImYykgcMeNam
RbeTs\NcinTaMgbI nwgmanbkSpal;rbs;xnehIyfaRbeTsTaMgenaH nwgminRtvRbmUleLIgvijkgp
nGgkartMbn;mYyeLIy. BYkkumynis Lav nigExrnwgmanGgkarcat;taMgpal;rbs;eK ehIydUecHBYk
eKGacnwgBRgIkplRbeyaCn_rbs;eKkgRbeTserogxn eRBaHenAminTan;manbkSBitR)akdmYy.
cMeBaHeKalbMNgenH BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anerobcMeFVImhasni)attMNagTUTaMgRbeTselIkTI1
enAfTI17 Exemsa qaM1950 kgRBPMPaKnirtIRbeTskm<CaedaymantMNagCagBIrrynak; cUlrYm
EdlkgenaHmanRBHsgRbEhlmYyryGgpg. eKetagEtniyayEdrfa enAeBlenaHbkSkumy nis
\NcinmansmaCikkm<CaEtEssibnak;b:ueNaH KWCacMnYntictYcNas;sRmab;begItbkSmYydac;
ELk. BYkeK)anbegItrNsirSkPaB\sSr behA mK\sSrCaCMnYsvij EdldwknaMedayGtIt
RBHsgmYyGgRBHnam sWg g:ukmij EdlFab;cUlrYmkgbkSkumynis\Ncin lYclak;kalBIqaM
1946. BYkkumyniseRbIR)as;Bak \sSrkgesckIsgwmbRgbbRgmeRkamGMNacbkSBYkeK
nUvRkmTaMgGs;rbs;clnaenH.
edayBit ebIsinCaBYkeKseRmceCaKCyRbmUlpMRkm\sSrmYycMnYn kUnEdlminsUvsuIExSKa
kgprNsirSkPaB\sSrEmnenaH KWdUcCaBYkeKbegIt[manPaBminc,as;las;TUeTAmYy edayehtu
Bak\sSrvamannyfa minEmnkumyniseRsceTAehIy. m:ageTotGtItRBHsg EdlKaMRTnwglTi
kumynisenaH )aneRCIserIsrhsSnammYyRtab;tameQaHemdwknaMCatiniymminEmnkumynis sWg
95
g:ukfaj; Edr eday)anfwgBicarNamunCaeRsc. PaBminc,as;rwtEtekIneLIgEfmeTot. dUcEdlCn

bdivtmak; )anRbkas[dwgBIerOgenHenAedImdMbUgnsgamfa {eKlM)aknwgdwgfa GkNaCaBYk\sSr
BitR)akd KWGkbdivtRtwmRtvbrisuT ehIyGkNaxHCaBYkmnusSxUc CaBYkecarbn;}5.
enAqaM1951 RBwtikarN_epSg)anERbkayeTACakan;EtRcbUkRcbl;eLIgsRmab;BYkkumy
nisTaMgGs; eRkayBIkarbegItrNsirSkPaB\sSr. enAqaMenaHBYkevotNam)anerobcMbegIteLIg
vij nUvbkSrbs;xnCapvkareRkameQaHfa bkSBlkrevotNambnab;BIeFVIskmPaBlYclak;R)aMqaM.
enARbeTskm<Ca bkSenAEtrkSaTukeQaHcas;KW bkSkumynis\NcindEdl dUcKanwgkarcat;Ecg
erobcMCaGgkarbkSmUldannigsaxabkScRmHExr-evotNameRkamkarRttRtarbs;BYkevotNamnig
enAEtsitkgsPaBlYclak;EfmeTot.
enAqaMdEdlenH BYkkumyniskm<Ca )anseRmccitbegItbkSpal;rbs;eKCaelIkdMbUg nig)an
RbkasBIkarbegItbkSRbCaCnbdivtExrCasaFarNpg. BYkkumynisevotNam)antak;Etg
lknikepSgsRmab;bkSRbCaCnbdivtExr nigKeRmagkmviFIneya)aymYy EdlBYkevotNam)an
bBaneTA[km<CaedIm,IeFVIkarbkERbCaPasaExr nig[esckIyl;RBm. BYkevotNam)anvinicyfa
{bkSRbCaCaCnbdivtExr BuMEmnCabkSQanmuxrbs;vNkmkreT CakarbBaak;lkNKMrUnbkS
kumynismYy b:uEn CabkSQanmuxrbs;RbCaCatiEdlRbmUlsmasPaBGkeshaCati nigGkceRmIn
niymTaMgGs;nRbCaCn}6.
rcnasm<nmYyEbbenaH GackayeTACabkSkumynisBitR)akdmYy)an luHNaEtbnab;BI)an
cat;viFankarepSgeTot CaBiesskarebIkmhasni)atsabnikmYy edayRbkasBIkarerobcMbkS
m:akSelnInmYy ehIyeRkaymkeTotKWkarsresrRbvtisasrbs;bkSmYypg. b:uEn BYkkumynis
km<CaBuMGaccat;viFankarTaMgenHmunryeBl9qaMeLIy EdlkgrykalenaHbkSRbCaCnbdivtExr BuM
EdlGnuvt)antamlknik nbkSkumyniskm<CakraCesaHeLIy TaMgtamRTwsI TaMgkarRbtibtitam
lTikumynis. m:ageTot bnab;BIqaM1951 BYkkumynisExrRtv)anbBaleTAkgbkSkumynis
\NcinlYclak;vij eRBaHfa karenArYmkgbkSRbCaCnbdivtExrBuM)aneFVI[GkTaMgenaH eTACasmaCik
nbkSEmnETnmYyeLIy. sankarN_RseBcRsBilenH)ansabeRBaHminRtwmEtPaBminc,as;kgcit
KMnit rbs;BYkkumyniskm<CaenACMnan;enaHb:ueNaHeT b:uEn eRkaymkerOgenH)anbNal[mankar
CECktTl;Kay:agBuHkeRBaal enAeBlEdlBYkExreQaHTas;ETgKa BIerOgedImkMeNItnbkSkumy
nisrbs;. etIbkSenH ekItecjBIbkSkumynis\Ncinedaypal;enAqaM1951 ehIyEdlsitenA
96
eRkambgab;BYkevotNamEmnb? bmYybkSenHRtv)anbegIteLIgBitR)akdenAqaM1960 edayBYk

km<Ca EdlBwgEpky:agtictYcbMputelIRbeTsevotNam?.
sgamRbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg KWRtvRKbsgt;enAPaKBayBRtvedayRkm\sSrminEmnkumy
nisepSg EdlnaMmuxkarRbyuTtsUmYyEpky:agFMnRbeTs. BYkeK)ansRmbsRmlskmPaB
rbs;eKCajwkjyCamYyrNsirSkPaB\sSr EdlRttRtaedayBYkkumynis CaerOgbEnm[
rwtEtmankarPan;RcLMEfmeTot. BYk\sSrxHCaBYkecarbn;Fmta GkxHeTotCaGkRbyuTtsUdemaH
mutedIm,IkraCPaB. enHKWCavasnarbs;RbeTskm<Ca EdlKanemdwknaMNamYymansmtPaB
RbmUlpMclnaTaMgGs;enH edayBYk\sSrminEmnBYkkumynis KaneCOTukcitBYkkumynisExr Edl
sitenAeRkamcMNuHBYkevotNameLIy.
edayBYk)araMgeFVIsgamkg\NcinTaMgmUlenaH vaCakarRtwmRtvNas; EdlBYkGkRbyuTtsU
edIm,IesrIPaBrbs;RbCaCnevotNam km<Ca nigLavrYbrYmKavaytbeTAvij. ehIyetImansasacar
RbesIrCageKNaxHGacmaneRbbelIbNamitrYmGavuFrbs; hU CImij Edlkarbdivtn_ ExsIha qaM
1945)anbgni begacRbeTsevotNamTaMgmUl ehIyEdl)anQHBICy
CmHmYy enACyCmHmYy?
b:uEn BYkevotNam)andwknaM nigbBaHbBalBYkkm<Ca[eFVItamelIsBIsasacarTaMgenaHeTAeTotfaetI
enAeBlNa breboby:agdUcemc edIm,IbegItGgkarcat;taMg nigeFVIkarvayRbyuTrbs;BYkeK. bnenA
sgamenAkm<Ca nigLav etagEtleTAtamCyCmHenAevotNamEdr. PaBxaMgelIslb;CageKrbs;
evotNammanlkNCak;c,as;Nas; ehIybgaj[eXIjedayEpknUvGkRbyuTtsUmYycMnYntUcn
bNakgkPaBTB\sSrniymkumynis nigevotmijpg. y:ageRcInbMput manEtRbCaCnkm<Ca
5700nak;b:ueNaH EdlRbyuTtsUCamYyBYkkumynis RbqaMgnwgBYk)araMg7.
srubeTAkgkmaMg\sSrTaMgGs;mancMnYnRbmaNdb;Ban;)aynak; b:uEn BuMEmnRbmUlpMKaCa
GgkarEtmYyeT. emdwknaM\sSrxH nwkRBy)armeday\tlak;elomGMBIPaBenAeRkamGMNacBYk
kumynisevotNam nigplvi)akepSgrbs;xncMeBaHGnaKteTotpg. emdwknaMCaRBHsgGPirkS
niymmak;)anbeBaj[eKdwgnUvkarRBmanenHfa {eyIgminRtvbeNay[BYkevotmij QanBan
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RbyuTdac;ELkCaeRcInrbs;BYk\sSrRbqaMgnwgevotmijEdr ehIyBYkkumynisxHRtv)aneKsmab;.
b:uEn BYkevotmijCamYy GkRbyuT 3>000nak; y:agehac KWCaRkmEdlxaMgbMput BitEmnbNH
bNalkeday. m:ageTot evotmij)aneprbBaakardaneyaFarbs;xnBIRbeTsevotNammkPaK
97
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RttRtarbs;evotNam.
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enAcugqaM1951 fa {bkSevotNamenArkSasiTiRttBinitBIelIskmPaBepSg rbs;bNabkSCa
bgbnenAkm<CanigenALavteTAeTot>>> b:uEn teTAmuxeTotebIsinCalkxNepSgGnueRKaH bkSbdivtn_
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evotNam-Exr-Lav}9. kb:uEn BYkLav)anbegItbkSmYydac;edayELkenAqaM1955 ehIyBYk
km<CaminGacebIkmhasni)atbegItbkSrbs;xn enAmunqaM1960)aneT. enArykalenaH bNa
bkSCa {bgbn})anpas;bry:ageRcIn enAeBlBinitemIlsMeNImYyEbbenaH.
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EdlFab;bNHbNalenAbreTsb:ueNaH eday)aneTArYbrYmCamYyRbCaCnkm<Carab;Ban;nak; EdlkMBug
RbyuTedIm,IkraCCati. Kat;)ankayeTACasmaCikrbs;kgTBkumynis b:uEn manTTYlzannaTImYy
eRkambgab;eKenAeLIy eRBaHfa clnaenH manemdwknaMEdlmankarcat;taMgy:agRtwmRtveRsceTA
ehIy eRkamkarRttRtarbs;evotmij. BYkkumynis)anvayRbyuTRbekoksaKaCamYykmaMgCati
niym\sSrCajwkjy ehIy)anbegItrNsirSmYyrYcmkehIy kgesckIsgwmfanwgykBYk
\sSrTaMgenaH mkdak;[sitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;eK.
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EdleKTTYlsal;CabitakraCrbs;RbeTseLIy. enAqaM1953 karvayRbyuTedIm,IesrIPaBKW
enAEtdwknaMeday\sSrCnTaMgLay EdlRbyuTtsUdac;BIKaenAeLIy enAEtEbgEckrvag\sSr nig
BYkGkbdivt enAEtEbgEckPUmisasKa nigenAEtminsUv)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIBYkyuTikCn enAPMeBj Efm
eTot. mYyqaMeRkaymk enAeBlEdlsgamRtvcb; edaysarsnisITRkghSWENv enAqaM1954
clnaTaMgGs;enAEtEbk)ak;KaCanic. edaykan;kab;kEngTMenr semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ancrca
bBaakraCCamYyBYk)araMg ehIy)an[garxngCabitakraCCati. RBHGg)anTTYlCyCmH
elIBYkkumynis ehIy)aneFVI[BYk\sSrPaKeRcIneBjcitKaMRTbuBVehturbs;RTg;eTotpg.
98
kgkMLgeBldb;qaMEdlmanbn bnab;BIkarvilRtLb;rbs;Kat;BITIRkg):arIsmkvij saLt s

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lkNCatidTUlMTUlay BYkkumynis)anbMeBjnUvlkxNEdleKRtveFVICadMbUgedayxanmin)anmun
nwgQmmuxttaMgnwgrbbrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu ehIyeRkaymkCamYyrbb ln; nl; eTot.
karsal;dwgBIrebobEdlkickarenHRtv)aneFVI[seRmceLIg KWmansarsMxan;Nas; edIm,IEsVg
yl;BIEbbEpn EdlBYkExrRkhmdwknaMRKb;RKgRbeTsenAeBlNamYyEdl)ankan;GMNac. mYyEpk
FMnRbvtisasenH KWCaRbvtiEdleKminsUvsal; nigBi)akyl; BYkkumynisrbs;km<Ca)anrg;caM
dl;qaM1967 eTIbcab;epImkartsUedayGavuFkgRbeTsrbs;xnehIy Tal;Etmkdl;qaM1970
eTIbBYkeKcUlRbLkkgsgam\NcinEdr. BYkeK)anrs;enAmYyPaKFMbMputkgsPaBlYclak; kalBI
bNaqaMmun edaybegItbkSrbs;eKCasmat; edaybegIt[mankarenAkgvaT xagneya)ay
vagKag nigCamYysm<nmiRtkumynisrbs;eKKWRbeTscin nigevotNam edayeFVIRbtikmtbt
cMeBaHl,icklnigdMeNIrbt;EbnepSgnsgam EdlkMBugkeBaalvk;vIenACuMvijBYkeK.
BYkExrRkhm)at;cat;TukrykalenHfa CaPaBbnKamYynGMeBIk,t;dUcKanwgBYkGkTaMgLay
EdlBYkeKFab;eCOTukcit kdcU BYkGkTaMgLayEdlBYkeKFab;sa b;bgab;Edr. BYkeKyl;eXIjfa RtvBYk
kumynisbreTsxHraraMgCa]bsK nwgRtvmin[tmedayCnrYmCatig CaBiess semc RBHneratm
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xngpal;pgeXIjfaBYkeKsmnwgTTYlbdisNarkicRbesIrCageKmYy.ebITukCamankarvinicyBIGk
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bNaqaMTaMgenHEdlmhaCnminsUvdwg hak;dUcCarUbPaBmYyqHbBaMg[eXIjRbvtisasrbs;
RbeTsCatiEdr bkSkumyniskm<CadtUc EdleKmin[tmkgRbeTskm<CadtUcEdleKemIlgay
nwgrkeXIjkEngRbkbedaykitinammYy kgRbvtisasnkarbdivtn_.
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kgsPaBcuHdundaby:agxaMg. PamenaH Kat;)anEsVgrkExSryTak;TgCamYyclna\sSrkumynis
99
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s )andwgerOgr:avrbs;clnatsUkm<CatictYcNas; kgrykalnkarsak;GaRsyenARkg
):arIsrbs;Kat; fVIebImankarrYmRbCMuxH EdleKeFVIedaylYclak;keday. Kat;EbrCamanPaBgayRsYl
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100
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101
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102
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103
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CagkarEdlbNaRbeTskmynisnana Fab;KitTukCamuneTAeTot.
kalBIqaMmun RbeTs)araMg)anyl;RBmpl;[RbeTskm<Ca nUvGMNacsVytsMxan;CaeRcIn
Edlkm<CaGacmansiTiRKb;RKgxngtampvc,ab; ehIysnisITRkghSWENvCaGkbMeBjbEnmGMBI
dMeNIrRbRBwteTAnkarGnuvtsiTiGMNacenHteTAeTot edayehtufa RbeTsRtv)aneKTTYlsal;kg
zanCaRbCaCatimYykraCrYcehIy. kgsnisITenH BYkkumynisExrBuM)ancUlrYmdUcsmPaKI
evotNam nigLav EdlCadKUrbs;xneLIy. enAeRkayeBlsnisITcb; BYkkumyniskm<Ca)an
)at;bg;GVITaMgGs;.
BYkeKBuMmanmUldansRmab;pMTBenAkgRbeTsxneLIy BYkeK)at;bg;siTikan;GavuF bcUlrYmkg
KNkmaFikar EdlerobcMeLIgedIm,IBinitemIlrebobGnuvtn_kicRBmeRBgEdlmanBYkeK EdlCaGk
RbyuTcugeRkaynclnaEdlnwgRtvraykarN_Edr. BYkkumynisLav Rtv)anyl;RBm[manextBIr
enACab;RBMRbTl;CamYyRbeTsevotNam RBmTaMgsiTiRKb;Ebby:ag EdleKbdiesFminpl;[BYkkumy
nisExr. b:uEn BYkkumynisevotNam)anxatbg;elItucrcanUvTwkdImYyEpkFMEdlBYkeKvaydeNIm
)an ehIy)ansuxcityl;RBm[mankarEbgEck{CabeNaHGasn}mYy nUvRbeTsrbs;eKpg.
kgcMeNamBYkGkdwknaM\NcinTaMgGs; manEtsemc RBHneratm sIhnu eT EdlCaGkQHeRcInCageK
104
TukNaCa RBHGgesIrEtKan)aneFVIGVIesaH edIm,IvayRbyuTTl;nwgGaNaniKmniym)araMgkeday.

sRmab;BYkkumynisExr karxatbg;dFMenAsnisITRkghSWENvRtv)ancarwkkgCMBUknGMeBIk,t;
Cabnbnab;mYycMeBaHsm<nmittUctacTaMgLay. shPaBsUevot)anBnHBYkkUer:[elatcUlkg
sgam edIm,Iedjkmat;shrdGaemrikBIRbeTskUer: bnab;mk)anesIsuM[RbeTscinCYyeRsacRsg;
sankarN_enHpg edaybg;tmCIvitRbCaCnciny:ageRcInsnwksnab; CaBiess KWCIvitrbs;kUnRbs
em:A esTug. edaykayeTACard {QanBaneK} RbeTscin)an)at;bg; PBVsMNagTaMgGs;kgkarcUlCa
smaCikGgkarshRbCaCati. edayRtveFVI[cuHTn;exSay nigRtvKMramKMEhgedaykarhuBTxag
eyaFaBIshrdGaemrik BYkcin)aneFVIeTAtamkarTTUcsuMTaMgbgMrbs;BYksUevotedayebCJacitTTYlsal;
karEbgEckRbeTskUer:CaBIr. BYkcin)anseRmcciteFVItam ehIykgdMNak;kalTIBIr)anCYyeFVI[
CBaIgepgeTAmag CaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;karEbgEckRbeTsevotNammYyeTot edIm,IraraMgkartaMg
mUldanTBrbs;GaemrikenAtamRBMEdncin-evotNam.
m:ageTotBYkevotNamEdlRtvKabsgt;y:agxaMgedayBYkcin nigy:agticedayBYksUevotk
RtvRbQmuxTl;nwgkarKMramkMEhgcUleFVIGnraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMgenA\Ncin. enHCakarKMram
kMEhgKYr[RBWxacbMputCamYynwgTIbBab;nsgamenAkUer: edayebIk[kgTBGaemrikaMg EdlkMBugCab;
dRbyuTenATIenaHrYcputBIcMNgEdr ehtuenHevotNam)ansuxcityl;RBmRbKl;PaKxagt,gRbeTs
evotNam nigRbeTskm<CaCafrnwgRbeTsevotNamxageCIg nigmYyEpknRbeTsLav EdlmanRBM
RbTl;Cab;nwgRbeTsxn. dUecHBYkkumyniskm<CaRtvEtlHbg;GVIRKb;Ebby:agTaMgGs; edayKan
)anTTYlGVICafrmkvijeLIy. m:agvijeTot eRkaysnisIThSWENv esckIGMBavnavepSg rbs;BYk
kumynisGMBI{GnrCatiniymvNGFn} manGtnytictYcNas;sRmab;BYkemdwknaMExrRkhm.
edayBYkkumynisExrKan)anTTYlGVIesaHenaH TaMgBYkrusSI TaMgBYkcin TaMgBYkevotNam kBuMTan;
RbfuyRbfanCYyBYkeKEdr. dUecHBYkExrRtveFVIkareRCIserIsrvagkarsakl,gRtdrrs;enAkg
RbeTskm<Ca bsuxciteFVItamsMeNIrbs;evotNam edaynireTsxneTAkan;RbeTsevotNamxageCIg
sin edIm,Irg;caMsgamrMedaHCatimYyepSgeTot EdlCYyKaMRTedayBYkevotNam. snisITkghSWENv
)anGHGagbEnm[BYkkm<CadwgnUvbTBiesaFn_epSgEdlmanBImunCamYy BYk)araMg BYkf nigBYkCb:un
EdleKFab;)anbgaj[eXIjrYcmkehIy KWBYkeKBuMGacTukcitBYkbreTseToteT. menaseBatnasb;
CnbreTs EdleFVI[QWcab;xaMgeLIg ehIyEdlBYkeKeFVI[rIkFMeRkaymkeTot KWBuMEmnKanmUlehtu
enaHeT.
105
shPaBsUevot)ancakecjBIRkghSWENvCamYyekreQaHy:agRbesIrmYyelIqakneya)ay
GnrCati nigkarTak;TgCamYyRbeTs)araMglRbesIrCagmun. BYkcin nigBYkevotNam )anTTYlnUvkar
putrlt; CabeNaHGasn nsgam b:uEn BYkkm<CakBuM)anTTYlGIVdUcEtKa RKan;EteK)anRBmeRBgKa
Fanafa nwgBuMmanmUldankgTBGaemrikaMgNamYyRtv)an taMgenARbeTskm<Cab:ueNaH. karKan
mUldanTBNamYyRtv)anbegIteRkamrbbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu KWBIeRBaHshrdGaemrikRbmaf
semcBMuEmn edaykarsnaEdleFVIenARkghSWENveT.
edayBuMeBjcitnwglTplTaMgLayrbs;snisIThSWENv nigedayxac)armTTYlrgbraCy
epSgeTot BYkkumynisevotNam)anRbkan;ykkarseRmccitmYy EdlEtgEteFVI[BYkeKxVl;cit
kgryeBlbITsvtSr_Cabnbnab;mkeTot. kgeKalbMNgKaMBarsemc RBHneratm sIhnu pg
clnakumynisrbs;km<Capg nigeFIV[clnaenHyktamKMrUrbs;eK BYkevotNam)anEbgEckclna
enHdUcteTA sWg g:ukmij emdwknaMsMxan;CageKnigyuTCnExrRbEhlmYyBan;nak; RtvnireTsxn
eTAevotNamxageCIg manPaKeRcIn)anbnMxnCamYykgTBevotmijmuncakecjBIRbeTskm<CaeTAtam
sxsMxan;nkicRBmeRBgRkghSWENv. BYkkm<CaxHkgcMeNamBYkkm<CaTaMgenH )anTTYlbBaa[
cakecjBIRbeTskm<CaBIembBaakarExr\sSr bevotmijrbs;eK ehIyGkxHeTot)ancakecj
edaysRKcit. eGog lIm yuTCnvyekgmak; kgcMeNamyuTCnekgTaMgenH enAcaM)anfa14 BYk
evotNam)ansYrKat;fa etIGkgcg;eFVIdMeNIreTAevotNamxageCIg edIm,I{hat;eronviCaeyaFa}
rbs;xneT. Kat;)anyl;RBmtamkaresIedayKanKitBIeBlevla EdlRtveTAeronsURtenATIenaHman
ryeBlb:unanpgeT.
BYkkm<CaTaMgenaH)aneskksNanCaTahanevotNam bnab;mk RtveKrMElkcUlCamYykg
kPaBTBepSgrbs;RkghaNUy. kgevotNamdb;nak;manExrmak;QrtRmg;CYrelIkMBg;EpmYyenA
PaKxagt,gevotNam edIm,I[KNkmaFikarGnrCatixagbTRttRta EdlbegIteLIgedaysnisIT
hSWENveFVIkarRttBinit. lIm)anniyayerobrab;fa eK)anbgab;bBaaBYkkm<CaTaMgenaHfa minRtv
niyayBakGVITaMgGs; ebIsinmaneKmksYrfa etIBYkGkgecjdMeNIreTAPaKxageCIgedaycitgEmn
b? GkTaMgGs;)anrkSaPaBesmsat; ehIyBYkExrTaMgenaH)aneLIgCiHelInavab:ULjmYyeRKg
EdldwkykBYkeKeq<aHeTAevotNamxageCIg. eK)ansnacMeBaHlImfa Kat;nwg)anvilRtLb;mk
RbeTsvijBIrqaMeRkayy:agyUr. b:uEn Kat;Rtvrs;enAevotNamxageCIgrhUtdl;eTAdb;R)aMmYyqaM
eNaH. Kat;)aneronPasaevotNam nigbneronsURtviCabeckeTsmYy ehIyRtveKdak;bBaleTA
106
kgkgTBrbs;evotNamxageCIg EdlenATIenaHKat;)aneTACaRKbgat;beRgnTahaneRCIserIsfI
bnab;mk RtveKcat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAsalaeyaFasWnt. ehtuenH smaCikCagBak;kNaln
clnakumyniskm<Ca EdlminrwgbuwgRtveKdak;BRgayBaseBjRbeTsevotNamxageCIg edaymin
GacbegItkgTBbdivtn_pal;rbs;eK nigminGacCYy]btmbNasmmitrYmGavuFrbs;eK EdlsitenA
kgRbeTskm<CaeLIy.
kgcMeNamGkEdlsitenAkgRbeTs KWman saLt s Edr. Kat;RbEhlCaTTYl)anesckI
rab;GanBIBYkevotNamehIyemIleTA edayehtufaKat;sitenAkgcMENkBYkExrmnak; EdlRtv)an
sRmaMgsRmab;kickarneya)ayedaylYclak;mYyenAkgRbeTs. enAqaM1954 eBlEdlsgam
putrlt;eTA )anlbcUlmkRkgPMeBjCasmat; edayEkgCaGgrkSnayTahanevotNammak;15.
b:uEn TaMgrUbKat; TaMgBYkkumynisdTeTot EdlsitenAkgRbeTskm<Ca BuMRtv)anTTYlkarpt;pg;eRKg
GavuF luykak; sRmab;karBarxnTl;nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu eLIy. karEbk)ak;Kanclna
kumynisenAqaM1955 edaymnusSmYyBan;nak; enAkgRbeTskm<Ca nigmYyBan;nak;enAevotNam
xageCIg )anbegIt[mankarExVgKMnitxagEpkneya)aymYyy:agRCaleRCA Edl)anpHeLIgRBm
CamYyGMeBIsahavyg;Xg mqaMeRkaymkeTot.
PaKeRcInnRbCaCnkm<CaeCOfa sgamcb;ehIy. RbeTskm<CaCaRbeTskraC kgTB
breTsTaMgGs; -kgTBGaNaniKm)araMgnigevotmij- )anyl;RBmsuxcitcakecjBIRbeTs tamkic
RBmeRBgnsnisITRkghSWENv. kare)aHeqatedayesrIRbEhlCaRbRBwteTAenAqaM1955.
tamkarENnaMrbs;RkghaNUy BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anRbmUlpMKaeLIgvijenATIRkgPMeBj edIm,IkMNt;
TisedAneya)aymYy EdlEbkBImunTaMgRsugsRmab;clnarbs;eK.
RkgPMeBjCaTwkdIfImYy EdlenAsatbrisuTminTan;manGkNacUleFVIskmPaB sRmab;BYk
kumynisPaKeRcIn. kngmkBYkenH BuMFab;EdlmanmUldanenAkgraCFanIeT ehIyPaKeRcInCaGkmin
Fab;Edlsal;TIRkgTal;EtesaH. tamBitenAkgRbeTsmanEtCnkumynisExrR)akdcMnYnhasibR)aM
nak;b:ueNaH EssibCamaCikbkSkumynis\Ncin/ db;nak;mkBIbkSkumynis)araMg ehIybI bbYnnak;
mkBIbkSf16. emdwknaMneya)ayrbs;eKKW sWg g:ukmij )antaMgTIsak;GaRsyenATIRkghaNUy
EdlenATIenaHKat;)ankayeTACaRbePTnimitrUbk,alnavamYy. suIv ehg mnusSelxBIr nigCaembBaa
karkgTB\sSrkumynis)anTTYlkarcat;EcgdwknaMclna nigTTYlkarxusRtvtamCnbT. TU samut
107
mnusSelxbITTYlbnkkargareXasna ksagbkSkgraCFanInigTIrYmextepSg. GkTaMgBIrenH

dwknaMRKb;RKgCnCatiExrCag mYyBan;nak;EdleKGaccat;TukCaGkedIrtam bKaMRTclnab:ueNaH.
enHKWCaRkmkRmittUcmYy EdlGacnwgRtvvayRbharbMput.
kgraCFanI BYkkumynis)anRbkan;ykyuTsastsUmYy elIrNsirSbIdUcKanwgyuTsas
rbs;smmiteKenATIRkgRBnKrEdr EdlTn;exSaydUcKaenAkgTIRkgenH. enHCakarKitKUrmYyGMBI
neya)aypvggwt nigkarerobcMGgkarshCIBnana. BYkkumynis)anbegItbkSneya)ay eday
manc,ab;GnuBaatRtwmRtvKWRkmRbCaCn edIm,IcUlrYmkare)aHeqatqaM1955. BYkbBaavn nigBYkGk
neya)ayniymeqVg EdleKsal;fa CamnusSrbs;clnaenH)anrYmdKaeFVIskmPaBCamYyRkm
RbCaCnedayecjmux. GkeTotdUcCa saLt s CaedIm )ankayeTACaRKbeRgn GkniBn
GkkaEst kgeKalbMNgbiT)aMgkarcUlrYmkgbkS nigPakicrbs;Kat; EdlsitenARtg;kareRCIserIs
smaCikfIeTot nigbegItRkmtsUneya)ayepSgkgcMeNamBYknisSit BYkkmkr nigBYkbBaavn
enARkgPMeBj. RkmTIbI EdlmancitnwglTikumynis )anTTYlbBaa[bMeBjebskkmeFVIkarkgp
rbbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu edaypal;.
eKElgniyayBIsgameTotehIy. BYkkumyniskm<Ca nigBYkGkmansmancitrbs;eKmanEt
esckIsgwmmYyb:ueeNaHcab;epImbegItclnamYy EdlnwgTajykplRbeyaCn_BIkare)aHeqat
qaM1955 ehIynigTTYl)ansmaCikfIEfmeTot tamrykicRbwgERbgerobcMrcnasm<nTaMgLay
rbs;BYkeK. tamkicRBmeRBgnsnisITRkghSWENvBYkeKBuMmanTaMgsiTkan;GavuF TaMgkareFVIskmPaB
viTg SnaeLIy. m:ageTot BYkeKkBGuM aceRKagKitkarRbQmmuxedayGavuFmYycMeBaHsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu EdlCaGkRKb;RKgelIkgTB nigb:UlisEdr.
bBaamYyeTot EdlmanlkNTUeTA)aneTACabBaaeFVI[GMBl;mYyEdrcMeBaHBYkkumynis edIm,IGVI
eTAEdlBYkeKRtvvayRbharEtKag? BuMEmnedIm,IkraCTaMgkBuMEmnedIm,IliTiRbCaFibetyEdr
eRBaHBYk)araMgElgeFVICaecAhVaynayeTAehIy ehIykare)aHeqatkkan;EtxitCitmkdl;. dUecH
BYkeKRtvkMNt;kmviFIneya)aymYysIBITMenIbPavUbnIykm lTisgmniym GBaRkwtPaB nigkar
RbqaMglkNGaemrikaMgniymvijRbesIrCag- CakmviFIneya)ay Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
)anykeTAeFVICarbs;RBHGgy:agrhs.
RBwtikarN_ EdlBYkkumynis)anrYcputBIeRKaHfak;enACMnan;enHBitCamanerOgr:avmYycMnYntUc
manehtuePTy:agGsar. BYkGktsURbsnigRsImYycMnYn EdlminsUvdac;xatFab;bdesFminRbQm
108
muxTl;nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlsEmg[eXIjCaGkneya)aydbuinRbsb;mak; nigCasRtv

Kanemtamak;rbs;RkmniymeqVg. PMeBjCaTIRkgrbs;RBHGg ehIyRBHGgsal;KUsRtvTaMgLay
rbs;RTg;c,as;las;Nas;. GtItKNbkSRbCaFibety)anRtvkeRmIkeLIgvij edaykarbBal
\sSrCnfICaeRcIn CaBiess CYn muM EdlCabgbnRbsRtkUlCYnmak;Fab;eronenARkg):arIs.
KNbkSenH Fab;)anTTYlCyCmHTaMgRsugmYyenAqaM1946 sRmab;kare)aHeqatEtmgKt; Edlmin
EdlerobcMesaH enAkgRbeTs ehIyebIsinNaCaRtvbRgbbRgmkmaMgTaMgGs;rbs;xnCamYynwg
KNbkSfI EdlniymeqVg KWRkmRbCaCnsRmab;kare)aHeqatqaM1955enaH semc nwgRtvRbQrmux
nwgkarKMramkMEhgdKYr[RBWxacmYy. ehtuenHehIy )anCasemc RBHneratm sIhnu seRmcRBHTy
cuHecjBIraCblg edIm,IRbKl;eTA[RBHbitaRBHGgesayraCvij. edaykayeTACaRBHGgmas;
neratm sIhnu RBHGgGacmanesrIPaBcUlrYmkgkare)aHeqat)an. enHCaTegVImYyEdlRBHGgeFVI)an
seRmcly:agbuinRbsb;.
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b:ueNaH sitenAelIqakRbyuTsRmab;ttaMgnwgsemc. semc RBHneratm sIhnu KaneRtmbRmgEck
rMElkGMNacCamYyRkmNaeT ehIyCaBiessCamYyRkmnana EdlkMBugTamTarfa Fab;)anRbyuTtsU
kgryeBly:agyUr nigy:agsVitsVajedIm,IkraCEdrenaH. RkmRbqaMg)ansMGagfa KWsnisIT
RkghSWENveT EdlseRmcpl;kraC[km<Ca BuMEmnkarcrcarbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
CamYyBYk)araMgeLIy. RkmRbqaMg)aneFVIyuTnakarRbqaMg nigCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg Edlsemc
RBHneratm sIhnu )anyl;RBmenAqaM1955ehIy)anRbqaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhgEdlshrdGaemrik
erobcMeLIgenAkgRbeTsevotNamEk,rxageTot.
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e)aHeqateT ehIyRBHGgGnuBaat[RkmenHcUlrYm)ankedaysarEtman{karCMrujy:agxaMgka}BI
sMNak;CnCati\NaCaRbFanKNkmaFikarGnrCatixagbTRttRta EdlerobcMeLIgRsbtamkicRBm
eRBgRkghSWENvenaHEdr. edaycaj;Rtg;cMNucenH RBHGg)anelIkykkare)aHeqateTAeFVIenA
ExkBaavij ehIy)anpk pak;[kgTBeFVTI ku b ku emjKURbECgTaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgeTotpg. kg ryeBl
109
nkareXasnae)aHeqat smaCikRkmRbCaCnmnak;)anRtveKcab;xn nigykeTAdak;KukCamYynwg

ebkCnbInak;rbs;BYkeK. y:agehacNas;manmnusSBIrnak; Rtv)aneKsmab;enAkgtMbn;CnbT.
KNbkSRbCaFibetykRtvsemckMNt;CaeKaledAvayRbhardUcKa ebkCnmak;RtveKcab;dak;Kuk
emdwknaMmak;)anrgrbYs edayRKab;kaMePIgEdl)aj;edayBYkb:Ulis. CYn muM )ancakecjBIRbeTs
ehIyePosxneTAenARbeTs)araMgvij EdlKat;)anrs;enATIenaHGs;ryeBl16qaMCabnmkeTot.
KNbkSsgmrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRbmUlykekAGITaMgGs;enAkgrdsPaEdlmYyEpk
neCaKCyenH KW)anmkedaysarb:Ulis b:uEn CaBiesskedaysarRbCaRbiyPaBrbs;semcEdr.
GVIEdlRkmRbCaCneFVI)anseRmcpllenaH KWkarbgaj[BYkb:UlisdwgnUveQaHmnusSniymeqVg
TaMgGs; EdleRBaHxn)anlatRtdagCasaFarNkgryeBlnkareXasnae)aHeqatenHg.
enAeRkayeBlcb;TwkTImYyenH semc RBHneratm sIhnu Kan)anbgaj[eXIjGaFaRsy
bnicesaHkgCyCmHenH. RBHGg)antbeTAvijy:agsahavcMeBaHBYkkumyniskgeKalbMNgkuM[
BYkenH GacsEmgnUvtYnaTINamYykgRbeTsrbs;RBHGg. RbkarenHBMuRtwmEtkarBarGMNacpac;kar
rbs;RBHGgb:ueNaHeT b:uEn edayRBHGgxacERkgfa BYkkumynisTaMgenH EdlsitenAeRkambgab;BYk
kumynisevotNam begItCas<anmYysRmab;karvatTwkdIrbs;evotNam enAeBlGnaKt. m:ageTot
PBVsMNagrbs;semcmanCab;rhUt suIv ehg EdlCaGkRKb;RKgelIBYkkumynisExrTaMgGs; )ancUl
mkCYbnwgsemcCasmat; ehIy)anyl;RBmeFVICaPak;gar[RBHGgeTotpg. eRkaymk ehg )anbk
Rsay[dwgfa karEdlKat;e)aHbg;ecalbkSBYk BIeRBaHKat;KaneXIjplRbeyaCn_NamYy edIm,Ibn
karvayRbyuTTal;EtesaH eRkayeKlEdlkraCRtvdeNIm)anehIyenaH. kgGMLgbNaqaMcug
eRkayrbs;Kat;kgtMENgCaGKelxaclnatsU ehg )anpl;Btmany:ageRcIn sIBIBYkkumynisenA
tamCnbTEdlsitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;Kat;pal; nigBtmanepSgeTotEdlGnuBaat[ln; nl;
CaemTBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu kmat;RkmGktsUneya)ayCasmat;Gs;CaeRcInkgTUTaMg
RbeTs. enAeBlEdl ehg e)aHbg;bkSehIysMucuHcUlCacMhCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu enAqaM
1959 BYkkmaPi)al kumynisRbEhlekAsibPaKryenACnbT)anRtveKkemc. GkxHRtvsmab;
edayb:Ulisrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu GkxHeTotRtvcat;Tukfa )at;xn bsab; ehIymankxHeTot
edayPyxaceRKaHfak;dl;CIvitrbs;xn )annaMKart;eKceTAlak;xn BYnGataenATIkEngepSg.
dUecHmUldanrbs;BYkkumynisenACnbT )andYlrlMeRkamkarvaysMBgrbs;semc. vaenA
sl;EtRkm EdlenAqaydac;BIeKmYycMnYnrbs;RbCaksikr EdlesaHRtg;nwgbuBVehtukumynis
110
b:ueNaH b:uEn Kanrcnasm<nsRmab;erobcMBYkenaH[mandMeNIreLIgvijeT ehIykBuMsUv)anbegIncMnYn

smaCikrbs;eKEfmeTotEdr. sgamcitsasrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneFVI[esckIPy
xacekIneLIg EdlRKbdNb;Cab;enAtamCnbTnana. RBHGgminEdlRbkassgamedayecjmux
CamYyBYkkumynis minEdlbeBaj[dwgBIkare)aHbg;ecalbkSBYk nigkare)assmatBYkenaHmgNa
Tal;EtesaH b:uEn EbrCavayRbharBYkkumynisedaysat;eTAvij. kgTBnigb:Ulisrbs;RBHGg
)ansmab;BYkkumynisy:ageRcIn edayRBHGgKanTTYleFVIdwgB nigedayKan EdlbBanBYkenaH
eTA[tulakarkat;eTaseLIy KWvaBitR)akdCaGcwgEmn.semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ansRmbRBHkay
eTAtamdMeNIrerOg edIm,Icat;karedayRbeyal CamYynwgskmPaBRbqaMgkumynispal;rbs;RBHGg
nigedIm,IeCosvagbg CarUbPaBKanRtaRbNImYy[eKeXIjpg. bMNulQamecHEtekInx<s;eLIg
b:uEn vasitenAkgsPaBesmsat;enAeLIy. GMeBIhigSakayeTACameFa)aysmat; edIm,IseRmc
eKaledArbs;xn enAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu cab;epImdwknaM RbeTsCatikgzanCaRBH
mhakSRtkMBUl EdlRtv)aneRCIstaMgeLIgtamliTiRbCaFibetyBit.
\LvenHclnakumynisRtvEteFVI[)anseRmcpllenARkgPMeBj bRtvTTYlrgkarcuH
dundab. KWkgTIRkgenHehIy Edl saLt s QaneLIgCaGkmanzanx<s;CagbNasmmitrbs;xn
enaH. ParkiccaM)ac;dMbUgmYykgcMeNamParkiccaM)ac;dMbUgrbs;Kat; KWr:ab;rgeFVI[mankarrYbrYm
rvagRkmRbCaCn nigKNbkSRbCaFibetykgryeBlnkare)aHeqatqaM1955. eKenAnwkeXIj
fa Kat;Fab;)ancUlrYmkartak;Etglknik rbs;RkmRbCaCnEdredayeqteRbIR)as;eTBekasl
mYy EdlKat;enATIRkg):arIs. s )anpas;brcitKMnittaMgEtBIsmy EdlKat;)aneronenAGnuviTaly
beckeTsRkgPMeBjem:H ehIy\LvenHKat;)anbgaj[eXIjesckIGg;Gac nigPaBgayRsYlCaGk
beRmIRbeyaCn_rasvyekgmak;. Kat;eTIbnwgerobkarCamYy exov b:uNarI CabBavn RsImak; EdleK
eKarBrab;GankgmCdanKhbtIEfmeTot.
RkmRbCaCn)ansURTaMxaMmat;cMeBaHbraCyrbs;xnkgkare)aHeqat. BYkkumynis)anRbmUlpM
kicRbwgERbgTaMgGs;eTAelIkaEstepSgrbs;BYkeK Edlpynwgc,ab; ehIydwgfa GtrsnGtbT
rbs;eK)anTak;TajTwkcityuvCny:ageRcIn. BYkemdwknaMnKNbkSsgmrbs;semc RBHneratm
sIhnu KWPaKeRcInCaBYkGPirkSniymCan;cas; ehIyBYkkumynisdwgfa ebIsinCasemcmin {bnMsnwk
eqat} nigeFVITukbukemjebkCnrbs;xn BYkeKGacnwgmanekAGIxH enAkgrdsPafIenHminxan. semc
RBHneratm sIhnu kdwgxnBIerOgenHEdr ehIy)anRbjab;Rbjal;deNImykkmviFIneya)ay
111
nig\TiBlTak;Tajcitrbs;RkmeqVgniymeTotpg.
RBHGg )anepImeFVIkareXasnay:agbuinRbsb;mYy edIm,IekaBYkkumynisenAkgraCFanI nigTak;
Taj)anbNasm<nmitrbs;BYkeKenAelIqakGnrCatimkxagRBHGgvij. edIm,IeFVIkickarenH RBHGg
)anBwgEpkelImeFa)ayBImunmk19cg;dwgfa etIBYkmnusSniymeqVgTaMgenaHCaGkeshaCati bCa
{mitrbs;BYkevotmij}. bnab;mk RBHGg)aneFVI[mhaGMNackumynisbreTsTn;cit edayRBHGg
esITTYlsal; nigPab;cMNgTak;TgmitPaBCamYyRbeTsTaMgenaH edayGnuelameTAtamneya)ay
GBaRkwtrbs;RBHGgpg. ehtuenHehIy)anCaRBHGgbdiesFmincUlrYmkgGgkarsnisBaaGasuI
GaeKy_ehA esGatU EdlmanBYkGaemrikaMgRttRtaBIelIeLIy ehIyRBHGg)ancgPab;RbeTseTAnwg
eKalkarN_bBaasIla eKalkarN_snishviCmanTaMg5 EdlRbkaseLIgedaysnisITnbNa
RbeTsGasuI GahViknaTIRkg)an;Dug RbeTs\NensuI naqaM1955vij EdlRTg;kCaemdwknaMmak; kg
cMeNamemdwknaMTaMgLayEdleKTTYlsal;. [bBasIla 1kareKarBGFibetyPaB nigbUrN
PaBTwkdIeTAvijeTAmk 2karminRCtERCkkgkickarpkgrbs;RbeTsdT 3karminQanBanKa
4kareFVI[mansmPaB nigplRbeyayn_eTAvijeTAmk nig 5karrYmrs;edaysniviFI-kMNt;rbs;
GkbkERbRbl].
CakCnRkmeqVgniymenAraCFanI)anGYtekgkagfa)anCYytRmg;pvsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
eTArkCMhrGBaRkwtniymmYy b:uEn enAeBlEdlRkmenHEfgsresIrsemcCasaFarNenaH RBHGg
EbrCaRcanecalkarbeBaIcbeBaIrbs;BYkeKeTAvij. tamrybTvicarNkfaCaeRcIn EdlcuHpSay
kgkaEstnanarbs;semc)anecaTsYredaycg;dwgfa20 etIkarGbGrsresIrrbs;RkmRbCaCncMeBaH
neya)ayGBaRkwtrbs;RBHGgmanCab;Tak;TgeTAnwg{karRTRTg;rbs;breTs} EdlkMBugsitenABI
eRkayKNbkSenaHEdreT?. ehIyenAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu GbGrnwgkarsresIrrbs;
bNaRbeTskumynisenaH semckeFVI[Gksab;TaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgemIleXIjnUvPaB xusKarvag
{sucn}nRbCaCatinana dUcCaRbeTscinb shPaBsUevotCaedImnigGMeBIevock,t;nBYkkumynis
km<Ca.
karbdiesFmincUlrYmkgGgkaresGatUrbs;RBHGg Rtv)anTUTat;mkvijedaykarEfgsresIr
BIRbeTsevotNamxageCIgnigedaykarseRmccitrbs;RbeTscin Edlyl;RBmpl;CMnYyrbs;xnCa
elIkdMbUgmk[RbeTskm<CaenAqaM1956. shrdGaemrik )anbeBajRbtikmy:agxaMg. bNa
sm<nmitrbs;Gaemrik evotNamxagt,gnigf -)andak;TNkmRbeTskm<CaedaykarraMgxb;xagEpk
112
esdkic CabeNaHGasn EdlCakarRBmanRbqaMgnwgkarBRgwgCMhrGBaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGgrwtEt

xaMgeLIg. b:uEn semcbdiesFminRBmbeNay[RbeTsrbs;RBHGgsEmgtYnaTImYykgsgam
\NcinmYyeToteLIy eTaHCatUctackeday.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anerobcMcat;EcgeFVIkare)aHeqatedIm,IrkSaGMNac[Kg;vgSeday
pynwg g:U Dijeyom RbFanaFibtIevotNamxagt,g EdlminRBm[mankare)aHeqatTaMgGs; eRkay
kicRBmeRBg qaM1945 BIeRBaHKat;R)akdkgcitfa hU CImij nwgQHkgkare)aHeqatenaHCaminxan.
BYkevotNamxageCIg CamYynwgkaryl;RBmtamrbs;RbeTscinpg)ancat;TukCMhrGBaRkwtniym
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu fa CameFa)ayeFVI[seRmckickarsMxan; sRmab;buBVehtuRBHGg.
GBaRkwtPaBrbs;km<Ca )anCYysRmalkgVl;mhaGMNackumynisnanaenAGasuI EdlRBWxaccMeBaH
karekIneLIgnvtmaneyaFaGaemrikaMgenAkgtMbn;enH b:uEnk)anCYyeFVI[BYkkumyniskm<CaFak;eTA
kgkarbMePcecal EdlRbkarenHCaeKaledArbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu Edr.
semc KWCamnusSsMxan;mak; EdleFVI[eKRBy)armedayRBHGgFab;shkaredaysRKRBHTy
CamYynwgrbbRkgvIQI BYkhVasuIsCb:un bnab;mk CamYyBYkGaNaniKm)araMgCafImgeTot. \LvenH
RBHGg)anbgajelceLIg CaemdwknaMCatiniymnRbeTsttiyelakEfmeTot BIeRBaHenHCameFa
)ayedIm,IeRsacRsg;GMNac nigRbeTsrbs;RBHGg. GtItGkrYmshkarnwgsRtvenAeBlenH Rtv
)anRbCaCnERskGbGrsaTrkgmatuPUmirbs;RBHGg nigkgBiPBelakkgzanCanimitrUbnkraC
rbs;RbeTskm<CasmyTMenIb.
kgPUmiPaKGasuITaMgmUl buKl bRkmEdlmankitiysmYyEbbenaH -BYkkumynisenAevotNam
KNbkSsmaCenARbeTs\Na brbbraCaFibetyrbs;f EdlFab;raraMgkareFVIGaNaniKmrbs;BYk
GWr:ub- )anTTYlGtRbeyaCn_BIlkNRtwmRtvtamc,ab;mYy RKb)aMgBIelIGMeBI)abkmTaMgLay Edl
BYkeKFab;)anRbRBwt. kgTVIbGasuIeRkaysgam kraC)aneTACabBaasMxan;bMput ehIyraraMg {Gk
rMedaH}RbeTseTot kgkarrt;RbNaMgeq<aHeTArkeRKaHkMNacdFMbNal[hinehacCak;CaR)akd.
BYkkumyniskm<Cayl;eXIjfa eK)anlYckarbdivtmYy rbs;xnenAeBlEdlbNasmmit
evotNamrbs;eK EdleronsURtCamYyKaenARkg):arIs dUcCa egVg xak;evon CaedIm vilRtLb;mk
RkghaNUyvij nigcUlrYmkgkar{tsUrMedaHCati}CamYy hU CImij BYkkm<CakcakecjBITIRkg):arIsmk
matuPUmivijEdr. tamBaksmIpal;rbs;eKfa vaCa{PaBcEmk}mYyEpkneya)ayKW RbeTskm<Ca
kraCmYyRtvRKb;RKgdwknaMeday escGaTieTBmYyGg EdlRtveRCIstaMgeLIg {tamliTiRbCa
113
Fibety}. GIVEdlGaRkk;CaTIbMputenaH KWescGaTieTBGgenH)anGYtxnCaGksgmniym ehIyman

cMNgmitPaBCamYyrdkumynisCaeRcInenAGasuIeTot.
enAxNenH semc RBHneratm sIhnu dwgy:agR)akdBImeFa)ayedIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_
EbbNaBI]tmPaBrbs;xn. BYkGaemrikaMg nigBYk)araMg)anyl;RBmpl;mk[RBHGgnUvCMnYyxag
eyaFa nigesdkic EdlRBHGgRtvkarCacaM)ac; ehIyRbeTsCati)ansal;nUvPaBsm,rsb,aymYy
kRmittUcEdr. semcykRBHTyTukdak;karBarCMhrCaescGaTieTBEtmYyrbs;RBHGgy:aghYgEhg
kgcMeNamRbCaksikrTaMgLay RBHGg)aneRCIserIsBYkGkneya)ayenATIRkgedIm,I[QreQaH
CaebkCntMNagraskgTICnbTepSg ehIybBaak;fa GkTaMgenaHnwgminkayeTACaGkdwknaMCab;
rhUteT. tamrykarTak;TgCasarFaNepSg RBHGg)anjaMg[RbCaCnkm<CamYyPaKFM nig
BiPBelakeCOfa RbeTskm<Ca)ankayeTACazansYKGaBaRkwtniymlsatmYy.
kgsPaBrMeCIbrMCYlenAedImdMbUgnkraC semc RBHneratm sIhnu ehIyraCaFibetyenA
EtCaRKwHmYykgcMeNamRKwHTaMgLayrbs;RbeTsCatidEdl nigmandak;kgc,ab;rdFmnuBaEfmeTot.
RBHbrmraCvaMg enAEtCamCmNlrbs;sgmCati b:uEn KWsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigmehsIrbs;
RBHGgRBHnam m:Unik semc RBHneratm sIhnu CaGkmanzand]tg]tmCageK KWBuMEmnRBHmhakSRt
nigmhakSRtiyanICaRBHbitamatarbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu eT. m:ageTotsemc)anpl;R)ak;
]btmedaycitsb,rsdl;nimitrUbrbs;raCblgEdr Rkmr)aMRBHraCRTB RBHraCvaMg nigRBHraC
briBar raCsarmnIr kareFIVGnraKmn_kgerOgepSgenARKb;kEng rbs;RBHraCa )aneFVI[RBHGgdwgfa
man\TiBlxaMgNas;. semc RBHneratm sIhnu manmuxtMENgmYyEdlnwgeFVI[bMNgrbs;esc
esayraCmunRBHGgpuseLIgPammYyrMeBc KWekabkab;GMNacmYyTaMgRsugelIRbeTs edayKan
karCYyKaMBarBImhaGMNacbreTsmYy EdlcUlcitRttRtaelIeKeLIy.
KMnitbdivtn_rbs;BYkkumynis Rtv)ansakl,gy:agtwgEtgbMputkMLgsmykalenH dUcEdl
RbvtisasbkS)anbBaak;[eXIjCaPstagenAeBleRkaymkeTotEdr. munnwgfa emdwknaMpal;
rbs;eKcUldcUleCIgCamYynwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Casmat;enaH BYkkumynisekgenATIRkg
mankarlM)aky:agxaMgkgkarkMNt;kmviFI nigkarBarsnisuxemekayrbs;eKpg. BYkeK)anRbkan;
ykyuTsasFmtamYyKW{rNsirSrYbrYm}EdlRkghaNUyCaGkENnaM[eFVIedIm,IdeNImykGkman
smancitfIeTot tamryyuTnakareXasnaneya)aydTUlMTUlaymYyrbs;RkmniymeqVgEdlnwg
eFVI[semc RBHneratm sIhnu eTaTn;mkrkRkmniymeqVgvij. b:uEn semc)andwgBIsmtPaB nig
114
cMNg;cMNUlcitrbs;BYkKhbtIkgraCFanIc,as;las;. RBHGg)anraMgramin[RkmniymeqVg EdleK

sal;CasaFarN beRgnenAkgsalananarbs;rd EdlCaebHdUgrbs;RbeTskm<CaTMenIbeLIy.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu kdwgEdrfa EtmYyKt; EdlkgenaHRkmniymeqVgGaceRCIserIs
smaCikfIEfmeTot)an KWmCdanyuvCnEdlman]tmKtirbs;RbeTsCati. dUcenHehIy)anCa
RBHGgxb;pvmin[RkmniymeqVgcUlbeRgnkgsalarbs;rd edayRTg;RbwgERbgbMpaj\TiBlrbs;
BYkenHenAbreTseTotpg. RBHGg)anbnkarlubecalGaharUbkrN_rbs;rdaPi)alEdlpl;[nisSit
eronenAbreTssRmab;ehtuplxagneya)ay ehIykgsunrkfamYyeBlsem<aFnievsndanfImYy
sRmab;nisSitExrenATIRkg):arIs RBHGg)anRBmanBYknisSit[RbgRbyt RbqaMgnwg{kareXasna nig
menaKmviCabreTs} EdlCaemnaMGaTibgerOg CaBiesslTikumynisrbs;bsimRbeTs. RBHGg)an
eRkInrMBkfa krNIkicrbs;xnCaGkecHdwgeRCARCH KWRtv{eKarB]tmKtiCati}21rbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca
CMenOsasna nigRBHmhakSRtCa)avcnabIrbs;rdFmnuBaRbeTs nigGMNacrbs;semc RBHneratm
sIhnu.
ebITukCaRTg;)anGnuBaat[manesrIPaBmYyxagkare)aHBum<pSay EdlmanEtrUbPaBeRkAk
eday kRBHGg)anbRmgTuknUvsiTidak;TNkmBYkGkniBnGtbTepSg EdlRBHGgvinicyfa CaGtbT
EdlbMbHbMe)arRbqaMgnwgrdGMNac. GkkaEstdMbUgmak;kgcMeNamGkkaEstdMbUg EdlRtv
cab;xn KWbgRbsrbs; saLt s edayRKan;EtCab;KukmYyryeBly:agxIb:ueNaHsRmab;GtbTmYy
EdlkgenaHKat;)ansresrfaehtuGVI)anCasemc RBHneratm sIhnu yl;RBmTTYlCMnYyeyaFarbs;
GaemrikaMg. BYkyuvCnkumynisc,as;Cadwgfa kgkmaMgb:Ulisrbs;semcnwgeRbIR)as;erOgenH
edIm,IeFVI TukbukemjBYkniymeqVgdTeTot EdlenAdac;BIeKCaminxan.
b:uEn saxakumynisenAraCFanI)anbn{kartsUneya)ay} rbs;xnteTAeTotehIy)anebIk
viTalykCnrbs;xnpal;eQaH km<CbuRt edayman saLt s ehIyeRkaymk eGog sarI Camit
rbs;Kat;beRgnenATIenaHpg. BYknisSit)anRtvTak;TajcitedayRkmeqVgniymTaMgBIr ehIyBYk
kmkrTaMgLaykRtvdwknaM[sab;sunrkfarbs;BYkeKEdr. m:ageTot kgryeBlEdlsankarN_Fak;
enAkgsPaBGab;GYCaxaMgenaH BYkemdwknaMekgnclna )anBRgIkeTBekasl CaGkcat;EcgerobcM
GgkarnigviTasasmYykgkareFVI[clnasitenAKg;vgS EdlelceLIgsMxan;esIGayuCIvitteTAmux
eTot. BIqaM1955 dl;qaM1959 BYkeK)anRbwgERbgerobcMkmkr enAtameracRkmYycMnYntUc
RkgPMeBj edaydwgR)akdfa neya)ayesdkicrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu maneKaledAraMgxb;
115
karbegItvNGFnmYykgTIRkgTMenIb EdlGacbNal[mankarRClRcbl;epSg. kgvisyenH

BYkeK)anTTYleCaKCyxHCabeNaHGasn. enAqaM1956 BYkkmkrenARkmhunGKisnI nigTwkrbs;
TIRkgRBmTaMgGkeFVIkarenAeragcRk)arImYyrbs;RkmhunGaemrikaMg-Gg;eKs )anKMrameFVIkUdkm
TamTarR)ak;bMNac;[)anRbesIrCagmun nigkarkarBarnieyaCk eBlmaneRKaHfak;kgeBlbMeBj
kargarpg22. semc RBHneratm sIhnu nwksgSyBYkkumynisfa CaGksitenABIeRkaykUdkmenH
ehIy)anbBaa[eKvaybMEbkRkm)atukrEfmeTot.
tamGknaMBakmak;kgcMeNamGknaMBakrbs;RBHGg RTg;)anRbkasfa {RbeTskm<Ca minFab;
EdlmankUdkmTal;EtesaH bcb,nrdaPi)alKanbMNgGnuBaat[eFVIkUdkmrebobenHeT}23. dUecH
karb:HTgicEpksgmkicelIkdMbUgenARbeTskm<CaEdlkraC )anbBab;eTAedaykardkfymYyrbs;
BYkkmkr eRkayeBlEdlrdaPi)alminTTYlsal;siTeFVIkUdkmrbs;BYkenaH.
BYkkumynis)anTTYleCaKCyy:ageRcInCamYyBYkkmkrreTHePIg EdldwknaMeday Ekv mas
CaemdwknaMsmat; nigqatvagvmak;rbs;KNkmaFikarbkSTIRkgPMeBj. mas EdleKsal;faCa
smaCikrbs;RkmRbCaCnenaH KWCaebkCnEtmYyKt;rbs;RkmenHkgkare)aHeqatsRmab;rdsPaCati
enAqaM1958. tamTmab;rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )an[eKbBaak;snwkeqatbEnmeTA
kghibeqat ehIy Ekv mas RtvEtcaj;. edaykayeTACamnusSEdlGacRtvrgeRKaHfak; Kat;)an
rt;ePosxn eTAevotNamxageCIgeRkayenaHbnic edIm,IeKcBIkarcab;xnmYyEdlR)akdCaman
edayeFVI[clnaenH )at;bg;emdwknaMEdlmanbTBiesaFn_dkRmmak;. edayBit mas Fab;)anRbyuT
tsUkgkMLgsgam\NcinelIkTImYy ehIy)anbg[manTMnak;TMngepSgdlRbesIrenAkgraCFanI.
mqaM eRkaymkKat;)anvilRtLb;mkvijeday)anRtwmEtkan;tMENgmYy EdlminsUvsMxan;b:ueNaH.
GksgkEngKat; CaemdwknaMBYkkumynisenATIRkg nigCaGkTTYlxusRtveFVIkarTak;TgCamYyCnbTKW
saLt s nig eGog sarI EdlvilRtLb;mkPMeBjvijkalBIqaMmun KWqaM1957ehIycab;BIfenHeTA
GkTaMgBIr)ankan;kab;TItaMgmYy EdlGnuBaat[BYkeKeRbI\TiBlrbs;eKeTAelIRkmniymeqVgTaMgGs;
enARkgPMeBj.
TU samut GkTTYlxusRtvelIskmPaBTaMgGs;rbs;BYkkumyniskgTIRkgTaMgFMTaMgtUc minsUv
)ansitenAkgraCFanIb:unaneT. Kat;rs;enAtamCnbTEk,rRBMEdnevotNamCamYy suIv ehg Pak;gar
smat;rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlenATTYlemIlxusRtvtMbn;CnbTnanaenAeLIy. PaBEjk
XatBIKamankan;EteRCAeTArvagBYkkumynisenATIRkg nigclnakumynisEdlkMBugrkkldYlrlMTaMg
116
RsugenACnbT. yuTsasrbs;RkmRbCaCnRtvbraCy BYkkumynisenATIRkgPMeBj kbnyEdn

Rbtibtikarrbs;eKEdr rebobeRbIrUbPaBKNbkSneya)ayRsbc,ab; edIm,ICH\TiBleTAelIRbCaCn
enAkgRbeTsCatieXIjfa maneRKaHfak;xaMgNas;. eRkayqaM1958 BYkeK)anerobcMeFVIskmPaB
tamryclna nigkaEstKanc,ab;GnuBaatTaMgLayrbs;eKvij ehIycab;epImeRCtcUlkgrdaPi)al
y:agsat;.
edayeCOTukcitkan;EtxaMgeLIg semc RBHneratm sIhnu ElgRBy)armBIplvi)akepSg
EdlekIteLIgBIkareFVITukbukemj eTAelIBYkkumyniseRkApvc,ab;rbs;RBHGg nigmitPaBEdleTIbnwg
cab;kMeNItrbs;RBHGgCamYybNamhaGMNackumynisbreTseTotehIy. GMBIcMNuceRkayenH
RBHGgmankareRCIserIsmineRcIneT. eyom )ansEmgxneLIgCasRtvmak; ehIy)anbg]b,tiehtu
tUcCaeRcInenAtamRBMEdn Edltamkaryl;eXIjrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu fa enHCaEpkmYy
nEpnkarrbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,IGUsTajRbeTskm<Ca[Fak;eTAkgbriyakassgam EdlkrCarUbrag
eLIgenAevotNamxagt,g. semc)anBRgwgCMhrRbqaMgcRkBtirbs;RBHGgehIy )anedoletHkar
b:unb:gTaMgLayrbs;shrdGaemrik edIm,IRttRtaBiPBelakEfmeTot edayRTg;enAEtbnTTYlCMnYy
GaemrikaMgdEdl edIm,ITUTat;cMNaysRmab;kgTB nigeFVI[esdkicrbs;RBHmantulPaB.
KWsanPaBdlM)aksKsajenHehIy EdlelIktmRBHRbmuxrdrbs;km<Ca[manekreQaH
l,Il,ajCaGnrCati dUctYGg dun KIqut (don-quicchottesque) nigCaesc {Edlqab;ejacCageK} )andak;
smtinamRBHGgfa {escedIrelIExSBYr} mannyfa CamnusSerra mggakeTAeNHmggakeTAeNaH.
ekreQaHdl,Il,ajenH )aneFVI[BYkkumynisExr)at;bg;lTPaBTietonsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
CasaFarN. BYkkumyniskCaGkedIrelIExSBYrdUcKa. etIeKcat;TukmnusSmak; Edlyl;RBm
TTYlsal;saFarNrdRbCamanitcintampvc,ab; nigcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgBaNiCkmmYy
CamYyRbeTsevotNamxageCIgfa CaGkcRkBtiniym)anEdrbeT? BYkkumynis)anGHGagenAeBl
eRkaymkeTotfa KWBYkeKCaGkCMruj[semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rbkan;ykCMhrTaMgenH b:uEn
vaBuMsUvmanPstagsRmab;bBaak;dl;kareBalGagenHeT.
enAsmyenaH yuTikCnBIrrUbkgcMeNamyuTikCnCaeRcIn EdlmaneTBekaslSrbs;bkS
kumynis)ancUlrYmkgrdaPi)alrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu KW hU yn; EdlCaGksresrniekbbT
enAqaM1955 sIBIRbCaksikrExr nig hU nwm EdleRkaymk)ansresrniekbbTfak;bNitmYy eday
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117
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118
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119
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120
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121
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122
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124
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125
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126
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127
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128
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129
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130
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131
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pat edayTTUcfa etImitR)akdCacg;cUlrYmkgkartsUenAtMbn;CnbTEmnb?enAeBlEdl saLt s
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132
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bHe)arrbs;BYksisSviTaly)anpHeLIgenAedImqaM kgTIRkgmYyrbs;km<CaeQaHesomrab edayeK
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bgeLIgedaykar rMelaPbMBanrbs;mnIextPaBeXareXArbs;b:Ulis nigGMeBIBukrlYy)ankayeTAkar
briharRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu pal;. BYksisSviTaly)andutrUcftrbs;semcecal
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mak;)anRtvsab;. enARkgPMeBj nigenATIRkgepSgeTot BYksisSviTaly )anGMBavnav[eFVIkUdkm
samKImYy edIm,IsEmgkareKarBdl;bNamitrbs;eK Edlsab;enAesomrab. semc RBHneratm
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133
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134
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evotNamxagt,g )anbgaMgnUvkarykcitTukdak;TaMgGs;BIxageRkA ehIyBYksm<nmitkumynisrbs;
s )ancat;Tukfa karCYyeRCamERCgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu KWmansarsMxan;xaMgNas;.
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niym EdlmanevotNamxageCIg nigcinkan;EtmanGMBl;EfmeTot kgkarEfrkSacMNgmitPaBCamYy
135
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TItaMgrbs;xnenAtamCnbT CitRBMEdnrbs;evotNam eyom )anRtveKsmab;enARkgRBnKrEdr.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ankat;pac;minTTYlRKb;kmviFICMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMgPammYyrMrBc
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sBVavuFrbs;cin eqkUsv:aKI )anmkdl;RbeTskm<Ca b:uEn KWsRmab;semc RBHneratm sIhnu BuMEmn
sRmab;BYkkumyniseT. enAdMNak;kalenH saLt s nigsmmitTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;BiniteXIjfa eK
minRBmpl;CMnYyeyaFamk[xneTehIyRtvCMruj[paknUvKeRmagkarbdivtn_TaMgGs; eTaHbICaeKemIl
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nigbkSrbs;Kat;)ansitenAedayELkBIsgam\NcinelIkTI2enH. ehIyBYeKnwk)armfa bNasm<n
mitcin nigevotNamrbs;eK )ank,t;nwgbuBVehtukumynisenAkm<Ca edaye)aHbg;karbdivtn_km<Ca
ecal edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg;BYkevotNam.
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nImYy Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Rbkan;yk edIm,IRTRTg;CMhrGBaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGgrwtEt
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136
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karBarGBaRkwtPaB karlubbM)at;CMnYyGaemrikaMg karTTYlxusRtvrbs;rd cMeBaHRbCaCnTaMgGs;
xagvisyGb;rMnigsuxaPi)al. BYkmnusSxagRkmniymeqVg EdlFab;CYybegItbriyakaseyaKyl;
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Etmg ehIyRkmniymsaM)anxMRbwgeFVI[rbb semc RBHneratm sIhnu vinasbnicmgEdr.
enAeBlEdlBYkkumynisrMBkBIsmykalenHeLIgvij kgRbvtisassegbmYyrbs;bkSeK
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tsUrbs;Cati}[eKdwgBRKb;Ka EdlbgitbgM[semc RBHneratm sIhnu {bdiesFCMnYydmanBisBul
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sac;R)ak;EdlFab;CYyTb;Tl;fvikarbs;RBHGg kgryeBlCaeRcInqaMmkehIy. edIm,ITUTat;karxat
bg;enH RBHGg)ankat;bnyR)ak;\NTanepSg sRmab;kgTBEdlnaM[mankarGak;Gn;RsBn;cit
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kgkarbBaHtmTijRsUvBIRbCaksikr. rdaPi)alGacnwgbnlk;RsUveTAbreTsteTAeTot kgtmx<s;
137
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daMsRmab;EtciBawmRKsarrbs;eKb:ueNaH.
enAqaM1966 CaqaMEdlmankaee)aHeqatnItibBati semc RBHneratm sIhnu esIrEtRtvbgak;
min[eFVIGVIekItedaysRtvTaMgLayenAkg nigeRkARbeTs EdlkMBugRbyuTRbqaMgnwgRBHGg. kalBI
qaMmun RBHGgFab;)anTTYlerobcMeFVIsnisITRbCaCn\NcinmYyenAPMeBj eday)anGeBaIjrNsirS
rMedaHevotNamxagt,g rdaPi)alevotNamxageCIg nig):aeftLavkumyniskgzanCaGkcUlrYmEt
mak;g. RkmniymsaM BuMsb,ayrIkraynwgerOgenHeLIy. semc)anseRmcRBHTyminQmmux
ttaMgedayecjmuxeT ehIy)anRbkasCaelIkdMbUgfa RBHGgnwgElgcat;taMgebkCnpvkarrbs;
KNbkSsgm kgkare)aHeqateTotehIy.
CaelIkTImYyehIykgRbvtisasrbs;RbeTskm<CakraC EdlGkNa kGacQreeQaH
[eKe)aHeqatcUlkgrdsPaEdr. enHCakare)aHeqatEdlmantmbMput EdlRbeTsCatiminFab;)an
CYbRbTHesaHBImunmk ebkCnGPirkSniymEdlmanluyeRcIn )anedIrTijsnwkeqat ehIy)anTTYl
CyCmHy:agelIslb;mYykgmNle)aHeqatPaKeRcIn elIkElgEtmNlmYycMnYnecj EdlCn
kumynisbInak;)anCab;eqatcUlkgrdsPadEdl KW exov sMpn/ hUy yn; nig hU nwm EdlRtvCab;eqat
edaygayRsYlkgmNlCnbTrbs;Kat; ebITukCamankartameFVITukbukemjrbs;b:Uliskeday.
rdsPafIrbs;RkmniymsaM)anEtgtaMg ln; nl; [kan;tMENgCardmnITI1 nigpl;[RBHGg
mas; suIsuvti sirimt EdlCaKURbECgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nUvzanCamnusSTI2rbs;rda
Pi)al. ln; nl; enArkSaekreQaHmYyCaembBaakarkgTBRbkbedayeRKaHfak;mak; b:uEn enAman
esckIesaHRtg;cMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu. kb:uEn sirimt EdlRtvcat;TukCamnusSCitsiTnwg
BYkGaemrikaMgbMputenaH hak;dUcCamanlkNKMramkMEhgmYyy:agBitR)akdcMeBaH semc RBHneratm
sIhnu eTAvij.
semcenAEtCaRBHRbmuxrd b:uEn RBHGgRtvRbECgkgkarrt;RbNaMgmYy bBaasnwgRTnic
naLikaedIr. RBHGg)anerobcMbegItxuTkalyexacmYy EdlmansuTEtBYkGkneya)ayesaHRtg;
ehIy)ancab;epImBRgwgEfmeTotnUvGVIEdlRTg;)anRbkan;yk sRmab;CameFa)ayGacseRmc
138
lTpleRcInRbkarrbs;RBHGg KWmitPaBrbs;RBHGgCamYyBYkkumynisevotNam. edayeTarTn;

tamkarKabsgt;rbs;RkghaNUy RBHGg)anyl;RBmpl;siTi[BYkevotNamqgkat;RbeTsrhUt
dl;RkgRBHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu CakMBg;EpsmuRT EdlRBHGg)an[eKsabnaenAelImat;QUg
smuRTesom edIm,IraraMgBYkGaemrikaMg min[raMgxb;RbeTskm<Ca edaykareFVIGnraKmn_rbs;RbeTs
evotNamxagt,g EdlRttRtaTenemKg nigkMBg;EpPMeBj)aneLIy. BYkkumynisevotNam
Rtv)anGnuBaat[navapy GavuFrbs;eKcUlctenARkgRBHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu bnab;mkGavuF
TaMgenaH Rtv)andwktamLankaMmIj:gCaeRcIn rhUtdl;PaKxagekItRbeTskm<CaeTot. enAqaM1967
BYkevotNamxageCIg)anerobcMrYcCaeRsc nUvkarvaylukeBlbuNcUlqaMcin-yYnenAqaMbnab; KWqaM
1968. ebIsinCa{karbHe)ar}Edlsna )anseRmceCaKCy semc RBHneratm sIhnu kElg
)armBIkareFVIGnraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMgEdr. sgamnwgcb;eTAkgnamnCyCmHmYyrbs;kumynis.
semc)ancat;taMg[ ln; nl; GKembBaakarTBrbs;RBHGgCaGkRttBinitelIkardwkCBan
eRKgsBVavuFTaMgenaHBITIRkgRBHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu eTAevotNamxagt,g. ln; nl; )ankat;
ykmunnUvGavuFmYycMnYnFMedaymankaryl;RBmBIBYkevotNamxageCIgpg CatmnkiceFVIshRbti
btikarrbs;Kat;. tamPaBTMngCaBit BYkevotNam)anpl;[nUvbrimaNGavuFeRcInCagGavuF EdlKat;
)anTTYlBIRbeTscineTAeTot. CakCn ln; nl; )ansEmg[dwgBIkarPyxacrbs;Kat;fa BYkkumy
nisevotNamman eKalbMNgcUllukluyRbeTskm<Ca kalebIBYkeKTTYl)anCyCmHenAPaK
xagt,g dUecHKat;KitEt eFVIy:agNa[kgTBrbs;Kat;manGavuFyuTPNRKb;RKan;sin kgRBwtikarN_
EdlGacekItmanCayfaehtuenH.
KNrdmnIrbs; ln; nl; )anriHrkestRKb;Ebby:ag CamYynwgkarGnuvtn_edIm,IeFVI[kmviFI
neya)aykgRbeTsrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu eTACarbs;EdleKminRtvkar. kalBIqaMmun
brimaNRsUvnaMecjCitBIrPaKbI )anrbUtputBIkarbg;BndFn;Frrbs;rdaPi)al tamrykarlk;dUr
minRsbc,ab;CaeRcIn mYyEpkFM KWlk;eTA[BYkkumynisevotNam. ln; nl; )andwgerOgenHy:ag
c,as; BIeRBaH b:Ulisrbs;Kat;)anpl;BtmanBIkarlk;dUrTaMgenH. Kat;)anxitxMraMgxb;bBaaenH min
RtwmEtedIm,IeFVI[sac;R)ak;hUrcUlfvikaCatib:ueNaHeT b:uEn kedIm,IbnrcMNgepSgrbs;km<CaCamYy
BYkkumynisevotNam.
bnab;mk rdaPi)al)anEkERbebobRKb;RKgkgkarRbmUlRsUv RbCaksikrEdlrkSaTukpl
RsUvmYycMENkrbs;Kat; nwgRtvbgitbgM[lk;RsUvCUnrdaPi)altamtmpvkarmYy eRkamkarKMram
139
kMEhgedaycugGavuF EdlenAEtefakdEdl37. edIm,IeFVI[R)akdRbCakgkarGnuvtbTkBaaKat; ln;

nl; )anpas;brmnIrdkarextTaMg b:unan EdlEtgtaMgeday semc RBHneratm sIhnu ecjTaMgGs;
edaydak;mnusSpal;rbs;Kat;CMnYsvij.
embBaakarTBrUbenH min)anbgarTukCamuncMeBaHRbtikmxaMgkaRbqaMgnwgrebobRKb;RKgfIkg
{karRbmUlRsUv}enHTal;EtesaH. ext)at;dMbg EdlenAeBlenaHCaCRgkRsUvrbs;RbeTs )an
kayeTACaeKaledAsMxan;bMputkgyuTnakarRbmUlRsUvenH.ln; nl; Fab;eFVICaGPi)alextenHkalBI
smysgam \NcinelIkTI1 ehIyKat;sal;Rbvtirbs;extnigdwgnUvGVI EdlRkmniymeqVg nigBYk
GkCatiniymFab; eFVIskmPaBenATIenHc,as;Nas;. ln; nl; )anbgab;bBaa[Tahanrbs;Kat; ykcit
Tukdak;[RbCaksikrenAext)at;dMbg lk;RsUvCUnrdaPi)al ehIyminEmnlk;[BYkkumynisevotNam
eT. BYkGkmanRsUv)anrwgTTwg mineFVItameLIy eRBaHBYkevotNam)an[fRsUvelIsBItmrdkMNt;
BIrdg. PamenaH enAkgextmanelcecjesovePAesIgCaeRcIn EdleFVI[eKcab;GarmN_fa BYk
kumynisCaGktak;EtgeLIg. esovePAesIgTaMgenaH )anGuCGal[RbCaksikrbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYk
Tahanrbs; ln; nl; ehIyRbCaksikrxH )anGMBavnav[plrMlMrbbenHEfmeTot.
bBaaCak;EsgnkmviFIrbs;BYkkumynisenAqaM1960 KWkarKansmtPaBrbs;eKkgkarriHrk
meFa)ayepSg EdlsMxan;esIGayuCIviteedIm,IekNRbmUlksikrTaMgenH. kgPaKeRcInntMbn;
epSg karlM)akrbs;RbCaksikr TamTar[manEkTRmg;edaykarbdivtn_mYy dUcEdlBYkbBaavn exov
sMpn/ hU yn; nighU nwm Fab;)anBnl;EvkEjkkgsadRsavRCavKat;dUecaHEdr. ehIysemc
RBHneratm sIhnu )ansakl,gGnuvtn_karEkTRmg;TaMgenH edaybegItRbBnshkrN_mYyrbs;
rdaPi)alEdlr:ab;rgpl;\NTanmYy[RbCaksikrxI edayykkarR)ak;efak. b:uEn dUckarepImKMnit
sgmniymepSgeTotrbs;semcEdr shkrN_enH)anFak;eTAkgkNab;dBYkkariyaFibety
EdlKan smtPaB nigEdlBukrlYyeTAvijehIyvakkayeTACabraCymYy.
kareRCIserIsykext)at;dMbg sRmab;yuTnakardsMxan;kgkarRbmUlRsUvenaH )anekItman
eLIgedayBYkkumynismin)andwgxnCamuneLIy. enHCaextEtmYyKt; EdlPaKeRcInCageKn
RbCaksikrExr minsRmbxneTAtamkleTs ehIyEdlksikrTaMgLaysitenAeRkamGMNacn
mas;kmsiTidIFIFM. eRkaysgamelakelIkTI2 karkan;kab;mgmal rbs;f)anRtvbBab; ehIy
ext)at;dMbg)anRtvbg[manRbCaCneLIgvij edayBYkGkcMNUlfI KWBYkGkEdl)anTijdIERs
cmardFMlVwgelVIy ehIyEdl)anTajykplkRmBIdITaMgenaHedayCYlRbvas;[RbCaCnenATIenaH
140
EdlRtvRbKl;ePaKplrbs;xncMnYnBak;kNalmk[mas;dITukCa{karR)ak;} b {QldI}. BYkGk

cMNUlfITaMgenH suTEtBYkExreRkam Edlrt;eKcBIsgamenAevotNamxagt,g ehIy)anmktaMgTI
lMenAkgextenHcMnYnrab;Ban;nak; ehIyEdlBYkeKRtveFVIkarRbkYtRbECg CamYynwgksikrenAmUldan
enaHxagdIFI nigkargar. ehtudUecHehIy)anCamankareQaHRbEkkKarvagRbCaCnEdlrs;enA
enAtMbn;enaHCaerOy.
tamkarBit bkSrbs; saLt s nig nYn Ca BuMEmnCaGktak;EtgRbePTesovePAesIgmYyQut
dMbUgenaHeT esovePAenH KWEtgsresredayGgkarkumynisenAmUldanenaH EdlrYmmansmasPaB
CaGtItGkRbyuTkgsmysgam\NcinelIkTI1 esIrEtTaMgGs; EdlbnSl;Tuk[enAnwgkEng edIm,I
RTRTg;clna manCIvitteTAeTot. saLt s )anTUnan[mankarRbgRbyt b:uEn BYkkumynis nig
RbCaksikrmUldanenaH mineCOBIRbsiTiPaBnkarGt;Ft;eLIy. BYkeK )anseRmceFVIskmPaBy:ag
eXaeXARBmKaEtmg.
rdaPi)al)anbBankgTBy:ageRcIn edIm,IeTARbmUlRsUvGgr bNal[ekItman]b,tiehtutUc
EdlekIteLIggCaeRcIn ehIykgTBxH)anRtveKvayRbhar. enARkgPMeBj exov sMpn )ankab;
Cab;bBaaenH ehIy)anerobcM)atukmmYy edm,IbgitbgM[rdaPi)al ln; nl; bBab;karRbmUlRsUv
niglaElgBImuxtMENg edaysarkMhusEdlKat;)anRbRBwt. enHCaKMnitepImdkahanGsarmYy
ehIy sMpn keRtmTTYlkarsgswkvijEdr. pyeTAvij karsgswkenH)anelcecjBIRbPBmYy
dKYr[PJak;epIlmYy KW semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTmak;eTaseTAelI exov sMpn rYmTaMg hU yn; nig hU
nwm pg edayecaTRbkan;fa CaGksitBIeRkayxgkarRcbUkRcbl;epSgenAext)at;dMbg.
enAsmymYy karriHKn;CasaFarNrbs;semc Fab;)an bgM[GkTaMgbIsMulaElgBImuxtMENg
mgrYcmkehIy. elIkenHBYkeK)anseRmccitenAesommineFVIGVITaMgGs; edIm,Isakl,gcg;dwgBIehtu
EdlnaM[RbCaCneCOsemc RBHneratm sIhnu ehIyBYkeK)anQHsemcEmn. BYkeKenArkSaekAGI
kgrdsPaCatidEdl kgeBlEdldMNagrasBIrnak;eTot EdlTTYlxusRtvkgkarRKb;RKgexteday
pal; Rtv)anbeNjecjBIrdsPa. mUldanGMNacEdleRTteRTatrkkl;nwgrlMdYlrbs;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;Rtv)anbriharRBmKaedayRkmniymsaM nigRkmniymeqVg bnab;BIsemc
eFVI[Pat;estEtmgKt;. m:ageTot edayvayRbharTaMgqgeTAelIRkmniymeqVg semc RBHneratm
sIhnu )anraMgramin[RkmenHCYyRBHGg[sitenAkgGMNaceLIy. ehIykartjEtrepSgrbs;
RBHGg EdlmaneRkaymkeTot )an[sBaafa Kan)ankarGVITaMgGs;edaysarRkmniymeqVgbg[
141
RBHGgbraCy.
karpHerOgBitR)akd )anekItmaneLIgy:agqab;rhs. kgeBlRBlwmGurfTI2 Exemsa qaM
1967 TahanBIrnak; EdlkMBugcat;EcgRbmUlRsUv)anRtveKlYcsmab;enAsMLtkgext)at;dMbg.
BYkGkPUmiEdlcUlrYm kgRbtibtikarenH )andeNImykGavuFBITahanEdlsab;edayesckIkahan
y:agemaHmut ehIy)anvilRtLb;mkkEngdEdlvij enAeBlresolCamYyGavuFbEnm nigbda
CaeRcInEdlsresrefaleTasrdaPi)al ln; nl; nigcRkBtiniymGaemrikaMg. BYkeK)anRtvRbCa
ksikrCaeRcIneTotmkcUlrYmCamYyeTot ehIyenAeBlEdlmnusSRbEhl 200nak; CYbCuMKa BYkeK
)anedIrtRmg;eTAkan;mNlnItikm brd)alCnbTmYy ehIyvaykemcbMpajTIenaHrabdl;dI.
edayKanGVIEdleFVI[RBy)arm BYkeK)anbneFVI)atukmteTAeTot edayeFVIkarvaylukbnaykgrkSa
exteTotpg.
mBIrqaMeRkay karedIrcUlRkghaNUyRbkbedayeCaKCyrbs; hU CImij nigkarEfgRbkas
BICyCmHnkarbdivtn_ExsIharbs;evotmij karbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuFrbs;BYkkumynis)an
cab;epImenARbeTskm<CaEdr.
dMNwgnRBwtikarN_epSgenAsMLt )anlan;BeTAdl; saLt s Edlrs;enAPaKxagekItkm<Ca
Ek,rRBMEdnevotNam CaTIEdlKNkmaFikarmCimbkS)ane)aHTItaMgeFVIkarenATIenaH. CafImgeTot
BYkkumynis)an bBaak;fa BYkeK)anvaytmxusGMBIskanuBlbdivtn_rbs;km<Ca b:uEn mgenH
bkSmanGtiPaB ehIyelIkenHBYkemdwknaMrbs;xnkRbgeRbbqgeTAdMNak;kalbnab;CaeRscEdr
KWkartsUedayGavuFRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
enARkgPMeBj smaCikrbs;bkSbInak; Edlrs;enAkgraCFanIenaHGaceBIbRbTHeRKaHfak;y:ag
FM. fTI22 Exemsa semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anecaTRbkan; exov sMpn/ hU yn; nig hU nwm
CasaFarNfa )anjHjg;[ekItGMeBIbHe)arenAsMLt ehIy)anKMramdak;GkTaMgbI[tulakarswkCMnuM
CRmHeTaseTotpg. BIrfeRkaymk exov sMpn nig hU yn; )ancakecjBIraCFanIedaybnMlak;xnkg
rTHeKarbs; RbCaksikrkgsPaBGUGrRThwgGWugGab;naeBlferobGsgt. hU nwm )anrs;enAkgRkg
PMeBjrhUtdl;ExkBaa edIm,IXaMemIlrdaPi)al bnab;mk bkSvinicyfa rUbKat;kRtvmaneRKaHfak;dUcKa
ehIyKat;keKcxnrt;cUlRBedaysat;kM)aMgEdr.
eRkaym ln; nl; )anGHGagfa mnusSTaMg3nak;enHRtv)aneKsmab;ecalTaMgGs;. enAeBl
EdlelcmuxeLIgvijkgzanCaemdwknaMExrRkhm eK)anehAGkTaMgefa {bisacTaMgbI}. BYkeK)an
142
edIrtYnaTImYykgerOgeTvkfarbs;km<CasmyTMenIb.
bkSetagEtekNRbmUlkmaMgrbs;xnedayqab;rhsbMput. pat CacMENkmYynRkmdMbUg
EdlCaGkeprTIbBaakarRkmynisBItMbn;xagekIt EdlGacRtveKvayRbhareTAtMbn;RBPMBi)akcUl
dl;enAPaK|sanvij. kgzanCakgkarBar pat )anbMeBjmuxgarCanirsarvagTIbBaakardan nigRkg
PMeBjEfmeTot. enAExkda Kat;)anGmkarBar saLt s enAkgextrtnKirI ehIyKWBIRBPMRkMfTaMgenH
ehIy EdlBYkkumynisepImkarbdivtnmYy edayKanCYyKaMRTBIbNasm<nmitbreTsNamYyesaH
ehIymankarKaMRTmYyy:agexSaybMputenAeBldMbUgkgcMeNamksikrTaMgLay EdlBYkeKR)afa
rMedaHmuneK.
karsitenAkgvalTMnab KWRbfuyRbfan[semc RBHneratm sIhnu gayRsYlcab;xnbMput.
R)akdehIy semc)anseRmcRBHTypnaeTasksikrTaMgLayEdlbHe)arRbqaMgnwgRBHGg.
neya)ayminsRmbsRmlrbs;RBHGg )anrujRcansemceTArkcMNucmYy EdlKanvilRtLb;
eRkay)an. edayGnuBaat[BYkevotNamxageCIgeRbIR)as;kMBg;EpRkgRBHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
eBjFwgenaH semc)ankat;fk,alBYkkumynis nigBYkGkbHe)arkm<CaTaMgGs; ehIysnapl;rgVan;
y:ageRcInCafrnwgPUmibHe)arnImYy EdlRtvkemceTACaepHpg;eTotpg28. RBHGg)anbBaa[kgTB
eCIgeKak nigeCIgGakas BTedjtam BYkGkbHe)ar nigvayRbhartMbn;CnbTTaMgGs; EdleKcat;Tuk
fa lMeGogeTArkkarbHe)ar.
ynehaH Edlpl;[edayBYkcinCaeRcIneRKg Rtv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;sRmab;Tmak;RKab;Ebk
elIPUminana EdleKsgSyCaPUmibHe)ar. kaMePIgrbs;cin EdlRbKl;[ ln; nl; edayBYkevotNam
CafrnwgsiTiqgkat;tamRkgRBHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu enAeBlenH)anRtveKykeTAeRbIedIm,I
vayRbharBYkkumynisvij EdlBYkevotNamdEdlenH Fab;)aneRCIserIskalBImqaMmun edIm,IeFVI
bdivtn_enARbeTskm<Ca. eK)anedatk,al{sRtv}elIbegalCaeRcIn. sgamRbqaMgnwglTikumy
niskm<CanwgeFVI[semc RBHneratm sIhnu Cab;rvl;rhUtmkdl;f EdlrdaPi)alrbs;RBHGgRtv)an
plrMlM bIqaMeRkaymk edayrdRbharmYyrbs;RkmniymsaM.
saLt s nigbkSrbs;Kat;)anseRmccitfa BYkeKBuMmankareRCIserIsNaepSgeTot eRkABI
erobcMxneFVIsgameLIyebIsinCaBYkeKcg;bneFVIxn[maneQaHCaGkbdivtn_. ebImindUecaHeTGk
dTeTotdUcCamnusSxagRkmniymsaMEdlkMBugKaMRT sWg g:ukfaj; CaedIm ehIyEdl\LvenH)an
TTYlR)ak;kasBIes>GuI>Ga> nwgcUlkan;kab;kEngcMh bkEngTMenr ehIynwgbMBak;GavuF[RbCaksikr
143
minxan. GaRsyehtuenH BYkkumynis)anseRmccitbeBajnUvesckIGMBavnavmYy [eFVIkartsU

edayGavuFebITukCabNasm<nmitrbs;eKTUnan[mankarecHRbmaN kuMRbRBwtRClhYsehtukeday.
ehIy s )andwgedayCak;lak;fa bkSrbs;Kat;etagEtRbyuTtsUEtkgb:ueNaH. BIrqaMmun KWenA
qaM1965 s Fab;)aneFVIdMeNIrCasmat;mYyeTARkgha NUy nigeb:kaMgedIm,Isabsg;TwkcitbNa
sm<nmitrbs;Kat; nigbgajxnKat;[eKsal;kgzanCaGKelxabkSkumyniskm<Capg. Kat;)an
RtvGmdMeNIreday eGog sarI rYmCamYy eGog FIriT pg ehIytamPstag CaeRcInfa BYkeKRtv)an
TTYleFVIbdisNarkicy:agrak;Tak;kgrdFanITaMgBIrenH. b:uEn vtmanrbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKrkSaTukCa
smat; ehIyeK)anniyayENnaM[Kat;rg;caMeBlevlasmRsbsin edIm,IepImkarbdivtn_rbs;Kat;KW
eBlevlaEdlvanwgmineFVI[maneRKaHfak;dl;bdivtn_rbs;evotNampgnigLavpg.kgeBlCamYyKa
enaH RbeTsevotNamnigcin)anRbwgERbgEsVgrkkarKaMBarepSgBI semc RBHneratm sIhnu.
shPaBsUevotkBuMGac[eKcat;TukfaCaGkKaMBardmanskanuBlmYy)anEdr edaysarxneFVI[xUcTwk
citkareFVIbdivtn_edayGavuF eRBaHsmyenaHCasmyn {karrYmrs;edaysnishviCman} kMBugman
\TiBlxaMgkabMput. tamsmIrbs; eGog FIriT39 )an[dwgfa GtRbeyaCn_sMxan;bMputnkareFVIdMeNIr
enHKWpl;Btman[Rkgeb:kaMgdwgfabkSmYyrbs;km<CaEdlkraC)anekIteLIgehIy ehIyBuMEmnCa
saxaExrmYyrbs;bkSkumynis\NcinenaHeT.
vaTMngCaGacfa RBwtikarN_epSgenARbeTscinkgqaM1967 )anedIrtYnaTImYykgkarseRmc
citrbs;BYkkumynis edIm,IRbkassgamedayecjmuxRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
enAExsIha qaM1967 BYkqaMRkhmnkarbdivtn_vb,Fm)andeNImkan;kab;TIsIkarrdmnIRksYgkar
breTs ehIy)anRbkan;ykBakesakfa {karbdivtn_ Kit niyay eFVIRtvCanic} edIm,IdwknaMneya)ay
breTsrbs;cin. RbvtiviTUmak;vaytmfa{edaysat;kM)aMg BYkkumyniskm<CaRbEhlCaRtvCYy
KaMRT nigelIkTwkcitedayBYkGkTaMgLay EdlenAeBlenaHCaGkkac;cgtneya)aykarbreTsrbs;
RbeTscin40.
ebIsinCamankrNIenHEmn karKaMRTenHkmanryeBlxIEdreRBaHfaeRkayBI)andeNImkan;kab;
neya)aybreTsrbs;RbeTsKat;eLIgvij CUeGnLay )anpl;nUvkarRTaMRTrbs;Rkgeb:kaMgeBjFwg
cMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu CafI. CUeGnLay )anbM)at;]bsKepSg EdlbgeLIgedayBYkqaM
RkhmkgTMnak;TMngTaMgLayCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu bnab;mkKat;)anbgaj[eXIjBIsuqn
rbs;RbeTscin edaycab;epImpl;CMnYyeyaFamk[semcEfmeTot. ehIyenAExmkra qaM1968
144
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146
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eTot eTAelICnCatiPaKtic.
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147
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148
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149
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150
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exov sMpn ecalTaMgGs; ehIy)anbegInsgamRbqaMgnwgBYkkumyniskm<Cakan;EtxaMgkaeLIg eday
Tmak;eTasRBmKaeTAelI{TICRmk}TaMgLayrbs;BYkevotNamEfmeTot.
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151
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mR)aMqaMkngeTA taMgBIeBlEdlKat;beBajsmtPaB[eKsal;kgkRmitCati faj; )anqgkat;BICMhr
niymkNalmkrkCMhrniymsaMvij b:uEn Kat;minEdlbrTsSncMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
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Kat;enAevotNamxagt,g CaTIEdlKat;)aneRCIserIsBYkExreRkam[cUleFVITahany:ageRcIn edIm,I
vayRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYkkumynisevotNampg nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu pg. edaymanBYk
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152
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evotNamTaMgRsug EdlkgTBkumynisevotNameK)anRbgeRbbcUlRbLkkgkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwg
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segaHRbeTsrbs;xn[rYcputBIeRKaHfak; {Edlkituiys nigPaBffrFab;RtveKbgab;began
mak;gay ehIyEdlFab;ekgRbvBa sgt;sgin emIlgayemIlefakGs;ryeBlCaeRcInstvtSr_mk
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desaHRtg;)anemIleXIjfa eRkayeBlcb;sgam xnKat;pal;kdUcGkEdlFab;EteFVItamkarENna
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153
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Exr. stVenH)anmanmuxenAeBlRbeTskm<Cacab;kMeNIt ehIybnab;mk )anTTYlrgbnkRttBinit
emIlcrnTwkTenemKgeTot. kgerOgeRBgniTanstVRkeBI s CaGkkMNt;GBtehtuRbcaMqaMEdleFVI[
TwkTenhUrRcasTiskman. stVenHbgajxnEtenAeBlNaEdlRbCaCnkm<Ca)anmkdl;pv RtELg
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ekAnaeBlresolfTI18 ExmIna qaM19701 RbFanrdsPaCatikm<Ca )anEfgtamviTrdaPi)alnUv
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154
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bniymkNaldTeTot EdlRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
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EdlCajatisnannwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu b:ueNaHEdlenAesaHRtg;nwgRBHRbmuxrd. semc
RBHneratm sIhnu RtvRbQmmuxnwgkarERkgrEGgeTAfmux EdlGackayxneTACaRbePTbuKlmak;
EdlmanEteQaH b:uEnKanGVITaMgGs;. RKb;EpkTaMgGs;nrdaPi)al )aneFVIRcas;nwgkmviFITaMgLay
rbs;RBHGgTaMgGs;. RKb;Ka)anbgaj[eXIjkarxwgmYem:AkgcitcMeBaHRBHGgpal;.
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156
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dak;lkxNbI siTisRmab;BYkcin edIm,Ibnpt;pg;BYkkumynisevotNamedayqgkat;tamdIExr kar
GnuBaat[BYkkumynisevotNamrkSaTukmUldannanarbs;eKkgTwkdIkm<CateTAeTot nigkarCYyKaMRT
BYkkumynisevotNam tamryesckIEfgkarN_epSgrbs;rdaPi)alkm<Ca.
m:ageTot enAkalbriecTEdlyWtRkmkdl;enH BYkcin)ancat;Ecg{Bnar} karbdivtrbs;
km<CaEfmeTot edIm,ICYykarbdivtrbs;evotNam nigrkSaTukrNsirScin-evotNammYy sRmab;
ttaMgnwgshrdGaemrik. BYkcinRbgeRbbk,t;nwgBYkkumyniskm<CaCaeRsc edIm,IeFVI[BYkGaemrikaMg
braCyCasaBr enARbeTsevotNam. b:uEn karTamTarTaMgb:unanrbs;cin )anRtvRkgPMeBjbdiesF
ecalTaMgGs;.
karvayRbyuTKaCaeRcIn)anpHeLIgPammYyrMeBckg {TICRmk} TaMgLayrbs;evotNam.
158
kgTBrbs; ln; nl; )anepImvayRbharkgkarsakl,gCanimitrUbmYy edIm,Iedjkmat;BYkevotNam

kgesckIsgwm\t)ankarfa BYkenaHnwgdkfyeTAvij edayminRbyuTtbteLIy. b:uEn eKkMBug
sitenAkgqaM1970 ehIypvlM hU CImij kan;EtmanRbeyaCn_xaMgeLIg sRmab;BYkevotNam Edl
mankgkPaBCaeRcInRbgnwgvaybkmkvijCaeRsc. RbEhlCaedaykarCYyTak;Tgrbs;shrd
GaemrikenaHehIy ln; nl; )anehABYkevotNamxagt,g[mkCYy ehIyenAcugExmIna kgTB r:g;ehS
(Rangers) rbs;evotNamxagt,gbIkgvresnatUc )anmkcUlrYmCamYykgTBrbs;km<Ca edIm,IeFVIkar
vayluk {TICRmk} mYyrbs;BYkevotkugcmaybIKILEm:Rt xagkgTwkdIExr. enAExemsa BYkkumynis
evotNam)ancab;dMeNIrkarvayRbhar dac;edayELkKaCaeRcInRbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs; ln; nl; Edl
enAqayBIRBMEdnKWkgPaKxagt,g nigPaK|sanRbeTs enAEk,rTIRkgPMeBjEfmeTot.
RkghaNUy)anRbkasfakm<CaElgCaRbeTsGBaRkwteTotehIy edaysMGagCaPstagGMBI
kicRBmeRBgEdl)anseRmceFVIeLIgrvag ln; nl; nigRbeTsevotNamxagt,g. RbeTskm<Ca )an
cUlRbLkkgsgamenHy:agskm ehIyBYkevotNamxageCIgyl;eXIjfa xnmansiTieBjeljkg
karvayRbhartbeTAvij.BYkeK)ancab;epImeFVIkarvaysRmkeTAelIkgTBrbs; ln; nl; EdlsitenA
ray):aydac;BIKa ehIykgTBevotNamcMnYn mYyryhasibnak; )anvaykan;kab;TIRbCuMCnsag
RsukekaHFM extkNalkgryeBlbIf. enAcugExemsaBYkcin)anekaHRbCuM {snisITkMBUlmYyrbs;
RbCaCn\Ncin {enATIRkgkg;tug edIm,IbRgbbRgm semc RBHneratm sIhnu BYkGktMNagExrRkhm
BYkkumynisevotNam nigLav [mUlRtkUlKa. GkcUlrYmsnisITTaMgGs;)anRbkasfa cab;BIeBl
enHeTA BYkevotNam KWCa{sm<nmit}rbs;emdwknaMRsbc,ab;rbs;RbeTskm<Ca KWsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu.
enAeBlEdlBYkcinbegIt[mansm<nPaBepSg nigerobcMeFVIsnisITkMBUlrbs;RbCaCn\Ncin
shPaBsUevot RtveKpat;ecal[enAdac;edayELkEtg. kgeBlEdlBYkcinTamTartYnaTICaGk
sRmHsRmlsMxan;bMput edIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;karbdivtenA\NcinenaH BYksUevotEbrCaRbkan;
ykyuTsasmYyxusEbkBIKaTaMgRsug. GcwgehIy )anCaBYkeKminRBmpac;karTak;TgCamYy ln;
nl; ehIyenArkSaTuksanTUtrbs;xnenAPMeBj eBjrynsgameTot. BYkExrRkhm)anbk
RsayBI\riyabfenHfa Cakaryl;RBmrbs;sUevotGMBIyuTsasmYyrbs;evotNam enA\Ncin
EdlmincuHsRmgnwgBYkeK.
enAExmInaqaM1970ln; nl; )anesI[GgkarshRbCaCatikMNt;faBYkkumynisevotNamCa
stVRkeBI s
159
GkQanBanRbeTskm<Ca b:uEn GgkarshRbCaCati)aneqIytbmkvijfa karbwgpl;BIerOgenH KW

RtvbBaneTA[KNkmaFikarEdlbegItedaysnisITRkghSWENvqaM1944 eTIbRtwmRtvCag.
meFa)ayedaHkuntampvc,ab;enH )anbgaj[eXIjnUvPaBTal;RckmYy. kalBIqaMmun KWqaM1969
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anbBab;GaNtiKNkmaFikarenH Elg[manenAkm<CateTAeTot KWBIrEx
bnab;BI)ancuHkicRBmeRBgGnuBaat[BYkevotkugtaMgmUldanCaeRcInenAkgTwkdIExr2.
bnab;BI)anTTUcsuMGgkarGnrCatinanaGs;ryeBlBIrs)ah_rYcmk ln; nl; )aneFVIkarGMBavnav
CasaFarN[RbeTsTaMgGs;CYykmat; {lTikumynisevotNam} pg. enAfTI30 Exemsa rda
Pi)alGaemrikaMg nigevotNamxagt,g)aneqIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH edaycab;epImeFVIkarqk;vay
lukkgRTg;RTayy:agFMmYy RbqaMgnwg{TICRmk}nana rbs;BYkkumynisevotNam enAPaKxagekIt
RbeTskm<Ca edayKanR)ab;[ ln; nl; )anwgBtmanCamuneLIy. mindl;BIrExpg BYkemdwknaMRkg
PMeBj )anRCmuCxnrebobKanBiesaFn_ nigrebobpSgeRBgeTAkgsgam\NcinelIkTI2nwgeKEdr.
KWedayrebobKandwgxl;enHehIy EdlBYkeKRtvCab;dkgsgam ehIyRtvcaj;sgamtTl;nwg
BYkExrRkhmenaH.
enAdMNak;kalenH ln; nl; )anykeRbbelIBYkemKMniteFVIrdRbharmuneK ehIy)andeNImyk
RbPBGMNacepSgkgrdFanImkkan;kgdTaMgGs;. sirimt EdleBldMbUgepateskIsgwmelI
BYkGaemrikaMg ehIyEdl)anTTYlkaKaMRTBIBYkKhbtIenARkgPMeBjbgaj[eXIjfaKansmtPaBnwg
bBab; ln; nl; min[eFVIdUecaH)aneLIy. CamnusSRkGWtRkeGag rUbragsga niglitln;Cagsemc
suIhnu CabgbnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;EdlmanrUbragFat;RkGaj nigTabRTnab; sirimt )anbBaHbBalBYk
GaemrikaMgfa Kat;GaceFVITMenIbkmRbeTskm<Ca)anCamYynwgCMnYyrbs;Gaemrik nigeFVI[RbeTsgak
eTArkshrdGaemrikvij. ebIvinicyBITegVITaMgLayrbs;Kat;EdlmaneRkaymkeTot eKGacsnidan
fa CafrnwgshRbtibtikarbs;RbeTskm<Ca sirimt sgwmfashrdGaemriknwgkarBarRbeTsKat;
BIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkevotNam KWBuMEmnRbTajRbeTsKat;[Fak;eTAkgsgammYyEdlmanTMhM
y:agFMeLIy. tamk,nc,ab;neya)ay sirimt )ansEmg[eKeXIjfa Kat;CamnusSEdlniym
niyayEtkarBit Caneya)ayEdlKankarBiesaFn_ BuMRtwmEtkgTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;Kat;CamYy
shrdGaemrikb:ueNaHeT b:uEn cMNucsMxan; BIeRBaH Kat;)anvaytmKuNsm,ti ln; nl; TabCag
KuNsm,tiBitR)akdxaMgeBk.
xusEbkGMBI sirimt ln; nl; hak;dUcCaKit)armEtBIkarQmmuxttaMgedayemaHmutnwgBYk
160
evotNamxageCIgb:ueNaH EdlKat;)anecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIefakTabRKb;Ebby:agrbs;RbeTsevot
Nam Edl)aneFVI[RbeTskm<CaTTYlrgeRKaHkgkMLgCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy. Kat;CamnusS
buraNmak;kgcMeNamsmaCikdwknaMRbeTsTaMgbI rUbnigCaRbPBedImnBakccamGar:amepSg BIerOg
stVRkeBI s Edllan;BmuneBlmanrdRbhar nigmnusSmanbgb;GafkM)aMgmYy kgBiPBGkneya)ay
enARkgPMeBj. CamnusSmancritmYyCaGkksikrBIkMeNIt nigmaneTBekaslbnicbnc Kat;)an
eLIgbuNskiedaysarEtKat;CamnusSsMNBV beRmIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agesaHRtg;
b:ueNaH. semc)anvaytm ln; nl; cMeBaHcritminecHGt;n nigkarrevosrvrbs;Kat;kgkar
bMeBjkickarefaTabmYy kgzanKat;CaemRksYgb:Ulis nigeFVIGVIedayKanecHfrtjEtr nigecH
lak;karsmat;mYy Edlmin eTogTat;. m:ageTot semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ancat;Tuk ln; nl;
CamnusSmak; EdlmanR)aCJaGn;bMput minGackayxneTACaGkKMramkMEhgmYycMeBaHRBHGgeLIy
CaTsSnEdlBYkGksmKMnitKakgkarerobcMeFVIrdRbharyl;eXIjdUecHEdr. RkmGkEhhmKat;
RbEhlCa[Kat;xusdUcKa.
kgvisyenHnigvisyepSgeTotCaeRcIn ln; nl; manlkNdUcKay:ageRcInCamYynwgmnusS
Edlnwgbg[mankarvinasrbs;Kat;enAeBleRkaymkeTotKW saLt s.kgyuvPaBrbs;Kat; Kat;)an
sEmg[eXIjfaCaGkeFVIkargareRcIn nigRbkbedaymhictaEfmeTot. ekItenAqaM1913 ln; nl;
manemaTnPaBGMBIedImkMeNItCaExrrbs;eKy:agRClhYsehtu ehIyebI saLt s eRCIserIseQaH
{ExredIm} CaeQaHniBnrbs;Kat; ln; nl; )anelIkTwkcit[BYkTahanrbs;Kat;ehAKat;fa {):a):aexA}3
Edr edaysarEtBNEs,ksm,retatrbs;Kat; EdlCalkNsmal;BUCsasn_Exr y:agBitR)akd.
ln; nl; )aneLIgzantamlMdab;lMedaybuNskikgzananuRkmkgTB b:uEn )andwknaMCIvPaB
neya)aymYyy:agRbesIrEdr. Kat;)anbegItKNbkSneya)aymYy edIm,IcUlrYmkgkare)aHeqat
Cati CaelIkdMbUgenAqaM1946 ehIydak;eQaHfa KNbkSexmrbunkar (La Rnovation Khmer) edIm,I
sEmg[eXIjesckIsgwmfa RbBNITaMgLayrbs;RbeTsCatiGacRtveKykmkGnuvtCaCagEk
TRmg;lkNedImrbs;va. Kat;Rtvsemc RBHneratm sIhnu cat;taMg[eTAvayRbharBYk]Tam\sSr
nigBYk evotmijenAPaBBayBRbeTs kgryeBlnsgam\NcinelIkTI1. enAkgkare)aHeqatqaM
1955 ln; nl; )anrMlaybBalKNbkSneya)aydtUcrbs;Kat;CamYynwgKNbkSsgmrbs;
semc RBHneratm sIhnu.
kgGMLgTsvtSr_qaM1950 nig1960 manRbCaCnkm<CatictYcb:ueNaH Edlmanmhicita Kit
stVRkeBI s
161
cg;RbkbGaCIBeyaFamYy. ln; nl; Rtv)anEtgtaMgCanayGKesnaFikarkgTBkm<CaenAqaM1955

ehIyKat;)aneRbIR)as;muxtMENgenH eFVICaQan;mYyeq<aHeTArkGMNaceTot. kaleNaH kgTBmYy
PaKFMRtv)aneRCIserIsBIkgcMeNamRbCaksikr BuMEmnBIkgcMeNamvNGkecHdwgeLIy. ln; nl;
GackarBar\riyabfCaksikrCamYynwgmnusSrbs;Kat;TaMgenH nigraraMgmin[Gkneya)ayepSg
eTotdeNImykkEngrbs;Kat;)an. m:ageTot eKrk)anR)ak;tictYcNas;enAkgkgTB CaBiess
eRkayeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )andak;kMNt;mYyBIerOgCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg ehIy ln;
nl; edaymankarKaMRTBIsemcpg )ankan;kab;bBaIbuKlikkgTBTaMgmUlkgkartemIgzannr ski.
BitehIy munrdRbharkgTBCakmsiTirbs; ln nl; BuMEmnrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu eT.
semcRBHRbmuxrd )anCYyeFVI[GaCIBrbs; ln; nl; rIkceRmInelIseKelIsg CafrnwgesckI
esaHRtg;xagneya)ay kdUcsmtPaBxagxageyaFarbs;Kat;Edr EdlenHCaerOgnwgeTACaerOgCak;
Esgbnab;BIrdRbhar. BYkTahaneCIgcas;EdlmanviCaCIvRtwmRtv)antjEtrCajwkjab;BIkarxVH
smtPaBrbs;emekayxn b:uEn semc RBHneratm sIhnu BuMykRBHkaN_sab;tamBakGkTaMgenaH
eLIy. b:uEn ebIsemcsBVRBHTy[tmsmtPaBepSgxagEpkneya)ayrbs; ln; nl; keday
kRBHGgRbmaNxusedayEpknUvsmtPaBepSgrbs;Kat;Edr BIeRBaHmhictarbs;]tmesnIy_enH
manRbPBedIm EdleKminsUvsal; bminGacyl;)an.
ln; nl; BuMlak;kM)aMgKMnitrbs;Kat;Edlcg;eFVI[BUCsasn_ vb,Fm nigRBHBuTsasnaExrsat
brisuT R)ascakBIkarbMBulrbs;breTs EdltamKat;fa)anbMpajfamBlrbs;RbeTsCati suIrUg
GtsBaaN nigTwkdIrbs;xneLIy4. kgmCdanvrCnEdlecHdwg eK)ancat;TukKMnitrbs; ln; nl;
CaKMnitcEmkmYyKYr[ql; RbEhlCaKMnitEdlnaMrMxandl;eKgeTotpg b:uEn BitNas;BuMEmnCaerOg
elgesIceT. KWCamnusSGPirkSniymRClmak;EdleKarBeCOsasnahYsehtueBk edayepkpleTA
kgmnGaKmKafa nigCaGkkan;RBHBuTsasna manBak;esn ExScegHCab;nwgxn Edlcas;TuMenAPUmirbs;
Kat;bMBak;[kgeBlEdlKat;CayuvCnenAeLIy. Kat;)anykBYkehara nigBYksnrbuKlmkdak;CuMvij
xnKat; b:uEn Kat;R)akdkgcitfa mnGaKm RtvEterobcMenATIsat;kM)aMg edIm,IkarBarbTiGMNacrbs;va
Kat;minEdlsEmJg[eKeXIjBIkarRbtibtirbs;Kat;eLIy. semc RBHneratm sIhnu GaceFc
RBHenRteFVICamindwgminB rhUtdl;TIbBab;GMBIKMnitRbqaMgnwgkareCOnelOnrbs;nayGKesnaFikar
RBHGg.
bIExmunmanrdRbhar ln; nl; )anbegItviTasanExrmn edIm,IpSBVpSayTsSnTaMgLayrbs;
162
Kat;. semcEdleGIeBInwgerOgenH)anseRmcGnuBaat[Kat;erobcMmCmNlKYr[sgSyenHkgpHFM
nigcMNas;mYy nigCarbs;CnCati)araMgenAkgraCFanI. enATIenaH ln; nl; sgwmfa nwgCYyeFVI[bNa
sBaaNEbkxuseKrbs;Kat;xagEpkciryaFm nigmrtkCaRbvtisasrbs;RbeTskm<Ca manrUbrag
CafIeLIgvij. b:uEn karykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat; manlkNTUlMTUlayCagGVIEdlsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu bGkneya)aysmyTMenIbdTeTotFab;)anKiteTAeTot. Kat;Fab;dwknaMkgTBCaeRcIn
TsvtSr_mkehIy ehIyKat;GacdwgBI\TiBlnKMnitepSgrbs;Kat;EdlmaneTAelImnusSsamBa
CaeRcIn EdlCasmasPaBnkgTBrbs;km<Cac,as;las;Nas;.
kgvisyenHkdUcvisydTeTot ln; nl; )aneRbIR)as;rUbPaBemaTnPaBCatidUc saLt s CaKU
RbECgEpkmenaKmviCarbs;Kat;Edr. b:uEn enAeBlEdl saLt s gakeTArkGVIEdlKat;vinicyfa Ca
dMeNaHRsaymYyTan;smy KWkarbdivtkumynisenaH ln; nl; EbrCaemIleXIjkareRsacRsg;
RbeTsCatikgkalkngeTAehIy enAkgkarbBaak;karGHGagBImrtkrbs;RBHBuTsasnaeTAvij.
RbeTskm<Ca)anelceLIgCaEdndIEdl[plmYysRmab;KMnitTaMgBIrenH EdlkMBugelIktemIgBUCsasn_ nigRbCaCatiExrEdlRtveKRbmafmak;gay. CaeRcInstvtSr_nbraCy nigPaBGam:as;mux
taMgBIsmyGgr Gakb,kiriyavaybkFMrbs;BYk)araMgcMeBaHRbCaCnkm<Ca {EdlxilRcGUs} eday
pyKaRsLHnwgBYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;kargar} nigkarxacrEGgfa BYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;
kargar} TaMgenaHdeNImykRbeTskm<CaedayeRbIkmaMg )anbnSl;TuknUvlkNBiessrbs;Kat;
rhUtmk.
enAeBlEdlRbeTsCaticab;epImcuHTn;exSay nigeRTteRTatrkkldYl GkTaMgBIrnak;enHEdlCa
tMNagKMnitRClhYsehtu nigEdlpyKa nigneya)ayCabnbnab;enaH )antRmg;eq<aHeTArkeKaledA
EtmYykgkarpas;RTg;RTayRbeTskm<Ca eTACardhVasuIsmYy tamnyR)akdRbCarbs;Bak5
KWfarbbmYyEdlelIktemIgRbCaCati nigBUCsasn_rbs;xn EdlGYtGMBIrdaPi)alGtaFibety Edl
RbmUlpMGMNacmkEtmYykEng edaymanemdwknaMeRbIGMNacpac;karmak;dwknaMEdldak;[manbTbBati
dtwgruwgmYyxagEpkesdkic nigsgmkic nigsgt;sgineTAelIKNbkSRbqaMg.GkTaMgBIr)anCYyCMruj
RTwsIbnab;bnSMnlTihVasuIs kdUckarRbkan;BUCsasn_ nigkarsb;ex<ImCnbreTs.
b:uEn bBaaTaMgGs;enH)anelceLIg[eXIjenAkgryeBlnsgamqaM1970-1975.
KanRkmNamYyTTYlsal;edayecjmuxfa karRbRBwtirbs;xnEdlkan;EtsahaveLIgenaH mankar
Rbkan;BUCsasn_CaRKwHeLIy. sm<nmitGaemrikaMgrbs; ln; nl; )anRtveFVI[xVl;xVaycit edaysar
stVRkeBI s
163
{Pasasab;min)an} rbs;Kat; EdlCaGkkan;RBHBuTsasnamak; b:uEn BYkenaHBuMsUvCaeCOb:unaneT

elIkElgEtGkTTYlxusRtvneya)aymak;eQaH vIlIy:a habn b:ueNaH. enAqaM1972 Kat;)an
bBanTUrelxsmat;mYyeTARkgv:asuInetan EdlmancMNgeCIgfa TsSnTak;TgeTAnwgsavtarFmCati
rbs;mnusSsIBI ln; nl; eday)anGFib,ayerobrab;BI\TiBlEdl ln; nl; Fab;manlIRbCaCnExr
nig)anTayTukCamunGMBbI BaaepSg Edl\TBi lTaMgenaHnwgbegtI [maneLIg RbkbedaylkNRtwmRtv
eTotpg
{ln; nl; CamnusSEdlyktameyabl;eK eday\tBicarNa munnwgkayeTACamena
seBatnamYy KWmenaseBatnadRCaleRCA EdlKitmmBIPaBGn;fyCageKrbs;RbCaCnExr cMeBaH
BYkevotNamenAEk,rxagBYkeK nigcMeBaHvNGkCMnYjCaticin EdltamerOgeTvkfa)anbMPW[dwgfa
CnCatiExrCaGkmanBUCBgStBIBYkGkksagR)asaTescCMnan;edIm. edaybM)at;mnGaKmGUmGam
rbs;xnecal BYkeKGacnwgbUkbEnmmenaseBatnanemaTnPaBCatimYyeTAnwgnydRCaleRCA
Tak;TgnwgGtsBaaNCatisasn_mYykgcitrbs;RbCaCny:ageRcInenH enAeBlEdlRtveR)as
ecalkg{tMbn;sVyt}NamYy rebobCnCatirusSI [CakarniyaybBaitbeBageTArkGVIEdlBYkrusSI
)anRbRBwteTAelIrdeGsnI] kgpncRkPBmYyrbs;evotNam ehIyEdlTn;exSayy:agxaMg edIm,I
eFVI[eKsal;xnkgkareFVIsBaymYyenAbreTs6.
harbn BuM)andwgfa Cnkm<Camak;EdlsitenARkmmageTot EdlRbQmmuxKakgsgamsuIvil
mYyEdlkMBugEtrIkFMeLIgenaHCa ln; nl; mak;EdlKancaM)ac;eRbImnGaKmKafaeLIy. saLt s
cg;[RbeTskm<CamanzannaTIeBjc,ab;rbs;xn EdlCaGkTTYlmrtkBIraCaNacRkGgr mansPaB
rugerOgdUcedImeLIgvij nigeFVI[RbeTsCati)ansatbrisuTcakputBI\TiBlrbs;breTsTaMgRsug
dUcKa. ln; nl; nig saLt s suTEtCalTplnRbvtisasfIrbs;RbeTsTaMgBIrnak; b:uEn kgBak;
kNalTIBIr nstvtSr_TI20b:ueNaH. lTikumynis)anbeBaj[eXIjr)aMgmYybiT)aMgneya)ay
hVasuIs RbesIrCagBakeRbnRbedArbs;RBHBuTCamas;. saLt s)antubEtgKMnitepSgrbs;Kat;
edayvaksBm:akSelnInEbk mkeFVICaLb;EL CaBiess KWTsSnkgkarrMedaHCati. dUcbNamit
rbs;Kat;enARbeTscin nigevotNam saLt s enHecHerobsRmlRTwsI{TMenIb nigEdlmanlkN
viTasas} rbs;lTim:akSelnIn edIm,Ipl;nUvviBatiFmanurUbmYycMeBaH\riyabfRbkan;Catisasn_
EdlmanCab;taMgBIyUrmkehIy nigsmb;xagvb,Fm. sgamkg{karrMedaHCati}CaeRcIn )ancab;epIm
164
mundMbUgKW RbqaMgnwgBYkmhaGMNacGaNaniKmGWr:ub ehIybnRbqaMgnwgsRtvsYBUCEk,rxageTot.

vi)akepSgmansPaBnaM[vinashinehacy:agxaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<Ca. kgryeBlnkareFVI
sgamrbs;eK saLt s nig ln; nl; )anecaTRbkan;KaeTAvijeTAmkfa CaGay:gsuIQl[mha
GMNacbreTsmYy ehIyGkTaMgBIr)anepImclnabM)at;Catisasn_ breTsy:agsahav edIm,Ibgaj[
eXIjPaB {brisuT} rbs;eK. s sal;citBYkGksab;rbs;Kat; RKan;ebICag ln; nl; ehIydwgfa RbCa
ksikrCamnusSmanevTyitPaBCagvNKhbtI cMeBaHesckIGMBavnav[CYykarBar nigeFVI[QamRBm
TaMgTwkdI)ansatbrisuT. m:ageTot bNasm<nmitrbs;Kat; KWRbeTscin nigevotNam kRbyt
RbEyglak;)aMgnUvkarvivaTepSg nigkarminTukcitrbs;BYkeK rhUtdl;eBlEdl s TTYl)anCyCmH
EfmeTot.s)anbgaj[eXIjenAeBlenHfakarTsSn_TayEpkTI2rbs; harbn BitCaRtwmRtv Emn
RbCaCnkm<CaCaRbCaCnTn;exSayxaMgNas;edIm,IeFVI[eKsal;xnkgsgammYyenARbeTs.kb:uEn
karBukrlYyrbs;evotNam manlkNpynwgKMnitrbs;GaemrikaMgEdltamryenaHfa RbCaCnExr
mancMnYneRcInhYseBk enAeBlRtvelbRt)ak;edaycRkPBevotNammYy.
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mnusSEdlKanTaMgkarbNHbNalxagviCaCIveyaFa KanTaMgedImkMeNItR)akdRbCaEdlRtvEtman
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165
nigkMBg;EppvTwkrbs;extkMBteTotpg.
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kgkarcat;viFankarxaMgmYy kgeBlmanrdRbhar kgTBrbs;Kat;mancMnYnsamsibR)aMBan;nak; Edl
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brikarswkfI nigKankarhat;hVwkhVWn k,nyuTsas[)anR)akdRbCasRmab;karRbyuTeLIy. tam
bBaarbs; ln; nl; mnusSTaMgenHRtv)anbBaneTArkkarsmab;rgalmYyedayeCosminput. nay
Tahanmak;kgcMeNamnayTahanrbs;Kat;KW sak; sutsaxn )anvaytm enAeBleRkaymk cMeBaH
karBRgIkKankarTTYlxusRtvenHfa {CamhicitacEmkxuseK EdlEkERbeFVI[kgTBenH kayeTACa
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sarvn kgkardak;BRgayTB nigeFVIRbtibtieLIy}.
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fa RbeTskm<CamansmtPaBbeNjkgTBevotNamy:agrhsdUcKa. ehIy ln; nl; )ansuM[
shrdGaemrikbMBak;GavuF[kgTBrbs;Kat;EtkgmYyfb:ueNaH. enAxNenH BYkGaemrikaMg)an
bdiesF ehIy ln; nl; )anbegIt {kgTBmbYnem:ag}rbs;Kat; edayRBmTTYlykTahaneRCIserIsfI
TaMgGs; edayKanKitBIsmtPaBrbs;BYkenaHeLIy ehIyGnuBaat[kartMelIgzannrskielOnrhs
hYsehtu EdlvakayeTACanItiRkmTmab;eTAehIy enAkgkMLgeBlnsgamenaH. vaenAmankar
GnuvtCaeRcIn EdlrwtEteFVI[eKPnPaMgRsLaMgkaMgEfmeTot KWkarcab;bBalekg[eFVITB bBaIebIk
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skiy:agqab;rhs nigEdlBukrlYy ehIy ln; nl; )anbeNay[manTRmg;nGMeBIBukrlYyepSg
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nUveRKgkarBarxagEpkevTmnCag EdltamrUbKat; Kat;eCOkgcitfa vanwg[kgTBTaMgenaHeTArk
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166
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bg[mankarPnRcLMGMBIcMnYnTB edIm,IbnacsRtv>>}8.
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edaymanbedayKankarbgab;bBaa.BYkTahaneRcInmanBak;kEnSgyn ebomluyesnbeBaseRKaH
Bak;benagrUbRBHBuT Bak;KafaenAkrbs;xn nigBak;ExScegH sak;rUbvtskisiTielIragkay munnwgecj
eTAc,aMgCamYysRtv.BYkGkEdleFVItamkarENnaMenHedayrevosrvCageKKWBYkExreRkamEdlman
edImkMeNItenAevotNamPaKxagt,g ehIyEdlcUleFVITahankgkgTBrbs; ln; nl; y:ageRcInenAqaM
1970 edaycakecjBIkgTBevotNamxagt,g bGaemrikaMgCamYykarGnuBaat[vilmkkarBar
matuPUmirbs;eKvij.
cMeBaHRkmvrCnenAPMeBj yl;eXIjc,as;fa KMnitminsmehtuplrbs; ln; nl; sIBIsgam
xusEbkBIKMnitrbs;BYkeK nigxusBIKMnitrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg Edl ln; nl; cg;[CYybg;fkgcm,aMgenH
pg. \LvenH ln; nl; eCOfa xnKat;man]bnisSymYyEdljaNdwgmundUcRBH dUecHehIy)anCaKat;
cat;TukbTbBaaepSgrbs;Kat;CacMNarrbs;RBH EdlRbkbedayKtibNitmYyminGacRbEkk)an
edayTajecjBIk,nevTmnTaMgLay nigFmGafrbs;RBHBuTCamas;. Kat;)ancat;Tukxngfa
CaGkdwknaMeFVIsgammYyEdlRbkasedayRBHBuTGgpal; edIm,IkarKg;vgSnRBHBuTsasnaenA
RbeTskm<Ca RbqaMgnwgBYkTmiL\tsasnaCabreTs.
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eQaHkgkariyalyeRCIserIsTBCaeRcInkEngenARkgPMeBjkgkMLgqaMdMbUgenH BuMmanKitBIkar
RbRBwtxusKngEdlmanlkNeCarxuseKrbs; ln; nl; Tal;EtesaH. BYkeK RbeRCtKaeLIgCiH
rfynFMy:agBBak;BBUnCamYyv:alisrbs;eK edayRbkUkRbkasbbYlsakfVIdKa cMeBaHBYk
evotNamQanBan ehIyRtv)anbBaneTAkan;smrPUmiPammYyrMeBc. tamsmI sak; sutsaxn
CaembBaakarkgTBmak;kgcMeNamembBaakarTaMgLayfa bnab;BIkarhat;hVwkhVWnviCaeyaFaRts
kgCMrMhVwkhVWnCaeRcInkEngrYcehIy ehIyedaymankarmnGaKmBI ln; nl; pg BYkeK)anRtvBYksRtv
{vay[xat;xay rt;r):at;r):ay bRtvbMpajexcxITaMgGs;}kgkMLgbNaExdMbUgnsgam.
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167
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yksadKYrTuk[kUnecACan;eRkayCaCagdeNImykTItaMgrbs;sRtv EdleFVI[yWtdl;karvaybk
mYy edIm,IeFVI[R)akdbNamnusSEdlBak;Gavyn GacbeBasRKab;kaMePIgrbs;sRtvEmn.
nayGKesnaFikarrbs;km<CarUbenH BuMEmnkMNt;sgamsasnarbs;Kat;enAelIsmrPUmieT
Etb:unanfb:ueNaH bnab;BIrdRbhar sunrkfaTaMgLayrbs; ln; nl; RbqaMgnwgBYkevotNamxageCIg
)anERbkayeTACayuTnakarRbqaMgnwgRbCaCnevotNamTaMgGs;9 ehIyenAkgcMeNamenaH manknH
lannak; kMBugrs;enAkm<CakgqaM1970. PaKeRcIn )anmktaMgTIlMenAenARbeTskm<CaeRkamkic
KaMBarrbs;BYkGaNaniKm)araMg ehIyRbkbmuxrbrCanieyaCit GkrksuI bkmkrCMnajenARkgPMeBj.
tamFmta BYkenHkCaGkRbqaMgkumynisdUcrbbfIrbs; ln; nl; Edr b:uEn edayKYr[esaksay
BYkeKRtvrab;cUlkgCatisasn_EtmYydUcBYkevotkug. dUecHBYkeK)anFak;eTAkgRbePTCa {BYksRtv
sYBUC} sRmab; ln; nl; dUcKa.
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TMnijnanarbs;CnCatievotNam EdleFVI[mankarminTukcitelIkmsiTirbs;eKEfmeTotpg. kar
niyayminsmehtuplTaMgLay )anbNal[mankarminrab;rkmYy cMeBaHRKwHsanTaMgLayrbs;
CnCatievotNam taMgBIePaCnIydanrhUtdl;yandanCYsCulrfyn.
enAedImExemsa qaM970 ln; nl; )anbgab;bBaa[deCIgrbs;Kat;erobcMbegItCMrMXuMTukCa
eRcInsRmab;dak;RbCaCnevotNamTaMgGs;. kgTB)ancab;xnCnCatievotNamCaeRcIn ehIy
)anbgaMgTukBYkenaHkgGKarFMEdleKe)aHbg;ecal. sIkm<Camak;)anniyayrMBkBICMrMdKYr[xac
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TaMgGs; BYkeKedkkgGRgwgehIyenAGgyesmeBjmYyf edayKaneFVIGVIesaHenAkgCMrM>>> ln;
nl; mincUlcitBYkenHeLIy10}.
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TaMgGs;enaHEdreKsgSyfa cUldCamYysRtv. kb:uEn rdaPi)al BuM)anTTYlsal;BIkarsmab;rgal
PaKeRcIn EdldMNwgfI)anBmkdl;RkgPMeBjeLIy. enAfTI10 Exemsa qaM1970 kgTIRbCMuCn
168
RbsURt extsVayerog RbCaBlrdevotNam Eb:tsibR)aMbYnnak; Rtv)ansmab;PamedayBYk

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rebobdUcKa enAkgPaKepSgeTotrbs;RbeTs. BIrs)ah_eRkaymk kgTB)anTmak;eTaseTAelIs
hKmn_evotNammYy kgcMeNamshKmn_sMxan;rbs;evotNamEdlmYyPaKFM CaGkkan;sasna
katUlik taMgenAeRCaycgVaTl;muxrdFanIpal;.
BYkTahan)aneLIgeTATaMgkNalGRFaRt ehIy)annaMykhtBlkrevotNamRbEhl R)aM
rynak; eTACamYypg edaycab;cgdBYkeKbt;mkeRkayxg ehIynaMeLIgCiHelITUkCaeRcIneRKg
rYcsmab;BYkenaHrhUtdl;GkcugeRkayehIyTmak;exacTaMgenaHeTAkgTwkTen. kgryeBlCaeRcInf
saksBEdlehIme):am )anGENteLIgmkelIpTwk. enHCakarRBmanmYydKYr[RBWxaccMeBaH
RbCaCnevotNamTaMgLayEdlkMBugrs;enARbeTskm<Ca.
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rgalmYyepSgeTotEdlkgTB)anRbRBwtenAexttaEkv. BiPBelakTaMgmUl ekItkIekARkhaynwg
erOgenH ehIysanTUtGaemrikaMg)aneFVIlixittv:aeTA ln; nl; fa GMeBITaMgGm,alm:anenH nwgeFVI[
sm<nPaBdpuyRsYyCamYynwgrdaPi)alevotNamxagt,g EdldwknaMedayRbFanaFibtI egVn v:an;FIv
Gnray)ak;EbkCaminxan. GkrgeRKaHkgkarkab;smab;TaMgenaH KWmanGMeNayplsRmab; FIv
BuMEmnsRmab;BYkkumyniseT ehIyKWBYkTahanrbs; FIv Edl)anvayRbharBYkevotNamxageCIgenA
tamRBMEdnrbs;km<Ca.
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FIv )aneFVI [karmkCYyrbs;xnenH enHeTACakarqk;bn; enAeBleFVIdMeNIreq<aHmkRkgPMeBjeTAvij
ehIykgbNwgpvkarmYy RbCaCnkm<Ca)anRbkas[dwgfa kgTBevotNamxagt,g)anlYcyk
eRKgbnas;rfyn sm,kkg; m:asuInedr nigRsUv mantmesInwg mYymuWndularshrdGaemrik enAeBl
qgkat;extkMBg;cam. kgTIbMput enAeBlEdlkgTB TaMgenHmkdl;rdFanIenAExkBaa karRbyuTKa
CaeRcIn )anpHeLIgrvagTahankm<Ca nigevotNam.
kglixitTUrelxmYykgcMeNamTUrelxCaeRcInrbs;BYkeKEdlepJIeTA[Rkgv:asuInetan BYkGk
TTYlxusRtv nsanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRkgPMeBj )anerobrab;BIkarRbyuTttaMgmYyrvagb:UlisExr
nigTahanm:arInevotNamxagt,g EdlbNal[manmnusSmak;Rtvsab; nigrbYsdb;BIrnak;. esckI
raykarN_bEnmfa ]b,tiehtuEdlkekIteLIgenH {)aneFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgrvagrdaPi)alevotNam
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eTot12}. BYknayTahankm<CaEdleKbBaneTAevotNamxagt,g edIm,IhVwkhVWnk,nyuTsas )an
niyayerobrab;enAeBlRtLb;mkvijfa enATIenaHmankarRbRBwtiminlCaeRcIn EdlmanBYkeKCa
kmvt. karRbqaMgKaERbeTACamankan;EteRcIneLIg rhUtTal;EtCnCatiGaemrikaMgRbqaMgsgam
mYyRkm niyayTukCamunfa ebIsinCaBuMmanCyCmHrbs;kumyniseT BYkevotNamRkgRBnKr
nwgratt,atkan;kab;RbeTskm<Ca edayeRbIkmaMgTBminxan.
RbCaCnevotNamenARbeTskm<Ca BuMEmnCaeKaledAEtmYyrbs; ln; nl; EdlrkerOgcMeBaH
GaNikCncindUcKa. kgsarBtmankgRsukTaMgGs; Kat;)aneFVIyuTnakarRbqaMgnwgBYkGkCMnYjcin
EdlelaPln;\txas; eRBaHEtkUnrbs;Kat;mincUleFVIkgTB EdlcaMEteqtykplRbeyaCn_BI
sgam nigdMeLIgfTMnij ehIyEdlesckIesaHRtg;cMeBaHRbeTskm<Ca manlkNm:agKYr[sgSy
pg. sarBtmanmYyEdlsiTnwgrdaPi)al)ansresrfa BYkCnCaticinenARkgPMeBjGacnwgTTYlrg
nUveCaKvasnamYydUcBYkcinenARbeTs\NensuIEdr EdlRtvkgTB smab;rgalkgryeBlnkar
bHe)armYyenAqaM1965.
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EdldwknaMeday ln; nl;. bNasmaCikrdaPi)alrbs;Kat; BuMmancMENkTaMgkgkarsmab;rgalCati
sasn_mYy TaMgkartv:aedayskmRbqaMgnwgKat;Edr.kgkarCECkBiPakSaelIrdFmnuBarbs;saFarN
rdfI BYkeK)ansakl,glubecalsBaaN {BUCsasn_suT} ecjBIc,ab;enH. kgesckIRBagdMbUg ln;
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niyayeyagBIRbePTCatisasn_mYyesIrEtdUcKaebIKitBIsavtarkmCatinmnusS. ln; nl; kman
niyayBI {smyGgr} EdlCasmyGarFmkMBUlrbs;ExrEdr. RbtiPUCaeRcInkgsPamanesckI
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Rtvrab;bBalkgBUCsasn_EtmYy KWmanRbCaCny:ageRcInEdlmanedImkMeNItCakUnkat;. eRkABIman
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nwgRtveKbkRsayenAkgnyRbkan;BUCsasn_mYy. Kat;)anbEnmfa ehIykarRbkan;BUCsasn_
{KWCaRbPBnKuNvibtiCaeRcInEdlkgenaHmansgamCaedIm}.
170
kareRbIR)as;BakeBcn_Exr-mn nigkarniyayeyagdl;smyGgr GaceRbICamUlehtu

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manKiteFVI[GtItcRkPBExrmanlkNdUcedImvij nigc,aMgykbNaextEdl)at;bg;enAPaKxagt,g
evotNam enAf nigenALavmkvijEdreT. ehtuenHehIy )anCaBYkeKRbjab;Rbjal;lubecalsgt;
GtbTEdlecaT[manbBaaecjBIc,ab;rdFmnujTaMgGs;.
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enAkgcMeNamCnkm<CaTaMgenHEdlGacseRmcehArkkgTBenAxagt,gevotNam[mkCYy KWkm<Ca
eRkam bPaKxageRkamRbeTskm<Ca. kgTsvtSr_qaM1960 kgzanCaembBaakarTBrbs;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu. ln; nl; )anCMruj[BYkExrkm<CaeRkamRbyuTtsURBmKa nigBYkevotNamxag
eCIgpg BYkevotNamxagt,gpg Tl;nwgBYkkumynis kdUcBYkminEmnkumynispg edIm,IbuBVehtu
mhanKrExr. RBwtbRtdMbUg viTasanExr-mnrbs; ln; nl; )ane)aHBum<pSayEpnTIGtItcRkPBExr
nasmykaldrugerOgrbs;xncuHkgenaHEdr.
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fa {nvexmrniym (No-Khmrisme) kgkarbkERbpvkarCaPasa)araMgrbs;Kat;. e)aHBum<pSayeday
rdaPi)alRkgPMeBj TukdUcCaesckIEfgkarN_rbs; ln; nl; edIm,IBnl;BIpvedIrtaMgBIedImmk nig
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171
TVIbGasuITaMgmUl)anFak;eTAeRkam {karRttRtarbs;BYkEs,ks}14 edaysarBYkeKmaneRKgsBVavuF

mYyTan;smybMput.
ln; nl; b{):a):aexA} )anGFib,ayCabnmkeTotGMBIsankarN_bcb,n nigsRtvkgbcb,n
kal KWBYkevotNamxageCIg nigBYkevotkug CaGktBUCBICnCatiGaNam Fab;)anc,aMgdeNImykTwkdI
km<CaeRkam. Kat;)ansresrfa BYkenHmaneKalbMNg {kemcbMpajrcnasm<nsgmesdkiceyIg
nigGarFmeyIg BYkenHminRtwmEtcg;ykRbeTseyIgdak;CakBaHeKb:ueNaHeT b:uEn kcg;pas;br
rebobrs;enArbs;eyIg EkrebobKitBicarNarbs;eyIg niglubbM)at;CMenOxagsasnarbs;eyIg
eTot}.
ln; nl; )anbEnmfa CnCatiExrRtv {epImRbLkkgkarRbyuTtsUedIm,Ikarrs;enA nigGtiPaB
rbs;matuPUmixn} Qmnwg{sRtvmYyEdleKminGaceFVI[bgn; EdleXareXA nigkeRmaleXaeXAbMput
nRbvtisas}. b:uEn Kat;eCOTukcitelIBYkGkc,aMgdmanvinyrbs;Kat; TaMgRsugEdlc,as;Cavay
QHBYkevotNamminxan. {kgkMLgeBlR)aMstvtSr_ RbCaCneyIgrs;enAsal;EtPaBRkIRketak
y:ak nigvibtiPyb:ueNaH b:uEn ebIeTaHCamandMeNIrERbRtLb ;BIGaRkk;eTAl BIleTAGaRkk; TaMgenH
keday -TwkdIRtveKkan;kab;/ RbCaCnRtveKRttRta- kRbCaCnExrEtgEtegIbeLIg nigdeNImyk
esrIPaBrbs;eK)anmkvijCanic edaysarEtkarebCJacit nigesckIkahan EdlbM)ak;min)anrbs;
eK. edIm,InwgGac[eyIgeFVI[PaBrugerOgCaRbvtisas EdlGnuBaat[RbeTseyIgmanzanCa {ekaH
sniPaB} nigCa {ecnLasm,rePaKRTB} mansPaBdUcedImeLIgvijenaH caM)ac;RtvEtCMnan;eyIgrcna
edaydrbs;xnnUvrdExrfImYy EdlmanplhUrehor kraC nigsuxsniPaB}.
minyUrb:unan bNaRsTab;GkecHdwgenARkgPMeBj )andwgxnfa RtvCab;kunkgGnak;sgam
sasnarbs; ln; nl;. muI kumt )ancab;epImnwkeXIj semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlCaGk)anelIk
Twkcit[RbCaCnbMePcKMnitCatiniymcegtcgl; nig[rs;enAedaysniPaBCamYybNaRbeTsCit
xagrbs;xn. GkxHkgcMeNamenaHEdleRtkGrcMeBaHkarplrMlMsemc ehIyEdlgakeTAcUlrYm
xagRkmsaFarNrdfI)andwgxnfa BYkeKsuTEtRtveKbMPan; eRBaH ln; nl; KanbMNgebIkkas[
RbeTskm<CaERbkayeTACaRbeTskan;lTiRbCaFibetymYyesaH. tamkarBit RbeTsCati)an
kayeTACardeyaFamYyrbs;Gkkan;RBHBuTsasnamak;. paMg):an;NUsIBIsgam EdlmanRbCaRbiy
PaBCageK Rtv)aneRCIserIsykkgRkbxNnkarRbLgRbNaMgmYy ]btmeLIgedaysanTUt
GaemrikaMg EdlmanKUrrUbtYGgCaeRcInkgerOgramekrburaN EdleK)anc[manlkNtamsmyfI
172
KWrUbBYkRBaybisacBak;mYkdYn Rbfab;rUbpayRkhmrbs;kgTBkumynisevotNamBYkenH BuMEmnCiH

elIstVepSg dUcmankgerOgeRBgenaHeT b:uEnKWCiHenAelIrfeRkaHCaeRcIneRKg ehIykan;kaMePIg
kar:abnmYyedIm CaCMnYsdavvij. b:uEn BYkRBaybisacTaMgGs;enaH hak;dUcCaKanbTiGMNacGVITaMg
Gs;enAcMeBaHRBHPkdsb;sat;rbs;RBHBuTCaGmas; EdlKg;RBHEPnenAelIpaQUkmYymanBnW
qBNrgSI elOg elOgTuM btg nigexov caMgrsIepkBTCuMvijRBHeks ehIyBnWenaH)anduteral b
rujRcanBYkRBaybisacevotNamTaMgenaH Tmak;eTAkgsmuRTgab;excxI. enAEk,reCIgblgrbs;
RBHGg stVRkeBIsmYy)anedksnwgxncaMkarBarenARbbnwgenaHEdr.
enAtamCnbT rUbpaMg):an;NUenH )anRtvRbCaCnykeTAeRbIR)as;dak;taMgenAelIGasn
sRmab;eFVIskarbUCaEdr. ln; nl; )aneCOTaMgxusfa Kat;nwgeFVI[RbCaksikr cUlrYmCamYybuBVehtu
rbs;Kat; eday)anRbkastamFmtafa RBHGaTieTB bRBHBuTCamas;sitenAEk,rBYkeKCanic nigbBaak;
fa BYksRtvKWBYkevotNamGt;sasna. Kat;minRBmeCOfa KUsRtvBitR)akdrbs;Kat; KWclnakumy
niskm<CamYy EdlFab;cat;taMgdwknaMRbCaksikr[egIbbHe)arRbqaMg bnab;BIxnKat;pal;CaGkRtt
BinitBIelIyuTnakarbgabkgkarRbmUlRsUveT.
ln; nl; )anbegItsgamsasnarbs;xn tamKMnitminsmehtusmplmYycMnYnFM ehIykar
kMhusmYykgcMeNamkMhusFn;FrCageKrbs;Kat; KWKat;eCOfa Baksnarbs;GaemrikaMgkgkarRbwg
ERbgeFVIsgam CamUlb,TanbRtmYysnwk Edl\tTan;mansresrGVI.
BYkGaemrikaMgminEdlpl;nUvkarKaMRTKat;CasaFarNsRmab;ryeBlEvg ehIykminEdl
yl;RBmGMBIeKaledAepSgesaHeLIy. rIqad_ nicsun (Richard Nixon) RbFanaFibtIshrdGaemrik)an
erobcMCamYy hg;rI KIsuIghr (Henri Kissinger) TIRbwkSasnisuxCatirbs;Kat; bnab;BIkare)aHeqatqaM1968
nUvEpnkarmYysMedATukkgTBGasuIvayRbyuTKaEtgcuH. vanwgmankardkfykgTBrbs;shrd
GaemrikecjeTAmatuRbeTsvij b:uEn Kanluykak;rbs;Gaemrikpl;mkCYyeT. shrdGaemriknwgbn
pyKaMRTkicRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;bNasm<nmitrbs;eKteTAeTot rhUtTal;EteKaledAepSg
rbs;Rkgv:asuInetan )anseRmc CasMxan; KWkaredaHElgeQIysgamGaemrikaMg nigkardkfyTaMg
RsugnUvkgTBGaemrikaMgTaMgGs; RbkbedaykarxUcxatmYyy:agticbMput. karBRgIksgamcUlkg
RbeTskm<CaCamYynwgkarTmak;RKab;EbkCasmat;enAqaM1969 nig{karlukluy} enAqaM1970
kmanTak;TgCamYynwgEpnkarenHEdr. kgTBrbs;km<Ca nwgbBab;kgTBkumynisevotNam min[eFVI
skmPaBekItkgryeBlnkardkfyrbs;kgTBGaemrikaMg. yuTsasrbs;shrdGaemrik KWpy
stVRkeBI s
173
KaRsLHnwgyuTsasrbs;BYkevotNamxageCIg EdleRtmeFVIsgamCaeRcInqaMTl;nwgkgTBrbs;
ln; nl; edIm,Ipl;kas[BYkkumyniskm<CabegIt nighVwkhVWnkgTBpal;rbs;BYkeK.
nicsun nig KIsuIghr BuMmanbMNgdwknaMeFVIsgammYydl; {TIpac;RBRt} RbqaMgnwglTikumynis
enAGasuIeT eTaHbICashrdGaemrikminRbkas;BIsm<nmiRtfIrbs;eK KWRkgPMeBjkeday. ebskCn
CaeRcInman GaLichSg;dr ehk (Alexander Haig) GnuRbFanaFibtI s<Ir:U Gakj (Spiro Agnew) nig XIssuIg
hrpal; )anRtvcat;mkBITIRkgv:asuInetan edIm,Ipl;BtmanR)ab; ln; nl; fashrdGaemrikenACYy
KaMRTGs;BIcitBIefIm cMeBaHkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYkumynisevotNam ln; nl; minRBmBinitemIlGVI
TaMgGs; Edlbgaj[eXIjpyBIerOgenHeT KWkarenAxVHkicRBmeRBgTaMgLayCapvkarEdledAbBaak;
edayc,as;las;nUvkarKaMRTenH \riyabfrbs;sPashrdGaemrik Edl)ankat;bnylTPaBepSg
edIm,IerobcMeFVIsgamPam bnab;BIkarlukluyrbs;TahanGaemrikaMgenARbeTskm<CakgEx]sPa
qaM197015 edaybBaati[manbuKlikcMnYn BIrrynak;y:ageRcInbMput GaceFVIkargarsRmab;rdaPi)al
GaemrikaMgenARbeTskm<Ca ehIykMNt;muxnaTIrbs;kgTBGaemrikaMgenARbeTsenHy:agtwgruwgbMput.
tamkarBit sPaGaemrikR)afafa sgamenARbeTskm<CaRtveFVI[cb;munEdlRtvcab;epIm.
vamanbnmknUvrebobeRbIl,ickl nigkarbeBaatmYy rvagRbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg nigsPa mYy
cMENkehIymYycMENkeTot rvagRbFanaFibtIdEdlenH nigsm<nmit ln; nl; rbs;Kat;. BYkGk
tMNagGaemrikaMgRbcaMenARbeTskm<Ca Rtv)ancat;TukCaGkkan;GMNacpac;karEdr BIeRBaHRkgPMeBj
BwgEpkelICMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg. b:uEn enATIRkgv:asuInetan rdaPi)al nicsun )anlak;min[eKdwgBI
tm nigTMhMnkicsnarbs;GaemrikaMgeLIy edaysabeRBaHedayectnanUvPaBminc,as;las;sIBI
lkNnigPaBFn;FrnsgamrhUtdl;eKaledATaMgLayrbs;xn Rtv)anseRmcenAevotNamsin.
CMnYyTaMgGs;EdlGaceRbIR)as;)an RtveKbBanCazmeTA[kgTB EdlRsYlbiT)aMgbMput ehIyEdl
plRbeyaCn_epSgrbs;GaemrikaMgmanenATIenaHpg. shrdGaemrik BuMEdlpl;CMnYymnusSFm
NamYysRmab;RbeTskm<CaeTmunqaM1972 fVIebIenAeBlenaHmankarxVHxaty:agxaMg sRmab;CYyBYk
GkePosxnEdlmancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg GkrbYskgmnIreBTnanaEdlpkmnusShYsehtu nig
sRmab;mnusSkMBugrgeRKaHedaykarGt;Xanrab;sibBan;nak;eTot BIeRBaH ERscmarTaMgLay)anRtv
eFVI[eTACasmrPUmiGs;eTAehIy.
kgVl;cm,gbMputrbs;rdaPi)alnicsun sitenARtg;karriHrkmeFa)ayedIm,IdkxnfyBIRbeTs
evotNam edaymanTMngCamin[bg;xatGVIesaHeLIy. enARkgv:asuInetan eK)anTTYlesckIray
174
karN_epSgTaMgminsb,aycitsIBIlkNsKsajnsgam karxVHsmtPaB GMeBIBukrlYy nig

esckIsgwmminsmehtuplrbs; ln; nl; ehIyeKKanykcitTukdak;BIerOgNamYyeLIy. vIlIyuaM
harbn GkniBnkarRsavRCavGMBI ln; nl; EdlecaTRbkan;BItYnaTIrbs;shrdGaemrikenARbeTskm<Ca
Rtv)andkecjBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;TaMgGs;enAsanTUtRkgPMeBj. GVIEdlRkgv:asuInetancg;dwgCag
eKKWfa ln; nl; mankgTBkgd nigebCJacitvayRbharBYkkumynisEdrbeT.
edayehtuenH karRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkm<Ca )anpl;KuNRbeyaCn_dl;
KUsRtvCaerOy ehIyyuTnakarTmak;RKab;EbkCaeRcIn )anpl;Ca]TahrN_eBjeljmYykgerOg
enH. karTmak;RKab;EbkdMbUgEdleFVIsmat; nigxusc,ab;enAqaM1969 KWmaneKaledAkemc {CRmk}
TaMgLayrbs;evotkug nigkat;bnykarKabsgt;epSgeTAelIkgTBrbs;GaemrikaMg nigevotNam
xagt,g enARbeTsevotNamxagt,g16. enAeBlEdlshrdGaemrikCMrujkarTmak;RKab;EbkdUcKa
enH enAtamtMbn;RBMEdn bnab;BIrdRbharqaM1970 KWmaneKaledACYykgTB ln; nl; [vayRbhar
BYkevotNam b:uEn BYkeK)anTTYllTplpyKaeTAvij.
edIm,IeCosvagBIkarTmak;RKab;EbkTaMgenH kgTBBYkkumynisevotNam)aneRCtcUly:ag
eRCAmkkgTwkdIExr EdlbgCakarKMramkMEhgFn;FrmYydl;kgTBRkgPMeBjEfmeTot. munrdRbhar
BYkevotNamFab;sEmg[eXIjnUvkareKarBxHEdrcMeBaH{GBaRkwt}rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
edayminBgVatTIecjqayBI{CRmk}enAtamtMbn;BMEdn EdlkMNt;edaykicRBmeRBgrYmmYyeLIy.
eday ln; nl; eLIgkan;GMNac BYkeKElgmanehtuplNamYyRtveKarBRBMRbTl;eKak nigGBaRkwt
PaBeTotehIy. eTaHNaCamanbBaabUrNPaBTwkdI EdlelIkeLIgedaysm<nmitExrRkhmrbs;BYkeK
keday kBYkevotNamxageCIg )anBRgayTBBaseBjRbeTskm<Ca edaydwknaMkarRbyuTkg
ryeBlBIrqaMdMbUgnsgamRbqaMgnwg ln; nl; Edr ehIy)anvaydeNImkan;kab;TwkdImYyEpky:ag
FMrbs;km<Ca.
m:agvijeTot RbCaCny:ageRcIn)anePosxnecjBItMbn;nana EdlynehaHGaemrikaMg )an
kMNt;CaeKaledAsRmab;Tmak;RKab;Ebk. RbCaCnTaMgenH)ane)aHbg;visalPaBdFMeFgnbNaext
enAPaKxagekItRbeTs EdlBYkkumynisevotNamcUlkan;kab;y:agRsYlbMput ehIyRtvkgTB
ExrRkhmEdleTIbnwgcab;kMeNIt eRbIR)as;TukCamUldanbEgkeTotpg. BYknayTahanrbs; ln; nl;
pal; )antjEtrBIplvi)ak EdlnaMmknUvvinashinehacedaysarkarTmak;RKab;EbkTaMgenHEdr b:uEn
emekayrbs;eKminykRtecoksab;eLIy17.
stVRkeBI s
175
ln; nl; )anGnuvtEpnkarsgamrbs;Kat; edayKanyuTsasBitR)akdeLIy. manEtBYk

GaemrikaMgb:ueNaH EdlCYy[eyabl;Kat;mgmalkgkarKiteRKagEpnkarEpkeyaFa EdlRbesIrCag
mun. Kat;enAEtmanHeCOelImnGaKmGUmGam ehIyminRBmsab;bNaembBaakarrbs;Kat;eLIy
edaysURtehAetC)armI nigGanuPaBrbs;Kat;Etb:ueNaH enAeBlNaEdlKat;CYbRbTHnwg]bsKNa
mYy. enAeBlEdleKdak;GVI[Kat;Binit Kat;EtgEtbYgsYgdl;{k,n}bBaan;rUbCanic. enAeBlEdl
BYkGkneya)ayeToteFVIGnraKmn_ Kat;cab;epImeRCtERCkGMNacxagsuIvil edayeRbIkmaMg b
])aykl EfmeTot. mindl;BIrqaMpg Kat;)anbMpajGs;nUvsmtPaBepSgrbs;kgTBKat;pal;
ehIykgcenaHeBlenaH Kat;)anRsvakab;karRKb;RKgrdaPi)alTaMgRsug.
eRKaHmhnrayFn;Fr )ancab;epImenAqaM1970 enAeBlEdlKat;ecjbBaa[kgTB dMeNIrkar
vayluky:agFMCaelIkdMbUgenAkgsgam. BYkevotNamxageCIg )anvaydeNImkan;kab;TwkdIkm<Ca
CagBak;kNalrYceRsceTAehIy ehIy ln; nl; )anpl;bTbBaa[nayTahanTaMgLayrbs;Kat;
erobcMyuTsasmYykgkarvayyktMbn;nanaEdl)at;bg;mkvij CaBiess enAPaKxagekItRbeTs.
Kat;)anepatkareRCIserIsrbs;Kat; sMedAeFVIyuTnakarmYyvayebIkpvCatimYy EdlPab;BIrdFanIeTATI
RbCuMCnsn;. kgTB)ancab;epImeFVIclnaeTAmux karvayRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYkevotNamxageCIgman
RckecjmYyminR)akdeLIy ehIy ln; nl; kBuM)aneFVI[eKaledArbs;Kat; kgkarc,aMgdeNImyk
PaKxagekItRbeTsmanvDnPaBeLIy.
b:uEnKat;)anRbkan;citfa karvaylukenHEdldak;eQaHfa ecnLaTI1 KWCaeCaKCymYy.
eK)anR)arBVeFVIbuNCyCmH eKERskGbGrsaTr ln; nl; EdlCaembBaakarnRbtibtikarswkenH.
RkgPMeBj)anbNalxn[lg;lk;kgkaryl;RcLMfa BYkevotNam)anRtvvay[braCyehIy.
enAedImqaMfI kgTahanBiess tamPasaevotNameKehABYkdatkug cMnYnRbmaNmYyry)aynak;
)anvayRbharcUlGakasyandaneBaFicintugenAfTI21 Exmkra qaM1971 ehIy)ankemc
ynehaHPaKeRcInEdleKdak;kgeragbgaTaMgLay eragsRmab;TukynehaH CaBiess ynehaH
RbedjRbtikmFun mik-19 Gs;CaeRcIneRKg. CyCmHnRbtibtikarswkecnLaTI1 )anpuseLIg[
eXIjsRmab;TIRkgmYy EdlRtveFVI[manPaBRsLaMgkaMgeTAvij. enATIRkgenH nigenATIeTot eK
cab;epImcg;dwgBIkarecjdMeNIrrbs; ln; nl; BIRbeTs.
PBVvasna)anekIteLIgkgeBlcenaHenaH. enAfTI9 Exkum ln; nl; )anrgnUvkarQWs<wkmYy
cMehogxn ehIyeK)ansaksYrKafaetIKat;Gacrs;ranmanCIvitCamYykar)at;bg;smtPaBxagpvkay
176
nigpvcit)anEdrbeT? Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTs ehIyRtveKdwkykeTAkan;mnIreBTGaemrikaMgmYy

enATIRkghUNUlUlU (Honolulu) ekaHhav: (Hawa). sirimt )aneLIgkan;cgtdwknaMRbeTsCabeNaHGa
sn. bnab;BIkarecjdMeNIrrbs; ln; nl; manelcecjBakccamGar:amsIBIrdRbhareyaFa
)anlan;BsussayRKb;TisTI ehIyBYkGaemrikaMgTMngCabgaj[eXIjkarRbgeRbbxnCaeRsc
edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIkarpas;brmYy TaMgk,alm:asuIndwknaMrdaPi)al kdUckarerobcMenAsmrPUmiRbyuT.
tamRbEhl enHCakareRCIserIsrvagBYknayTahanTan;smy nigGkneya)ayTMenIbman
dUcCa sirimt CaedIm. bnab;mk ln; nl; )anvilRtLb;mkvijenABak;kNalExemsa edaymanCMgW
sab;mYycMehogxn b:uEn BuMmanxUcxatR)aCJasartIeLIy. mnusSRKb;Ka rYmTaMgGaemrikpg )ansnidan
fa Kat;nwgRbKl;GMNacEdlmanBiteTA[ sirimt ehIynwgkan;kab;muxgarBiFIkarmYykgzanCa
Rbmuxrdmak;. elak eGm:UrI sVaMg (Emory Swank) CakGKrdTUt GaemrikaMg)anbeBajKMnitR)ab;Rkg
v:asuInetanfa {Cak;EsgKat;RtveFVI[caj;eRbbeRcInNas; sRmab;RbQmnwgGVIEdleKRtvkarBI
naykrdmnImak;18 ebIniyayGMBIR)aCJasartI nigkarrMCYlcit.
mnusSTaMgGs;)anRcLM ln; nl; manlkNebCJacitCageBlNaTaMgGs; edIm,IdwknaMeFVI
sgamsasnarbs;Kat;. Cabnan;PamenaH Kat;)anykkgTBmkkan;kgdeLIgvij ehIy)anEfg
RbkasR)ab;BYknayTahanrbs;Kat; EdlRtveFVI[egOgql;RsLaMgkaMgfa BYkGs;elaknwgRtverobcM
eFVIRbtibtiswkmYyeQaH ecnLaTI2 edIm,IsgswkcMeBaHkarvayRbharbM)ak;muxmkelIGakasyan
dan. nayTahanmak;kgcMeNamenaH )anniyayerobrab;fa ln; nl; )anvaytmBIeBlevlaedIm,I
{dak;TNkmsRtv[smnwgkMhus19} mkdl;ehIy. elIkenH Cnkan;GMNacpac;karmanbMNgvay
ebIkpvmYyEdlnaMeq<aHeTAPaKxageCIg KWpvCatielx6 edIm,ItPab;RkgPMeBjeTAextkMBg;FM CaFanIext
sitenAtMbn;sm,rRsUvmYy ehIyEdlRkgPMeBjcab;epImRtvkarCacaM)ac;.
esnaFikarkgTB)anRbqaMgCMTas;y:agmuWgm:at;. BYknayTahan)aneqtkas kgeBlEdl
ln; nl; Gvtmanb:unanExenH edIm,ICYsCulkarxUcxatkalBIqaMmun edayxitxMelIkTwkcitBlTahan
rbs;xn nigBRgwgrcnasm<nkgTB[rwgEtrwgmaMeLIgEfmeTot. kickarrbs;eK kMBugerobcMcab;epIm
BYkeK)aneqIyR)ab; ln; nl; fa kgTBenATn;exSayxaMgNas;bnab;BIRbtibtikarswk ecnLaTI1.
kgTBrbs;BYkeK enAEtBMu)anTTYlkarhVwkhVWnk,neyaFacaM)ac;dEdl edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgkgTB
evotNamxageCIgEdlRbkbedayGavuFyuTPNsm,rEbbCag nigfwkkgkareFVIcm,aMgpg.
bnab;mk BYknayTahanTaMgGs;)anecaTRbkan;BIEpnkarRbyuTrbs; ln; nl; EdlminGac
stVRkeBI s
177
karBarTB dUcEdlKat;Fab;yl;dEdl. ln; nl; cg;dak;BRgayTahanrbs;Kat;tambeNaypv

edayKankarRTRTg;BIEpkdwkCBaneRKgsmarsRmab;pt;pg;kgTB[)anRKb;RKan;Tan;eBl nigKan
Epnkarpas;brkmaMg edIm,IvaytbteTAnwgkarkarBarEdlBYkevotNam nwgRbkan;ykedayCak;Esg
eLIy KWbMEbk nigkat;ExSTBdEvg nigdscesIg[dac;Cakg;. ln; nl; minRBmsab;karsIbenas
rbs;BYknayTahanKat;esaHeLIy. ehIyBYknayTahanTaMgenHeCOCak;fa BYkGaemrikaMgnwgrkSaTuk
Kat;[enA kan;GMNacdEdl ehIycat;TukkarKitbRmgeFVIrdRbhar beFVIGVIepSgeTot nwgRtvecaTRbkan;
fa CaGMeBImYyRbhak;RbEhlnwgGMeBIk,t;Edr Ca\riyabf[{)at;bg;esrPaB}mYy EdlnwgeFVI[eTA[
BYkkumyniseqtTajykKuNRbeyaCn_b:ueNaH.
ln; nl; )anQHkgerOgenH eRBaHRbtibtiswkecnLaTI2 Rtvdak;[dMeNIrkarenAcugExsIha qaM
1971. karRbyuTKa)anbnkgryeBlCagbIEx ehIy)anbBab;enAfTI6 ExF qaM1971 CamYy
nwgkarvinasGnray nExSTBEdleKdak;BRgaytambeNaypv. kgTBEdlmancMnYnRbEhl
hasibBan;nak; )anRtvevotNamkmat;esIrEtrlaysUn kgzanCaGgTBEdlmankarerobcMRtwm
Rtv. kgTBefIreCIgeqImrbs;Kat;)anrlay)at;rUbrag. TB3000nak; esInwgdb;kgvresnatUc
)anRtvsmab;. eRKgsmarbrikarswksRmab;Tahan mkgvresnatUc CaBiessrfynBasEdk nig
LankamIj:g EdlmantmfCaeRcIneRKg )anRtvbMpajexcxI. enHKWCaeRKaHmhnraymYy Edl
bNal[kgTBTaMgmUl)ak;sartICaerogrhUt. eRkaymk mankgBlFM bkgBltUcxH)andwknaMeFVI
karRbyuTmYyRbkbedayvIrPaB. ]tmesnIy_TaMgLay nwgepImeFVIkarvayRbharCYyKaMRTCaeRcIn
ehIykarBarTItaMgnanarbs;BYkeKy:agkahanbMput b:uEn kgTBTaMgmUlrbs;Kat;minEdlnwkeXIj
RbtibtikarswkecnLaTI2 Tal;EtesaH.
fVIebIKat;TTYlbraCy k ln; nl; enArkSaGMNacrbs;Kat;elIkgTBdEdl. edayRtvRbQmmux
nwgbraCyepSgeTot BYkGaemrikaMgrwtEtbgaj[eXIjBIkarsb,ayciteRKagKitBIkarkarpas;br
emdwknaMxaMgeLIg. CamYynwgkgTBrbs;Kat; nigkarKaMRTrbs;shrdGaemrik ln; nl; )anvaybknwg
BYkGkneya)ayEdlmineCOfaKat;mansmtPaBeFVIekIt. bIExbnab;RbtibtikarswkecnLaTI2 Kat;
)andeNImkan;muxgarepSgCaRbmuxrd edaycitgpakrdFmnuBa nigbBaa[rMlayrdsPaCatiecal
eTot.
ecg ehg RbmuxrdmanEtzan )ansuMlaQb;kalBI bIfmun eRBaHKat;GHGagfa Kat;{ElgGac
RbQmmuxnwgsankarN_neya)aymYy Edlkan;EtmansPaBkan;EtFn;FreLIgeTotehIy}.
178
sirimt CamnusSBi)akkmat;ecjbMput b:uEn enAExmifuna qaM1972 Kat;)ancakecjBICYrBYkyuTikCn

EdlmanEteQaHrbs; ln; nl; ehIy)anbegItKNbkSfImYy KWKNbkSsaFarNrdniym. Rkm
RbqaMg)anEbkExJkKa eKKanmeFa)ayplrMlMmnusSmak; EdlGacGagelIesckIesaHRtg;rbs;
BYkGaemrikaMgEdlCaGkpl;R)ak;kassRmab;eFVIsgam nigesdkicrbs;km<Ca nigelIesckIesaHRtg;
rbs;kgTBEdlkMBugRbyuTnwgsRtveLIy.
edayeCOR)akdBICyCmHmYy ln; nl; )anecjbBaa[erobcMeFVIkare)aHeqat. b:uEn Kat;
viHEtRtv)ak;muxeTAehIyedaycaj;GkesrIniymmak;eQaH Guin taM EdlCaGk)anTTYleCaKCyenA
RkgPMeBj ehIyRbEhlCaGacQHenAtamCnbTeTotpg ebIsinCa ln; nl; min)ancat;[kgTBeTA
RbmUl nigrab;snwkeqateTenaH. edayeTIscitcMeBaHkarbnMsnwkeqaty:agCak;c,as;enH nigeday
TTYlbBaaBITIRkgv:asuInetan[rkSaTukrdaPi)al[enATaMgmUldEdlkGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg )ancMNay
eBlevlaeBjcugqaMenaH kgkarbBaHbBal Guin taM Casmat;edayesI[Kat;RBmcUlrYm kgrdaPi)al
{EdlRtveRCIstaMgeLIg} edIm,Ipl;[saFarNrdmankPaBEt{sm,keRkA}mYy.
Guin taM )anbdiesF ehIy)anGHGagBIehtuplepSgrbs;Kat;R)ab;kGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg20
fa ln; nl; CaCnpac;karBukrlYymak; CaemTahanKansmtPaBmak; nigCamnusSEdlKat; Guin taM
KanlTPaBeFVIkarCamYy)aneLIy kalebI ln; nl; ykBYk{Gkkasniym} EdlcUlcitRbRBwt
GaRkk; mkdak;CuMvijxnKat;eRcIneBk. karvinicyenH CakarvinicymYyedayRtg;Kanlak; nigffr
bMputkgcMeNamkarvinicyCaeRcIn EdlBYkGaemrikaMgkyl;RsbBIerOg ln; nl; dUcKaEdr b:uEn Kan
eFVIGVIekItTaMgGs;. Rkgv:asuInetan Cit)anseRmckicRBmeRBgsniPaBmYyCamYyBYkkumynis
evotNamNas;eTAehIy ERkgmansMNagmYyedaHxnecjBI\Ncin.
{saFarNrdExr} mansPaBdUcmnusSsab; kgTBRtvvinasGnray. b:uEn nicsun EbrCaGnH
GEngcuHhtelxaelIsnisBaasniPaBmYy EdlnwgeFVI[Kat;dkxnecjBIkarTTYlxusRtv ykQH
sgam\NcinelIkTI2TaMgGs;.
KWenAxNenHehIy Edl saLt s nigBYkExrRkhm)anerobcMxndwknaMeFVIRbtibtikarelI
smrPUmiRbyuTenAtMbn;xageKvijmg}.
enAfTI29 ExmIna qaM1970 Cafnkarvayluky:agFMdMbUgrbs;BYkevotNamxageCIgenA
RbeTskm<Ca rhUtmkdl;Bak;kNalqaM1972 kgTBdtUcEdlKanbTBiesaFn_rbs; ln; nl; etagEt
RbQmmuxttaMgnwgkgTBBUEkelIseKenAGasuIGaeKy_ KWBYkevotNamxageCIg. b:uEn semc
stVRkeBI s
179
RBHneratm sIhnu )anGHGagminfa KWkgTBrbs;RBHGgeTEdl)aneFVI[kgTBRkgPMeBjTTYlbraCy

enaH. ehtuenH BYkTahanrbs; ln; nl; )anduHcitsb;ex<Im semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigBakPrPUt
rbs;RBHGg dUcKanwgBYkExrRkhmsb;RBHGgEdr.
BYkkumyniskm<Ca)aneqtTajykplRbeyaCn_kgryeBlbIqaM EdlkgkMLgeBlenH
BYkevotNamxageCIg)ancUlCYyRbyuTenAkgkarRbyuTepSg edIm,IeFVI[cMnYnkgTBrbs;BYkkumy
niskm<CaekInBIdb;R)aMenAEssibBan;nak;21. BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anerobcMkgTBtamrebobrbbRtwm
RtvmYy edaytemIgzannrski[nayTahanTaMgLayeTAtamKuNsm,tirbs;eK nigedayerobcM[
mnusSTaMgenaHbnkarhat;hVwkhVWnmYyy:ageBjTMhwgEfmeTot. CMnYysMxan;bMputEdlBYkevotNam
pl;eTA[BYkkumynisExr KWeBlevlaehIyBYkeK)aneFVI[vaeRbI)anyUrEfmeTot.Rbdab;edayGavuF
minl BYkeK)anBwgEpkelIGavuFGaemrikaMg EdldeNIm)anBIsRtv kdUcGavuFEdlBYkcin bBYk
evotNambBanmk[BYkeKEdr. EbkKaGMBI ln; nl; EdlTTYl)anCMnYyGaemrikaMgcMnYn CagmYyekadi
R)aMmYyrylandular kgryeBlnsgam bxusEbkBIBYkevotNamxageCIg EdlshPaBsUevot
nigRbeTscinpl;[kgmYyqaMesInwgTwkR)ak;mYyekadi22dulaenaH BYkExrRkhm RtvEtpt;pg;CIvPaB
rbs;xnxHedayRbPBFnFanrbs;BYkeKpal;.
BYkkumynisExr)anTijfaMeBT eRbg\nn nigplitplepSgeTotBIBYknayTahan BukrlYy
nigBYkQjEdlenAxagEb:k ln; nl; eday[bg;tmCaR)ak;dularEdlBYkeKrk)anBIkarlk;ekAsU
tamkicRBmeRBgmYyesIrEtpvkarEdrCamYynwgrdaPi)alRkgPMeBj. edayBit BYkExrRkhm
)andeNImkan;kab;cmarekAsUTaMgGs;taMgEtBIeBlcab;epImsgamem:H23. BYkGtItmas;kmsiTi
nigBYkGkRKb;RKg)araMg )aneFVIkiccrcaCamYy ln; nl; nigBYk]TamExrRkhmedIm,IeFVIkicsnamYy
EdltamryenH CrekAsURtv{lk;}mk[RkgPMeBj CakEngsRmab;EkcmunnwgykeTAlk;enATIpSar
GnrCati eday)ak;cMeNjTaMgGs;RtvEbgEckKa eday\telgrvagRkmEdlc,aMgKaTaMgBIr.
kgrdFanI BYk)araMg)ansabnaeragcRkEkcfICaeRcInkEngEdlBYkeK)an[dMeNIrkareBj
mbYnem:agkgmYyf. kgkMLgeBlsgam CrekAsUKWCaRbPBpl;rUbiybNEtmYyKt;rbs;RbeTs
km<Ca. kgryeBlBIrqaMcugeRkay enAeBlEdlRkgPMeBj RtvnaMcUlnUvGVIswgEtTaMgGs;enaH
CrekAsU)anpl;cMNUly:agehac kgmYyqaMkdb;landulaEdr24. dUecHrdaPi)al ln; nl; Rtvbg;eTA
[BYkExrnUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYnEdlBYkkumynisRtvykeTAbg;tmTMnij[BYkQj nig[rgVan;BYknay
TahanEdlelaPln;RTBsm,tiEdlrkGavuFmkpl;[eKEfmeTot.
180
fVIebItYnaTIsMxan;RtvsEmgedayBYkkgTBevotNamxageCIgkeday kBYkExrRkhmsresIr
xngBIsVyPaBeBjeljBI{kraC nigGFibety} rbs;eKEdr. CakCn BYkExrRkhmyl;
eXIjfa BYkkumynisevotNam)anvayRbyuTsRmab;EtplRbeyaCn_pal;rbs;BYkeKb:ueNaH
KWkarBar {TICRmk}TaMgLay enARbeTskm<Ca karBarRckpvmYyedIm,IFanadl;kardwkCBanes,g
Gahar nigeRKgsmarcaM)ac;[kgTBrbs;BYkeKsRmab;eFVIkarRbyuTenAevotNamxagt,g. Casmat;
saLt s krYmcMENkkgkarRBy)armGMBImhictarbs;BYkevotNamkgtMbn;enH dUc ln; nl; Edr b:uEn
saLt s Kitfa RtvTuk[BYkevotNamenAyUrbniceTotsin edIm,I)anBRgwgkgTBpal;rbs;Kat;
bnab;mkeTIbbeNjBYkenHecj. enAkgryeBlnkarCYbcrcaCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu
naTIRkgeb:kaMg emdwknaMExrRkhm)anCYbBiPakSaCamYy paM v:an;dug Edr ehIy)anCMTas;nwgsMeNImYy
rbs;evotNam EdlsuM[rMlaybBalGMNacbBaakar nigkgkPaBRbyuTevotNam-Exr25 cUlKa
TaMgGs;. s )anGHGagfa Kat;)anbdiesFsMeNIrbs;RkghaNUykgkarbBanTIRbwkSabeckeTs
nigneya)aymkCYyerobcM{tMbn;rMedaH}TaMgLay enARbeTskm<Ca b:uEn sakSIEdl)aneXIj
pal;EPkCaeRcInnak; )anraykarN_[dwgfa BYkevotNammaneFVICaemeKxH enAtMbn;dFMlVwgelVIyrbs;
RbeTskgbNaExdMbUgnsgam26.
sanPaBEbbenHmintRmv[eKBnareBlyUrteTAeToteLIy. enAqaM1971 BYkExrRkhm
yl;fa xnmankmaMgRKb;RKan;ehIyedIm,IdMeNIrkarnUvkmviFI {visuTkm} pal;rbs;eK ehIydUc ln; nl;
Edr CadMbUgBYkeK)anrkerOgGaNikCnevotNamkMBugrs;enAtamtMbn;nana EdlBYkeKRKb;RKgenAPaK
xagekItRbeTskm<Ca27. edayykelsBIkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;evotNam EdlCaerOgminsUv
c,as;las; BYkExrRkhm)andkhUtGavuFBIRbCaCnsuIvilevotNamTaMgGs;. GkxHRtvcab;xn xH
eTotRtvsmab;ecal ehIymanCaeRcInnak;)ane)aHbg;pH ksidan bPUmiensaTrbs;eK edIm,Irt;eKc
eTAenARbeTsevotNamvij. erOgTaMgenaH)anRbRBwteTAedaysat;kM)aMgbMput. enAkgRbeTs BuMman
GktMNagkaEstGnrCatiRbcaMenAnwgkEngeT ehIyeTaHCay:agNakeday ebIRkghaNUydwg kKan
esckIEfgkarN_CasaFarNEdr.
tmkeTot BYkExrRkhm)anykcitTukdak;nwgBYkkumynisExrrab;rynak; EdlvilRtLb;
BIevotNamxageCIgmkvij eRkayBIkarnireTsxnryeBldb;R)aMqaM edIm,IcUlrYmeFVIbdivtn_kgqaM
1970. bkSrbs; s KanTukcit {smmit} TaMgGs;enaHeT ehIyBYkeK)ancat;TukCasmat;fa {BYk
k,alyYnxnExr}. b:uEn BYkenHRtv)anbBan[mkRbeTskm<Cavij edIm,IbRgbbRgmclna EdlEbk
stVRkeBI s
181
)ak;KaeLIgvij. enAeBlmkdl; BYkeKRtv)anTTYlsVaKmn_enAPaK|saneday eGog sarI EdlemIl

xusRtvedayxngkgcat;taMg[kan;muxtMENgepSgeRkambgab;eKTaMgGs;. BYkkumynisTaMgenH
EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa {BYkmatuPUminivt} enaH)anRtv sWg g:ukmij niyaydas;etOnedaypal;
enATIRkghaNUyfa BYkeKnwgCYbRbTHsanPaBsKsajlM)akedaHRsayCaminxan. Cnmak;kg
cMeNamGkEdleKbBanmkmatuPUmiTaMgenH enAnwkeXIjfa {sWg g:ukmij Fab;bBaak;R)ab;fa CnrYmCati
EdlkMBugvilRtLb;eTARbeTskm<Cavij nwgeBIbRbTHkarlM)aksKsajepSg eRBaHEtPaBmincuH
sRmgKarvagBYkGkenAkgRbeTs nigBYkGkFab;sikSaenAbreTs>>> sWg g:ukmij )anEppaMfa
enAeBleTAdl;RbeTsvij sUmkuM[BYkeyIgTamTarGVI[esaH>>> KWsUm[eyIgeBjcitnwgParkic
TaMgLayEdleKRbKl;[28eyIgbMeBj}.
saLt s )anbeBaj[eXIjCafI EdlGaceRbIR)as;bNasRtvrbs;Kat;kgkarbeRmIpl
RbeyaCn_Kat;munnwgkmat;BYkenaH[sabsUn. BYkmatuPUminivtEdlBYkevotNamFab;bNHbNal
xagEpkeyaFaepSgBIKaenaH )anRtvpkpak;[CYybegItkgTBExrRkhm. ebITukNaCaKat;bdiesF
karbegItkgkPaBcRmHevotNam-Exr RbEhlBIeRBaHfa kgkMLgeBlsgam\NcinelIkTI1
KWmansuTEtBYkevotNamEdlCaGkdwknaMbBaakgkPaBEbbenaHkeday k s )aneRtm bRmgeqt
TajykRbeyaCn_BIBYkExrTaMgenH EdlbNHbNaledayRkghaNUyEdr. manBYkmatuPUminivt
tictYcNas; EdleKGnuBaat[kan;tMENgsMxan; EtBYkeKRtvFak;BImuxtMENgenHCabnbnab;.
PaKeRcIndwgxngfa rs;enAekaKanGkNarab;rk tamkarBit eTaHCakrNIenH CakrNImYysRmab;
CnkumynisCaTUeTAkeday. CnmatuPUminivtdEdlenH )anniyayeTotfa {karTak;TgepSgrvagfak;
elI nigfak;eRkam KWeRbbdUcrvagemX nigdI. smmitmak;sal;EtGkNamYyEdlmankarTak;Tgnwg
eKb:ueNaH. KanerOgRtveFVIecHeFVIdwg GMBIsanPaBEdlxn )anCYbRbTHeLIy eTaHCaerOgenaHCaerOgGVI
keday29}.
kgcMeNamGkeFVImatuPUminivtn_manmak;eQaH eGog lIm30 CayuvCnkm<CasiTkumynismak;
Edl)ancakecjBIRbeTsxnenAqaM1955 tamkarerobcMrbs;BYkevotNam edayEkgxnCaBl
TahanevotNam edIm,IeCosvagBIlkxNkMNt; EdlbegIteLIgedayKNkmaFikarGnrCatixag
bTRttRtatamkicRBmeRBgRkghSWENv enAeBleLIgCiHk):al;b:ULjmYyeRKg eFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTA
evotNamxageCIg. enAqaM1970 Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkkm<Cavij enAeBlsgamcab;pHdMbUg
182
edayTukRbBnCatievotNamrbs;Kat;enAPaKxageCIgevotNam. sWg g:ukmij EdlKat;eCOfa Caem

dwknaMbkSkumynisrbs;km<Ca )anENnaM[Kat;eKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSgrbs;bkS kalebIKat;qg
cUleTAkgRbeTskm<CaehIy. lIm nigRkmrbs;Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RbeTsvijedaycuHtampv
lM hU CImij kgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIrmYydEsnlM)ak nigRbkbedayeRKaHfak;mYycMnYnbIEx.
enARbeTskm<Ca Kat;)anCYbRbTHnwgGriPaBmYy EdlbgeLIgedaykarEbgEckbkSCaBIrBYk
kgkMLgeBldb;R)aMqaM nigPaBCasRtvmYyEdlrIkkan;EtFMeLIgrvagBYkExrRkhm nigBYkevotNam.
eBkmkdl;RbeTsenAExkBaa Kat;)anRtveKcat;taMg BIr-bIExeRkaymk[eFVICaemdwknaMkg kPaB
mYy EdlmanBYkExrRkhm samsibnak;. Kat;)anbgat;k,nyuTsas[kUnTahanTaMgenH nig)ancUl
rYmkgkarRbyuTCaeRcInelIk CaBiessenAkgextkMBg;FM. Kat;eXIjkgTBExrRkhm nigevotNam
cUlRbyuT kt;cMNaMBIPaBGn;KRmk;rbs;kgTBRkgPMeBj nigyl;BImaKaFMrbs;bdivtn_ ehIysnidan
fa xnKat;pal; nigGkeFVImatuPUminivtn_eTot suTEt)anFak;eTAkgsanPaBBi)akedaHxndUcKa.
lIm )anniyayfa Kat;manesckIPyxacBYkevotNamxageCIgEdlxMRbwgRttRtaBYkkm<CadUc
BYkeKRttRtaBYkkumynisLavEdr edaycat;TukCaGkbdivtRbePTfI. taMgBIqaM1970 lIm )andwg
edayxngfa TMnak;TMngepSgrvagBYkkumynisExr nigevotNamBuM{lRbesIr}eT. Kat;BuM)anvay
tmGMBITMnak;TMngepSgrvagBYkkumynis nigRbCaCnkm<CayUreTAeToteLIy ehIyKat;snidanfa
BYkExrRkhmGacykQHsgam)an b:uEn BuMmankarrYbrYmrbs;RbCaCneT. fmYy Kat;RtvEtraraMg
BYkExrRkhmedaypal;xng min[smab;RbCaCnsuIvil enA)arayN_kgextkMBg;FM CakEngEdl
eK)ansmab;ksikrGs;CaeRcInnak; eRBaHEtRbRBwtbTelIskMbuikkMb:uk.
lIm )andwgy:agqab;rhsfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu kBYkExrRkhmminsUvcUlcitEdr
eRBaHBYkenH Bak;rUbsBaarbs;RBHGgEtenAeBlNaEdleKbBan[eTAbMeBjkgCYrTBevotNamxag
eCIgb:ueNaH. kgcMeNamKaKat; ExrRkhm BYkeKniyayedImsemcedayPaBlVIgCUrct;bMput.
bnicmg lIm )at;bg;esckIsgwmTaMgRsugGMBIkarbdivtmYyrbs;Exr. Kat;Fab;)anrs;enA
evotNamxageCIgcMnYn db;R)aMmYyqaM rg;caMeFVIkarRbyuTedIm,I{rMedaH}matuPUmirbs;xn ehIyenATIbMput
Kat;rkeXIjfa sgamenARbeTskm<Capl;GtRbeyaCn_} CasMxan;dl;RbeTsevotNamxageCIg KW
BuMEmndl;karbdivtExr EdlKat;Fab;BeKniyayCajwkjab;enaHeT} KWenAqaM1971 eRkaykarmkdl;
rbs;Kat;mYyqaM. Kat;)andMNalfa CamYykgkPaBrbs;Kat; Kat;)ancUlRbyuTenAPaKxageCIg
extkMBg;FM ehIyRtvkgkPaBevotNamxageCIgmYy dkfy rt;ecal edayKanR)ab;[KaKat;dwg
stVRkeBI s
183
CamuneLIy.
edayBuMGacrs;enAkgsPaBe)akbeBaat nigkarRsgakcit lIm )anrt;mksuMcuHcUlxagBYk ln;
nl;R)aMfbnab;BIkarRbyuTenH.Kat;)anRtvsaksYredaynayTahanesuIbkarN_nsanTUt GaemrikaMg EdleFVI[eKrMCYlcitcMeBaHkarPyxacrbs;Kat; KWkarPyxacnwgGMeBIeXareXArbs;BYkExrRkhm
bkBaRkGWtRkeGag nigmhictarbs;BYkevotNam cMnYnGkrgeRKaHEdlnwgRtveKbMePcecal bnab;BI
sgamdRcbUkRcbl;enH EdlbNasm<nmitsuTEtCasRtv nigCasRtvrbs;BYksm<nmit. Kat;Kan
yl;RcLMesaHrvagkgTBrbs; ln; nl; EdlkUnTahanbgaj[eXIjPaBkMsak ehIyBYknayTahan
suTEtmansmtPaBGn;KRmk;. kgkardMNalerOgEdl lIm vaytmBIsgamKWBuMmantYGgCavIrCn
eT.
enAeBlEdlBYkkumyniskm<CaTTYldwknaMTaMgRsug kgkarehIyeTAeFVIsgam eBlEdlBYk
evotNamdkfyeTAkan;tMbn;RBMEdn nigRtLb;eTAeFVIsgampal;rbs;xnenAqaM1973vijenaH
BYkGkeFVImatuPUminivt)anRtveKtamdany:agsit ehIyenAqaM1975 PaKeRcInkgcMeNamGkTaMgenaH
)anRtveKsmab;rgal.
karkab;smab;bM)at;BUCsasn_ RbqaMgnwgGaNikCnevotNam nig{BYkk,alyYnxnExr} KWGag
elIRTwsIneya)aymYy dUcKanwgRTwsIneya)ayEdlnaM[mankarsmab;bM)at;BUCsasn_rbs; ln; nl;
Edr. saLt s nigBYkExrRkhm )anepImniyaydUcKakgnamnBUCsasn_ nigRbCaCatiExr b:uEn
BYkExrRkhm)anniyayeTAkan;hVgGksab;mYyEdlgaycab;GarmN_CageK KWRbCaksikrenHg.
kgryeBlbIqaMdMbUg BYkeK)ansEmg[eXIjlkNniympvkNal kgesckIEfgkarN_epSg
rbs;eKRbEhledaysar\TiBlRKbsgt;kgryeBldyUr rbs;kgTBevotNamxageCIg nigBIeRBaH
BYkeKcg;eqtTajykRbeyaCn_GMBIsMNl;RbCaRbiyPaBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu edIm,IeRCIs
erIsBYk ksikrmunEdlFab;esaHRtg;nwg eTvraCa GgenH [cUleFVITBrbs;eKehIyemIleTA. BYkExr
Rkhm)anrYmpSMkarGMBavnavGMBIemaTnPaBCati nigesckIbBaatirbs;kumynis edIm,IeFVI[manyutiFm
xag esdkic nigneya)aydTUlMTUlaymYy. KWCaelIkdMbUgehIykgRbvtisasrbs;RbeTskm<Ca
EdleKRtvkarRbCaCnenACnbT[sEmgtYnaTIdsMxan;mYykgkarpas;brnsgm ehIylTpl KWTTYl
)anxaMgEmnETn.
karlaybBalbBavn nigksikrenHbgaj[eXIjfaCakarrlayrbs;BIry:agEdlnaM[pH31.
BYkbBavn ExrRkhmeFVICaRbkan;Gakb,kiriyaRkGWtRkTmfa BYkeKCaemdwknaMkm<CadMbUg EdlCMBak;cit
184
xaMg nwgbuBVehturbs;RbCaksikr eRBaH90PaKrynRbCaCnTaMgenH rs;enAy:agkmSt;kRmbMput

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sgamrIkraldal EdlBlikmepSgekIneRcIneLIg BYkbBavn nigBYkksikr )anrkeXIjCamYy
nwgPaBrnt;fa BYkeK)anciBawmnUvkarsb;exI<mBi)akedaHRsaymYyEterogxn.
karminTukcitEdlmantaMgBImunmkrbs;RbCaksikrcMeBaHTIRkg GkRbmUlBndar nigBYkbBavn
)anrYmpSMRTwsIepSgrbs;ExrRkhm tamRbBnesdkicGnrCati ehIyGanuPaBbMpicbMpajrbs;vamk
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188
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190
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elIRbeTsCatiedayKandwgxnCamuneLIy. edaysitenAxageRkAkiccrcaTaMgGs; BYkExrRkhm)an
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eRBgTaMgLay )annaMeTAdl;kardkfykgTBkumynisevotNammYyPaKFM ecjBIkm<Cay:agqab;
rhs. kgTBTaMgenH )anRtLb;eTARbeTsevotNamvij benARbmUlpMtambeNayRBMEdnrYm eday
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mkdl;Tal;EtesaH. enATIbMput sgamenARbeTskm<Ca )aneFVI[kgTBrbs;km<CaTaMgGs;vayRbyuT
EtCamYyKag ehIykRmitnsgamenH eRbIviFIkan;EtxaMeLIgEdr.
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enARbeTsevotNam nigLav. RbeTskm<Ca )ankayeTACakEngRbtibtikarEtmYyKt;sRmab;
ynehaHRbtikmTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg ehIyenAExkum qaM1973 ePgRKab;EbkCaeRcIn
198
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saFarNBYkExrRkhm)anrkSakaresmsat; minniyayGVITaMgGs;. enAelIsmrPUmi BYkeK)aneFVIkar
erobcM[eRscnUvEpnkarsamBa nigdmuWgm:at;mYy edIm,IkarBarxnTl;nwgkarTmak;RKab;Ebk nigGMeBI
{k,t;fI}mYyrbs;BYkevotNam KWEpnkarmYytRmv[dak;xnenAEtkg nigBRgwgsanPaBvayRbyuT
karBarGayuCIvitxn nigeFVIBlikmcaM)ac;RKb;EbbEfmeTot.
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y:agtwgruwg CaRbePT{bnaykarBar}CaTIEdleKbgaMgmnusSpldMNaM nigeRKgsmarsBVEbby:agTuk
sRmab;Et[bkS nigbdivt eRbIR)as;b:ueNaH40. KanGkNamak;GaRkk;GaccUl becjBIshkrN_TaMg
enH edayKankarGnuBaatBIbkS)aneLIy. PUmiTaMgLay)ankayeTACa{bnaytUc}enACnbT Edl
Rtv)anRKb;RKgtamc,ab;GaCJaswk. GVITaMgGs;Edlplit)anedayshkrN_ Rtv)aneRbIR)as;
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eLIy karTak;TgCamYyBiPBxageRkA kElgmanesrIPaBkgkare)aHBum<pSay nigkaredIrehIrRtv)an
hamXat;. RkdasR)ak;Rtv)anbM)at;ecalkgbMNgeFVI[karCYjdUrminRsbc,ab;epSgElg)an
RbeyaCn_. rebobRKb;RKgtamEbbePrvkmmYy Rtv)anbegIteLIg.
saLt s)anerobrab;BITisedACayuTsas qgtamryshkrN_TaMgenHfa{kalBIedIm BYkGk
manpHsEm,gdIFI nigBYkQj )anRbmUlTijRsUvTaMgGs;edIm,Ilk;eTA[bnln; nl; nigBYkevotNam.
RsTab;GkRkIRknRbCaCneyIg xVHxatRsUvGgrhUby:agxaMg. >>>kgTBbdivtEdlvayRbyuTenA
smrPUmikxVHGgrhUbEdr ehIyRtvbgMcithUbbbrRKb;EteBl)ay>>>. KWsRmab;mUlehtuenHehIy
)anCaKNkmaFikarmCimbkSeyIg seRmcbegItshkrN_enAkgtMbn;rMedaHTaMgmUl enAqaM1973
eTaHCashkrN_TaMgenaHmankRmitTab bkRmitx<s;keday41}.
karbegItshkrN_ )ankayeTACavKmYynsgam EdltamryenH BYkExrRkhm)anbBab;
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BYkeKGacerobcMeBlem:ageFVIkarRtvKanwgkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. CYn RbsiTi )anbk
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199
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esckIseRmcbegItshkrN_ )anrMgab;esckIPyRByrbs;RbCaksikrEdlRBWxacfa eK
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GkNamak;RtvGt;)ayeLIy TaMgyuvsVamIEdleKbBaneTAsmrPUmi TaMgBukmay TaMgRbBnTaMgkUn
rbs;xn EdlsitenApHsEm,g.es,gGaharEdleKeRtmTukTaMgGs; Rtv)anEbgEckKaxHeday
RtwmRtvCanic. rbs;Gs;enHmanminRKb;RKan;Emn b:uEn BYkExrRkhmvaytmfa RbCaCnGaceFVI
Blikm CacaM)ac;edIm,I)anQH {sgamRsUv} EdleKnaMmuxeFVIRsbKanwgRbtibtikarxageyaFaEdr.
CyCmHnwgFak;mkelIRkmNa EdlecHpt;pg;RbCaCn nigkgTBrbs;xnCaminxan.
mUlehtuCMrujeTArkkarsgswk )ancUlmkLkLMkgerOgenH. sRmab;BYkExrRkhm yl;fa
eday)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgRkg):arIs BYkevotNamxageCIg )anebIkkas[BYk
GaemrikaMgbBanynehaHy:ageRcInmkTmak;RKab;EbkenARbeTskm<Ca. \LvenH BYkevotNam
RbEhlCaTTYlrgplvi)akepSgBIerOgenaHdUcKa KWkgTBrbs;RkghaNUy ElgGaceFVIdMeNIreTAmk
edayesrIenAkm<CaeTotehIy TaMgkminGacciBawmkgTBrbs;xnedayRsUvGgrrbs;km<CaeTotEdr.
RbsiTi erobrab; BYkevotNamCaGkbg[manbBaasMxan;enA [qaM1973] EdleyIgbeNay[eK
niyayminRtwmRtv edIm,I[GkdTcab;GarmN_. BYkeKcg;TijGgrBIeyIg enAeBlenaH eyIgbM)at;
min[cayluyPam. dUecH ebIRbCaCnminRtvkarluykak; ebIBYkKat;rs;enAkgshkrN_mYy Edl
GVIRtv)anpt;pg;edayrdenaH c,as;CaBYkKat;minlk;RsUvGgr[BYkevotNameLIy42}.
sgam EdlKanRbkasrvagBYkkumynisExr nigBYkevotNam)ancab;epImehIy. CaeRcInqaM
eRkaymk eL DwkfU emdwknaMmak;kgcMeNamemdwknaMevotNamxageCIg )anTTYlsal;nUvplvi)ak
epSg EdlnaMmknUvkarvinasGnrayedaysarkarpas;bryuTsasrbs;ExrRkhmfa {bnab;BIqaM
1973 kgTBrbs;evotNam)aneBIbRbTHnwg]bsKy:ageRcIn EdlBYkkumyniskm<Ca)anbegIt
eLIgkgkareFVIdMeNIredayesrI nigkarTijdUreRKg]bePaKbriePaKrbs;eyIg43}.
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200
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EdlnwgkayeTACaKMrUrbs;{sgmfI}.
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cenaH} EdndIenAcenaHTB2 CaeRcInkEngEdlmanTMhMTTwgCaeRcInKILEm:Rt. RbCaksikrEdl
rs;enAkgtMbn;RTnab;TaMgenH Rtv)anekorykeTAdUcstVFaturhUteTAdl;shkrN_nana EdlsitenA
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eTA edayerobcMkab;Kas;ranRB nigPrdIkgsanPaBxVHmuxxVHeRkay eday)anTTYlCMnYysmary:ag
tictYcbMputBIsMNak;BYkkumynis. tMbn;RTnab;TaMgenH manBRgayGnak;CaeRcIn nigmankgl,atedIr
yamkamTaMgyb;TaMgf.
karXaMemIly:agtwgruwgenAtam {RBMRbTl;} EdndITaMgenH )anRbRBwteTARBmKanwgkarRttRta
shkrN_nanay:agENnmYydUcKa. minyUrb:unan mnusSCaeRcIn)ancab;epIm{)at;xn}. eKminEdl
eXIjBYkGkEdleKedjtameTATan;eBlkMBugqgkat;RBMRbTl;tamTismYy bTisepSgeTot edayKan
sMbuRtGnuBaatBIrdGMNac )anvilRtLb;mkvijesaHeLIy. BITIRkgeb:kaMg semc RBHneratm sIhnu
)anmanRBHbnlfa RBHGgminGacFanakarBarRKb;CnbreTsTaMgGs;eTaH CaCnbreTsNakeday
EdleFVIdMeNIreTA{Eb:kmageTot}. karsayPaBCaelIkdMbUgnUvesckIPyxac minGacBiBNna)an
mYy )anraldaleBj{tMbn;reM daH}nana.dMNak;kalnreboberobcMytW nigEdlKitKUrplRbeyaCn_
minR)akdrbs;RbCaCn)anRtvbBab;. exneNt KVIn (Kenneth Quinn) mnIGaemrikaMgEpkkargarTUt
EdlCaGk)ansaksYrBYkGkePosxn Edlrt;ecjBItMbn;TaMgenH )ansresrfa {GkTaMgLay Edl
)anrYcputBIeRKaHfak;kgkareFVIdMeNIrdMbUg [edIm,IbegIttMbn;RTnab;nana] )anerobrab;fa manmnusS
CaeRcInRtvsab;kgeBleFVIdMeNIr ehIyfaBYkEdlenArs;eBlEdleTAdl; [tMbn;rhazanTaMgenaH]
RtveFVIkardUcBYkGkCab;eTas]Rkid EdlRtvbgM[eFVIkarCaTmn;44}.
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tamdanRBwtikarN_epSgEpkneya)ayenARbeTsevotNampg. enAedImqaM1973 Kat;)anRtveFVI
ql;sgSyedaykarERbRblPam EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;pSarggwt nigkarrt;BnenAkgtMbn;enH.
minyUrb:unan Kat;)antamdanBinitemIlbBaaenHedayxng. edayBuM)anTTYlkarbMPWerOgGafkM)aMg
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201
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qaM974)aneTACaksarsmat;mYyrbs;RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg mansamsibR)aMBIrTMBr nigman
cMNgeCIgfa kmviFIrbs;ExrRkhmedIm,IbegItsgmkumynismYykgPaKxagt,gRbeTskm<Ca.
karsikSaRsavRCavrbs; KVIn sIBIshkrN_Gac[eKyl;qHfa CaesckIRBagmYyGMBIRbBnRKb;
RKg EdlBYkExrRkhmRbkan;ykCaeRsc kalebIBYkeKQaneTAdl;GMNac. karpas;brRbCaCnBI
kEngmYyeTAkEngmYy CasBaa[dwgmunBIkarCemsRbCaCnecjBITIRkgPMeBj. karbiTRBMEdnTaMg
Gs; karenAdac;qayBIeKEdleFVIedaycitg )anRtveKBRgIk[raldaltmkeTot rhUtdl;kRmit
Cati. {BYkGk)at;xn} karrwtt,ity:agtwgEtgbMputkgkarrs;enArbs;RbCaCnCaerogral;f )aneFVI[
RbCaCnhak;dUcCadwgxnmunBIGMeBIKYr[xac nigkare)assmatepSg EdlCalkNsmal;mYyrbs;
rbbExrRkhm. erOgniTanTaMgLayBIBYkGkePosxnrbs; KVIn k[dMNwgmunBIkarsgt;sgineTAelICn
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b:uEn kgGtbTrbs;Kat; KVIn )anTTYlsal;fa minyl;BImUlehtunbBaa EdlKat;)anRsavRCav
rkeXIjGMBIrebobrs;enArvagBYkkumyniskm<Ca nigevotNameLIy
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extkNal>>>. RBmTaMgExrRkhmenAextkMBt nigexttaEkv )aneFVIkicRbwgERbgsuRKluMKa edIm,Iedj
kmat;BYkevotkug nigkgTBevotNamxageCIg[eTAPaKxagt,gevotNamvij>>>. vaGacmanR)akd
Nas;fa TMnak;TMngepSg rbs;BYkExrRkhmCamYyRkghaNUy )anFak;cuHy:agxaMgkgryb:unanqaM
cugeRkayfIenH edaysarEtkarKaMRTtamBaksmIrbs;evotNamcMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
kgtMbn;nana EdlBYkevotNamkan;kab; nig/ bedaysarkarb:unb:gmYyrbs;RkghaNUy edIm,IRttRta
elIbkSkumyniskm<Ca. mUlehtumYyeTotEdlGacmanEdr KWfa BYkExrRkhmenAtMbn;RBMEdndMbUg
mansuTEtRbCaCnFmta ehIytmkeTot KWBYkkumynis eBalKWkarmincUlcitrbs; edaymindwgmk
BIehtuGVI cMeBaHBYkevotNam)anmaneRbbelI PaBCadKUEpkmenaKmnviCa EdlBYkeKGacmancMeBaH
[kumynisevotNam]>>>}.
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202
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mYyeTAkgerOgeK. dUc Guit sarin Edr KVIn ksgSycMeBaHsmtikmrbs;Rkgv:asuInetanEdr Edl
tamryerOgenHfa BYkkumynis)anbegItCabkSneya)ayy:agrwgmaMmYy fVIebIRbEhlCamankar
eQaHTas;ETgKaxHkeday. BYkGkEdlseRmcGMBIneya)ayRbeTs manRbvtierOg {smab;
mnusS}RKb;RKan; EdleRcInEtelceLIg[eXIjfa CaerOgxVHmUldanBitR)akd.
karRsavRCavrbs; KVIn )anbMPWbEnm nigbnesovePArbs; Guit sarin [rwtEtc,as;eLIgEfmeTot
eTaHbICaKat; sresrcglGMBItMbn;mYyepSgeTotrbs;RbeTskeday. BYkGkePosxnmYyPaKFM
Edl KVIn )ansaksYr KWeRcInecjmkBIPaKxagt,g nigxagekItRbeTskm<Ca kgeBlEdl sarin eFVI
dMeNIreTAPaKBayB nigPaKkNalRbeTs. tamTsSnrbs; KVIn yl;eXIjfa sankarN_pas;br
Etbnicbncb:ueNaH eRkamrebobcat;EcgCahkrN_ mnusSCaeRcInRtveKerobcM[eFVkI arCuvM ji PUmni ana
EdlmanenAsBVf CMnsY mnusSPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAelIpHrbs;eK nigeFVIERscmarelIdIdEdl. bBaa
kmsiTidIFIRtv)aneCosvagrYctaMgBIdMbUgmk b:uEnGVITaMgGs;man dI pH salaeron mnIreBT vtGaram
RtvsitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;KNshkrN_ EdlCa{]bkrN_mYy}rbs;bkS dUckgTBEdr.
tam KVIn sikSafakarRttRtaenHmaneKaledA {erobcMrcnasm<nsgmExrCafI} tamrykarGb;rM
neya)ayxaMgkamYy[dl;yuvCnTaMgLay nig{karTietonmYyeTAtameKalkarN_GMBIBUCBgSRKsar}
EdlCaFatusMxan;mYykgcMeNamFatusMxan;rbs;sgmkm<CaEdlniymRbBNI. KVIn kt;smal;fa
{karEkTRmg;Epksgm -vb,FmFMdMuCageK EdlBYkExrRkhmFab;b:unb:g KWRbEhlCakarvayRbhar
RbqaMgnwgsasnaCaTUeTA nigRBHviharRBHBuTsasnaefrvaTCaBiess}.
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mYy}edIm,IeFVIERscmar. KNkmkarmYyEdlmanmnusSbInak;Rtv)anyl;RBmedaybkS[dwknaM
shKmn_ nigkarEckplEdleFVI)an cMENkmYyRtvEbgEckedayELkBIKasRmab;BYkGkeFVIkar
sRmab;CRgkrbs;rd nigsRmab;smrPUmi. RkdasR)ak; nigTIpSar)anRtvlubbM)at;min[man ehIy
dak;CMnYsvij edayGKarlk;TMnijrbs;rdCaTI EdlplitplepSgRtv)anedaHdUrCamYyRbCaCn.
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tamrebobRKb;RKgpac;muxmYyxagkarnaMecjnaMcUl. Pak;garxagTijdUrCaeRcInnak;rbs;bkSCaGk
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cayrbs;rbrTaMgenaHedayRtwmRtvbMput enAeBlEdlkaleTshuc[. karcab;GarmN_CaTUeTA KWfa
RbCaCnTaMgGs;Cab;rvl;xaMgkgsgam edayKanelIkElgGkNamak;. rebobRKb;RKgenH manPaB
pyKaRsLHBICIvPaBenARkgPMeBj EdlkarelaPln;RTBsm,ti nigGMeBIBukrlYy)anbg[RkmGk
GkePosxnEdlGt;Xan kMBugrs;enAEk,rBYkGkmanksiTi EdlduHk,aleBaH nigmanRTBsm,ti
eRcIn RBmTaMgvNKhbtItUctacmYy Edlrs;enAy:aglM)aklMbin ehIyxMRbwgsURTaMrs;enA EdleFVI
hak;dUcCafa vaKanGVICaFn;FreLIy ehIybnkarykcitTukdak;eFVICMnYjrbs;xnteTAeTot edayKan
niyayBI{sgam}esaHeLIy.
kardwknaMpyKasIBIkarpt;pg;es,g[dl;RbCaCnxnTaMgenH KWecjmkGMBIyuTsasxag
eyaFa EdlRbkan;ykedayPaKInImYy nigqHbBaaMg[eXIjneya)aysm<nmitrbs;BYkeKeTot
pg. kgTBrbs; ln; nl; BwgEpkTaMgRsugelIshrdGaemrik TaMges,gGahar kdUceRKgsBVavuF
ehIyBuMmaneCaKCykarBarRbCaksikr EdlkMBugeFVIERscmareLIy. saFarNrdExr)anGHGag
RbyuTedIm,IdeNImRbCaCn BuMEmndeNImdIeT ehIyERscmarTaMgLayRtv)ane)aHbg;ecalTaMgGs;.
enAqaM1974 manEtPUmiPaK BayBmYyb:ueNaH EdlplitRsUv)anbrimaNy:agsem,Im kgtMbn;
EdlRttRtaedaykgTBrbs; ln; nl; ehIyRsUvenHRtv)anlk;ecjeTATIpSarggwtenARbeTsf
blk;[BYkExrRkhm bGkNamak; Edlhan[fx<s;CageK.
neya)ayrbs;RkgPMeBjcMeBaHRbCaCnsuIvil niyayeday KWsitenARtg;karminykcitTuk
dak;mYyEdlpyBIc,ab;FmCati. rdFanI)anERbkayeTACaTIRkgetaky:akmYy EdlBYknayTahan
nigdeCIgrbs;BYkeK {dkhUt} RTBsm,tiBYkGkePosswkGs;rlIgBIxnenAtamr)aMgnana EdleKdak;
enAtammat;RckcUlmkkgTIRkgenH. BYkenaH )anrwbGUsyknUvrbs;rbrTaMgGs;Edlmantm TijRsI
Edlmanvyekg -CaCagTijsIRkmuMRBhcarIy_- edIm,Ipt;pg;eTA[pHbnrbs;BYkeK. cab;BIqaM
1972 karxVHxatGgr )anbg[ mankarbHe)arCaeRcInBIsMNak;RbCaCn ehIysankarN_enAqaM
1973 )aneFVI[eKGs;sgwmxaMgEmnETn rhUtTal;EtsanTUtGaemrikaMgRtvbBanTUrelxeTARkg
v:asuInetanCaerogral;s)ah_ edIm,IR)ab;BIskGgrEdlbRmgTukeRbIkarkgTIRkg.
204
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EdlRtvTijsmarRKb;Ebby:agsRmab;RbCaCnmYy EdlecHEtekIneLIgKanQb;Qr. fVIebIxnman
citsURTaMy:agNakeday kbNasmaCiknGgkarTaMgenHRTaMRTnwgParkicenaHBuMrYcEdr edaysarEtTMhM
kickarenHmansPaBFMeFgeBk. kgTBrbs; ln; nl; )anc,aMgcaj;kgkarRbyuTCaeRcInkEng
ehIyBYkGaemrikaMg kKansmtPaBnaMcUles,gGahar[)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;BYkGkePosxnEdr.
karpt;pg;GaharminRKb;RKan;)anekItmanerOy enAkgcMeNamekg.
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xneTA[Ggkar CafrnwgkarFana[)anTTYlrbs;rbrxHsRmab;briePaK. rt;eKcecjBIrbbsmUh
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205
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c,ab;R)akdRbCa Edltulakar nigBYkecARkmCaGkemIlxusRtvelIkarGnuvteT manEtkarpnaeTas
Pamb:ueNaH KanGVIelIsBIhwgeToteT ehIykeKminTTYlsal;nUvkarminRBmcMNuH bkartv:aRbqaMg
Edr. bNasmaCikrbs;bkS keCosminrYcBIc,ab;TaMgenaHdUcKa. ebIsinCakmaPi)alTaMgLaybr
eyabl;KaBIkarpas;brRbCaCnBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyeTot eKnwgnaMBYkGkTaMgenaHykeTA ehIyeK
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KandwgBITNkmEbbNaEdlxnRtvrgTTYlEdr. PaBBitCak;lak;EtmYyKt; KWesckIsab;nwgeTACa
erOgsmat;bMput.
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EtesaH ehIykmaPi)alTaMgenaHGHGagmin)andwgBIeCaKvasnarbs;mnusSCaeRcInnak; EdleKcab;
ykeTATaMgkNalGRFaRt ehIyEdl)at;xnElgeXIjrhUteT. kgbriyakasdrnt;jab;jrenH
RbCaCnkmindwgfa GkNamYyEdlmanGMNac bgab;bBaa[eFVIRbtibtimYyEbbenHEdr ehtuGVI)anCa
mnusSTaMgenaHRtveKkat;eTasRbharCIvit? eK)anbeNjBukmayCnrgeRKaHCaeRcIn[fyeTA
vijTaMgkMeral enAeBlEdlBYkKat;eTAesuIbsYrBIvasnaGk)at;xn ehIymnusSRKb;Ka)andwgeday
qab;rhsfa eKminRtvsYrnaMBIerOgepSgeLIy. karPyxac)anraldalBaseBjshkrN_mYycMnYn
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RKb;RKan; bedayCMgWRKncaj;Edr b:uEn KanGkNamak;dwgedayCak;lak;fa BYkGkTaMgenaHmansanPaB
bvasnaEbbNaeLIy.
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206
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EdleKGaceRbbeFobnwg {karRKb;RKgedayeRbIGMeBIeXareXA} rbs;karbdivtkumynisdTeTot
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kgRsuk nigBYkGPiCn EdlcUlciteRbIGMeBIGaRkk;erOgdl;kMBUlnGMNacrbs;eK BYkeKc,as;Casmab;
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kmat;BYkGkRbqaMgbdivtTaMgGs;ecjedayrebobNa46? kgryeBlnkareFVIsgambdivtenA
RbeTscin nigenAevotNam karRbharCIvitBYkGkneya)ayeRcIneFVIeLIgCacMh BYkGkCab;ecaT
RtvbgM[bgajxnenAcMeBaHmuxksikrCaeRcIn ehIyRtvsarPaBBIGMeBI]Rkidrbs;xnpg. GMeBIePrvkm
rbs;BYkExrRkhmmanTRmg;mYyepSgBIenHeTotehIy BitNas; eKmingayrkeXIjTRmg;nkarGnuvt
enHkgksarpvkarNamYyeLIy.
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kgkarRbRBwtGMeBIeXareXA EdleK)andak;eRbIkgryeBlnsgam. dUcEdl saLt s nigbNa
smmitrbs;Kat; )anEfgRbkasenAeBleRkaymkeTotfa bdivtrbs;eKCa{sadrbs;GaTieTB>>>
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teTA}.
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eTACamnusSEdldk;edaykMhwg nigkartUccity:agxaMg. PaBkMNaceXareXA Edlbgb;enAkgTsSn
brisuTPaB -CnkumynisbrisuT CnCatikm<CabrisuT- )anmkCMnYsTsSnenH. kareRsacRsg;
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EdlCamnusSmanKMnitbMpicbMpajminGn;CagKaeTIy.
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mak;gKt;enAelIsmrPUmikm<Ca48} edaybdiesFGMBIkrNIxH EdlBYkevotNamxageCIg)anCYyc,aMg
BYkeKenAsmrPUmipg. BYkeK)anGnuvttamyuTsasrbs;BYkkumynisevotNam eday)ane)aH
TItaMgenAEk,rkgTBrbs; ln; nl; tamEdlGaceFVI)an kgkMLgeBlmankarTmak;RKab;EbkdxaMgka
rbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,IeCosBIkarEdlykBYkeKeFVICaTIedAvayRbhar. enAeBlkMBugmankarTmak;RKab;
EbkeTIgdl;kRmitxaMgbMputenH BYkeK)ancab;epImeFVIkarvaylukeTAelIRkgPMeBjCabImuxRBj
ehIy)anvayRbyuThak;bIdUcCaBYkmnusSEdlKanviBaaN b:uEn edaydwgBtmanfa sPa nigmti
saFarNCnenAshrdGaemrik )anTamTar[mankarbBab;karTmak;RKab;EbkTaMgGs;.
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pvCatelx1 EdltPab;BITIRkgPMeBjeTARkgRBnKr. manEtkareFVIGnraKmn_dsnwksnab;rbs;kg
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)anbg[mankarcakecjrbs;CnbreTsdFMCaelIkdMbUg. kgTIRkgPMeBj Twk nigGKisnI Rtv)aneK
cab;epImEckcaytamkRmit. karvayRbharrbs;BYkExrRkhmtamTenemKg nigk,n k):al; Edl
kMBugnaMes,gmkpt;pg;TIRkgPMeBj )anbgaj[eXIjfa)anTTYlplskisiTiNas;. rdFanIRtvsit
kgkarhumBT ehIyebIeTaHCamanesckIRbkasRbkbedayKMnitsuTidiniymrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMg
keday kTIRkgElg)ansal;sanPaBRbRktImYydUckalBImuneTotEdr.
enAEx]sPa nigExmifuna kgTBrbs; saLt s )anbneFVIkarvaylukrbs;eKeTAmuxeTot dMbUg
KWvaytambeNaypvCatielx5 enATisxageCIg bnab;mk KWvayTIRkgPMeBjenAExkkda. enATisxag
ekIt BayB nigTisxageCIg BYkeKvaysMBgeTAelIExSkarBarTaMgrbs;rbs;saFarNrdExry:agxaMg
ehIymanEtkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgb:ueNaH EdlraraMgmin[BYkExrRkhmTmHcUleTA)an.
bgcpHnanaenATIRkgeTIgjrrBayeTAtamsMeLgrNMy:agxaMgehIyEvg edaysarEtRKab;EbkEdl
ynehaHeb-52 Tmak;enAEk,rTIenaH. kareTamBTrbs;ExrRkhm)anrlaFUrxSak. minyUrb:unan
eRkaymk sParbs;Gaemrik)andak;kalbriecTkMNt;mYykgkarbBab; karvayRbhartampvGakas
TaMgGs;rbs;GaemrikaMgenAfTI15 ExsIha qaM1973. saFarNrdExrsitenAkgPaBTeTsat
KanGVITaMgGs; EdlGacRtvrgeRKaHfak;dl;vinas eRBaHdwgxnfaRtvvayRbyuTnwgkgTBmYy suTEt
CaCnrYmCatig EdlCMrujedaykarebCJacitmYymansPaBesIrEtdUcmnusS ElgdwgxusRtvTaMg
208
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y:agFn;FrRbEhlxagpvciteRcInCagxagpvkay.kgkMLgeBlenHBYkeK)anRbkasfaCMgWRKncaj;
)aneFVI[kgTBrbs;xnsab;GnrayeRcInCagkarTmak;RKab;EbkeTAeTot b:uEn BYkGkTaMgenH )andwknaM
eFVIkarRbyuTdMbUgeK EdleFVI[eKmanmuxmanmat;kgcMeNamvIrCnnkarbdivtenA\Ncin. tamkar
emIleXIjpal; BYkeK)ankayeTACaGkrgeRKaHsMxan;bMputrbs;cRkBtiniym niymGaemrikaMg.
BYkeK)anbBaak;R)ab;BYkcinfa KankgTBbdivtNamYyTTYlrgkarxUcxateRcInCagkgTBrbs;eKeLIy
kgryeBlnyuTnakarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg. enHCasmIeBalGag EdlBYkeKniyayeLIg
vij enAcMeBaHmuxBYkevotNamxageCIg EdlFab;RtveKTmak;RKab;EbkkgryeBlCaeRcInqaMdUcxn
Edr. eL DwkfU )ansgsmIy:agesaHkeRkaHeTAvijfa {cMnYnRKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlTmak;enA
RbeTsLav nigevotNamxageCIg KWBitCamancMnYneRcInCagRKab;EbkEdlGaemrikaMgTmak;enARbeTs
km<CaeTAeTot49}.
b:uEn citsasrbs;BYkExrRkhm )ansMGagtaMgBIyUrmkehIyelIKMnitmYyEdlfa KanbkS
kumynisNa mYyTTYlrgkarxUcxatdUcbkSrbs;xneLIy CaKMnitEdlRsbnwgTsSnmYyfa Kan
RbeTsNamYy RtveKbM)ak;muxdUcRbeTskm<CaeLIyeBjkMLgeBlCaeRcInstvtSr_kngmk. karrYc
puteRKaHfak;BIkarTmak;RKab;EbkTaMgenH KWCakarbBaak;[eXIjy:agCak;c,as;Nas; nUvkarebCJacit
putvisymnusSrbs;eK. KanRbeTsNamYy bkSNamYy nigBYkevotNam GaceBalGagpyBIenH
eLIy. eGog FIriT )anbBaak;y:agmWugm:at;fa {RbeTsrbs;eyIgBitCargkarxUtxat edaysarshrd
GaemrikeRcInCagRbeTsevotNam>>> BitNas; RbeTseyIgRtvrgkarbMpicbMpaj eRcInCagRbeTs
evotNamedaysarkarTmak;RKab;EbkcMnYnBIrryf nigBIrryyb; Cab;rhUtKandac;. vaCakarBuMBiteT
EdlfaRbeTsevotNamrgkarxUcxatBIkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg elIshwgeTotenaH.
BYkevotNamBMumanrgkarTmak;RKab;Ebk BIrryf BIrryyb; dUceyIgeTKWKan50}.
ninakarRbqaMgrbs;Gaemrik )anKaMRTerOgenHkgcitrbs;BYkeKdUcKaMRTkarsmab;rgal Edlbg
eLIgedayTmn;RKab;EbkcMnYn 539129etan EdlGaemrikaMgTmak;enARbeTskm<CaEdr. rebob
EdlRbkan;ykedayBYkGaemrikaMg edIm,IeRCIserIsTIedAsRmab;eFVIkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;eKKW Kan
dwgxusRtvGVITaMgGs; EpnTIPUmisasrbs;eKeRcInEtminRtwmRtv EdlCaehtueFVI[ynehaHCaeRcIn
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Tmak;RKab;EbkmincM{TisedA}. tamkarBit eKaledAvayRbharTaMgLay suTEtkMNt;edayGK

bBaakardankgTBsaFarNrdExr rebobminc,as;las;bnicNaesaH eRBaHeKcUlciteRbIR)as;kar
vayRbhartampvGakas CaCag[kgTBefIreCIgrbs;eKcUlvayRbyuTedaypal;. BtmanepSg
sIBIclnaTBrbs;BYkExrRkhm EdlBYkeKmaneRcInEtCaBtmanxusBIkarBit. PUmiEdlmanRbCaCn
suIvilstRtg;rs;enACaeRcInkEng suTEtRtveK)aj;kemcbMpajecal ehIydMeNIrnkarPnRcLMdKYr
[exacpSaEdlmanCahUrEhmkeTotenaH KWRtvbBab;Rtwmkar Tmak;RKab;EbkelImUldanTBrbs;rda
Pi)alenAGkelOg sitenAtammat;TenemKg. enHCakarPnRcLMmYy EdleFIV[RbCaCnstRtg;sab;
y:ageRcIn edayGkTaMgenaH Kan)andwgxnCamuneT {erOgenH)ankayeTACanimitrUbnPaBlIelImYy}
rbs;GaemrikaMgRbQmnwgPaBsKsaj nsgam\NcinCaelIkTIBIrenH.
bnab;BIkarbBab;karTmak;RKab;Ebk rdaPi)alrbs; nicsun kRtvCab;kun edaykarniyayPasa
BIrRttKa Edlelak)aneFVICamYy ln; nl; pg nigCamYysPaGaemrikaMgpg. smaCiksPaGaemrik
minEdlGnumtyl;RBmesaHerOgGVIkedayEdlmanlkNdUckicsnamYyrbs;shrdGaemrik edIm,I
KaMRTrbbRkgPMeBjmgNaesaHeLIy. RBwtikarN_GaRkk;CaeRcIn EdlRTaMRT eday ln; nl; GMeBIBuk
rlYynrbbrbs;Kat;)anCMruj[bNa[smaCiksPaGaemrikKiteXIjfa Cnpac;karrUbenH KW ln;
nl; minsmnwgTTYlnUvkarKaMRTmYyEbbenHBIeyIgeLIy. enATIbMput karFayecjnUverOgGafkM)aMg
TaMgLay)anbgaj[dwgfa sanTUtrbs;shrdGaemrikenATIRkgPMeBjCaGkcat;Ecgpal;kgkar
Tmak;RKab;EbkenAkgRbeTskm<CaCasmat; ehIybMpajdl;bEgkEdlrdaPi)al nicsun Fab;)an
TTYlBIsPaEfmeTot. enHCardUvkalEdlekItman {erOgGaRsUv vrfWeht} [CaerOgcarkmneya)ay
EdlekItmaneLIgenAGKar vrfWeht CaRKwHsaneRcInCan;mYysitenATIRkgv:asuInetan EdlKNbkS
RbCaFibetyeRbIR)as; enAkgeBleXasnae)aHeqateRCIserIsRbFanaFibtIenAqaM1972. kar
esuIbGegtrbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us )annaM[mankarecaTRbkan;TIRbwkSarbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsun
cMnYnR)aMnak; ehIyerOgGaRsUvenH)anbgM[ nicsun laElgBItMENgenAkgqaM1974] ehIykarekA
Rkhay EdlbgeLIgedaykarTmak;RKab;EbkTaMgenaH )anrlaycUlKaEtmYyrbs;clnaCati edIm,I
edj nicsun [xatecjBItMENg.
esckIGMBavnavCaeRcInrbs;raCrdaPi)al min[e)aHbg;sm<nmitmYyhak;dUcCa {cak;TwkelI
k,alTa} KWbNasmaCiksPa eFVImindwgminBGVITaMgGs;. shrdGaemrik EdlCaGkcuHhtelxaelIkic
RBmeRBgsniPaBenATIRkg):arIs)ansmt;fa RtvdkxnfyecjBI\NcinehIy. sRtv KWBYkExr
210
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CaeRcIn enAEtmanesckIrab;GancMeBaHRBHGgenAeLIy. rdaPi)alGaemrikaMg )anxMRbwgBnl;[sPa
eCO eday)anbBankGKrdTUtfImak;eTot eTATIRkgPMeBjenAniTiXrdUv qaM1974. hSnhnfWedon
(John Gunther Dean) )anbgaj[eXIjfa Kat;CamnusSmansmtPaB nigsVahab; b:uEn Kat;mkdl;eday
yWteBlNas;eTAehIy. enAelIsmrPUmi KWBYkkumyniseTEdlmaneCaKCy ehIyenAshrd
Gaemrikvij yuTnakaredIm,IeFVIkarkat;bny bkarpakCMnYymk[ ln; nl; )anTTYlkarKaMRTmYyy:ag
sem,Im TaMgkgmtisaFarNCnkdUcenAsPaEdr.
enARkgPMeBj GarmN_rbs;kgTB nigBYkGkneya)ay )anERbeTACamYrem:AekARkhayRKb;Ka
BIeRBaHBYkeKvinicykgkicRBmeRBgTIRkg):arIsfa Cakarcab;epImnUvTIbBab;nplRbeyaCn_rbs;
GaemrikaMgnUv\Ncin. kgTBmanlkNRtveFVI[Py nig)ak;Twkcit. eKElgGaclak;biT)aMgbraCy
nrebobcat;Ecgneya)aysRmab;r:ab;rgkickarBarRbeTseTotehIy. tamkarniyayerobrab;
rbs;embBaakarTBmak;kgcMeNamembBaakarTBrbs;TIRkgPMeBjfa karxVHxates,gGahar kar
EbgEckGgrminesIPaBKa nigPaBRkIRketaky:akEdlecHEtrIkFMeLIg edayminniyayBIbraCy
enAsmrPUmipgenaHsuTEtCa{GanuPaBsNM}mYy51 elIBYkembBaakarTBmYycMnYnFM.
m:ageTot kgRbeTskenAmansRtv KWBYkExrRkhmEdlmancitemaHmutGg;Gackahankgkar
RbyuT nigRbCaCnkm<CaEdlminTak;TgnwgrebobeFVIkardUcsBVdg. enAeBlEdlsanTUtGaemrik eFVI
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TaMgyb;TaMgf. BYkbuKliksikSa nigBYknisSit)annaMKaeFVI)atukmenAkgrdFanI BYkkmkr)ancab;epIm
eFVIkUdkmedIm,IsuMdMeLIgR)ak;Ex BYkTahan)anedIrqk;bn;tamTIpSarnana kgeBlEdlBYkExrRkhm sit
enAekoknwgxn Edlhak;dUcCaFana)annUvkPaB nigesckIesaHRtg;y:agdac;xatBIsMNak;kgTB
TaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK.kgryeBlnkareFVIkarRbyuTdMbUgenAqaM1973kgTBrbs; ln; nl; )anRtv
eFVI[PnPaMgRsLaMgkaMg edaysarkarxUcxatFn;Fr EdlBYkkumyniseRtmTTYlenAelIsmrPUmi.
kgTBkumynisRbmaNCamYyry)aynak;)ansab;enAkgkarRbyuTTaMgenH ehIykgkgTBrbs;
saFarNrdExr mansab;EtCagdb;nak;b:ueNaH.
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211
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ebIBYkTahanrbs;saFarNrdExrcab;epImCk;kBaay:ageRcIn beskBak;Gavyn munnwgecjeTAc,aMg
EdrenaH. ebIsinCaBYkTahan ln; nl; GacemIleXIjnUvGVI EdlmanenAxageRkayExSkarBarrbs;
KUsRtvxnenaH BYkeKc,as;Ca)at;bg;karyl;RcLMTaMgGs; sIBIkareFVIGnraKmn_mYynGanuPaBGaf
kM)aMgCaminxan ehIymuxCaemIleXIjGkEdlBYkeKkMBugvayRbyuTtTl;enaHCamnusSBit fVIebIman
crikkacsahavkeday.
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karseRmccitQan[dl;eKaledA eTaHCaRtvbg;xatb:unankedaykarerobcMyuTsastwgruwgbMput
karminrYjranwglHbg;CIvitmnusS. ebIemIlBIeRkA BYkExrRkhmhak;dUcCabeBajsmtPaB[eXIjBI
karbBalrebobfIEdreCaKCyxHkgcMeNameCaKCydGsarrbs;BYkeKeRcInEt)anTTYlenAkgkMLg
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BYkmak; EdleRkaymk)anePosxnRtLb;eTARbeTsevotNamvij )an[dwgfa ebIdwgfaemIlpkg
vij KitRtwmfak;embBaakarrgcuHmkeRkam KWviFIRbyuTrbs;BYkeKelcecj[eXIjlkN{sahav
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fa erOgenHvaminsMxan;eT53}. ebIsinCakarvayRbyuTRtvTTYlbraCy embBaakar EdlbBaakg
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manesckIesaHRtg;cMeBaHbkS EdlCaGkRbmUlTBeLIgvij ehIyecjbBaa[eFVIkarvaylukCafI.
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212
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RKab;Ebk nigkar)aj;rHBIsMNak;hVgynehaHet-28 rbs; ln; nl; keday kkarplitRsUv)anekIn
eLIgy:ageRcIn BIqaM1973 dl;qaM1975Edr. karxVHkarTak;TgKarvagbBaakardanCan;x<s;ExrRkhm
nigyuTCnrbs;eK Rtv)anCMnYsmkvij edayExSbNajshkrN_enHg.
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54
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vaylukpac;RBRtenArdUvR)aMgqaM1974. CadMbUg BYkeK)anvayRbhareTAelITIRkgkMBg;cam Edl
sitenAeRtIyxaglicTenemKgenAsrTrdUvqaM1973 b:uEn )anRtvkgTBrbs;saFarNrdExrvayruj
[fymkeRkayvij eRkayBIkarvayRbyuTKadKYr[RBWxacCaeRcIns)ah_.
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rulcUlekokrdFanI Edllm[eK)aj;kaMePIg105mm cMnYn320RKab; eTAelItMbn;CayRkgxagt,g
bNal[manmnusSsab;95nak; nigrbYs192nak;. sanTUtGaemrikaMg )anbBandMNwgenHeTA
Rkgv:asuInetan ehIy)anbEnmfa karvayRbharenH {EdlBYkkumynisGaceFVI)andUecH KWedaysar
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GnrCati )anBiBNnaBIkarbMpicbMpajdsem,ImGsar nigkar)at;bg;GayuCIvitmnusS EdlbgeLIg
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putBIbrievNExSRkvat;karBarrbs;RkgPMeBj b:uEn kgTBTaMgenHenAbnkarvayRbyuT ehIyseRmc
)anlTpl kgkardwkCBantamdgTenemKgrhUtmkdl;dMNac;qaMenaHeTot56. kgkMLgkarCab;d
RbyuTdsMxan;mYyenAxaglicrdFanI BYkExrRkhm)an)at;bg;CIvitGs;380nak; cMENkxagkgTB
rdaPi)almansab;Et35nak;b:ueNaH b:uEn BYkkumynisenAEtbnkarvayRbyuTrbs;xnteTAeTot.
enAExvicika BYkeK)anecjbBaa[eFVIkarvaylukrdFanImgeTot elIkenHKWenAPaK|san. karvay
lukenH )aneFVI[BYkkumynissab;Gs; 558nak; kgTBsaFarNrdExrsab;16nak;. enAdMNac;qaM
1974 rbb ln; nl; eCOCak;fa )anBRgwgTItaMgkarBarsMxan;rbs;xnrYcCaeRscGs;ehIy ehIy
RbgeRbbxneFVIkarvaybkmYynardUvR)aMgxagmuxeTot. enARkgPMeBj BYkemdwknaMTaMgLay)anyk
citTukdak;karBarCyCmHfIedayKandkfy edIm,IBinitemIlTItaMgrbs;eKEdlsRtvGacvayyk
vij)an. TIRkgRtveLamBTCuMCit TenemKg)anFak;eTAkgkNab;dExrRkhmesIrEtTaMgRsug.
enAfTI3 ExF qaM1974 BYkkumynis)anpSBVpSaytamviTlYclak;rbs;xnnUvBakRBmanenHfa
{ebIsinCapvTwkTenemKgPaKxageRkamRtveyIgxb;Cab; bn ln; nl; nwgRtvsab;dUceKRc)ac;k
minxan>>>}.
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sniPaBCayfaehtutamkaresIrbs;RbeTs\NensuI nigRbeTsf. vahYseBleTAehIy. TUrelx
EdlbBaneTARkgv:asuInetan enAfTI7 Exmkra qaM1975 bgaj[CaTUelxdwgerOgenHy:agc,as;
{kgTBrbs;kumynisExr )aneFVIkarrulcUlmkmuxy:agKeXIn edayepImkarvaylukFMCuMvij
TIRkgPMeBjenAedImqaMfIenH qaM1975. enATisBayB kgBlFMelx7rbs; ln; nl; )anRtvkgTB
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nigeRtIyxagsaMTenemKg EdlecjBITIenHeTA BYkGk)aj;kaMePIgFMrbs;BYkkumynis)an)aj;epag
RKab;r:uEktTMhM 105mm CagEssibRKab; mkelIkNalTIRkg. tMbn;dTeTot EdlenAtambrievN
ExSkarBarTIRkg RtvxageyIgkan;kab;y:agrwgmaM fVIebIBYkkumynis)anepagRKab;kaMePIgt,al;81mm
RKab;r:uEkt nigRKab;105mmFak;mkEk,rGakasyandaneBaFicintugkeday.dMeNIrrulmkmuxrbs;
BYkkumyniskan;EtmansPaBFn;FrEfmeTotenAtambeNayTenemKg CaTIEdlBYkenaH)anbBab;
214
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)an. erogral;fcMNtGakasyan RtvTTYlrgRKab;kaMePIgFMBIsamsibeTAEssibRKab;. enAPaK
xagt,g kgTBkumynis)anrulmkmux ehIyenAfTI1 Exemsa )anvaykan;kab;TIRbCuMCnGkelOg.
enAfdEdlenaH ln; nl; RtvbgM[cakecjBIRbeTs edayBYknayTahan nigBYkemdwknaMneya)ay
pal;rbs;Kat;Edlsgwmfa kayvikarmYyEbbenH nwgCYyCMruj[mankiccrcasniPaBCaminxan.
fTI12 Exemsa buKliksanTUt nigkGKrdTUtrbs;shrdGaemrik )annaMKacakecjBITIRkg
PMeBj. fTI15 Exemsa enAtaexA EdlCaTItaMgkarBarcugeRkayRtvrlMdYl. kgrdFanI briyakas
manlkNsb;sat;bCaBlrd TaMgGs;nwkRBy)armkgcit b:uEn enAmanesckIGt;Ft; ehIyBuMman
sPaBRClRcbl;dUcenATIRkgRBnKreT BuMmanhVgmnusSEdlb:unb:gbukTmayrbgEdksanTUtGaem
rikaMg edIm,IRbyitRbeyag eLIgCiH]TmaKcRk nigcakecjBIRbeTsEdr. karPyxacEdlbeBaj[
RbCaCndwgeday ln; nl; BIerOgBYkevotNamdeNImykRbeTskm<CaedaykmaMgenaH )anelceLIg
[eXIjKanmUldanesaH eRBaHGklukluysuTEtCaCnCatikm<CadUc.
enAfTI16 Exemsa qaM1975 saFarNrdExr )anvayTUrelxeTAsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
EdlKg;Rbfab;enARkgeb:kaMg edayeFVIsMeNImYy[manbTQb;)aj;KaCabnan; nigsUmfVayGMNaceTA
RBHGgvij.
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enAem:ag830naTI fdEdlenaH58 BYkemdwknaMsaFarNrd )annaMKaeTARbmUlpMenAkILdan
GULaMBic edIm,Irg;caM]TmaKcRkCaeRcIneRKg EdlnwgRtvmkdwkykBYkeKeq<aHeTAPaKxageCIgRbeTs
RbEhlBYKeKnwkKitfa nwgerobcMbegItrdaPi)alnireTsmYyenATIenaH. karb:gR)afaenH )anbBab;eTA
RbkbedayesaknadkmdUcKa. PaKeRcInn]TmaKcRkPaKmanbBaaxUcm:asuIn ehIymanEtmYycMnYn
tUcb:ueNaH EdlGacehaHeLIg)an. kgTBrbs;ExrRkhmxagPUmiPaK]tr nigbUBa )ansRmkcUlTIRkg
enAeBlRBwkRBham. rdmnITI1 Lg bUer:t emdwknaMmak;kgcMeNamemdwknaMCaeRcIn Edlrt;ePosxn
BuMrYcRtvBYkkmaPi)alrbs; exov sMpn cab;xn)an. db;R)aMmYyqaMmun Lg bUer:t EdlCardmnI
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TIRkg KWkarkat;k,al Lg bUer:t enAelIvalesAmNlkILdankCn xaglicvtPM enHg.
saLt s )anvayQH ln; nl;. bnab;BI)ankayCaemdwknaMRbeTskm<Cabdivt s )anRbkan;
ykrhsSnam b:ul Bt rbs;Kat;Capvkar.
216
karbdivtn_cugeRkaybgs;
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eyIgRtvEtpl;KuNsm,ti cMeBaHmhaCyCmHGsarNas;rbs;eyIgenAelIqakGnrCati
eRBaHfa BImunmkminEdlmanRBwtikarN_ dUcenHenAkgRbvtisassgambdivtn_nBiPB
elakesaHeLIy>>>.karTTYl)anmhaCyCmH dUecHkgryesIrEtmindl;R)aMqaMpg KWelOn
rhsxaMgNas;. dUecHbkS)anbBaa[xMRbwgERbgksagCatiedaycab;epImCabnan; edIm,IeFVI
[seRmceCaKCytamel,nmhaelatepaH kgeKalbMNg[RbeTsrbs;eyIgkayeTACa
rdceRmInrugerOgmYyRbkbeTAedayksikm nig]sSahkmTMenIbmYy nigeFVI[CIvPaBrs;enA
rbs;RbCaCneyIgkan;EtRbesIrCagmun edayqab;rhs1.
b:ul Bt sunrkfarMBkfCyCmH/ Exkkda qaM1975
karsakl,gTaMgGs; hak;dUcCa]bkarN_mYynkarRbRBwtepspasy:agsem,ImminKYr[eCO
mYy EdlkgenaHeKalkarN_nPaBsmehtusmpl nigeKalkarN_TaMgGs;Epkesdkic
)anRtveFVI[RkLab;cak;. KWhak;dUcCaRbCaCatiTaMgmUlmYyRtve)aHbg;ecal ehIykemc
eKhdan nigpHxmrbs;xn>>>edIm,IeTArs;enAkgbNaGKarepSg EdlsitkgkarRsm eday
manGavuF nigGIEv:GIv:an;CaeRcInpg. RbeTs Rtv)andwknaMedaybgMkgkarGnuvtnUvKeRmag
hYsBIkarBitenH EdlRtvrujnwgCnjnigvaynwgrMBat;ExStI edaymnusSsamBa/ Fmta
rmTmbgrmak; EdlcitKMnit)anERbeTACaKitmmPammYyrMeBc edayTsSnrevIrvay Bak;
kNalkarBit Bak;kNalmemImmaymYy/ CamnusSmak; TTYltYnaTICaecARkmpg nigCa
sabtkrkMBUlpg EdlCatYnaTIRBHecAhVar:aGugsmyTMenIbmak; 2.
RbvtiviTU GuIsak; dac;Qr GMBIbdivtn_TIBIrrbs;
hSehhV salIn enAshPaBnsaFarNrd
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maneLIgvijkgrvagbI bbYnqaM -R)aMqaMy:ageRcIn- edIm,IFanaeFVI]sSahUbnIykm nigkarrIk
218
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epaHeTAmux 3.
sasacar viTa Rbsak Dut
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enAeBlenH RbCaCnkm<Ca)ansitenAkgkNab;dBYkExrRkhm Edlcab;epImeFVIbdivtn_ cug

eRkaybMputedayBitR)akd. BYkeK)anerobcMkmviFIpas;brmYy edaybBatifa RtvGnuvttamkmviFI
enH[)any:ag {dac;xat} {eBjelj} nig{qab;rhsbMput}. RKan;EtmYyEPtesaH kmsiTikCn
)anRtvlubbM)at;ecal RbCaCnenAtamTIRkgFMtUc RtvbBan[eTArs;enAtamCnbTnana. GVITaMgGs;
Edlplit)ankgRbeTs kgERscmar bkgeragcRkepSgRtvrdRbmUlykmkkan;kab;. kareFVI
dMeNIrrbs;RbCaCnRtvdak;[sitenAeRkamkarRttBinitrbs;rd RbeTsCati)an Rtv)ankat;pac;BI
BiPBxageRkA. cab;BIeBlenHteTA KWmanEtvNGkbdivt kmkr ksikr kgTB nigkmaPi)alTTYl
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fa {Ggkar}.
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219
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b:unankeday nigbeBasmin[mhaGMNacbreTsTaMgGs; QanBanEdndIrbs;RbeTskm<Ca)an
eLIy. BYkeKmanbMNgbBab;karBeRgcBRgwlkraCPB nigGFibetyrbs;RbeTsCati karBar
BUCBgS nigvb,Fm rbs;Exr. BYkeK)anniyayerOgenHeLIgvijCajwkjab; ehIyerOgenaH mundMbUg
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nwgerOgkarBarRbeTskm<CaEdr enAeBlEdlBYkGaemrikaMg nigBYkevotNamkMBugCab;dc,aMgKaenaH.
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sm<nmit evotNam nigLav rbs;BYkeK suTEt)anQHsgamerogxn. RbeTsf EdlkalBIedIm
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b:uEn BYkExrRkhmenAEtrkSaGnusSavrIy_sMxan;CageKmYyn kgbBaaepSgrbs;BYkeKCamYy
220
nwgBYkkumynisevotNam nigkar[eyabl;mgehIymgeTotrbs;RkghaNUy kgnamnshBn

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ksag nigeFVI[RbeTskm<CaTMenIbTan;smy elIkkm<s;kRmitCIvPaBRbCaCn nigbBab;PaBRkIRketak
y:ak. enHKWCaeKalbMNg EdlkarbdivtTaMgGs;rbs;BYkkumynis EtgEtRbkas[dwgRKb;Ka.
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Tak;TgCamYyGkNanwgRtvbBab;edayBYkExrRkhm ehIyRbeTsCatinwgRtveFVI[eTACa{Kuk\t
CBaaMg}vij.
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rvagBIr-bIqaMb:ueNaH.samsibqaMeRkaymkneya)aymhaelatepaHrbs;cin )ancab;epImeLIgtam
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kEngmYyeTAkEngmYy karrwbGUsRTBsm,tikCn nigkarerobcMrbbePvkmfImYyBIsMNak;rdeTot.
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221
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CIvPaBpal;rbs;Kat; dUcbkS{pat;}TIRkgecjBIkarbdivtenATIbMputEdr. sgamEdlBYkExrRkhm
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TUsMGagmaneBareBjeTAedaysarug nigsemkbMBak;narI EdlenAerobCaCYry:agsatmanEs,geCIg
sERgk nigEs,keCIglrbs;RbeTsGWr:ub enAelIhuwgmanrUbRBHBuT eCIgedatFUb nigkRmgpaRkdas
222
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)anbeNjRbCaCnecjBITIRkgGs;eTAehIy. nwkeXIjfa FnaKarCatiRtveKbMpajexcxIrYceTA
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223
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pg. enAkgpbkS TMnak;TMngepSg Rtv)anbnydl;kRmitGb,brmakgbMNgmin[mak;dwgerOgr:av
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224
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225
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226
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BYkcRkBtiGaemrik)anehAynehaHrbs;BYkeKmkTmak;RKab;EbkmgeTot. kgryBIrqaMdMbUg BYkExr
mankarRBy)armBIsNab;Fab;GnrCatitictYcEdr eRkABIkarPyxacrbs;eKGMBIkarvayRbharrbs;
GaemrikaMgCafI. enAxNenH RbeTsevotNamhak;dUcCaKMramkMEhgticCagshrdGaemrik.
Rbvtisasrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety KWCaQuterOgbnKamYy EdlGgn;edayerOgesaknad
kmCaeRcIn ehIyminEdlbgCaPaBTaMgmUleLIy. sakSInImYymanlkNRtvrwtt,itedayKMnit
sujnbTBiesaFn_rbs;xn kgryeBlnkareFVIbdivtn_/ edaykardwgxnBIBiruTPaB PaBRcbUkRcbl;
EdlrwtrYtRbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs; EdlmanCIvitrs;enAkgsmyenH. RkmGkecHdwgrbs;bkSrs;enA
kgmCdanmYy EdlmanKMnitedayELkrbs;eK. BYkGkbdivtn_Caksikr )anrs;enAeTAtamEbbmYy
epSgCamYynwgKMnitmYyepSgGMBIlTplTaMgLayrbs;karbdivt. BYkKhbtItUctac EdlRtvbBan
eTArs;enAtamCnbT)ansal;nUvkarrs;enAmYyetaky:aky:agxaMg. BYkGkkarTUt nigBYkePJvbreTs
EdlminsUvman )anvinicykm<CaRbCaFibetymYyedayELkBIeK BYkGkRttRtamNlkab;smab;
mnusSCaeRcInkEng)andwgerOgenHxusBIGkeTot. mak;manbMENkmYysRmab;pMrUbkan;ykmk
b:uEn bBaaEtmYy)aneFVIGkTaMgenHvilk,gRKb;Ka GkNaCaGkTTYlxusRtv? GkNaGacnwg
beBaseRKaHfak;)an? ehtuGVI)anCaKankaregIbHe)arrbs;RbCaCn?
mnusS RKan;ebICageKsRmab;pl;cemIymYyKW Gkkan;GMNacpac;karmak;kgcMeNamGkkan;
GMNacpac;kardGafkM)aMgbMputnRbvtisas. b:ul Bt )anEfgsunrkfa Etbnicbncb:ueNaH ehIy
)anyl;RBmCYbeFVIsmasn_yUrmg kgryeBlEdlKat;kan;GMNac. PaKeRcIn BYkGkrYmKMnitrbs;
Kat; sEmg[eXIjnUvkarsak;esIrmincg;CECkBiPakSanUvGVIEdlekItmankgkMLgnkarRKb;RKg
rbs;km<CaRbCaFibetyEdr -ehtuGVI?
eTaHbICamankarcaj;eRbbeKTaMgGs;enHkeday kBYkeKGacBiBNEterOgsMxan;nkar
bdivtn_cugeRkaybMputmYy edaycab;epImBITIRkgEdr.
b:ul Bt nigcMENkGafkM)aMgbMputrbs;bkS -KNelxanKNkmaFikarmCimbkS- KWCasl
GgkarTaMgRsug. tamkarBit kgPasaedayELkrbs;bkS eKehAGgkarkMBUlenHRtwmEtBakfa
mCimb:ueNaH. ParkicTImYysRmab; b:ul Bt KWRtvBRgwgGMNackNal[rwtEtrwgmaM edIm,IbRgbbRgm
227
RbeTs. PUmiPaKnana EdlbegItedIm,IeFVIsgam)ankayeTACaPUmiPaKkraChYsehtu dUecHeK

RtvEtRbmUlrYbrYmyuTCnTaMgGs;CakgTBCatiEtmYy edaydak;[sitenAeRkamkardwknaMedayrbs;
bkS. RbFanPUmiPaKnana RBmTaMgelxabkStMbn; etagEtcuHcUlenAeRkam karRttRtamYyedaypal;BI
mCimeRcInCagBIGtItkaleTAeTot.
kgryeBlnkaredIrBinitTIRkgCaelIkdMbUgrbs;Kat; b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI )anrkeXIjfa
rbs;RTBEdlRbmUl)anBIsRtv minsUvCaFMduMdUcEdlBYkeKFab;nwksgwmeLIy/ enHebItamkarniyay
[dwgrbs; eGog sarI. BYkeKFab;sgwmrkeXIjkgTIRkgnUvkEnglak;TuksmareyaFadsem,ImmYy.
GkTaMgBIretagEtEvkpvedIrmYy tamKMnr)ak;EbkCaeRcIn ehIy sarI )anerobrab;fa Kat;eTACaRsLaMg
kaMgedaysarEtGVI)anrlay)at;Gs;BIRkgPMeBj. edayeKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSg BYkyuTCn
)ancab;epIm eFVIkarbMpicbMpajmYytamrebobCak,n. BYkeK)anRbmUlrfyn m:asuInRtCak; TUTwkkk
dak;KrRttBIelIKa. KMnrm:asuInepSgEdlERcHsuIenAnwgkEng m:asuInxHeTot)anRtvedaHykexAxg
ecjGs; xHeTotRtveKelIke)aHeTAkgePIg EdleKdutsEmgesckIsb,ayrIkray. bgajmuxhag
lk;TMnijnana Rtv)anEkERb[eTACakEngsRmab;skvtepSg kgeKalbMNgTukeRbIR)as;enAeBl
eRkayeTot eKdak;tuTUkgpHTImYy ekAGIkgpHTIbI bnb;buyr:UeFVIkar nigTUsRmab;dak;ksarkgpHTIbI.
enAeBlNaEdlRbeTskm<Cacab;epImerobcMmhaelatepaHrbs;xn eKnwgbeBajrbs;TaMgenaHyk
eTAeRbIR)as; eKnwgEckrbs;skTaMgGs; EdlCarbs;EdlExrRkhmb:gR)afa Etrkmin)an. eKdut
bMpajesovePA edIm,IlagsMGatRbeTsBIninakarbBaaniymRbqaMgbdivtrbs;xn. bNalyxHRtv
ExrRkhmerIkkUrkkaybMpajexcxI xHeTotRtvbiTecal.
PaKeRcInnGKarrbs;rdaPi)aldUcCaRBHbrmraCvaMg nigraCsarmnIr RBmTaMgGKareRcInCan;mYy
cMnYn)ankayeTACakEngeFVIkar nigkEngsak;enArbs;rbbbdivtn_. kmaPi)al nigkgTBeRcInrab;ry
nak; Rtv)anbBaneTAeFVIkarenARkgPMeBjedIm,Ie)assmatsgat;tUcmYy EdlnwgRtveRCIserIseFVICa
rdFanIfI. pvfl;/ cieBaImfl; nigGKrmYycMnYn )anERbCamanPaBsat\texaHmYy. rbbenH )an
RsavRCavrkBYkvisVkr EdlFab;dwgBIbNajcrnGKisnIkgTIRkg ehIycat;taMg[CYsCulGKisnIeLIg
vijkgsgat; EdlBYkemdwknaMbdivtn_rs;enACaCagsmab; bbBanBYkenH[eTAeFVIERscmar.
GVIEdlenAsl;BIenaH RtveKTukecal bvaykemc. pSarFMfI EdlGMNwHteTAeKElgeRbIRtveK
dak;daMeckBaseBj. sYnc,arTaMgLay EdllatsnwgBImuxRKwHsanFM EdlKanmnusSenA kRtvEk
ERb[eTACasYnbEnEdr. pHmYycMnYnRtveKruHkemc edIm,IykeQIeTAeRbIkarepSgeTot. b:uEn enAeBl
228
EdlBYkemdwknaMvaytmBIrbs;skkgRkg BYkeKyl;eXIjminsUvsMxan;dUcEdl):an;sanBImuneLIy.
edImeLIy shrdGaemrik)anpl;mk[RkgPMeBjnUvCMnYymYy EdlmansarsMxan;tictYcNas;
ebIeRbbeFobeTAnwgCMnYy EdlshrdGaemrik)anCHeTA[RkgRBnKredaycitsb,rsenaH. m:ag
eTot karvaylukpac;RBRtrbs;ExrRkhm EdlmansPaBkMeraleXareXAbMput )aneFVI[rdFanITTYl
rgnUvkarxUcxaty:agxaMg. karraMgxb;TenemKg min[eFVIcrracrekItkgryeBlCitbIqaM nigkarvay
RbharkgeBlfIRbqaMgnwgGakasyandaneBaFicintug )aneFVI[eRKgsmarTaMgLay EdleKTuk
bRmgrIgexSaHGs;BITIRkg. karTmak;RKab;EbkepSg keFVI[xUcxatdl;CMnYysMxan; nigeFVI[ePaK
sm,tidmantmvinashinehacGs;Edr. mnIreBTnana EdlmansPaBminlRsab; BuMmanskfaMNa
mYyesaH. BYkExrRkhmFab;)anbiT)aMgkareXasnarbs;eK CaCagniyayBIrdFanI EdlkMBugCYbkar
Gt;XanCaxaMg BIrbbEdlkMBugEtrlMdYl BIPaBkxVk; nigPaBRTDeRTam b:uEn BYkExrRkhmpal;
)anRtveFVI[RsLaMgkaMgnwgPaBdundabrbs;TIRkgenHEdr/ tamsmIrbs; eGog sarI niyay.
RkgPMeBj )anbeBaj[eXIjPaBpyKaKYr[ql;mYy ebIeRbbeFobnwgsanPaBenATIRkg
RBnKr6 enAeBlEdlBYkevotNamxageCIgcUleTAdl;TIenaHenAfTI30 Exemsa qaM1975. BYk
evotNam)anRbTHeXIjTIRkgmYy eBareBjeTAedayrbs;rbrsm,rhUrehor mUldan]sSahkmmYy
EdlenAlsatTaMgGs; sksmareyaFay:ageRcIn EdleFVI[RbeTsevotNameTACaRbeTsnaMmuxeK
kgcMeNamRbeTsnanaenAGasuI xagEpkswksgamehIyenAsl;es,gGaharsRmab;ciBawmRbCaCn
TIRkgTaMgmUl)anCit R)aMmYyExeTot. cMeBaHRbCaCnTIRkgRBnKrcMnYn bYnlannak; eKRtvkares,g
EtcMnYn 135>000etanbEnmeTotb:ueNaH sRmab;briePaKrhUteTAdl;dac;qaM. bnab;BIkarvayluk
kgkasbuNcUlqaMyYnqaM1968mk RkgRBnKrBuMEdlsal;karvayRbharKaTal;EtesaH kar
RbyuTepSg)anekItmanenATIqay tamRsukERscmar ehIyBYkGaemrikaMgGacpt;pg;es,g
[TIRkg)any:ageTogTat;.
cMENkBYkExrRkhm )anTTYlmrtkBITIRkgPMeBjmYynUvbrimaNes,gsRmab;CYypt;pg;
RbCaCn BIrlannak;rbs;xnmindl;1GaTitpg ehIykKanrbs;rbrEdleKRbmUl)anBIsRtv Gac
eRbbeFobnwgTIRkgRBnKrEdr7. karCYy]btmrbs;GaemrikaMgcMeBaHrbb ln; nl; mancMnYnsrub
1/6ekadidular EdlkgenaHmanCag1ekadiCaCMnYyEpkeyaFa CaTwkR)ak;mYyscesIgbMput ebI
eRbbeFobeTAnwgTwkR)ak;cMnYn 159/42ekadidular EdlGaemrik)ancMNaysRmab;eFVIsgamenA
evotNamenaH. ehIyCMnYyenHeTotesat KWmanEteRKgbrikarcaM)ac;b:ueNaH BuMmanynehaHRbedj
229
Rbtikm nigrfeRkaHeT KWmanEtynehaHet-28eRbIkgar ]TmaKcRkmYycMnYnEdleKeRbIxUcxatxHeTA

ehIy nigrfBasEdksRmab;dwkTB BuMmankaMePIgFM)aj;)anqaydUcCakaNug155mmeLIy. shrd
GaemrikBuMEdl)anCYy[ ln; nl; ksageragcRkmYy CRmksRmab;TB bGKesnaFikarTMenIbmYy Tal;
EtesaH. CMnYsrbs;rbrEdlTTYl)anBIsRtv BYkExrRkhm)anCYbRbTHEtdIvalTeTsateTAvij8.
RbBnKmnaKmn_epSg)anRtveFVI[xUcxatBI60 eTA80PaKry bRtvbMpajexcxITaMgRsug pvEdk
RtvkarerobcMCYsCulCacaM)ac; pvCatinigpvbnab;bnSMmanreNARkehgRkhUgy:ageRcIn EdleRbIkar
minekItCaeRcInKILEm:Rt. dIEdlGacPrras;)ancMnYnBak;kNal RtveKTukecalTMenr bxUcxateday
karTmak;RKab;Ebk nigkarRbyuTepSg. PaKeRcInnshRKastUctacrbs;RbeTsRtvxVHvtFatuedIm
ehIyBuMmanes,gGahar faMeBT beRKgbnas;eLIy.
RbCaCnTaMgGs;suTEtmansanPaBy:agGaRkk;. mnusSCaeRcInRtvRTDeRTamTaMgkmaMgkay
nigkmaMgcit bnab;BIkareLamBTTIRkg. kgcMnYnRbCaCn 3>389>000nak; manmnusSXatecjBI
RsukkMeNItrbs;xnBak;kNal. tamBtmanBIrdaPi)alfa sgam)aneFVI[xag ln; nl; sab;Gs;
knHlannak; nigR)aMmYyBan;nak;enAkgtMbn;epSgrbs;BYkExrRkhm RBmTaMgmnusSBikar nigmnusS
xUcTwkcitrab;ryBan;nak;eTot.
bkS)anseRmccitminRBmTTYlykCMnYyfaMeBT niges,gGahar EdlesIpl;edayGgkar
GnrCatinanaeLIy ehIyEdlCMnYyenHGacCYysegaHmnusS)anmYycMnYnkgcMeNamGkrgeRKaHTaMg
enH. bkSminRBmTTYlykCMnYyenH edayRbkasfa vamincaM)ac;. tamkarBit RbeTsCatiRtvkar
es,gGahar nigfaMeBTedayGs;sgwmCaxaMg b:uEn BYkExrRkhmenAEtRbkan;xab;KMnit {kraCmas;
kar} xn]btmxn y:agcecs ehIyeCOR)akdkgcitfa sMeNITaMgenHRKan;Et CameFa)ayeRbI
l,icklrbs;mhaGMNacbreTsmYycMnYn edIm,IdwknaM[RsbeTAtameKalbMNgxn nigeFVIviTgSna eTA
elIRbeTsnana manRbeTskm<CaCaedIm. cMeBaHBYkExrRkhmenAmanGsimanHmYykgcitKMnitrbs;eK
EfmeTot BYkeK)anniyaymgehIymgeTotfa BYkeKBuMcg;kayxneTACa {smyack} ehIysuxcit
TTYlesckIGnueRKaHrbs; breTsedayminKitdl;RbCaCnkm<CamYycMnYn EdleFVIBlikmedIm,IPaB
x<g;x<s;rbs;ExrRkhmeLIy.
bkSseRmcminerobcMCYsCulkarxUcxatmYyPaKy:agFM Edlb:HBal;eTAelITIRkg nigRbeTsCati
eRBaHkarCYsCulenH Rtvmanluy nigeRKgsmarCacaM)ac; EdlBYkExrRkhmKanGVITaMgGs;.
m:ageTot BYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBjsmal;eXIjfa karbMpicbMpajxHkgcMeNamkarbMpicbMpajTaMgGs;
230
enH kpl;GtRbeyaCn_sRmab;eKEdr KWvaminsUvmankarRbfuyRbfankgkarlYcrt; bkaregIbbHe)ar

eLIy ebIsinCaRTgfl;TaMgLayRtv eKCIkkab;Kas;Cakg; ebIsinCaKanLanFMdwkmnusS nigrfyn
tUcenaH. edayKanTUrsB KanTUrelx nigKankareqIyqgKatamsMbuRt meFa)ayTak;TgKaTaMgGs;
nwgRtveKerobcMCafIeLIgvij luHNaEtRkgPMeBjRttRtaRKb;meFa)ayTak;TgkgpRbeTsTaMgGs;
sin.
ParkicmYykgcMeNamParkicdMbUgrbs;BYkkumynis sitenARtg;karerobcM[dMeNIrkareLIg
vij nUvsiTipac;muxxagEpkpSayBtman nigmeFa)ayTak;TgKaepSg. KNkmaFikarmCimCa
Gkekabkab;karkRmitkMNt;GMBIbrimaNskrbs;rbrepSg nigkarEbgEckrbs;RTBTaMgGs;. eK
)anerobcMEpnkarepSgedayeRKagTukCamunnUvkEng EdlRtveFVIkarEckcayCaeRcInkgbNa
PUmiPaK tMbn; nigRsuk b:uEn KWsitenAeRkamkarRttBinitBImCimEtmYyKt;. sRmab;karTTYlBtman
epSg nigkarbBanbTbBaa bsarlixit kRbRBwteTArebobdUcKaenHEdr edayehtufa RkgPMeBj)an
ykcitTukdak;[bNaPUmiPaK TIbBaakareyaFa nigzbnPNBiessTak;Tgpal;mkrdFanIedayRtg;
Etmg KWBuMEmnBImYyeTAmYy tamrebobBIedImenaHeT. tMbn;nImYyRtvTTYlbTbBaapal;BImCim
edaymincaM)ac;manGkkNal ehIyBYkExrRkhm )andwknaMRKb;RKgRbeTstamrebobenH rhUtdl;TI
bBab;nrbbrbs;xn.
enHKWCarebobRKb;RKgmYy EdlnaMmknUvkarxHxayeBlevla nigkarsm,rBak\tRbeyaCn_
EdlRbEhlCabMeBjtambMNgBYkemdwknaMTaMgLay kgkarRttRtaedaypal;elIRbeTsCatiTaMg
mUlEmn b:uEn rebobenHminsUvRbmUlesdkicRbeTs[mUlEtmYyeLIy. ]TahrN_ 9 kMBg;EpsmuRT
EtmYyKt;rbs;km<CaenAQUgsmuRTesom KWkMBg;esam )anTTYlbTbBaaepSgBIPMeBj ehIyesIrEt
KankarTak;TgNamYyCamYyBYkGaCJaFrtMbn; EdlenAmUldannavacr ram Ek,renaHeLIy. ebIsinCa
kmkrkMBg;EpkMBg;esamRtvkarLankamIj:gbEnmedIm,IpkTMnij EdlerIecjBInavacin BYkGkkan;kab;
kMBg;Ep RtvbBanBaksuMmYymkRkgPMeBj EdlteTAeTot RtvbBaaeTAmUldanram [bBanLaneTA
xagkMBg;Ep.
BYkGkEdldwknaMkarpas;brTaMgenH nigkarksagRbeTseLIgvij KW b:ul Bt nigkariyaly
neya)ayrbs;bkS. GtIt saLt s )anmktaMglMenAkgrdFanIPamenaHEdr. Kat;maneKhdan
CaeRcInkEngEdlsuTEtlak;karN_TaMgGs; ehIyKat;minEdledkkgpHmYyBIyb;Cab;KaeT. taMgEt
BIedImdMbUgnkarbdivtem:H Kat;EtgEtRBWxackarb:unb:glbeFVIXadCanic. exov b:uNarI RbBnrbs;Kat;
231
esIrEtkayeTACamnusSqteTAehIy enAeBlEdlkgTBrbs;bInagdeNIm)anCyCmH ehIyRtveK

dak;[sitenAeRkamkarBa)aledayELkkgpHmYyenATIRkg. eGog FIriT bnRsIrbs;nag nigCaRbBn
eGog sarI )ankayeTACa{sITImYy}rbs;karbdivt.
eGog FIriT sarI nigkUnrbs;Kat; suTEtCamnusS EdlmansanPaBRbesIrCageKrbs;rbb
enH10. CasIdMbUg Edl)ankan;kab;muxtMENgmYykgrdaPi)al nagkkayeTACardmnIkarbreTs
Edr. kgeBlEdlbkScab;bMEbkRKsarnImYy[eTArs;enAtamCnbT FiriT )ansRmbsRmlkickar
xHedIm,I[kUnrbs;nagTaMgbYn EdlnagFab;EbkXatkgryeBldb;qaMenaH )anmkrs;enAEk,rrUbnag
nigeRkbCBak;ksiTiepSgnRkmvrCnfI. RKsarTImYyrbs;RbeTs)anbegItrebobrs;enAmYyCa
emdwknaMnkarbdivt EdlmanRKsarnagCaGkpl;KMrUy:agsuRkwtmYy. kUnrbs;nag Edlman
smtPaBminR)akd )anTTYlmuxtMENgepSg EdleKkRmrk)an. kUnRsIc,g)aneFVICaRKeBT ebITuk
CanagBuMEdlTTYlkarbNHbNalviCaeBT EdlRtvEtmanCacaM)ac;keday kUnRsIBIrnak;eTot )an
RbkbviCaCIvCasfkarI KWmak;eFVIkarenAkEngRsavRCavsfmYy EdlsitenACayRkgmak;eTot
enAeFVIkarkgmnIrBiesaFn_mYyenAPMeBj EdlplitfaMv:ak;saMg. cMENkkUnRbseFVICaGkebIkynehaH
enAGakasyandaneBaFicintug. kUnepSgeTotrbs;\sSrCnCan;x<s; )ansak;GaRsyenAkgkEng
edkrYmBiess EdlenATIenaH BYkeKRtv)anEfTaMgTMnukbRmgedayELk nigTTYlkarmksYrsuxTukBI
sMNak;Bukmayrbs;BYkeKy:ageTotTat;.
emIlBIeRkAeTAEbbEpnnkarrs;enAkgRkgPMeBjfI hak;dUcCaEbbEpnnkarrs;enAkgshkrN_TaMgLay EdleKerobcMenAtamCnbTnanaEdr. kgTB kmaPi)al nigkmkrrab;Ban;nak; )anmk
taMgTIlMenACafIkgrdFanI edaysak;GaRsykgkEngedkrYmnana nighUb)aykgpH)ayrYmmYy b:uEn
eKhdansRmab;sak;enATMenIbpHenAmaMTaMcas; EdlRtv)anpt;pg;ePIgGKisnI Twksat mug nig
m:asuInRtCak;sRmab;EtpHxHb:ueNaH minGaceRbbeFobnwgeragdMbUlmYycMehog GRgwg nigdIFIpH
sEm,grbs;shkrN_CaeRcInenACnbTeLIy.
FIriT nig sarI )anbBaak;fa BYkeKeBjcitnwgEbbbTrs;enArebobshkrN_enHNas; b:uEn BYkeK
enAmanRkmGkEhhmkgRKsarCaeRcInnak; GkbeRmIsIsRmab;eFVIkickarkgpH nigerobcM)ayTwk
GkebIkLan kgkarBar nigGgrkSmYycMnYn. semkbMBak;rbs; sarI KWvas;Evgkat;edrenARbeTscin
ehIy FIriT GaceRCIserIssac;RkNat;sRmab;sMBt; nigsemkbMBak;eFVIkarrbs;nagtamcitcg;.
semkbMBak;CaRbBNIBNexA Edlkat;edr[Et)ankgbNaqaMnkarrs;enAkgRBPM KWCakmsiT
232
rbs;GtItkal y:agehacNas;ksRmab;BYkGkTaMgenaHEdr. sabUduM sabUkk;sk; plitplnaMcUl

TaMgGs; Edlhammin[CnrYmCatieKmYyPaKFMeRbIR)as; Rtv)antml;TukedayELk kalebIrbs;
TaMgenHenAmansl;kgTIRkg. GkTaMgBIr)anTTYlTan)aykgpH{rYm}mYy EdlRKsarKat;)ancUlrYm
CamYynwgBYkemdwknaMdTeTot ehIyenATIenaH BYkeK)anTTYlnUvkarpt;pg;mbGaharRbesIrCageK
EdlRbeTsCatiGacpl;[. b:uEn FIriT )ancat;TukxngCaGkmanKuNsm,tiRKb;RKan; edIm,Ivinicy
BIRbsiTPaBnrebobrs;enACarYm EdlnagGYtxnfa )anrYmcMENkCamYynwgRbCaCnEdr.
{vaCakargayRsYlNas;sRmab;BYkkmkr edayBYkeKBuMcaM)ac;dNaMseLIy. BYkeKeTAeFVIkar
RtLb;mkvijrYccaMbriePaKRsab;>>>. RbCaCnRkIRkmaneKcaMbeRmICaeRsc enHCaRbkarEdleK
BuMEdleFVI[seRmcesaHtaMgBImunmk. kalBIedIm sIRtveTAeFVIkar RtLb;mkpHvij edayTijRtI nig
Ggr rYcdNaMs ehIyRtvcMNayeBlemIlkUnecAeTot KWy:ab;sem,ImNas;}.
GVIEdl {y:ab;sem,ImNas;} sRmab;FiriTenH KWRbEhl)anrYmbegItnUvesckIrIkraykgkar
rs;enArbs;sI nigbursdTeTotEdlmanPaKeRcInbMputehIyemIleTA ciBawmkUn eFVIkickarkgpH
erobcMeFVI)ayTwkenApHrbs;eK EdlCacgVak;kargarRbcaMfrbs;Exr. kb:uEn FIriT )anqbegIt[man
CIvPaBTMenIbfImYysRmab;sI nigRKsarTaMgGs;enARbeTskm<Ca.enATIbMput nag)ankayeTACardmnI
RksYgsgmkicEtmYyKt;rbs;rbbenH. nag)ancUlrYmCYyerobcMsRmab;CnrYmCatinagnUvCIvPaB
lM)aklMbinmYydUc EdlnagFab;)anRTaMRTkgryeBleFVIskmPaBsmat; nigkareFVIsgamCaeRcInqaM
RbEhledayKandwgxneTemIleTA RKsarRtvRBat;R)asKa rbbGaharxSt;exSay karxVHkarEfTaM
Ba)al sanPaBEpksuxPaBdKYr[RBWxac kareFVIsgamrab;GaTit rab;Ex rab;qaM EdlKYr[FujRTan;
edayKan EdleKcrYcBIkargar karPyxac nigkarht;enOyesaHeLIy.
b:uEn BYkemdwknaMExrRkhm )anbgaj[eXIjnUvkarecHRbmaNCaTUeTAmYy kgkarniymeRbI
rbs;RbNIt EdlBYkeKGacmanesrIPaBeRbIR)as;tam. KWCaRkmRbkan;eKalkarN_twgruwgbMputmYy
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niyayfa kgRKsar kBYkenHminEdlpwkRsaEdr. kgcMeNamenaH manGkecHCk;)arIticNas;.
GkTaMgenaHmanTmab;niyaysIedaysMeLgticEbkBIFmta kgkarBiPakSaepSg EdleKesIrEtmin
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niyay karedIr kareFVIkayvikaryWt nigEbbriHKitlitln;. BYkeKeRcInesIcjwm b:uEn kRmesIc
kakkayNas; BYkeKsMGitsMGagxny:agsat)at nigy:agpitpg;Canic tamEdleBlevlaGnuBaat.
233
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ERsksb,ayrIkray ehIykMBugeFVIkargary:agmmajwk niglM)ak EdlcUlmktaMgTIlMnAenAkgrdFanI
kalBIeBlkngmkminyUrb:unan.
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shkrN_ EdlBYkeKFab;eFVICaGkRtsRtaypvkgryeBlnsgam. KWBYkeKTaMgenHehIy Edl
bMbiTmin[maneshaxusRbBNIeRkamkareFVITukeTasrhUtdl;sab; Edlyl;eXIjkarpat;muxlab
emSA nigsemkbMBak;eqItqayrbs;sI CasBaasmal;mYynPaBGn;fyrbs;bsimRbeTs. KWBYkeK
TaMgenHEdr EdlviniqyesIrEtdUcGkeTasnUvkarsEmgesgckIeRtkGr bsuPmgl. enAPMeBjBYkeK
)ansEmg[eXIjKMrUnkarrs;enAy:agtwgruwgbMput EdlBYkeKmanbMNgdak;bgM[sgmmYyGnuvttam
vb,Fmsm,rEbbrbs;eK PaBRtwmRtv PaBsat reboberobry esckIesaHRtg; nigkarsab;bgab;
dac;xat karTat;ecalkarrMePIbjab;jrepSg EdlGacRbTajcit[cuHcaj;.
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CasmaCikKNkmaFikarmCim nig v:n ev:t elxabkSPUmiPaKBiessPMeBj. Parkicrbs;eK EdlCa
GaTiPaB KWRtvbegItkgTBEtmYy karRKb;RKgCatiEtmYy TItaMgsRmab;eFVIkar nigsalaneya)aymYy
rbs;bkSkgrdFanI. eKRtvEtRbmUlpMPUmiPaK EdlkraCnana edIm,IerobcM[eTACarcnasm<nEtmYy
Kt; sRmab;sRmbsRmlskmPaBTaMgGs; xagEpkneya)ay ksikm nig]sSahkm kgeKalbMNg
eFVI[RbeTsCatiGacGnuvtdMeNIr {mhaelatepaH} rbs;xnedayxngkgyuKsmyTMenIbenH.
kgcMeNamsabnTaMgGs;enH kgTBKWCasabn EdlmansarsMxan;CageK. karbdivtFab;)an
begIteLIgedaysarkgTB karbdivtdMNak;kalTIBIr RtvEtmankarKaMRTBIBYkenH. b:uEn kgTBrbs;
km<CaRbCaFibety tamBitrYmmanGgPaBTBcMnYnR)aMmYyepSgBIKa EdlCarbs;PUmiPaK ]tr |san
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RKb;RKgshkrN_enaH emdwknaMPUmiPaK -elxabkSRtv)anEtgtaMgedayKNelxamCim- CaGk
234
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maKaFMTaMgenH nigmansiTiGMNacy:agsemI,mmYy edIm,IseRmcQan[dl;eKaledATaMgLay
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kgRbvtisaselIkdMbUgrbs;bkS EdlecjpSayenAqaM1973 BYkkumyniskm<Ca )ansEmg[dwg
nUvkarminsb,aycitcMeBaHbBaa {Gakb,kiriyarebobmas;Twkmas;dImYykEng} EdlrebobRKb;RKg
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bBaasmkelIxnvij ehIyBRgwg[rwtEtxaMgeLIg sUvkMu[shkrN_TaMgenH eFVI[cuHexSayGMNac
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taMg[eTAeFVIkgclt etIGkNaxH EdlbeBaj[eXIjsBaankarminesaHRtg;cMeBaHbdivtn_ etI
GkNaxHEdlRtvrs;enAkgpHKMrU.l. shkrN_)anrMlayRbBnsikSaGb;rM nighammin[man
sasna edaykmat;ecalkarGMBavnavepSg EdlGacsEmg[eXIjnUvGMNacCak;lak;mYy.
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235
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sat sitmanenAkgRbeTskMBugdwknaMeBjzankgTIRkgeb:kaMg EdlenAqaydac;RsyaleNaH.
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nsgam BYkExrRkhm)anbBaak;GHGagfa xn)anbegItFanImYyenAkgRBPM b:uEn karniyaysMGag
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kar. enAcMeBaHmuxBYkGkTaMgenaH Kat;)anEfgsunrkfadsMxan;sIBICyCmHkgeBlfI nig)aneFVIGta
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EdlCMrujRbeTs[eq<aHeTArkbdivtTIBIreTot>>>. b:ul Bt EdlCamnusSRbgRbytCab;CanicenaH )an
esI[GkmkcUlrYmmak; EdlRbmUlpMKakgsalFMmYyTukGavuFrbs;xnenAkEngsRmab;epJIGavuF
sin. enAeBlenaHkgcMeNamGkmkRbCuMTaMgGs; manPaKeRcIn)aneXIjCaelIkdMbUgbgs;nUvbuKl
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niymPUmiPaK}rbs;xn edIm,IERbkayeTACaemTB Edlsab;bBaakm<CaRbCaFibetyrbs;xnvij.
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RtvEtsEmg[eXIjnUvsiTiGMNacrbs;Kat; nigBnl;ENnaMBIkrNIkicdBisidEdlkgTB RtvbMeBj
236
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rUbKat;CaemdwknaMkgkMLgeBleFVIsgam nigbnab;BIsgam. bNaelxabkSPUmiPaK nigGkkan;
GMNacdTeTot )ansab;Kat;niyay nigyl;RsbtamTsSnyl;eXIjrbs;Kat;sIBIRBwtikarN_
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CafIenH12 KWkarbegItkgTBmYyrbs;KNkmaFikarmCim EdlRsUbGs;BIrPaKbIncMnYnTahan Edl
e)aHTItaMgenARkgPMeBj. mYyPaKbIeTot Rtvdak;[sitenAeRkamkarRttRtamanEteQaH rbs;
mCim b:uEn kgTBTaMgGs; KWsitenARbcaMkarkgPUmiPaKedImrbs;eKdEdl.
bnab;mk mCim)ankMNt;RBMRbTl;PUmiPaKnanaCafI EdlCaRbkarbnysiTiGMNac bNaelxa
bkS PUmiPaKTaMgenaHEfmeTot. minyUrb:unaneRkaymk GtItPUmiPaK]trRtveKrMlay ehIyrMElk
mYyEpkeTA[PUmiPaKkNalEdleTIbbegItfI nigPUmiPaKbUBacas;. PUmiPaKBayBRtvEbgEckCagBIr
Epk mYyEpkbBaleTAkgPUmiPaKbsim nignirtI. kgTBkdUcCaPUmiPaKEdrRtveKesIerIerobcMCafI tam
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RbeTseLIgvij.
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manehtupl KiteXIjpyBIenHEtbnicbncb:ueNaH. enAxNenH b:ul Bt )antaMgxnCaemdwknaMdPW
sVagmak;. Kat;Fab;CMrujsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlCaGkBUEkeRbIl,ickl[eFVIskmPaBepSg
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PUmiPaKTaMgGs; )anrYmeFVIshRbtibtikarnwgKay:agCitsiT. BYKeK)anEbgEckTIRkgCasgat; dUceK
kat;EcknMERkmEdr ehIyCemsRbCaCnecjBItMbn;epSgEdlCacMENkrbs;PUmiPaKeK)anrMedaH.
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237
edaylkNCaeKaledAnkarCemsenH etIkarCemsenHmanlkNCasaBr bCabeNaHGasn?

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EdlrwgTTwg edaykmat;BYkTahan nigbuKlikrdkarrbs; ln; nl; y:ageRcIn.
b:uEn edayRbkan;fa PUmiPaKnanaCakmaMgkPaB b:ul Bt nigbkS)anRbDitPaBtantwgRbkb
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BYkeK b:uEn etIRtvdak;shkrN_ TaMgenaH[sitenAeRkamGMNacbBaakarrbs;PUimPaK bmCim? ebIsin
CasanPaBERbRblBIPUmiPaKmYyeTAPUmiPaKmYy etIeKRtvGnuvtbTbBaaepSgeday\telg b
tRmvbTbBaaTaMgenaHeTAtamsPaBCak;EsgdUckgryeBlsgam? etIGkNaTTYlxusRtvkgkar
eFVIEpnkarbraCy -PUmiPaKshkrN_ bmCim?bNaelxabkSPUmiPaKmankitanuPaBmYyy:agFMmYy
kgEdndIrbs;eKpal; kgeBlEdlsmaCikPaKeRcInrbs;bkS nigmCimRKan;EtCa {hVgmnusS} man
GMNacEtsm,keRkAb:ueNaH. etIKNdwknaMPUmiPaKnImYy nwgRtveRbICaeRKgTb; nigCakEngbNak;
rvag mCim nigshkrN_nana? etIGkTaMgenaHnwgERbkayeTACaGkbegIt[manbBaalM)aksKsaj
bCaGkCYyeFVIkaredaHRsaybBaakgkarEsVgrkrbs;karbdivtcugeRkaybMputenH?
cemIyEdlnaMmkkgkMLgeBlbIqaM EdlmanCabnmkeTot KWsMGagedayEpkelIRbvterogxn
rbs;PUmiPaKnana nigbuKliklkNrbs;emdwknaMrbs;PUmiPaKTaMgenaH. elxagbkSPUmiPaKTaMgGs;
BuMEmnCamnusSecjBIRkmEtmYy dUcRkmemdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkSenaHeT. kgcMeNamelxaTaMgenaH
BuMmanGkNamak;)anTTYlkareronsURteRCARCHdUc b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI nig sun esn ehIykminEdleFVI
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elxabkSTaMgenaH suTEtmanlkNxusEbkBIKa GMNacrbs;eKKWGaRsyeTAtamsarsMxan;n
PUmiPaK EdlBYkeKRKb;RKgdwknaM nigryeBlnkareFVIskmPaBbeRmIbdivtrbs;BYkeKEdr. Pam
bnab;BIsmysgam emdwknaMPUmiPaKBayB nigbUBa )anRtveKdMeLIgzanx<s;CagelxabkSPUmiPaK
eTot b:uEneRkaymk KWPUmiPaKnirtIBuMEmnPUmiPaKBayBeT EdlnwgkayeTACaPUmiPaKsMxan;
ehIynwgedIrtYnaTICaPUmiPaKslCamYynwgPUmiPaKBayB.
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BIvalTMnabPaKkNalnextkNal nigkMBg;s<WeTAdl;QUgsmuRTesom BIRBMEdnPaKxagekItCab;nwg
238
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bMNuleKeRcInelIslub. dUecaHBYkeKsitkgcMeNammnusScMNUlfIdMbUgeKnigesaHRtg;bMputrbs;
clnakumynis nigEdl)anpl;nUvkarCYyeRCamERCgy:agsem,ImmYykgkareFVIsgam. PUmiPaK
nirtI )andak;TB[RbyuT nigplitRsUv)any:ageRcInsRmab;buBVehtubdivtn_CagPUmiPaKdTeTotTaMg
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eKkgkarRbyuTnana ehIy)anTTYlrgbraCyxHkgcMeNambraCydGaRkk;bMput enAryeBleFVI
sgam -CaBiesskgryeBlnkarvayRbharGtXadeTAelIRkgPMeBj kgqaM1973 cMeBlEdl
karvayluktampvGakasxaMgkabMputrbs;shrdGaemrik. enAqaM1975 PUmiPaKenH)an)at;bg;
kgTB nigPaBl,Il,ajrbs;xnbnicbncEdr b:uEn enAEtbgaj[eXIjnUvPaBemaHmutkgkarEkERb
PUminanarbs;xn eFVI[kayCashkrN_TaMgGs; EdlxnFab;)anbeBaj[eXIjenAelIsmrPUmieLIy
ehIyRKan;EtmaneRbbCagPUmiPaKbUBakgkarerobcMrebobRKb;RKgmYyEbbenaHb:ueNaH. m:ageTot
kgryeBlsgam PUmiPaKnirtI )andeNImyksRmab;xngnUvekreQaHbNHbNalkmaPi)al
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enHenAcugbBab;nsgam )anRbmUlpMcMNucxaMg nigcMNucexSayrbs;EdndIKat;mkdak;elIxnKat;TaMg
Gs;.
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kgexttaEkvCaTIEdlKat;)anTTYlkarsikSay:ageRCARCHmYyxagPasa)alI. bnab;mk Kat;)an
lacaksikabT edIm,Icab;epImrksuIlk;eQICamYyRKsarvij ehIyenAeBlEdlsgamelakelIkTIBIr
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BYkkumynisevotNam nigkumynisExr. Kat;)ansitenAkm<CadEdl bnab;BIsnisITRkghSWENv
braCy ehIyKat;)anbnerobcMCnbTenAPaKnirtIcab;BITsvtSr_1950dl;1960.KWCabkCneCIg
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239
escNab:UeLGugtUcmak; CamnusSEdlvaybkRkGWtRkeGagGYtekgkag nigcitRsal qab;xwg

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Kat;BIrnak; edIm,IKat;)ankayCaelxabkSPUmiPaK.
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PUmiPaKKat;eLIy. Kat;)ankarBary:agcecsnUvkareRCtERCkRKb;Ebby:agBImCim bBIPUmiPaKdT
eTotmkelIEdndIrbs;Kat; EdleFVI[mnusSCaeRcInGak;Gn;citCaxaMg. Kat;CasmaCikfImak;kgcMeNam
smaCikfIbMputrbs;KNelxamCimbkS ehIytaMgBIedImdMbUg Kat;)andak;xnenAeRkACemaH nigkar
XubXitKabRmgbMpajGkNamak; EdlrIkraldalFMeLIg enAeBlEdlmCimcab;epImsgSyGMBI
esckIesaHRtg;rbs;emdwknaMPUmiPaKxH. eTaHbICaPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKman\TiBl manska
nuBlxagesdkiceyaFaxaMkeday kKat;mankRmitneya)aymYyTabEdr ehIymCim)anvinicyBIrUb
Kat;fa BuMEmnCamnusSEdl[ekItmankar)armmak; BuMEmnCabBaamYy EdlTamTar[mankarykcitTuk
dak;rbs;xnCabnan;enaHeT TaMgkBuMEmnCa\sSrCnsMxan; Edlsksmnwgpl;rgVan;mantmmYyEdr.
PUmiPaKbUBaCaPUmiPaKTIBIr ebIKiteTAtamTMhMpdI nigRtvdwknaMeday esa Pwm EdlenAqaM1975
CaGkkan;muxtMENgmYyekokbMputnwgk,alm:asuIndwknaMRbeTs. EdndIrbs;Kat;latsnwgcab;BIxag
ekItTenemKg EdlrYmmanTaMgGs; bedayEpkbNaextCayuTsasepSg dUcCa RBEvg sVayerog
kMBg;cam nigRkecH. KWPUmiPaKenHehIy EdlBYkkumynisevotNam)antaMg{TICRmk}y:ageRcIn
ehIyEdlshrdGaemrik)anxMRbwgkemcbMpajTaMgGs;sgwm KWenATIenHEdr EdleKeXIjmancmar
ekAsUrab;muWnhikta Edlpl;kRmy:agRkas;ERkl nigCatMbn;plitRsUvdsMxan;bMput. b:uEn CaBiess
PUmiPaKbUBakCacMNucEdleFVI[TMnak;TMngExr-evotNamqabeqHeLIg.
PUmiPaKbUBamanRBMRbTl;Cab;nwg {EdndIkm<CaeRkam} PaKxagt,gevotNam EdlCakmsiTirbs;
raCaNacRkExrkgryeBlmYyy:agxI. PUmiPaKnirtIkmanRBMRbTl;mYyCab;CamYyEdndIkm<CaeRkam
Edr b:uEn PUmiPaKenHsitenAxaglicTenemKg CatMbn;EdlminsUvrgkaresAhgedaykareFVIGena
Rbevsn_CaRbBNIrbs;CnCatievotNamb:unaneLIy. PaKxagekItTenemKg EdlsitenAkgPUmiPaK
bUBa KWCacMNucsMxan;kgkarTak;TgrvagevotNam-km<CarvagBYkkumynis nigminEmnkumyniskg
eKaledAepSgxagEpkeyaFa neya)ay bBaNiCkm. KWCaGaNaExRtRBMEdn EdlmanCemaH Tas;
240
ETgKa nigEdlrMeCIbrMCYlxaMgCageK. taMgBICMnan;Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu CMruj[BYkkumynis

evotNam TTYlsal;RBMEdnbcb,nCafrnwgshRbtibtikarrbs;RBHGg edIm,IRTRTg;sgamrbs;eK
tMbn;enH )anRtvcat;TukCaEdndImYyEdlBYkevotNamnwgcUlmktaMgTIlMenAminxan ebIsinCaBYkeKman
kas.
esa Pwm15 Rtv)aneKsal;eRcIncMeBaHrebobedaHRsaydbuinRbsb;rbs;Kat; CamYyBYk
evotNam edayminRbKl;bUrNPaBTwkdIkm<CaeLIy. Kat;CaGkbdivteCIgcas;mak;enACMnan;sgam
\NcinelIkTImYy dUc m:uk Edr b:uEn PaBdUcKamanRtwmEtb:uNwg. Pwm ecHsEmgecjnUvkarKanGaNit
GasUrrbs;Kat; b:uEnBuMEmndUc m:uk eT ehIyKat;CamnusSmanlkNQasvCagelxabkSPUmiPaKnirtI
EdlCamnusS {manbkBaqg} EfmeTot. Kat;Rtv)anekatsresIry:agxaMgkgbkS ehIyRtv)an
cat;Tuk CaGkkan;vinymuWgm:at;CageK. bnab;BIsnisIThSWENv Kat;)anseRmcciteFVIdMeNIreTARbeTs
evotNamxageCIg b:uEnKat;)anRtLb;mkvijeRkayBIrs;enAkgPaKxageCIgBIr-bIEx edIm,IerobcM
cat;EcgRkmGkbdivtkgPUmiPaKbUBa[manskmPaBeLIg.
Kat;Fab;)anTTYleCaKCyy:agRKb;RKan;kgGMLgTsvtSr_1950 enAeBlRtv)aneRCIserIs
CasmaCikKNkmaFikarmCimkgkasmhasni)atqaM1960. nasmyRbCuMmYyenAqaM1963
enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt Rtv)aneRCIstaMgCaGKelxabkS Pwm k)anQaneLIgcUlkg KNelxamCim
dUc b:ul Bt Edr. kalenaH Pwm )ankayCaemGeNIkdsMxan;mak;kgkarTak;TgepSg CamYyBYk
evotNam. mYyPaKFMnskmPaBepSgkgkarbNHbNalbkCn kgTB nigTMnak;TMngTaMgLayrvag
BYkkumynisnRbeTsTaMgBIr)anRtvsRmbsRml tamryPwmnigtMbn;rbs;Kat;TaMgGs;. PUmiPaK
bUBa)ankayeTACa {RckTVar} rbs;clnaTaMgBIr ehIyenAqaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu epImkarvaylukrbs;RBHGgCaTUeTARbqaMgnwgBYkkumyniskm<CaenaH Pwm )anrt;ePosxneTA
enARbeTsevotNameNH. Kat;)anRtLb;mkkm<Cavij bnab;BIrdRbharqaM1970. kgsmy
sgamPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKdMbUgeK EdlsitenAeRkamkarRttRtaTaMgmUlrbs;BYkkumynis
km<Ca edaymankarCYy]btmrbs;BYkevotNampg.
b:uEn Pwm CamnusSEdlGacEbrk,alRbqaMgnwgsm<nmitcas;rbs;Kat; )anTaMgRsug. CaGk
TTYlemIlxusRtvelIBYkkm<Ca EdlkMBugvilRtLb;cUlmatuRbeTsvij eRkayBIkarnireTsxndyUrmYy
enAevotNamxageCIg Kat;)anbeBaj[eXIjsmancittictYcNas; taMgBIkarecjdMeNIrmk ehIy
)anyl;RBm[GkTaMgenaHkan;tMENgepSg eRkambgab;eKTaMgGs;. enATIbMput kgcMeNamenaH
241
manPaKeRcIn)anRtvKat;cab;XuMXaMgkg {CMrMGb;rMEkERbCafI} EdltamkarBitCakEngEdlBYkeKRtv

)ansmab;ecaleRkayBIkarCab;XMumYyrymk. eK)anrYmbBal Pwm Ca{sabmag} rbs;bkS Edl
yl;eXIjfa RbeTsevotNamGacCasm<nmitdffamYykgryeBleFVIsgam b:uEn minRtvcUl
eRCtERCkkgkardwknaMrbs;bdivtkm<CaeT ehIyCaBiessminRtveRCttamry {kmaMgTIR)aM} Edl
CaBYkExreTIbnwgvilRtLb;mkBIRkghaNUyeLIy.
Ehm samin CaGkmatuPUminivtn_mak;kgbNaGkmatuPUminivtn_CatiExrdkRmCaeRcIn Edl)an
rs;ran {BYkemdwknaMrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )ansgt;bBaak;mgehIymgeTotfa BYkeKeBjcitNas;
Edl)an dwknaMeFVIkarRbyuTtsUkgRbeTs>>> )ansal;nUvkarGt;Xan nigkarxVHxatsBVEbby:ag
rYmsuxrYmTukCamYyRbCaCn enAeBlEdleyIgTaMgGs;Kart;eKcxneTArs;enAkgRbeTsmYyepSg
eTotkeday16} {enHRKan;EtCasmIcMGk CakarRbmafRtg;b:ueNaH -karcab;fak;RbqaMgnwgBYk
{k,alyYnxnExr}TaMgenH>>> eyIgBuMGacniyaytbt)aneT d,itGIeyIgdwgfa ebIeyIgeqIytbteTAvij
cemIyrbs;eyIg kdUcxnBYkeyIgpal;Edr nigmanCIvitxIminxan>>>. BYkeKGackemcBYkeyIg)anRKb;
eBlevla minfaeBlf bkeBlyb;eLIy}.
esa Pwm CaGkBinitRttRtaelIkarkab;smab;minRtwmEtBYkmatuPUminivtn_b:ueNaHeT b:uEn
elIBYkCnCatiPaKtickan;sasnaGuIsamkgPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;Edr eRBaHfa PUmiPaKenH )anpl;TICRmk[
CnCaticamrs;enAy:ageRcIn EdlBuMEdldak;bBalRbBNIrbs;xnkgsgmrbs;km<CamgNaesaH
eLIy ehIykgrbbkm<CaRbCaFibetykenAEtGcwgdEdl. karkmat;rbs;Kat;elICnCaticam Edl
esIrEtrlayGs;TaMgRsugenaH KWCavKerOgmYykgcMeNamvKerOgEdlKYr[RBy)armrbs;kar
bdivt. samin GHGagfa {esa Pwm CamnusSmanlkNkacsahavEdlmannisSyxagsb;QanIs
eKg. ebIsinCayuTCnmak;eFVImin[Kat;TukciteT Kat;KanrYjranwg)aj;smab;GkenaHecaleLIy}.
eK)andMNalfa Pwm )ansmab;GkebIkLan nigRKeBTpal;rbs;Kat;ecal eRkayeBlcb;
sgambnic BIeRBaHGkTaMgBIr)an{RbRBwtGMeBIxusqg}epSg.
edayKat;)anTTYlTMnukTukcitBIbkS ehIyedayKat;CaGkdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan;mYykgbNa PUmi
PaKsMxan;bMputenaH esa Pwm )anRbkan;CMhrkraCmYysIBIbBaamYycMnYnFMkgryeBlsgam.
CaBiess Kat;)anerobcMRbBnRKb;RKgEbbpl; {rgVan;} mYy edayGnuBaat[RbCaksikrrkSaTukpl
mYyPaKFM Edlplit)anFM CaeKalkarN_EdlKat;cg;Tuk[mandEdlkgeBlEdl)ansniPaBehIy.
Kat;CaemTBdGg;Gacekvka nigmuWgm:at;mak; EdleKcat;cUlkgcMeNamGk Edlkan;vinyRtwmRtvCag
242
eKbMputrbs;RbeTsCati. Kat;)an[kgTBTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;eskBak;ksNan BNRbepH edIm,IeFVI

[xusEbkBIBYkExrRkhmepSgeTotEdleskBak;exaGavBNexACaRbBNI. BYknayTahan)andak;
smitnam[kgTBPUmiPaKbUBafa {BYktatRbepH} ehIyehABYkExrRkhmdTeTotfa {BYkEkkexA}.
kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBamancritkaceXareXAEmn b:uEn eKminsUvniyayBIerOgkab;smab; RClhYs
ehtu bkarcab;cgEdleFVIedayGMNaccitpgeT fVIebICnCatiPaKticCaeRcIn nigBYkxaMgsRtvBitR)akd
bRKan;Etsnt; Rtv)aneKkemcecalGs;snwksnab;keday. esa Pwm kgTB nigshkrN_TaMgGs;
rbs;Kat; )anelceLIgCaKMrUKYr[eBjcitrbs;ExrRkhmenAcugbBab;sgam.
ehIy Pwm Rtv)anpl;rgVan;elIkTwkcit edayeKGnuBaat[Kat;rkSaTukkgBlFMBIr kgcMnYnkgBl
FMTaMgbIrbs;Kat;kgPUmiPaKbUBa ehIyRbKl;EtmYykgBlFMb:ueNaHeTA[mCim. Kat;kRtv)anEtg
taMgCaGnuRbFanKNRbFanrd enAeBlEdlrdaPi)alRtveKbegItenAqaM1976. tamkarBit
Kat;)anTTYlcMENkKuNRbeyaCn_rbs;Kat; bnab;BIkarkmat;elxabkSPUmiPaKmak; EdlCaKURbECgrYc
mk. Pwm CamnusSCitsiTnwgRkmmnusSdGafkM)aMgbMputrbs;bkS CagbNaelxabkSPUmiPaKeTot
ehIy b:ul Bt TukcitelIKat;sRmab;GUsTajPUmiPaKepSgeTotkgkicRbwgERbgsabnaRbeTseLIgvij
nigkarBarRbeTsTl;nwgBYkevotNam EdlsitenAmageTotCab;RBMEdnCamYyPUmiPaKbUBa.
elxabkSPUmiPaKmYynak;eTot EdlmankitanuPaBdUc Pwm Edr KW jwm rs; CaGkTTYlxusRtvelI
PUmiPaKBayB. CakUnRbsrbs;RKsarksikrRk Kat;Fab;)aneFVIkarvayRbyuTkgkMLgsgam
\NcinelIkTImYyEdr. Kat;)aneTArYbrYmCamYyBYkExr\sSr bnab;mk)ankayxnCaCnkumynis
eday)anrs;enACamYyBYk\sSrkraCTaMgLay Edl)aneFVI[PUmiPaKBayBkayeTACamUldan
rbs;eKpg. Kat;)anerobcMcat;Ecg nigdwknaMPUmiPaKenHkgsmykaldKYr[Py)armCaeRcInqaM.
sRmab;BYkkumynisyl;fa tMbn;BayB )anEsgeLIg[eXIjCatMbn;lM)akRKb;RKg -EdlminGac
KitTukCamun)an nigERbRblmineTogTat;- b:uEnmansarsMxan;kgEpnkarGPivDn_TaMgmUl edayehtufa
dIERsTaMgGs;sm,rCICatiNas;.
PUmiPaKenH BYkkumynisminFab;EdlykeFVICamUldanbEgkmYyesaHeLIy b:uEn KWedaysar
RbCaksikrenAsMLtnPUmiPaKBayB egIbbHe)arRbqaMgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig ln; nl;
enAqaM1967enaH ehIy EdlCMruj[BYkkumynisdMeNIrkartsUedayGavuFkgkRmitxaMgmYy17. b:uEn
RbCaCnTUTaMgtMbn;BuM)anedIrtamclnaEdlxnbgeLIgeT ehIyeBjryeBlnsgamsuIvil PUmiPaK
BayBehIy edayELkext)at;dMbg enAEtesaHRtg;y:agbrpac;nwgrbbsaFarNrdExrCanic.
243
enAqaM1975 BYkExrRkhmenAEtBuMTan;seRmceCaKCyerobcMbegItRbBnshkrN_drwgmaMmYy b
kgTBdxaMgBUEk mYykgPUmiPaKenHenAeLIy. jwm rs; yuTCneCIgcas; EdlKYr[eKarBekatxacmak;
Rtv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTI2nKNRbFanrdeRkam esa Pwm mYyfak;. eTaHCaeCaKCyEdlTTYl
)ankgryeBlsgammanscesIgy:agNakeday kPUmiPaKrbs; jwm rs; Rtv)ancat;TukCatMbn;d
manskanuBlrbs;km<Cabnab;BIsmysgamEdr. munkarbdivt tMbn;enHCaCRgkRsUvrbs;RbeTs
ehIyeKvaytmfa enAeBlEdlbkSBRgIkkmaMgRbCaCnrbs;xnEfmeTot tMbn;enHnwgseRmc)an
lTpllRbesIr CagPUmiPaKdTeTotCaminxan. esckIsgwmy:agmutmaMTaMgenHehIy EdlRbEhl
CanaMmknUvkarvinasrbs; jwm rs; enAeBleRkaymk.
kgryeBlsgam elxabkSPUmiPaKBiess enACuMvijRkgPMeBj KW v:n ev:t EdlRtv)at;bg;
muxtMENgrbs;Kat;Pambnab;BICyCmH enAeBlEdlKNkmaFikarmCimekabkab;karTTYlxusRtv
elIrdFanI. enAsmysgam\NcinelIkTImYy v:n ev:t CanisSiteronenAPMeBj ehIy)anrt;cUlRB
eFVIkartsU mYyqaMmunTIbBab;nkarc,aMgKa. bnab;mk Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkraCFanIvij ehIyenATIbMput
Kat;)anTTYltMENgCaelxaKNkmaFikarbkSTIRkgPMeBj Edl b:ul Bt CaGkbegIteLIg. enAqaM
1963 Kat;)aneLIgzancUlkgKNkmaFikarmCim ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)aneTACamnusS
sMxan;mak;kgcMeNamRkm emdwknaMCan;x<s;mYyRkmtUc. v:n ev:t )ancMNayeBlevlaeTAkgkar
RbyuTy:agGg;GackahanmYy b:uEn \t)ankar edIm,IkarBarExSbNajkumynismYykgTIRkgeRkay
qaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig ln; nl; edjtamcab;Pak;garrbs;xn nig)an
smab;BYkenaH kNalpvGs;mYycMnYnFM. kgGMLgsgam Kat;)aneFVI[bkSmanesckIeBjcitCaxaMg
ehIyeKRtvkar[Kat;sitenAkgFanIbneTot edIm,IdwknaMkicRbwgERbgkgkarsarRbeTsCatieLIgvij
ehIyenATIbMput Kat;)anTTYlbnkemIlxusRtvxagEpk]sSahkm nigEpkesdkicmYyPaKFMrbs;
RbeTs.
elxabkSPUmiPaKsMxan;dTeTotkgryeBlsgamKW kuy FYn emdwknaMPUmiPaK]tr EdlKN
kmaFikarmCimFab;manTIsak;karrbs;xnenATIenaH. CaGtItRKbeRgnenAextkMBg;camPaKxagekIt
km<Ca Kat;CabBavnecHdwgx<s;CageKkgcMeNamelxabkSPUmiPaKTaMgGs;. KWmuxcmwg eramcieBaIj
Ggaj;enHehIy EdleKRbTHeXIjkgesovePAesIgqaM1972 EdlbgajrUb b:ul Bt -kalenaHRtv
eKsal;eRkameQaHfa saLt s- nig nYn Ca [BiPBelak)ansal;. RbEhledaysarEtKat;sit
enAeRkamkarsegtBinity:agykcitTukdak;CaerOy BIsMNak;emdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkS nigeday
244
PUmiPaKrbs;Kat;GacRtvtamBinit edaylitln;CagPUmiPaKepSgeTot kuy FYn )ankayeTACa

emdwknaMPUmiPaKdMbUgbgs; EdleKeRCIserIsTukCamunkgzanCasRtv.
EdndIrbs;Kat; )anRtvEbgEckrvagPUmiPaK]trfImYy nigPUmiPaKkNalmYy.kuy FYn Rtv)an
ehAmkRkgPMeBjvij ehIycat;taMg[TTYlbnkRksYgesdkicCati EdlCaParkiclM)aksKsaj
bMputmYy kgsPaBRClRcbl;KYr[RBWxac eRkayeBlEdlBYkExrRkhmdeNImGMNac)an ehIy
cab;epImRtvkarBIRbCaCnnUvGVIEdlKat;BuMGaceFVI)an.
hwgehIy CaemdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan; enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatieRtmepImeFVIkarbdivtdMNak;
kalTIBIr. bNaelxabkSPUmiPaKdTeTot -Ek Bk nPUmiPaKkNal Em:n san nPUmiPaK|san
eRkaymk kg cab kan;PUmiPaK]trfI nig CU eCt kan;PUmiPaKfI KWbsim- )ansEmgtYnaTIKaMRTepSg
kgkartsUdeNImGMNac EdlRbRBwteTAkgbNaEx nigbNaqaMCabnbnab;mkeTot.
eRkamemdwknaMTaMgenH manExrRkhmpal;erogxn CaBYkburs nignarI EdlmYyPaKFM manedIm
kMeNItCaksikr nigmanbTBiesaFn_EbkBIKa. GkxHmanbsKl;ecjBIclnaTamTarkraC Edl
eFVIskmPaBenAeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;Cb:unem:H. rcnasm<nrbs;bkSKW kgTB nigGtItyuTCnn
sgamqaM1970-1975. eK)anRbKl;eTA[GkTaMgenaHnUvmuxtMENgepSgCaKNdwknaMkg
shkrN_eragcRk ehIyGkTaMgenH)anrYmbgCasmaCikPaKeRcInbMputrbs;bkS. dUcenARbeTs
evotNamEdr bkScUlciteRCIserIssmaCikrbs;xnBIkgkgTB ehIyenAk,alm:asuInbkSKWRtvdwknaM
edaybBavn nigksikr EdlFab;beBajsmtPaBrbs;eKenAkgkarRbyuTepSg. GkTaMgGs;enH
mineCOBIesckIesaHRtg;rbs;BYkKhbtItUctaceLIy ehIykminTukcitstiGarmN_eXgeXagrbs;
BYkeKEdr.
BYkExrRkhm)ancab;epImkarbdivtTI2rbs;xn enAfEdlBYkeKdeNIm)anCyCmH.
CMhandMbUgnyuTsasrbs;eK KWdMNak;kaleRbI {neya)aykumynisnsgam} )anbnsitman
rhUtdl;eBlEdlBYkeKerobcMkmviFImYyCapvkar sRmab;mhasni)atelIkTI4rbs;bkSEdlR)arB
eFVIenAExmkra qaM1976.
CamYykarCems nigkarpas;brTIlMenAedaybgM[RbCaCneTArs;enAtamCnbT BYkExrRkhm
EbrCaGnuvtenAeBlRbeTsmansniPaBnUvneya)ayrbs;eK EdleRbIkgsmysgameTAvij. GVI
EdlRtverobcMkgqaMdMbUg KWeKFab;)ansakBiesaFn_tamtMbn;nana taMgBIkarRbkasbegItshkrN_
245
em:H. eKenArkSaBakTaMgLay nigcitKMnitmYydUcenAsmysgamEdr. bnab;BICyCmH KWBuMmankar

Qb;EGGg;eLIy eKrg;caMBIRbCaCnfaKat;c,as;CaeFVIkarrwtEtxaMgeLIgEfmeTot ehIyfaeKmuxCa
QHelI{sRtvTaMgLay}. CaBYkcarburs EdleKminbeBajeQaH ehIyEdlkMBugeFVIkaredIm,ICa
RbeyaCn_dl;BYkPak;garbreTs bmnusSpgTaMgBYg EdlbeBaj[eXIjlkNepSg GacbMpaj
dl;RKwHbdivt)anenaHKWkarCab;CMBak;nwgplRbeyaCn_RKsar RbeyaCn_sYntY cMNg;cg;mankmsiTi
kCn. lkNTaMgenH suTEtCa {sRtvvN}. bkSnwgEbgEckerOgenH[dac;BIKakgdMNak;kal
bnab; edayRbkaseFVI{sgamvNCaTUeTA} nigcat;taMg[RkmsnisuxRsavRCavrkBYkPak;gar
ka>ehS>eb> sUevot es>GuI>Ga> GaemrikaMg ehIyeRkaymk KWBYkPak;garevotNameTot.
Pasabdivt EdleKTmab;eRbIkgryeBleFVIsgam Rtv)andak;bgM[RbCaCn eRbIR)as;kg
eBlmansniPaBEdr. zanRKan;EtCakitiysEdlmanlksaMjaM EdlCaRbBNIsRmab;smal;
smaCikrbs;RKsarnImYyRtveKlubbM)at;ecal. GMeNIHteTA mnusSTaMgGs;ElgmanzanGVIeRkA
EtCasmmit ma bmaymIg CaBuk bEm: b:ueNaH. BaksmIrebobkgTB)anRtveRbICMnYsPasaeRbIkg
RKsar ehIyBakEdlkalBImunmannyfa{eFVIkar} \LvenH Rtvfa{RbyuT}vij. RbCaCnkm<Ca
Elgniyayfa daMRsUvehIy KWBYkeKfa {RbyuTedIm,IdaMRsUv bPrdI} BYkeKkniyayfa {RbyuT} edIm,I
cab;RtIEdr. BYkeKElgniyayfa elIkTMnb;TwkeTotehIy KWeKfa {vaysRmk} edIm,IksagTMnb;TwkTaMg
enaH. dMNaMhUbEp dUcCa eck GMeBA dMLg RBlit EdleKdaMsRmab;bEnmelIrbbmbGahar)ankay
eTACadMNaMyuTsasTaMgGs; edaysarEtdMNaMTaMgenaHduHlUtlas;edaygay ehIyciBawmkgTBeTot
pg.enATIbBab; nigCaBiessKWBYkExrRkhm)andwknaMeFVIkar{RbyuT}RbqaMgnwgstiGarmN_eXgeXag
rbs;BYkeKeTot.
BYkkumynis)aneFVI[smtamvicarNBaaNnUvyuTviFIenH Edlbgaj[eXIjesckIbMRBjmYy
eBareBjeTAedayKMnitq RbDiteq<aHeTAkan;lTisgmniym. kgTsSnavdI{Tg;bdivt} elxdMbUgrbs;
eK EdlecjpSayenAeRkayfTI17 Exemsa qaM1975 CafnCyCmHBYkeKmankareBjcity:ag
xaMgEdl)anerobcMEpnkarmYyedaykmat;Gs;lTi mUlFnniymEtmYyEPtb:ueNaH. BYkemdwknaMbkS
)anGHGagfa edaybBanRbCaCn[eTArs;enAkgshkrN_ nigCnbTnana BYkeK)anksaglTisgm
niym nige)assmatlTimUlFnniymenARbeTskm<CaecjTaMgGs;. kareBalGagrbs;eK KWfa
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246
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247
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248
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mYy eragcRkcRmaj;eRbgkatmYy nigeragcRkKImImYy21}.
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eKaledAenH>>> eyIgRtvsabnaeragsib,km[)aneRcIn enAtamPUmiPaK tMbn; Rsuk nigshkrN_nana.
249
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RbeTs22}.
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ksikmrIklUtlas;>>>. eyIgenAmanRbPBTuny:agsMxan;mYyeTot KWeyIgBuMmanpl;R)ak;Ql[BYkGk
TaMgenaHeLIy. karKanpl;R)ak;Ql KWCaRbPBnkarsnSMedImTunmYyy:agFMedayxngpal;33}.
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em:A esTug KWCaRbPBpl;eyabl;mYysRmab;rUbKat;.
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ninakarCatiniym nigsgmniymrbs;RbCaCnCamYyKa24}.
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visyeyaFa vb,Fm neya)ay ]sSahkm ksikm>>>. eyIgenAmanPaByWty:avCagbNaRbeTs
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qaM. bmYyeyIgRtveFVIkickarenaH[)anseRmceCaKCy bmYyBYkeKnwgkemcBYkeyIg25}.
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250
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sm,tiTaMgGs;. mnusSrab;ryBan;nak; RtveKbeNjecjBITIRkgFM ehIybBan[eTAeFVIkarenAtam
CnbT enAkardansagsg;eragcRk benAksidanepSg.
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251
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252
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253
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254
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255
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256
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257
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258
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259
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EdlksageLIgedaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
eK)anraykarN_[dwgfa \sSrCnneya)ayCan;x<s;bMputCaeRCIn RtveKeFVIXadenAkgmNl
kILadanmYy {KWkwbsRmab;BYkvrCnEdlsabnaeLIgedayBYk)araMg sitenAEk,rvtPM} edaykat;k,al
enAelItaragvaytinIs39. ln; nl; BuMmansitenAkgcMeNamBYkemdwknaMTaMgenaHeT BIeRBaHKat;)ancak
ecjBIRkgPMeBjtaMgBImuneBlbraCyem:H edaybnn;xneTAtamkarKabsgt;rbs;BYkGaemrikaMg nig
kaNada. BYkGaemrikaMg nigsmaCikrdaPi)alPaKeRcInEdlsitenAkgRbeTsnwksgwmfa ebIsinCa
ln; nl; cakecjBIRbeTs vanwgmanlTPaBmYy kgkarcrcabBab;sgamCamYyBYkExrRkhm nigkar
begItrdaPi)alcRmHmYy. ln; nl; )anTTYlluy1landularsRmab;Tuk[eKmanesrIPaBeBjelj
kgkardwknaMRbeTs.
b:uEn karRsemIRsmGMBIrdaPi)alcRmHCamYyBYkExrRkhm )anrlt;rlaymuneBlbraCy
eTAeTot. BITIRkgeb:kaMg semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anEfgRbkasfa BuMmankarseRmceFVIkiccrca
KaeT. ehIyBYkExrRkhm)ane)aHBum<pSaynUvbBaIeQaH {mnusSk,t;kMBUl} mYyKWCaBYkemdwknaM
rdaPi)al EdlRtvsmab;muneK. b:uEn PaKeRcInn\sSrCnTaMgenaH )anbdiesFminRBmcakecjeTA
CamYyBYkGaemrikaMgeT enAeBlEdlBYkenHCemsbuKlikrbs;eKecjBITIRkgPMeBj enAfTI12
Exemsa enaH. RBHGgmas; suIsuvti sirimt emnaMGaTimak;kgcMeNamemnaMGaTiCaeRcIn eTotnrd
Rbharrbs; ln; nl; ehIyEdlExrRkhm[dMNwgmunfanwgykeTAcgbegal)aj;smab; ecal)anepJI
eTA[elak hSn hn;fW eDon kGKrdTUtGaemrikaMgnUvsarlixitmYy edaybkRsaybMPWBImUlehtu
260
EdlRBHGgBuMGace)aHbg;ecalRbeTsCatirbs;xn {KaneBlNamYyEdleCOfa elaknwge)aHbg;

RbCaCnmYy Edl)aneRCIserIsykesrIPaBdUcenAeBlenHeLIy. elakminGackarBarRbeTs)an
ehIyBuMGaceFVIGVIekItTaMgGs;. )anRbRBwtkMhusEtmYyKt; KWkareCOeTAelIBYkGs;elak [shrd
Gaemrik] xaMgeBk40}.
enHCacemIysarPaBcugeRkayrbs; sirimt. kMhwgrbs;Kat; KWsMedARbqaMgnwgBYkGaemrikaMg
CaBYkEdlKat;TukcitedIm,IkarBarRbeTskm<Ca BuMEmnsMedARbqaMgnwgCnrYmCatig {ExrRkhm} Edl
Rbgnwgsmab;Kat;enaHeT. eK)annaMyk sirimt BIsanTUt)araMg CakEngEdlKat;)ansVHEsVgrkTI
lak;xn CamYyshKmn_breTs. ln; Nun bnrbs; ln; nl; kRtveKsmab;. CamnusSddl;rbs;
empac;kar Kat;enAEtmanesckIsgwmxusCanicfa Kat;GacnwgbBaHbBalBYkExrRkhm[mkrYmrs;
CamYyrbbxn)an.
BYkemdwknaMeRcInnak;epSgeTot Rtv)ancab;xntamr)aMgXaMgpvnana EdlBYkkumynis)an
begIteLIgenAtampvCamat;RckecjBIrdFanI. edayenAEtBuMdwgBImUlehtunkarsuM[sresr {CIv
Rbvti}TaMgenH BYkeK)anlatRtdagR)ab;BYkExrRkhmexcxIfa BYKeKCaGkNa ehIyeFVIkarGVIxH[rda
Pi)al ln; nl;. mnusSCaeRcIn dUcCaBukmayrbs; muI kumt CaedImeCOfa BYkeKElgsUv)armnwg
kmsikSa{eronsURt}CafI eRkamTRmg; bEbbEpnepSgeTot eTIbeKGnuBaat[vilRtLb;eTArYmrs;
CamYyRKsar nigeFVIkaredIm,IsarRbeTseLIgvijeTotehIy. BYkGkEdlenAminTukcit ehIyEdl
lak;GtsBaaNBitR)akdrbs;xn )anRtvGkdTeTotEdlFab;sal; )anniyayGafkM)aMgrbs;
BYkeKR)ab;BYkkumynisCaerOy. dUecHehIy)anCanayTahan nigGkrdkarCan;x<s;rab;Bannak;
Rtv)ansmab;rgalkgs)ah_dMbUg bnab;BI{karrMedaH}rYcmk.
EdndIepSgmYyKt;Edlc,aMgcaj;eRkayeKrbs;saFarNrdExr KWsitenAkgext)at;dMbg PaK
BayBRbeTs.enATIenaHkgTBrbs; ln; nl; )aneFVIkarvayRbyuTCaelIkcugeRkaymYy ehIyTUTat;
mkvij edaykarsmab;BYknayTahanTaMgGs; edayKankarvinicyeTasCamuneLIy. fTI19 Ex
emsaBYkExrRkhm)anbBaa[emTahanTaMgenaHcUlmkbgajxnkgrvagmYyem:agenARtg;TIkEngmYy
EdleKkMNt;CaeRsc. eK)anesI[GkTaMgenaH bBaak;bMPW[)anlitln;fa etIBYkeKmanmuxgarCaGVIxH
bnab;mk eK[RbmUlpMCafI mgenHRtveskBak;ksNanFMCamYynwgeRKg\sSriyysrbs;BYkeK
TaMgGs;. eK)aneFVI[BYkenaHeCOfa BYkeKnwgRtveFVIdMeNIreTARkgPMeBjedIm,I TTYlsVaKmn_semc
RBHneratm sIhnu EdlvilRtLb;BITIRkgeb:kaMgmkvij.
261
BYknayTahanTaMgenaH)aneKarBeFVItam ehIy)annaMKaRbeRCteLIgCiHeBjelILankamIj:g
cMnYnR)aMmYyeRKg. rfynTaMgGs;)anecjdMeNIrsMedAmkRkgPMeBj EdlnaMmuxedayLanhSIbmYy
eRKg nigLanLg;r:UEvrmYyeRKg pkeBjeTAedayyuTCnExrRkhm ehIymanLanmYyeRKgeTot
EdlmankgTBCiHeBjEdrenaH ebIktamBIeRkay. enARtg;pvEbkCabYnmYy minqayb:unanBIRkg
)at;dMbg k,nrfyn)anebIkecjBIpvCati ehIykQb;enAesmRTwg. BYknayTahan )anTTYlbBaa
[cuHBIrfynedIm,IBt;deCIg[)at;cukRsBn;. RKan;EtcuHmkdl;dIPam rfynTaMgenaH)anebIkecj
eTAvijGs; ehIykgTBExrRkhm)anelceFaecjBIRBEk,renaHPamEdr. kgryeBldb;R)aMnaTI
BYknayTahanEdleKdkhUtGavuFGs;ehIy )anQrsmwgemIleBCXatrbs;xnKanRBicEPkeLIy.
bnab; mk BYkExrRkhmkcab;pHGavuF smab;BYknayTahanTaMgGs;elIkElgEtbYnnak;b:ueNaHEdlrYc
rs;CIvit.
minyUrb:unaneRkaymk kgfdEdlenaH BYknayTahanrgCaeRcInnak;eTotenA)at;dMbg )annaMKa
eLIgCiHelILankamIj:gRbmaNCadb;eRKg edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;CMrMmYysitenACitTIRkgEdr edayeK
niyayR)ab;BYkGkTaMgenaHfa BYkeKnwgRtvGb;rMEkERbCafI edIm,IERbkayxneTACaGkbdivt. tamBit
eK)an[BYkenHcuHBIrfynenAxagPaKeCIgTIRkg ehIyeK)ansmab;ecalenAelIpvenaH. kgevla
resol eRkayeBlEdlkarkab;smab;dFMenARkgPMeBj nig)at;dMbgcb;sBVRKb;Gs;ehIy b:ul Bt
)aneFVIdMeNIrRtLb;cUlmkrdFanIvij.
karsmab;rgalTaMgenH manpaksBaaCarbs;ExrRkhm BuMmantulakar BuMmankarkat;eTasCa
saFarN BuMmanRkmRbwkSatulakarRbCaCneLIy. GkrgeRKaHTaMgGs;RtveKnaMeTArkesckIsab;
edaykarPUtkuhk ehIyRtvsmab;edaysat;. BYkExrRkhmmincg;eFVkI arsmab;mnusSCasaFarN
eT. BYKeKlak;biH)aMgkarsmab;rgalTaMgenHmin[RbCaCndwgeLIy ehIybdiesFerOgTaMgGs;enaH
CanickalNamaneKsaksYrxnBIbBaaenH. dMeNIrvileTAmuxrbs;karbdivt karbgabGMeBIRbqaMg
bdivtn_ KWeFVI[ekItmanmnusSsab;tehagy:ageXareXA nigsat;kM)aMgrebobenHRKb;TIkEng.
ebIsinCaBYkExrRkhm erobcMEpnkarRbQmmuxKaenHCamYynwgBYksRtvrbs;eK enAsmy
sgam BYkeKkRtveFV[I PJak;eplI edaykarelcecjnUvxagM sRtvbreTsPamenaHEdr. BYkevotNam
EdlCasm<nmitdKYr[xacrbs;xn )anbgM[BYkkm<CaTTYlrgmuneK nUvGVIEdlRbEhlCakarRbQmmux
Tl;KadmuWgm:at;mYyCamYybreTs kgkMLgExdMbUgnkarkan;GMNacrbs;BYkExrRkhmedayminEGGg;
262
yUreLIy.
RkGWtRkeGagnwgCyCmH BYkevotNam)ankMNt;cakecjBI{TICRmk}nana EdlBYkeKFab;)an
eRbIR)as;sRmab;vayRbharBYkGaemrikaMg nigkgTBevotNamxagt,gCaeRsc. b:uEn BYkkumynis
evotNam enAEGGg;minRbjab;dkfyBITwkdIkm<CaeLIy CaBiessenAbNatMbn;dac;Rsyalnext
rtnKirI nigmNlKirI. BYkExr)anepJIBakbNwgpvkarmYyeTA[RkghaNUy edayesI[kgkmaMgevot
NamTaMgGs;cakecjBITwkdIkm<Ca. BYkeK)anTTYlkareqIytbmkvijCaesckIEfgkarN_mYy Edl
kgenaHfa mYycMENknTwkdIenHKWCarbs;evotNam dUecHkgTBevotNamsitenAkgTwkdIrbs;RbeTs
eKeT.karb:HTgicKaRsal)anpHeLIgenAtamRBMEdnnRbeTsTaMgBIr ehIybNal[mankarRbQm
muxKaCaelIkdMbUgrvag mCim nigesa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBaEfmeTot. b:ul Bt nigbkS )ansI
benas Pwm Edlrhn;vayRbyuTCamYynwgBYkevotNameBk ehIyTUnanKat;[Gt;Ft;Tb;citkuMGal
RbRBwtGVIRClhYs.
karvayRbyuTKaCaeRcIn )anraldalBIPaKxageCIgbMputmkRBMEdnPaKxagt,g nigrhUtdl;
ekaHTaMgLaykgQUgsmuRTesom EdlBYkevotNam)anTamTarfaCarbs;xnEfmeTot. BYkkm<Ca
)anecaTsYrBYkevotNamfa ehtuGVI)anCamineKarBkicRBmeRBg EdlBYkeKFab;)anseRmccuH
htelxaCamYynwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu kalBIqaM1967 ehIyEdlTTYlsal;RBMRbTl;bcb,n
rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca. eTaHCaBYk)araMgKUsbnat;RBMEdnTaMgenH Edlpl;cMeNjdl;BYk
evotNamkeday ksemc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;eRbIR)as;ExSbnat;enHkgkiccrcaepSg edIm,I
bgajPstagEtm:agb:ueNaHfa BYkevotNamElgmansiTiTamTarykTwkdIepSgeTotehIy.
BYkevotNameTIbnwgQHsgamrbs;eKfI enAeBlEdlBYkeKRbkasR)ab;BYkemdwknaMRkg
PMeBjCasaFarNfa eKKYrEtebIkeFVIkiccrcasIBIbBaaRBMEdnCafImgeTot41. erOgEdlRtvCECkKa
xaMgbMputenaH KWExSbnat;RBMEdn {eRbvIey:} EdlBYk)araMg)anKUsCaRBMEdnsmuRTrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
b:uEnkalenaH BYk)araMg)anKUseLIgRKan;EtCakarkMNt;RBMEdnrd)alGaNaniKmb:ueNaH BuMEmnCa
RBMEdnGnrCatiBitR)akdmYyeLIy.BYkkm<Ca)anbeBajRbtikmtbeTAvij eday)anbBannaval,at
CaeRcIneRKgeTAkan;tMbn;ekaHTaMgLay EdlkgenaHmanekaH BULv: mYy )ankayeTACacMNucsMxan;
nkarvivaTKaenH.
enAedImEx]sPa BYkExrRkhm nwkRBy)army:agxaMg cMeBaHeKalbMNgepSgrbs;BYk
evotNam mkelITwkdIdBIsidrbs;Exr rhUteFVI[BYkeKcab;epImEqkeqrnavabreTsTaMgGs; EdlebIk
263
qgkat;kgtMbn;enH42. BYkeK)aneFVIrebobenH eTAelInavarbs;RbeTs):aNam:amYyeRKg ehIybIf

eRkaymk eK)an)aj;kaMePIgeTAelInavamYyeRKgrbs;RbeTssuyEGd EdlkMBugqgkat;enACit
ekaHBULv:eTot. bnab;mk enARBwkfTI12 Ex]sPa BYkeK)anbBaHkgTBmYyRkmtUc[eLIgeTAenA
elIekaHenaH ehIy)anbBaak;GHGagBIsiTieBjc,ab;rbs;eKelIekaHBULv:eTotpg.
b:unanem:ageRkaymk mannavaCMnYjGaemrikaMgmYyeRKgeQaH m:y:aeh )anebIkcUleTAekok
ekaHBULv:EmnETnrhUtdl;TBeCIgTwkExrRkhm EdlTTYlbTbBaa[enArkSakarBarTl;nwgkarQanBan
rbs;breTs )anBTsak;cab;navaenH)an. RbtibtikarenH Rtv)andwknaMeFVIedaynaval,atCaeRcIn
eRKgrbs;PUmiPaKnirtI edayKan)aneFVIkarTak;Tgpal;CamYyRkgPMeBjeLIy.
Rkgv:asuInetan )andwgBIkarsak;cab;navaenHmunRkgPMeBjeTAeTot ehIy)anRbkasfa enHCa
]b,tiehtuGnrCatidFn;FrmYy. Etb:unans)ah_kngputeTAb:ueNaH taMgBIbraCyCaRbvtisasrbs;
TIRkgRBnKr nigRkgPeM BjEdleFV[I shrdGaemrikrntk; g cit nigGam:as;mxu y:agxagM . hg;rI KIsgIu hr
EdlRbFanaFibtIfI ehSr:al; hVd Tuk[enAeFVICardmnIkarbreTs)anEkERbeFVI[erOgcab;navaenHeTACa
karRbQmmuxxagsgamRtCak;vij. Kat;)anEfgRbkasfa {vamankRmitRBMEdnEdlshrdGaemrik
BuMGacbeNayeKelatrMlgBIelI)an} ehIyvibtienH Rtv)anbgajCapvkarfaCabBaa {Fn;FrCageK
bMput} EdlRbFanaFibtI hVd RtvRbQmmuxedaHRsay.
estviman )anTamTarCasaFarN[mankaredaHElgnavaenHCabnan;. rdaPi)alGaemrikaMg
)anbBansarlixitCaeRcIneTA[BYkExrRkhm tamryRbeTscin edaytRmv[edaHElgnava
mkvijkgrvagmbYnem:ag ehIyKMrameFVIkarsgswkvij ebIsinCaxnBuM)anTTYlesckIeBjcitkgerOg
enH. BYkcin)anbBansarlixitTaMgenaHRtLb;mkvij edaymanPab;esckImYyfa BYkeKBuMman
meFa)ayPab;karTak;TgnwgBYkemdwknaMkm<CaesaHeLIy. kaleNaH Rkgeb:kaMg RbEhlCamankar
Tak;TgCamYyRkgPMeBjEttamTUrsB betLicb:ueNaH b:uEnvaBuMR)adCaGcwgeT. enAEx]sPaenaH
BuMTan;manrdaPi)alBitR)akdmYyenATIRkgPMeBjeT ehIykBuMTan;manKNebskkmTUtNamYytaMg
enATIenaHEdr ehIyCaBiessenABuMTan;manbNajTUrKmnaKmn_NamYy edaypal; nigqab;rhsrvag
RkgPMeBj nigBiPBelakxageRkApg.
enAeBlEdlsanvaTputkMNt;edayxnBuM)anTTYlcemIytbmkvij estviman )anecjbBaa
[eFVIkarsgswkxageyaFa ehIyynehaHGaemrikaMgCaeRcIneRKg )anRtvbBan[eTATmak;RKab;Ebk
enAelItMbn;enaH. navaQbykkarN_mYycMnYnrbs;GaemrikaMg kebIksMedAeq<aHeTAQUgsmuRTesom
264
Edr. eRkayeBlEdlEpkykkarN_esuIbdwgfa Rkmnaviknavam:y:aehTaMgGs; RtveKeprecjeTA

dak;enAelIdIeKakehIyenaH ynehaHGaemrikaMgkcab;Tmak;RKab;EbkeTAelIekaHtagPam. kgeBl
CamYyKaenaH shrdGaemrik)anesIelak xWt v:al;Edm GKelxaFikarGgkarshRbCaCatiCYydwgBBI
erOgenHEdr. elak v:al;Edm raErkcit bnab;mk )anRbkasfa GgkarshRbCaCati kKanmeFa)ay
Pab;TMnak;TMngCamYyBYkkm<CarebobdUcEtKa.
kgeBlenaH BYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBj)anbBaak;fa BYkeK)andwgBIkarsak;cab;navaenH edaysar
EtkarpSayrbs;viT {sMeLgshrdGaemrik43} b:ueNaH. bkS)anecjbTbBaaPam eTA[BYkGaCJaFr
kMBg;EpkMBg;esamcab;eFVIkarTak;TgCamYykgTBenAekaHBULv: nig[ekaHehAembBaakarrbs;eK mk
kan;TIRkgPMeBjCabnan;.
eGog sarI )anr:ayr:ab;fa {embBaakarenaH)anmkdl;PMeBj enAem:agBIresolfdEdl. Kat;
)anpl;BtmanR)ab;BIehtukarN_enH ehIyRbmaNCaem:agR)aMlac eyIg)an[Kat;vilRtLb;eTAvij
CamYybBaa[edaHElgnavam:y:aeheTA[shrdGaemrikvijPamkuMbgg;}.
EskeLIgfTI14 Ex]sPa evlaRBwk rdmnIRksYgeXasnakar hU nwm )anRbkasCasaFarN
tamviTrdaPi)alfa navaenHnwgRtvedaHElgeTAvij. enAxNenH manEt exov sMpn nig hU nwm
b:ueNaH Edlkan;kab;tMENgCapvkarkgrdaPi)almYy EdlmanEteQaHenAeLIy ehIyEdldwknaM
edaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu. KWkgnamBYkExrRkhmenHehIy Edl)anecjbTbBaamYysmRsb
tamkaleTsenaH ebIeKKitBIsanPaBRbeTskgGMLgs)ah_dMbUgbnab;BIsgamputrlt;eTA
ehIyBiess CagenHeTAeTot KWkarPyxacERkgBYkGaemrikaMgRtLb;mkTmak;RKab;EbkelIrdFanI
vij. Cak;c,as;Nas; BYkkumyniskm<CaBuMcg;[mankarRbQmmuxmYy CamYyshrdGaemrikeT
enAcMeBlEdlBYkeKxMRbwgedjkmat;BYkevotNamecjBIekaHBULv:.
cemIyrbs; hU nwm eFVIeLIgBuM)anelOnrhsTan;sPaBkarN_sRmab;shrdGaemrikesaH.
samsibnaTIeRkaykarRbkasBtmanpSaytamviTExrRkhm kgkumg;dUm:arInGaemrikaMgmYyRkm)an
vayeLIgeKakenAekaHtag ehIyestviman)anbkRsayfa RkgPMeBjniyaymin)anc,as;las;
esaHfa eKnwgedaHElgRkmnavavijRBmCamYynwgnavapgeT. BYk{m:arIn} )anbHTgicnwgkrTb;Tl;mYy
y:agxaMgkaBIsMNak;BYkExrRkhm Edl)anBRgwgsanPaBkarBarenAelIekaHenaHrYcmunCaeRsc kg
bMNgeRtmTuk[ehIycMeBaHkarvaylukmYyrbs;evotNam.
kgryeBlEdlBYkTahanm:arInGaemrikaMg vayRbyuTKaenAekaHtag BYkGaCJaFrExr )anedaH
265
ElgRkmnavik nignavam:y:aeh edayKan]b,tiehtuGVIeLIy. b:uEn shrdGaemrik)anbBanynehaH

[eTAeFVIkarvayqk;tampvGakasCaelIkcugeRkaymYyenAelIdIeKakeTot ehIyeFVI[tMbn;kMBg;Ep
kMBg;esamrgkarxUcxatCaTmn; -cMNtrfePIg eragcRkcRmaj;eRbgkat Gakasyandan RBmTaMgpv
sRmab;ynehaHcuHeLIg eragbgaFMsRmab;dak;ynehaH nigynehaHCaeRcIneRKgrbs;mUldan
navacrram EdlsitenAEk,renaHpg. tamdwg karvayRbhartamGakasenH maneKaledA {karBar}
kgTBm:arInGaemrikaMgEdlxMRbwgcakecjedayKaeRcInBIekaHtag EdlenAtMbn;qay b:uEn dUcemdwknaM
GaemrikaMg )anRbkaserOgenHR)ab;TsSnavdImYyenAeBlenaHfa {vanwgBuMkayeTACa erOgGaRkk;eT
ebIsinCamageTotmineFVImYyRClhYs ehIyxMRbwgeqtTajKuNRbeyaCn_EdleyIgsitenAelIdI
edIm,IBncab;eyIgTaMgrs;. RbkarenH nwgpl;kas[eyIgvayRbhareKedaymin[dwgxnmun -eday
sMBgy:agxaMg44}.
enAeBlEdlkarRbyuTKaputrlt;eTA TahanGaemrikaMgsamsibR)aMnak; )anRtvsab;eRBaHEt
eTACYysegaHRkmnaviknavam:y:aehcMnYnsamsibR)aMbYnnak; ehIyPaKeRcInnTahanm:arInTaMgenH
KWRtvsab;eRkay BImankaredaHElgBYkkmkrnavaEfmeTAeTot. GkrgeRKaHTaMgenaH Rtv)aneKcuH
bBaIfa CakarxUcxat cugeRkaybgs;rbs;shrdGaemrik enAkgsgamenA\Ncin45.
Rkgv:asuInetan )anelIksresIrBIeCaKCyenHy:agKRKwkKeRKg. b:uEn kGKrdTUtGaem
rikaMgRbcaMRkg)agkk )anvaytmvibtienHeRkamlkNmYyxusKay:agxaMg. {embBaakarTBtam
mUldanCaeRcInrbs;km<Ca RbEhlCamansVyPaBdFMeFgmYy ehIy)aneRbIsiTiGMNacrbs;eKeRsc
Etk,alcit CYnkaleFVI[man]bsKdl;rdGMNacmCimeTotpg46}. enHCaTUrelxsmat;mYy Edl
sMGagedayEpkeTAelI]b,tiehtunavam:y:aehenH.
pynwgGMnYtekgkagrbs;BYkeK KWBuMEmnBYkGaemrikaMgeT EdlecjBIsanPaBRbQmmuxKa CaGk
QHenaH b:uEnKWBYkevotNameTAvijesaH. BYkGaemrikaMg)anbMpajEpkGakascrrbs;km<CaGs;mYy
EpkFMehIy)aneFVI[kgm:arInrbs;km<CaxUcxatCaTmn;. GaRsyehtuenH BYkExrRkhmetagEtpak
EpnkarvayRbyuTrbs;eKTaMgGs;CamYyBYkevotNam nigCemaHepSgeTotkgkardeNImykekaH
EdlsitenAnaysmuRTsin. enAExmifuna BYkeK)anyl;RBmtamsMeNIrbs;BYkevotNam sIBIkar
pas;brTsSnkicmYyeTAvijeTAmkrvagBYkemdwknaMnRbeTsTaMgBIr. BYkkm<Ca)aneFVIkarsuMeTasrbs;
BYkeK cMeBaH{]b,tiehtu}TaMgenaH edayRbkasfa BYkembBaakarRbcaMmUldanTaMgenaH mankRmityl;
dwgxagEpkPUmisastictYcNas;. BYkevotNam)anykekaHBULv: eFVICakmsiTirbs;xneLIgvij.
266
plvi)akmYyeTotEdlsMxan;dUcKa KWRbEhlCanimitrUbrbs;shrdGaemrik EdlenAEtdk;Cab;

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c,as;fa cRkBtiniymGaemrikaMgRbEhlCaesckIkgVl;cm,grbs;eK ehIyPaBRbTUsr:aycMeBaH
RbeTsevotNam )anlab;eLIgvijmYyEPt. BYkExr nigBYkevotNam )ancuHhtlxaelIkicRBm
eRBgshRbtibtiesdkicmYyenAExsIha kgkasTsSnkicmYyrbs;emdwknaMevotNam eL yn;
enATIRkgPMeBj.
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shrdGaemrik CasRtvFMbMputEdlmaneRKaHfak;CageK ehIyebIeRbbeFobKaeTA RbeTsevotNam
RKan;EtbgkarKMramkMEhgbnicbncb:ueNaH.
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evotNamEfmeTot. RkgPMeBjGaceFVIBaNiCkmCamYyRkghaNUy)an b:uEn Capvkar RbeTs
evotNamenAEtCamitmYydEdlEdlCamYynwgRbeTsenH km<CaenAmanerOgTas;ETgKaCaeRcInenA
eLIy. cMENkshrdGaemrikKWCasRtvcRkBtiFMbMput.
eRkay]b,tiehtunavam:y:aeh BYkExrRkhm)ancab;eFVIkicRbwgERbgrbs;eKeLIgvij edIm,I
erobcMBRgwgsCMhr nigkarbdivtn_rbs;eK. kgTBCatimYyRtv)anbegIteLIg PUmiPaKnana)anTTYl
karkMNt;RBMEdnCafIbnab;BIsmysgam ehIyRkgPMeBjkerobcMbegIt[manmnIr RksYgnanarbs;
rdEdr TIsIkarrdmnI bNaGgkarbkS ehIynigshRKasBaNiCkmnig]sSahkm. tamkarvaytm
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keTsdeqImCageKrbs;km<CaxagTMnak;TMngExr-evotNam. Kat;CamnusSEdlenAEtminTukcit
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mak;eTot EdlenAEGbCab; b:ul Bt enaH )ankayeTArdmnIRksYgkarBarRbeTs. sarI nig sun esn
267
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lM)akeTvnadUckarrs;enAkgCMrMTaMgenH eXIjfa minGacmaneRKaHfak;CagkEngeTot kgRbeTs
km<CaenAkMLgkarbdivtTIBIr EdlBYkeKRtvedIrtameLIy.
sarI )aneRtmxnkan;muxgarepSgEdlKat;kan;kab;enAeBlenH taMgBIyUryarmkehIy.
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kumynisCaeRcInelIk EdleKerobcMeLIgenAGWr:ub nig)anCYbBYkGktMNagkumynisnRbeTsFM
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mkRbeTsvij ehIy)anrYmcMENkCYydl;karbdivtkm<CaCamYybgfrbs;Kat; KW b:ul Bt eday
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rMlgRBMEdnEdleK)ankMNt;[RTg;eFVIenaHpg.
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268
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niyayR)ab;BiPB elakBImuxmat;BitR)akdrbs;km<Cabdivt. eK)anniyayfa Kat;kCamnusSEtmak;
Kt;Edr Edlhan niyay[ b:ul Bt dwgnUverOgminCaTIeBjcit EdlKat;RbmUl)ankgryeBl
nebskkmmYykg cMeNamebskkmCaeRcInelIkenAbreTs. sarI EtgEteFVIdMeNIrCamYy RbsiTi
EdlbeRmIKat;Ca CMnYykar nigCaGkbkERbPasa EdlParkicenH RbsiTi)anbMeBjsRmab; b:ul Bt
enAkm<Ca. GtIt saLt s kRmTTYlCYbCnbreTsmak;edayKan sarI nig RbsiTi enAGmEk,r
Kat;eLIy. enAeBlEdlbBaaGnrCatikan;EtmansarsMxan;xaMgeLIgkgbNaqaMCabnbnab;mkeTot
sarI Rtv)ancat;taMg[TTYlbnkerobcM nigGnuvtEpnkarmYy kgeKalbMNgCYyeRsacRsg;RbeTs
Cati.
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taMgBIyUryarmkehIyEdr ebITukCakareronsURtrbs;Kat;xagvisyenHminsUvCa)anduMkMPYnkeday.
Kat;CaKruekaslviTUeBjlkN eday)anTTYlbriBaabRtEpkTsSviCa mYyenAsalasre)an
Rkg):arIs. Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkPMeBjvijenAqaM1955 edIm,IbeRgnsisS nigdwknaMkarbdivt.
sun esn Fab;Rtv)anEtgtaMg[eFVIkarenAviTasanBuTsasnbNit nigviTalysuIsuvti munnwgkay
CanaykEpkRsavRCavenAviTasanCatiKruekasl. kgkMLgeBlnkarkan;kab;muxtMENgenHehIy
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TukKat;CaGk TTYlxusRtvkgerOgenH. edayKYr[say esn )anRbkaseRkaymkfa Kat;minGac
beBajGMnYt fa Kat;)anekNnisSitTaMgenaH[eFVI)atukmeLIy kb:uEn semc RBHneratm sIhnu BuM)an
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CnkumynisCaeRcInnak; epSgeToteTA.
mnusSmaDtUcesIg Bak;Ev:ntas )anRtveKRbKl;Parkic[TTYlxusRtvxagEpkkgTB. esckI
esaHRtg;EdlKat;bgaj[eXIjtaMgBIenARkg):arIs RbEhlbgCamUldannkarTukcit[Kat;kan;mux
tMENgsMxan;CageKenHehIy. esn )ancab;epImbMeBjmuxgarfIrbs;Kat;kgzanCaGkEdlmanviCa
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smRsbCageK dUcCasgamrbs;RBHecAGFiraC Nab:UeLg CaedIm CaBiesskareLamBTTIRkgmUs
269
nigsgamrbs;cRkPBGURTIs-hugRKI47. Kat;cg;dwgNas; BIrebobEdlBYkrusSIvaybM)ak;BYkcRkBti

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sgamTBRB bsgamrbs;RbCaCnGasuIeT ehIy esn KWCatYy:agKMrUEdlTTYlrg\TiBlBIRbBnGb;rM
rbs;)araMgEtmYy. b:uEnmindUecaH kgryeBlnkarRbyuTtsUCagdb;qaMenAkgRB Kat;)andwknaMeFVI
sgamQbmYyRbkbedaeCaKCyKYr[PJak;epIl. kgkMLgnkarRbyuTKacMnYnR)aMqaM mankareFVI
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mYyEpkFM ehIyeK)anRbKl;eTA[ esn nUvKuNsm,tidsMxan;cMeBaHkarvaylukpac;RBRtenAfTI17
Exemsa qaM1975 EdleFVI[eKRsLaMgkaMgRKb;Ka.
dUecH karEtgtaMgKat;CardnIkarBarRbeTs KWBitCasmehtusmpl ebITukCaelxabkSPUmiPaK
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nwgepJIesckITukciteTAelIrUbKat;eLIy.kgbNaqaMCabnbnab;mkeTotkaryl;dwgrbs; esn)anelc
eLIg[eXIjhak;dUcCamankRmitRBMEdn. Kat;ecHdwgBIbBaakgTBrbs;km<Cay:agc,as; Kat;Fab;)an
sikSaRsavRCavBIsgamepSgrbs;BYkGWr:ub b:uEn Kat;BuMEmnCaGkkeTsxagbBaakgTBevotNam
eLIy.
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neratm sIhnu enAeLIy EdleKeRbICaemdwknaMmanEteQaH b:uEnGt;GMNacdEdl ebITukCaRBHGg
sarPaBfa BuMEdl)andwgBIRBwtikarN_EdlekItmanenAkm<Cay:agNakeday. b:uEn bkS)anerobcMeFVI
karbdivtdMNak;kalTIBIrrYcCaeRsc KWkarpas;bremdwknaMTaMgRsugmYykgbNaExCabnbnab;mk
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mnInana )anTTYlbuKlik[cUleFVIkar. BYkExrRkhmEdleFVI[xVl;citBIerOgr)aykarN_enaH )an
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270
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EdlsitkgkarRsemIRsmenaH )ankayeTACabT]RkidmYyGacmaneTasdl;Gs;CIvit.
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nigsm<nyuvCnpg. Ca EdlenAEtCamnusSelx2 bnab;BI b:ul Bt enaH BuMEmnCamnusSEdlecjmk
BIRkmRkg):arIseT. CaGkmanedImkMeNItenA)at;dMbg Kat;)aneTAbnkarsikSaRbeTsf kgviTa
lymYy rYcehIy)aneronenAsaklviTalymYykgRkg)agkkeTot. CadMbUg Kat;)ansuMcUlbkS
f munnwgkayxneTACasmaCikbkSkumynis\Ncinrbs;evotNam. cMeBaHzanenH Kat;KWCayuTCn
eCIgcas;mak; kgcMeNamyuTCneCIgcas;CaeRcIn rbs;clnakumyniskm<Ca ehIy b:ul Bt man
esckITukciteTAelIKat; edayRbKl;[TTYlxusRtvkgkarerobcMksagbkS EdlCaParkiclM)ak nig
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271
pvkNalrbs;Kat; EdlKanCab;Tak;TgnwgbNaEpnkarrbs;GkbdivtniymeqVgRCl EdlerobcMeLIg

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GkEdlEbkbkSBYkenAkgpbkSCaeRcInnak;eTotminxan.
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)aneFVICamYynwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EdrenaH Kat;)anbMeBjParkicRKb;Ebby:ag EdleKRbKl;
[Kat;eFVIy:ageBjsmtPaB RbEhlCaKat;yl;RBmeFVItamyuTsasrbs;bkS nigsuxcitTTYl
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mnusSTaMgenH)anTTYllMenAmYyRtveBlnwgrdUvbgbegInpl. karerobcMkEngtaMgTIlMenAfIxH
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)anRtvTTYl[sak;GaRsyy:agrak;Tak;BIsMNak; {BYkGkcas;} EdlFab;rs;enAkgtMbn;epSgrbs;
BYkExrRkhmkgryeBlmansgam. kgtMbn;xHeTot eKRBmTTYl[{BYkGkfI} rs;enATaMgesaH
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272
rs;enAkgshkrN_rbs;PUmixn.
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281
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282
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EbkeBjehaHsMedAeTAbuknavabcamitkgsgamelakelIkTI2 -kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb].
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283
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284
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rs;enACamYybu)aNa eday)aneRtmxnRbLgyksBaabRtmFmsikSamYy.
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FMkgcMeNamsmrPUmiFMEdlekItmanmuneKbgs;10. kareFVIRbtibtikarBIrelIkrbs; ln; nl; KWecnLa
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TisxageCIgRkgPMeBj rYmmanTaMgRsuk)arayN_pgEdlrYmbgCacMNuckNalrbs;RbeTs. enAqaM
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1973 enAeBlEdlBYkExrRkhmerobcMbegItrdGMNacrbs;eKRttRtaelItMbn;enH KWBYkeK)an
RbRBwtGMeBIeXAeXAxHkgcMeNamGMeBIeXareXAdMbUgrbs;xn RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnsuIvil Edlrs;enA
CittMbn;)arayN_enH.
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rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
285
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286
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292
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294
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enAedImqaM1976 eK)anbBannag[eTACIkRbLayTwkCamYykgkargarmYyRkm. edIm,IeRsacRsB
pdIERscMnYnmYylanR)aMEsnhikta RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtvsabnaTMnb;Twk RbLayTwky:ageRcInCamYy
nwgeRKg]bkrN_y:agtictYcbMput nigedayKankar[eyabl;BIGkbeckeTspgeT. cMNucsMxan;n
karsabna)anRbRBwteTAenAkMLgrdUvR)aM KWenArvagrdUvRctkat; nigrdUvbgbegInpl. bu)aNa )an
kayeTACaRsemacmYykghVgRsemacCaeRcInEdlenAmIredrdaselIdI CanarImak;kgcMeNamnarI
TaMgLayEdlkMBugelIkdMuf nigCBaneTAdak;kEngmYyEdlnwgRtvsabnaTMnb;Twk.
b:uEn bu)aNa CaRsIEdlmansuxPaBTn;exSayRsab; nigmanpeBaHpgenaH )anrlMdYlenAelI
kardan ehIyeKkdwknagykmkpHvij. bnab;BIkarQb;sRmakBIr-bIf nagkvilRtLb;eTAeFVIkar
vij. mbGaharcab;epImxVHxat ehIyBuMEmnmanEtnagmak;eT EdlFak;xnQWedaykarht;enOy kar
ERskXan nigkarGs;sgwm. eRkayBI)ansab;semc RBHneratm sIhnu manRBHbnltamviTfa
RBHGgnwgdkRBHkayecjBIkickarsaFarNmkmanRbCaCnkm<Cay:ageRcIn )an)at;bg;kIsgwmGs;
ehIy)anRbfuybrCIvitedIm,IlYcrt;ecjBIRbeTs. {BYkGkfI}mYycMnYntUc enAshkrN_rbs;
bu)aNa )anseRmcrt;ePosxnedayeCaKCyenAEx]sPa. RbFanshkrN_ )anTmak;karTTYlxus
RtvGMBIerOgenHmkelIrUbnag ehIysRmab;CaelIkdMbUgbgs; EdlnagmanbMNgeFVIGtXadEmnETn.
b:uEn nag)anpas;brKMnitenHecalvij.
nag)anFak;xnQWCafI ehIyRtveKnaMykeTAedksRmakkgmnIeBTmYy EdlkmaPi)aleBT
CaeRcInenATIenaHFab;mankarbNHbNalxagviCaeBTdsMKiHmYy b:uEn BYkExrRkhm)ancat;BYkenH [
TTYlr:ab;rgdwknaMvisysuxaPi)albdivtn_rbs;eK. edayminTukcitBYkKilanub,dak nigRKeBTnrbb
cas; EdlmankarbNHbNalRtwmRtv BYkkumynis)ansmab;GkTaMgenaHecalGs;mYyPaKFM Edl
)anR)ab;BImuxviCaCIvrbs;xnRtg;. BYkkumynis)aneRCIserIsbuKlik eBTrbs;eKedayQrelI
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
295
lkNvinicyxagneya)ayxaMgCagviCaCIv ]TahrN_ BYkeK)aneRCIserIskUnrbs;bNaemdwknaM

bkS dUcCakUnRsIBIrnak;rbs; eGog sarI CaedIm kUnecArbs;BYkRsTab;)atnsgm bGkEdlsitenA
kgclnayuvCnbdivtn_ edIm,I[eTATTYlkarhat;eronviCaeBTCan;dMbUgmYy kgGVIEdlBYkExrRkhm
cat;TukdUcCakarRbtibtitamk,neBTEdlCaRKwHdsMxan;. tameyabl;rbs;GkTaMgenaH BYkeK)an
eRbIR)as;rukCatiepSgsRmab;pSMeFVIsf b:uEn karyl;dwgrbs;BYkeKkgvisyenH CaTUeTA eRcInEt
EpkelIRbBNI belICMenOepspaseTAvij. BYkGkfwkxagviCaeBTrbs;ExrRkhm EdltaMgxnCaGk
ecHevCsassmyenaHCaTUeTAsuTEtCaRKeBTe)akR)as; EdleRcInEteFVI[GkCMgWrwtEtQWxaMgeLIg
eRcInCageFVI[)anCasHes,Iy.
enAeBlEdlnageTAdl;mnIeBT eK)ancak;faM[nagRtg;RtKakCaeRcInml. kEngcak;faMenaH
eLIgehIme):ag kayeTACaGab;EsekAgM ehIy bu)aNa )anrgnUvkarrlUtkUnEfmeTot. nag)anecjBI
mnIeBTvilmk)arayN_vij edIm,IsRmak[mansuxPaBRsYlbYl nigrg;caMCYb Edt.
nag)ansresrsMbuRtmYyeTA[ Edt EdlkgenaHnag)anniyayBIkarBa)aleraKenAmnIeBT
BICMgWRKnjak;rbs;nag BIRtKakEdlGab;Esedaysarcak;faMminRtwmRtv ehIy)anbBaak;R)ab;fa
nagRtvcab;epImeFVIkareLIgvijehIy eRkayBIkarvilRtLb;mkpH)anBIrf. {GUn)ancab;epImeFVIkar
vijehIy b:uEn GUndUcCaKankmaMgkMEhgesaH GUnehvht;y:agxaMg. faMeBTTaMgenaH eFVI[GUneLIgjr
sBVsac; ehIykgRTgGUnekARkhl;Rkhay. tamsanemIleTA eRKgkgrbs;GUnvaeqHekAexacGs;
ehIyBMudwg. bIsmaj; etIbgGacepJIfaM dUcCafaM etRtasuIKIn srsmYyKILRkam mk[RbBnrbs;bg
xH)aneT? bRtvrg;caMfNaEdlkargarElgRtvkarrUbGUn?}.
Edt Gs;sgwmCaxaMgeBlGanmkdl;Rtg;vKEdl bu)aNa R)ab;[dwgBIfmrNPaBrbs;nag
{eBlEdlkargarElgRtvkarGUn}. Kat;)ansresrsMbuRtmYyedaymancarBakfa {Rbjab;}
elIxgsMbuRt ehIyepJIeTA[nagtamnirsarmak; edIm,IR)ab;nag[sakl,gbBaHbBalRbFanshkrN_
suMc,ab;eFVIdMeNIrmkCYbKat;enAPMeBj. enHCaesckIesIkarminsmTMngmYy Edl)anERbRkLas;mk
RbqaMgnwgGkTaMgBIrvij. RbFanshkrN_minRtwmEtminyl;RBmtamBaksMurbs; bu)aNa b:ueNaHeT
Kat;EfmTaMgcab;eFVIkaresuIbGegtmYyGMBIrUbnageTot nigesI[snisuxPUmiCYytamdanrUbnagpg.
edaynwkRBy)arm Edt )aneRmceCaKCykgkarriHrksMNuMlixitcaM)ac;epSgsRmab; eFVI
dMeNIreTAedayxng ehIy)aneTAdl;)arayN_enAExmifuna. Kat;)anbgMRbFanshkrN_ Gnujat[
Kat;naMyk bu)aNa mkPMeBj b:uEn edayKat;KanlixitGnuBaateFVIdMeNIrsRmab;rUbnag BakesIsMurbs;
296
Kat;)anRtveKbdiesF. Edt )anR)ab;RbBn[Qb;eRbIR)as;faMEdlbBatieday{BYkevCbNit} Exr

RkhmenaHeTA ehIy)ansnafa eBlRtLb;eTAPMeBjKat;nwgRbwgERbgeFVI[)anlixitRtwmRtvtam
c,ab; edIm,InaMyknageTArs;enAraCFanI[Tal;Et)an. tamBit Kat;)anBwgBak;kmaPi)almak; Edl
GacecjlixitsamEbbenaH ehIybBaHbBal[kmaPi)alenaH ecjc,ab;GnuBaatsRmab; bu)aNa
)anmkrYmrs;CYbCMuKaCamYyKat;enARkgPMeBj.
b:uEn muneBlEdlKat;GaccakecjBIPMeBj edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTArk bu)aNa karbdivt)anedIrmun
Kat;mYyCMhan. Rkmsnisux)anTTYlbTbBaa[EsVgrkPstagepSg EdlRksYgBaNiCkmdwknaM
eday kuy FYn emekayrbs; Edt CaCRmkmYyrbs;BYkviecTkr. FYn )ankayeTACaeKaledAvay
RbharenAkgkare)assmatEpkneya)ayy:agFM rbs;bkSCaelIkdMbUgbMput sRmab;mUlehtu2
Kat;CaGtItelxabkSPUmiPaK]tr nigbcb,nCardmnIRksYgBaNiCkm. bkS)ankemckmaPi)al
rbs;PUmiPaKenHGs;y:ageRcIn EdlCab;ecaTfa)ank,t;nwgRbeTsCati. cMENkxagerOgrbs;RksYg
Kat;RtveKecaTfa CaGkTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHkarKansmtPaBeFVI[esdkicCatiEdleRKagTukCamun
edaybkSseRmc)aneCaKCy. dUecH kuy FYn sRmab;eRbICamnusSEdleKcaMTmak;kMhuseTAelI
RKb;Ebby:agcMeBaHbBaacuHdundabEpkesdkic RBmTaMgcMeBaHBYkGkEdleKsntfa )anRbRBwt
{GMeBIk,t;}kgGtItPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;pg.
sni)alk)anTTYlbBaa[EqkeqrenAkEngedkrYmrbs; Edt Edr BIRBaH mankmaPi)almak;Edl
enATIenaHCaCnsgSymak; kgcMeNamCnCab;sgSysMxan;nkaresuIbGegtBIerOg kuy FYn enH.
BYksni)alKanrkeXIjvtGVImYysRmab;ecaTRbkan;CnenaHeLIy b:uEn enAeBlEdlerobcakecjBITI
enaH BYkeK)anRbTHeXIjkEngsmat;mYydKYr[sgwm enAekonCBaaMgEdl Edt edk. kgcMeNamvt
eRbIR)as;pal;xnrbs; Edt eK)anrkeXIjsMbuRteshacMnYnR)aMc,ab; rUbft bu)aNa bIsnwk niglixit
samEdleKGnujatc,ab;[ Edt eFVIdMeNIreTAPUmiPaK]tr nignaMyk bu)aNa mkrs;enAPMeBj.
Edt Rtvcab;xneRkamkarecaTRbkan;BIbTeFVIcarkm[ kuy FYn ehIysnisuxkecjbBaa[cab;
xn bu)aNa Edr. BYkemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;nag )anbeBajesckIrIkraymYy enAeBlRbKl;rUbnag
eTA[BYkQbPUmi. nagRtveKdwkykmkrdFanIPMeBj ehIynaMeTAdak;mnIXMuXaMgTYlEsgenAfTI10
Extula qaM1976. enAeBlEdlRbFansnisuxGansMbuRtTaMgGs; rYcehIykmanKMnitmYyfa Rtv
esIerIerOgedImTaMgb:unan Edlnag)anRbRBwtBIGtItkalkngmk ehIyfa KWrUbnagenHehIy EdlCaGk
Cab;sgSysMxan;CageK BuMEmn Edt eT. eK)anecaTRbkan;nag eFVIkaredIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;es>GuI>Ga>
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
297
dUc kuy FYn Edr. RtvecaTfa CaGkcaj;e)akRbBnrbs;xn Edt Rtv)ansmab;ecal ehIysMNuMerOg

rbs;Kat;k)at;bg;rkmineXIjEdr.
bu)aNa TMngCaRtveKcgPab;nwgERKmYy edaymandak;exaHpgenAkgbnb;tUcmYy13. nag)an
qgkat;yb;dMbUgrbs;nag edayKandwgBImUlehtuEdleKnaMyknagmkdak;kgzannrkenH BIeTas
TNkmGVIxH EdleKeRtmbRmgsRmab;ecaTRbkan;rUbnageLIy. cab;BIeBlfenHeTA nagnwgElg
niyayBIrUbnageRkameQaHfa sIta Edt eTotehIy KWmanEteQaH bu)aNa b:ueNaH. ehIynagRtv
TTYlrg{karsakl,gedIrkat;ePIg}CaelIkcugeRkayenH dUcnagsIta edIrkat;ePIgedIm,IbBaak;BIPkI
PaBrbs;nagcMeBaHRBHramEdr eRkamkareFVITaruNkmcMnYyR)aMExKanRsakRsan munRBHFrNIRsUb
ykrUbnagenATIbBab;.
BuMmanmeFa)ayedaHkunsRmab; bu)aNa eT BitNas; nagCaRbePTmnusSEdlbkScg;kemc
ecalkgrlknkarsmab;mnusSCaelIkdMbUgenH. enAqaM1976 BYkemdwknaMExrRkhmenAEtxVayxVl;
BIkarbMpajrbbsgmcas;[sabsUnenAeLIy CaBiess GkTaMgLayNaEdlFab;kan;muxtMENg
x<s;.edaybu)aNaFab;eFVIkar[GgkarmnusSFmmYy nigrYmcMENkCamYyrdaPi)alln; nl; kgkar
CYyBYkGkePosxnenaH nagRtveKcat;cUlkgRbePTGkrdkarsgmcas;Edr. edaysarEt Edt nag
RtveKecaTRbkan;fa )anbgckmaPi)almak;kgcMeNamkmaPi)alCaeRcInrbs;bdivtn_ -CaGMeBI]Rkid
kmmYyEdlrbbExrRkhmRBWxacCageKbMput.
GVITaMgGs;Edlnag)anRbRBwt suTEtRbqaMgbdivtn_. Duc emKukTYlEsg nigCaRbFansnisux
yl;eXIjfa bT]RkidEpkneya)ayrbs;nag BitCamany:agCak;Esg eRBaHnagFab;eFVIkar[Ggkar
mnusSFmmYy Edlpl;luykak; nigdwknaMedaybNaPriyaGkkarTUtGaemrikaMg nigGWr:ub EdlCar)aMg
tUcmYysRmab;kareFVIRbtibtikarrbs;es>GuI>Ga>. eday bu)aNa manzanx<s;kgGgkarmnusSFmenH
nagRbEhlCamanmuxgarCaRbFanExSbNajdsMxan;mYyrbs;es>GuI>Ga>ehIyemIleTA. Duc )anpl;
mtiENnaM[kUnecArbs;xn dwknaMkarsYrcemIyeFVIy:agNa[Tal;EtelcecjerOgBitCak;EsgenH.
CaGkeronecHdwgmak; bu)aNa )ansresrsMbuRteshaCaeRcInEdleKhamXat;eTA[mnusSmak; Edl
BuMGackayeTACabIrbs;nag)an- Duc keCOCak;BIerOgenHEdr. nag)aneRbIrUbsRms;sykxVk;rbs;
nag edIm,ITak;Tajcit Edt nigbMpajbdivttamry Edt. erOgenHGacbBaak;[eXIjPstag
edaygay tamrysMbuRtCaeRcIn EdlkgenaH nag)antHtiHedolkarbdivt )anRbkasBIkarsUsab;
rbs;nagcMeBaH Edt CaCagsab;edIm,IGgkar ehIy)anscaRbNiFaneFVIkarsgswkEfmeTot. Duc
298
kRm)anTTYlPstagCak;EsgrebobdUcenHNas;.
b:uEn eTaHCamanerOgehtuy:agNakeday kbu)aNa minRBmbeNay[eKkac;bM)ak;nagEdr.
nag)ancuHhtelxaelIcemIysarPaBTaMgGs;rbs;nagedaydak;eQaHfa sIta Edt edIm,Ibgaj[
eXIjBITwkcitPkIcMeBaHGkEdlnag)anesaHsRKemRtI. kareFVITaruNkmelIrUbnag manfirevlaCa
eRcInEx. bnab;BIkareqIy[karN_rbs;nag eK)anesI[nagsresrehIysresreTot nUvCIvRbvti
rbs;nag rhUtTal;EtnagRBmTTYlsarPaBBIGMeBI]RkidepSg EdlGacykeFVICaPstag sRmab;
smab;rUbnagecal. nagRtvsresrcemIysarPaBedayxng RtvEkERbxwmsarxH ebIsinCa Duc
minTan;vinicyfa cemIysarPaBTaMgenHlmCaTIeBjcitrbs;Kat;. RbBnRKb;RKgrebobenH )anTTYl
dMENlmYyPaKFMBIbNaRbeTskumynisepSgeTot CaBiess RbeTsevotNam. b:Ulissmat;
rbs;RkghaNUy )ancab;xnBYkGkEdlRtveKsgSy edayKankarecaTRbkan;BIbTGVImYyCaerOy
ehIyykGkTaMgenaH eTAdak;KukbgM[sresrCIvRbvti bnab;mk bgM[sarPaBBI {bT]Rkid}rbs;eK
RbqaMgnwgrdeTot. eKeFVI[mnusSTTYlrgnUvkarsaksYrcemIyminecHcb; eKbBaHbBal[GkTaMgenaH
rYmbBalTaMgmitPki nigBukmayrbs;BYkeKEfmeTot. b:uEn enAevotNam -dUcenARbeTscin nigGtIt
shPaBsUevot- kareFVITaruNkm EdlcUlciteFVI[GkeTas QWcab; BuMEmnCacMENkmYykgkarsYr
cemIyeLIy ehIykarXMuXaMgmnusSBuMEmnnaMeTArkkarRbharCIvitedaysVyRbvtiEdr.
bu)aNa EdlkayeTACa sIta Edt RtvEtefaleTasbIrbs;nag nigmnusSCag10nak;epSg
eTot bUknwgrUbnagmak;pg. nagetagEtsarPaBfa nagFab;eFVIkarCa Pak;garmak;rbs;es>GuI>Ga>
EdldwknaMExSbNajcarkicmYyRkm tamrybIrbs;nag ehIyfaExSbNajenH manParTTYlxus
RtveFVI[sak;dMeNIrkgkardwkCBansngRsUvkgrdUvdksgenAedImqaM1976. vaCaerOgcEmkdUcKa
EdlfakarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyEbbenHGacelceLIg[eXIj GkrgeRKaHTaMgGs; RbEhlCaTTYlsal;fa
xnCaGkTTYlxusRtvbBaaepSg EdlmanBitR)akdrbs;rbbenH. tmkeTot Duc GacnaMyk{esckI
sarPaB}TaMgenH eTAKNelxamCimbkS ehIybgajPstagfa BYksmasPaBsRmab;eFVIviTgSna
)aneFVI[sak;dMeNIrkgkardwkCBansngRsUvedayectnaEmn. dUecH braCyBuMEmnFak;eTAelIbkS
bEpnkarrbs;xneT KWRtvEtFak;eTAelIRkmCnRbqaMgbdivtn_ nigBYksRtvbreTseNaHesaH.
]TahrN_dUcCa vamansarsMxan;tictYcNas;Edlfa bu)aNa dwgBIkarRbRBwteTAnkardwkCBanrbs;
km<CaRbCaFibety TaMgkalbriecTEdleKRtvkardwkCBansng[Tan;eBlevla sRmab;rdUvdaMduH
dMbUgpg. karGansMNuMlixitepSrbs;mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg bNal[eKmanKMnitfa kalNaGMeBI
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
299
]Rkidman lkNpynwgvicarNBaaNkan;EtxaMg hak;dUcCakan;EtCak;EsgcMeBaHKNelxamCim

bkSkalenaHEdr.
Duc )anepJIkMNt;xImYyeTA[GkTTYlbnksYrcemIy bu)aNafa{vasMxan;Nas; EdlRtveFVI[nag
TTYlsal;fabIrbs;nagBitCakmaMgmYyrbs;es>GuI>Ga>Emn}.nag)anyl;RBmsresrCIvRbvtirbs;
Edt b:uEn minRbkasfa Kat;CaPak;garmak;rbs;GaemrikaMgeT. Duc )ancarenAEKmxagelIkMNt;ehtu
sYrcemIyfa {ehtuGVI)anCanagminRBmeqIyfa bIrbs;nagCaPak;gares>GuI>Ga>?} xageRkambnic Duc
)aneqIynwgsMNYrxngenH edaykarkt;RtamYyepSgeTotfa {sUmkuMEk karePcniyayBIkarcUlrYm
rbs; Edt CamYyes>GuI>Ga> TaMgGs;enH suTEtCal,ickledaHsarbs;RsIenH edIm,IbEgVgdaneyIg
b:ueNaH}.
eRcInEx)ankngputeTA. CIvRbvtidMbUgrbs; bu)aNa EdlnagsresrenAExtula bgaj
[eXIjnUvPaBdUcKatictYcNas;CamYynwgcemIysarPaBEdleKTTYl)anTaMglM)ak edaykareFVI
TaruNkmeTAelIrUbnagenAExmkra. sBaaEtmYyKt;Edlminpas;br KWhtelxarbs;nag -sIta Edt.
BIeBlenHteTA nagmanrUbkaynigciteRbHRsaMGs;eTAehIy eRBaHEtnag)ansarPaBBIGMeBIk,t;mYy
EdlsitenAEtkgkarRsmtamesckIRtvkarrbs; Duc. nag)anRbkasfa nagRtv)aneRCIserIs[
cUleFVIkar edayPriyaelakkGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg cugeRkaybgs; KWelak hSn hn;fW eDon. kg
cMeNamebskkmsmat;epSg nagRtv)ancat;taMg[Eckcayes,gGahardl;BYkGkePosxn kg
ryeBlsgam edIm,IeFVI[GkTaMgenaHRsLaj;cUlcitcRkBtiGaemrikaMgCagsUevot. enAqaM1975
eK)anbBaa[nagbMpajsngRsUv nigsmardwkCBan enAeBlNaEdlbdivtmanCyCmH. {ExS
bNajes>GuI>Ga>} rbs;nagmansBaasmal;CarUbKMnUr ebHdUgmYy. enAsanTUtGaemrikaMg nagRtv
)aneKTTYl[cUlGgkares>GuI>Ga> kgBiFImYyEdlnag)anscaRbNiFaneKarBviny nigbTbBati
epSgrbs;RkmenH nigs,fEs,fa nwgGarbMBg;k ebIsinCanagk,t;. karniyayepspasTaMgenH
vaRtvnwgkarGnuvtrbs;bkSkumyniskm<CaeRcInCagkarnwkeXIjrbs; sIta Edt eTAeTot.
eKR)ab;[nagsresrfanagmin)anRslaj; EdteTnagRKan;EteFVICaRslaj;kgbMNgkayCa
RbBnkmaPi)almak; nig)anmkrs;enAkgRkgPMeBjCamYyKab:ueNaH EdlenATIenaH nagGacerobcM
EpnkarbMpajkardwkCBansngRsUv)angayRsYlbMput. eK)aneFVITaruNkmnag edIm,I[nagRbkas
fanagminEdl)anerobkarCamYy EdteTenHKWCakarPUtkuhkmYyEdr.Duc )ankt;RtaelIsMNuMlixitfa
esckIRbkasenHbgaj[eXIjfa bu)aNa RKan;EtCaRsIsMpwgmak;b:ueNaH ehIydak;eQaH[nagCa
300
PasaExrFmta EdlmannyRsedogKafa {stVtiricandKYr[ex<ImreGIm}. eKBi)aknwgniyayfa etI

bu)aNa RtveKeFVITaruNkmedayrebobNaenaHNas;. GkCab;KukTaMgGs; TaMgburs sI nigkUnekg
RtveKvaynwgrMBat; qk;ExSePIg nigcab;k,alRCmuCeTAkgTwk b:uEn tameKniyaykmankareFVITaruNkm
Biess edayELksRmab;BYkRsIEdr ecorkat;edaH eyanI RtveKduteraledayePIgcnH ykBs;
manBis[varelIxnR)aN14. ebIsinCaRsITaMgenaHCamay eK)anbgM[enAQremIlkUnxng
EdlRtveKvayeFVI)abGs;ryeBly:agyUr.
eday Duc enAdMEGdMGk;caM[ bu)aNa erobrab;BIGaBah_BiBah_xussIlFmenaH nagRbEhlRtveK
dak;[sitenAeRkamkareFVITaruNkmtamrebobenHehIy. edayebCJaeFVI[PaBrugerOgrbs;RbeTs
CatiekItmanPam BYkExrRkhm)anRbkan;ykGakb,kiriyamYy dUcmnusSekIteraKxYrk,al EdlElg
RsLaj; bCab;citnwgGVITaMgGs;cMeBaHpvePT nigkarbegItkUn. m:ag BYkeKKitfa eKRtvEtrwtt,it
karTak;TgKaxagpvePTenH BIeRBaHvaeFVI[xateBlevlaeRcInNas; nignaM[mnusSe)aHbg;BIParkic
kargarEdlRtvbMeBjeTotpg -kareFVI[RbeTsmanlkN]sSahkmqab;rhs karelIktemIgCati
matuPUmi. m:ageTot BYkeKyl;eXIjfa eKRtvkarcMnYnRbCaCnkm<CaeRcInEfmeTot edIm,IbeRmI[kar
Gnuvt_kmviFIenH. dMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaaenH BuMEmnerOgePT berOgeshaeT b:uEn KWsiTieTAsYr
suxTukRKsaredayeTogTat; EdleKGnuBaat[bIeTACYbRbBnnigRbBnneTACYbbI.
tamBit BYkExrRkhm)ankayeTACaGkbgabvisyePTenH xaMgNas;Edlkarsb,aynwgeFVI[
GkdTQWcab;xH )anb:HBal;dl;CIvPaBrs;enAmYyPaKFMkgshrkN_pg. GayuRtverobkar Rtv
)anelIkdl;mBIrqaMsRmab;burs nigmqaMsRmab;narI -CabBatiEdlmaneRbIR)as;dMbUgEtkgCYr
kgTBb:ueNaH. kgshkrN_ nigPUmiPaKCaeRcIn TMnak;TMngxagpveshamuneBlerobGaBah_BiBah_
GacTTYlrgnUvkarpnaeTassdl;RbharCIvit. BYkyuvCnRtvrs;enAedayELkBIBYkyuvnarI. eKsgwm
elIBYkenHfa nwgxitxMeFVIkar eronhat;Bt;lt;dM edIm,IbeBaj[eXIjkareFVIBlIkmTaMgRsugmYycMeBaH
{Ggkar} nigbMePcecalePTmYyeTot. dUcEdl)anRbmaNTukCamun GRtakMeNItTark)anFak;cuH
y:agsem,Im. sIPaKeRcInElgmanrdUv mYyEpkKWbNalmkBIkarbriePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; mYy
EpkeTot KWbNalmkBIdMeNIrb:HTgicxagpvcit15.
CaTUeTA BYkExrRkhmdwgxnfaRtveFVI[)armedaylkNRKb;Ebby:agnesckIRsLaj; bkar
CMBak;cit rvagbInigRbBn BuknigkUn mitPkinigshesvik GkmanmuxkardUcKa. mnusSTaMgGs;
etagEtCRmHCIvitkCnrbs;xnecal dUcEdlelakRsI han;Nas; Gaernt )anniyayTukCamunEdr.
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
301
eday)ansresreqIyqgKatamsMbuRt Edt nigbu)aNaminGacrs;enAEtmg/ dac;BIeK nigKanGVITaMg

Gs;dUecHeT. erOgenHRbEhlCabT]RkidmYyy:agFMrbs;nagenAmuxRkEsEPkrbs; Duc ehIy.
ryeBlnkarsitenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgrbs; bu)aNa mansPaByUrxusBIFmta. nag)an
bBab;CIvRbvtirbs;nag Exmkra edaykt;smal;enHfa {eRkayBIkarTTYlsarPaBnUvGMeBIk,t;TaMgenH
rYcehIy etICIvitrbs;nagGacenAmansarsMxan;GVIeToteT?} ehIynagenAEtcuHhtelxa eQaH sIta
Edt dUcmunCanic. eKTuk[nagenArgkarQWcab;cMnYnBIrExeTot.
eK)anesI[ bu)aNa bMeBjbEnmkgcemIysarPaBnUvbNaeQaHmitPki shesvik nigbgbn
rbs;nag EdlCasmaCik {ExSbNajes>GuI>Ga>} rbs;nag. enHCalkNKYr[RBWxacedayELkmYy
nkareFVITaruNkm CnrgeRKaHTaMgGs;Rtv)anbgitbgM[raykarN_BIbgbnrbs;BYkeK ehIyCajwk
jab;eRcInEtRtvsab;edaydwgkgcitfa {cemIysarPaB}rbs;BYkeK EdlTTYl)aneRkamkareFVI
TaruNkm)annwgnaM[mankarcab;cg nigesckIsab;sRmab;CnTaMgLay EdlxnFab;RsLaj;rab;Gan
eTotpg. mitPaBCalkNEdlnaM[maneRKaHfak; kgkMLgqaMdMbUgrbs;rbbenH karbwgbirhar
rbs;BYkGkeTasbInak; lmRKb;RKan;[eKcab;CnEdlRtvsgSymak;)an16 ehIymanmnusStictYc
Nas; Edl)anrYcxnecjmkvij kgcMeNamGkEdleKnaMykeTAdak;KukenATYlEsgenaH.
bu)aNa dkmSt;EdlmansRms;sVitRseBan )anqgkat;mYyPaKFMkgCIvitmR)aMqaMrbs;nag
kgbnb;\dtUcmYy rg;caMEtesckIsab;mknaMyknageTAb:ueNaH. sMeLgERskrbs;CnrgeRKaH
eTot RbEhlCaeFVI[nagQWcab;dUcmuxrbYsrbs;nagpal;Edr. kgryeBlR)aMEx EdlnagCab;
KukenATYlEsg y:agehacNas;manmnusS 261nak;Rtv)anykeTAsmab; ehIymanGkdTeTot
eRcInrab;BuMGs; RtveKeFVITaruNkmenAkgGtItsalaenH. srubeTA eK)anbgM[nagsresr bniyay[
eKsresrtamnUvcemIysarPaBCIvRbvti nigesckIRbkasepSgeRcInCagGkrgeRKaHeTotEdl
eK)anrkeXIjsMeNAenAkgksarepSgEdlmanenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg. bNaemdwknaMCan;x<s;
EdlRtvbBaneTAdak;enATIenaH enAeBleRkaymk kRtveKbgM[sresrcemIysarPaBeRcIn dUcCanag
Edr. bu)aNa RbEhlCadwgxnfa vasnarbs;nagmanlkNdac;ELkBIeK ehIyTuklM)akevTnaxag
pvcity:agyUrrbs;nag kmanlkNxaMghYsRbmaNCageKEdr.
nagRbEhldNwgsYrxngfa ehtuGIV)anCavasnarbs;nag kmplrbs;nag bRmgTukkarQW
cab; sRmab;nageRcIny:agdUecH? b:uEn kgryeBlnkarbdivtn_rbs;ExrRkhmvaCaerOgEdleKmin
GaceCosputeLIy. bu)aNa RtvnaMykeTAedayrlkdMbUg EdlbkSdwknaMsMedARbqaMgnwgrbbsgm
302
cas; BYkemdwknaM nigbNa\sSrCnKYr[eKarBrbs;rdaPi)alEdlcaj;sgam. nagRbEhlCaRtv

cab;xn eRBaHEterOgEdlekItmanedaymindwgxnCahUrEhrmYy b:uEn vaTMngCamantictYcNas;Edlfa
narIepSgeTot)anBuHBartsUCamYynwgPaBsVitsVajmYyEbbenaH edIm,Irs;enACamYybIrbs;xn GacenA
rs;ranmanCIviteRkamrbbExrRkhmNas;.
BYkqaMKukenATYlEsg )anTukecalexacenAkgbnb;CaeRcIn dak;Rcvak;Pab;nwgERKEdkmYy rhUt
dl;fExEdleK)aneRKagTukCamun eTIbykeTAkb;. eBlenaH mnusSmYyRkmrbs;BnnaKar )anyk
exacTaMgenaHecjputBITIRkg. Duc eRcInEteRCIserIsfExEdlmanPaBCanimitrUb edIm,IeFVIkarkb;exac
TaMgenH dUcfTI18 ExmIna qaM1977 CaedIm CaxYbelIkTI7nkareFVIrdRbharrbs; ln; nl; RbqaMgnwg
semc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAfenH manmnusSRbmaNCagdb;nak;Rtv)anRbkasCapvkarfa sab;
edIm,Inwg[ Duc GacbMeBjreNAmYy CarebobR)arBBiFIbuNxYbenaH. valM)aknwgeCOfa bu)aNa enA
rs;CIvitenAeLIy enAfEdl Duc carfa yuvnarImak;EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa sIta Edt eTIbnwgRtv
kemcCapvkar.
dMeNIrrbs;bgbnRbsRsI nRKsarRtkUl m:
karbMpajCIvPaBRKsar
RbCaCnkm<Cay:ageRcIn RbEhlGacRTaMRTnwgkarKMramkMEhgmkelIGayuCIvitrbs;xn RbEhl
minsUvlM)akdUcCakarvayRbharrbs;karbdivtn_ mkelIBukmayrbs;xneLIy.tamlkNvinicy
rbs;CnCatiGasuI CnCatiExrCamnusSEdlCab;CMBak;citnwgRKsarxaMgCaTIbMput. R)akdNas; kar
CMBak;citenH CaFatupSMbgCakarKMramkMEhgy:agFn;FrcMeBaH {Ggkar} ehIymtiENnaMesIrEtTaMgGs;
rbs;BYkkumynis )antRmg;eTArkkarrMlayRKsarecal tammeFa)ayRKb;Ebby:ag. CMgW kar
briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; bBUefArbs;eBCXat )ansmab;y:agrgalRKsarTaMgLay munbdivt
minTan;begItkmviFIedayELktamRbePT edIm,IbMpajTmab;CaRbBNIrbs;RKsarkm<CaeTAeTot.
viFankarmYykg cMeNamviFankardMbgU sti enARtg;lbu bM)at;kareRbIR)as;eQaHrbs;RKsar.
eBjkMLgkarbdivtn_ RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;eQaHEtmYyb:ueNaH CaTUeTA eRcInbMRBj
bktinamCaeKaRtnam bNasmaCikrbs;bkS kRbDiteQaHedayxngEtmYym:at;Edr CaTUeTA
eRcInEtkBageTot dUcCa kmaPi)al hYt lIsuIfa eTACa s>m Edt CaedIm. kb:uEn GtItFnaKarik muI
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
303
kumtRKan;EtbMRBjbktinam eQaHkMeNIt rbs;Kat;[xIedayehARtwm pUt b:ueNaH.

karlubbM)at;RKsar EdlCaekasikasMxan;rbs;sgm )anbg[manviFankarsMxan;mYyepSg
eTot. eRkABIkarerobcMRbCaCnCabIRbePTRsbtamc,ab;rdFmnuBa -kmkr ksikr nigkgTB- BYkExr
Rkhm)anerobcM[manRbePT sib,nimitepSgeTot edaybegItCaRbBnvNfImYy KanRsbtam
RTwsIesaH EdlltamRKsaredayniyayfaCaRKsarminBit. RbePTTaMgenH RtvkMNt;GtsBaaN
nig\riyabfc,as;las;CafI RtvCRmHecalkarCMBak;citnwgRKsar CMnYsedaykaresaHRtg;cMeBaH
bdivtn_vij by:agehac BYkExrRkhmnwgsgwmdUecH.
karEbgEckdMbUgEdleKdak;[Gnuvt)anEjk {BYkGkcas;} edayELkBI {BYkGkfI}. {BYkGk
cas;} KWBYkGkEdlFab;rs;enAtMbn;rMedaHrbs;ExrRkhmkgeBlmansgam nigCaGkEdlFab;rYm
cMENkCYydl;karbdivtn_. eKehABYkenHfa{BYkmUldan}eyaleTAtamkarrs;enArbs;GkTaMgenHkg
mUldannanaenAsmysgam nigeyaleTAtamvNedImrbs;BYkeKpg PaBcUlrYmrbs;eKnwgvN
kmkr nigksikr KWkgnamGkTaMgenHehIyEdlBYkkumyniserobcMeFVIbdivtenaH. {BYkGkfI} KWGkTaMg
LayEdlFab;rs;enAxagEb:kmageTotkgryeBlsgam ehIysRmab;BYkenH yl;fabdivtn_ nig
KMnitrevIrvayrbs;ExrRkhmsuTEtCarbs;fITaMgRsug. CaerOy eKeRcInsmal;GkTaMgBIrenH eday
sarExfEdleK)andak;[ KW{BYkGkcas;} eKehA{BYk18mIna}Caf ln; nl; eFVIrdRbharTmak;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu. {BYkGkfI} eKehA{BYk17emsa} CafEdlBYkExrRkhmTTYlCyCmH.
lkNkt;smal;enH EdlmanRbCaRbiyenAeBldMbUg Rtv)anbBaleTAkgPasaKMrUrbs;
bkS. ehIy{BYkGkcas;} )anseRmccitBuHBarmYyCMhaneTAmuxeTot. BYkeKdwgxnfaRtveFVI[)arm
nigRTaMRTmin)anedaydwgc,as;fa {BYkGkfI}cUlmkkuHkrkgtMbn;TaMgLayrbs;BYkeK enATIbBab;n
sgamminxan. bkS)anRbKl;Parkic[TTYlxusRtvrwtEteRcInCagmun EdlBYkeKmincg;)anTal;Et
esaH eRBaHKanpl;[eKnUvmeFa)aycaM)ac; TaMgkmin[rgVan;sRmab;ParkicfIrbs;BYkeKpg. {BYk
Gkcas;} seRmccitsEmg[eXIjnUv {citbuN} Etm:agb:ueNaH edayRsuHRsYlpl;[{BYkGkfI}
nUvkEngsmlmsRmab;edkBYn mbGaharbgr edIm,IRKan;nwg[rs;sin. RbFanshkrN_mYyenA
PUmiPaKnirtI)anniyayfa {enAeBlEdlBYkTaMgenaHeTIbmkBIPMeBj KWBYkeKKanykGVImkCab;nwgxn
TaMgGs; BYkeKKanecHeFVIGVIeT eyIgetagEtbeRgnBYkeK[ecHsg nigRctRsUveTot eyIgCaGk;pt;pg;
[BYkeKRKb;Ebby:ag. enAqaMdMbUg BYkenHKanecHeFVIGVI[)anRtwmRtvesaH17}.
enAqaM1975 minTan;manmtiENnaMfIEdlmanlkNBiesstamRbePTeT. bkSsgwmelI
304
{BYkGkcas;} edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg;sankarN_ ehIyplitmanplelIsmYyCaFmtaenAcugqaM.

{BYkGkcas;})aneqtTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIrdaPi)alenHtamkaryl;RBm edIm,IbegItzananuRkm
fImYyenAshkrN_ edaydak;[BYkeKeFVICaRbFandwknaM edaykarBarnUvksiTiepSgrbs;BYkeK RBm
TaMgRTBsm,tipg ehIycat;Tuk{BYkGkfI}enAfak;eRkambMput.
edaybEnmParkic[shkrN_cat;EcgbBalmnusScUlbkS BYkGkcas;)anTTYlsiTikgkar
seRmc BYkNamYyEdlnwgGackayeTACasmaCikshkrN_18. dUcKaEdrBYkeK)anbegItRbePT
epSgedaycmgtamRbePTepSgrbs;bkS edIm,IEbgEckBYkGkfI EdleTIbmkdl;. enAfak;eRkam
bgs; KWmanRbePTmnusS{beBaI}. PaKeRcInn {BYkGkfI} )anTTYlkRmitenHg Edlmannyfa eK
RtvEtsRmbxnTTYlyk edayxitxMbeBajsmtPaB nigxMRbwgERbgeFVIkar[eBjTMhwgEfmeTot
ehIyhUbbnicbnc.
bnab;mkeTot KWRbePT {smaCikeRtm}. man{BYkGkfI}tictYcNas; EdlQaneLIgPam
dl;kRmitenH EdlGnuBaat[eKmansiTicUlrYmkgkarcat;EcgkickarxH enAk,alm:asuIndwknaMshkrN_ nigTTYl)annUv]bkrN_eRbIR)as;l RBmTaMgmbGaharkan;EteRcInCagmun. eKRBmsRml
edaygaybMput cMeBaHerOgEdlekItmanBIkarminTukcit ebIsinCaBYkeKeFVImin)anseRmckgkickar
rbs;xn BYkGtItGkFak;suIk RbCaksikrRkIRketaky:ak EdlePosxneTAenAPMeBjkalBIsmy
sgam nigBYkGkRkIRk enATIRkgnana manPBVsMNagRtv)aneKGnuBaat[cUlkgRbePT {smaCik
eRtm} enHeRcInCageK.
RbePTx<s;CageK KWRbePTsmaCikeBjsiTi Edl{BYkGkcas;}rg;caMkasyUrmkehIy BIeRBaH
RbePTenHpl;[eKmansiTiEbgEckes,gGahar smareRbIR)as; TICRmk semkbMBak; nig]bkrN_
epSgeTot. manEtBYkGkeBjsiTib:ueNaH EdlCaGkkMNt;neya)ayrbs;shkrN_ EbgEck
Parkic[smaCikbMeBj pl;karENnaMkgkarTTYlmnusS[cUlbkS cUlkgTB nigedIm,ITTYl)ankargar
epSg EdlmanksiT. BYkeKkCaGkcat;taMgkumarakumarI BYkGkenAlIv TaMgburs nignarI edIm,IbBan
eTAeFVIkarkgkgkargarEdr. enATIbMputBYkeKCaGkkat;esckI beFVICMnYseK. BYkemdwknaMshkrN_
Etgsab;smIniyayrbs;BYkeK enAeBlEdleKraykarN_BIbkBaRbtikiriyaBIkarPaBb:kelVIykgkar
gar nigTmab;GaRkk;epSgeTot EdleKsmal;eXIjEbbenH bEbbenaH. BYkGkeBjsiTiCaGkcaM
tamdan CaecARkm nigCaTIRbwkSatulakar. BYkeKCaGkTTYlxusRtvxagbBaasnisuxEfmeTot
ehIyesckIraykarN_TaMgGM)alm:anrbs;BYkeK Edl[karN_BIkarRbRBwtminesaHRtg;rbs;GkNa
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
305
mak; GacnaMeTArkkarcab;xndak;Kuk nigesckIsab;)an.

tamBYkExrRkhmfa bu)aNa )anTak;TajcitBYkemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;nagedayEpk BIeRBaH
karQaneLIgPamrbs;nageTAdl;kRmitCaRbBnkmaPi)al nigCakUnRbsaRsInRKsar{BYkGk
cas;}mYyenaH )anGnuBaat[nagelatepaHBIelIRbePT EbgEckTaMgGs; nigmanksiTiepSgCa
smaCikeBjsiTimak;TaMgRsug EdlnagminsiksmnwgTTYl)andUecHesaH.
muneTAdl;shkrN_mYy munGacesIsuMcUlCasmaCikshkrN_enaH {BYkGkfI} )anRtvsRmit
sRmaMgeRCIsedaykgTB nigBYksnisuxExrRkhmEdldak;TItaMgRbcaMkarenAtampvrYcCaeRsc. BYk
ExrRkhmTaMgenH )aneFVIkarsRmaMgmYyedayQrelImUldanlkNvinicyepSgeTot EdlkMNt;
edayc,as;las;enAExemsa qaM1975. BYkeK)anRsavRCavrksRtvvNBitR)akdrbs;kar
bdivtn_ KW{sRtvyuTsasTaMgbI 19} EdlGacbgkarKMramkMEhgCabnbnab; cMeBaHkarbdivtn_xaMg
CageK BYkcRkBti BYkskiPUmi nignayTunkuMR)adr. RbePTsRtvTaMgenH nigkareRbIR)as;Bak
{yuTsas} suTEtTTYldMENlBIBYkkumyniscin b:uEn BYkkm<Ca)ankMNt;GtnymYyTn;Pn;Cag
nigminsUvc,as;las;Cag{RKedIm}eTAeTot.
{cRkBtiniym} KWGVITaMgGs;EdleKcat;TukfaCatidT GaNikCnevotNam CYnkalcin cam
kan;sasnaGuIsam nigCatisasn_breTs dkRmmandTeTot Edlkunxnkgbdivt -CaTUeTA eRcInEtGk
manQamCrCa\Na. PasabreTs dUcCa )araMg Gg;eKs evotNam nigcin RtvhamXat;. sasna
epSg semkbMBak;breTs KWGIVTaMgGs;EdlmanlkNCavb,FmbreTs rYmTaMgesovePACaPasa
Gg;eKs b)araMg kRtvhammin[manEdr eRBaHeKvinicyfaCarbs;{BYkcRkBti}.
BYk{skiPUmi} KWBYkGkEdlman\TiBl niGkTaMgLayEdlkan;GMNacnrbbsgmcas; -rbs;
EdlminGaccab;yk)anenHehIy EdlBYkkumynisxMRsavRCavTaMgGs;sgwmenaH. RBHsg bBavn
buKlikrdkar CaBiess BYkGPiCnRtveKcat;Tukfa suTEtRtvcat;TukCaBYkskiPUmi. KWkgnamnkar
rMlMrbbskiPUmi EdlBYkExrRkhm)anvaykemcRKwHBIrrbs;sgmkm<Ca KWraCaFibety nigRBHsg
tMNagsasnaRBHBuT.
{sRtvyuTsas}TIbI nigcugeRkaybgs; EdleKRtvkemcecalEdrenaH KWBYknayTunkuMR)adr
EdlmanRTBsm,tieRcIn nigkan;kab;elIePaKRTBTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTs. cMeBaHRbCaCnkm<Cayl;fa
RbePTenHmansmasPaBmYyPaKFMCaGaNikCncin -vamanmUlehtumYykgcMeNammUlehtuepSg
EdlBYkcinTaMgenH BuMRtv)aneKcat;Tukfa {BYkcRkBti} CanicenaH. smb;y:ageRCArbs;CnCatiExr
306
cMeBaHBYkGkekgRbvBaCaticin )ankeRmIkrMeBIkeLIgkgryeBleRkaysgamenHg. CnCaticin

CaeRcIn )anRtvsmab;y:agrgalPamGkdTeTotEdleKcrYcBIkarcRmaj;elIkdMbUg enAeBlecjBI
TIRkgPMeBj )ansitenAeRkamkarKMramsmab;Cab;CaRbcaMEdr BIeRBaHBYkeKCacMENkmYynBUCsasn_
PaKticmYy bvNnayTunkuMR)adr. manEtkarcgsm<nPaBdCitsiTCamYyRkgeb:kaMgm:agb:ueNaH
EdlmineFVI[BYKcinvinasBIkarkmat;ecalTaMgRsugmYy dUckarkmat;RBHsg bBYKcamkan;sasna
GuIsam.
bkS)anbBaa[kgTB snisux nig{BYkmUldan} vaykemc{sRtvyuTsasTaMgbI}[rabdl;dI.
Cafrmkvij {BYkmUldan} TMngCaesI[bkSyl;RBmBIRbePTsRtvTaMgbIenH edIm,IRsYlkt;smal;
smaCikTaMgLayenAtamshkrN_.
kgcitBYkemdwknaMyl;eXIjfa RbePT nigvNTaMgenHCMrujeTArkeKaledAEtmYy KWraraMgmnusS
TaMgGs;min[kMNt;vNxneRkABIvNksikreLIy. tamTsSnBYkeKyl;fa RbeTskm<CaRtvEt
bMeBjPaByWty:avrbs;xn[elIsRbCaCatidTeTot edayplitksipl[)aneRcInelIslub nig
begInplitpl]sSahkm[kan;EteRcInEfmeTot. dUecH eKRtvkarEtBYkmkr nigksikrb:ueNaH ehIy
BakesakEdlBYkExrRkhmRtvcitCageK KW{KankargarGVIRbesIrffaCagkardaMRsUveLIy}.
fVIt,itEtsarsMxan;EdleKpl;eTAelIeKalkarN_epSg nigkarEbgEckRbePTRbCaCnTaMgenaH
keday kqaMdMbUgenaHmansPaBRcbUkRcbl;BitR)akdEmn. {BYkGkfI} )anepImeFVIbdivtn_dUcCaGk
edIrpSgeRBgkgvalrehazan EdlpvRtvedIrnigeCaKvasnarbs;eK EtgERbRbleTAtamstiGarmN_
rbs;RbCaCntamtMbn;EdlBYkeKRtvcUleTArs;enAEdr. GkxH rk)anTIkEngmYysRmab;xnPam
GkxHeTotRtveKbBan[eTAenARBre)aHkNalRTgRB. enAeBldMbUg GkxHRtv)at;bg;mitPki
nigBukmayEdlsab;edayRKab;kaMePIgrbs;BYkeBCXat bsab;kgryeBlnkarCemsecjBIpH
sEm,g. GkxHeTot yk)anmktamxnnUvGgr nigmasR)ak;bnuicbncEdleFVI[eKrs;enA)aneday
gayRsYlkgbNaExdMbUg. GkxHRtveKTTYl[sak;enATaMgesaHGegIy RtveKeFVITaruNkmcMeBaH
kMhusTaMgLay EdleK)aneFVIxuskgkarhat;eroneFVIERscmar GkxHeTot Rtv)anTTYlsVaKmn_y:ag
RbesIr BIeRBaHBYkeKecHBa)alGkCMgW becHkan;bBaIkt;RtaepSg.
b:uEnenATIbMput karrs;enArbs;mnusSTaMgGs;)annaMeTArkPaBtwgEtgdUcKa. kgRKadMbUg
RKsar KWCa{eRKglYgcit} EtmYyKt;rbs;BYkGkfI. bkSminEdlXat;XaMgBIkarrs;enACYbCuMRKsar
eLIy ehIykgryeBlnqaMgdMbUg kbdivtn_GnuBaat[mnusSEdlCaekasikaRKsar rs;enACuMKa
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
307
bnmkeTotEdr. b:uEn enAqaMbnab; mtiENnaMfI)andak;ecjedIm,IbMEbkRKwHRKsarenHecal EdlCaRKwH

manGMNacCagRKwHNaTaMgGs;. bTbBaa[hUb)ayrYmCMnYskarhUb)aytamRKsar bTbBaa[
bBanekgCMTg;eTArs;enAkEngedkrYmepSgedayELkBIBYkekgRsI nigkMNt;[RKsarnImYyman
enAEtBukmay nigekgEdlmanGayuticCagR)aMmYyqaMb:ueNaH. edayminTuk[mancMNgTak;Tgkg
RKsarteTAeTot eKkeqtTajykplRbeyaCn_)anBIerOgenHEdr. eKjHjg;[ekgykkarN_BI
Bukmayg. enAeBlEdlGkNamak;Rtvkat;eTasRbharCIvit eKeRcInEtcab; nigsmab;smaCik
RKsarenaHTaMgmUl.
enHCaRbvtiRKsarkm<CamYy EdlRtvnirasRBat;R)as; kgkMLgPaKerOgmYynbNaPaKeRcIn
deRkmRkMexacpSabMputrbs;karbdivtn_ -karCemselIkTIBIr nigkare)assmatrbs;PUmiPaK
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308
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rs;enAkgpHl edaymanmbGahar nigfaMeBTsm,rhUrehor.
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309
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310
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311
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312
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313
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vij skismnwgekrieQaHrbs;xnBIedIm dUcEdl b:ul Bt Rtvkar eRBaHvaCatMbn;EdlmansMNg;TMnb;Twk
FM nigdIERssm,reTAedayCIvCatiy:agxaMg. kgkMLgnkare)assmat eK)andak;bgM[GnuvtnUv
karksagTMbn;TwkfIFMkgryeBlmYyy:agxI EdlcaM)ac;RtvmanBlkrCaeRcInRkm eday[eFVIkar
mbYnem:agelImbYnem:agkarGarkat;esckIqab;rhs nigkartsUBuHBary:agsem,ImmYy.KeRmagkar
TaMgLay Rtv)anRtverobcMeLIgedaybNakmaPi)al EdlKanbTBiesaFn_EpkvisVkmbnicesaH
ehIyKansaksYrBieRKaHnwgksikr EdlFab;rs;enAtMbn;enHpgeT. karksagTMnb;Twk 1mkra )an
bgaj[eXIj]TahrN_Cak;EsgmYy nlTplEdlnaM[makarvinasGnrayy:agFM 28.
TMnb;enHRtv)anksageLIgkgPUmiPaKBayBenAqaM1977. mCim )anbgab;fa RtveFVI[)an
seRmcenAcenaHrdUvRctkat;Exmkra nigrdUvsgenAEx]sPa. TMnb;enH RtveRsacRsBpdIcMnYn
20>000hikta. kgkarsabna esIrEtKankarpt;pg;xageRKgyneLIy Kan buldUEhS sRmab;
CIkdI KWmanEtLan BIr-bIeRKgb:ueNaHsRmab;dwkdI. XuMTaMgLayEdlenACuMvijTIenaH etgEt{pl;}Gk
eFVIkarCaeRcInRkm KWmnusSrab;Ban;nak;EdlKanCMnajGVITaMgGs;. BYkeKeFVIkardUchVgRsemac eday
kab;Kas;dICamYynwgcbkab; cbEb:l b:ueNaH. BYkeKxMRbwgERbgeFVIkary:aghYskmaMgeBj mbYn
em:ag edatGuCceggbMPWeFVIenAeBlyb;eTot b:uEn karsabnaenH )ancb;sBVRKb;tamkarkMNt;.
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
321
ehIyenArdUvePgqaM1978 TMnb;enH)anRsut)ak;rlayexcxI. eKFab;sabnaTMnb;edayKanRbLay

sRmab;bgrTwkecjEtGcwg eRBaHeKyl;fa Gackat;bnyryeBlsabna)anBak;kNal b:uEn
TMnb;enH c,as;Ca)ak;rlMminxan enAeBlEdlmanePgFak;xaM nigTwkCMnn;.
TMnb;Twkrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetyesIrEtTaMgGs; Rtv)ansabnaeLIgEtrebobdUcenH. eRkay
mk visVkrmak; Edl)aneTABinitemIlRbBnTMnb;Twkrbs;BYkExrRkhm )anBiBNnaBIkarminykcit
Tukdak;eFVItamk,nxat kgkmviFIsabnaTaMgenaHfa {edayKanRbLaysRmab;bgrTwkecj KWeKKan
meFa)ayNamYy Tb;Tl;nwgTwk)aneT ehIyvac,as;CabNal[mankar)ak;Faydac;Caminxan.
enAeBlEdlTMnb;Twk)ak;Fay RbCaCnEdlrs;enAekoknwgTMnb;enaHmuxCaRtvTWkCn;liclg;TaMgGs;.
sMNg;FarasEdlenAesssl;GacenAeRbIR)as;)an EdleKmincaM)ac;CYsCulFMduMeLIy ebIsinCa
sMNg;TaMgenaH Fab;)ansabnaeLIgedayRtwmRtvenAeBlcab;epIm29}.
b:uEn karBicarNaEbbenaH BuMmaneXIjenAkgEpnkar{mhaelatepaHeTAmux}rbs;rbbenH
TaMgkKanenAkgeKalkarN_EdlCaRKwHrbs;xnEdr stiGarmN_ney)ayrbs;BlkrsMxan;Cag
smtPaBbeckeTs. vaCakarcMGkedayELkTaMgRsugmYy kgehtukarN_EdlBYkExrRkhmEsVgrk
KMnitrbs;eKxagvisyenH kgsmyraCaNacRkGgr. {ebIsineyIgeFVImas;elITwk)an eyIgkCamas;
elIRbeTsEdr. ebIsineyIgGacTb;TwkCMnn;)an>>>. RbCaCneyIgnwgkayCamas;Twk CaGkTTYlBIBYk
GkksagraCaNacRkGgr30}.
TukNaCaBYkExrsmyGgr eFVI[beckeTsrIklUtlas; edayksagRbBnFarasasrwtEt
viesseLIg sRmab;CMnan;rbs;eKkeday kBYkkumynisExrcat;TukfaCabeckeTsbnab;bnSMEdr.
BYKeK)anseRmcbegItRbBnTasPaBenAsmyenHCafI ehIyeRkABIenH minCab:unaneT. visVkrbBaak;
fa {sMNg;TaMgenH mantmesIswgkarksagR)asaTBIr:amIdenARbeTseGhSIbEdr ehIyvaCaRBwti
karN_GaRkk;mYydUcKa}.
viTPMeBj)anpSBVpSayBIsmiTiplTaMgenHfa CamhaeCaKCymYy eday)anerobrab;y:ag
litln; BITMhM cMnYnhiktaEdlRtveRsacRsB BIkarbegInTinplRsUv EdleKsgwmTuk. suIsUpa nig
RbCaCndTeTotenAPUmiPaKBayB Rtv)anpas;BIkardanmYyeTAkardanmYy bnab;mk RtveKbBan
[eTAeFVIERstamTIkEngepSg.
BYkkmaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKnirtI )ansmab;RbFanshkrN_Gs;CaeRcIn EdlcaM)ac;tRmv[eK
eRCIserIsemdwknaMshkrN_kgcMeNam {BYkGkfI} EfmeTot. eK)anesI[ suIsUpa kan;tMENgCMnYs
322
GkrgeRKaHmak;kgcMeNamGkrgeRKaHCaeRcInEdlRtvsmab; kgkare)assmatepSg. dUc{BYk

GkfI} eTot suIsUpa enAEtPUmikuhkBIRbPBkMeNItrbs;xnCanic enAeBlEdlBYkkmaPi)alPUmiPaK
nirtImkdl;TIenH. nagbnMeFVIbkCaGkminecHGkSr pas;eQaHeTACa m:aLa CaeQaHrbs;nagmYyEdl
samBabMput. eK)ansakBiesaFn_elIrUbnag ehIyvinicyfa CamnusSlm[eKTukcit)an edIm,IEtg
taMgnag[eFVICaemdwknaMBlkrmYyRkm. mundMbUg nagTTYlxusRtvelImnusSmYyRkm EdlmanKa db;
nak;. nag)anniyayfa {xMRbwgeFVIkary:agxaMgka ehIyk[GkenAkgRkmeFVIkar dUcCaEdr. eBl
enaH eK)anRbKl;mnusS samsibnak;mk[emIlxusRtv bnab;mkekAsibnak;. cab;BIeBlenaHmk
manekgCMTg;BIrnak;GayuRbEhl db;R)aMqaM EtgtamCab;Canic edIm,IedIremIleKeFVIkarenAvalERs.
BYkeKTaMgBIrsuTEtmankan;GavuF}.
suIsUpa BuMEmnCa{GkfI}mak;EdleKehA[eFVIkarCMnYs {BYkGkcas;} CaGkrgeRKaHedaykar
e)assmatenaHeT. b:uEn {GVIEdlEpmElm} CamYyBYkkmaPi)alPUmiPaKnirtI manryeBlxIbMput
BIeRBaHmCimBuM)anbnykarTamTarrbs;xneLIy. dMbUgKWRsUv mCim)anTamTarRsUvmYycMENk
y:agFM kgkarRbmUlplelIkTIBIrenH. suIsUpa )anerobrab;fa {RsUvrbs;eyIg )ancab;epImrls;)at;
Gs;. BYkeyIghUbEtknk; nigKl;eckb:ueNaH. eK)anbMPWR)ab;fa eK)anbBanRsUvrbs;eyIgeTA
RbeTseRkAehIy}.
bnab;mk RkgPMeBj)antRmvfa RbCaCnRKb;rUbRtvRbwgERbgeFVIkar[rwtEtxaMgkaeLIgEfm
eTot edIm,IsabnaTMnb;TwkFM. enABak;kNalqaM1977 mtiENnaMfImYy )anbgab;[eFVIkarkemc
RbePTsRtvfImYyeTot KWRbCaCnkm<CaEdlmanedImkMeNItCaevotNam. kg cenaHeBlenaH
suIsUpa ecHlak;edImkMeNItExreRkamrbs;RKsarnagTan;. {BYkeKcab;epImkab;smab;mnusSTaMg
LayNa EdlmanQamCrCaevotNam RBmTaMgBYkExrkm<CaeRkam. enAeBldMbUg eyIgmindwg
edaysarehtuGIeT}.
{BYkGkfI} BuMdwgBIehtuplepSg EdlbiT)aMgBIeRkaymtiENnaMswgEtTaMgGs; Edldak;ecj
edaymCim cab;taMgBIedImdMbUgnkarbdivtn_enAExemsa qaM1975mk. BYkGkfIEdlrYcputBIkar
smab; yl;eXIjfa kare)assmatenAPUmiPaKBayB )annaMmknUvPaBFUrRsalxH sRmab;BYkeK
Edr. suIsUpa )anbkRsayfa {enAeBlEdleKRbKl;karTTYlxusRtvmk[eyIgkan; KanKaeyIg
Namak;RtveKsmab;eT. enAkgERsBYkeyIgxMeFVIkary:ageBjTMhwgRKb;Ka. manekgkMelaHmak;
nigekgRkmuMmak; )anlYcrt; )antamcab;BYkeK nignaMykmkvij BYkeKBuMRtv)ansmab;eT. ebIsinCa
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
323
BuMcab;mkvij GkTaMgBIrc,as;CaRtvQbPUmismab;ecalminxan}.
dUecH {BYkGkfI} )anQanmkdl;esckIPyrnt;kgcitmgmalEdr. mCim kRKan;EteCO -TaMg
xus- CabeNaHGasnfa edaybMpajsgmcas; nigkemcBYkkmaPi)alPUmiPaK eKGaceFVI[PUmiPaK
BayBTTYl)aneCaKCyCak;CaR)akd. b:uEn smmitnarI m:aLa bsuIsUpa )anpl;PstagpyBIenH.
dUc{BYkGkfI}eTot nig{BYkGkcas;}mYycMnYn BIfenHeTAnagmanEtesckIsb;ex<ImmYykan;EtrIk
FMeLIg cMeBaHkarbdivtn_b:ueNaH. PkIPaBrbs;nagcMeBaHsmaCikxHnRKsarnag EdlenArs;ranman
CIvit KWenAEtmWugm:at;dEdl. tamkarBit RKsarTaMgmUlmansarsMxan;Nas;sRmab;rUbnag. enATIbMput
nagenAEtRbkan;tamBaksna Edlnag)anscaCamYybnRbs nigbnRsIrbs;nag enAeBlEdl
smaCikesssl;nRKsarm: )anePosxnecjeTAdl;RbeTsfLg;dedaysuvtiPaB.
{mnusSmux s}
GkenArs;eRkayBIkarsmab;bM)at;BUCsasn_
GVIEdleFVI[Gs;sgwmxaMgCageKkgkm<CaRbCaFibety KWBYkGkEdlemIleXIjBUCsasn_
CMenOcMeBaHsasna bvb,Fmrbs;eK RtvCMrujeTArkkarbM)at;ecalg. esckImanHrbs;BYkExr
Rkhm edIm,Idak;bgM[RbCaCnTaMgGs;TTYlykCIvPaBmYyEdltwgrwg Gtxat; nigEdlekadUcKa
enaH c,as;Camanplvi)akeCosminrYceLIy enAkgkartRmvfa mnusSTaMgGs;RtvEtmanlkN
dUcKaEtmYy Cak;Esg Blrdmak;RtvEtCaCnCatiExrBitR)akdmak; dUcEdlrdFmnuBa)ankMNt;
y:agc,as;las;. ebskkmExrRkhm sitenARtg;eFVI[PaBrugerOg nigesckIEffrrbs;RbeTskm<Ca
rs;eLIgvij edayEpkrYmTaMgrkSaBUCsasn_Exr[sitesrcIrkalteTA dUcsmI b:ul Bt )anRbkas
BIbBaaenHedayxngpal;.
kgeKaledAenH BYkExrRkhm )anRbkan;ykneya)aymYysIGMBIbirsuTPaB nig]tmPaBxag
BUCsasn_ EdlnaM[eKnwkeXIjdl;neya)ayenARbeTsGalWm:g;smyNahSIEdr rhUtdl;kar
BwgEpkelIkarkab;smab;bM)at;Catisasn_dT edIm,IkemcCnCatiPaKtic[rlaysabsUn sMedAeFVI[
BUCsasn_xn {suTlKanlay}. m:ageTot TsSnsIBIRbCaCatiExr{suT} Kanlay manlkN
sem,ImhYsxat epspasdUcTsSnEdlerobcMeLIgedayBYkNahSIEdr. RbCaCnkm<Ca CaCati
sasn_mYyEdllaycRmHBUCsasn_CaeRcIn31 -CasMxan;BUCsasn_ eNhGuId (negrode) GUsaLGuId
324
m:aeL (malaise) nig m:ugehaLGuId (mongolode)- eRkaymk BYkenH)anRtvbgat;edayBYkGena

Rbevsn_ GWr:ub cin nigevotNamEfmeTot. TsSnGMBIBUCsasn_ExrsuTKanlay KWsMGagelIkar
bMEbgkarBit BuMEmnsmagelIkTinnyviTasaseT.
BYkExrRkhm )anlaybBalTsSnxagBUCsasn_CamYynwgTsSnxagvb,Fm CMenOcMeBaH
sasna Pasa nigRbCaCati dUcEdlBYkNahSI Fab;)anGnuvtrYcmkehIyEdr. BYkeK)anseRmc
edaybMBanfa bNaCnCatiPaKticenAkm<Ca -cin cam f nigbNakulsm<nPM RbsinCaman- GacrYm
bgCaeRKaHfak;mYycMeBaHesckIsuxsan nigkarKg;vgSCIvitrbs;RbCaCatiExr. kareqIytbrbs;eK
cMeBaHkarKMramkMEhgenH KWRtvRbkas[eRbIc,ab;mYy edayhammin[manCnCatiPaKticTaMgGs;
{enAkm<Camankarbdivtn_EtmYyb:ueNaH manRbCaCatiEtmYy nigPasaEtmYy KWPasaExr. GMNwH
teTA sBaatiepSg ElgsitmanenAkm<CaeTotehIy32}.
c,ab;enHRtv)anGnuvtedaymWugm:at;xH nigedayeRbImeFa)ayhigSapg EdlmanPaBxus
KaeTAtamPUmiPaKnana. kgtMbn;xH eK)ancUlrYmemIlkarkab;smab; nigkemcCatisasn_dTpal;
EPk. kgtMbn;xHeTot BYkCnCatiPaKticRtveKGnuBaat[rs;enAkgshkrN_nana)an luHNaEtGk
TaMgenaHlHbg; Pasa sasna nigTMenomTmab; rbs;eK. BYkExrRkhm )anbegItsMNYrrebobbeNA
mYyfa etIExrBitR)akdmak;manlkNdUcemc? cMeBaHsMNYrenH GkTaMMgenaHGacRtwmEteqIyrebob
bdiesFb:ueNaH. GkNakedayEdlBuMman{bkBa}CaExr BuMman{Gakb,kiriya}rebobCaExr nigBuM
niyayPasaExr KWCamnusSEdleKsgSy.
enHKWCaRbvtirbs;CnCatiPaKticcinmak; EdlrYcputBIkarkab;smab;bM)at;Catisasn_ RbqaMgnwg
BUCsasn_dTEdleKminRtvkar.
sgat;pSarcas; sitenAcMkNalebHdUgTIRkgPMeBj CatMbn;CMnYjmYyEdlmanCnCaticinmYy
PaKFMrs;enAtaMgBIedImmk. CnCaticinTaMgenaH )aneFVI[RbCaCnkm<Casb;ex<ImRcENn nina nigxac
jejItcMeBaHkarcUlciteFVIkargarrbs;BYkeK. KWBYkenHehIy EdlFab;ekarRbCaksikrmindak;Twk
RbmUlRsUvskTuksRmab;temIgf edayTamTarykGRtaR)ak;cMeNjy:agx<s; EdleFVI[CIvPaB
RKsarCaeRcInFak;dundabenATIRkg kdUcenACnbTEdr. pSarcas; KWCaRbePTburImYyEdlRtv)ankar
Bar EdlenAdac;edayELkBIeKTaMgPasa nigTMenomTmab;rhUtmkdl;fTI17 Exemsa qaM1975.
kalenaH hVgTBExrRkhm )ansRmkcUlRs Tb;minQHsMedAeTArkBYkcinTaMgenaH CaBiess
GkCMnYjvyekgmak;eQaH han; tav33 GayusamsibmYyqaM EdlerobkarrYc nigCaBukTarkmak;.
(australode)
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
325
Kat;Fab;rs;enAFMFat;enACuMvijpSarcas;enH kgcMeNamhaglk;TMnijCaeRcIn EdltaMgbgajkgkBak;

rbs;xnnUvedImrukCatisfdaMkgepIgBIEkv bEpnTIR)ab;BItYxnmnusS EdlRtvcak;mrviTasas nig
sak mansresrcinanuelxcinEfmeTot. Kat;eTIbnwgsal;kgTBExrRkhmc,as;enAeBlenH Edl
mkeKaHTVarpHrbs;Kat; nigbBaa[Kat;cakecjBIpHCabnan;. tav )ansYreTAvijedayniyayExr
b:LaMfa etIecjeTATINa? kgTBenaHeqIyfa {eTAPUmikMeNItrbs;Gkg}.
PUmikMeNItrbs; tav TIkEngkMeNItrbs;CIdUnCItaKat; sitenARbeTscinPaKxagt,geNaH
ehIyCnbTrbs;km<CaCakEngEdlKat;minFab;sal;TaMgRsug. dUecH Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTAPUmi
PaKnirtI CatMbn;rbs;kgTBenaH. tav nigRbBnKat;)annaMykeTACamYyxn nUvRTBsm,tibnicbncEdr
tamkarTTUcrbs;yuTCnExrRkhmenaHb:uEn GkTaMgBIr )anlak;maskgsemkbMBak;epSgrbs;BYkeK
y:agRbytRbEyg. bnab;mk BYkKat;)ancakecjBIpH ehIy)anedIreTAcUlkgk,nmnusSeTot
EdlkMBugedIrywteq<aHeTATIedAmYy EdleKminTan;dwgenAeLIy.
esckIsgwmrbs;GkTaMgBIrsitenACab;CamYyBYkeKCanic. PUmiPaKnirtI CaPUmiPaKmYy kg
cMeNamPUmiPaKCaeRcIn EdlmankarerobcMRKan;ebICageK kgkarTTYl{BYkGkfI}[sak;enA enAeBl
dMbUgnkarbdivtn_. minqayb:unanBITIRkgPMeBj tav nigRKsar Rtv)anshkrN_mYykgextkMBg;s<W
TTYlyl;RBm[sak;enA. BYkGkkan;GMNacenATIenaH )ancat;bBalBYkeKeTAkgRbePT{smaCik
beBIa} nigbBan[eTAenAcugPUmiCab;RBPM. enAkEngenaH BYkGkPUmi)ansg;TICRmk EdleFVI[Et
)anCaeRcIn ehIy tav )anrs;enAkgCRmkmYykgryeBlBIrEx edIm,IRbtibtitamRbePTmnusS
EdleKdak;[rs;enAqayBIeKgTaMgEpkneya)ay nigesdkic edayrg;caMbeBajsmtPaBepSg
rbs;xn.
Kat;dwgxnfaGs;sgwmrlIg. KanGVImYyEdleFVI[Kat;RsLHkgGarmN_esaH TaMgeTsPaB
sb;sat; nigeRkmeRkaH TaMgcgVak;CIvPaBRbcaMfenACnbT eRBaHKat;RtveRkakmunRBHGaTitrH eTA
eFVIkarrhUtTal;EtRBHGaTitlic. tav BuMFab;Edlrs;enAedayKanrbs;rbrcaM)ac;sRmab;eRbIR)as;
dUecHeLIy dUcCa mug Twk sabU ERKedk nigeBl)ayeTogTat;. Kat;minEdleFVIkarhtkm ehIyxn
R)aNsemIgrbs;Kat; Kansac;duMdUckmkrmak;eLIy. b:uEn Kat;yl;fa Kat;RtvEtsRmbxn[)an
qab;rhs nigminRtvtjEtrGVITaMgGs;. eK)anrMBkR)ab;Kat;CaerOyfa Kat;CacMENkmYynvN
nayTun kuMR)adr.
cMeBaHBYkGkbdivtyl;fa kgkrNIBYkCnCaticin BUCsasn_ nigvN manlkNminGacrMlay
326
)aneLIy. tav )anRtveFVI[Fab;xnnwgkarcMGkbBaWciterIseGIgCatisasn_edaymankaryl;RBm

xagneya)ayrbs;rbbfIpg. eK)ancat;TukKat;Ca {mnusSelaPsuI} EdlrkEtmbqaj; {mnusS
mux s} nayTuncin. eK)anniyayRcMEdlR)ab;Kat;fa eCaKCta)anERbRkLab;ehIy GkrgeRKaHBI
karykkarR)ak; hYskMNt;rbs;smaKmn_Kat;BIfenHeTA )ankayeTACaGkmanzanx<s;bMput enAeBl
EdlKat; nigBYkcindTeTot )anFak;dl;kRmiteRkambMput. Kat;)anniyayerobrab;fa {BYkeyIgman
siTihUbEtbbrravkkk eyIgCaGkcugeRkayeKEdlRtvTTYlsemkbMBak;. BYkkmaPi)al)anKMhk
[eyIgfa BYkgsuTEtCaBYknayTuncin GkgBuMcaM)ac;ykexaGaveT. eKeCrRbeTceyIg eKcat;Tuk
eyIgCa{BYkmuxs}.
mnusS{muxs}TaMgenH RtvEtbgajPstag[eXIjfa BYkeKmanbMNgkayxneTACaCnCatiExr
Bit ehIylkNvinicysMxan;KWRtvniyayEtPasaExrb:ueNaH. kgtMbn;xH karniyayPasacin
bkarsEmJgvb,Fmrbs;cintamrUbPaBNamYykeday kGacTTYlrgnUvkarpnaeTas dl;RbharCIvit
Edr. tamcemIysakSICaeRcIn)an[dwgfa mansmaCikCnCatiPaKticcinmYycMnYn )anRbfuybrCIvit
Kanxacsab; edayhanniyayPasacineTArkKNRbtiPU EdlmkBITIRkgeb:kaMg. BYkGkCMnajkar
nigBYkTIRbwkSacinrab;rynak; ehIyEfmTaMgrab;Ban;nak;pg )aneFVIdMeNIrmkRbeTskm<Ca b:uEn BYkcin
eb:kaMgEdl)anCYbR)aRsyCamYyGaNikCncinenAkm<Ca )anRbkan;Gakb,kiriyahak;dUcCa BYkeK
KancMNgTak;TgxagBUCsasn_ bvb,FmCamYyBYkcinenAkm<CaTal;EtesaH. enAeBlEdlBYkcinkat;
Exr b:unb:gniyayeTArk {bgbn} EdlmkBIRbeTscinfa bdivtkm<Ca)aneFVITukbukemjmkelIBYkxn
BYkeK)anRtvXat;XaMgedayBYkkmaPi)alExrRkhmCabnan; ehIy)anykeTAsmab;ecal bRtvbwg
[karN_edayBYkePJveb:kaMg EdlmkeFVITsSnkicpal;.
BYkkumyniskm<Ca )aneFVIskmPaBCacMhrsIBIkarRBy)armdRCaleRCAxagCatisasn_rbs;
RbeTs edIm,IeFVI[karPyxackayeTACakarsb;ex<ImrkTIbMputKan. dUcrdaPi)al ln; nl; Edr BYkGk
bdivt)anXaMemIlkarsmab;CnCatievotNamy:ageRcIn kgryeBlsgam b:uEn karsmab;rgal
rbs;BYkExrRkhm)anRbRBwteTAedaysmat;bMput. bnab;BIsgamneya)aydEdlenH EdlCYy
KaMRTedayKMnitrbs;RbCaCnkm<CakgkarRbyuTtsU{rMedaHCati} )annaMeTAdl;karsmab;bMputBUC
EdleFVI[BYkcamkan;sasnaGuIsamPy)armBIkarrlayBUCsasn_rbs;xn nigbg[manmnusSkg
shKmn_CnCaticinenATIRkgsab;Gs;CitBak;kNal. neya)ayenH Rtv)andak;ecj[Gnuvtkg
TUTaMgRbeTs PUmiPaKbUBa nignirtITTYlxusRtvelIkarkab;smab;CnCaticam PUmiPaKnirtI nigbsim
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
327
eFVITukbukemjelICnCatif PUmiPaKTaMgGs;RtvyayIrMxanCnCaticin. bBaabrisuTPaBxagBUCsasn_

RbEhledIrTnwmKanwgPaBx<g;x<s;elIseK EdlBYkExrRkhmvaytmfa manelIBYkkumynis nig
RbeTsdTeTot dUcEdl b:ul Bt )anGHGagBIerOgenHfa karbdivtRtvdwknaMeFVI {edayGnuelam
eTAtamcritBitR)akdrbs;vNkmkr 34} nig{edIm,IFana[BUCsasn_ExrsitesrCasaBreTA}.
mtiENnaMepSgEdlbBaneTARKb;PUmiPaK)anEcgBIxsMxan;mYyfa PasaExr CaPasaEtmYyKt;
rbs;km<CaRbCaFibety fasBaatirbs;CnCatiPaKtic {ElgmanGtiPaB}eTotehIy mannyfa
smaCikrbs;CnCatiTaMgenaHRtveFVIkareRCIserIsrvagkarrYmbBalCatisasn_xn EdlCYnkalman
eRbIkmaMgpg edIm,IcUlkgshKmn_CatiExr nigkarRbharCIvitbg;. kmaPi)alExrRkhmxH )anbk
Rsayc,ab;enHfa CakarGnuBaat[eKkab;smab;CnCatiPaKticTaMgGs;. karsakl,gTaMgLayrbs;
salIn edIm,Idak;bgM[eFVI]sSahUbnIykmmYyelOnrhsenAshPaBsUevotenaH kFab;GnuBaat[
smab;bNaCnCatiPaKtic y:agsahavrebobenHEdr.
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)anrYcputBIeRKaHfak;enH. sVamI bPriyaCnCatibreTsCaeRcIneTot EdleKrkeXIjenAedImdMbUg
nkarbdivt Rtv)anbeNjecjBIRbeTsdMNalKa nwgBYkbreTsEdlrt;eTARCkenAsanTUt)araMg
Edr. GaNikCnevotNam kRtvbeNjecjEdr ehIyPaKeRcIn)anRtLb;eTAevotNamxagt,g
mundMNacqaM1975.
tav )anrYcputBIesckIsab; edayeRCtRCkxny:agRbsb;kgcenaH])ayklbeBaatepSg
nigedaybeBajesckIsVahab;mYyEbkxusBIFmta. Kat;minEdlfrtjEtr minEdltbteTAnwgkar
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rbs;Kat;. bIem:ageRkaymk enAeBlEdlRBHGaTitcab;epImrHRkhmRBagenAeCIgemX GkeFVIkar
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8yb;. tav manGarmN_fa xnKat;Fat;eLIgrYj Es,kssaMgrbs;Kat;ERbeTACaBNRkem:A. RbBn
328
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bEnmeTot CamYynwgGVIEdleKGacrk)an.
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kalenAPMeBj eKminGnuBaat[eyIgykGVImktamxneT b:uEn )anlak;kgexaGavrbs;nUvmasR)ak;
nigvtmantmCaeRcIn ehIyeyIg)anrYcputBIesckIsab;}.
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GkfI} )anykmas semkbMBak;l naLikad nigvtmantmepSgeTot eTAedaHdUrCamYyman; Ggr
bEn bfaM Gas<IrIn. PUmirbs; tav )anFak;kgkNab;dExrRkhmtaMgBIqaM1970 ehIy)anerobcMCa
kgkargarenAqaM1973. enAqaM1975 PUmienHRtv)anvaytmfa CashkrN_mYyEdlmankar
erobcMrwgmaMCageKkgcMeNamshkrN_nanarbs;PUmiPaKnirtI. edayTukcitelIxng bNaemdwknaM
shkrN_rbs;Kat; )anbeBajbkBaeQIyxuseKmYyminsUvxusBIBYkemdwknaMCaeRcIndTeToteLIy.
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BYkemdwknaMTaMgenaHniyayR)ab;. BYkeK)aneFVI)ab cat;TukCastVtirican CamnusSkmil b:uEn
xMeFVIkar eTAtamBYkeK)anniyayR)ab;TaMgGs; k)anrYcBIeRKaHfak;}.
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rgnUvkarbriePaKminRKb;RKan; nigCMgWtmat;jwkjab;Cag {BYkGkcas;}. BYkGkfI EdlesIrEtminhan
cUlsuMfaMeBT )anRtvsab;edayCMgWrakrUs mYl RKncaj; RKneBaHevon. CMgW)anqgraldalxaMg
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mYyRBwk edIm,IykmaseTAdUrCamYyfaMeBT. RbFanshkrN_)anniyaynwgKat;fa kgzanGkgCa
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
329
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shkrN_rbs; tav kRtvxVHkmaMgmnusSeFVIkar. RbBnrbs;Kat; nigKat;xMeFVIkargarral;f Edlmanfir
evlakan;EtEvg ehIyviHEt)at;bg;kUnrbs;xnEdlQWEfmeTot. tamFmta kUnrbs;Kat;EtgRbKl;
eTA[mnusSvycas;rbs;shkrN_CaGkemIlEfTaMkgeBlf. tav )anniyayfa {b:uEn enArdUv
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ekgCaeRcInRtveKTukecalKanGkNaEfTaMeLIy. enATIenH BuMsUvmanmnusSsRmab;emIlekgeT}.
karRctkat;elIkenHTTYl)anplRsUvy:ageRcInkgtMbn;rbs;tav ehIyKat;sgwmfa CIvPaB
rs;enA nwg)anFUrRsal. GVIEdlGaRkk;CaTIbMput -karCems PaBrGak;rGYlkgkartaMglMenAenA
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b:uEn enAeBlEdlbNasmaCikKNkmaFikarmCimbkS R)arBebIkmhasni)atrbs;xn enAEx
mkra qaM1976 BYkeK)anseRmcfa dMNak;kalGnuvt {neya)aykumynisnsgam} Edl)an
dMeNIrkarcab;BIedImTImkenaH )anTTYleCaKCymYylmRKb;RKan; edIm,IGnuBaat[eyIgqgcUleTA
dMNak;kalbdivtbnab;eTot KWbegInkRmitsmUhPavUbnIykmtamshkrN_nana {karpas;RTg;RTay
sgm} [kan;EtsuICeRmA edaykmat;smasPaB {vNKhbtI} nigedaytRmv[RbCaCneFVIBlikm
eRcIneLIgEfmeTot. km<CaRbCaFibety RbgeRbbQancUlkgdMNak;kal {bdivtsgmniym}
rYcCaeRsc.
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nana CamtiENnaMEdlPUmiPaKnirtI)anGnuvty:ageBjelj nigelOnrhsCagPUmiPaKepSgeTot.
BYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBj )anTamTarkRmitPaKrymYyy:agx<s; BIkarRbmUlplRsUvelIkdMbUg
ehIyPUmiPaKnirtI)anseRmceFVItamsMNUmBrenH. rbbGaharrbs; tav )anfycuHCagmun ehIy tav
)anerobrab;fa {BYkExrRkhm)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa Ggkar)anbBanRsUvrbs;eyIgeTA[kEng
epSgeTotEdleKRtvkar ehIyeKnwgebIkmnIrsRmab;edaHdUrTMnijedIm,I[eyIg)anTTYlsemkbMBak;
nigfaMeBTxH. erOgenHKWBuMBiteT. eyIgenAEteskexaGavrEhkryuIry:dEdl ehIyBuMmanTaMgfaM
eBTelbpg ebImanvakBuMEmnsRmab;BYkeyIgEdr}.
330
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eRcInCMnan;mkehIy )anRtveKkab;qar nigcak;dIbMeBj. RkmkargarRtveKBRgIk[rwtEtFMeLIg ehIy
bNasmaCiknRkmkargarTaMgenaH suTEtRtvbBan[eTAeFVIERsEdlsitenAqayBIPUmi.
KWenAxNenHEdr Edlekgcab;BIGayuR)aMeTAR)aMmYyqaM Rtv)anbMEbkBIRKsarrbs;eK ehIy
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RKsartav BuMTan;man)at;bg;smaCikNamak;rbs;xneLIy b:uEn vakElgmankarrs;enACYbCuMRKsar
dUcmuneTotEdr.
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sanPaBrbs;eKCasmaCikeBjsiTi edIm,IrkSabuBVsiTixHEdleKenAman. BYkeKkRtveTAbriePaK
)ayenApH)ayrYmEdr b:uEn BYkeK)aneRtmTukmbGaharqaj;edaysRmab;xneK ehIyTukmb
esssl;sRmab;BYksmaCikeRtm nigmnusSEdlsitenAeRkamGaNaBa)alrbs;xn. tav niyay
fa {bbrrbs;eyIgenAEtravkkk. GgrmYykMb:ugdak;bbrkgxHmYy sRmab;mnusSm bsamsib
nak;. Kansac;KanbEnsRmab;eyIgeT manEtknk;layCamYyRtekot/ Kl;eck beBat. {BYkGk
mUldan} briePaKRKan;ebI edayGgydac;edayELkenAkgpH)ayrYm mansac;RCk/ bEn/ )aymYy
eKam ehIyCYnkalmanTaMgRtIEfmeTot.
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nak;eTAbriePaKrYmKa etIeKEckmbGaharTaMgenaHedayrebobNaeTA? m:ageTot kgshkrN_CaeRcIn
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mantmmYy. karrkmbGaharEpSpSMenAkgRB CaTmab;rbs;RbCaCnkm<Carab;stvtSr_mkehIy
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rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
331
lRbesIr enAeBlRbeTsmansuxsniPaBpg. karlubbM)at;ecalTmab;enH rbs;rbbExrRkhm

s[eXIjnUvkareFVImindwgminsal;TaMgRsug cMeBaHCIvPaBrbs;GkCnbTkm<Ca.
mtiENnaMTaMgLay Edlbgab;bBaa[bnkmat;ecalBIsgm nUvsmasPaBsl;BIsgmcas;
EdleKminRtvkar )anbg[manplb:HTgicKakgeBlPamenaH. BYkRbFanshkrN_ nig{BYkGk
cas;} )anepImrkerOg{BYkGkfI}rwtEtxaMgeLIg nigcab;esuIbGegtBIBYkkmaPi)alEdleFVIkarmun
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karkab;smab;elIkTImYy keKcminputBIkarkab;smab;enAelIkTIBIrenHEdr. kgqaM1976 karsmab;
rgalfITaMgenH Rtv)anbeBaj[eXIjtamryksarepSgenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg EdlBYkGk
rgeRKaHmYyPaKFM Rtv)annaMeTAdak;KukenATIenaHedIm,IsYrcemIy nigsmab;ecal.kgPUmiPaKrbs; tav
KWPUmiPaKnirtI BYksnisux)aneFVI)ab nigsmab;GtItTahanrbs; ln; nl; EdlenAeBldMbUgTahan
TaMgenaH Fab;)anTTYlkar]btmKaMBarenAkgPUmiPaKenH nisSit sasacar nigemdwknaMxHnrbb
sgmcas;Gs;mYycMnYnFM35. kgPUmiPaKbUBa nigBayB BYksnisux)anRbmUlpMkicRbwgERbgrbs;xn
sMedAeTAelIGkmanmuxviCaCIvesrITaMgGs;.
kgshkrN_rbs; tav EdleKBRgIkkan;EtFMCagmun BYkGkenAmanCIvitCaCnCaticin )ankay
eTACamnusSEdlRtveKsgSyCafI ehIymnusSmYycMnYnkgcMeNamenaH)an)at;xn mindwgeTANa.
tav )aneFVI[BYkemdwknaMshkrN_sIbenasy:agxaMg BIeRBaHKat;minsUvRbsb;bBaaRkbI EdleK
eRbIR)as;sRmab;karPrras;. emdwknaMTaMgenaH )anniyayfa {BuMGacPrKngmYy[Rtg;Pwg)aneT
ehIyRbkarenH bgaj[eXIjfa CavNGkCiHCan;eK}.
enAkgGgRbCuMmYyEdleKebIkeFVIbnab;enaH tav RtvTTYlrgnUvkarRbCuM {Tieton -sVyTieton}
mYy. CaTUeTA smyRbCuMTaMgenaH eKeRcIneFVIenAeBlyb;kgGKarkNalrbs;PUmi EdleKeRbIsRmab;
eFVICapH)ayrYm. enATIenaHeRkamBnWceggeKam bGMBUlePIgGKIsnIEdlyutiFmRtveKrk xusRtv
nigbkRsayBnl;BImtiENnaMepSgrbs;mCim kgkMLgsmyRbCuMnImYy Edlmanfirevlamg
yUrNas;. CaerOy mtiENnaMTaMgenaH manniyayTak;TgBIeBlem:ageFVIkar nigkarEbgEckParkic
sRmab;rdUvcuHsg nigRctkat;b:ueNaH. cMENkkarRbCuM{Tieton-sVyTieton} KWmanlMnaMRsedog
nwgtulakarRbCaCnmYyEdr. CaTUeTA BYkRbFanshkrN_CaGkTTYlPareFVIkarTieton edayTuk[Gk
Cab;ecaTeFVIkarsVyTieton.
enAsmyRbCuMenH tav RtveKehA[eTAQrenAcMeBaHmuxGkPUmiTaMgGs; caMsab;{BYkGkcas;}
332
elIkBIkMhusepSgrbs;Kat; nigeFVIkarsIbenas. elIkenH GkTaMgenaH RKan;EtRBmanfa kMhusfI

eTot GacnwgeFVI[Kat;TTYleTasTNmYyy:agtwgruwgbMput.
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karN_BIKat;CaerOy ehIyKat;Kansal;PinPaKGkQbykkarN_rbs;shkrN_ Kat;bnicesaH.
enATIbMput Kat;)aneFVI[)ak;palnglEdlKat;Prb:HnwgfmYyduM. enHCaeRKaHfak;mYy b:uEneKniyayfa
enHCabT]RkideTAvij. tav RtveTAbgajmuxenAsmyRbCuMCabnan;mYy EdleFVI[Kat;manesckItUc
city:agxaMg. Kat;)anerobrab;fa {ebIsinCa ksikrmak;CaBYkGkcas; eFVI[)ak;palnglvij eKKan
niyayGVITaMgGs; palRtveKCYsCuleRbICafI}.
b:uEn tav CaCnCaticin ehIy {BYkGk cas;} yl;eXIjfa kareRbIGMNacpac;karEdlBYkeKeFVI
mkelIrUbKat; Rtv)anbgaj[eXIjedaykarsgt;sgin EdlshKmn_rbs;Kat;Fab;)anRbRBwt
mkelIBYkKat;kalBIedIm.
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tmkeTot GkecaTmak;kgcMeNamGkecaTrUbKat;)anbBab;esckIfa {ebIsinCaGkral;KarkSaTuk
mnusSenH kKan)ancMeNjGVIEdr ebIsindkrUbKat;ecj keyIgKanxatbg;GVITaMgGs; tamXaxIEdleK
niymeRbIkgeBlenaHKW {TukkmincMeNj dkecjkminxat}.
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EdlCaRbplnesckIsab;enH )anRtveKeRbIR)as;TUTaMgkm<CaRbCaFibety. enHCarUbmnmYy
rbs;bdivtpal; ehIyedImdMbUgeKFab;EteRbIRbqaMgnwgBYkkumyniskm<Ca EdlvilRtLb;BIevotNam
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snafa nwgElgeFVI[mankMhusrebobenHCaerogrhUt. Kat;bnabxncuH nk,aldl;dI eFVIy:agNa[
eKeCOCak; edIm,IeRsacRsg;CIvitxnKat; nigCIvitRbBnkUnpg.
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bdiesFBIkMhusEdldak;bnkmkelIxn b:uEn krNIEbbenH kRmmaneXIjNas;kgRbeTskm<Ca
eRkaysmysgam. eRkayqaM1975 bkS)aneCOedayKanBicarNanUvkarecaTRbkan;epSg
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
333
EdlelIkeLIgRbqaMgnwgRbePTsRtvxH nigvNepSgrbs;km<Ca. RbkarenH CaEpkmYynmenaKm

viCa Edl)ankayeTACamUldanmenaKmviCarbs;karbdivt.
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)anerobcMeFVIkarkat;kI EdlnaM[eKriHKn;CaeRcInelIk edIm,IbgajPstag[eXIjfa karkab;smab;
rbs;Kat;BitCaRtwmRtv ehIyGkcUlrYmTaMgb:unandwgxnfa )ancMNayeBlevlaeTAkgkarsEmgerOg
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enAextekaHkug tambeNayQUgsmuRTesomEdr36. karkmat;rbs;eK mansPaBelOnrhsbMput
edaymin[dwgxnCamun bNal[CnCatifEdleFVITBkgCYrBYkkumynisEdr mankarPJak;epIly:ag
xaMg. mYyPaKbInshKmn_fenAextekaHkug RtvBYkExrRkhmykeTAsmab;ecal. smaCikmYy
cMnYnrbs;xn EdleKcputBIkNab;dBYkeBCXat )anePosxneTARCkenAtamRBMEdn Cab;CamYy
RbeTsf. CnCatifTaMgenH EdlCaGtItExrRkhmEdrenaH )anTTYlBIkgTBfnUvsmarswky:ag
eRcIn sRmab;eFVIkarRbyuTtsUTl;nwg b:ul Bt vij. enAeBldMbUg karqk;vayRbharRbqaMgnwg {sm
mitcas;} rbs;BYkeK )anRbRBwteTAedayKan)anpleLIy ebIniyayBIEpkeyaFa b:uEn b:unanqaM
334
eRkaymk mnusSTaMgGs;enH )ankayeTACabuKlEdlmansarsMxan;bMput enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam

sVHEsVgrkGtItExrRkhm edIm,ICMnYsrUb b:ul Bt enaH.
enAPUmiPaK|sankgextrtnKirIpal; EdlKNkmaFikar mCim Fab;ePosxneTARCkenATIenaH
nacugTsvtSr_qaM1960 nigCakEngEdl b:ul Bt cab;epImemIleXIjGMeBICiHCan;mkelIGkRsukenATI
enH kekItmankarvayRbharedayeBlmgmalEdr. b:uEnGaRsyedayktaxH -Edlmankarcg
Pab;eLIgvijedaypal;rbs;KNkmaFikarmCim nig\TiBldsem,Im rbs;CnCatiPaKticTaMgenaH Ca
mYyKNelxaPUmiPaKtaMgBImunmk- PUmiPaK]tr nig|san BuM)anykcitTukdak;eFVItambTbBaamYy
PaKFMrbs;mCim Edl[dak;rYm bkemcsmasPaB {cRkBtiniym} bbNaCnCatiPaKticeT.
KWBYkcamkan;sasnaGuIsam EdlkarbBati[lubbM)at;CnCatiPaKticTaMgGs;enHecal )anTTYl
lTpleRcInCageK.RbCaCnEdlmkBIRbeTseRkAenHRtveKpna eTasBIrdgcMeBaH{BUCsasn_breTs}
nigCMenOcMeBaHsasna{Rbtikiriya}rbs;xn. kgryeBlCaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy BYkenH)aneCosput
BIkarRsUbcUlkgsgmCatiExrEdlkan;RBHBuTsasna. mgenH BYkkumynisminbeNay[BYkeKman
siTieFVIkareRCIserIseToteLIy {CnCaticametagEtpas;breQaH edaydak;eQaHfI Rsedognwg
eQaHExrEdr.lkNCacamdUcCasBaati PasaTMenomTmab; semkbMBak; sasnaCaedIm KWRtvlub
bM)at;ecal. GkTaMgLayNaEdlminRbtibtitambBaaenH nwgTTYlrgnUvplvi)akminxan37}.
BYkcin EtgEtrs;enAdac;edayELkBIeKCanic38. eKKitfa BYkeKsuTEttBUCBIRbCaBlrdn
nKrcam,:a EdlRtvcUllukluyedayBYkevotNam. BYkenH mineCOBIkarrMlaybBalKaeT BYkeK)an
naMKabegItPUmi/ sagsg;pHCMuvijviharGuIsammYy/ RbtibtitamvinytmGaharpal;rbs;BYkeK/
eskBak; nigTTUrRkmaelIk,aleTAtamCMenOcMeBaHsasnarbs;eK ehIykgkarRbkbviCaCIv CaGk
BUEkbMputxagrbbrensaT nigkarCYjdUrsMBt;hUlpamYg.
vb,Fmrbs;eK Cavb,Fmsm,rEbbmYy. sIecHRkgsk;y:agRbsb;CamYynwgExSbUEvg nig
kna ehIyRKbk,aledaysMBt;ERBesIgrelIbrelagFM. cMENkburs Bak;mYkkatwbmUlrak; ehIy
eRcInTukBukmat;. bBVCti TaMgLay Bak;Qt k,al. RbCaCnExreRcInmanbuernicy
mYy RbqaMgnwgCnCati
PaKticenH. BYkcamEdlRtac;crxVat;ExVgeTACnbT edIm,Ilk;sMBt;[RbCaksikrExr ehIyEdltf
edayxab;xn eRcInmaneQaHCaGkPUtkuhky:agbuinRbsb;. BhilkNrbs;bNasIcam EdlmkBI
RbeTseRkA )aneFVI[nwkeXIjRbvtisassIBIkareTarTn;eTAkammucarbs;eK. edayPasa nigGkr
Rkmrbs;eKsuTEtCarbs;breTs -Gar:ab;- eK)ansntfa CnCaticammancMeNHdwgBiess mYyxag
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
335
mnGaKm nigkarTsSn_TayBIGnaKty:agKab;RbesIr. enATIbMput BYkeKsuTEtmanCMenOmuWgm:at;cMeBaH

sasnaGuIsam EdleCOcMeBaHGTieTBmYyb:ueNaH. enHCaRbkarxusKaBIRBHBuTsasnaTaMgRsug.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;)ansakl,gbBalBYkcammkkgshKmn_ExrEdr b:uEn TaMgBYk
cam TaMgRbCaCnExr BuMRsuHRsYlcitcUlCamYyKaeLIy. BYkcamBuMcg;[)at;bg;GtsBaaNrbs;eK
ehIykBuMcg;RbRBwtelIsnwgCMenOsasnarbs;eKEdr. CnCatiExr CaGkerIseGIgCatisasn_y:agFYn
lm eRBaHEtcUlcitdak;BYkcammin[cUlsiTsalnwgxn edaycg;[BYkenHmansanPaBTabCag.
KWenAqaM1970 eBlcab;epImsgamdMbUg BYkcambgaj[eXIjsmacitrbs;eKcMeBaHbuBVehtu
rbs;ExrRkhmEdr. BYkeKnwksgwmfa BYkkumynisnwg)anTTYlCyCmH ehIynwgbBab;neya)ay
Rbkan;Catisasn_bnicbnc EdlBYkGkkan;GMNacRkgPMeBj Fab;)anGnuvtGs;ryeBlCayUrmk
ehIy. Rkmc,aMgKaTaMgsgxagcUlciterIsBYkcam[cUleFVIkgTBerogxn BIeRBaHCnCatiPaKticenH
Edlsasna rbs;eKGnuBaat[eFVIswksgamEdrenaH Rtv)ancat;TukCayuTCndeqImelIseK ehIy
sahavCageKenAsmrPUmiRbeTskm<Ca. PaKeRcInnBYkcam )aneTAcUlrYmCamYyBYkExrRkhm ehIy
)ansitenAkgCYrBYkenHenAeLIykgqaM1973 CamYynwgkarbegIt[manshkrN_CaeRcIn enAeBl
EdlRkgPMeBjRbkasfa rebobrbbrbs;CnCaticam manlkNRbqaMgbdivtn_.
sIcamTaMgGs;RtvEteskBak;tamrebobExrRkhm kat;sk;xIelIkBawgk nigeskBak;
exaGavexA. BYkGkkan;RBHBuTsasna Gacmankaryl;Tas;pal;xncMeBaHrebobeskBak;enH b:uEn
kgkrNIsIcam KWsasnarbs;eK Edlhammin[eKkat;sk;xI nige)aHbg;semkbMBak;CaRbBNI
rbs;eK)aneLIy. kgXuMxH eK)anbgM[BYkcamsuIsac;RCk Casac;EdlsasnaGuIsamhamXat; eK
raraMgmin[BYkcamniyayPasa nigRbtibtisasnarbs;xnEfmeTot. enAeBlEdlsgamQaneTA
Citdl;TIbBab; ln; nl; )andwgerOgenHtamryr)aykarN_epSg rbs;BYkPak;garesuIbkarN_rbs;
Kat;fa BYkExrRkhm)aneFVITukbukemjBYkcamy:agxaMg ehIy)anl,gTak;TajBYkenH[cUlmkxag
Kat;vij. ln; nl; )andMeLIgbuNski[BYknayTahancammYyfak; ehIyrwtcMNgTak;TgCamYy
bNaRbeTskan;sasnaGuIsamenAmCimbUBa kdUcCaenAGasuIGaeKy_. b:uEn vayWteBlNas;eTA
ehIy. sgamRtvcb; BakccamGar:amEdlniyaytKa GMBIkarerIseGIgCatisasn_cMeBaHBYkcam
)ankayeTACakarsmab;bM)at;BUCsasn_y:agBitR)akd.
bnab;BICyCmHrbs;kumynis karvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcam )anRbRBwteTAy:agcMh nigmuWg
m:at;bMput. BYkemdwknaMxagsasna nigneya)ayrbs;CnCatiPaKticcam RtveKtamdan EsVgrkcab;
336
xn nigsmab;ecal. viharGuIsamCaeRcIn RtveKkemcecal bRbmafkatTan RtveKERbkay[eTA

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camRtvbiTTVar dUcsalaeronepSgeTotenATIdTEdr.
bTbBatiepSgEdlRbCaCnkm<Camak;RtvEtRbtibti tambnab;BIfCyCmH kmanplvi)ak
naM[vinasGnraysRmab;CnCaticamkan;EtxaMgEfmeTot EdlRtvbgitbgM[eFVIkareRCIserIsrvag
CMenOcMeBaHsasna GtsBaaNrbs;eK nigCIvitpal;rbs;xn. BYkeKRtvlHbg;eQaHedImrbs;xn
ehIyeRCIserIseQaHfICaExrvij. edIm,Ibgaj[eKeXIjbkBaCaExr BYkeK)ankat;sk; nigekar
Bukmat;ecj eskBak;exaGavExr EdlCaRbkarbBab;nUvGtsBaaNrbs;eKTaMgGs;. edIm,Isakl,g
enAelIBYkenaH eK)anbgM[hUbsac;RCk eRkamkarKMramkMEhgedaycugGavuF. RKsarcamCaeRcIn
RtveKbMEbkbM)ak;ecjBIKa edIm,IbeBaskuM[BYkmnusSeBjvycmgvb,Fmrbs;eKeTA[BYkekg
EdlRtvbBan[eTArs;enACamYykUnExr kgkEngedkrYmCaeRcIn bkgkgcltyuvCn.
b:uEn BYkcam)anbHe)arRbqaMg. PUmicamCaeRcIn)ancab;kan;GavuF ehIy)anRtvkemceday
BYkExrRkhm. PUmiCaeRcIneTot Edltv:aRbqaMgedayminecjmux kRtvBYkkmaPi)alExrRkhmbMpic
bMpajrabdl;dIdUcKa. BuMmanshKmn_camNamYy rYcputBIeRKaHfak;eLIy. BYkcamRtveKbMEbkyk
eTAdak;PUmiepSg EdlmanExreRcInelIslubCag ehIyRtvbgM[eFVIxndUcCaExrEfmeTot.
PaKeRcInnPUmicameRcInsitenAtammat;TenemKgkgPUmiPaKbUBa nigPUmiPaKnirtI RBmTaMgkg
GtItPUmiPaK]trpg. PUmixHeTotkmansitenAkgPUmiPaKBiessrbs;PMeBjEdr. TIRbmUlpMmYy Edl
manCnCaticamrs;enAeRcInCageK KWsitenAkgPUmiPaKbUBa Edlman esa Pwm CaelxabkS CaGkl,I
l,aj xageFVI[BYkkmaPi)alxnmanviny nigraraMgmin[mankarbgreday\tRbeyaCn_eLIy. b:uEn
Kat;)anbgaj[eXIjlkNminecHGaNitGasUrbnicesaH cMeBaHBYkcamenH. edayPUmiPaKKat;
eKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSgrbs;bkS kgkarkab;smab;BYkkumynisExr EdlRtLb;mkBIevotNam
xageCIgvij kgryeBlsgamenaH PUmiPaKbUBa k)aneFVItambTbBaa[kmat;BUCsasn_camEdr.
BYkcammanmeFa)aytictYcNas; edIm,IeKc[putBIkNab;dBYkExrRkhm ehIysuTEtCaGk
rwgrUsbMput enAeBlyb;RBm[mankarbMpicbMpajvb,Fm nigsasnarbs;eK. kgkarkan;GMNacrbs;
kumynismindl;bYnqaMpg shKmn_camcMnYnBak;kNl)anRtvvinas- BuMEmnedayKanRbyuTtsUenaH
eT. eKRtvkt;smal;fa karbHe)armYycMnYntUc EdleKpSay[dwgCasaFarN KWkarbHe)arrbs;BYk
CnCatiPaKticnana BYkfenAextekaHkug BYkcam nigBYkcin EdlegIbbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdGMNacdac;
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
337
edayELkBIKa ehIyEdlrgeRKaHfak;dl;sab; edayRKan;EtehArkBYkTIRbwkSacin EdlmkBIRkg

eb:kaMg[CYysegaHBYkeKb:ueNaH.
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Catisasn_ nigvb,Fm kRtv)at;bg;vb,Fm RKsar rebobrbbrs;enArbs;eK kgryeBlnkareFVI
bdivtdUcKa b:uEn KanesckIraykarN_ NamYybBaak;[dwgfa BYkeK)anegIbbHe)areLIy. GkxH)an
ePosxneTAkan;RbeTsf evotNam GkxHeTot)ansmab;xng. RbBNIrab;ryqaMmkehIy kg
karsab;bgab;RBHraCapac;karmYyGg RbEhlraraMgRbCaCnExrmin[egIbRbyuTtsUnwgBYkExrRkhm
ehIyemIleTA.
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egIbbHe)arRbqaMgenaHeT. enAstvtSr_TI20 )atuPUtdUcKaenH kekItmaneLIgkgbNaRbeTs enA
GasuI GWr:ub GahVik nigGaemrikLaTIn Edr KWbNaRbeTsEdlFab;sal;CMrMRbmUlpM TaruNkm karGt;
Xan. edaysitenAeRkamsanPaBepSgEbbenaH mnusSTaMgGs;minRbqaMgtbteday {kMhwg nig
kareRbIkmaMg39}eLIy ehIykarKanRbtikmtbtCak;EsgEbbenaH KWCa{sBaankar)at;bg;lkN
CamnusS} y:agc,as; EdleFVI[RbCaCatimYyKaMgskElgeFVIGVIekItTaMgGs;. kgeBlEdlrlkn
GMeBIePrvkmkMBugraldaleBjpRbeTsTaMgmUl RbCaCnkm<CaRKb;rUb kan;EtRbkan;maryaTxaMgeLIg
hak;dUcCaRbCaCn{K-fg;} KWeFVImindwgminB nigminniyayGVITaMgGs; dUckgBakTMnayrbs;eK Edl
)anBakrN_TukCamunBITIbBab;nBiPBelakBitR)akdEmn.
qy vNa b km<CafI
karbMpajvb,FmenACnbT
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enACnbTrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaPaKeRcIn CagkarbMpajsasna nigrebobrbbrs;enA rbs;Gkkan;RBHBuT
sasnaedayrbbRKb;RKgenHeLIy.
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CaBiess edaysarkarelIkTwkcit nigkarGMBavnavrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlEfgBITIRkg
eb:kaMgmk eTIb)anCaBuTsasnikCny:ageRcInenAtamCnbTsRKciteTArYbrYm CamYynwgBYkExrRkhm
338
kgryeBlsgamenAqaMdMbUg enAeBlEdlBYkkumynis eRCIserIsbuKliky:agskmkgcMeNam

RBHsg nigTMnukbRmgRBHGgedayeKarBRbtibtiy:agRtwmRtv. RBHsgCaeRcInGgRtv)anEtgtaMg
[kan;muxtMENgepSg RKan;EtCakitiyskgprdaPi)alrNsirS ehIyRtv)anGnuBaat[enARtt
RtaRBHsg EdlenAeRkamvaTRBHGgCabneTAeTotkgtMbn;CaeRcIn eRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;Exr
Rkhm. enAeBlEdlsasnaRtvhamXat;kgPaKcugeRkaynsgam BYkkumynis)ansnafa enH
RKan;EtCaviFankarbeNaHGasnmYyb:ueNaH edIm,IGnuBaat[mankarekNRbCaCn[cUleFVIkgTBeBj
eljmYy.
bnab;BICyCmH BYkExrRkhm)ancab;epImTmak;eTaseTAelIRBHsg vtGaram RBHBuTrUb Km<Ir
k,nxat bNaly nigsalasRmab;RBHsgeronsURtPamEtmg. karbMpicbMpajenH esIrEtTaMg
Rsug )anbg[manplvi)akkan;EtvinashinehacEfmeTotsRmab;RbeTskm<Ca dUckarvayRbhar
rbs;cinRbqaMgnwgRBHBuTsasnaenATIebt_Edr.
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TaMgLay nimneq<aHeTArkeBCXatrbs;RBHGg edayeRbIl,icklepSgminxusBIl,icEdleKFab;
eRbIR)as; edIm,IkemcGtItnayTahanrbs;rbb ln; nl; eLIy. kgcMnYnRBHsg BIEssib eTA huk
sibBan;Gg EdleKeXIjmanenAkm<Ca KWmanEtCag mYyBan;Ggb:ueNaH EdlenAKg;vgSRBHCnBI
smyExrRkhm40. RBHsgmYycMnYnRtv)ansmab;ecal mYycMnYneTotRtv)at;xn.
RBHsgTaMgLayEdlminRtvsmab; )anTTYlbBaa[lacaksikabT nigcUlrYmeFVIkargarepSg
kgshkrN_dUcksikrsamBaEdr enHCakarbgab;bBaadac;xat Edlpynwgvinyrbs;sasna. RBH
sgGgNaEdlminRBmeFVItamc,as;Ca RtveKnaMykeTAsmab;ecal. RBHsgCaeRcInGgRtvcab;
bgM[erobkarRbBn EdlenHCaRbkarraraMgmin[RBHsgTaMgenaH bYssaCafIeTot. kgtMbn;xH BYk
kumynis )anGnuBaat[RBHsgenARKgs,g;cIBr)an b:uEn RtvmCimbdiesFmin[maneLIy.
edayKanRBHsg RbCaCnElg)aneKarBRbtibtisasnateTAeTot b:uEnBYkExrRkhm enAEt
CmHlubbM)at;sasnaecjBIsticgcaMrbs;RbCaCn. vtenARbeTskm<CaEdlmancMnYnRbEhlbIBan;
)anRtveKRbmafkatTan bkemcecal nigeFVI[ERbkayeTACa eRkalesH bCRgkRsUv CaKuk bCa
kEngsRmab;smab;mnusS. rUbbdimakrRBHBuT RtveKeFVI[RbLak;RbLsemIlElgsal;Km<Irk,nxat
xagsasna RtveKdutbMpaj bEhkecal.
BYkExrRkhm )aneFVI[vinasnUvcMNucslndMeNIrs;enArbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca KWbMpajvtGaram
rCkalnGMeBIhigSa
339
CMnYsedaypH)ayrYm nigeragFMenAtamXuM EdlGVICanimitrUbnCMenOcMeBaHsasna EdlRbtibti

edayRbCaCnkm<CaCit Eb:tsibPaKry Rtvrlay)at;bg;.
BYkkumynisminRtwmEtbMpajRbBNIrs;enArbs;RbeTsCatib:ueNaHeT b:uEn )ankemcGarFm
dyUrlg;rbs;xn Edlmanrab;stvtSr_mkehIy. kareRbIR)as;eQaHPUmiPaK CaCageRbIeQaH
cas;rbs;extepSg edIm,IkMNt;RBMEdntMbn;epSg tamPUmisasrbs;RbeTsenaH CanimitrUbnkar
erobcM fITaMgRsug EdleKbegIt[manenACnbT. eK)anbgM[RbCaCneRbIR)as;eQaHPUmiPaKnana
EdleK)anRbDiteLIgedayykTisFMTaMgbYnCaeKal nigkMNt;kEngEdleKrs;enACaelxsmal;
tMbn;mYy CaCagdak;eQaHmYyeTAvij.
mnusSRKb;KaElgGacRbkan;fa xnsitenAexttaEkv b)at;dMbgeTotehIy. eQaH nigkar
kMNt;RBMEdnext -xNepSg Rtv)ane)aHbg;ecal rYmTaMglkNedayELkrbs;extxNenaHpgCamYynwgkarerobcMfIrbs;bdivtn_ tMbn; bPUmiPaKTaMgGs; RtvEtmanlkNdUcKaEtmYy. exttaEkv
ElgCaextmYyEdll,IxagCagtm,ajeTotehIy. extkMBg;cam)anrlayGs;nUvshKmn_CagTg
rbs;xn. TMenomTmab;CaRbBNITaMgLayRtv)anbMpajEtmYyyb;b:ueNaH.
BYkGkkeTsxageFVImbGaharqaj;RbcaMPUmiPaK krlay)at;bg;Edr. kalBIedImextxH
Rtv)anRbCaCnsal;dwgc,as;cMeBaHTwkeRKgrbs;eK nigbEgm. enAmunkalbdivt KWmunsgam
minTan;rIkraldaldl; PaKeRcInbMputntMbn;CnbT RbCaCnkm<CaeBjcitNas;nwgBUCRsUvxusKa
rbs;eK. BUCRsUvrbs;ext)at;dMbgmanrsCatimYy EdlxusKaTaMgRsugBIRsUvEdldaMkgexttaEkv
ehIyEdleKTTYlsal;Cabnbnab;. lkNBiessedayELkTaMgenH )anrlt;rlayGs; edaykar
CemsRbCaCnTaMgbgMBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYy/ kardwkCBansngEdlGnuvteday\tKitKUrBIeBl
evla nigbBaatiEdlRbiteRbbfa RKb;XuM/ tMbn; nigPUmiPaKTaMgGs;RtveRbIBUCRsUvdUcKaTaMgGs;.
BYkkm<Ca )anTTYldMENlGMBIrebobRKb;RKgPUmiPaK nigtMbn;nana edaykardak;elxsmal;enH
BIBYkkumynisevotNam EdlFab;begIt[manenAkgryeBlnsgam\NcinelIkTImYy. eday
RKb;RKgRbeTsTukdUcCaTIlanRbyuTmYyenaH eK)anbM)at;TMenomTmab;CaRbBNIenACnbTecal
TaMgGs; dUcCa sil, nigsib,km r)aM tUrtnI RbBNInkarniTanerOgRbDitCaedIm.
seRmcsRmleTA edaykmat;ecalmnusSCaeRcIn nigsabnepSgEdleKyl;eXIjfa min
brisuT skiPUmi nayTun bedaynwk)armcMeBaHGMNacrbs;eKrlMrlayedayrebobm:ag BYkExr
Rkhm)anbMpajsgmkm<Cadl;bsKl;. bnab;BIkarkab;smab;bM)at;Catisasn_dT vaenAsl;EtGVI
340
EdlbkScat;Tukfa Ca]tmKtifIsRmab;bdivtn_km<Cab:ueNaH KWmnusSCMnan;mnusSfI.

bkSEtgEtEbreTArkkmaMgyuvCnCanic sRmab;CMnYsmnusSEdlBYkeK)ansmab;ecal CaGk
rgeRKaHBIkare)assmatepSg bkareFVI[kayeTACaTasPaB. taMgBIPaBcab;epImnRbvtisas
rbs;xn bkSEtgeCOTukcitelIyuvCnCadrab. yuvCnTaMgLaymanrUb pat CaedIm Edlrs;enAqayBI
TIRkg nigEdlcab;GarmN_eTAelI]tmKtiniymrbs;bdivtn_ )ansVHEsVgeTAcUlrYmkgCYrrbs;bkS.
karbdivtPaKeRcIn suTEtBwgEpkelIkmaMgyuvCn ehIykgcMeNamenaH mankarbdivtmYycMnYntUc
b:ueNaH Edl)anGnuvtdUcBYkExrRkhmkgkarbegItrbbfImYy. kare)aHBum<pSaymYy kgcMeNam
kare)aHBum<pSaydMbUgrbs;bkS KWkaEstyuvCnbdivt EdlRbwgERbg{Gb;rM/ bMBak;bMb:n nigbNH
stiGarmn_neya)aybdivtmYydl;yuvCn nigyuvnarInana41}. BYkvyCMTg;TaMgenH )anyl;dwgkar
smat;rbs;bkSmunBYkmnusSeBjvy ]TahrN_ eBlenAkgclnayuvCnbdivt eK)anR)ab;[dwgfa
{Ggkar} KWCabkSkumyniskm<Ca. eK)anebIksmyRbCuMCamYyyuvCnTaMgenHCaeRcInelIk eday
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341
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342
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343
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344
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kab;smab;Kagmg.
346
hYt bu)aNa enAmnIrs-21

fcab;xn 12-tula-1976
fkemc 18-mina-1977
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha
347
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348
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Duc )andwknaMCMrMmrNmYyEdlmankarerobcMy:agl\texaH. BYksni)al )anftrUbBYkGk
eTas enAeBlEdleKnaMmkdl; bnab;mk ftkgeBlEdlBYkenHCitsab; bmunsab;bnic EdlsuTEt
manbMBg;-kryedayeKGar xnR)aNRtveKkat;Gvyvecj bRtveFVI[cuHsmkMRBwg edaykareFVI
TaruNkm nigkareRskXan EdlBMuGacemIlsal; CaGkNamak;eLIy. rUbftTaMgenH CaEpkmYyn
sMNMulixitepSg EdleK)ancgRkgeLIgCaPstag edIm,Ibgaj[eXIjfa BYksRtvrbs;rd Rtv)an
eKsmab;rYcBitR)akdEmn. Duc k)ankMNt;eRCIserIsfedayELktamBYksRmab;GkeTas dUcCa
fmYysRmab;smab;BYksIEdl{CasRtv} fmYyeTotsRmab;kumar fmYyepSgeTotsRmab;BYk
kmkreragcRkCaedIm3.
esckIkgVl;dlitln;mYyEbbenaH)ankayeTACanimitrUbBiesselxmYyrbs; Duc kgryeBl
nkarQaneLIgzananuRkmbkSrbs;Kat;. CaGtItRKbgeRgnenAextkMBg;cam EdleTACaPUmiPaKbUBa
349
pyeTAvijKat;)ancUleFVIkarenAPUmiPaKnirtI enAeBlEdlKat;seRmceTArYbrYmkgCYrGkbdivt ehIy

enATIbMput k)anbMeBjmuxgarxagEpksnisuxrbs;PUmiPaKenH. kgkMLgqaMdMbUgnsgam Kat;
maneQaHl,ICaGkeFVI[rebobRKb;RKg kare)assmatepSgrbs;ExrRkhm kan;EtviessCagmun
nigsat;kM)aMgKYr[kt;smal; kgeBlEdlKat;dwknaMEpksnisuxrbs;PUmiPaKnirtIenH.
enAqaM1972 Kat;RtveKepr[mkeFVIkarenAPUmiPaKBiess EdlenACMuvijTIRkgPMeBjvij kg
eKalbMNg[Kat;erobcMsnisuxenAPUmiPaKenH EdlCaPUmiPaKmYygayrgkarb:HTgic nigTn;exSay
bMput kgcMeNamPUmiPaKnanaeBjryeBlnsgam. enAeBlEdlKNkmkarmCimTTYlkan;kab;
kgTB nigGMNacEpkrd)alCMnYsPUmiPaKBiess enAqaM1975 Duc )ankayeTACaRbFansnisux
sRmab;RbeTsTaMgmUly:agRsYl GaRsyedaysiTuiGMNacrbs;Kat;BImunmkpg. b:uEn Epksnisux
enH CaGgPaBmYyrbs;bkS BMuEmnsitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;rdaPi)aleT ehIy Duc RtvepJIr)aykarN_
epSgeTA[ b:ul Bt pal; nigsmaCikKNelxamCimbkS BIr-bInak;b:ueNaH. sun esn EdlCard
mnIRksYgkarBarRbeTspg nigCaGKembBaakarkgkmaMgRbdab;GavuFpg KWCaemekaypal; -bCaKU
RbECg- rbs; Duc. kgRbeTsmYyEdldwknaMedayGMeBIePrvkm mnusSEdl{Evkmux} nigsmab;xaMg
sRtvrbs;bdivtn_ )ankayeTACamnusSkan;EtmanGMNacxaMgeLIg kglMdab;EdlkarPy)armrbs;
BYkemdwknaMbkS karKitmmBIsRtvpkg nigeRkARbeTsecHEtrIkFMeLIg.
dUecH Duc )ancUlkgRkmemdwknaMsMxan;rbs;ReTs EdlmanKaEt R)aM bR)aMmYynak;b:ueNaH
enAeBlEdlTYlEsgkayeTACamCmNl{xYrk,al} nRbBncat;EcgGMeBIePrvkm. enAeBlEdl
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgcab;epImdMeNIrkarenAqaM1976 )anbnic karRBmeRBgKaEdlsitmanmYyry
kgCYrKNkmaFikarmCimbkS)aneRbHRsaM ehIy b:ul Bt )ancat;taMg[ Duc tamdanrkBYksRtvkg
pbkS kdUckgRbCaCnEdr. minRtwmEtb:ueNaH Duc )ancab;XMuxnBYkGkEdlRtvsgSyCaeRcInnak;
eTottamkarcglR)ab;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEn Duc kCaGkCYyRbDitPstagepSg RbqaMgnwgGkTaMgenaH
EfmeTot. edaymanGMNaccat;kareTAelIcemIysarPaBepSgrbs;CnrgeRKaH EdlCa{Pstag}
nbT]Rkidnana Duc )anseRmceKaledA{bgVil}BYkemdwknaMbkStamcMNg;rbs;Kat; nigeRCIserIsTuk
CamunnUv{xaMgsRtv} EdleKBuMsg;sgSyEfmeTot.
Duc nigRkmsni)alrbs;Kat; )anTTYlsiTiGMNacepSg CaecARkmpg CaTIRbwkSatulakarpg
nigCaeBCXatpg. enATIbMput TYlEsgkkayeTACakEngdKYr[es,ImmYy EdlrYcputBIkarRttBinit
TaMgGs;.
350
KNdwknaMbkS )ancab;epImmnilsgSykmaPi)al nigGkTTYlxusRtvCan;x<s;mYycMnYntUc enA

eBlEdlxnRtv)anpl;Btman sIBIkareFVImin)anseRmclTpltamEpnkar enAtamCnbTnana kg
kMLgqmasTImYy qaM1976. esckIraykarN_rbs; eGog FIriT GMBIPUmiPaKBayB KWCar)aykarN_
mYykgcMeNamesckIraykarN_TaMgLay EdleFVI[mCimGMBl;KMnity:agxaMg. mCim)anbkRsay
braCyTaMgenHfa CaskIPaBnkarmincuHsRmgKakgCYrrbs;BYkkumynisehIy. b:uEn ebIsinCakMuman
kmaPi)almYycMnYntUc minRbtibtitambTbBaaxHenaH kRbEhlCamCimKandwgfa xnRtvKMram
kMEhgedaymnusSpal;rbs;xnEdr.
PstagCaeRcInEdleKRbmUl)an bgaj[eXIjlkNpyeTAvij. RbFanPUmiPaKTaMgLay
)anrYmshkary:ageBjelj kgkarCemsRbCaCnecjBIrdFanI eKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSg
edayEkERbBYkGkTIRkgeFVI[kayeTACaksikrEtkgmYyfb:ueNaH lubbM)at;siTiCabuKlTaMgGs; rwb
GUsRTBsm,tiTaMgGs;kgnamnrd kab;smab;bNaCnCatiPaKtic nigeRbIGMeBIePrvkm edIm,ItRmv[
mankarpas;brTaMgenH. vakmankarRBmeRBgKa sIBIkarkMNt;TisedACamUldan nigeKalkarN_
epSgrbs;bdivtn_Edr CakarRBmeRBgKaedIm,IerobcMdMeNIr {mhaelatepaH} mYyBIelIxgRbCaCn
sRmab;CMnan;eRkay.
b:uEn vakekItmanbBaaepSgBIerOgGMNacEdr. mankarvayRbyuTKatUctacmYy)anekIteLIg
enAtampvfl;nana kgTIRkgPMeBj rvagkgTB PUmiPaKbUBa nigkgTBPUmiPaK]tr edIm,Ie)asmatGkmin
lecj. karrg;caMdGnHsaGMBIlTpldGsar xagvisyesdkickgcMeNamBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; )an
ERbkayeTACakarvk;EsVgrkxaMgsRtv EdlCaGkdeNImeCaKCyrbs;xneTAvij. enAqaM1976
bnab;BIkarRbCuMCabnbnab;mYy edIm,IvaytmBIsanPaBRbeTs KNdwknaMbkS )anseRmccitdak;
ecjnUvEpnkaresdkicbYnqaMmYy kmat;bNasmaCikbkS EdlkayeTACamnusSKYr[sgSy eday
GnuelameTAtamRbBnesuIbGegtfImYyehAfa {karRsavRCavExSbNaj} bgMel,nbdivtsgm
niym nigbBab;erOgTaMgenaH CamYynwgkarsRmbsRmlCaRbvtisas sIBIbBaaedImkMeNItbkS
EdllM)aktRmvcit nigTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;xn CamYyRbeTsevotNam.
kgPasarbs;bkS eKElgniyayBak kmat; bEkERbcritvNKhbtIeTotehIy b:uEn eK
niyayfa kmat;ninakarKhbtIkgpbkSpal;. tamkarBit KNdwknaMbkS)anRtveFVI[pas;brCMhr
edayesckI)armGMBIGMeBIk,t;mYyrbs;bNamitPki nigsm<nmitrbs;xn. Edlcak;bsy:ageRCAtaMg
BImunmk edImdMbUgnkarbdivt BYkkumynisExr)anTTYlrgkarQWcab;bnicbnc eRBaHEtbNasRtv
351
kdUcsm<nmitrbs;BYkeK BYkevotNamEdlcg;RttRtaRbeTs emdwknaMxnxH )ankayeTACaGk[

karN_eTAsemc RBHneratm sIhnu BYkcin)anKaMRTsemc edayeFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;BYkkumynisExr
nigBYkevotNam CafIkgCemaHEdndIdMbUg bnab;BIsmysgam.
BYkExrRkhm )ankarBarxnnwgGMeBIk,t;fIedaymeFa)aykarBarBIrdUcKa BYkeK)ancgsm<n
PaBeday\teGonxas;mYy CamYynwgBYksRtvrbs;BYkeKedaydwgfa BYkeKnwgbMpajsm<nPaBenH
enAfNamYy ehIyBYkeK)anRbkan;ykyuTsasmYy sMedA{kemc} bkmat;bNasRtv Edlmin
Tan;ecjCak;Esg[Gs;munBYkenHmankask,t;nwgbkS. sm<nPaBCabeNaHGasnkgsmy
sgam EdlmanTRmg;Ca{rNsirSrYbrYm}enaH TTYl)annUveCaKCymYy elIsBIesckIsgwmTukeTA
eTot edayehtuEtrNsirSenH )anbRgbbRgmRbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs;taMgBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu
rhUtdl;RBHsg RbCaksikr nigbBavn.
b:uEnenATIbMput GVIEdleFVI[rbbenHvinasGnray KWCMgWminTukciteKgrbs;xnenHg BuMEmn
vinasedayBYksRtvrbs;xnenaHeT. kalebIeKvinicyKYrdl;kalevlaehIy bkS)ankat;pac;sm<n
PaB bkareFVIrNsirSenHPamedayrebobeXareXA. enAeBlEdleKhammin[mansasna eK
minlmcitnwgbiTvtGaram min[RbCaCneFVIbuNTanb:ueNaHeT eKEfmTaMgsmab;RBHsg nigERbkay
vtTaMgenaHeTACaCRgkRsUvEfmeTot. enAeBlEdlBYkkumynisElgRtvkar semc RBHneratm
sIhnu BYkeKBuM)anpl;muxtMENgEdlRKan;EtCakitiysNamYyfVayRBHGgeLIy BYkeK)ankRmit
[RBHGgsitenAkgEtRBHraCdMNak;naRBHbrmraCvaMg edaycat;TukRBHGgCaGkeTasrbs;eKeTot.
bnab;BI)aneRbIR)as;BYkExrEdlRtLb;mkBITIRkghaNUy [CYybNHbNalkgTBrbs;BYkeKrYcmk
BYkExrRkhm)ansmab;GkTaMgenaHecalesIrEtTaMgGs;.
edayRtvRbQmmuxnwgPstagepSg EdlminGacbdiesF)ancMeBaHbraCydMbUgrbs;kar
bdivt mCim)anTmak;karTTYlxusRtveTAelI kuy FYn nigPUmiPaK]tr EdlCasBaaepImeFVIkare)as
smatfak;PUmiPaK4 CaelIkdMbUg. mCim)anbBaa[kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa nigPUmiPaKkNalEdl
eTIbnwgbegItfI eTAkemcBYkkmaPi)alenAGtItPUmiPaK]tr enAqaM1976. kgTBTaMgenaH)ancab;xn
nigsmab;kmaPi)alRbmaNCadb;nak; ehIydak;CMnYsGkTaMgenH edayemdwknaM{esaHRtg;} tamkar
ENnaMmCimvij. viFIsasenHmanlkNeBjeTAedaykarbuinRbsb; BIeRBaHvarYmbBalemdwknaM
PUmiPaKbUBa nigPUmiPaKkNal CamYyKanwgBYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBjEdr. viFIsasenH )anCMruj[man
karsgSykgpbkSEfmeTot. erOgenH RbEhlbkRsay[dwgBIedImehtuEdlelxabkSPUmiPaK
352
bUBa )anRBmeRBgerobcMGaBah_BiBah_mYyrvagkUnRsIKat; nigkUnRbsmak;rbs;elxabkSPUmiPaK

BayB -enHCakarCYyKaMBarKaeTAvijeTAmk kgkrNIEdlPUmiPaKNamYy kgcMeNamPUmiPaKTaMgBIr
nwgRtvcat;taMg[eFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaKdTeTot lk])ayenH KanplRbeyaCn_GVITaMgGs;.
enAqaM1976 dEdlenaH bkS)anRbkas[dwgBIkarCMrujeFVIbdivtn_sgmniym nigbBaa[eFVI
karlubbM)at;sm<nPaBvN -enHCakarlubbM)at;vNepSgrbs;xngpal;. karbgab;bBaaenH
)aneTACakmvtnkarbkRsayEbkBIKa. ksikrmanRTBsm,tieRcIn EdlFab;rYmRbyuTtsU
CamYyBYkExrRkhmkgryeBlsgam kRtveKsmab;ecalEdr BIeRBaHCavNsRtv. eKk)an
smab;{BYkGkcas;} smaCikbkS nigkgTB edayRkmRKsarCamnusSEdlRtveKsgSy eRBaH
EtmanCab;Bak;BnnwgsmaCiknvNmYyEdlpl;eRKaHfak;dl;bdivtn_. eRkaymk eGog sarI
)anerobrab;BIkartsUvN b{karpas;brRTg;RTaysgm}enHfa CaeRKaHmhnraymYyedayKUs
bBaak;fa enAkgtMbn;xH BYkkmaPi)al nig{BYkGkcas;} )anRbRBwtxusKngmaKaedayeFVITukeTas
nigsmab;mnusSy:ageRcIn EdlKaminsmnwgTTYleTasdUecHesaH5.
edaytRmveTAtamsankarN_enaH bkS)anbiTTVarElgerIsmnusScUl nigbeNjsmaCikrab;
Ban;nak;rbs;xnecjEfmeTot. kgTBkRtv{e)assmat} CYrrbs;xnEdr nig)ansmab;yuTCnmYy
cMnYntUc EdlmanvNedImminl.
kgsPaBRcbUkRcbl;enH kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBaRtv)anbBaneTAkan;tMbn;RBMEdn edIm,ITb;Tl;
nwgkarTnanTIrbs;kgTBevotNam. bnab;BIkarb:HTgicKaRsalCaeRcInelIk mCim)ansIbenas
esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa edayecaTRbkan;fa )anvayBYkevotNamedaysnHxaMgkaRCleBk
ehIy)anbgab;Kat;edaydac;xatfa RtvElgeFVI[lk;kkrdl;{sirPaBpuyRsYy} EdlseRmcehIy
enAtamRBMEdneLIy.
lTplcugqaM )annaMmknUvtYelxsIBIkarRctkat;enAExF nigkarRbmUlplminlrbs;PUmiPaK
BayB EdleFVI[bkSxkcity:agxaMg. enAeBlEdlmCimseRmcfa kMhusRtvFak;eTAelIBYkkma
Pi)alrbs;PUmiPaK BuMEmnmkBIneya)ayelaPln;hYsehturbs;RkgPMeBj bkS)anbBaa[eFVIkar
e)assmatfak;PUmiPaKCaelIkTIBIreTot. b:uEndMbUg snisux)anTmak;kMhuseTAelI kuy FYn edIm,I
bBab;kare)assmatelIkTImYy7. kuy FYn Rtv)ancab;xnkalBImYyrymun b:uEn RtvedaHElgmYy
vij. enAExmkra qaM1977 mCim)anykKat;eTAdak;KukenATYlEsg Edlman Duc CaGkRttRta
BinitBIelIkareFVITaruNkm nigkarsmab;rUbKat;edaypal;. kuy FYn Rtv)anecaTRbkan; nigrkeXIjfa
353
Kat;CaPak;garmak;rbs; es>GuI>Ga> taMgBIGMLgTsvtSr_1960BitEmn. eKkykcitTukdak;RbqaMgnwg

rUbKat; edayelIkBIvNPaBedImrbs;Kat;CavNKhbtI.
eKRtvkar[BYkGkmansVamIPkirbs;bkSeCOelIPstagdak;bnk cEmkxuseKEdlepatRbqaMg
nwgemdwknaMmak; kgcMeNamemdwknaMsMxan;rbs;BYkeK ehIyBYkeKksmab;GkEdleKecaTenaHEmn.
GMeBIhigSa)ancak;bsy:ageRCAkglkNpal;rbs;bkS rhUtTal;EtelxabkSPUmiPaKnana emIlBuM
eXIjGVIEdlCaPstagCak;EsgdUcerOg kuy FYn eLIy KWdwgRtwmEtfa mCimGacTmak;eTaskMhusmk
elIGkNamak;k)anEdr kgcMeNamBYkeKTaMgenH.
bnab;BI)anerobcMkare)assmatGtItPUmiPaK]trmuneKCamYykarsmab; kuy FYn rYcmk mCim
)ancab;epImeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaKmYyeTot KWPUmiPaKBayB. mgenH bkS)anehArkkmaPi)al
rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI edIm,Ikac;bM)ak;kicsnakarBarKaeRkApvkarmYy EdlseRmceLIgedayemdwknaM
PUmiPaKbUBa nigBayB. mCim)anTukelxabkSPUmiPaKBayBeQaH rs; jwm [enAkan;muxtMENgmYy
rysin.
KNdwknaMrbs;bkS )ancat;Ecg[mankaresuIbGegtmYyepSgeTot edayEpkelIlkN
vinicyCahUrEhmYy GMBITwkcitesaHRtg;TITBIKa. sBaadMbUgnpas;brenH RBmTaMgsBaaepSg
eTot eKGacrkeXIjenAkgsMNuMksarCaeRcInEdlmanenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg8. enAqaM1976
mnusSEdleK)ansmab;TaMgb:unan suTEtCamnusSenAkgrbbcas; kmkr164nak; nisSit61nak;
sasacar 35nak; RKeBTnigKilanubdak20nak; visVkr49nak; Gkrdkar55nak; Tahan209nak;
nigman 47nak; CanisSitnig\sSrCnEdlFab;rs;enAbreTs9. kgcMnYnGksab; 750nak;
EdlmancuHkg bBaIenATYlEsgnaqaMenaH eKrab;eXIsmaCikbkSEtRbmaNCagdb;BIrnak;b:ueNaH.
KWCaqaMEdlExS bNajrbs; bu)aNa RtveKeFVITaruNkm nigsmab;ecal.
qaM1977 )ankMNt;nUvkarpas;brmYy bnab;BIbkS)andak;ecjmtiENnaMfIeTot. cMnYnn
karRbharCIvitBYkemdwknaMkumynis )aneLIgdl;44nak; ehIycMnYnGkEdlRtvcab;dak;Kukman 61
nak;. kmkrcMnYn 142nak; Rtv)ansmab;ecal BYkkmkrkMBugrYmbgCaRbePT EdlRtvrgeRKaH
eRcInCageKBIkarkab;smab;TaMgenH. tYelxTaMgenH )anbgaj[eXIjBIkarseRmccitrbs;bkS
edIm,ICMrujkareFVI]sSahUbnIykm nigBinitBicyBIRbvtiedImrbs;BYkkmkredaylitln; edIm,Isab
sg;BI{PkIPaB}rbs;BYkeK. karseRmccitenH )annaMeTAdl;karsmab;vNGFneTot Edlkgnam
nvNenHehIy EdlkarbdivtRtv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgenaH.
354
bnab;BIBYkkmkr RbePTEdlRtvrgkarb:HBal;xaMgCageKKW RbePT\sSrCn nignisSit Edlvil

cUlBIbreTsmkvijcMnYn 82nak; -CaRkmcRmHEdlFab;mansmancit nwgbuBVehtubdivt nigCa
smaCiknrbbsgmcas;. enAqaM1977 sasacar64nak;epSgeTot Rtv)ansmab;ecal.
tmkeTot CaevnBYkemdwknaMkumyniscMnYn61nak; EdleKcab;dak;KukenAkgqaMenaH. kgcMnYnGkEdl
Rtv)ansmab;enAkgqaM1977 minsUvmanBYk nisSit buKlikrdkar evCbNit visVkr nigTahaneT.
GkEdlrYcputBIkarkab;smab; elIkdMbUgsuTEtecHsRmbxneTAtamkaleTs edaylak;)aMg
GtsBaaNrbs;eKCaerOy.
enAqaM1978 mankarERbRblfIeTot elIkenH RbePTBYkemdwknaMkumynis EdlnaMmuxeK
CamYynwgGkrgeRKaH107nak;.
bBaIrayeQaHmnusS EdlRtvsmab;enAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg )anebIkkas[eKRbmaNBI
lkNelOnrhs EdlmitENnaMepSgrbs; mCim Rtv)anfak;eRkameKarBy:agBitR)akd. BIr-bI
Exbnab;BIbkSseRmccitTmak;kMhuseTAelIRbePTfImYy KWBYkGkEdleKsgSy rYcmkeKkeXIjman
GkTaMgenaH Cab;enAkgmCmNlXuMXaMgEdr. ehIyerogral;elIkEdlbkSseRmcrMlaysm<nPaB
mYy bbMePcBaksnamYy CnTaMgLayEdlkarseRmcenH eFIV[xatecjBItMENg enATIbMput )anmk
CYbKaCafI edaydeCIgCab;Rcvak;enAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgpg.
sMNMuksarrbs;mCmNlenH kbgaj[eXIjBIkarsb;ex<ImCnbreTs EdlKanERbRbl
rbs;BYkExrRkhm Edl)ansmab;BYkbreTsEbbCaRbBnEdleKRsavRCaveXIj enAkgRbeTs.
ksarepSgenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgbgaj[dwgfa CnCatifCaeRcInEdlcab;)anenAkMBg; esam
Rtv)ansmab;kgmnIrXuMXaMgenHenAEx]sPa qaM1976. RbEhlCaenACMnan;enaH BYkGkCMnYj
nigBYknisSitCati\Na nig):aKIsankRtveKRbharCIvitenATIenaHEdr. enAqaM1978 BYkTahanm:arIn
GaemrikaMg GUsalI Gg;eKs nignUEv:lehSLg; EdlRtvcab;xn)anenAkgQUgsmuRTf benAtMbn;
ekaHnanaEk,reqrsmuRT kRtveKdwkykmkdak;XuMenATYlEsg nigRtvsmab;ecalTaMgGs;.
cMnYnGkrgeRKaHbgaj[eXIjfa rbbenH)anBwgEpkelImnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgkan;EteRcIneLIg
fVId,itEtcMnYnenHenAEtminTan;eBjeljkeday. eKRtvkar[ Duc nigRkmeBCXatrbs;Kat; bgaj[
eXIjBImUlehtuBitnbraCyTaMgLayrbs;karbdivtn_. enAqaM1976 GkeTasRbEhlBIrrynak;
)anRtveKnaMeTAdak;KukenAmNlXuMXaMgenH. enAqaM1977 mnusSCagR)aMmYyBan;nak; kRtvnaMeTA
dak;KukenATIenaHEdr ehIyeKvaytmfa manmnusScMnYndb;BIrBan;nak; )anRtveKcab;dak;KukenAqaM
355
1978.
ebIsinCabBaIsmab;mnusSR)ab;[dwgBIkarekIneLIgmYynUvcMnYnsmaCikbkS EdleKnaMykeTA
dak;KukenATYlEsg manEtkarGancemIysarPaBTaMgLayEdlcRmaj;)anBIBYkCnrgeRKaHmYymux
b:ueNaH EdleFIV[eKdwgBIkarKitmmfIrbs;bkS. bnab;BImnIrbkSecjbBaa[eFIVkarpas;brTisedA
rbs;karbdivtn_kgsmyRbCuMepSgenAqaM1976 BYkeBCXatenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg )ancab;epIm
sYrcemIyGkeTascMeBaH\riyabfrbs;eK cMeBaHRbeTsevotNammg. BYkemdwknaMx<s;)aneRCIs
erIsbBaa CaBiess enHedIm,IvinicyBIesckIesaHRtg;rbs;bNasmaCikbkS nigEvkmux{sRtvbgb;}
ecjBICYrbkSpg.
bkS)anepImCECkGMBIbBaaTak;TgnwgevotNam sIBIfExnkarbegItbkSkumyniskm<CaeLIg
vij. enHBuMEmnCaerOgmYyEdlminsUvsMxan;enaHeT. kgRbvtisaspvkarEtmYyKt;rbs;bkS Edl
e)aHBum<pSaykgryeBlsgamqaM1973 eK)ankMNt;ykfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1951 TukCafEx
begItbkS. fExenH CakarlayLkLMmYyrvagninakarBIrCaEppankarsRmHsRmlEpkneya)ay
mYy sMedAbRgbbRgmkmaMgTaMgGs;rbs;bkS kgkicRbwgERbgeFIVsgam.
enAqaM1976 bkS)anykcitTukdak;RbKl;[BYkkumyniskm<Ca nUvKuNbMNac;TaMgGs;n
eCaKCy nigkareFVIbdivt eday)anbBab;erOgenH CamYynwgkarRsuHRsYlKamYyGMBIfExkMeNItbkS
Edlyl;RBm[RbeTsevotNam nUvtYnaTIdsMxan;mYykgkarksagclnakumynisenAkm<Ca. mCim
manbMNgbdiesFecal]bkarKuN TaMgGs;rbs;BYkevotNam nigcMNgTak;TgTaMgGs;CamYyGtIt
bkSkumynis\Ncin ehIy)anseRmccitkat;ecalPaKxH nRbvtisasrbs;xn edayykqaM
1960 CaqaMnkarbegItbkS edayeFVI[RkghaNUyCaGkeFVIGMeBIleTACaGkKMramkMEhgvij.
karsRmbsRmlKaGMBIfExkMeNItbkS kicRBmeRBgKaEdlKanEcgc,as;las; sIBIRbPB
edImrbs;bkS )anRtvbM)at;)anedaygayRsYldUcKanwgsm<nPaBepSgeTot EdlbegIt[maneLIg
kgsmysgamEdr enAeBlNaEdlbkSRtvkarkicKaMRTBIninakarTaMgGs; nigBIRbeTsevotNam.
edayRbeTsmansniPaB mCim cg;sakl,geFVIkarbgehtumYy edayemIlgayfa KURbqaMg Kan
smtPaBeFVIGVImYyekIt cMeBaHBYkevotNam edIm,Ibgaj[eXIjBI]tmPaBrbs;bdivtkm<CaCafI nig
{bnST} bkS[putBIsmasPaBTaMgGs; EdlsiTnwgBYkevotNam.
KWBuMEmn {BYkGkfI} eToteT EdlBYkemdwknaMkumynisepatkarsgSyeTAelIenaH ehIyRbCaCn
km<CaEdlFab;rYmcMENkCYyksagkarbdivt )ankayy:agqab;rhseTACaGkrgeRKaHvij. Rbvti
356
sasnkarbdivtrbs;km<Ca BIeBlenHteTAmanlkNdUcRbvtisasrbs;bkSmYy EdlERbRtLb;

mkRbqaMgnwgsmaCikpal;rbs;xnvij -nigRbqaMgnwgmnusSrab;Ban;nak;epSgeTot EdlRtv)ansmab;
kgvibtidUcmnusSqtellaenH.
Duc )ancab;epImdMNalKakgkarEsVgrkedayxab;xneTA elICnEdleKbgSyBIrRbePT KWBYk
bBavnCasmaCikbkS bsac;saelahit nigRbCaCnkm<CaEdlRtvvinicyfa CMBak;citnwgBYkkumynis
evotNamxaMgeBk. tamRbEhl eK)ankMNt;kalbriecTdCak;lak;mYy sRmab;DucedIm,IbegInel,n
RsavRCavrkBYkkumynis EdlFab;Tak;TgCamYyBYkevotNam munR)arBbuNxYbfkMeNItbkSbnic
EdlRtveFVIenAfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976. sm<nmitdCitsiTbMputrbs;km<Ca KWRbeTscin)anetOn
bgM[ b:ul Bt Tmak;r)aMgmuxcuHtaMgBIeBlkngmkminCayUrb:unan nig[TTYlsal;CasaFarNfa
RbeTskm<Ca KWdwknaMRKb;RKgedaybkSkumynismYy.
fTI9 ExkBaa qaM1976 em:A esTug )anTTYlmrNPaB. kgzanxnCanaykrdmnIrbs;km<Ca
RbCaFibety b:ul Bt )anEfgekatsresIrcMeBaHemdwknaMcinrUbenH tamviTCati enAfTI18 Ex
dEdl. karyWtyUr R)aMbYnfenH BuMmankarBnl;bMPW[dwgeLIy b:uEnGtbTnesckI Efgrbs; b:ul Bt
)anbgaj[eXIjPstagmYy CaelIkdMbUgbMput b:ul Bt )anKUsbBaak;fa menaKmviCarbs;Ggkar
BwgEpkCasMGagelIlTim:akS-elnIn. BYkExrRkhmminEdldak;xn TTYlsal;CasaFarN GMBIzan
CaCnkumynisrbs;eKeT b:uEn CaesckIRbkasenHenAEtBuMTan;Cak;lak; nigc,as;las; EdlbNa
mitPkibreTsrbs;Kat;cg;)anBIKat;eT.
sarsMxan;nkarTTYlsarPaBEtBak;kNalenH Rtv)aneFVI[elceLIgc,as;RkELtEtBIrf
eRkaymkb:ueNaH edayRBwtikarN_BIr KWmYyCaRBwtkarN_EdleKdwgBRKb;Ka mYyeTotsmat;. b:ul
Bt )ansuMlaElgBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;CanaykrdmnI sRmab;mUlehtusuxPaB -tamKat;Rbkas[
dwg- ehIy)ancat;taMg[ nYn Ca eLIgCMnYsKat;CabeNaHGasn EdlCamnusSKYr[eCOTukcitEtmak;Kt;
nigCamnusSTIBIrrbs;bkS. enAeBlenaH GtIt saLt s manesrIPaBy:ageBjelj edIm,IKitKUr
BIRBwtikarN_sMxan;mYyeTot KWkarcab;xn Ekv mas CaemdwknaMkumynis CaemdwknaMCan;x<s;mak; kg
cMeNamemdwknaMkumynisCan;x<s; EdlkMBugCab;KukenATYlEsg. enHCaeKaledAvayRbharmYykg
kartamEsVgrk nigkemcbkSBYkRbqaMgxagneya)ay EdlbkScab;dMeNIrkaredIm,IRbqaMgnwg {bNa
smmit} rbs;evotNam10.
357
Ekv mas CaGtItGkRbyuTtsUeCIgcas;mak;kgsmysgam\NcinelIkTImYy enAeBlEdl

Kat;)ansuMcUlCasmaCikbkSkumynis\Ncin EdlRttRtaedayBYkevotNam. KWrUbKat;enHEdr
EdlCaGkerobcM cat;EcgBYkbuKlikenAsanIyrfePIgRkgPMeBj [mandMeNIrkareLIg bnab;BIsgam
enaHputrlt;eTA ehIyKat;)andwknaMKNkmaFikarbkSRbcaMraCFanIeTot. enAqaM1958 Kat;)ancak
ecjBITIRkg edIm,IePosxnenATIkEngEdlmansnisuxRKb;RKan; ehIymuxtMENgrbs;Kat;Rtv)an b:ul
Bt kan;CMnYsvij. kgmhasni)atbkSqaM1960 Ekv mas )anCab;eQaHcUlkgKNkmkarmCim
bkS ehIyebITukCaKat;BuMRtv)aneRCIserIseLIgvij bnab;BImankarerIruHenAqaM1963 keday
kKat;enAEtCa\sSrCndsMxan;mak;rbs;bkSdEdl.
vasMxan;Nas; nigffrNas; EdleKeCOTukcit[Kat;r:ab;rgbnktak;EtgRbvtisasbkS
kumyniskm<CaelIkdMbUgmYy EdlGaclmTTYlyk)an. kgmuxgarenH Kat;)anRbmUlskIPaB
TaMgGs;rbs;BYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; rYmTaMg b:ul Bt pg ehIy)anyl;c,as;BIplEdleKGacQaneTA
dl;karRsuHRsYlmYyGMBIfExbegItbkSEfmeTot11. KWeRBaHEtmUlehtuenHehIy EdlKat;Rtv)an
cab;xn nignaMeTAdak;KukenATYlEsgryeBlCagdb;BIrqaMeRkaymk edIm,IbMPWBIkarRsuHRsYlKa
kgcemIysarPaBCabnbnab;mYy edIm,IecaTRbkan;xngEdl)ancrcaBIerOgenH edIm,InwgGUsTaj
bkS[Fak;kgkarXubXitKaCasmat;mYy sMedAbiT)aMgGtiPaBnbkSsmat;RsbKamYy EdlRKb;RKg
edayRbeTsevotNam.
karecaTRbkan;TaMgenH Rtv)anerobcMy:aglitln;edaykarRbDithYsRbmaNmYy b:uEn Rbkb
edayeKaledACak;lak;mYy EdlkayeTACaCak;EsgeRkayBIenHbnic. kgcemIysarPaBdMbUg
rbs;Kat; EdlKat;sresrmuneBleKminTan;bgM[Kat;TTYlsal;BiruTPaBrbs;xn eRkamkareFVITaruNkm
Ek mas enAEtniyaykan;eCIg b:ul Bt nigRkmkumynis EdlsitenAEtkgRbeTskm<CaeRkayqaM
1954Canic. {mhasni)atqaM1960enAkgRbeTs Rtv)aneKsntfa CaqaMnkarbegItbkS>>>.
ebIsinCaeKBinitbBaaenH[ditdl; eKkt;smal;fa BImunmk BuMEdlmanebIkeFVImhasni)ateT ehIy
eKGaccat;Tukmhasni)atqaM1960 faCamhasni)atbkSdMbUgeK.
kgcemIysarPaBrbs;Kat;cuHfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976 Ekv mas )anbBaak;y:agc,as;BI
Rbvti nkarRsuHRsYlKaGMBIkalbriecTenHfa {eK)anseRmcRbkan;ykfTI30 ExkBaa CafEt
mYyEdlmhasni)atqaM1960ebIkRbCuM ehIyqaM1951 KWCaqaMEdlmancat;taMgbegItKNkma
Fikar ekNRbmUlkmaMgedIm,IbegItbkS}.
358
Ekv mas )anbBaak;fa karsRmbsRmlKaenHBuMmanpl;GtRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikNamak; b

clnaNamYyrbs;bkSeLIy b:uEn edIm,IbRgbbRgm {BYkqaM1951} nig{BYkqaM1960}Etb:ueNaH
niyaym:ageTot KWBYkGkEdlecjdMeNIreTAhaNUy bnab;BImankicRBmeRBgRkghSWENv nigBYkG
kEdlsitenAEtkgRbeTskm<Ca. Kat;)anerobrab;tamlMdab;lMeday GMBImUlehtuepSg Edlfa
mhasni)atqaM1951 BuM)anbegItbkSenAeLIyeT b:uEn RKan;EtbegItKNkmaFikarmYy b:ueNaH.
erOgTaMgGs;enH RbEhlCaGacrkeXIj edaykartamdany:agykcitTukdak;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEn
bkSBuMEmnEsVgrkkarBitCaRbvtisaseT KWbkScg;rk[eXIjkarrYbrYmKMnitk,t;mYy.
enATIbMput edayRtveFVI[QWcab;kgcit Ekv mas )anniyayeLIgvijBIesckIEfgmun ehIy
)anGHGagfa karsRmbsRmlKaenH BuMEmnCakarRbwgERbgeTogRtg;mYy edIm,IpSHpSaninakarTaMgBIr
enaHeT b:uEn KWCakarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,IbMpajPaBRtwmRtvtamc,ab; rbs;bkSkumynisrbs;km<Ca
eTAvij. CamYynwgcemIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas kgdRsab; b:ul Bt nigKNdwknaMbkSGaccat;Ecg
[eFVIkarpas;brkalbriecTfbegItbkSCafI. bnab;mk Ekv mas )anRtveKykeTAsmab;ecal.
edIm,IRbkasBIGtsBaaNkumynisrbs;eK -dUcEdlRbeTscin)anesI[eKeFVIdUecH- BYkem
dwknaM bkS RtvkarEvkmux nigkemcbNasmaCikEdlsitkgkarrYmKMnitk,t;rbs; Ekv mas [Gs;Ca
munsin. ksarmYyrbs;bkS )anniyayGMBIkarekobsgt;CaeRcInrbs;bkS{Cabgbn}Edr enAeBl
RbkasCasaFarNBIGtiPaBrbs;bkS. {enAExkBaa nigExtula qaM1976 eyIgehobnwgseRmccit
beBaj[eKdwgBIGtsBaaNrbs;eyIgeTAehI. b:uEneRkaymk ksarepSg)anbgajfa BYksRtv
rbs;eyIg)anb:unb:gvayRbharmkelIeyIg edayeRbImeFa)ayRKb;Ebby:agTaMgGs; EdlBYkeK
erobbRmgCaeRsc12}.
CamnusSGafkM)aMgedaysarcritBIkMeNIt nig b:ul Bt RbEhlCaeRbIR)as;cemIysarPaB
TaMgGM)anm:anrbs; Ekv mas sRmab;eFVICaeKalbEgkkgkarseRmccitlak;muxrbs;Kat;BIeRkay
{Ggkar}teTAeTotehIyemIleTA. eKGacsnidanfa GtIt saLt s nigBYkemdwknaMeTot nbkS
kumyniskm<CaBuMcg;beBajmux[eKdwgeT ehIyecaTRbkan;BIcMNgTak;Tgrbs;BYkeK CamYyevotNam
eLIgvij muneBlEdlTukcitR)akdfaRbeTscinbnab;BI em:A nwgenAbnkarKaMRTRbeTskm<CadEdl.kg
kMLgrykalenH BYkGktMNagrbs;rbbenH )anykcitTukdak;BRgwgCMhrrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety
enAkgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. exov sMpn EdlkayeTACaRbFanKNRbFanrd )aneTAcUlrYmsnisIT
kMBUlRbeTsmincUlbkSsm<n enATIRkgkULMbU rdFanIRbeTsRsIlga CaTIEdlKat;)anRbkan;
359
bkBaCaGkkarTUtrbs;RbeTsmYy EdlRbqaMgdac;xatmincUlrYmkgbkNamYyeLIy. Kat;BuM)anrYm

dKakgkarefaleTasrbs;RbeTsLav nigevotNam cMeBaHsMeNIrbs;{Gasan} [KWsmaKmRbCaCati
GasuIGaeKy_kalbegItdMbUgmanR)aMmYyRbeTsKW f m:aeLsuI sigbUrI hVIlIBIn \NensuI nigRbyNI kMNt;rbs;GkERbsRml] edIm,IbegIttMbn;sniPaB esrIPaB nigGBaRkwtmYyenAGasuIGaeKy_eLIy.
ehIyKat;EbrbBaak;edayRbgRbytBIkarKaMRTrbs;Kat;cMeBaH kraCnekaHTImr (Timor) PaKxaglic
EdlsitenAeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;RbeTs\NensuIeTAvij.
enAmhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCati eGog sarI )anEfgnUvkarcab;GarmN_mYyrebobdUcKa
edayRbkasfa km<CaRbCaFibetyCaRbCatimYyEdlmincUlbkSsm<ndac;xat. Kat;)anCMruj
edayTTUc[bNaRbeTsRkIRkPaKeRcInenAGgkarshRbCaCatibBab;nUvkarRttRtamYy EdlbNa
RbeTsGkmanPaKticRbRBwtmkelIGgkarkMBUlenH. KNRbtiPUmYyrbs;km<Ca )aneTAeFVITsSnkic
enAtamRbeTskumynisCaeRcIn dUcCa Gal;)anI kUer:xageCIg evotNam nigLav. RbeTsevotNam
nigkm<Ca )anRBmeRBgKaerobcM[mankarTak;TgtampvGakasCaRbRktI rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. enAkg
kMLgqaMdMbUgnkarkan;GMNacrbs;eK BYkExrRkhmhak;dUcCacg;kMNt;edayc,as;las;nUvCMhrEpk
karTUtpal;rbs;eK EdlCaCMhrkraCmincMNuHRbeTscin nigevotNam b:uEn kKanRbqaMgnwgRbeTs
NamYykgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgBIrenHEdr. RbEhlCabkSkarBarxnCamun Tl;nwgGMeBIk,t;Cayfaehtu
mYyrbs;cin bnab;BImrNPaBrbs; em:A enaHehIyemIleTA.
KanGkNamak;nwkeXIjfa b:ul Bt )anCab;dRbLkkgkartsUmYyedIm,IdeNImGMNac bfa
bkSehobnwgEbk)ak;KaGMBIbBaaTMnak;TMngCamYynwgRbeTsevotNameLIy b:uEn eKrksanminRtv etI
GkNamYyhanRbqaMgCMTas;nwg b:ul Bt enAkgkaleTsenH. elxabkSPUmiPaKdmanGMNacbMputKW
esa Pwm nPUmiPaKbUBa )anrYcshkary:ageBjTMhwg kgkare)assmatGtItPUmiPaK]tr Edl
seRmcedaymCim. tam:uk nPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCaelxabkSdmanGMNacsMxan;Nas;Edr bnab;BI esa
Pwm kFab;)ancUlrYmkgkarCems {BYkGkfI} y:ageRcInecjBItMbn;rbs;Kat;eTAkan;PUmiPaKBayB
Edr. tamcemIysakSICaeRcInEdlykCakar)an KNelxamCimbkS )anGnumtyl;RBmmtiENnaM
TaMgGs;rbs; b:ul Bt rhUtmkdl;kalbriecTenH. [smaCiknKNelxanKNkmaFikarmCimbkS
munkare)assmatqaM1978 rYmman b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ tam:uk/ esa Pwm/ eGog sarI/ v:n ev:t/
sun esn nigtakW nbBaakardankgTBPUmiPaKBayB. enAcugqaM1978 takW/ v:n ev:t nig esa Pwm
Rtv)ansmab;tambBaarbs;smmitxnkgKNelxamCim].
360
ebIBinitemIltamsPaBxageRkA TMnak;TMngepSgCamYyRbeTsevotNam mansPaBlRbesIr

pvGakasmYy )anPab;TIRkgPMeBjeTATIRkghUCImij GtItRkgRBnKr ehIy]b,tiehtuepSg enA
tamRBMEdn kminsUvmanjwkjab;Edr. RbeTsTaMgBIr )ancat;TukshrdGaemrik CasRtvsMxan;bMput
ehIy eGog sarI )aneFVIesckIEfgkarN_mYyenAGgkarshRbCaCati kgnyenHEdr edayecaTRbkan;
shrdGaemrikfa enAEtbnnaMmuxeFVI{skmPaB]Rkid}epSg RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnkm<CaeTot. BYkevot
NameTIbnwgRtveKTTYlsal;[cUlGgkarmUlniFirUbiyvtGnrCati fVIebImankarRbqaMgBIGaemrikaMg
keday.
ehtuenH vaBuMmanmUlehtusmRsbNamYy edIm,Icat;EcgeFVIkarRsavRCav nigkemcbkSBYk
RbqaMgxagneya)ayCasmat;enAkgpbkSeLIy. RbeTsevotNamminsEmg[eXIjlkNKMram
kMEhgxaMgCageKeT ehIym:ageTot kBuMmankarExVgKMnitedaycMhkgpbkSEdr. tamdMeNIrsmCaBit
TaMgGs; dMNak;kalenH KWCa]TahrN_mYyeTot nkarKitGMBl;BIerOgGMNac nigkarlak;karN_ Edl
eFVI[mCimekItTukedaysarva. bkS)ansmab;PaKeRcInn{BYkkumynisqaM1951} enAeBlEdl
BYkenHvilRtLb;BIevotNamxageCIgmkvij kgryeBlsgam. ehtuenH b:ul Bt nigRkmemdwknaM
mYykab;tUc KaneXIjmUlehtuNamYy edIm,IkSanUvkarsRmbsRmlKa EdleKRKan;Etsnt
sIBIkarkalbriecTnkarbegItbkSeToteT. ehIyedaypas;brkalbriecTenH bkS)anRbkas[dwg
CasaFarNfa mCim )anekabkab;GMNacpac;karrbs;xnelIkarbdivtn_y:agBitR)akdehIy.
Duc )aneRbIeBlGs;mYyqaMeTot tamrykareFVITaruNkmedIm,ITTYl)an {PstagepSg}
GMBIbkSsmat;rbs;km<CaEdlRKb;RKgedayBYkevotNamenH. Duc RbmUl)anPstagkgcMnYnmYy
y:agRKb;RKan; sRmab;karR)arBbuNxYbkMeNItbkSenAqaM1977 EdlkgkasenaH b:ul Bt
)anRbkasCapvkarfa bkSkumyniskm<Ca KWCaGkkan;GMNacenARbeTskm<Ca.
kardak;[GnuvtnUvKeRmagkardFMmYyeTotrbs; Duc -Evkmux nigkemcsmasPaBKhbtI nig
bBavn kgCYrbkS-)anTTYleCaKCydUcKa.
PaKeRcInnKMnit nigskmPaBepSgrbs;KNdwknaMbkS eRcInEtminsmehtupl cEmkKYr[
ql; ebIKittamlkNvinicyFmta nigEdlTak;TgnwgmnusS. b:uEn karRbRBwtxusKngenH manrebob
Gnuvtm:agedayELkrbs;va EdleKrkeXIjkgksarepSgenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigksar
smat;rbs;bkS. b:uEn kgRkbxNnrebobGnuvteTAm:agedayELk Edlsmab;mnusSedayectna
361
enH edayRtvkar[CnCatikm<CaEdlrs;enAnaysmuRT vilRtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvijtamBaksuM

rbs;mCimhak;dUcCaminTMngTal;EtesaH.
enAqaM1975 nig1976 \sSrCnCaeRcIndUcCa CYn RbsiTi CaedIm )ansEmg[eXIjkarRbwg
ERbgCaeRcInkgeKalbMNgeFVIGVImYy edIm,IbBaHbBal[CnCatikm<CaEdlkMBugrs;enAbreTs
RtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvij nigrYmcMENkCYykarbdivtn_. BYkbBavn nigGkmanviCaCIvesrI EdlFab;
KaMRTsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigExrRkhmkgsmysgam )aneqIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH. GkxH
kgcMeNamenaH Fab;)anBkarniyayBIkarkab;smab;mnusSedayRBav nigkarGt;Xan kardMNal
rbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIn Edlrt;ePosxneTARbeTsfEdr b:uEnBYkeKminRBmeCOeT edaycat;TukfaCakar
eXasnae)akR)as;. PaKeRcInnCnCatikm<CaTaMgenH BuMEmnCasmaCikbkSeT b:uEn CaGkmansman
citFmta EdlmanbMNgfa karbdivtsgmniymc,as;CaeFVI[RbeTseKpas;sPaBRTg;RTay nigeFVI[
eCaKvasnarbs;xn)anRbesIrCagmunminxan.
BYkeK)anlHbg;muxrbr nigRKsarrbs;eKEdlrs;enAshrdGaemrik RbeTs)araMg kaNada b
bNaRbeTsGWr:ubxagekIt eBlenaHCaRbeTsenAkan;lTikumynisenAeLIy eTIbmkdl;qaM1990
erogrhUtmk eTIbRbeTsTaMgenaH )anpas;brRbBnneya)ayrbs;xn CaRbeTskan;lTiRbCaFib
etytamEbbbsimRbeTsvij. BYkeKsuxcite)aHbg;muxtMENgTUtrbs;eKenAmCwmbUBa benAGasuI
nigbNaRbeTskumynis nigminEmnkumynis EdlBYkeKFab;eFVICatMNagbuBVehturNsirSrYbrYmCati
km<Cakgsmysgam. ehIyBYkeK)anvilRtLb;mkRkgPMeBjvij sRmab;Et[eKcat;TukCa
\sSrCnEdleKsgSy bCamnusSk,t;b:ueNaH.
GkkarTUtmYyRkm EdleKehA[RtLb;mkRkgPMeBjvijenAqaM1976 Rtv)aneKdwkBIGakas
yandaneBacintug eTAkan;mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgCabnan; CaTIEdlGkTaMgenaHRtveKeFVITaruNkm nig
RbharCIvitecal. BYkeKRtvkat;eTassmab;ecal BIeRBaHEtBYkeKFab;rs;enAbreTs dUecH
{KWenAedayELkBIclnaehIy13} BYkeKsuTEtmanTmab;epspasedaykaresBKb;. karsb;Cn
breTsrbs;ExrRkhm)anekInrwtEtxaMeLIgKanQb;Qr.
BYkbBavn nigGkmanviCaCIvesrI rYmbgCaRkmCnCatikm<CaCaeRcInCageK EdlRtLb;BIbreTs
mkmatuRbeTsvij ehIy)anTTYlkareFVIbdisNarkicy:agRbesIrmYyenAeBlmkdl;dMbUg. kg
cMeNamenaHman RTI em:ghYt14 mak;Edr EdlFab;)anrYmcMENkeFVIskmPaBneya)ayy:agskm edIm,I
buBVehtu{sgmniym} enATIRkg):arIskgeBlRbeTsmansgam edaylHbg;karsikSa nigsuxPaB
362
rbs;Kat; edIm,Ikarbdivtn_mYy EdlnwgnaMmknUvyutiFm nigesrIPaBsRmab;RbeTsKat;. Kat;)anvil

mkRkgPMeBjvijenAcugqaM1975 eRBaHRtveFVI[eRsIbcitxaMgedayTsSnvisymYy edIm,IksaglTi
sgmniymenARbeTskm<Ca. Kat;yl;c,as;BIkarPan;RcLMrbs;Kat; taMgeBlKat;mkdl;Gakas
yandaneBacintugem:H.
{BYkeyIgRtLb;mkRbeTsvijCuMKaTaMgGs; -BYkbBavnmkBIRbeTs)araMg rUm:anI Gg;eKs
nigGaemrik>>>. BYkeK BYkExrRkhm )anGnuBaat[KUsVamIPriyaCatibreTsEtmak;Kt; tammk
CamYybIrbs;nag edaysarkareFVIGnraKmn_rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu pg EdlenAEtCaemdwknaM
rdaPi)alrNsirSmanEteQaH b:uEn\tGMNacenAeLIy}.
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363
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364
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365
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366
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367
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368
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369
Rsbrbs;eKcMeBaHneya)ayrbs;km<CaeLIy. tamKat;[dwgfa cab;BIqaM1976 BYkcindwgfaman

kare)assmaty:agFMeFgenACnbT. {eyIg)ansab;BeKniyayBIkarkab;smab;. BuMEmnCakar
niyayedayCak;lak;eT b:uEn KWsuTEtBakccamGar:am. eyIgTaMgGs;KasgSyfa RbCaCnkm<CamYy
cMnYnFM)anRtvsmab;enACnbT eRkamkarRbharrbs;BYkkmaPi)alenAnwgmUldanTaMgenaH}.
b:uEn BYkcinkmanCMenOcMeBaHeCaKCyEpkesdkicEdlExrRkhm)anGYtekgkag nigcMeBaHkar
eXasna EdlfaRbeTsCati)an {elatepaH} enAqaM1977 nigERbkayeTACaRbeTsEdl]btmxn
edayxng)an. GkkarTUtrUbenH)anmankasCYbniyayy:agyUrCamYy b:ul Bt sIBIbBaaksikm
ehIyEdleFVI[ b:ul Bt cab;GarmN_GMBIerOgenaHy:agxaMg. {Kat;RbEhleFVIdMeNIreRcInkEngNas;
enAkgRbeTs ehIyGacniyayBnl;y:agek,aHk,ayGMBIsanPaBksikmenAtamextnana>>>. b:uEn
etagEtniyayEdrfa minEdl)anCYbsnnaEtBIrnak;ttYCamYyKat;eT. CaTUeTA Kat;eRcInmanGk
enAGmCanic KW eGog sarI nig CYn RbsiTi. b:uEn erOgniTanBIkarrIklUtlas;manTMngCaerOgBitR)akd
qaMdMbUg KWqaM1976 RbEhlCaqaMEdllM)akbMputsRmab;RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlsuTEtmanragkaysaMg
smxaMgNas;. enAqaM1977 sanPaBmanlkNRbesIrCagmun rhUtdl;BYkeK GacnaMRsUvecjeTA
hugkug nigeFVICaGMeNayeTA[RbeTsLaveTot}.
qa1M 977 kCaqaEM dlGkkarTUtenH RtvRbQmmuxnwgRbePTnkarkab;smab;enATUTaMgRbeTs.
mitEtmYyKt;rbs;Kat;kgrdaPi)alrbs;rbbenH KW hU nwm )an)at;xn edayKankarbBaak;bMPWc,as;
las;eLIy. {hU nwm Camitmak;taMgBITsvtSr_qaM1950. Kat;CamnusSrak;Tak; nigKYr[cUlcit.
Kat;EtgEtRbgRbytCanic enAeBlEdlKat;niyayBIsankarN_pkgrbs;km<Ca CamYynwgmg
ehIyKat;cUlcitCECkBiPakSaBIExSPaByn nigGtbTepSgCag}.
enAeBlEdl hU nwm )at;xn GkkarTUtrUbenH)ansuM[rdaPi)alKat;pas;Kat;eTAkEngfIeTot
edaymUlehtusuxPaB. {tamFmtaGkkan;TUtmak;RtvkartMENgenARbeTsmYykgrybIqaM. cak
ecjBIRkgPMeBj BIeRBaHQW ehIyKankargarGVIsRmab;bMeBjpg>>>}.
CabBavneBjlkNKat;GacdwgteTAeTotfasmIniyayTaMgb:unanrbs;Kat; muxCaeFVI[ b:ul Bt
RtiHriHBicarNaminxan. tamsmIKat;fa rdaPi)alrbs;Kat;)anTmak;eTaseTAelI b:ul Bt GMBI{kar
RbRBwtixuscg;[manbdivtn_RKb;kEng} ehIykmincat;TukBYkkm<CaCaBYkem:AniymsmyTMenIbEdr.
dUcCnkumynisdTeTot Kat;kt;smal;eXIjkgcMeNamBYkExrRkhm nUvkarcab;kMeNItnKMnitmYy
cMnYnFM EdlmaneQaHCaGkeFVIbdivt kgTsvtSr_qaM1960. BYkExrRkhm suTEtCamusSecjmkBI
370
clnaminc,as;las;dUcKa EdlhVg;hVaNug (Frantz Fanon)20 )anvaytmGMBIlkNCRmHsmatkg

kareFVIbdivtxaMghYseBk kgnamnRbCaCnmYyEdlFab;RtvCiHCan;edayBYkGaniKmEs,ks. BYkeK
)anrgTTYl\TiBlBIsmyCatiniymerIbkan;EtxaMgmYy EdlRkmTBRBTaMgLay RTaMmin)annwgeRKg
Tak;citminKYreCOkgkareFVIbdivtn_edayeRbIGMeBIhigSa.
PaBxusKarvagBYkExrRkhm nigBYkGkbdivtn_EdleRsIbcitCMnan;RskrKa KWfaBYkGkTImYy
eBlyk)anykCyCmH ehIykdak;[GnuvtnUvTsSnrbs;eKPam. enAqaM1977 va)an
EsgeLIgy:agc,as; sRmab;GkkarTUtKYreKarBrbs;cin EdlKat;etagEtcakecjBIkarbdivtn_mYy
BIeRBaH FatumYykgcMeNamFatuEdlmanCaGciny_ KWGMeBIePrvkm. GMeBIePrvkmenHehIy Edl)an
ykmitrbs; Kat;eQaH hU nwm eFVICaeKaledAvayRbhar nigGVITaMgGs;EdlKat;Fab;karBarpg.
FnaKarik nigGkRsLaj;lTikumynis
KanGkNamak;beBaj[eXIjvisStkm GMBIkarpas;brTisedA sarsMxan;nCMenOsb;rbs;
mCim EdlKitfa {xaMgsRtv}manenABuMEmnkgcMeNam{BYkGkfI}eT b:uEnenApkgbkSpal; Cag
FnaKarik muI kumt (Mey Kamphot) nigCnkumyniscMNUlfI eQaH pat; CaekgkMRBaEdlsuMcUlCasmaCik
clnakumynisenARkgPMeBj bnab;BI)aneFVIkarkgkaEstrbs; exov sMpn enaHeLIy. pat; )aneLIg
buNskiCalMdab;lMeday nigCashkarImak;rbs; b:ul Bt enAeBlEdlBYkemdwknaMkumynisePosxn
ecjBIPMeBj nigcab;epImkarbdivtn_rbs;eKenAtamCnbT.
kumt21 CaFnaKarikFab;KaMRTsaFarNrdExrenARKadMbUg b:uEn y:agqab;rhseTACaex<ImGMeBI
BukrlYyrbs;saFarNrdenH RBmTaMgkarKansmtPaB karelaPln;RTBsm,ti nigCMenOsb;rbs;
ln; nl; eTAelIGVIEdlhYsBIFmCatiBiteTAvij. Kat;bn;[sgamqab;cb; nigcg;[BYkExrRkhm
erobcMrbbsgmniymmYyEdlniympvkNal nigc,as;las;. Kat;kegOgql;dUc RbCaCnTaMgGs;
Edr enAeBlEdlBYkkumynisbBaa[cakecjBIrdFanIenAfEdlBYkeKcUlmkdl;rdFanI. Kat;RtveK
bBaneTAdak;enAshkrN_mYydUcBYkGkTIRkgeTot eday)at;bg;ksiTiepSgrbs;xnTaMgGs;.
Kat;manbMNgnwgeFVIGtXateRkayBIdwgc,as;nUvGVIEdlbdivteRtmbRmgsRmab;rUbKat; nigRbeTs
Cati b:uEn Kat;)anpas;brKMnitenHedaykarsal;krNIkiccMeBaHBYkGkEdlenACMuvijKat;.
viFIrbs;Kat;edIm,I[manCIvitrs;teTAeTot manlkNdUcKanwgviFIrbs;BYkGkmanviCaCIvesrI
371
CaeRcIndTeTotEdr. BYkExrRkhmdwgfa Kat;Fab;eFVIkgFnaKarmYy b:uEn BYkenaHyl;eXIjfa Kat;

RKan;EtCaGkeFVIkareRkambgab;eKb:ueNaH. kumt )anjaMg[BYkenaHluHkgkaryl;eXIjenH eday
Kat;)anRbkan;\riyabfCa mnusSsamBamak; ragLb;bnic Kat;)anbMRBjeQaHrbs;Kat;Ca pUt vij
edayCRmHecalrebobeskBak;Ca GkTIRkg ehIyTmab;xneskexaxIsac;RkNat;GMe)aHmYyeTA
vij. Kat;cg;bgaj[eXIjfa bkBaCamnusSlIelImak;. CamYybkBaBiesspal;xnenH kumt
kkayeTACamnusS {K-fg;} edIm,I[)anrYcputBImhnraydKYr[RBWxacenH.
Es,krbs;Kat;EdlRsGab;enATIRkg )anERbeTACaesIrEtexAenACnbT. Kat;beNay[sk;duH
EvgedayminEfTaMeLIy. Kat;Tmab;xnminRbEkktv:a -eFVIK-fg;cMeBaHmuxkar)at;xnsmaCikshkrN_
Kat;karxVHxatmbGahar nigfaMeBT TuKtPaBEdlmanCMuvijKat;. ehIyKat;xMeFVIkary:agxaMg/ xaMgEmn
ETn. edImeLIy shkrN_rbs;Kat;manTMhMtUclm. pUt Priyaemm:ay nigkUnrbs;bgbnCIdUnmYy
Kat;Gacrs;enACuMKaCaRKsarmYy. Kat;RtvsresrCIvRbvtipal;xnCafI enAeBlEdlKat;mktaMgTI
lMenAkgPUmi b:uEn Kat;nigbgbnCIdUnmYyTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;)anrYcputBIeRKaHfak;enHRKb;Ka. enHKWBuMEmn
CasRmab;GkepSgeTotenaHeT. {mnusSCaeRcInRtv)ansmab;mgmYy- BuMmankarsmab;rgal
FMeT. dMbUgKWman {BYkGkfI} RbmaNCadb;BIrnak;EdleKsgSyfa CaTahankgkgTBrbs; ln; nl;
RtveKykeTAsmab;ecal. kgryeBlBIrqaMdMbUg {BYkGkfI} RbEhlmYyPaKdb; Rtv)anykeTA
smab;mgmYy CamYynwgkUnecArbs;eKTaMgGs;. BuM)andwgBIGkEdlRtvsab;manb:unaneLIy}.
kumt )anmkrs;enAkgGtItPUmiPaK]tr dUc pat; EdrCaTIEdlKat;manmuxeBlmanRBwtikarN_eFVI
visStkmCaeRcInsMedARbqaMgnwgkmaPi)alenATIenaH.{kuy FYn CaemdwknaMPUmiPaKeyIg RtveKcab;xn
naMykeTA)at;. Kat;CamnusSrgeRKaHBIkareFVIvisSkmenH. Kat;)anRtveKsmab;BitR)akd b:uEn erOg
enHminEdlBGkNaniyayesaH. Kat;RtvecaTRbkan;fa CaPak;gares>GuI>Ga> CamnusSmanKuNvibti
mYy EdlnaMGnraydl;bdivtn_ KWCaKhbtImak;. BYkkmaPi)alfI)aneTAdl; b:uEn bNaGnuRbFan
rbs; kuy FYn enAEtkan;GMNacmYyryeBlxIEdr. eRkaymkeK)ancab;BYkGkTaMgGs;enH dak;Kuk
edayecaTRbkan;fa CaPak;garrbs;evotNam}.
viTrbs;PUmiEdlpSaybnBIviTrbs;rdaPi)al )aneTACaRbPBBtmandsMxan;mYyEdlGac[
kumt )anyl;dwgeRcInBIkarbdivt. kumt niyayfa {eyIg)ancUlrYmRKb;EtkarRKb;EtRbCuMepSg
EdlKanGVI{R)akdRbCa}eT -BuMmankarBiPakSaxagneya)ayeT KWmanEtkarsnnaKaGMBIrebobEklm
\riyabfkargar nigrebobRbkan;bkBakgRbeTssgmniymmYy [)anRbesIrCagmunb:ueNaH.
372
eKminEdlniyayBIlTim:akSelnInTal;EtesaH. enAeBldMbUg eKkminEdlniyayBaklTikumynis

EdrKWniyayEtBIkareCOnelOneTAmuxb:ueNaH.eyIgetagEteFVIkarrYmKa kemcBYkvNKhbtITaMgGs;
-GtItmnIbuKlikrbs;rdaPi)alcas; nigBYknayTun. enHBuMEmnCaKMniteFVI[rwtEtlCagmuneT}.
enAqaM1976 kumt RtvEtsresrCIvRbvtirbs;xnCafIeTot. Kat;)anniyayfa {erogral;
eBlEdleKsresrCIvRbvtirbs;xn eKEtgRBy)armBIkar)at;xnCanic}. CafImgeTot GtIt
FnaKarik nigRKsarrbs;Kat; )anrs;ranmanCIvittmkeTot edIm,IcUlrYmkgkareFVIbdivtsgmniym
EdlRbkaseLIgedaymCim. enaHKWkarbegIt[mankarhUbrYm nigpH)ayrYm. mbGahar)ankay
eTACambEdleKesIrEtbriePaKminekIt. mnusSCaeRcInekItmanCMgWrakmYl bTl;lamk. {eyIgBuMman
daMbEnbgar[shkrN_eT -enARbeTskm<CamanbEny:ageRcInEdlduHkgRB. b:uEn edayeyIgRtv
hUb)ayrYm eyIgetagEtbgMcithUbnUvGVIEdleKpl;[eyIg. CaBiess manEtRkmEdlRtvcat;[eTA
rkbEnEdlduHkgRB bkamxgb:ueNaH )anhUbRKan;ebI ehIykalenaH vaminRKab;RKan;sRmab;mnusS
TaMgGs;eT.
m:ageTot BuMmanfaMeBTsRmab;Ba)alCMgWeLIy b:uEn kumtkminEdltjEtrEdr. {eKKa
niyayGVITaMgGs; taMgBIdMbUg eyIgEtgnwk)armxackayeTACa{Gk)at;xnmak;}Canic. eyIgminEdl
hanniyayfa mnusSTaMgenaHsab;bRtveKsmab;eT. eyIgniyay)anRtwmEtfa rUbkayrbs;eK
)at;ElgeXIjEtb:ueNaH}.
kumt )anniyayerobrab;fa RbEhlenABak;kNalqaM1976 {BYkcas;}pal;kRBmTTYlrbb
GaharkMNt;kan;EtfyticeTAsRmab;mYyfEdr EdlenHCasBaaminlmYysRmab;BYkeK. kar
RbmUlplRsUvenAqaM1975 Rtv)anEbgEckrvagRKsarTaMgGs;ehIykarRbmUlplRsUvqaM1976
CakmsiTrYm. cMENkkarRbmUlplqaM1977 ElgCakmsiTrYmeTotehIy RsUvmYyPaKFM RtveK
dwkCBaneTAdak;kgCRgknanarbs;rdaPi)al. shkrN_rbs; kumt EdleBl\LvmansmaCikcMnYn
mYyBan;R)aMrynak;cab;epImTTYl)anfaMeBT nigsemkbMBak;CaeRcIn b:uEn PaKeRcIn eRcInEt)aneTA
{BYkGkcas;}. KWenAExkkda qaM1977 eTIbekItmaneLIgnUvkarsmab;rgalBitR)akd enAshkrN_
rbs; kumt.
{kalBImun eKnaMykmnusSEdlCab;sgSyBIerOgGVImYyeTAsmab;Etmak;gb:ueNaH BuMEmnnaM
ykeTATaMgRKsareT. enAkgkMLgkarsmab;rgalenH {BYkGkfI}kdUc{BYkGkcas; RtveKnaMRKsar
TaMgmUleTA TaMgkUnekg TaMgTarkpg. RKsarR)aMBIr bR)aMbI RtveKsmab;ecalrYmKaEtmYy elIk.
373
eyIgmindwgfa bNalmkBImUlehtuGVIeT}.
sankarN_)anpas;br bkScab;epImekItmnilsgSyeTAelI {BYkGkcas;} nigbkCnkumynis
mYycMnYnEdlrYmKMnitRbqaMgnwgkarbdivtn_. kare)assmat {BYkGkfI}Rtv)anbBab;kare)assmat
{BYkGkcas;} nigBYkGkesaHRtg;nwgbkSeTIbEtcab;epImb:ueNaH. karsmab;rgaldMbUg EdleKRbRBwt
kgshkrN_rbs;kumtenH )anbgaj[eXIjkan;Etc,as;cMeBaHkarBitmYy nkarpas;brCaTUeTAdKYr
[rnt;. cab;BIfenHeTA kumt ElgmanehtuplPyxac BIkar)at;bg;sRmab;CIvitrbs;Kat;bnicmg
Edr. \LvenH manEtbkCnkumynisdUc pat; CaedImb:ueNaH EdlRtvlM)akcit22 .
kgsmysgam pat; )anQaneLIgzany:agqab;rhseRBaHEtKat;kayCaGnuRbFantMbn;
103 kgextRBHviharEdlsitenAPaKxageCIgbMput. Kat;)anerobkarenAeBlEdlKat;sitenAkg
PaKxagRbeTsenAeLIy ehIy esa Pwm EdlCaelxabkSPUmiPaKbUBaFab;eFVICaem)akgBiFIenHpg.
pat; EdlRtvrab;cUlkgcMeNamyuTCnvyekg nigBUEkcMNanrbs;kgTB )anEbkecjBIRbBn nig
kUnrbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVIdMeNIeTAkan;tMbn;103. Kat;)anTTYlsal;fa kgeBlsgam Kat;)ankay
eTACaeBCXatmak;. BYkkumynisExrTaMgGs; EdlvilBIRkghaNUymkvij eRkayqaM1970 ehIy
EdlsitenAkgtMbn;rbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKsmab;ecal edayectna beRbIBakfa{CnKYr[emIlgay
TaMgGs; EdlRtLb;BITIRkghaNUymkvij)an)at;xnenAqaM1974}.
b:uEn vamandMeNIresAhgxHditdamelIryeBlbeRmIkargarrbs; pat; Edr. enAedImqaM1974
BYkExrRkhm)anepImeFVIkarvaylukCaTUeTAmYyRbqaMgnwgRkgPMeBj ehIyyuTCnmYycMnYnFMrbs;
PUmiPaK]tr )anRtvbBanmkPaKxagt,g edIm,ICYyeFVIkarhuBTrdFanI. ehtudUcenH sabcMehogrbs;
BYkkumynisenAextkMBg;FMRtvcMh ehIykgTBrbs;saFarNrdExr )aneqtkasenH cab;eFVIRbti
btikarvayTmHmYy ehIyrMedaHykRbCaCnsuIvil)anCitbImuWnnak; EdlkMBugrs;enAkgtMbn;enH.
kalenaHRbCaCnTaMgenH )anerobrab;R)ab;GksarBtmanGnrCatinUvPstagdMbUg sIBICIvPaBrs;enA
kgtMbn;nanarbs;ExrRkhm ehIykarerobrab;rbs;BYkeK BuMEmnCaerOgEdlKYr[rIkrayTaMgRsugeT.
tMbn;rbs; pat; RtvTTYlkarxusRtvmYyEpkEdr kgkarvayTmHrbs;TBbcamitenH. embBaakarvy
ekg )an)at;bg;yuTCnkgkarRbyuTRbEhlCaghasibnak;edaymanEssibbInak; RtveKcab;
)anCaeQIyswk. emekaymak; kgcMeNamemekayrbs;Kat; )anRBmanKat;enAeBlenaHfa {kMhus
mYyEbbenH BuMGaclublagRtwmEtsmyRbCuMsVyTietonmYy)aneT}.
niyaym:ageTotfa vaminRtwmEteTEdlRKan;EtTTYlsal;kMhusrbs;xn nigsab;kareRbn
374
RbedAmYyKYr[FujRTan;enaH. b:uEn pat; BuMEmnCaemdwknaMfak;elIbMputkgtMbn;enaHeLIy ehIyeKmin

cat;TukKat; CaGkTTYlxusRtvedaypal;BIbBaacMhmYyryxI kgkarkarBarrbs;ExrRkhmkg
ryeBlsgamEdr. kMhusRtvFak;eTAelIemekaypal; rbs;Kat;KWsmmit m:n. 2-3ExeRkaymk
m:n )ansab;kg{lkNGafkM)aMgbMput} KWfTI21 Exemsa qaM1974 EdlmanlMnaMdUckarsmab;
mYyEdlbBaaedaymCimEdr. pat; )aneLIgkan;tMENgCMnYs m:n ehIy)ankayeTACaelxabkS
RbcaMtMbn; CamuxtMENgEdlKat;eTAkan; Cab;rhUtbnab;BImankarerobcMPUmiPaKCaeRcIneLIgvij nig
karkmat; kuy FYn.
b:uEn karkmat;rUb kuy FYn )aneFIV[esckIPy)armrbs;CnkumynisvyekgenHcab;maneLIg
Edr. mCim)anecaTRbkan; kuy FYn CaPak;garsmat;mak;rbs;es>GuI>Ga> GaemrikaMg eday)anbgM
[Kat;eqIysarPaBfa Fab;)anerobcMkarrYmKMnitk,t;y:agFMmYyehIyfa Kat;CasmaCikrbs;Rkm
es>GuI>Ga> taMgBIqaM1958em:H ehIy)aneRCtcUlbkSenAqaM1960. BitehIy kuy FYn CaGkman
FatuvN {KhbtI} CagbNaelxabkSPUmiPaKeTot ehIyEdlGac[eKeRCIserIsCa {Cnk,t;}
muneKEdr. b:uEn tamkarvaytmm:ageTotfa ebIeKGaceFVIXatmnusSmak; EdleKFab;RbKl;Parkic[
Kat;karBarKNkmaFikarmCimkgsmysgamenaH etImanGkNaeTotGaceKcrYcBIeRKaHfak;)an?
eRkayeBlEdl nYn Ca ebIksalaneya)aybkSenAkgRkgPMeBjnaqaM1976 )anbnic pat;
Rtv)anfak;dwknaMrbs;Kat;bBan[eTAeronenATIenaH. mYyfmunkarcab;epImbeRgnksar Kat;)an
CYbeFVIkarsnnadcEmkmYy CamYyGnuRbFansalamak; KWsmmit b:g; EdleKcat;Tukfa CamnusSCit
siTbMputnwg b:ul Bt. smmit b:g;)anedIrmkCYb saksYrBIsuxTukBYkeyIgRKb;Ka BIRKsar nigrUb
bnab;mk Kat;)anniyaymkkan;fa {manCnk,t;CaeRcIn )anbBaleQaHgeTAkgcegameKEdr}.
{etIGkNabBaleQaHeTAkgenaH?} sYreTAvijy:agrhs. Kat;niyayfa {gsanfa CaGk
pl;eQaHeTA[BYkGkTaMgenaHb?}. bnab;mk Kat;)anbEnmfa {ehtuGVI)anCagGacTukcitfa
BYkGs;enaHmin)anbBaleQaHg ebIgFab;rYmrs;CamYyBYkeKEdrenaH?}. )aneqIytb fa
{KanxacGVITaMgGs; kalebIBuMEdl)anRbRBwtGMeBIk,t;}.
rebobRsavRCavrk {ExSbNaj} )anRtvbkSbegIt[maneLIgenAeBlenH ehIyRtv)aneRbI
R)as;edayRkmsni)alsRmab; {bBal} eQaHmnusSpgTaMgLayeTAkgenaH dUcrUb pat; CaedIm.
pat; yl;fa Kat;RtvEtbgaj[eXIjBIesckIesaHRtg;rbs;Kat;cMeBaHbkSkumyniskm<CaEtmYy
b:ueNaH ehIyminyl;faesckIesaHRtg;enH mansarsMxan;tictYcEbbenHeLIy. eK)ancat;Ecg[
375
mankare)assmatPUmiPaK]tr ehIy pat; EdlFab;rs;enACamYymnusS EdleKkat;eTasCaGkk,t;

rYcmkehIyenaH kRtveKecaTRbkan;CaGkk,t; dUcsmmit b:g; )anbBaak;R)ab;Kat;Emn. m:ageTot
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benas[Kat;BIerOgsmaCikRKsarKat;xH EdlRbRBwtminleTb?. edayELk Kat;)anRtveFVI[RBy
city:agxaMg edaysarerOgbgRbsrbs;Kat;mak;eQaH Tit EdlFab;KitKUrrkkargar[Kat;eFVIenAeBl
EdlKat;eTAdl;RkgPMeBjCaelIkdMbUg eRBaH Tit Fab;eFVICanayTahanmak;kgkgTBrbs;semc RBH
neratm sIhnu.
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eLIy. b:uEn mansImak;eTot KWyuvnarImak;EdlKat;Fab;sal;kalenAextrtnKirI kgeBlEdlKat;
enAeFVIkarCamYy b:ul Bt nigKNkmaFikarmCim. edayFab;manTMnak;TMngy:agxICamYynag eday
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rkeXIjfa Kat;{Fab;)anRbRBwtxussIlFmCamYyyuvnarImak;enaH} minxaneLIy.
pat; )anbBab;karsikSaenAsalaneya)aybkS ehIy)anvilRtLb;eTAkan;PUmiPaK]trvij
cMeBlEdleGogsarI eFVIdMeNIreTArYmRbCuMebIksem<aFPUmiPaK]trfIEdr.edaymanGarmN_minlRsab;
yuvbursenH )ankayeTACamnusSekItmankarminTukciteKgTaMgGs; enAeBlEdleKRbgEtTmak;
kMhusmkelIrUbKat;. sarI )aneRtmerOgmYyenHenAkgsunrkfarbs;Kat;rYcCaeRsc. {enAeBl
EdlbgTI2 KW sarI tamPasaedayELkrbs;BYkkumynis )anelIkykmkniyayBI {erOg)at;ExS
Gat;ftsMeLg} cMnYndb;Ban;Em:Rt nwkPyfa Kat;muxCamankMhwgmkelIrUbminxan}.
tamRbEhl eK)anvegVgddak;ExSGat;ftsMeLgmYyduMkgmnIrrbs;PUmiPaKEdlenAdMNak;kal
bdivtenH KWCaerOgEdleKcat;TukCakMhusmYy BuMEmnCakarPnRcLMmYyeT. RbEhlCamanGkNamak;
lYcykeTA)at; fVIebIvaBuMEmnCaplitplEdleKxMsVHEsVgrkdUcRsUvGgr bsac;RkNat;keday.
eK)ancab;epImGnuvt eTAelIbNasmaCikbkS nig{BYkGkcas;} nUv{eKalkarN_epSg}EdlBYkeK
Fab;eRbIsRmab;dak;eTas{BYkGkfI} nigBYkmnusSEdleKsgSyBIGMeBIk,t;Edr. taMgBIfdMbUgnkar
bdivtn_ BYkExrRkhm)aneRbnRbedAfa {eRKaHfak;TaMgLay} GacCakMhusEdlEsg[eXIjbMNg
RbRBwtbT]RkidepSg. dUecH pat; BitCamanmUlehtunwk)armnUvGMeBIsgswkmkvijEdr eRBaHrUbKat;
pal;Fab;)andak;eTasmnusSCaeRcIneTot eRBaHEtkaRbRBwtbTelIskMbuikkMb:ukb:ueNaH. Kat;BuMGac
eCosvagminkt;smal;fa mCim)anbRgmkarbdivt[eTACabBaaepSg dUcCaepgnglmYy)ak; cMnYn
376
kRmitmYynplRsUvEdleFVI)an bmin)an ExSGat;mYyduM)at;rkmineXIjCaedIm.

kar)at;ExSGat;ftsMeLgenHGacRtveKkat;yl;fa CakarRttBinitminditdl;rbs;mnIrmYy
btMbn;mYy karRbRBwtelIscMeBaHmCim kareFVI[Gnraydl;esdkic nigkarbdivt. GMeBIk,t;BuMEmn
sitenANaqayeT. smaCikbkSmYycMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIgRtv)annaMeTAdak;enAmnIrXuMXaMg
TYlEsg ehIyenAdMNac;qaM1977 KWCaevnrbs; pat; mg. mCim)aneRtmxndak;ecjnUvkare)as
smatrbs;xnrYc RbqaMgnwgPUmiPaKbUBaCaeRsc EdlbNal[manmnusSsab;eRcInCageKbMput ehIy
pat; Fab;manTMnak;TMngnwgPUmiPaKenHrYmTaMgPUmiPaKpl. \LvenH mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg)ankemcbNa
emdwknaMrbs;karbdivteRcInCagGkdwknaMnrbbcas;.
enAeBlcUlqaMskl1978 nirsarmak;)annaMyksMbuRtmYymkmnIrrbs; pat; edIm,IGeBaIj
Kat;[eTAcUlrYmsmyRbCuMKNdwknaMPUmiPaKmYy kgeKalbMNgeroncMEpnkarRbcaMqaM nigebIkeFVImha
sni)atmYysMedAefaleTasBYkevotNam. EskeLIg pat; )aneFVIdMeNIreTAdl;esomrab enAeBl
resolEdlGmkarBaredayGgrkSBIrnak; ehIykarRbCuMRtvcab;epImenARBwkfbnab;. enAeBl
RBlwmRsag rfynmYy)anebIkmkTTYlyk pat; nigemdwknaMmak;eTot ehIyGkTaMgBIr)aneFVIdMeNIr
eTACYbelxabkSPUmiPaK bnab;mk )anBinitemIlEpnkarRbcaMqaMBIRsukmYyeTARsukmYyCabnbnab;.
RbEhlenAem:agR)aMbYnRBwk LanhSIbmYyeRKg)anebIkmkQb;enABImuxmnIr elxabkSRkeLkemIl
eTAxageRkAehIyR)ab;fa{suTEtbgbnxagkgTBGakascrN_}.mnusSTaMgGs;naMKaeRkakQrrYmTaMg
pat; pg rYcedIreTAmux dhuceTArkGkEdledIrcUlmk.
nwkKitfa BYkeKsuTEtCabgbnrYmCatig>>> ehIyBYkeK)ancab;brwtKaeTAvijeTAmkCasBaa
mitPaB. b:uEn BYkeK)anrwtbnwgkarbenHkan;EtxaMg xMerIbRmHEtBYkeK)anbBaa[enA[esmkuM
keRmIk. bnab;mk eK)andak;exaHd nigcgRkNat;mYybnHBIelIEPkeTot>>> nwkKitfa enATIenHBit
CamansRtvmYycMnYnFM EdlrYmbBaleQaHeTAkgcegamBYkeKEdr>>>}.
{bgbnrYmCatig} TaMgenH EdleFVIGVIeTAtamkarENnaMrbs; Duc edaymankaryl;RBmBI
emekaypal;rbs; pat; pg )anesIr[GkeTasrbs;eKR)ab;eQaHrbs;xn[)anc,as;las;. Kat;
)aneFVItam ehIy)anRbkasfa {munnwgsab;brs;cg;CYb{Ggkar}sin. BYkenaH)aneqIyfa {BitCa
RtwmRtvehIycMeBaHGVIEdlGkgRtveTACYbGgkarenaH}.
pat; )aneLIgCiHkgrfynhSIb edIm,InaMmkRkgPMeBj nigRtvXuMXaMgenATYlEsg enAfTI4
Exmkra qaM1978. enAfbnab; Kat;)ansresrCIvRbvtidRcbUkRcbl;mYy eBareBjeTAeday
377
vib,disarI cMeBaHbT]RkidmYyEdlKat;dwgfaminEdl)anRbRBwtTal;EtesaH.Kat;)ansresrfa{taMg
BIkarcab;dak;Kuk emIleXIjEtpvmYyKt;EdlcMhFgenAcMeBaHmux. muxCasab; BIeRBaHdwgBI
Rbtikmrbs;bkScMeBaHrUb nigkareRbI{viFankarcugeRkay}rbs;bkSc,as;Nas;. nwkkgcitfa
RtvEtRbgRbytmin[manGVImkb:HBal;dl;suxPaBenAtampveLIy kgeKalbMNgedIm,I[Gacrk
eXIjbBaaEdlnaM[manakarcab;xn BIsMNak;BYksnisuxenH>>>}.
bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha bNaemdwknaMbkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha sUmesI
[bkS bNasmmitCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha GaNitGasUrcMeBaHpg. KaneBlNamYy
EdlmanbMNgk,t;nwgbkSesaHeLIy>>>. edayehtufa ]tmKtiepSgrbs;bkS Edl
eCOTukcitenaH GacGHGagcMeBaHbkSy:agesaHGs;BIdYgcitfa manesckIPyxacnwg
RbePTnkarsab;EbbenaHNas;. )armxacERkgkUn nigecArbs; BuM)ankayeTACaGk
bnBUCrbs;bkS>>>. eTaHCamankareFVITaruNkmepSg EdlbkSGacdak;eTaskgeBl
enHkeday kbkSBuMGacyk)anBInUvPstagNamYy Edlbgaj[eXIjBIGMeBIk,t;
eLIy BIeRBaHBuMEdlmancitk,t;Tal;EtesaH. sUmGgVrkrbkS emtasEmgnUvkar
GaNitGasUrxH cMeBaHkUnrbs; nigTukCIvit[BYkva)anenArs;pg BIeRBaHCasac;Ca
Qamrbs;bkSy:agBitR)akd.
eFVIenAmCmNlXuMXaMgrbs;Rkmsnisux
RBwkfTI5 Exmkra qaM1978
htelxa hgS [nambdivtrbs; pat;]
bnab;BIkareFVITaruNkmCaeRcIns)ah_ pat; )anRbKl;eTA[ Duc nUvcemIysarPaBsresrdmYy
cMnYnCagR)aMbITMBr sIBI{skmPaBk,t;rbs;Kat;}. eRkaymk enAExkum Kat;)anTTYlsal;BIbTelIs
EpksIlFm. {kMhusqgEpksIlFmCamYyRsI} enHCacMNgcemIysarPaB EdlkgenaH
Kat;)anr:ayr:ab;BIsITaMgLay EdlKat;Fab;manTMnak;TMngxagpvePTenAmun nigeRkaykarerobGaBah_
BiBah_rbs;Kat;. enAExmIna Kat;)ansresrksarmYyman huksibbYnTMBr sIBIExSbNajQby
karN_mYy EdlmgdwknaMedayBYkes>GuI>Ga>mg edayBYkevotNam.
pat; eBCXatkalBIeBlfI enATIbMput)anrkeXIjGafkM)aMgnkarrYmKMnitk,t;TaMgGs; Edl
latRtdag[dwgedaybkS nigBYkk,t;EdlbkSeRCIserIsTukCamunsRmab;Epksnisux {BYkGkfI}
378
EdlmanvNKhbtI nigBYkGkTaMgLayNaEdlbkSeCOfa )ancUlrYmy:agskmkgkarXubXit

bRmgk,t;RbqaMgnwgbuBVehtubdivt BIeRBaHbkS bGgkarFab;Rbkasfa GkTaMgenaHCab;CMBak;nwgvN
minl bFab;RtvEvkmuxrkeXIjedaykaresuIbGegtrkExSbNajepSg. Kat;)anrkeXIjfa enA
BIeRkayerOgTaMgenaH KWmanEtBakPUtkuhk EdleKcRmaj;yk)anBIGkeTasTaMglM)ak eRkamkar
vaydM edIm,IeFVI[karRBy)armrbs;mCim )anRsakcuHb:ueNaH.
enAeBlEdl pat; sresrcemIysarPaBcMnYn huksibbYnTMBrrbs;Kat;cb; ebskkmrbs;Kat;
sRmab;bkSkcb;RtwmenHEdr. eK)anbiTsMNuMerOgrbs;Kat;vij eK)ankmat;rUbkayKat;[)at;BImux
mat;eK.
etImanGVIekIteLIgkgcitKMnitrbs;GkEdl)aneFVITaruNkm nigsmab;GkrgeRKaHy:ageRcInenA
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg? ehtuGVI)anCaCnbdivtmak; GaceFVITaruNkmeTAelICnbdivtmak;eTot? ehtuGVI
)anCabkSGacjaMg[BYkkmaPi)alenATYlEsgeCOCak;fa krNIykicrbs;eK tRmv[BYkeKvay
eFVI)ab nigeFVI[mnusSCaeRcInQWcab;kgcit EdlmunenHbnicFab;Rtv)ancat;TukCavIrCnenaH?.
cemIyGMBIerOgenH KWmanenAkgesovePACaeRcIn EdlEfrkSaTukedaykmaPi)almak; kgcMeNam
kmaPi)alTaMgLayenAmNlXuMXaMg33.CayuvbursmancMeNHdwg nigmnsikarmak; Kat;)ankt;RtaTuk
edaylaylkN_GkSrBIeBlem:ageFVIkar mtiENnaMepSgrbs;xn sRmab;karsYrcemIy nigkareFVI
TaruNkm RBmTaMgbNamUlehtu Epkneya)ayEdlBYkGkeTasbkRsaybMPWpg. erOgEtmYyKt;
EdlenAxVH KWeQaHrbs;Kat; EdlenHRbEhlCasBaankarxacrEGgepSg bkardwgxnBIBiruTPaB
mYyehIyemIleTA.
kickareFVIRbcaMf)ancab;epImenAem:ag5nig30naTIRBwk edaymanbEnem:agkgkarsYrcemIy
deTogTat;cMnYn bIeBleTot KWem:ag6nig45naTI em:ag13nig45naTI nig em:ag18nig45naTI. cab;BI
karcUleTAdl;mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgdMbUg BYkGkeTas)anpas;brsanPaBpal;xnTaMgRsug ehIy)an
TTYleQaHCa{xaMg} b{TNit}GkRtvTTYleTas. kgesovePArbs;Kat;mansresrfa CaTUeTAkma
Pi)alenATIenaH eRcInEtcat;TukBYkGkeTasbdivtCa {sRtv} TaMgGs; BIeRBaH eKcat;TukGkTaMgenaHCa
mnusSEdlpl;eRKaHfak;xaMgCageKbMput {BYkeKeRbIR)as;lTikumynis edIm,IbMpajlTikumynis}.
esovePATaMgGs;enH )anbgaj[dwgedayRtg; GMBIdMeNIrRbRBwteTAnkarsYrcemIy nigkar
eFVITaruNkm {eyIg)ancgBYkenaHnwgRcvak; eyIgBinitbBaak;fa manGVIxHCab;nwgxneK ehIyenAeBl
379
EdleyIgsYrcemIy eyIgminTukvtNamYyenACitdBYkeKeT edayxacBYkenaHykeTAeRbICaGavuF}.

qayeTAeTot kmaPi)alenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg)ansresrfa {CakarsMxan;EdlRtveFVITaruNkm
edaydpal;}.GVIEdleKRbRBwtedayELksRmab;BYksIKW {bkS)anbBaa[eyIgvayBYksIEdlman
eTasedayExStI CaBiess hammin[vaynwgdpal;rbs;eyIgeT}.
eK)anRBmanmin[mankarvaytb;hYskMNt;Edr {ebIsineKvay{xaMg}yUrxaMgeBk kBYkenaH
enAEtQWcab;dEdlkalebIeKElgvaytb;. BYkenaHc,as;CaFak;xnQWCaTmn; ehIyxnR)aNnwgcuH
smxaMg EdleKElgGacvaydM)an. lTplKW eyIgKan)anTTYlGVICaduMkMPYnBIBYkenaHeLIy>>>. eFVI[
BYkxaMgQWcab;xaMgrhUtTal;EtBYkenaHElgehIbmat;niyayekIt nwgeFVI[bkSTj;Tal;kgcitCaxaMg}.
b:uEn kareFVITaruNkm KWCakarCab;rvl;FMbMputenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg ehIyTidPaBnbeckeTs
rbs;xn KWmanniyayeLIgvijkgkMNt;ehtuxIrbs;kmaPi)alenaHEdr. {eKalbMNgnkareFVI
TaruNkm KWeFIVy:agNa[)anTTYlcemIy}. eyIgminEmneFVITaruNkmsRmab;karsb,ayeT>>> CYnkal
kareRkveRkaF )aneFVI[eyIgElgKiteXIjxusRtv eyIgk)at;bg;PaBmas;karrbs;eyIg. CYnkal
karsYrcemIytRmv[eyIgERscMTaldak;RtecokxaMg ehIyenAeBlEdlvaeqIykgnyEdleyIg
cg;)an eyIgTaMgGs;KamanesckIeRtkGry:agxaMg eyIgnaMKaesIcsb,ay ehIyeyIgk)anQb;
sRmakmYyRsbk;Edr>>>}.
eK)aneRkInrMBkR)ab;BYkkmaPi)alenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgfa ehtuGVI)anCaRtvvayeFVITaruNkm
BYkGkeTas KWedIm,IcRmaj;ykcemIysarPaB nig{vttagepSg} sIBIExSbNaj nigkarXubXit
KaCasmat; bRmgk,t;EdlKMramkMEhgdl;karbdivt. eK)anniyayR)ab;Kat;fa {kargarrbs;snisux
KWCakargartsUvNmYy edIm,IkarBarbkS vNGFn km<CaRbCaFibety maKakraC nigeFVImas;
elIeCaKvasnarbs;xn. edayehtuenH eyIgnwgKas;rMeluIgGafkM)aMgrbs;xaMg eyIgnwgeFVI[xUc
KeRmagkarrbs;BYkva eyIgnwgkat;pac;ExSbNaj nigEpnkark,t;rbs;BYkva RbkbedayRbsiTiPaB
mYyEdlkan;EtrwgmaMeLIg}.
nItiviFIEdleFVI[eKdwgKW RtvseRmcyk[)anBtmanepSg eFVITukbukemjGkeTasCamYynwg
kareXasnaneya)ay {edayeCrRbmafedoltHGkeTas} bnab;mk eFVITaruNkm. {BinitemIlmg
mYy nigviPaKGMBIcemIyepSgrbs;BYkGkeTas} edIm,Idak;sMNYrepSgeTot nig[sMGagkarecaT
Rbkan;epSg. ecosvagkMueFVI[BYkGkeTassab;kgeBlsYrcemIy nigsab;cemIyGkeTasepSg
eTot ehIyCaBiess RtvrkSakarsmat;[)anGMBIskmPaBTaMgLayenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg. kareFVI
380
TaruNkmRtvEtsitenACasmat; KanGkNamak;dwgfa BYkGkeTas)anTTYlsarPaBeRkamkarvaydM

RcMFak;eLIy. enATIbMput krNIepSgrbs;BYkGkCab;Kuk etagEteTABiPakSaCamYyfak;elICabnan;.
{ebIsinKankarsmat;eT snisuxkKannyGVIEdr} enHKWCabTbBaa.
cemIysarPaBTaMgLay KWCacMNucsMxan;bMputnRbBnsnisux. eK)anENnaM[BYkkmaPi)al
enATIenaH beNay[BYkGkeTassresrcemIysarPaBedaydpal;rbs;eK ehIycuHhtelxa nigcuH
fEx[)anc,as;las;. GkTTYlbnkbgab;bBaamak;)anENnaMfa {eKetagEtRsuHRsYlKa edIm,Inwg[
BYkGkeTassresrRbvtinskmPaBk,t;rbs;eK eFVIy:agNa[Tal;EterOgenaHcUldl;CeRmAnGaf
kM)aMgGtbTRtvmanlkNc,as;las; Cak;Esg nigbgaj[dwgnUvmUlehtuepSg} >>>edaybBaak;
bMPWBIkareFVIcarkm nigkareRCtcUlEbbNa. {GVIEdlRbesIrCageK KWeFVI[BYkenaHsresrcemIy
sarPaBepSgedayd nigKMnitpal;rbs;eKCamYyBaksmIRtg;. eyIgRtvecosvagkuMniyay[eK
sresrtam dUecH enAeBlEdlBYkeKniyay bsresrcb; eyIgcaMEtdkRsg;cMNucexSayb:ueNaH
)anehIy}.
cemIysarPaBdMbUgTaMgenH EdlsresrCamYynwgBaksmIpal;rbs;BYkGkCab;Kuk )anrYm
bgCaksarRbvtisasEdlmanlkNEbkBIFmta nigKYr[rnt;RkElg.
bTbBaacugeRkaymYy KWfa{karsresr nigRkdassresr RtvEtsatl kuM[mansamRbLak;
TaMgGs;}.
mtiENnaMepSgcMeBaHBYkkmaPi)alenATIenaH BuMTuk[manesckIsgSyNamYyeLIy Gk
eTasTaMgGs;suTEtRtvsntfa CaBiruTCn nigRtvmaneTasRbharCIvit edayminKitBIcemIysarPaB
EdlBYkenaH)ansresrpgeT. eK)anTUnanBYkkmaPi)alTaMgenaHfa {cUrGkral;KaykcitTukdak;
cMeBaHmeFa)ayedaHkun nigl,ickle)akR)as;rbs;BYkGkCab;Kuk kgeKalbMNge)akbeBaateyIg
GgVrkeyIg nigGHGagfa BYkeKsuTEtCamnusSstRtg; BuMEdl)ank,t;nwgeyIgmgNaeLIy>>> ehIy
benasfa eyIg)anvayeFVI)abBYkeKTaMgGyutiFm ehIyfaBYkeKBuMEmnCaBYkk,t;eT>>> bfa BYkeKbgMcit
eqIysarPaB edaysarkarQWcab;m:agEtb:ueNaH}. Gkbgab;bBaamak;eTot)anbEnmfa eKminRtv
beNay[BYkGkeTaseFVIGtXadeT kareFVIGtXadkCal,icklmYyEdr.
BYkGkbgab;bBaa)anR)ab;[dwgBIKnwHsmat;epSgcMeBaHBYkkmaPi)alfI EdlTTYlbnksYr
cemIy [ecHeRbIBakPUtkuhk edIm,ICMruj[GkeTasTTYlsarPaB. ]TahrN_ eKENnaM[ecHsnanwg
GkeTasfa ebITTYlsarPaB BYkeKGacnwgRtveKsegaH[rYcCIvit RBmTaMgCIvitrbs;smaCikRKsareK
381
pg. eK)anENnaM[Bnl;R)ab;BYkenaHfa BYkeKnwgRtvykeTAdak;epJIenAGgPaBBiessmYyrbs;bkS

ehIyfa bkS{minbgateBlevlarbs;xn edIm,Icab; nigsmab;mnusSTaMgenaHeT}fa bkScg;EsVgrk
EtkarBitb:ueNaH.
b:uEn rebobniyay bsresrEdleRbIBaksmIminsmTMngkgesovePATaMgenaH )aneFVI[eK
snidanfa BYkkmaPi)alEdleFVIkarenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgTaMgb:unan RbEhlsuTEtRtveFVI[GMBl;
eday{mnusSxuseK}EdlBYkeKkMBugEtbegItenaHehIy.CamYynwgrebobRKb;RKgmYy edaysntCa
BiruTCnnUvBYkGkCab;Kuk nigBYkGkrYmKMnit Bukmayrbs;eK nigTMnak;TMngTaMgGs; enATIbMput m:asuIn
smab;mnusSenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg GacbBalbkCnTaMgmUlrbs;bkSeTAkgenaHEdr. PaBCamnusS
KankMhusBuMmansarsMxan;eT kmaPi)alTaMgGs; RtvEtmanesckIesaHRtg;dac;xatmYyenAkgbkS.
kb:uEn manEtBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; RbmaNCasamsibnak; kgKNkmaFikarmCimb:ueNaH EdldwgBI
lkNBitR)akd nskmPaBTaMgLayrbs;RkmsnisuxenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigenAtambNaext
nana. BYkGkbgab;bBaa)anRBmanR)ab;BYkkmaPi)alenAmCmNlXuMXaMgfa karRcLkRcbl;mYy
GacEsg[eXIjeLIg {bkSpas;brcitqab;rhs nigCaerOy. bkS)andUrpas;BYkGkeTas Edl
eyIgRtvsYrcemIyedayKankMNt;eBlevlaCak;lak;>>> bkS)anEkERbnItiviFIcgRkgksarepg
viFIsaskgkarsYrcemIy kareXasnaneya)aykareFVITaruNkm karcab;dak;Kuk nigkareprBYkGk
eTas- EdlmanCajwkjab; nigy:agrhsbMput.
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgRKan;EtCakEngkMBUlnerOgGafkM)aMg CaTIesnaFikarrbs;sni)al nigCa
mnrI rbs;bkSb:eu NaH. BYkkmaPi)alrbs;xn enATIenaH mannaTIRtwmEtTTYlxusRtvmYycMENktUcb:eu NaH
kgkarsmab;mnusS KWkarsmab;GkrgeRKaHEdlkMBugrs;enAkgPUmiPaKRkgPMeBj bGkrgeRKaH
EdlRtvvinicyCamnusSEdlmanGMNacRKan;ebIEdlminGs;nwg[ Duc eFVITaruNkm nigsYrcemIy.
vakmankEngXuMXaMgrebob {TYlEsg} eRcInrab;minGs;epSgeTot EdleFVI[RbeTsCatiRbLak;
eTAedayQamBaleBjKW Kuk kEngRbharCIvit reNAkb;exacrYm. kargar nigkarsmab;mnusS eday
ectna -CaPaBBitCak;EsgBIrrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety. GMeBIkMNaceXareXArbs;bNaRbFanPUmi
nigRsuk mundMbUgmansPaBCakarRbRBwtxusKngsuTsaF b:uEn CaGMeBIEdleKGacsandwgmun sRmab;
BlrdTaMgGs;nrbbenH. RbCaCnTaMgGs;ecHkarBarxnEbbNaCamun RbqaMgnwgkareFVIeTas Edl
Cak;EsgbMput BYkeKecHlak;edImkMeNItrbs;xn RbsinebIeKsitenAkgRtkUlGkecHdwg BYkeKecHeFVI
382
tambTbBaaepSg edayKanfrtjEtreLIy. b:uEn eKenAmindwgBImeFa)ay edIm,IeKc[putBIkMhwg

eRkveRkaFedayrebobNa enAeBlEdlmCimecjbBaa[eFVIkare)assmat nigkarkab;smab;fI
eTot. eKminEdleFVIGVIedayecjmuxeT elIkElgEtkareqIyedaHsaBIerOgepSg EdlekIteLIg
edaysarCMgWminTukciteKgTaMgGs;rbs;mCimb:ueNaH. ehIybBaaTaMgenH bkS)aneFVIeLIgbnab;BI
)anBicarNamunrYcCaeRsc. eTaHbICaBYkkmaPi)alrbs;bkS kminRtveKpl;Btman[dwgBIerOgenH
Edr. karbMPitbMPy CameFa)aydMbUgrbs;mCim edIm,Iekabkab;RbCaCn[sitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg
rbs;xn.
b:uEn eKGacbeBaj[eXIjmaKaTUeTAmYykgkarsmab;rgalTaMgGs;. Epksnisuxrbs;bkS
EdlerobcM[manenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg )anrYmbgCarebobRKb;RKgdrwgmaMbMputmYy kgcMeNam
rebobRKb;RKgdrwgmaMbMputrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety. enAfak;PUmi CakEngsRmab;smab;mnusS
RKan;EtCacmarsamBamYyb:ueNaH. bNakmaPi)alEdlRKb;RKgdwknaMshkrN_nana etagEtpl;
dMNwgBIkarsmab;mnusSeTA[Gkkan;GMNacfak;elIPam KWeTAbNaRbFanXuM. PaKeRcInnmnusS
EdlRtvsmab;kgPUminanaRtv)anedaHRsaysRmab;mUlehtuepSg{EdlTak;TgeTAnwgviny}.Gk
Edlsab;TaMgenaH suTEtCamnusSEdlhanecaTsYrBIbBaaGMNacrbs;Ggkar CamnusSEdlBuMGac
edIrtambdivtn_ EdlRbRBwtkMhusqgCaeRcIn ehIyFak;eTAkgRbePTCaBlkrKanRbeyaCn_ CaBBYk
mnusSEdleKeRcInGHGagfa {TukkmincMeNj dkecjkminxat}.
b:uEn karsmab;TaMgGs; BuMEdlRtveKraykarN_R)ab;fak;elI[dwgeT ehIyTMhMnkarRbharCIvit
\tGasUrenHkRbEhlCamCimminEdldwgesaHEdr.XuMxH RsukPaKeRcIn tMbn; nigPUmiPaKTaMgGs; suT
EtmanKukdak;mnusSEterogxn. CaTUeTA eKeRcInyksalaeron vt bpH eFVICaKuk edaymanTIFamYy
sRmab;eFVITaruNkm nigreNAmYyEk,renaHsRmab;dak;exac. enAmanCMrMsRmab;bgaMgTukmnusS[enA
EtmYykEngCaeRcIneTot EdlBYkGkeTaskgenaH RtveFVIkardUcGkERscmarEdr KWmansPaBdUcKanwg
CMrMEkERbfIebHbiT. eKGacsnidanedayKanxacPnRcLMfa CaTUeTAKukTaMgenaH )anykmnIrXuMXaMg
TYlEsgeFVICaKMrU ehIyCMrMmrNnanaenAtamCnbT )aneFVITaruNkm nigsmab;CnTaMgLayNa Edl
rbbcat;TukdUcCaxaMgsRtvenAeBlenH ehIyfa Gksab;TaMgenaH keKmanTukksarepSg dUcenA
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgEdr.
b:uEn kalebIeBlNamYyRtvFUrRsal kareFVsRbEhs)anbNal[ekItrgVg;BiruTPaB nigkar
sb,ay nwgeFVI[GkdTQWcab;mYy EdlrYcputBIkarRttRtaTaMgGs;. cMNg;sgswk bsmab;tam
383
FmtaRtv)anbegInrhUtTal;EteKsmab;mnusSkgmYyelIk edayKancitesJIbrMePIbbniceLIy.
KanGVImYyGacbgn;karxHExgrbs;BYkXatkrTaMgenaHeT EdlenATIbMputsuTEtyl;pyfa GkNa
keday kGacEbrk,almkRbqaMgnwgBYkeKvijEdr -CaBiessbNaemdwknaMbkS- ehIyxMRbwgkmat;
sRtvpal;rbs;xnecalTaMgGs;. BYkeK )anlak;cMnYnmnusSEdleKsmab; cMeBaHfak;elIrbs;BYkeK
RbEhlxngpgkmindwg.
b:uEn eKGacrab;eXIjcMnYnRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlRtvsmab;rgalTaMgGs; tamrybNwgrbs;
sakSImak; EdlFab;rs;enAPUmiPaKnirtI24. Kat;rs;enAtMbn;13 CatMbn;mYy kgcMeNamtMbn;TaMg
samsibbI rbs;PUmiPaKenH. dUckgTUTaMgPUmiPaKnirtIEdr tMbn;enHRtv)an sRmaMgTukedaymCim
sRmab;eRbIR)as;BYkkmaPi)alenATIenaHkgkare)assmatPUmiPaKdTeTot. b:uEn sakSIenaH
)anniyayfa RbCaCnkm<CaRbEhl38>400nak; Rtv)aneKsmab;CapvkarkgtMbn;rbs;Kat; cab;
taMgBIqaM1975 dl;qaM1978. cMnYnenHRbEhlCaEpktamcitrbs;GkNamak; dUcKanwgtYelxn
karRbmUlplTaMgLay EdlBYkkmaPi)al)anEkgbnM sRmab;CaksarsRmab;GgkarkNal b:uEn
kgnypyKaRsLH. CaTUeTA BYkkmaPi)alTaMgenaH eRcInbnycMnYnBitnGksab;[ticbMputenAkg
r)aykarN_epSgrbs;BYkeK BIeRBaH rbbenH)anRbkasfa cMnYnRbCaCnetagEtbegIn[eRcInEfm
eTot. KWTegVIenHehIy EdleFVI[eXIjc,as;las;BIPaBqtellarbs;rbbenH mCim )anbgab;bBaa
[eKeFVIkare)assmatepSg karsmab;mnusS nigkareFVI[RbCaCn km<Casab;kgeBleFVIkargar b:uEn
mCim EbrCasgwmcg;[RbCaCnekInmYyeTVCaBIr kgryeBlBIrTsvtSr_xagmuxeTAvij.
ebIKit[sBVeTA bBaIeQaHdEvgnGkrgeRKaHenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg eFVI[eKdwgcMnYnGksab;
ticCagcMnYnRbCaCnEdleK)ansmab;erogral;qaMkgTUTaMgRbeTseTAeTot. KWmanEtksar EdlkRm
rk)anCacemIysarPaBepSgb:ueNaH Edlbgaj[eKdwgBIRbvtirbs;bNasmaCikbkSkumynis
nigRbvtimnusSFmtamunnigeRkaykarbdivt. ksarTaMgenaH )anerobrab;BIRbvtinkarBiPakSaEpk
neya)ay kll,icsmat;bRmgbMpajKag nigkartsUedIm,IGMNacpkgbkS. kgrdmYyEdlBwg
EpkelIsnisuxCaFM EdlbiTTVarRbeTsCatigTaMgRsugenaH mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg)ankayeTACasabn
EtmYyKt; EdlGac[dwgBIbcyEdlCaedImehtuepSg nigKMnitKYr[RBWxacbMputrbs;karbdivtenH.
384
xa nigRkeBI
385
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RcankarvayRbharrbs;evotNamEdleRKagTukCamun. kgTIRkg yuvnarIEdlkMBugeFVIkarkgeragcRk
bgkCrekAsU Cab;nwgmat;Ten )ansab;BeKniyayfa PUmikMeNItrbs;BYkenAPaKxagekItkm<Ca
)anTTYlrgnUvkar vaylukBIsMNak;kgTBevotNam Edl)aneFVITaruNkm nigsmab;RbCaksikrGs;
y:ageRcIn. kmaPi)aleFVIkarenATIRkgmak;)anRbkasfa Kat;)aneXIjeKdwkyuTCnExrEdlRtvrbYs
CaeRcIn mkdak;enAGtItmnIreBTcin.
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em:ag esckIPyxacrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca)ankbegItCaPk;ePIgfImYy KWkarQanBanmYyrbs;kgTB
evotNam. kgPUmiPaKnirtI EdlbkSCYy[rIklUtlas;CageKenaH eK)andMNalR)ab;RbCaksikrfa
BYkevotNam )anvayRbharPUmiPaKbUBa BIeRBaH RbCaCnenATIenaHGt;xanrkkldac;eBaHsab; ehIy
fa RbeTsevotNamcg;qk;bn;RsUvGgrrbs;km<Ca. kgPUmiPaKBayB EdlrMeBItrMeBIgedayclacl
epSgdMNwgEdlniyaytKa )aneFVI[RbCaCnkm<Cadwgfa {BYkyYn} EdlKYr[RBWxacbMputenaH )an
RbgeRbbxnvayRbharmkelIRbeTskm<Ca ehIyrhUtdl;RsukepSgEdlenAdac;Rsyal dMNwg
enH)anelcBeTAdl;RbCaCnEdr sRtvsYBUCRbgnwgeFVIkarvaylukCaeRsc
ebIeTaHCaBakccamGar:amsIBIsgam eFVI[PaKepSgeTotnRbeTsPJak;epIlkeday kBak
ccamGar:amTaMgenH minbg[mankaregOgql;TaMgkarmineCOenAkgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<Ca Edlyl;
eXIjedayxng nUvkarGHGagbEnmBIsBaaEdlekItmankar)armmYy EdlcMBaHerOgenH BYkeK
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RBHbrmraCvaMg semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTTYlRsbedaycat;TukCaerOgeCosminputmYy EdlKYr
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kGtItescGgenH enAEt)anTTYldMNwgepSg nigBakccamGar:amTaMgGs;tamrykgkarBarRBHGg
pal; nigtamkarpSayrbs;viTbreTs EdleKGnuBaat[RBHGgebIksab;)anEdr.
RtveFVI[Tal;KMnit edaykarERkgrEGgBIkarlukluymYy nigGVIEdlGacCasBaaminlsRmab;
386
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)an ehIyrMedaHRbCaCn[putBIsubin GaRkk;mYyEdlmanryeBlBIrqaMmkehIy mYyEpkeTot
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km<Ca)aneT pyeTAvijlTienH )anCYybMeBjnUvkareBalGagfIeTot cMeBaHbMNgCak;Esgrbs;
RbeTsevotNam edIm,Iekabkab;RbeTskm<Ca[sitenAeRkamkarKaMBarrbs;xnminxan.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu manRBHbnlfa kalenaH RBHGgnwkeXIjdl;smIrbs;RBHGyeka
RBHGg KWRBHmhakSRtneratm fa {BakTMnajbrmburaNmYy)anTayTukCamunfaenAfNamYy
RbCaCndGPBVrbs;eyIg nwgRtveKbgitbgM[eRCIserIsrvag etIRtv[stVxaxaMEhksuI b[RkeBI
elbRt)ak; 2 cuHTwkRkeBI eLIgelIxa}.
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semc RBHneratm sIhnu CaeRcInGgpg. BYkstVRkeBIevotNam nwgelbRt)ak;km<Ca dUcEdlBYkeK
Fab;eFVICamYykm<CaeRkameTotb?. semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlCaGkTTYlxusRtvcMeBaH
mhnrayenARbeTskm<CamYycMENky:agFMenaH BuMmancemIyeTAnwgKMnitenHeT.
sBaaEdl[ekItmankar)armBIerOgevotNam KWCakarRbDitmYyrbs;BYkExrRkhm. PaBmin
cuHsRmgKa CemaHepSgEdlminTan;ecjCak;Esg manminxVHeTrvagRkgPMeBj nigRkghaNUy
ehIyRbeTsTaMgBIr enAEtRtvedaHRsaykarTas;ETgKaBIerOgRBMEdnqaM1975EfmeTot EdlnaMeTA
dl;braCykgerOgnavam:ay:aehTaMgRsug.RbeTskm<CaminRBmCECkBiPakSaBIsMeNIrbs;evotNam
edIm,IerobcMTMnak;TMngepSg rvagRbeTsTaMgBIreT b:uEn bBaaTaMgGs;enH )ansitenAgMkgryeBl
eRcInqaMteTAeTot edayminFayecjeTArkkarRbQmmuxmYyeLIy.
enAqaM1977 rbb b:ul Bt RtvkarsRtvbreTsmYy sRmab;Tmak;karTTYlxusRtv GMBIbBaa
FMEdlkMBugeFVI[Gab;muxRbeTsCati. eKRtvEtskbBalkgkarKMramkMEhgenH nUvFatueRKaHfak;
mYyEdlc,as;CanwgekItmankgeBlqab; dUcBakccamGar:amsIBIkarTmak;RKab;EbkmYyrbs;
GaemrikaMg EdlBYkExrRkhm)anRbDiteLIg nigeRbIR)as;y:agmanRbsiTiPaBbMput edIm,ICems
xa nigRkeBI
387
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sRtvenHkMBugKMramkMEhgRBmKacMeBaHbkSpg nigRbeTsCatipg eKetagEteRCIsykRbeTseRkA
mYy EdlFab;manTMnas;nwgKaCahUrEhminecHcb;mYyCamYynwgbkS kdUcCamYyRbeTskm<Capal;.
ehtuenHehIy kgkMLgExdMbUgnqaM1977 BYkExrRkhm)anRbkan;ykneya)ayQanBan
mYy ehIy)anvaykan;kab;TwkdICaeRcIntamRBMRbTl;f nigevotNam EdlCaTwkdIRtvCECkrkxusRtv
enAeLIy. BakccamGar:amsIBIkarvayRbharepSg )anlan;BeTAdl;PUmiPaKbsim. RbCaksikr
f EdlkMBugrs;enAelITwkdIEdlRkgPMeBjcat;TukCarbs;km<Ca Rtv)ansmab;rgal. b:uEn RbeTs
fBuM)anbgCakarKMramkMEhgmYyEdlGac[eKeCOdUcRbeTsevotNameT BIeRBaHBImunmk BYkCnCati
f BuMEdlcUleRCtERCkkgerOgneya)ayrbs;kumyniskm<CaeLIy.
m:ageTot BYkfBuMmanTaMgkmaMgeyaFa TaMgkarebCJacitx<s;dUcBYkevotNameT. kgrCkal
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anQHRbeTsfeLIgvijBIerOgR)asaTRBHvihar EdltulakarGnr
Cati RkgLaeG (La Haye) seRmcvinicyfaCasm,tivb,Fmrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca. TaMgsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu EdlCab;XuMenAkgRBHbrmraCvaMg TaMgBYkembBaakarExrRkhm EdlkMBugedIryaml,attam
RBMEdnevotNam BuMEdlnwkKitBIkarQanBanmyrbs;fenAeBlqab;enHeT KWBYkeKKitEtBIkarKMram
kMEhgrbs;evotNamb:ueNaH.
karvayRbharrbs;evotNam KWsBaaEdl[ekItmankar)armmYykgcMeNamsBaaEdl[ekIt
mankar)armdkRmenAqaM1977 EdlGaceFVI[rMePIbcitkgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlmanTukesak
nigEdlGs;sgwm. eRkayryeBlBIrqaM nkarkan;GMNacrbs;ExrRkhm nigR)aMqaM nsgamd
vinashinehacy:agxaMg EdlmanBImunRbvtisas nigkarBit)anRcbl;cUlKakgPaBminc,as;las;
TaMgRsugCagmuneTAeTot. RbCaCnrs;enAkgsPaBeka kat;pac;BIRbPBBtmanBitTaMgGs;. RbCaCn
swgEtKandwgGVIesaHBIbNaemdwknaMxn EdlenAEtlak;muxBIeRkayr)aMg{Ggkar}dEdl. viTrbs;
rdaPi)al pSBVpSayEtkareXasnaminsmTMngGMBIRbeTsCati nigRbeTsmYycMnYntUcnBiPBelak
b:ueNaH.
{Ggkar} nigbNaemdwknaMExrmun KWsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig ln; nl; )anbegItmUlehtu
minsUvCak;lak;mYykgcitrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaedayrYmbBalGtItsm<nmit nigsRtvTaMgLayrbs;
RbeTs. kgcMeNamenaH manmYycMnYntUcGacnwkeXIjBI shrdGaemrik RbeTscin b evotNam
388
Fab;eFVICa{mit} bCa{sRtv} eRkamrbbxusKarbs;km<Ca. kgCMnan;sBVf {sakeQaH} TaMgenH

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RBHneratm sIhnu sgamsasna rbs; ln; nl; RbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam nigkarefaleTasExrRkhm
rbs;shrdGaemrik kgryeBlsgamb:ueNaH.
kb:uEn manRbCaCnkm<CamYycMnYntUc )anePcKitBIesckIPyxacmanBibuBVkarImk nigy:ag
RCaleRCAcMeBaHBYkevotNam bkarRBmanminecHcb; Edlvaytmfa RbCaCnExrCaBUCsasn_mYy
ecosminputBITukevTna. BYkkumyniskm<Ca)aneRbIR)as;esckIPyxacenH ehIyeFVIbkBaCaGk
rgeRKaHkgeBlCamYyKa. KWswgEtedaysPavKtiEdlBYkExrRkhm BYkeKcab;epImbegIt[mankar
KMramkMEhgmYyrbs;evotNamenaH. m:ageTot ln; nl; Fab;)anerobcMsanPaBrYcCaeRsckgry
eBlsgam ehIykalebI)ankan;GMNacBYkExrRkhmBuM)aneFVIGVIesaH edIm,IlubbM)at;rUbPaBsahav
eXareXArbs;BYkevotNamEdlmanBIyUryarmkehIy ecjBIstiGarmN_rbs;RbCaCnExr. BYkeKBuM
)anelIkTwkcit[kmaPi)alpal;xnsMKal;eXIjkgBYkevotNam CabNasmmitEdlKYr[eCOTukcit
eLIy. bNaemdwknaMExrRkhm )anyl;RBmpl;nUvKuNsm,tixHcMeBaHBYkcin b:uEn )andkXaqay
BIBYkevotNamenAkareXasnarbs;eK cab;BIqaM1975eTA.
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rbs;xn BYkExrRkhm)aneRbIR)as;CaplRbeyaCn_rbs;eKnUvRbvtisahavyg;XgEdl ln; nl;
Fab;pSBVpSayRKb;TisTI GMBIPaBkMeralRBpSrbs;evotNam RBmTaMgkarPyxac EdlbkSpal; sak
BiesaFn_cg;dwgBIbMNgepSgrbs;RbeTsevotNampg. kgBak;kNalTIBIr nqaM1977 Rkg
PMeBj)anRbkasfa BYkevotNam )anRbgeRbbxneFVIskmPaBGVImYy edIm,IseRmcmhicta Edl
manrab;stvtSr_mkehIy kgkarbBalRbeTskm<CaCa]bsm<nrbs;eK. b:uEn xusEbkBIRkghaNUy
EdlRBy)armnwgkarKMramkMEhgCaRbBNIrbs;BYkcinmkelIRbeTsevotNam BYkkm<Ca)anRbRBwt
RClhYsehtu. minRtwmEtBYkeKeFVI[QWcab;eLIgvijnUvkarRbECgmYy EdlmanBImunmkb:ueNaHeT
b:uEn BYkeK)anvayRbhareTAelIRbeTsevotNam nigrkerOgBYkevotNamfa KansmtPaBeqt
ykcMeNjBI{kasCaRbvtisas}mYyEbbenH)aneT.
karerobcMRbgeRbbrbs;BYkExrRkhmsRmab;CemaHRBMEdn )aneLIgdl;TMhMmYyxusEbkBIsBV
xa nigRkeBI
389
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bgaj[eXIjCacMh. enAExkBaa qaM1977 CabuNxYbkMeNItbkS b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa RbeTs
km<CaRtv)andwknaMedaybkSkumyniskm<Ca EdlmanrUbKat;CaemdwknaM. bnab;mk Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIr
eTAkan;Rkgeb:kaMg nigBgy:ag edIm,Ibgajxn[BiPBelaksal; nigTak;TajkarykcitTukdak;BIRBwti
karN_epSg Edlc,as;CaekItmankgeBlqab;. \riyabfenH )anpl;nUvkareBjcitcMeBaHBYkcin
EdlFab;)anesI[RkgPMeBjbeBajPaBc,as;las; nigcab;epImeFVI[rUbPaBrbs;xnkgBiPBelak
RbesIrCagmunpg CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkExrRkhmeRtmxnvayRbhareTAelIBYkevotNamenaH.
enAkgRbeTs rbbenH)anseRmceFVIkarpas;brTaMgRsugmYy bEkERbmtiENnaMepSg kalBI
qaMmunedIm,Il,geCos[putBImhnrayEpkesdkic nigelIkTwkcitRbCaCnkm<Ca sRmab;sgammYy
Edlc,as;Canwgmkdl;kgeBlqab;. mCim )anbgab; bBaa[man {kareFVI[manesrIPaBCagmun}
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RKb;RKg EdlGnuBaat[cab;cgmnusSTaMgGs; EdleKsgSyBIGMeBIk,t;. b:uEn karpas;brTaMgenH
GacelceLIg[eXIj{manesrIPaB}EtkgsgmtwgruwgmYy dUcKanwgkm<CaRbCaFibetyb:ueNaH.
BIcugqaM1977 dl;cugqaM1978 edaymankMhuskgkarvinicy bedayPaBs<wkRsBn; BYkExr
Rkhm)aneFVI[CemaHRBMEdnmankRmitkMNt; nigmanRbeyaCn_mYyCamYyRbeTsevotNam eTACa
sgamkRmitFMmYyCaBiess edayRbkasfa manEtsgamTUeTAmYyb:ueNaH EdlGacbnSat;kar
KMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam)an. BYkeK)aneFVI[eXIjc,as;las;nUvGVIEdlCakarPyxacbMput rbs;
RbeTskm<Ca. BYkExrRkhm )anbg[manCemaHRBMEdnmYy edIm,IGaceFVI[RbeTsevotNamTTYlxus
RtvGMBIbBaaepSgrbs;BYkeK ehIybgajxneLIgCaGkCatiniymbrpac; nigCaGksegaHRbeTs
km<Ca. CaCMnYsRbkarenaH BYkeKbgajxneLIgCa mnusSEdl)at;bg;Gs;nUvsartITTYlxusRtvxaMg
eBk edIm,IRKb;RKgsgam ehIyelceLIgdUcCaBYkk,t;CatieBjFwg EdlCMruj[BYkevotNamcUl
lukluyRbeTskm<Ca nigvaydeNImkan;kab;edaykmaMgTBEfmeTot.
kalBImun BYkkumynis)anbMpajsgmCatigkgeKalbMNgeRsacRsg;sgmeLIgvij BYk
eK)anbegItsgmCafI bnab;mkBYkeKsmab;{sRtv}y:agrgal edIm,IkarBarTsSnbdivtrbs;xn.
\LvenH BYkeK)anRbElgelgCamYyeCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsCatiTaMgmUl kgeKalbMNgkarBar
RbeTseLIgvijeTot EdltamBit KWBYkeKkMBugrt;eTArkeRKaHmhnrayy:agFM.
390
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eKRtvbegInbrimaNplRsUv[)anmYyeTVCaBIr TukTMnukbRmgsRmab;karbriPaK. b:uEn eKGacmineCO
tYelxTaMgenHfaBitEdr. shkrN_nana RtvEtbBanr)aykarN_epSg eTAfak;elIrbs;BYkeKerog
ral;db;fmg ehIy)andwgy:agrhsfa shkrN_xnmuxCanwgRtvTTYlkm ebIsinCar)aykarN_TaMg
enaHBuMsuIKanwgkareRKagTukCamunrbs;mCim.
RbCaCnkm<CaEdlxMRbwgERbgeFVIkardUcBYkTaskr edIm,IsgRsUv BuM)anTTYllTplBIkarRbwg
ERbgrbs;xnenHeLIy. BitehIy minRtwmEtplRsUvmanbrimaNTabCagtYelxrbs;mCimb:ueNaHeT
b:uEn mCimenA)anRbmUlykRsUvmYyPaKrwtEteRcIneLIgKanQb;Qr sRmab;ciBawmkgTB ciBawm
PUmiPaKdTeTot EdlkMBugCYbRbTHkarGt;Xany:agsem,Im ehIytamrdaPi)al[dwgfa RsUvenaH
sRmab;naMecjeTARbeTscin sigburI nigGahVikmYycMnYn. m:ageTot RbEhlenABak;kNalqaM
1977 BYkemdwknaM)anpl;BtmaneTARKb;PUmiPaKfa RtvEtGnuvtn_tammtiENnaMEdlmanBImun eday
tRmv[mankarhUb)ayrYmTaMgGs; CaviFankarEdlkat;bnybrimaNes,gGaharbRmgTuksRmab;
RbCaCnEfmeTot.
ehtuenH RbCaCnmansPaBkan;EtexSayeTA qab;rgTTYlCMgWepSg nigkan;EtRtveFVI[xUcTwk
citxaMgeLIgedaysarkarbdivtn_ enAeBlEdlmCimbgab;bBaaenAExkkda qaM1977 [BYkeK
beBajkarRbwgERbgeFVIkarCafIeTotenaH. edaysMGagelItYelxEdlsresredayGMNaccitmnusS
mak; nigRbkbedaysuTidiymsIBIplitplksikmenaH mCim)anRbkasfa RbeTskm<Camanes,g
GaharGac]btmxnedayxng)anehIy eRtmxnsRmab;karGPivDn_dMNak;kalTIBIrCaeRsc KW
karksagksikmTMenIbmYy. RbCaCn)ankayeTACamas;elITwk edaysarkarbegItRbBnFara
sasfI. mUldanrbs;bdivtRtv)anRbkasfa mansirPaBelIvisyesdkic nigneya)ay Edl
CavisyBIr EdlminGacbMEbkecjBIKa)ankgcitKMnitrbs;BYkemdwknaM.
EpnkarbYnqaMfI4 )aneRKag[shkrN_nanae)aHbg;RbPBFnFanepSg EdlnwgRtvbegIn
meFa)ayplitkmkgksidan nigcmarFMrbs;rd ehIyEdlplitplnwgRtvTuksRmab;eragcRkEk
cmbGaharBIksiplEdleTIbbegItfI. EpnkarenH sgt;Fn;eTAelIeragcRkcRmaj;srs/ eragcRk
tm,aj/ eragcRkeFVIEkvnigeragcRksuIm:g;t_/ eragcRkRkecA ekAsU nigkarbnH. ksidan nigcmarFM
xa nigRkeBI
391
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]sSahUbnIykmenH sRmab;EtkarnaMecjb:ueNaH EdlbM)at;ecalCafInUvEppankarRbwgERbgrbs;
RbCaCneTot. ekAsU RkecA nigsMLIK )ankayeTACaplitplsMxan;kgkarnaMecj edIm,ICYybMeBj
hwbR)ak;rbs;rdaPi)alEdlKanmYyesnesaH.
enHKWCadMeNIrERbBIleTAGaRkk;mYyn{PaBkraCmas;kar} EdlBYkExrRkhmeFVICaRKwH
sIlFm nigesdkicrbs;bdivteK. PaBkraCmas;karenH KWCaBakPUtkuhkmYy BIeRBaH ebIKan
CMnYyrbs;cin kkm<CaRbCaFibetyBuMGacsitesr)anyUrEdr. rbbenH)aneRbIR)as;RbCaCnpal;
rbs;xn edaycat;TukCahtBlkrmYyEdlmantmQlefak ehIy)anlk;plitplrbs;xneTA[
BYkcin edayKanpl;plkRmmkvijesaH. Rtg;kEngEdlfa rk[)anBIbreTsnUvplitpl Edl
RbeTsCatiRtvkar nigRbmUlpMkarykcitTukdak;elIplitplkgRsuk BYkkumynis)anbgM[RbCaCn
km<CaeFVIedaydpal;nUvGVIEdlmanlkNcaM)ac;sRmab;eK. bnab;mk BYkemdwknaM)ankat;yk
plitplNaEdllelIseK ehIyeFVIkarnaMecjedaybBaHtmeTot. enHBuMEmnCaneya)ayxn
]btmxnedayxngeT b:uEn KWCakarbMpajxnedayxng.
enAqaM1977 rdaPi)al)andak;[GnuvtnUveBlem:ageFVIkarmYykgTUTaMgRbeTs edayGHGag[
Qb;sRmakbIfkgmYyEx. shkrN_CaeRcIn BuMykcitTukdak;mtiENnaMenHeT ehIy)aneRbIR)as;f
Qb;sRmaksRmab;eFVIkarRbCuM{eronsURtneya)ay} edayepateTAelIkalviPaKrdUvRctkat; nig
PaKryEdlRtv)aneTAvij ehIykgkMLgnkarRbCuMTaMgenaH eKcat;Ecg[eFVIkarTieton. tamkarBit
eBlem:ageFVIkarenAEtFn;Fr nigtwgruwgdEdl.
edayKanniyayerOgGVIeRkABIenH BYkExrRkhmenAEtmanbuernicyepSgkarvinicyedayKan
KitBicarNacMeBaH{vNKhbtIRkg}EdlBYkeKFab;mak;gay. karRbRBwtrbs;eKCarebobbkRsay
fImYynUvKMnitcas;KMrilrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg EdltamryenHRbCaksikrkm<CaEdlxilRcGUs
GacseRmceLIgebHEppa enAelIedImeQITaMgLayEdlRKb;RKan;sRmab;rs;enA ehIyminRBmeFVIkar
edaymuWgm:at; nigedIreTAmuxtamEdlGacseRmceFVI)an edIm,Inwg[RbeTskm<CaTMenIbTan;smy.
BYkkumynis)anriHKn;RbBnRKb;RKgcas; BIeRBaH )anGnuBaat[RsIsitenAEtkgpH nig[BYkvy
CMTg;eronsURtykcMeNHviCa edayKan)anGVIsRmab;ciBawmCIviteLIy. CYn RbsiTi GknaMBaknRksYg
karbreTs )ansegbkardwknaMenHfa {kgsgmcas; RbCaksikreFVIERscmarkgmYyqaM EtbI bbYnEx
b:ueNaH CamYynwgRkbI 2k,al ehIyTTYlplRsUv)an R)aMetan. \LvenH CamYynwgshkrN_nana
392
eyIg)anerobcMeFVIy:agNa[Tal;EtBYkeKGaceFVIkareBjmYyqaM)an>>>. kgsgmcas; RsIsit

enAEtkgpH manEtbImak;b:ueNaHEdleFVIkar. \LvenH mnusSTaMgGs;)anecjeTAeFVIkarRKb;Ka
CaBiess BYkyuvCnEdlkalBIedImKaneFVIGVIeRkAEtBIedIrraM nigsuICuHenaHeLIy5}.
manEtGtItsmaCikvNGPiCndUcCaRbsiTimak;b:ueNaHEdleCOfa RbCaksikr mineFVIkargar
eTeRkamrbbcas; ehIyfakarEdlKat;ciBawmRKsarmYy XuMRKgvgSRtkUlmYy nigcUlrYmeFVIkickar
eRcInelIslb;kgkarrs;enACnbT KWBuMEmn{eFVIkargar}eT. PaKeRcInnyuvCn kmineFVI[)at;bg;
eBlevlarbs;eKedaymineFVIGVIesaHEdr CaBiessenARsukERscmar eBlEdlBYkeKe)aHbg;sala
qab;CagGkeTot edIm,ICYyeFVIkargarERscmarrbs;RKsareK.
vaCaerOg\tnyTaMgRsug EdlvinicyBIkarGb;rMTMenIb\tRbeyaCn_ kgdMeNIrelatepaHrbs;
RbeTskm<Caeq<aHeTArkkarGPivDn_ nigkareFVITMenIbkm. TsSnenH manbsKl;menaKmviCaenA
RbeTscin nigbegItrebobsEmgecjrbs;xny:ageBjeljkgkartemIgPaBGviCarbs;karbdivtn_
vb,Fm. b:uEn enAqaM1977 rbbenHmanmUlehtumYy kgkarbiTsalaeronTaMgGs; nigbBanBYk
yuvCneTAeFVIkartamERs kgTB nigmnIrRksYgepSg. eKElgsUvTukcitmnusSvykNaleTotehIy
ehIykare)assmatTaMgLayeRcInEtsmab;rgalBYkkmaPi)alvycas;ecal. ehtuenHehIy
BYkemdwknaM)anEbrmkrkBYkyuvCnkm<CaCanic edIm,I[ekabkab;karbdivtn_rbs;eK. ehIyRbsiTi
)anGYtxnfa {Gs;elakGackt;smal;fa yuTCnbdivtn_TaMgGs; suTEtmanvyekg>>> karbdivtn_
begIt)anCMnan;fImYyehIy6}.
{yuvCnbdivtn_} manvykan;EtekgeTA. enAExkkda qaM1977 eRkayeBlEdlrbbenH
RbkaseCOTukcitcMeBaH mUldanbdivtrwgmaMBitR)akdehIyenaH bkS)ancab;epImeRCIserIsmnusS
fIEfmeTot EdlsuTEtmanvyCMTg;esIrEtTaMgGs;.
kgeBlCamYyKaenaH BYkemdwknaM)anpas;bryuTviFI nigeKaledATaMgLayEdlRtvvayRbhar
Edr. mCimxMRbwgbBab; {kartsUvN} kgpshkrN_nanaEdlnaMmknUvkarRcbUkRcbl; karbgr
QamCaeRcIn eRBaHvarbUtputBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;rbb nigkarFak;cuHy:agxaMgmYyEpkplitpl.
\LvenH mCim)anerobcMkmaMgrbs;xnTaMgGs;BIeRkaykartamEsVgrknigkarkmat;bkSBYkRbqaMg
Epkneya)ayEdlmanenAkgpbkSpal; nigkgCYrBYkGkeFVIkartammnIrRksYgnana. RkgPMeBj
EdlerobcMxnkgCemaHRBMEdnmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNam BuMcg;rkSaTukmnusSk,t;Namak;[kan;
tMENgsMxan;eLIy. enATIbMput Rkmsnisux )anRbmUlpMkicRbwgERbgy:agxab;xnrbs;BYkeK eTAelI
xa nigRkeBI
393
PUmiPaKbUBa EdlsgamnwgRbRBwteTAenATIenaH ehIyEdlBYkk,t;nwgeTACamnusSEdlpl;mhnray

CageK.
KNelxanKNkmaFikarmCimbkS)ankuhkedaydwgxncMeBaHxngpal; bBnicxny:ag
eRCAeTAkgKMnitsuTidiniymEdlKanmUldanfa bNasmaCikrbs;xnmanCMenOcMeBaHGVI EdlBYkeK)an
GHGagkalEdlBYkeKRbkasenAExkkda qaM1977 fa karbdivtmanmUldanrwgmaMBitR)akdenaH. Tuk
Cay:agNakeday mUldanRKwHTaMgenaH)aneRbHRsaMGs;eTAehIy. BYkExrRkhmmanRbCaCnRbEhl
rvag db;R)aMeTAmPaKryb:ueNaH EdlenABIeRkayBYkeKCasMxan; KWBYkksikrRk nigBYkyuvCn. b:uEn
enAeBlenH {BYkGkcas;} mYycMnYnFMEdlnwksanfa GacTajykGtRbeyaCn_BIkarbdivtkGs;
sgwmEdr. kareRbIR)as;es,gGahar)anfycuH. enAeBlEdlkare)assmatfak;PUmiPaK cab;
epImFayBImageTAmageTotnRbeTs {BYkGkcas;} )ancab;RBy)armBICIvitpal;rbs;eKEdr.
dUcEdlkare)assmatPUmiPaKBayBbgaj[eXIjRsab; enAqaM1977 {BYkGkcas;} )an
kayeTACaGkEdlRtveKsgSyxaMgCag {BYkGkfI} eTAeTot. {BYkGkcas;} Rtv)ansmab; b)at;bg;
muxtMENg nigsiTiBiessrbs;BYkeKkgRkbxNnkarpas;brCaeRcInelIk. RkmRKsarrbs;GkTaMg
enaH kkayeTACaGkEdlRtveKsgSydUcKa ehIyRtvRbQmmuxnwgkarsgswkeTAfmuxEfmeTot.
KWRbEhlenACMnan;enHEdr EdlKNelxamCimbkSbegIt[manneya)ayfImYy {EdlTUlayCag
mun} kgnaTInkarRbharCIvitmnusS. kalBImun karecaTRbkan;cMnYn BIGMeBIk,t;cMnYnbI lmRKb;RKan;[
eKcab;bBanmnusSmak;eTAdak;Kuk bsmab; Cak;CaR)akd. GMNwHteTA eKRtvkarBakecaTbwgcMnYnR)aM
eTIbykCakar)an enHCaviFankarEdl eGog sarI yl;eXIjfa {manmnusSFm} Cagmun.
enAeBlEdlTIedAvayRbharpas;br kare)assmatTaMgLay ecHEtbneTAmuxKanQb;Qr
nigkan;EteXareXAeLIg. enAExsIha qaM1977 enAeBlEdlmCim vinicykarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy
EdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyEdldwknaMbMpajkarbdivtedaysmat; bkS)ancab;xnemdwknaM
Can;x<s;CaeRcInnak; Edlkan;kab;muxtMENgepSg CamuxtMENgEdlGnuBaat[eKerobcMKeRmagkar
EbbenaH)an.
kalBImun mCim)ankmat;bNaemdwknaMCan;x<s;CabBavn nigmanRbPBedImCavNKhbtI dUcCa
kuy FYn emdwknaMPUmiPaK]tr Exk Eb:n kmaPi)aldwknaMPUmiPaKBayB nig hU nwm rdmnIeXasnakar
CaedIm. GkTaMgGs;enH Rtv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTeFVIkar[BYkes>GuI>Ga> kgkrNIxH karecaTRbkan;
394
epSg Rtv)anEkERbCabnbnab;edIm,Idak;bBalerOgeFVIcarkmbeRmI[BYkevotNamkman. b:uEn

karsmab; Ekv mas smaCikdman\TiBlrbs;bkS EdlcUlLkLMkgkarTas;ETgKaBIerOgkalbriecT
nkarbegItbkSenaH KWCasBaaR)ab;[dwgBIkare)assmatCaeRcInenAcugqaM1977 nigqaM1978.
RbeTsevotNam )anCMnYsshrdGaemrik kgtYnaTICamhaGMNacbreTsmYy EdlRKb;RKgdwknaMExS
bNajcarkicCaeRcIn.
rhUtmkdl;Exkkda qaM1977 PUmiPaKbUBarbs; esa Pwm RbEhlCaPUmiPaKmYykgcMeNam
PUmiPaKBIr EdlFab;CYy[RbeTsCatirIkceRmInxaMgCageK7. edayPUmiPaKnirtIrYcputBI {CMgWminTukcit
eKg} rbs; mCim PUmiPaKbUBa kxMkarBarkareRCtERCkRKb;Ebby:agrbs; mCim Edr. Pwm )anTTYl
ksiTirenH edayKat;suxciteFVItammtiENnaMTaMgLayEpkneya)ay nigkarTamTarepSgrbs;
mCim -edaykareTIsTal;cit bedayesckIeRsIbcitkmindwgb:uEneKminsUvdwgerOgenHeT. kb:uEn
GVIEdlCakarRbRBwtepSgrbs;Kat; )anbgajR)ab;y:agCak;c,as;fa Kat;CamnusSBUEkeRbIl,ickl
mak; dUcm:aKIy:aEvl (Machiavel) Gkneya)ayRbkbedayl,icklRKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IseRmcpl
RbeyaCn_epSg EdlGnuBaat[Kat;)anrs;ranCIvitrhUtmkdl;qaM1977.
kMhusEdlnaMmknUvkIvinasrbs;Kat; KWmkBIKat;minBinitemIlerOgCak;EsgEdlekIteLIg Kat;
)anbBalxneTAkgRbBnRKb;RKgxaMgeBk eRBaHEtKat;nwkkgcitfa GkNakGacEbrk,alRbqaMgnwg
Kat;vij)anEdr bedIm,I[)andwgCamunnUvsBaaepSg eBlNaEdlmanRBwtikarN_GVImYyekIteLIg
cMeBaHrUbKat;. CabkCneCIgcas;mak;rbs;bkS EdlFab;man bTBiesaFn_ CasmaCikKNelxamCwm
taMgBIqaM1963 nigCaelxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa taMgBIkarbegItPUmiPaK enHenAkgTsvtSr_qaM1960.
esa Pwm CaGkbegItkgTBEdll,Il,ajbMputenAPUmiPaKbUBaedayxnKat;pal;. Kat;)an
seRmccitdwknaMeFVIkartsUedayGavuFenAqaM1968 fVIebImankarbdiesFBIsMNak;BYkevotNam min
RBmpl;GavuFEdlkgTBrbs;Kat;kMBugRtvkary:agxaMgkeday. tameKniyayfa eTaHbICaKat;min
EdlePcBIkarbdiesFrebobRTeKaHe)aHe)akrbs;BYkevotNamesaHkeday kKat;enAEtEfrkSaTMnak;
TMngepSgy:aglCamYyBYkenaHdEdl. enAqaM1969 Kat;)aneRbIR)as;TwkdIrbs;evotNam edIm,I
lak;xn nigRbmUlpkM gTBrbs;Kat;eLIgvij. enAqa1M 970 enAeBlEdlBYkevotNamTnancUlmkkg
TwkdIkm<CaTaMghVgenaH esa Pwm nigkgTBrbs;Kat; )anvayRbyuTRbekoksa CamYynwgBYkenaHEdr.
CamYyBYkevotNam Pwm )anbgaj[eXIjfa Kat;CaGkcrcadcMNanmak; edaymin Edlyl;
xa nigRkeBI
395
RBmtamsMeNIrbs;evotNam edIm,IbegItbBaakardancRmHrvagkgTBevotNam nigExrTal;Et

esaH. Pwm ecHeqtTajykRbeyaCn_PammYy BIsanPaBEdlkgTBRkghaNUy kMBugeFVIkar
RbyuTCaKuNRbeyaCn_sRmab;kgTBExrRkhm. BYkevotNam)anpl;GavuF EdleKvayyk)anBI
sRtveTA[Kat;TaMgGs; ehIypl;kas[PUmiPaKbUBaerobcMbegItkgTBpal;rbs;xneTotpg. b:uEn
enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bBaa[Kat;smab;BYkkumynisExr EdlvilRtLb;BIRkghaNUymkvijCamYy
kgTBevotNam Pwm )aneFVItamCabnan;.
bnab;BICyCmH Kat;enArkSaTukGMNacbBaakarPUmiPaKbUBadEdl ehIyenAqaMbnab; eBlEdl
rdaPi)alRtvbegIteLIg Kat;Rtv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTImYynKNRbFanrdeRkam exov sMpn
mYyfak;. GnuRbFanrbs;Kat;mak;kgcMeNamGnuRbFansMxan;rbs;Kat;eQaH PYg Rtv)ancat;taMg
[TTYlbnkRksYgcmarekAsU ehIyRtv)anCMnYstambBaarbs;mCimeday\sSrCnmak;eTotrbs;
PUmiPaKbUBa KWeQaH can; Edl Pwm )anGb;rMENnaM [Rbkan;tamCMhrepSgrbs;Kat;)anTaMgRsug.
mCimk)anbBaa[mankarpas;brmYycMnYntUckgKNdwknaMPUmiPaKEdr b:uEn edayEbbEpnTUeTAmYy
mCimmineRCtERCkkgkickarrbs; Pwm eT CaBiess ebIeKeRbbeFobCamYynwgkareFVI[mankar
RcbUkRcbl;epSg EdltRmveTAelIPUmiPaKepSgeTot.
minRtwmEt Pwm RbtibtitambBaaepSgrbs;mCimb:ueNaHeT b:uEn Kat;k)anrYmcMENkkgkar
ecjbTbBaaTaMgenaHEdr edayehtufaKat;CasmaCikKNelxamCim nigCasmaCikKNRbFanrd
mak;. kgTBrbs;Kat;Fab;)ancUlrYmkgkarCemsRbCaCnecjBIRkgPMeBj edaysuTcit bnab;mk
karkemcBYkGkeCOsasnagb; CaBiess CnCatiPaKticcamEdlrs;enACaRbBNIyUrmkehIyenA
PaKxagekIt.b:uEn PUmiPaKrbs; Pwm )anBnWteBlminTan;[mankarhUb )ayrYmPameTehIykgtMbn;
xH)anekItmankartsUminRBmeFVItambTbBaa[lubbM)at;kmsiTikCneTotpg. KWcMeBaHmUlehtu
enHehIy Edl Pwm RtveKecaTRbkan;Cabnab;mkeTotfa CaGkesJIcsresIrEdlmancritCaGkbeRmI
mak;tamKMrUshkrN_Ebbcin.
b:uEn kgGtItkalrbs;Kat;KanGVImYyEdlGnuBaat[Kat;eFVICamitmak;rbs;RbeTsevotNam
eT. pyeTAvij Kat;)ansEmgTwkcitrIkrayCaxaMgEdl)anbdiesFminsitenAeRkamcMNuHRkg
haNUy kgeBlsgam kdUceBlmansniPaBEdr. m:ageTot KanGVImYybnSl;Tuk[eKsnidanfa
mankarExVgKMnitKaxagneya)aykeTEdr Pwm )anekatsresIrCacMhnUvKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIg EdlCa
maKadwknaMy:aglsRmab;km<CaRbCaFibety. eTaHCamanPaBBwgEpkTaMgRsugrbs;km<Ca cMeBaH
396
RbeTscinnasmyenaHkeday kBYkemdwknaMRkgPMeBjcUlcitniyayfa xnmancitjaMg[cg;eFVIkar

tamKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIgCag CaRbeTskumynismYyepSgEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmaneKalkarN_twgruwg
edayelIksresIrBIPaBkraCmas;kar nigekabkab;RbCaCneRkamrbbmYy EdleRbIlTipac;kar.
m:ageTot enAkgPUmiPaKbUBamunqaM1977 kekItmankare)assmatmYycMnYnEdr EdlGnuvt
edayRkgsnisuxpal;rbs;PUmiPaKenH. GkCMnajkarmak;)anvaytmfa kare)assmatenH )an
b:HBal;eTAelIkmaPi)alkumynis BIR)aMryeTAmYyBan;nak; enHCatYelxx<s;mYy sRmab;PUmiPaKbUBa
EdlmankmaPi)almYycMnYnFM eronsURtecHdwgRbesIreRcInCageK. eKmin)andwg[R)akdfa etI esa
Pwm CaGkbgab;bBaa[eFVIkare)assmatTaMgenH bfa kare)assmatTaMgenHRtv)aneFVIeLIgeTAtam
karesIrbs;mCimeLIy. TukCay:agNakeday k Pwm )andwgBIerOgenH nigpl;nUvkaryl;RBmrbs;
Kat; edayRbEhlCaTTYlsal;{Pstag}epSg sIBIGMeBIk,t;rbs;BYkkmaPi)alTaMgenaHEdr. dUc
jwm rs; elxabkSPUmiPaKBayB Pwm )anGnuBaat[eFVIkare)assmatepSg CaelIkdMbUgkgPUmiPaK
rbs;Kat;edaynwkKitfa mCim bRkmsnisuxpal;rbs;xnmanPstagepSg sRmab;RbqaMgnwgBYkkma
Pi)alEdleKb:gR)afaGs;ehIy.
b:uEn kgdMNak;kalfIenH BYkGkmanmuxmat;rbs;bkSEbb esa Pwm CaedIm suTEtkayeTACa
mnusSEdlGacRtvrgkarvayRbharxaMgCageKbMput. KuNsm,tiepSgrbs;Kat;pal; EdlkalBI
munFab;GnuBaat[Kat;QaneLIgbuNskiCalMdab;lMeday )anERbkayeTACalkNBiesseday
ELk EdlRtveKsgSyeTAvij edayrYmbgCacMNucsMxan;kgkarecaTRbkan;cMeBaHrUbKat;. ebI esa
Pwm ykcitTukdak;xaMgnwgkare)assmatepSg enAPUmiPaKdTeTot nigmUlehtuTaMgLay Edllak;
xnBIeRkayerOgTaMgenaH Kat;c,as;CaemIleXIjBIkarRbgeRbbxneFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaKpal;
rbs;Kat;Edrminxan.
PUmiPaK]tr Rtv)ane)assmatmuneKbgs; mYyEpkFM BIeRBaH TIenaHehIyEdlecaTeLIgCa
elIkdMbUgnUvbBaasMxan;rbs;karbdivt karKansmtPaBFanasnisuxeBjeljmYy KWenAPaK
xageCIgEdlkgTBrbs; ln; nl; eFVIRbtibtikarvayTmHExSRkv:at;karBarcUly:ageRCAEtmgKt; kg
ryeBlsgam KWqaM1974 karKansmtPaBRKb;RKgxagEpkesdkic edaysarEtGnuvtkmviFI
sgmkictwgruwghYsehturbs;karbdivt. PUmiPaKBayB CaeKaledAnkare)assmatbnab;mkeTot
BIeRBaHCakEngEdlFab;ekItmanbraCyxaMgCag eKbMput KeRmagkarRbkbedaymhictarbs;mCim
edIm,IbegItPaBrugerOgenATIenaHdUcsmyGgreLIgvijRtvbraCy ehIypyeTAvij PUmiPaKBayB
xa nigRkeBI
397
)anTTYlrgnUveRKaHGt;Xan nigkarkab;smab;mnusSmYycMnYnEfmeTot.
ebIKiteTAtamEbbbTrbs;mCim eKaledAbnab; RbEhlCaeKaledAEdlmCimRtvkar kar
seRmceCaKCyRbesIrmYy ehIyEdlFab;sal;braCydUcKa KWPUmiPaKbUBa. EmnehIy mCimFab;
epJIesckITukcitelI Pwm edIm,ITTYl)anCyCmHmYykgCemaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. sBaa
smal;dMbUgEdlbgajfa RkghaNUymankgTBmYyRbesIrelIseK y:agCak;EsgenaH )annaM[
mCimsgSyfa Pwm mankarXubXitCasmat;CamYyRbeTsevotNam. skmPaBBImunrbs;Kat;kg
bkS )aneFVI[Kat;eTACatYy:agebkCnsRmab;[eKecaTRbkan; BIbTdwknaMExSbNajcarkmmYy Edl
erobcMeLIgedayRbeTsevotNam kgeKaledAplrMlMbkS nigkarbdivt.
mYyEpkkareRbbeFobrvag Pwm nigPUmiPaKbUBa ehIymYyEpkeTotrvag tam:uk nigPUmiPaKnirtI
KWmanlkNeFVI[eKdwgerOgr:avy:ageRcIn. enAExkkda qaM1977 tam:uk nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; )ankan;
kab;sanPaBdRbesIrmYy ebIniyayGMBIEpkneya)ay. Kat;eTIbnwgdwknaMeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaK
BayB nigPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCatMbn;RkIRk EdlminEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;NamYykgKeRmagkaresdkic
rbs;mCimTal;EtesaH. BitEmnEtPUmiPaKnirtImanRBMEdnrYmmYyCamYyevotNamkeday kBuMEmn
TIenHeTEdlRbeTskm<Ca nigevotNameQaHTas;ETgKaBIbBaaTwkdI nigPUmimYycMnYnenaH dUecHkitiys
GaRkk;enHRtvFak;mkelIPUmiPaKbUBavij.
m:ageTot m:uk BuMmankan;muxtMENgNamYyenAkgrdaPi)aleT. edImeLIy Kat;manGaCIBCa
bBaakarTBmak; ehIykayeTACaelxabkSPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RbEhlenATIbBab;nsgamb:ueNaH.
Rbhak;RbEhlCaenAsmyenaHEdr Kat;)anQancUlkgKNelxamCim b:uEn BuMEmnCasmaCikd
sMxan;mak;dUc esa Pwm eT. b:uEn critKanGaNitGasUr nigkarbuinRbsb;EpkeyaFarbs;Kat; )anpl;
[Kat;nUvsMeLgdmanbTiGMNacelIslb;eKg Twkmat;Rb kgpKNkmaFikarmCimbkSy:agqab;
rhs. m:uk CaKMrUmnusSFun {Gkddl;} EdlkarBarPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; edaykarpab;pnykKab;ykKYr
nigeKarBeFVItambTbBaaepSgrbs; b:ul Bt Kanelg edayeCosvagmin[ekItmaneOgr:avGVI EdlnaM
[mankarlM)akdl;xn nigsitEtmak;gedayKaneKsal;EfmeTot. dUecH b:ul Bt emIlBuMeXIjfa
Kat;CamnusSKYr[RBy)armmak;eT ehIyenATIbMput )ancat;TukKat;CamnusSsMxan;mak;kgcMeNam
mnusSsMxan; EdlGac[mCimeRbIR)as;seRmc)anlTplCaeRcInRbkar kgkare)assmatTaMg
Layrbs;bkS.
CaCnsMxan;dUcKa m:uk RbEhlCasm<nmitcas;mak;rbs; Duc emKukTYlEsgEdrehIyemIleTA.
398
BYkeK )aneFVIskmPaBneya)ayCamYyKakgPUmiPaKnirtI kgryeBlnqaMdMbUgrbs;karbdivtn_.

dUecH Duc manesckIykcitTukdak; karBarBYkkmaPi)alenAPUmiPaKnirtINas; ebIsinCaKat;begIt[
mankarsgSyBIPkIPaBrbs;bNaemdwknaMPUmiPaKenH PkIPaBpal;rbs;Kat; kGacRtveKsgSyEdr
ehIyerOgenH vaCaeRKaHfak;mYyEdlKat;cg;eCosvag[qay.
edayman Duc enAeRkayxg m:uk KWCamnusSEdlmansnisuxy:agRKb;RKan;. esa Pwm nigyuTCn
eCIgcas;eqImdTeTotrbs;bkS nwgRtvecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;Cati edayrYmKMnitCamYybreTs. Cn
EdlsitenAkgkarKaMBarrbs; b:ul Btpal;eQaHv:n ev:t nwgRtvCab;ecaTBIbTeFVIviecTkmbMpajbdivt
edayectna eRkayeBlbkScab;epImeFVIkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm bnic. emdwknaMnana Edl
CaGksiTsalnwg b:ul Bt bmansiTiGMNackan;EtxaMgkalNa BYkeKmuxCanwgeFVI[ Duc keRmIkeLIg
nUvkarsgSyxaMgeLIgkalenaHEdr.
b:uEn KWkardYlrlMrbs; esa Pwm nigkare)assmatPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;RbEhlCarYmbgCavKerOg
mYyEdlKYr[rnt;jab;jr bNal[mankarsab;eRcIn nigEdlbMpajxaMgCageKbMput cMeBaHCIvit
y:agxIrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety.
bgbM Bab b; Baa my
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enAqaM1977 karvayRbyuTKay:agsahavmYy )anbNal[mankarRbQmmuxdak;
KarvagBYkGkeshaCatiCaeRcInEdlGHGagfa km<CaRtvEtkraCmincMNuHRbeTs
evotNam nigBYkGkEdlRbkasfaRtvEteFVI CamitdCitsiTCamYyRbeTsevotNam.
karvayRbharenH)anbnrhUtmk dl;Exkkda qaM1978>>>8.
CnY mMud
kgsmykalenaH CemaHRBMEdnrvagRbeTskm<CanigRbeTsevotNam manRkbxNxag
menaKmn_viCamYyy:agc,as; 9. semc RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;manbBaay:ageRcInCamYyrbbnana
EdlKaMRTedayshrdGaemrik. enAqaM1967 BYkkumynisevotNam)anTTYlsal;RBMEdnrbs;
km<Ca ehIyy:agehacNas; sRmab;BiPBelakxageRkABYkkmynis hak;dUcCaeRtmbRmgedaH
RsaynUvCemaHepSg Edlcak;bsy:ageRCArvagRbeTsTaMgBIrEfmeTot.
KMnitenH elceLIg[eXIjlkNEdlminBitdUcPaKeRcInnsmtikmepSgeTotsIBIlkN
CemaHnGFikrN_\NcinEdr. eRkamrbbkumynisfIrbs;BYkeK BYkevotNam nigBYkkm<Ca )an
xa nigRkeBI
399
RbQmmuxdak;KaPamGMBIbBaaRBMEdn. BIqaM1975 dl;qaM1977 BYkemdwknaMRbeTsTaMgBIr)anebIk

eFVIkarRbCuMCahUrEhmYy edIm,IBiPakSaBIerOgEdndI nigEdnsmuTEdlCakmvtkgkarCECkBiPakSaenA
eLIy. b:uEn BYkeKBuM)anQandl;kicRBmeRBgNamYyeLIy. BYkkumyniskm<Cahak;dUcCadwgxnfa
BYkevotNam)anesIerIeLIgvij nUvkicRBmeRBgEdlBYkeK)ancuHhtelxaCamYysemc RBHneratm
sIhnu kalBIqaM1967. sRmab;PaKIxn BYkkumynisExr)anTTYlsal;RBMEdnEdlmanEcgkgkic
RBmeRBgenH. b:uEn RBMEdnEdlKUseLIgtaMgBICMnan;)araMg ehIyEdleFVI[xUcplRbeyaCn_RbeTs
km<CaenaH RbEhlCaRtve)aHbg;karTamTarTaMgGs;kgerOgTwkdIkm<CaeRkam enAeBlEdlBYkevot
NamRBmeKarBRBMEdnenH. e)aHbg;TwkdIExrmYycMGamEfmeTot nwgQaneTArkeRKaHmhnrayy:agFM
ebIeKeCOelIemeronCaRbvtisasTaMgLay.
GkCMnajkarExrmak;)ankt;smal;fa {taMgBIsmysemc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlxMRbwgERbg
y:agxaMgxagvisyGb;rMsaFarN )anepatCasMxan;eTAelIRbvtisas nigbBaaRBMEdnrbs;km<Ca
bBaaRBMEdnenA EtmanCaRbcaMsRmab;RbCaCnkm<Ca eRbbdUcCaEkvsg;kRmitnTMnak;TMngepSg
rbs;BYkeKCamYynwgevotNamGcwg. karbnrbnyedIm,IsRmbsRmlKacMeBaHvisyenH c,as;Ca
tRmv[mankarRbQmmuxnwgkareFVIBlIkmkan;EtFM RbEhlCaCagmitPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam
eTAeTot 10}.
ln; nl; Fab;)anRbkassgamsasnaRbqaMgnwgBYkkumynisevotNamEdr edaypSaydMNwg
xrxarfa BYkevotNam)anTnancUlmkkgTwkdIExr ehIymineKarBkraCrbs;RbeTskm<CaeTot.
tamGVIEdlsmCaBit BYkevotNammnmansgSyBIesckIPyxac EdlBYkeKbegIt[manenAkg
cMeNamRbeTsCitxagGMBIbBaaRBMEdneLIy.
enAeBlEdlCemaHRBMEdnpHeLIgCafI b:ul Bt nig Duc eCOCak;fa c,as;CaRbmUl)anPstag
epSg EdleKRtvkarrwtEteRcInEfmeTot tarycemIysarPaBTaMgLayrbs;CnrgeRKaHenA
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg sIBIkareRCtERCkrbs;evotNam kgneya)ayrbs;bkSkumyniskm<Ca.
cab;BIExkBaa qaM1976 kaEstrbs;bkS)ansresrfa {cab;BI\LvenHeTA eyIgRtvEterobcMRbvti
sasrbs;bkS[)anc,as;las; nigeBjelj GnuelameTAtamneya)aykraCrbs;eyIg
nigeFVICamas;elIxngBitR)akd}. karpas;brkalbriecTnfkMeNItbkS )ankayy:agrhseTACa
meFa)ayedIm,IeTAdl;eKaledAmYyrbs; b:ul BtnigGkenACuMvijKat; edIm,IbgM[bNa {sm<nmitrbs;
evotNam} sEmgbMNgxnedayRbqaMgnwgkarpas;brenH.
400
b:ul Bt )anbMpajexcxInUvsm<nPaBepSg EdlbegItCarUbragy:agsRmaMg ehIyEdlFab;

bRgbbRgmBYkkumynismkBIRbPBxusKa kgryeBlnkarRbyuTdyUrkgkareFVIsmPaBlYclak;
rbs;eKkgsgamRbqaMgnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu bnab;mk RbqaMgnwg ln; nl;. enHCameFa)ay
mYysMedAeka BYkbkCneCIgcas;rbs;bkS EdlmanbsKl; ecjBIbkSkumynis\Ncin KWbNa
mnusSdUc esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBaCaedIm. dUc CYn muM )anTTYlsal;erOgenHy:aggaybMput
fa {eyIg)anelIkfEx begItbkSeTAqaM1960vij kgeKalbMNgpac;xn[putBIbkSkumynis
\Ncin11}.
lkNBitR)akdnkarBiniteLIgvijCaRbvtisasenH )anRbharbkSedayPaBkMEhgkMhl;
mYy enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt nig Duc CYyKaMRTedIm,IEfTmn;fa RbeTsevotNam)anKMramkMEhgRbeTs
Cati. Duc )anpl;nUvcemIysarPaBCaeRcInrbs;BYkGkCab;KukenATYlEsg Edlbgaj[eXIjfa
RbeTsevotNam)anbegItbkSRsbKamYyCasmat;enARbeTskm<Ca edIm,IbMpajkarbdivt ehIyenA
TIbMputykRbeTskm<CabBalCa]bsm<neTot. GkNakedayEdlsal;c,as;CMgWminTukciteKg
TaMgGs;rbs;emKukTYlEsg Gacyl;FHEdlkaMCeNIrbnab;nwg naMeTAdl;PaBsmehtusmplTaMg
Rsug enAeBlEdlbNaemdwknaMbkS rYmTaMgmnusSmYycMnYndUc esa Pwm CaedIm Fab;)ancUlrYmkgkar
e)assmatdMbUg sMedARbqaMg nwgBYkkumyniskm<Ca EdlRtLb;BIRkghaNUymkvijenAqaM1974
BYkeK)anyl; RsbtamkareBalGagrbs;bkSEdlfa smmitTaMgenaH CaBYkviecTkreFVIkarbeRmIBYk
evotNam. eBlEdlbkS kemcsmasPaBGnuFnecalenAqaM1975 nigqaM1976enaH kBYkem
dwknaMdEdlenH )anyl;RsbtameKalmaKaEdlfa smasPaBGnuFnTaMgenaH CaPak;garrbs;
es>GuI>Ga> bka>ehS>eb> Edl)aneRCtcUlkalBIeRcInqaMmunedIm,IbMpajkarbdivtEdr.
ehtuenH KanGVI[PJak;epIlesaHcMeBaHerOgEdl Duc rYmbBaleQaHGtItsmaCikbkSkumynis
\NcinenAeBlenH eTAkgkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;evotNam RbqaMgnwgkarbdivtenaH. karTas;ETgKa
rvagRbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam)anpl;nUv {Pstag} y:agRKb;RKan;edIm,IjaMg[ b:ul Bt eCOBIerOg
enH. enARkghaNUy BYkevotNam)anbkRsayR)ab; {GksegtkarN_} mYycMnYn[dwgc,as;fa
BYkeKnwgminsb,ayciteT ebIsinCa b:ul Bt Elgkan;GMNac. BYkevotNam )anetOnBYkkm<Ca[cuH
htelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBmYy EdlnwgeFVI[karRttRtarbs;evotNammk elIkumynis\Ncin
manCasaBrteTA. RkghaNUybdiesFmineKarBkicRBmeRBg EdlevotNamxageCIg nigrdaPi)al
bdivtbeNaHGasnPaKxagt,gevotNam )anseRmcCamYynwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu eLIy.
xa nigRkeBI
401
m:ageTot BYkExrRkhmRtvkarsBaankarKMrameFVIkarlukluymYyrbs;evotNamEdr edIm,IbEgVrkar

ykcitTukdak; rbs;RbCaCn cMeBaHkareFVImin)anseRmceCaKCypal;rbs;BYkeK.
bNaemdwknaMbkS)anRtveFVI[Cab;rvl;KitKUrxaMgEmnETn edaysarEtkarERbRblPam rbs;
rbbEdleFVI[BYkeKGacsmal;eXIjRtwmEtfa dMNak;kalfIenHnwgnaMmknUvkarvinaspal;xnrbs;eK
b:ueNaH. RsbeTAtamPstagCak;lak; emdwknaMCaeRcInnak; EdlmanrUb esa Pwm Edr nwksgSyEmn
ETn BIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;evotNamkalBIeBlfIenHEdlbkSniyay[dwgenH. bNaemdwknaMxH
eTotdUc v:n ev:t CaedIm)andNwgsYrkgcitfa ehtuGVI)anCamCimmineFVIRbtikmcMeBaHkarKMramkMEhg
BitR)akdmYy edayeRbIGMeBIeXareXAtbeTAvij? b:uEn minyUrb:unan GkTaMgenHbgajKMnitxnfa BYk
eKBuMmankareRCIserIseLIy. sRmab; b:ul Bt nigGkCitsiTrbs;Kat; BuMmancMNucNamYyEdlRtvsYr
eLIy. enHKWCabBaasab; brs;mYyrvagRbeTskm<Ca nigRbeTsevotNam. ehIykgkarRbyuTenH
km<CaGacsitenAKg;vgS)anTal;Et b:ul Bt TTYlCyCmH. b:ul Bt )anRbgRbytcMeBaHsanPaB
rbs;Kat; nigsanPaBrbs;RbeTs KWRtvcgPab;KasitrmYt.
karpas;br\riyabfrbs;mCimcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam )anekIteLIgqab;rhseBksRmab;em
dwknaMxH edayehtufa eKeTIb)anseRmceFVIkarTak;TgKaCaGkCitxaglEtBIr-bIExb:ueNaH cMeBaHkar
KMramkMEhgmYyBIsgam. enAExkkda qaM1976kgkasnkarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBg Edl
eRKagerobcM[mankarTak;TgKatampvGakasrvagrdFanITaMg2 RbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam enAEtyl;
eXIjfa BYkeKGacrYmrs;CamYyKa)an. enAsrTrdUv cMeBaHmuxmhasni)at GgkarshRbCaCati
eGog sarI )anEfgKaMRTdl;karsuMcUlrbs;RbeTsevotNamkgGgkarGnrCatienH. karseRmcpas;
brkalbriecT fExkMeNItbkS nigkarkat;pac;bsKl; EdlecjBIbkSkumynis\Ncin BuM)anEkERb
karyl;eXIjrbs;xn sIBIneya)aybreTsrbs;km<CaeLIy GBaRkwt samKIPaBCamYybNa
RbeTskumynis nigttiyelak kartsURbqaMgnwgshrdGaemrik nigcRkBtiniymGaemrikaMg Edl
cat;TukdUcCasRtvsMxan;bMput.
eGog sarI pal; bgFMTI2kgzananuRkmbkS )anGHGagfaCemaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam
nwgminnaMeTArksgammYyeLIy. edayTTYlsaklCamYynwgesckITukcitKanBicarNamYyBIGtiPaB
nBYkPak;garevotNameRCtcUlbkSdl;fak;x<s;bMputenaH Kat;BuMEdlRbkarenH GacnaMeTArkkarvivaT
mYyrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrpgeT. {eyIg)anyl;RBm[evotNam begItsanTUtmYymunBYkcin. eyIg
beNay[BYkeK eFVIdMeNIreTAkEngepSgtamEtBYkeKcg;eTA>>>. minEdlR)afacg;[mansgam
402
rvagevotNam nigkm<CaTal;EtesaH>>> GVIEdlPy)armenaH KWrdRbharmYykgRbeTspal;rbs;

BuMEmnkarQanBan mYymkBIxageRkAenaHeT>>>. sUmGHGagfa bBaaenHCabBaapkgsuTsaF
edaysarmanBYkPak;garevotNameRCtcUl>>>12
b:uEn KMnitsIBIkarKMramkMEhgmYyrbs;evotNamEdlbNal[eKFujRTan;enH )aneFVI[PaB
RkGWtRkeGagrbs; eGog sarI ekIteLIgEfmeTot kgzanKat;CardmnIkarbreTs. cab;BIeBlenHeTA
b:ul Bt )aneRtmebIkTVarRbeTsTTYlBYk[ePJvbreTsCaeRsc ehIybgaj[eXIjfa bkSkumy
niskm<Ca CaGdwknaMRKb;RKgkm<CaRbCaFibety EdlmanKat;CaGkkan;cgt. kgryeBlmYyPaK
FMnqaM1977 nigqaM1978 sarI )anerobcMsanPaBCamYyRbeTscin kUer:xageCIg nigRbCaCati
epSgeTot edIm,I[CYyniyaykarBarbuBVehturbs;km<CaRbCaFibety enAmuxmtisaFarNGnrCati
nigTak;TajsmancitBIBiPBelakkgkarCYyeRCamERCgmYy RbqaMgTl;nwgRbeTsevotNam.
kgBak;kNalTI1nqaM1977 enAeBlEdlkarerobcMRbgeRbbeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaK
BayBkMBugmandMeNIreTAmuxelOnrhsenaH b:ul Bt nig Duc kbegInkarRsavRCav {BYkPak;gar
evotNam} nigkareRtmerobcMsRmab;CemaHRBMEdnrwtEtxaMgeLIgEdr.
EdndIrbs; esa Pwm rYmmantMbn;EdlmanRBMRbTl;Cab;CamYyexttaynijrbs;evotNam ehIy
EdlTamTar edayRbeTsTaMgBIrenH. enAeBlEdlmCimesI[Kat;beBajkmaMgTBeTAvayRbyuT Kat;
suxciteFVItamPammYyrMeBc fVIebIKat;mineBjcitkeday enHebItamkarr:ayr:ab;rbs;mitPkiKat;CaeRcIn
nak; EdlenArs;ranmanCIvit. enAExmIna qaM1977 Kat;)anbBaa[kgTBTaMgGs;rbs;PUmiPaK bBab;
kargartamERscmar nigkardannanaedIm,IeFVIclnaCabnan;eq<aHeTAkan;RBMEdn. Pwm CaGkTTYlxusRtv
edaypal;kgkickarBarpvCatielx7 CapvCatiEdlsNktambeNayRBMEdn taMgBIcmarekAsUsl
enATisxageCIg ehIyEdlqgkat;muxcmarekAsUemmt; Fak;mkdl;ERkk CacMNucsMxan;nEdndIkMBug
manvivaT bnab;mk tRmg;mkRbeTskm<Ca nigqgkat;TenemKgmkRkgkMBg;cam.
pvCatielx7 KWCapvCatiEdl xNEckPaKxageCIgBIGVIEdlsntehAeRtIyxaglic TenemKg.
kgryeBlnsgamRbqaMg ln; nl;/ Pwm nigyuTCnrbs;Kat;)an vayRbyuTykQHcaj;y:agnnH
nenol edIm,IkarBarkarRttRtapvCatienH. cugpvCatielx7 bBab;enARtg;pvExVgCamYypvCatielx
6 CatMbn;EdlrgkarvinasGnrayy:agxaMg edaysarRbtibtikarecnLaTI1 nigTI2 rbs; ln; nl;.
enAedImdMbUgnsgamRBMEdnCamYyevotNam Pwm Rtv)anGgkarTukcit edayRbKl;[emIlxusRtv
xa nigRkeBI
403
ExSkarBarmYy kgcMeNamExSkarBardsMxan;bMputrbs;km<Ca.
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PUmiPaKbUBa nigtPab;TIRkgRBnKrmkRkgPMeBj kat;tamextsVayerog Rtv)aneKcat;TukCapv man
sarsMxan;dUcKa. pvCatienHlatsnwgqgkat;extsVayerog nigtMbn;EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa
{cMBuHesk} CaTIlanEdlmankarRbyuTbgrQamy:agxaMTaMgxagBYkGaemrikaMg kdUckgTBevotNam
nigkm<Ca. sun esn EdlmanmuxnaTICardmnIkarBarRbeTs CaGkTTYlbnkemIlxusRtvelIpvCati
elx1enH. RbEhledIm,Isgt;bBaak;BI ExSRkvat;karBarrdFanIKWpvCatiTaMgBIrenH sitenAkgPUmiPaK
bUBaehIyemIleTA eTIb)anCa esa Pwm Rtv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFan {KNkmaFikarsmrPUmi}enaH.
enAeBlenH mCim )ankMNt;TITMhMnCemaHrbs;xnCamYyevotNamrYcCaeRsc. kgkarbk
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karbBalRbeTskm<CaCa]bsm<n nigbMpajRbCaCnenH[sabsUnb:ueNaHeT b:uEn BYkeKbeRmICa
sRmab;BYksUevot. eTaHCaedaydwgxn bmindwgxnkeday ksgamEdleKBRgIk[FMenH Rtvsmnwg
bMNgEpkcitsas nigneya)ayrbs;km<CaTaMgRsug. erOgenHmannyfa b:ul Bt cg;l,gbTiCafI
CamYynwgmhaGMNacmYy kgcMeNammhaGMNacFMnBiPBelak.dUcBYkeKFab;)anRbkasCyCmH
rbs;eKelIshrdGaemrik kgkMLgsgamcugeRkayEdr bkS nigemdwknaMrbs;xn)anGHGagenAeBl
enHfa RtveLamBTedaymhaGMNacmYyeTot. RbkarenH vasmRsbnwgesckIRtvkarEpkcitsas
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xat bcMeNjkgsgam edaybBaak;GHGagfa sgamCalkNEdlEsgecj[eXIjkarEbk)ak;
Karvagcin-sUevot. Rtg;cMNucenH BYkeKRbEhlCaminRtvkarkarelIkTwkcitrbs;Rkgeb:kaMgb:unan
eT. CaTUeTA BYkcin)anRBmanBiPBelakCasaFarN nigedayELkshrdGaemrikfa kardkfyTaMg
RsugmYyrbs;GaemrikaMgecjBItMbn;enH eRkayqaM1975 nwgbg[mankarTnanmYyedaypal;BI
rbbvatTIniymsUevotminxan. kgeBlmansniPaB BYkcin)ansnapl;CMnYyrbs;eK eTA[RbeTs
evotNam ebIsinRbeTsenHbriharBIGnutrPaBniymsUevotCasaFarN b:uEn BYkevotNam)anRcan
ecal. \LvenH BYkExrRkhm)andutbeBaHkarvivaTmYy EdlBYkcinGacGHGagfaeFVI[manTmn;dl;
TsSnrbs;eK.
404
enAqaM1977 kgeBlEdlRkgeb:kaMgyl;RBmpl;GavuFfImk[BYkkm<CaEdlBYkeKTamTar
BYkcin)anesICafI[BYkExrbgajxnCacMhRbkasxnCaCnkumynisbgajfa b:ul Bt CaGkdwknaMbkS
nigRbeTs ehIycab;epImTb;Tl;nwgkarerobrab;erOgr:avdKYr[rnt;TaMgLay rbs;BYkGkePosxn Edl
rt;ecjBIkm<CaRbCaFibetyeTARbeTsf. Cafrnwgkarpl;GavuFenH nigkarCYyKaMRTEpkkarTUt
mYyrwtEtxaMgeLIgrbs;BYkcin b:ul Bt )anTTYlyl;RBmecjmuxdwknaMkgzanCaemdwknaMrdaPi)al
EdleK)aneRKagrYcmkehIy niglHbg;citKMnitTBRBrbs;xnecal y:agehacNas; kgvisykarTUt
Edr. CMhanenH Rtv)anqgputenAExkBaa qaM1977 kgkaseFVIBiFIbuNxYbnkarbegItbkS.
b:uEn b:ul Bt )anbeBaHsgamenAmunRBwtikarN_enH. enAExmifuna kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )an
vayRbharBYkevotNamenAtamRBMEdn kgtMbn;pvCatielx7 EdlsitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;
esa Pwm. tamPstagepSg )an[dwgfa kgTBbUBa)anvayRbharGaNikCnevotNam EdlkMBug
rs;enAkgEdndImYy EdleKkMNt;[RbeTskm<CaedaykicRBmeRBgmYy EdlseRmccuHhtelxa
enAqaM1967 edaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu RkghaNUy nigrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,g
evotNam.enHCacMENkdImYyrbs;exttaynij EdlevotNamerobcMCatMbn;esdkicfIenATIenaHtam
kmviFIrbs;RkghaNUy TuksRmab;dak;BYkGkTIRkgEdlrbbenHvinicyfa KanRbeyaCn_sRmab;
esdkicenATIRkgRBnKr. BYkkm<Ca )ancat;TukbMNgenHfa CarebobbkRsaymYyrbs;kumynis
GMBITmab;cas;KMrilrbs;evotNam kgkarbBanniKmCnCaeRcIn[mkratt,atdeNImTwkdIbreTs
edayerobcMCaksidanenATIenaH.
karRbyuTKa)anbnenAkgtMnb;enHeBjryeBlnExkkda. enAfTI17 kkda BYkembBaakar
TBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anecjpSayr)aykarN_mYy bnab;BI)anebIkeFVIkarRbCuMmYy sIBIbBaaCemaH
RBMEdn. mansl;EtmYyc,ab;b:ueNaH EdlRtv)anrkeXIjeLIgvij KWc,ab;EdlbBaneTA[smmit rin
embBaakarkgBlFMelx4 nPUmiPaKbUBa. eQaHBitrbs;Kat;KW ehg sMrin CamnusSmak;Edl)ans
EmgtYnaTImYyy:agsMxan; kgsgamryeBlmYyqaMeRkaymk. smyRbCuMenH TMngCadwknaMeday
esa Pwm EdlseRmcecjr)aykarN_mYy edaypSBVpSaymtiENnaMTUeTAcMeBaHembBaakarTBTaMgGs;
rbs;PUmiPaKenH. enHCaksarsmat;mYyEdleKTuksRmab;Et{embBaakar}b:ueNaH. enHCaesckI
dkRsg;mYy
mtiENnaMTUeTATIBIr kgnaTICakgTB eyIgRtvEtbnkarRbgRbytCab;Canic eRtmeFVIkarRbyuT
nigkemcxaMgsRtvRKb;eBlevla enAeBlfkdUcCaenAeBlyb;. eyIgminRtvebIkkas[sRtv
xa nigRkeBI
405
eRCtcUlmkkgEpkNamYynTwkdIrbs;eyIg ehIyRbRBwtkarQanBanmYyenATIenaHeT. ebIsRtv

eFVIkarQanBanmYy eyIgRtvEtRbyuTtbt edaybBab;karrulmkmuxrbs;va edaykemcva ehIy
eyIgminRtvkMNt;bBab; nigkemcBYkvaenAelITwkdIrbs;eyIgeT eyIgRtvEtlukcUleTARbeTsva edIm,I
bgabva nigkemcvaenATIenaHvij. eKaledAEdlRtvEsVgrk KWbegInkarlM)akrbs;sRtv[rwtEt
xaMg. ebIsinCaeyIgeFVIrebobenH karPyxacEdljaM[eyIgcg;eFVIeTAelIsRtv nwgekInkan;EtFM ehIy
enATIbMput vanwgBuMhaneFVIkarQanBanrbs;vaCafIRbqaMgnwgeyIgeT. pyeTAvij erOgenHnwgFak;eTAelI
va EdlxMRbwgbBab;karvayRbharrbs;eyIgmg.
r)aykarN_)anbBaak;fa enHCa{mtiENnaMTUeTA}mYy BuMEmnCabTbBaa[GnuvtPameT. KW
Tal;EtenAeBlNaEdleyIgRtvecjRbyuT eTIbeyIgGnuvttammtiENnaMenH>>>. KankEngNamYy
KankgkPaBTBNamYy RtvTTYlkarGnuBaat[vayRbyuTdac;. pyeTAvij RtvrkSakPaBrbs;
eyIg[)an}.
karecjpSayr)aykarN_enH )anCYnKaCamYynwgkarRbkasCasaFarNfa RbeTsLav nig
evotNam)anRBmeRBgKacuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBmYy -dUcsnisBaa EdlRkgPMeBjmin
RBmseRmcCamYyRkghaNUyedaycecsEdr. BYkkm<CavinicykgsnisBaaenHfa CaRckecjmYy
EdlseRmccMeBaHsanPaBpal;rbs;eK. eGog sarI )aneFVIkarkt;smal;fa {ebIsinCaRbeTsLav
minRBmcUlrYmkgshBn\NcineT BYkevotNamkBuMGacerobcMbegIt )anEdr. b:uEn BYkkmaPi)al
rbs;Lav Rtv)aneKbBaleTAkgenaHrYcCaeRsceTAehIy edayBYkevotNamenARKb;lMdab;fak;rd
GMNacTaMgGs; 13}.
RkgPMeBj )ankat;yl;snisBaamitPaBTaMgLayCamYyRbeTsevotNamfa Cakarcak;RKwH
rbs;shBn\NcinmYyEdleKeR)aH[rs;eLIgvij EdlnwgRtvRttRtaedayRkghaNUy ehIynwg[
RbflBITIbBab;nkraCrbs;km<CaeTot. enAExkkda b:ul Bt nigbkScab;epImdNwgsYrkgcit
edaykIRBy)armfa etIBYkevotNammansmtPaBykQHkgCemaHRBMEdnEmnb?. mCim)an
BinitemIly:aglitln;bMput cMeBaHkgTB EdlkMBugQreCIgkarBarRBMEdn EdlGacRtvvayRbhar
rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa. b:ul Bt nigDuc )anepJIbBaIrayeQaHBYkk,t;fImYyeToteTA[ esa Pwm b:uEn Kat;
)anRbEkktv:afamnusSTaMgenaH BuMGaceTACaGkk,t;)aneT eRBaHsuTEtCaGnuRbFanrbs;Kat; Ca
embBaakarEdlKYr[TukcitTaMgRsug. erOgenHRbEhlCamankaryl;RcLMmYyehIy.
406
tamkarBiniteXIjrbs; Duc karyl;RcLMKW esa Pwmxng. sun esn EdlTTYlxusRtv

smrPUmipvCatielx1 nigCaGKbBaakarkgTBenaH kCaemekaypal;rbs; Duc Edr. edayminGac
TTYlsal;bBaIeQaHrbs; Duc Pwm )ancab;epImsuIbGegterOgenHedayxng. CamYynwgvtmanrbs;
sun esn EdlsitenAkgPUmiPaKbUBaRsab; Duc nig b:ul Bt GacerobcMeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaKenH
edaymincaM)ac;cMNaykgTBsRmab;RbyuTeToteLIy.
enAExsIha Pwm )ancakecjBIRbeTsedIm,IbnBa)alCMgWmYyenARkgeb:kaMg. Kat;sienAqay
BImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;enAExsIha nigExkBaa EdlkgryeBlenaH CemaHtamRBMEdn )ancab;epImeLIg
edayBitR)akd mCimkgeBlEdlbBab;karerobcMRbgeRbbrbs;xn kgkare)assmatPUmiPaKbUBa
Edr. ebIvinicyerOgenHtamTidPaBxageRkA Pwm Rtv)anTTYleFVIbdisNarkic RbkbedaykareKarB
Cak;lak;mYy kgryeBlnkarsak;GaRsyrbs;Kat;enARbeTscin. Kat;)anTTYlKuNRbeyaCn_
dUecH RbEhlmkBIkarpas;brmYykMBugekIteLIg EdlRtvseRmctamryCyCmHrbs;BYkGkRbtibti
niym elIBYkem:AniymenaHehIy. edaymansuxPaBRsYlbYleLIgvij Pwm )anmanmuxenAkgExS
PaByneXasnamYy EdlRbeTscin)anplitecjenAcugqaMenaH. CamYynwgBYkGkRbtibtiniym
plRbeyaCn_rbs;Rkgeb:kaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<Ca )ankayeTACamanlkNxagyuTsaseRcIn
CagxagmenaKmviCa.
enAExsIha PaBsb;sat;)anekItmaneLIgvijenAtamRBMEdn. v: egVgy:ab rdmnIRksYgkarBar
RbeTsrbs;evotNam)aneFVIdMeNIrmkRttemIlkgTBrbs;xn ehIymanelcBBakccamGar:am
sIBIbTQb;)aj;KamYy.
b:unans)ah_eRkaymk BYkkm<Ca)ancab;epImvayRbharCafI. {mtiENnaMTUeTATIBIr} )ankay
eTACabTbBaaRbcaMf kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anqgcUleTAkgexttaynij ehIyebIkkarvaylukeTA
elIBYkevotNam. tambBaarbs; sun esn kgTBExrRkhmRbEhlCacUly:ageRCAeTAkgTwkdIrbs;
evotNamRBmKa edIm,Isabsg;ExSkarBarrbs;sRtv nigriHRbgRbytRbqaMgnwgGakb,kiriya
TamTarTwkdIrbs;xnpg. b:uEn kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anRtvBYkevotNamvaykemcy:agFn;Fr
RbeTsevotNamminRBmTTYlyk{emeron}rbs;BYkkm<CaeT.
PUmiPaKrbs; esa Pwm RtvTTYlbraCy kgTBrbs;Kat; BuM)andak;TNkmFn;FrmYyeTAelITB
evotNamEdlman]tmPaBCagxneLIy. Duc Gacbn[sMGagdl;nUvkaresuIbGegtrbs;Kat; RbqaMg
nwg esa Pwm nigkmaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKmYycMnYnFM RBmTaMg{BYkGkcas;} rab;Ban;nak; EdlRtveK
xa nigRkeBI
407
sgSyfa )anRbRBwtGMeBIk,t;pg. GkTaMgenaHnwgRtvecaTRbkan;fa {BYkk,alyYnxnExr}. PUmiPaK

bUBaRtv)aneRCIserIssRmab;Tmak;eTaskMhuseTAelIRKb;Ebby:ag cMeBaHbraCyEpkeyaFa Edl
RbeTskm<Ca)ansakl,gkgsgamRBMEdnrbs;xnCamYyRneTsevotNam.
karecjmuxCacMh
enAfTI27 ExkBaa qaM1977 b:ul Bt )anniyayeTAkan;RbCaCati nigbgajxnCaemdwknaM
RbeTs nigbkSkumyniskm<Ca EdleKminFab;sal;esaHrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. PaBGafkM)aMgRtv
)andkr)aMgecj.
kgsunrkfamYyEdlmanryeBlR)aMem:ag Kat;)anbeBaj[dwgfa {Ggkar} KWbkSkumynis
CakmaMgEdllak;xnBIeRkayqakeBjryeBlnRbvtisasbcb,nkalenHrbs;RbeTskm<Ca. KW
bkSenHehIy Edl b:ul Bt )anelIkKuNsm,tifa CaGkCYytRmg;pv[semc RBHneratm sIhnu
Rbkan;CMhrGBaRkwt nigmincUlbkSsm<nkgTsvtSr_qaM1950 nigqaM1960. bnab;BIrdRbhar
rbs; ln; nl; qaM1970 KWbkSenHEdrEdl)anCMruj[semceFVIkarsRmab;BYkkumynisy:agbuin
Rbsb; kgRkbxNnsm<nPaBmYyEdlmanlkNCayuTviFIsuTsaF.
b:ul Bt )anKUsbBaak;fa bkS)aneRCIserIseFVIBiFIbuNxYbfbegItbkSrbs;xn edIm,I{Rbkas
CaLarikcMeBaHmuxRbCaCati nigBiPBelaknUvGtiPaBrbs;xnCapvkar14}. Kat;)ansEmgnUv{kar
eKarBdRCaleRCA} cMeBaHkgTB nigRbCaksikrbdivtTaMgGs;Edl)an {rkSakarBarTwkdIdBisidrbs;
Cati} ksagkm<CafI nigelIkkm<s;kRmitCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn edayedIrtam)avcna eFVI[
RbeTsrIkceRmIn tamCMhanmhaelatepaHmhaGsar}.
eKaledAnsunrkfa rbs; b:ul Bt KWjaMg[mitTaMgGs;eCOfa eRkamkardwknaMrbs;Kat; BYk
kumynisenARbeTskm<Ca )anbegItbkSvNGFnBitR)akdmYyEdlRbkan;tamlTim:ak;-elnIn.
enHCasMeLgRbmUlrYbrYmmYy nigCakarGMBavnavmYy[mnusSTaMgGs;rYbrYmKaBIeRkayKat; RbqaMgnwg
BYkevotNam nigBYkGkEdleKsntfa CaPak;garrbs;evotNamEdleRCtcUlkgbkS. kg
ryeBlR)aMem:ag Kat;)anbriharKMnitenHy:agxaMg edayBinitRbvtisasrbs;km<CamYymg
tamlMdab;lMeday RsbeTAtamTsSnyl;eXIjrbs;bkSkumynis.
Kat;)anTmak;eTaseTARBHBuTelIsasna CMenOcMeBaHbrelak eCaKCtarasI nigkmplBIGtIt
408
Cati )annaM[RbCaksikreyIgyl;RcLMGMBIsarCativNkgkarRbqaMg.
Kat;)anbgaj[eXIjfa tYnaTIrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu mansarsMxan;tictYcbMput
ehIy)anriHKn;sabnraCaniymEfmeTot. Kat;BuMTTYlsal;KuNUbkarrbs;BYkevotNamEdl)anCYy
RbyuTkgbNaqaMdMbUgnsgamRbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs; ln; nl; eT ehIykminsUvsgt;bBaak;BItYnaTI
rbs;BYkcinEdr BIeRBaHKat;Kanerobrab;bBalRbeTsNamYyeLIy kgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgBIrenH.
Kat;niyayfa CMnYyrbs;bNamitPkibreTs vaRKan;Etbnab;bnSMb:ueNaH.
ehIyKat;)anRbkasfa bkSkumynis)anrMedaHRbeTskm<CaCaelIkdMbUgbMput nRbvtisas
rbs;xn kgryeBlCagBIrBan;qaM RbCaCnkm<Ca)anrs;enAkgsPaBxVHxatsBVEbby:ag nigkgkI
Gs;sgwmy:agxaMg. Kat;)anecaTsYrsMNYrmYymunnwgeqIyxngfa etIfNaEdlCafelIkkitiys
sRmab;RbCaCnTaMgenH? KWfTI17 Exemsa qaM1975 CafCyCmHelIkgTBrbs; ln; nl;.
bkS)anrMedaHRbCaCn raMgxb;kar)at;bg;TwkdIrbs;km<CaCasaBr BIeRBaHerOgenHFab;ekItman
kalBImunrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatisitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;vNekgRbvBaepSg.
Kat;GHGagfa {RbCaCnenHminGnuBaat[GkNamak;RbRBwtGMeBIrMelaPbMBan karQanBan kareRCt
ERCkkickarpkgkareFVIviTgSna nigkarbgehtu RBmTaMgkarbgitRBMEdnrbs;xnCadac;xat}.
b:ul Bt )anbBaak;bMPWCafIfa RbeTskm<CaBuMmanectnabgehtunwgRbeTsNamYyTal;EtesaH
eTaHCaRbeTsNakedayehIy faRbeTstUc nigTn;exSaymYyBuGM acelbRt)ak;RbeTsFMmy
Y )aneT.
enAfbnab;BIkarEfgsunrkfarbs;Kat; b:ul Bt )aneLIgynehaHeq<aHeTARkgeb:kaMg ehIy
eRkaymkeTARkgBgy:ageTot.
edayRtveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayxaMg BYkcin)aneRtmbRmgnUvkarTTYlsVaKmn_y:agkk;ekAmYy
cMeBaHCnpac;karenH nigGkEhhmrbs;Kat;EdlrYmmanTaMg eGog sarI pg. enATIRkgBgy:ag b:ul Bt
)anR)ab;[dwgCIvRbvtisegbmYynCIvitpal;rbs;Kat;. BYkcin )anCYy]btmBYkkm<Ca kgkar
e)aHBum<pSayTsSnavdIxatFMmYy rMelcedayrUbPaBBNFmCatisIGMBIkarbdivtn_rbs;Exr Edlman
cMNgeCIgfa km<CaRbCaFibetye)aHCMhaneTAmux. ExSPaBynrbs;cin EdleFVI[ esa Pwm esceFa
eLIg k)anecjpSayenACMnan;enaHEdr. dUcKanwgTsSnavdI ExSPaBynenH )anbgaj[eXIjBI
RbeTsmYyEdlsm,rsb,aynwgBYkksikr nigkmkr EdlRsLaj;kargarkMBugCIkRbLayTwk daMnig
RctRsUv edaypl;nUvkmaMgcitCafIdl;eragcRkFuntUc. kareXasnaGMBIsgam pas;brrUbPaB
RbeTskm<Ca )anRtvbeBaj[eKdwgB.
xa nigRkeBI
409
eGog sarI )anbMeBjmuxgarrbs;Kat;kgebskkmenHedayykcitTukdak;bMput. Kat;)aneFVI

dMeNIreTARkgjvy:k CakEngEdlKat;)anEfgsunrkfamYyenAGgkarshRbCaCati ehIy)anbny
[dwgfa BYkGkkaEstxaglic nigbNamitPkibreTsnwgRtvGeBaIj[eTAkan;RbeTskm<CakgeBlxag
muxqab;enH. Kat;)anEckTsSnavdI bBaaMgExSPaByn edayKanxVyxVl;nwgkarniyayerOgdKYr[
RBWxacEdlRbCaCnkm<CaePosxneTARbeTsf )anniyayR)ab;GksarBtmanpgeT.
b:uEn eKBuMGacbMputecalnUvPstagTaMgenHedaygayenaHeLIy. enARkg)agkk BYkGkniBn
BYkGkkaEst)anerobrab;tamsmIniyayrbs;GkePosxn BIGMeBIGyutiFm nigkarbgrQamepSg
y:agsVitsVayEdltamBYkGkePosxnfa enHCavasnarbs;mnusSsamBakgkm<CaRbCaFibety.
RbCaCatibsimRbeTsCaeRcIn )anerobcMsMNuMerOgedaysMGagelIksarbgaj[eXIjBIPaBrnt;
jab;jr cMeBaHGVIEdl\LvenHeK[eQaHfa rbb b:ul Bt. RbeTsGg;eKs )annaMmuxeKkgkarpcepIm
KMnitmYy edIm,IbgM[KNkmaFikarkarBarsiTimnusSrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati efaleTasRbeTs
km<Ca. mYyqaMeRkaymk KNkmaFikarenH)anecjpSayksarmYy edaysntfaBYkExrRkhm
nwgeqIytbcMeBaHkarecaTRbkan;TaMgGs; EdlepatRbqaMgnwgBYkeK. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlePo
sxneTARbeTsf )anekIneLIgy:agsnwksnab;enAqaM1977 bnab;BImankare)assmatPUmiPaK
BayB. kare)assmatenH )anegIt[mankarRcbUkRcbl;mYy EdllmebIkkas[RbCaCnkm<Ca
rab;rynak;rt;ePosxnecj ehIykareqIyCasakSIdKYr[rnt;rbs;BYkeK )anCMruj[RbCaCndTeTot
enAelakxaglic TamTary:agehac[mankaresuIbGegtmYyenARbeTskm<Capal;.
BYkevotNam )anXaMemIledayRbgRbytnUvkartTl;KaenH GMBIerOgsiTimnusSenARbeTs
km<Ca ehIymin)anefaleTasneya)ayrbs;RbeTsCitxagxn kgvisyenHeLIy. ehIyTaMg b:ul
Bt kgsunrkfaCaeRcInrbs;Kat; TaMg eGog sarI kgbTsmasn_rbs;Kat;enAGgkarshRbCaCati
KWminEdlecjeQaHRbeTsevotNammgNaeLIy. BYkevotNam )ancUlrYm kgkarTTYleFVI
bdisNarkic eGog sarI enAGgkarshRbCaCati fVIebI egVg kUfac; (Nguyen Co Thach) EdlkaleNaH
CaGnurdmnIkarbreTsrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRBmanGkkaEstmak; EdleKGeBaIjmkcUlrYmkg
BiFIenH kuM[eRbIBak {\Ncin} enA cMeBaHmux sarI keday. fac; niyayfa {BYkkm<CamincUlcitBeK
niyayBIBakenHeT15}.
kareFVIdMeNIrCaelIkdMbUg nigCaelIkcugeRkayrbs; b:ul Bt kgzanCaRbmuxrdrbs;km<Ca
manRtwmEtRbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIgb:ueNaH. Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTsvij edIm,IeRtmerobcMeFVI
410
sgam.
enAqaM1977 RbEhlCamansmrPUmiBIrenAeBldMbUg enAtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf nig
RBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. enAqaMenaH RbeTsf)anraykarN_[dwgBI]b,tiehtuRBMEdnRbmaN
mYyryelIkCamYyRbeTsCitxagxn PaKeRcInKWenAkgtMbn;nanaEdlTamTarRBmKaedayBYkfpg
nigBYkExrpg. b:uEn enAExtula qaM1977 bnab;BI)anvinicyfa RbeTsevotNamCasRtvBitR)akd
BYkemdwknaMbkSRtvkarbBab;karRbyuTKaenAtamRBMEdnfmYyGenI. eKRtvEtrk {Pak;garsmat;
rbs;evotNam} mak;edIm,ITmak;kMhusBIbBaaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf. tamkarBit kgTBExrRkhm
enAtamRBMEdnRbeTsf )anTTYlbTbBaaepSg dUcKanwgkgTBEdlkMBugQreCIgkarBartamRBMEdn
CamYyRbeTsevotNamEdr {karBar} eBalKWvayRbharEdndITaMgLay EdlenAmankarCECkrkxus
RtvenAeLIy.
mCim)anbBankgTBrbs;PUmiPaKnirtIeTAe)assmatPUmiPaKyBrYcehIy enAeBlEdlekIt
man]b,tiehtuepSgenAtamRBMEdnf. BIdMbUg ebIBYkemdwknaMbkSsIbenas[ rs; jwm elxabkS
PUmiPaKBayB cMeBaHkareFVImin)anseRmclTplEpkksikm nigRbBnFarasas tamsMNUmBrEdl
eKcg;)anenaH enAdMNacqaM1977 BYkeK)anelIkeLIgnUvkarecaTRbkan;fImYyeTot KWkarjHjg;[
ekItmanbBaaRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf. ehtuenH rs; jwm Rtv)ansIbenas minRtwmEtcMeBaHskmPaB
bMpicbMpajbeRmI[BYkes>GuI>Ga> b:ueNaHeT b:uEn kRtvecaTfaKat;CaPak;garrbs;evotNam.
eBlenaH eGog sarI )anTTYlbMeBjebskkmEklmTMnak;TMngepSg CamYyRbeTsf [)an
RbesIreLIgvij ehIy)anjaMg[BYkfeCOfa RbeTsevotNamrYmbgCakarKMramkMEhgsMxan;bMput
RbcaMtMbn;. Kat;)anerobrab;BI {karrkeXIj} Tan;eBlevlanUvtYnaTICaPak;garmuxBIrrbs; rs; jwm.
{tam rs; jwm fa ]b,tiehtuenAtamRBMEdnRtv)anbgeLIgBYkPak;garrbs;{es>GuI>Ga>16}. kalenaH
rs; jwm RKan;EtniyayeLIgvij nUvkarecaTRbkan;epSg EdlerobcMeLIgedaymCim edIm,IsIbenas
bNaGnuRbFanpal;rbs;Kat;b:ueNaH. {b:uEn sarI )anbEnmfa eyIg)anrkeXIjeRkaymkfa rs;
jwm kFab;manTMnak;TMngepSg CamYyBYkevotNamEdr}.
cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk ]b,tiehtuCamYyBYkfminsUvmaneRcInb:unaneLIy eTaHbICavaminTan;
rlay)at;TaMgRsugkeday ehIykarTak;TgrvagExr-f kan;EtmanPaBlRbesIrCagmunKYr[kt;
smal;. RbeTskm<CakMBugeRtmxnRbLgbTinwgRbeTsevotNamrYcCaeRsc.
enAExtula nigExvicika BYkevotNamminenAesmeday\ttbt cMeBaHkarvaylukfImYyrbs;
xa nigRkeBI
411
km<CaeLIy. edayemIleXIjkasmYyhuc[ BYkeK)ancab;epImeRCIserIsBYkkm<CaEdlePosxn

eTAkgPaKxagt,gevotNam nigenAbreTs ehIybBalGkTaMgenH CasmaCik{rNsirSrYbrYm}mYy
sMedArMedaHRbeTskm<CaecjBIrbb b:ul Bt17. RbCaCnkm<Camak; EdlkMBugrs;enAtMbn;CayRkg
v:asuInetan )anTTYlsMbuRtmYy EdlepJItamRbsNIy_RkgmUs edaysMu[Kat;eRtmxnCYyCnrYm
Catirbs;xn EdlePosxneTArs;enAPaKxagt,gevotNam edIm,I{rMedaH}RbeTskm<Ca18. RbCaCn
km<CaEdlRtvTTYl[sak;GaRsykgCMrMCnePosxnnana enAPaK xagt,gRbeTsevotNamRtv)an
erIs[eFVITBTaMgGs;sRmab;buBVehtudUcKa. GgkarGnrCatiCaeRcInEdlcg;CYyGkePosxnTaMgenH
Rtv)anGCJaFrbdiesFmin[cUlCMrMenHeT. RbeTsevotNam)anseRmccitfa eKminRtvkarCMnYy
GnrCatisRmab;BYkGkePosxnkm<CaeT eTaHNaCaeKFab;)anTamTarkalBImunnUvCMnYymYydUcKa
nwgCMnYypl;[RbCaCnExrEdlePosxneTARbeTsfkeday.
enAExmifuna RkghaNUy nigRkgPMeBj )anbBankMNt;ehtuTUteTAvijeTAmkCaeRcInc,ab;sIBI
bBaaRBMEdnrbs;eK. BYkevotNam)anesIeFVIkarCYbRbCMufak;x<s;mYy cMENkBYkkm<CaesIfa PaKITaMgBIr
Rtv[kgTBrbs;xndkfymYyKILEm:Rt cab;BIRBMEdnEdlenAmankarCECkKacenaHexttaynij
nigsVayerog. RbeTsevotNamBMu)andkkgTBrbs;xnfyeT RbeTskm<Ca kminGacminBiPakSaGMBI
karCYbRbCMumYyrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrEdr. KMnitpcepImxagkarTUtdMbUgenH )anTTYlbraCy.
eKkMNt;[RbeTsevotNamTTYlxusRtvGMBI]b,tiehtuepSg EdlekItmanenAExsIha enA
eBlEdlkgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anebIkkarvaylukedayminGacRbEkk)anenAExkBaa. enAExF
karRbyuTKa)anpHeLIgCafI ehIymgenH)annaMeTArksgammYyBitR)akd.
BYkevotNam)andak;kgTBRbyuTelIscMnYnTBExr BIrdg 60>000nak; Tl;nwg 28>000
nak; nigeRbIR)as;]TmaKcRkRbdab;edaykaMePIgyn RBmTaMgrfeRkaHCaeRcIneRKg.edayKaneRKg
sBVavuFmYyEbbenaH BYkkm<Ca)anBwgEpkCasMGagelIyuTviFIsgamTBRBvij. BYkevotNam )an
sRmkcUlmkkgTwkdIrbs;km<Ca edayqgkat;extsVayerogsMedAmkGkelOg EdlCacMNucqgkat;
TenemKgdsMxan;. b:uEn BYkExr)anvayRbyuTTb;Tl;y:agsahavbrpac; fVIebIsRtveFVI[xnrgkarxUc
xatFn;Fry:agNakeday. enAfTI31 ExF qaM1977 RbeTskm<Ca )anpac;cMNgTak;TgepSg
rbs;xnCamYyRkghaNUy ehIykarRbyuTKa )anbnrhUtmkdl;eBlEdlBYkevotNamdkfyeTA
vij enAExmkra qaM1978. b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;CaGkmanCyCmH BYkevotNam
)ancat;TukBYkkm<Cafa CamnusSRBpS KanGarFm. sgamBitR)akd)ancab;epImeLIgehIy.
412
viTTaMgsgxag)anpSBVpSayesckIraykarN_ GMBIkarc,aMgKaCaeRcIn edaydas;[keRmIkeLIg

vij nUvbdibkPaBCatisasn_ Edl)at;CayUrmkehIy. BYkevotNam)anecaTBYkkm<Cafa {rMelaPelI
rUbkaynarIePT vHykTarkecjBIpmay vHeBaH kat;k,almnusSeBjvy nigTajykefImrbs;eK
smab;rgalekg ehIye)aHexacTaMgenaHeTAkgePIg19}.
viTPMeBj)anbBaak;fa BYkevotNamEdlcUlmkkm<Ca KWedIm,I{qk;bn; nignaMykRsUvGgr eTA
rab;Ban;etan )aj;rHeTAelIRbCaCn TaMgcas; TaMgekg dutpH lYceKa RkbI man;Ta nigRTBsm,tirbs;
RbCaCn cab;rMelaPnigsmab;narIePT rebobdUcKanwgkgTBrbs; FIv nig KI RbFanaFibtInigGnuRbFana
FibtIsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g kgGMLgqaM1967-4975 -kMNt;rbs;GkbkERb bBYkGk
suIQlc,aMgCatikUer:xagt,gEdr bedayrebobGaRkk;CagenHeTot20}.
BYkExr)anbkRsaykarRbRBwtenH edayniyayfa {BYkevotNam EtgEtemIlgay nig
sEmJgbkBaRkGWtRkTmCamYynwgRbCaCnkm<CaCanic. RbCaCnnigRbCaCatikm<CakdUcRbCaCati
tUcdTeTotEdr Etgmankitiys nigesckIffrrbs;xn>>> GkTaMgenaHRsLaj;BUCsasn_rbs;eK
RCaleRCAbMput ehIynwgminbeNay[kitys nigesckIffrenHrlt;rlayeLIy}.
enAeBlEdlviTPMeBjRbkasfa kgTBrbs;km<Ca)anTTYl{CyCmHmYyCaRbvtisas}
mnIreBTnanaenArdFanI)anraykarN_[dwgBIerOgmYyepSgeTAvij. mnIreBTTaMgenaH eBareBjeTA
edayGkrbYsEdlmYycMnYnFM)anRtvsab; BIeRBaH BYkkmaPi)aleBTExrRkhmEdleKbNHbNal
Ca{evCbNitRbCaCn}enaH suTEtCamnusSKansmtPaB. eK)anGMBavnavsMu[RbCaCnmkpl;Qam
rbs;xnenAmnIreBT b:uEn RKeBTTaMgenaHkKansmtPaBcak;ykQamdsamBamYydUcEtKa.
skmPaBTaMgLayrbs;bkS KanRsbtamkarRbkasCasaFarNGMBICyCmHenaHeLIy. kar
e)assmatKNdwknaM nigRbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;enAPUmiPaKbUBa)ancab;epIm.
kare)assmatenATwkbegIy
enAExmkra nigkum eRkayeBlEdlkarRbyuTmanPaBFUrRsalenAtamRBMEdn mCim)ancab;
epImcab;xnkmaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKbUBaCaeRcInnak;12. esa Pwm )andwgedayyWteBleTAehIyfa Kat;
CakmvtnkicRbtibtikarenH. eK)ansIbenas[Kat;cMeBaHbraCy rbs;kgTBrbs;km<Ca EdlBMu)an
seRmckmat;BYkevotNam[vinassabsUn. eK)anecaTRbkan;faKat;CasmaCikn{bkSlYclak;
xa nigRkeBI
413
rbs;evotNam;} EdleKbBalmkkgbkSkumyniskm<Ca.
enAExmIna esa Pwm RbEhlCa)anebIkeFVIkicRbCMusmat;mYy CamYybNashkarIdCit siTbMput
rbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)anniyayENnaM[RbgRbytxnCab;Canic bNakmaPi)alrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa
EdlmCim)ancab;xnenAeBlfIenH BMuEmnCamnusSk,t;CatieT b:uEn Camitrbs; RbCaCn matuPUmi
nigkarbdivtn_. kgerOgenHvaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Pwm )anENnaMKaKat;mankarRbgRbyt
d,itGIsankarN_)anpas;brTaMgRsug ehIymanExSsgVak;mYyEdlKat;rkvaytmBMuRtveLIy.
kgryeBlmYyEx kmaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBaRbEhbYnrynak; Rtv)aneKcab;dak;KukenATYlEsg.
embBaakarnkgBlFMcMnYnBIrrbs;mCim Edle)aHRbcaMkarenAkgPUmiPaKenH Rtv)ancab;xn nigdak;
CMnYsedaymnusSEdlKanesckIesaHRtg;nwg esa Pwm bnicesaH. mCim )ane)assmatrcnasm<n
bkSRbcaMtMbn;nana ehIyykTBEdlkMBugsitenAkgPUmiPaKenH mkRKb;RKgxng. Duc enAPMeBj nig
sun esn enAPUmiPaKbUBapal; )anKitKUreFVIkare)assmatmYy mantmesInwgkarvayRbharCaTUeTA
mYyRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm nigkgTBEdlenAmancitesaHRtg;CamYyKat;enAeLIy.
b:uEn Pwm nigkgTBrbs;Kat;enAEteCOminGs;minehIyfa vaBitCamankarPan;RcLMmYy. Gk
TaMgenHyl;faBYKeKBuMEmnCamnusSk,t;eT ehIyeCOfa mCimnwgEkERbkarsgSyEdlxusrbs;xn
eLIgvij eRkayeBlEdlkarBitnwgRtveKdwgc,as;. BYkeK)anbgaj[eXIjnUvPaB{qab;gayeCO}
dUc{BYkGkfI}Edr enAedImdMbUgnkarbdivtn_. enAeBlEdlBYkembBaakarTBrbs;PUmiPaK RtvekaHehA
eTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYyenAEx]sPa BYkeK)aneKarBeFVItamPam. enHKWCaGnak;mYyrbs;mCim.
enAcugEx]sPa embBaakarrbs;PUmiPaKbUBaRbmaNCamYyrynak; )anRtveKekaHehAeTAcUlrYmkg
{karRbCMuCaeRcIn}rebobdUcKa ehIyGkTaMgGs;enaH )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEngRbCuM hak;dUcCahVg
ecom edIreTArkkEngBiXatdUecaHEdr.
enATIbMput esa Pwm pal;kRtveKehAeTAcUlrYmkarRbCMumYy edayGkeFVIkareRkambgab;Kat;mak;
EdleKdwgc,as; eRBaHEtPkIPaBrbs;Kat;cMeBaHmCim. esa Pwm )aneKcxnehIy)anbBannirsarmak;
[eTAesuIbsYrBIkmvtnkarRbCMu. nirsaTImYyBMueXIjvilRtLb;mkvijeLIy Pwm )ancat;nirsarTIBIr[
eTAeTot bnab;mknirsarTIbI ehIyenATIbMputnirsarTIbYn EdlCashkarIdCaTITukcitbMputrbs;Kat;.
KaneXIjnirsarNamYyvilRtLb;mkvijesaH. enAfTI25 Ex]sPa mCim )anbBaa[eFVIkarvay
lukeTAelIPUmiPaKbUBaedaykgBltUcBIr EdlkgBlmYymanTaMgrfeRkaH flClik pg cuHTwkk)an
eLIgeKakk)an ehIyqgkat;TenemKg edIrcuHtampvCatielx7edIm,IsRmkeTArk esa Pwm.
414
esa Pwm EdlCamnusSqab;eCOrhUtdl;TIbMput )ansakl,gPab;karTak;TgtamviTCamYyRkg

PMeBj edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgkarvaylukenH. edayBMu)anTTYlcemIytbmkvij Kat;)aneLIgCiHLan
hSIbmYyeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;rdFanI nigniyayR)ab; b:ul Bt edayxnKat;pal;. kgerOgenHRbEhlCa
mankarKitxusmYy Pwm BMuGacnwksanfa rUbKat;pal;nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RtveKdak;[sitenAeRkamkar
e)asmatmYy sRmab;mUlehtunkarRbRBwtGMeBIk,t; beRmIplRbeyaCn_RbeTsevotNameLIy.
pyeTAvij BYkeKFab;CaExSkarBarRbeTsTImYydsMxan;. Pwm CasmaCikmak;kgrgVg;emdwknaMbdivt
mYykab;tUc Kat;Fab;TTYlRsbral;skmPaBTaMgLayEdleRbIkmaMg)ay nig])ayklrbs;bdivt
ehIyKat;)aneKarBeFVItambTbBaaTaMgGs;rbs;mCim. Kat;)anbgajPstag[eXIjfa QamEdl
RbLak;dKat; KWCaQamnCMenOmYycMeBaHPaBRtwmRtvrbs;bkS esIrEtdUcGkmanCMenOmYy cMeBaH
sasnaEdr.
Pwm enAlak;xnsin edIm,IerobcMkarNat;CYbKamYyCamYy b:ul Bt. Kat;eCOCak;kgcitfa em
dwknaMbkSnwgmkkan;kEngEdl)anNat;Ka ehIyeKTaMgBIrnwgbkRsaybMPWBIkarsab;KaBMu)anEfm
eTot. CMnYskarmkCYbrbs; b:ul Bt mCim )anbBannavaBIreRKgpkeBjeTAedaykgTBeTAvij.
Pwm )an)aj;smab;xng muneBlEdlkgTBTaMgenaHGac)aj;RbharKat;. RbBn nigkUn rbs;Kat;k
RtveK)aj;smab;ecalEdr kgryeBlEdlGkTaMgenaH xMRbwgkb;exacrbs;Kat;.
shkarImYycMnYnrbs; esa Pwm )anseRmccitrt;ePosxneTArs;enAkgRB CaBiess Guk
buneQOn EdlCasmaCikmak;nkgTBtMbn;rbs;bkS. ehg sMrin nig Ca suIm keKcxnrYcdUcKaEdr.
BYkeK)anRbyuTtsUeTAtamsmtPaBerogxn RbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs; mCim ehIy)anlak;xnenA
kNalRTgRBeRCA. minyUrb:unanedayes,gGahar nigRKab;rMesvkan;Etrls;eTA BYkeK)ancab;
epImeFVIkarTak;TgCamYyBYkevotNamEdlenACitTIenaH nig)anGMBavnavsMu[mkCYypg. b:unanEx
eRkaymk KWenAExtula Ca suIm )andwknaMRbCaCnrbs;PUmiPaKbUBacMnYn bIrynak; qgkat;RBMEdn
cUleTAkgRbeTsevotNam eRkayenaHbnic kgTBrbs;evotNam)anlukluycUlmkkm<Ca edIm,I
EsVgrk ehg sMrin nigkgTBrbs;Kat; ehIy)annaMykGkTaMgenHeTATukenAkEngmYy Edlman
suvtiPaBRKb;RKan;kgRbeTsevotNam. sMrin nigkgTBrbs;Kat; BI BIr eTAbIBan; )anqgkat;RBMEdn
edayTTYlsal;cMeBaHBYkGkEdlBYkeK)anvayRbyuTkalBIb:unanExmunb:ueNaH.
kare)assmatPUmiPaKbUBa CaRBwtikarN_sb,ayrIkraymYyEdlekIteLIgRtveBlevla
sRmab;RbeTsevotNam EdlkMBugRtvkarerOgEbbenHy:agxaMg KWBYkkumyniskm<CamYyRkm Edl
xa nigRkeBI
415
mansarsMxan; nigbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;edIm,IdwknaM {rNsirS} mYyRbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt. BYkmnusSEdl

eKecaTRbkan;TaMgxusfa {Pak;garrbs;evotNam} RtvEtbgMciteFVIdUecH edIm,IeRsacRsg;CIvitpal;
rbs;eK nigbeRmICa{Epkxagmux}rbs;RkghaNUy. dUcvisyCaeRcIndTeTotEdr b:ul Bt )aneFVIGVI
mYy rhUtTal;EtkarPyxacy:agGaRkk;rbs;Kat; elcecjCarUbragkayeTACakarBit.
vaElgmanenAsl;GVIeTot edIm,IbBab;kare)assmatPUmiPaKbUBaehIy. GMNwHteTAmCim
kElgRtvkarelssRmab;ecaTRbkan;Edr. kgTBrbs;PUmiPaKEdlkMBugRbyuTtsUedIm,Irt;eKcBI
kgTBrbs;mCimEdlRbkasfa PUmiPaKTaMgmUlCasm,kmYyrbs;BYkk,t;. PUmiTaMgmUlRtv)aneK
beNjRbCaCn[ecjGs;Kansl; ehIysmab;ecaly:agrgal.
han;tav GkCMnYjCaticinenARkgPMeBj EdlRtveKCemseTAPUmiPaKbUBa)ancUlrYmemIlk,n
mnusSedIrbnbnyKadUceKEhexacmYyEdr22. enAqaM1978 Kat;Rtv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarkgRkm
mYy EdlkMBugCYsCuls<anFMmYytPab;PUmiPaKbUBaeTAtMbn;GaeKy_. GkrgeRKaHy:ageRcIn BIkar
e)assmatenH)anedIrkan;elIs<ansMedAeTArkesckIsab; eRkamRBHGaTitdkMNacnrdUvekA. tav
)andMNalfa {kgTB)anmkdl;CamYyGkeTas EdlmandCab;cMNgeTAeRkay. )ansYreTAkmkr
mak;enAcmarekAsUmYyEdlmkdl;edayKab;CYnfa eKnaMykmnusSTaMgenaHeTANa? ehIykmkrenaH
)aneqIyR)ab;fa GkTaMgenaHnwgRtveKykeTA)aj;ecalTaMgGs;}.
kgTB BYkkmaPi)alrbs;tMbn;GaeKy_ EdlFab;cUlrYmkgkare)assmatepSg nigkmaPi)al
rbs;tMbn;enH )anpSBVpSaydMNwgtKafa tMbn;GaeKy_eBareBjeTAeday{RbCaCnkm<CaEdlman
k,alyYnxnExr}eRcInNas;. kmkrcmarekAsUEdl tav )anCYbenAelIs<an )anniyayR)ab;Kat;BI
BakccamGar:amTaMgenHfa mankarRbyuTKarvagkgTBtMbn;GaeKy_ nigkgTBmCim kart;ePosxnrbs;
BYkkmaPi)altMbn; cUleTARBeRCA CamYynwgkUnecAmYycMnYnrbs;BYkeK nigkarecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIk,t;
EdleKelIkeLIgRbqaMgnwgrUb esa Pwm pal;. tamBakccamGar:amTaMgenHfa mCim)ansmab; Pwm
ehIydwkexacrbs;Kat;edIrGaeRkaskgPUmiPaKTaMgmUl BIshkrN_mYyeTAshkrN_mYy edIm,Ibgaj[
RbCaCn eXIjnUvGVIEdlekItmancMeBaHBYkGkEdlk,t;RbeTs nigGgkar.
tav hak;dUcCasitenAEk,rmat;PMePIgmYy. PUmiPaKbUBa)anQancUldMNak;kalCitpHehIy
karsmab;rgalepSg)anekItmantKadUcTwkrlke)akbk;. BYkGkRsukTaMgPUmi RtveKnaMykeTA
valERsEdlenACitenaH ehIyvayeFVI)abrhUtTal;Etsab;. eKsab;BsMeLgRBng;v:bM)ak;
kBawg-k lan;PUg. shkrN_xH )anbeNjsmaCikrbs;xnTaMgGs; ehIybBan[eTAPUmiPaK
416
BayB mCimmincg;TukBYk mnusS{EdlqgeraK}rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa[sitenAEk,rRBMEdneT kgeBl

EdlsgammYyCamYyevotNambRmgnwgpHeLIgehIyenaH. eKRtvEte)assmatPUmiPaKTaMgmUl
[Gs;BYk{k,alyYnxnExr}.
enAExkkda RbCaCnPUmiPaKbUBaCagmYyryBan;nak; )anRtvExrRkhmsmab;ecaly:ag
rgal23. munnwgRbmUlpMkmaMgRbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTs[sitenABIeRkayxgKat; edIm,IRbQmmuxTl;nwg
sRtvBYkevotNamenaH b:ul Bt etagEtbBab;kare)assmatpac;RBRtenH edayxngpal;
edayBRgIk[raldalBaseBjRbeTs.
kgkMLgnGMeBIqtellacugeRkayenH {BYkGkcas;} BYkkmaPi)alenAPUmiPaKdTeTot kRtv
cab;XMuXaMg nigsmab;ecaly:ageRcInEdr. tav )anerobrab;fa BYkkmaPi)al nig{BYkGkcas;} enA
shkrN_rbs;Kat; EdlsitenAkgPUmiPaKnirtIkman{)at;xn} enACMnan;enHEdr. enAdMNak;kalnkar
bdivtn_enH bkSminRtwmEtsmab;mnusSEdlRtvsgSyfa{k,t;}b:ueNaHeT b:uEn ksmab;RKsarTaMg
mUlrbs;BYkeKEdr.
tav )anbEnmfa {BYkeK)ansmab;mnusSTaMgRKsar. Fab;BeKniyayfa kgPUmiPaK nirtI
BYkeK)ansmab;mnusSGs;mYyPUmiEtmg}.
enHCakasEdl mCim eRCIserIs -TukNaCaRbCaCnTUTaMgRbeTsFab;Rtv)anR)ab;[ykcit
Tukdak;RbqaMgnwgBYkPak;garrbs;evotNam nigFab;BeKniyayBIkare)assmatEdlbNal[man
mnusSsab;eRcInhYsRbmaNenAPUmiPaKbUBa ehIyEdleFVI[Kat;PyxacBIkarCab;Tak;Tinrbs;xnk
eday- edIm,IRbkasBICyCmHrbs;karbdivtn_. \LvenHvadl;eBlEdlRtvbRgbbRgmRbeTs
begInel,nkareFVI]sSahUbnIykmBRgIkkarGb;rM nigBRgwgkickarBarRbCaCati[rwtEtrwgmaMeLIgEfm
eTot.
karerobcMeFVIsgam
RbeTscin nigevotNam)anRbwgERbgbgarCamun nUvkarIkraydalnsankarN_EdlRbkb
eTAedayeRKaHfak; enAtamRBMEdn. enAExmkra qaM1978 GnurdmnIkarbreTsmak;rbs;evotNam
)aneFVIdMeNIreTARkgeb:kaMgedIm,IcrcaBIkarsRmbsRmlKamYy. bnab;mk KNRbtiPUmYyrbs;cin
)aneLIgCiHynehaHmkkan;RkgPMeBj b:uEn karsnnaKaTaMgGm,alm:an )anseRmcRtwmEtkarelIk
xa nigRkeBI
417
eLIgvij BIkarKaMRTrbs;cincMeBaHTsSnrbs;km<CabneTAeTotb:ueNaH EdlfaRbeTsevotNam)an

sakl,gdak;lkxNepSg mkelIbNaRbeTsCitxagxn edIm,IbegItshBn\NcinmYy.
enAExkum BYkevotNam)anGHGagBIsMeNImYyrYmmanbIcMNuc KWkarQb;)aj;Ka kardkfyBI
RBMEdnerogxncmayR)aMKILEm:Rt karTTYlsal;RBMEdnbcb,n snisBaapvkarmYy nigkicRBmeRBg
mYysIBIkarFanaCaGnrCati Edlr:ab;rg[mankareKarBsnisBaaenH. km<Ca)anRcanecalsMeNIenH
edaycat;Tukfa CarnaMgmYysRmab;eRbICaGnrCati edIm,IbiT)aMgkarerobcMRbgeRbbeFVIsgamrbs;
evotNam. elIkenH BYkkm<CaBitCayl;eXIjRtvEmn edayehtufa enAkgkMLgsmyRbCMumYy
rbs;bkS Edl)anRbRBwteTAenAExkum RkghaNUy)anseRmcciteFVIkarlukluyRbeTskm<Ca enA
dMNac;qaM1978Cak;CaR)akd24.
PaBcaM)ac;TaMgLaynsgam )anbgM[BYkkumyniskm<CaEkERbrUbPaBnkarbdivtn_ nig
RbeTsrbs;eKCafI. CabzmbkS)anRbmUlpMkicRbwgERbgrbs;xneTAelIRbeTseRkA bnab;mk BYk
kmaPi)albkS kgTB BYkebskCnbreTsenARkgPMeBj ehIyenATIbMputRbCaCnTaMgmUlmindl;BIrEx
pg. munsgam b:ul Bt )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNBIEpnkarRbkbedaymhictarbs;Kat;kgkar
eFVI[manlkNCa]sSahkm RBmTaMgkmviFIsMxan;bMputrbs;RbeTsxagvisyGb;rMpg25. enAeBl
EdlkgTBTaMgBIrvayRbyuTKaenAcugqaM1978 karyl;RcLMTaMgb:unan )ankayeTACaerOgKYr[xac
bMputenAkgRbeTs.
tamkarCMrujrbs;BYkcin rbbkm<CaRbCaFibety)ancab;epImGeBaIjKNRbtiPU bNaRbeTs
kumynisCamitmkeFVITsSnkicenARbeTsrbs;xn. TsSnkicEdlmanPaBl,IxrxarCageK KWTsSkic
rbs;GkkaEstyUehasavImYyRkmEdl)anmkdl;RkgPMeBjenAExmIna qaM1978 26. BYkeKCaGk
kaEstdMbUgbgs; EdlmkEsVgyl;BIbdivtn_enH. kgcMeNamenaHmanGkeqIyqgBtmankaEst
BYkGkftPaBynsRmab;TUrTsSn_ Edlnwgbgaj[BiPBelakeXIjnUvrUbPaBBitR)akdrbs;bdivt
CaelIkdMbUgbgs; nigTsSnTUeTAEdlesIrEteKaledAsIBIskmPaBenAkm<CaRbCaFibety.
GtbTepSgrbs;sarBtman)ane)aHbg;karniyaycMGk -karcMGktRmv[BYkkumynis
beBajKMniteyabl;GMBIBYkkumynisdTeTot Edl)aneFVI[eKmanesckIsb;ex<Im. GkkaEstmak;
)anniyayBIkarCYbsnnaKaCamYynwgRbCaksikrenAshkrN_ mYyedayBaksmIenHfa {briyakas
manlkNGkFwkEmnETn RbEhlBIeRBaHeyIgsuTEtCaCnbreTsdMbUgbgs; Edlmkdl;kEngenH.
eyIgTaMgGs;KaBi)akbBaHbBal[sIesIcjjwmsRmab;karftrUbNas;}.
418
TIRkgPMeBj)anelceLIgkgGtbTkaEstTaMgenH hak;dUcCaTIRkgmYyEdlesIrEtdUcTIRkg
exac. BYkGkkaEst)anKUsbBaak;BIkarxVHPaBTMenIbTan;smy citKMnitRbCaksikr CaGknaMBak
bdivtn_ EdlBYkeK)anCYbsmasn_. ksikrTaMgenaHBuM)anniyayBIkarsmab;rgalmnusSGs;rab;Ban;
nak;eT- CabBaasMxan;bMputrbs;bdivtn_. RbEhlBYkeKbeBasminniyay BIeRBaH BYkenaHsuTEtCa
BYkkumynisdUcKa. b:uEn GkeqIyqgBtmanmak; )aneFVIkarkt;smal;y:agbuinRbsb;enHfa {eyIg
TaMgGs;Ka)an)ak;citeCOmKeTsk_naMpvrbs;eyIg enAeBlEdlGkTaMgenaHRbkasfa sRtvvN
Rtv)ankmat;ecaly:agqab;rhsenARbeTskm<Ca}.
esckIraykarN_epSgrbs;sarBtmanRtv)anbkERb nigeFVIGtaFib,ayy:agTUlMTUlay
b:uEn KWExSPaBynrbs;TUrTsSn_eTAvijeT Edlbg[manRbtikmxaMgkabMputenaH. enAshrdGaemrik
nigenAGWr:ub TUrTsSnikCnCaeRcIn )anemIlkarykBtmandGsarmYy EdleFVI[GkemIlTn;citGaNit
cMeBaHGVIEdlExSPaBynbgaj[eXIjyuvCnvyekgCaeRcIn QrCMeTItelIhibeQI edIm,IbBaam:asuIn
enAkgeragcRkmYy. BYkGkemIlTUrTsSn_smal;eXIjTwkmuxrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlRtveFVI[Py
xac b[ecHGt;Fn;enAeBlsMEdg[eXIjkarrMCYlcittictYc. BYkeKemIleXIjksNanBNRbepH
mYy EdleFVI[manPaBpyKaRsLH CamYynwgGnusSavrIy_nRbeTsmYy EdlFab;EtmanskmPaB
GUGr nigrs;evIk.
GkkaEstbYnnak;nbkSkumynis m:akS-elnIntUcmYyenAshrdGaemrik )aneFVItamBYk
yUehasavI edayeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RkgPMeBjEdr21. BYkeK)ancMNayeBlR)aMbIfenARbeTskm<Ca
kgExemsa ehIy)anvilRtLb;eTAvijCamYynwgTsSnxusKamYy. GknaMBakrbs;RkmeKKW dan
eboresn (Dan Burstein) )anbeBajnUvkaresIcsresIrRClhYsehtu cMeBaH{eCaKCy}TaMgLay
rbs;karbdivtn_ ehIy)ansEmg[dwgkarCinqn;rbs;Kat; cMeBaHBYkGkEdleCOBICMrMkargar nigkar
smab;rgl EdlGHGagedayBYkGkePosxn. edaypynwgBYkyUehasavI BYkGaemrikaMg)an
{rkeXIjmnusSEdlmancitesaHRtg; kgrebobsEmgTsSnrbs;eK eTaHCaenAcMeBaHmuxbNaem
dwknaMbkSkeday}. eboresn)ansYreTA eGog sarI fa etI mankarsmab;rgalbeT? sarI eqIyfa
{BitCaKandac;xat}. ehIyGkkaEstenH)an bBaak;GHGagfa{GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_CaerOgminBit
mYy EdleKRbDiteLIgTaMgRsug}.
enAExsIha bNaKNRbtiPU{Camit}nRbeTssuyEGt nigEblhSik )anmkeFVITsSnkicenA
km<Ca b:uEn Rtv)anTTYlrak;Tak;RbkbedayPaBminsUvhkhak;b:unaneT eTaHCaKNRbtiPUTaMgenaH )an
xa nigRkeBI
419
CYbsnnaCamYy b:ul Bt keday28. emdwknaMkm<CaRbCaFibety)anelcmuxelIkBak;TUrTsSrbs;

suyEGt EdleFVIsmasn_eday hSg; emordal; (Jan Myrdal). CakUnRbsrbs; hnNa (Gunna) nignag
Gal;va: (Alva) emordal; )anecaTsMNrY epSgRbhak;RbEhlsMNrY EdlBYkGkkaEstGaemrikaMg )ansYr
eGog sarI Edr b:uEn cemIyrbs; b:ul Bt bgaj[eXIjnUvPaBxusKamYyKYr[kt;smal;. karepImeFVI
karTak;TgCasaFarN)anrIkceRmInCalMdab;. sarI Fab;)anRbkasfa shrdGaemrikCaGkRbRBwt
GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_mYyenAkm<CaBuMEmnBYkExrRkhmeT ehIyKat;vaytmfa cMnYnRbCaCnkm<Ca
R)aMbIryBan;Rtvsab;edayBYkGaemrikaMgkgkMLgsgamR)aMqaM. b:ul Bt )andMeLIgcMnYnRbCaCn
km<Ca dl;mYylanbYnEsnnak; EdlRtvsab;eday {cRkBtiniymGaemrikaMg nigbrivarrbs;va}.
m:ageTotb:ul Bt)anniyayGMBIeCaKCyy:agFMeFgkgnamnkarbdivtn_Edr.BYkGkkaEst
GaemrikaMg )annaMeTApSBVpSayRtwmEtdMNwgfa RbCaksikrExrmanGVIhUbRKb;RKan;b:ueNaH TukNaCa
enAmunmankarbdivtn_ksikrTaMgenaHGacrkmbGaharqaj; dak;elIturbs;eKkeday. b:ul Bt )an
RbkasR)ab;BYksuyEGd nigBYkEblhSik faRbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs; )anbriePaKGahartamkareRsk
Xanrbs;eK maneskmanBak; manCRmkenARtwmRtv)anTTYlKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigkar
eronsURtsmRsbmYy. Kat;)anbBaak;fa bdivtn_)anlubbM)at;GnkrPaBTUTaMgRbeTs ehIyGHGag
eTotfa CnrYmCatiTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;GacelgkILa tnI kareRcgraM nigeTAemIlPaByn)an.
KNRbtiPUTaMgGs;enaH)anRtvGmCUndMeNIredaymKeTsk_naMpvCaeRcIn EdlnaMbgajR)ab;
BYkeKEttMbn; nigCYbRkmmnusSNa EdlnwgniyayKaMRTkarPUtkuhk;TaMgenHb:ueNaH. edayGeBaIjEt
RbeTskumynis b{RbeTsCamit} EdlebIkpv[muneRscedIm,ICYyKaMRTBYkExrRkhm enaHrbbenH
sgwmbgn;nUvcemIyCasakSIrbs;BYkGkePosxn nigbenSayGVIEdleFVIRbLak;RbLsedayBYk
evotNam ehIyEdlmanBaseBjkgBiPBelaknUvesckIraykarN_epSgsIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xg
rbs;BYkkumynisenARbeTskm<CataMgBImanCemaHRBMEdnmk.
enAExkum bnab;BIkarbBab;sgambnicBYkevotNam)anGeBaIjBYkGkkaEstbreTsl,I
eQaH R)aMnak;[mkeFVITsSnkicenAtamRBMEdn edIm,I[BYkeKeTABinitedaypal;nUvplvi)akepSgkg
CemaHenH. GkykBtmanTaMgenH )anftrUbsaksBmnusSEdlehIme):ag nigdac;ddac;eCIg. BYkeK
)ansaksYrksikrevotNamCaeRcInnak; EdlniyayR)ab;BYkeKBIkarkab;smab;y:agrgal RbRBwt
eLIgedaykgTBkumynisExr manGakb,kiriyahak;dUcCamnusSqt. b:uEn GkkaEstTaMgenaHsuTEt
CaBYkGkkaEsteCIgcas; EdlFab;CYy{raMgxb;}sgamrvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca ehIyBYkeK
420
)ansresrerOgr:avepSy:ageRcIn EdlBYkevotNammincg;)an. Nay:an; can;da (Nayan Chanda) n

TsSnadIesdkiccugbUBa (FAR EASTERN ECONOMIC REVIEW) )ancuHpSaynUvesckIraykarN_dMbUg
rbs;sakSIpal;EPkmak; sIBIEbbEpnEdlBYkevotNam)aneRCIserIs nighVwkhVWndl;BYkGkePosxn
km<Ca edIm,IbegItkgkPaBCYrmuxmYykgeKalbMNgkMu[eKniyayfa CakarvayRbharmYy Edl
eRKagerobcMedayRbeTsevotNam RbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<Ca. r:ULg; ):araMgeha (ROLAND PARINGAUX)
nkaEstLWm:ugnigTIhSIy:aNU EThSanI (TIZIANO TERZANI) nkaEsts<WEhSl (SPIEGEL) )anerobcM
y:aglitln;kgGtbTepSgrbs;xn EdlmannyrebobKaenHEdr. bTykkarN_TaMgenH )anjaMg
[rdaPi)albreTsCaeRcInenA EdlkgenaHmanrdaPi)alshrdGaemrikpg eCOfaRbeTsevotNam
nigkm<Ca )aneNayxn[Fak;eTAkgsgam BitR)akdkRmitFMmYyenAmundMNac;qaM.
karBitenH)anelcecj[eXIjc,ab;BIsankarN_ enAtamCnbTrbs;km<Ca. xl;)anbrTis
ehIy. kmviFIRbmUlpMkmaMgmnusSTUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IbegItlTisgmniymeBjeljmYy)anTTYl
braCy. karcab;hUb)ayrYmeLIgvij )antRmv[eKkat;bnybrimaNes,gBImnusSTaMgGs;. Bli
kmfIeTot)antRmv[BlkreFVIkarkan;EtxaMg eBlem:ageFVIkargarkan;EtGUsbnayEfmeTot ehIy
karxVHfaMeBT)aneFVI[suxPaBrbs;RbCaCncuHfmfyy:agxaMg. karPyxac karRBy)arm)anjaMg
[smaCikbkS kdUc{BYkGkfI}minGaceFVIGVIekItTaMgGs;. PaKeRcInnGkrgeRKaHfI edaykare)as
smatnig{kar)at;xn }KWsTu E tsmaCikbkSkmaPi)alnig{BYkGkcas;} EdleFV[I karRcbUkRcl; ngi kar
Pan;RcLM rwtEtFn;FreLIg. mnusSmak;Elgdwgfa GkNamYyEdleKGaceCOTukciteTotehIy.
m:ageTot cMnYnnkarsmab;kan;EtekIneRcInkalNa karsmat;krwtEtBi)akbiT)aMgkalenaH
Edr. eBlRtLb;eTAPUmiPaKnirtIvij bnab;BI)ancUlrYmkgkarCYsCuls<anrYc han; tav )aneTACasakSI
Edl)aneXIj )andwg )anB GMeBIsahaveXareXACaeRcIneTot. {mnusSCaeRcInRtveKsmab;CamYy
nwgGavuFRKb;RbePT. bnab;mk eKvHeBaHexacTaMgenaHedIm,IkMu[ehIm. kb:uEn CYnkaleKkat;exac
mnusSCakg; edaycitxilxUcEtm:agb:ueNaH CaBiess CamYyRsI29}.
eKetagEtbBab;karsmab;mnusS kgTBkMBugRtvkaryuTCny:ageRcIn ehIybkSkRtvkar[
RbeTsrYbrYmKaEtmYyEdr. kgkm<CaRbCaFibetyTaMgmUleK)anebIkeFVImiTIgFM CaeRcInkEng kg
eKalbMNgbriharBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam nigbMpusTwkcitRbCaCneLIgvij sRmab;buBVehtu
rb;sRbeTskm<Ca. edayrYmbBalnUvmeFa)aysRmab;Tak;Tajcit bkS)anRbkas[dwgCasaFa
rNnUvkarpas;bry:ageRcIn. CabzmKWesckIseRmcmYy[lubbM)at;{PaBxusKa}TaMgGs; rvag{BYk
xa nigRkeBI
421
Gkcas;} nig{BYkGkfI}. smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;shkrN_nwgmansiTiesIKa TTYlrbbGahar {PaBxus

Ka} dUcKa nigeBlem:ageFVIkardUcKa. bkS)ansnapl;es,gGaharelIsmuneTaHbICakarsnaenH
enAEtCakarsnamYykgtMbn;CaeRcInrbs;RbeTskeday.
tav enAnwkeXIjBIeBlERbRblenH. {BYkeK)anpas;brmaKaneya)aykgsunrkfaTaMg
Lay EdlpSBVpSaymkBIemRkCaeRcIn kgmiTIgepSgenARKb;kEng. BYkExrRkhm cg;[RbCaCn
TaMgGs;KaMRTBYkeK. eCOfa BYkeKdwgBIcMNucNaxHEdlmnusSRKb;KaRtveFVI[vilxYr nigPyrnt;ehIy
b:uEnRbkarenH KannysRmab;BYkeKeLIy eRBaHfaBYkExrRkhmRtvkarkgTB}.
kalebIBYkeKe)aHbg;ecalnUv{PaBxusKa}rvag{BYkGkcas;} nig{BYkGkfI}kgTBGaceRCIs
erIsyuvCnekgTaMgGs;[cUleFVITB ehIym:ageTot KWeRCIserIsEtBYkGkEdlRsbnwglkN
vinicyxagneya)aykgeBlfIb:ueNaH. BYkyuTCneRCIserIsfITaMgenH EdlmYycMnYnFMeTIbEtnwg
eBjvy )anTTYlkarhVwkhVWnkgryeBlmYyy:agxI -CYnkalminelIsBIBIrbbIfeLIy- munbBaneTA
smrPUmi. yUreTAeTot kgTBfIrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetymanlMnaMdUckgTBrbs; ln; nl; edaysar
rykarhVwkhVWnec,al nigbriyakasvk;vIrbs;xn rebobkgTBExrRkhmEdlQHsgamBIqaM
1970-1975 Edr.
enArdUvekA karvayRbyuT)anbnenAtamRBMEdn CamYynwgkarttaMgTl;muxKay:agsahav enAEx
kkda nigExsIha. RbCaCnTUeTAdUc tav CaedIm Rtv)anR)ab;[dwgBIkarvayRbyuTepSg Ettamry
BakccamGar:amepSgEdlmkdl;shkrN_ b:ueNaH BuMEmntamrykarpSayeXasnarbs;viTpv
kar EdlpSaybnedayemRkmanenARKb;TIkEngeT. tav eCOfa BYkevotNam)ancUllukluyRbeTs
enArdUvR)aMg. Kat;minGacrkkarbMPWNaepSgeTot cMeBaHkarcg;)anEdlkan;EtekInFMeLIg kgkarerIs
yuTCnfIEdlkgTBbgaj[eXIjeLIy.
{bnab;BI)aneRCIserIsBYkGkenAlIv[cUleFVITB BYkeK)anykBYkyuvCnekg BYkeBjCMTg;
mg. bnab;mk BYkeK)anehArkBYkyuvCnEdlerobkarrYc ehIytmkeTotcab;epImykmnusSvy
cas;[cUleFVIkarTBEfmeTot.
tav nigmitPkiCaticinkat;ExrCaeRcInrbs;Kat;)anrYcputBIkarerIsTBenH BIeRBaH BYkkumynis
minsUveCOTukcitedIm,IerIsBYkGkTaMgenH[cUleFVITBeT. fVIebIkareXasnarbs;evotNamEdlfa
KWRbeTscinenHehIyCaGkjHjg;BitR)akd[mansgam Edl)anbBankgTBkm<Ca[mkvay
RbyuT b:uEnkarBitKWmanlkNxusKasRmab; han; tav {eyIgTaMgGs;EdlCaCnCaticin)anRtveK
422
cat;TuktamEbbTITBIKa. BYkkumynismincg;[eyIgcUleFVITBrbs;eKeT. eyIgenAEtRtveKRbmaf

katTan nigerIseGIgCatisasn_Canic}.
m:ageTot eTaHbICa b:ul Bt RbkasedayxngenATIRkgeb:kaMgBI\TiBlrbs;KMnitem:A mkelI
bdivtn_rbs;km<Cakeday kbkSenAEtmancitsgSycMeBaHbMNgepSgrbs;cindEdl. sIGkrYc
rs;CIvitmak;KW GkRsI Lr:g; Bik (Laurence Picq) EdleFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs )anbBaak;fa eK)anTieton
nag cMeBaHkarekatsJb;EsJgrbs;nagEdlmaneTAelIRbeTscin. b:uEn emdwknaMbkSmak;KW eGog sarI
)aneqIytbmknagfa {b:uEn RbeTscinBuMEmnCamitBitR)akdmYyeT KWeKcg;ykRsukeyIgdak;Ca
GaNaniKmrbs;eK30}.
eGog sarI nigemdwknaMCan;x<s;dTeTotrbs;bkS )anbnGHGagnwgBYkkmaPi)alrbs;eK enA
eBlRbCuMCakCn nigkgkRmittictYcfa manEtRbeTskm<CamYyb:ueNaHEdledIrtammaKabdivtRtwm
Rtv. enAqaM1978 bnab;BIkarplrMlM {bnbYnnak;} sarI )anbBaak;GHGagfa RbeTscin)anRbkan;
ykmaKaEtmYydUcKanwgRbeTsrusSIesIerIniymEdr31.
kgTB)aneRCIserIsyuTCnExrCaeRcIn nigRbmUlsmarswkedIm,IeFVIsgam. enArdUvekAenH
kgPUmiPaKBayB suIsUpa GtItGkEfTaMCMgWRsImak;Edl)ankayeTACaRbFanRkmkargarmYy)an
cab;epImmanesckIPyxac32. eTaHbICanagRtvEtgtaMg[eFVIkartamkarGnueRKaH BIBYkkmaPi)al
PUmiPaKnirtI bnab;BIBYkeK)ane)assmatPUmiPaKBayBrYcehIykeday knagminsUv)anTajGt
RbeyaCn_BImuxgarenHsRmab;xnnagnigRKsarpal;rbs;nagEdr. Ggr)anrlay)at;PamBItu)ay
sun esn Edlnagminsal;esaH)anbBaafa brimaNRsUvGgrTaMgGs;RtvdkTukmYyPaKelIcMENk
EdlRtvEbgEckkgshkrN_nana nigskTuksRmab;kgTB. dUecH kgPUmiPaKTaMgmUleK)anbegIt
XaMgpkes,gy:ageRcIn ehIyeK)anerobcMkEnglak;TukmYycMnYnFM enARBPMxageCIgeTot kgkrNI
EdlrdaPi)alnwgRtvbgMcitCemsecjBIRkgPMeBjenAfNamYy.
b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa qaM1978 nwgeTACaeBlERbRbldsMxan;rbs;karbdivtn_ CaqaMdMbUg
EdlmansirPaB nigCaQan;mYysRmab;QaneTArkeCaKCyepSgenAeBlGnaKt. sRmab;mnusS
PaKeRcInyl;fa karBiterOgKWxusKaRsLH ehIy suIsUpa )anerobrab;fa {enArdUvekAenaHeyIgRtveFVI
kargarrwtEtxaMgnigrwtEtBi)akRTaMRTCageBlNaTaMgGs; ehIyeyIgbriePaKEtRKab;sENk nig
eBat b:ueNaH KanGgrhUbeT}.
m:ageTot ePg)anFak;mky:ageCakCaM. kg]bTVIbTaMgmUl -RbeTsLav/ f/ km<Ca nigPaK
xa nigRkeBI
423
xagt,gRbeTsevotNam- xl;rdUvm:Usug )anbg[manTwkCMnn;liclg;. enAExsIha TwkePg)an

bMpajpldMNaMenARbeTsevotNam Lav Gs;mYyPaKFM ehIybNal[xUcxatERscmarenARbeTs
f nigkm<CaeTot. eK)anraykarN_[dwgBImnusSsab;cMnYnBIrrynak; EdlrgeRKaHedaysarTwkCMnn;
enH.RbeTsevotNamnigRbeTsLav)ansuMCMnYyes,gGaharmYyCabnan;BIGnrCati. rdaPi)alf
)anRbkasfa TwkCMnn;enH CaTwkCMnn;EdlbMpicbMpajxaMgCageKenArykalfIenH. b:uEn km<CaRbCa
Fibety)anGHGagfa TwkCMnn;enHBuM)anb:HBal;dl;neya)aykraCmas;karxagvisyes,g
GahareT. {eyIgBuMEmnCaGksuMTandUcBYkevotNam EdlsuMes,gGahareKrebobefakTabenaHeT}.
b:uEn viTrdaPi)al)anTTYlsal;fa TwkCMnn;enH )aneFVI[pldMNaMRsUvxUcxaty:agsem,Im.
RbCaCnCaeRcInenACnbT EdlenArs;ranmanCIvitCagbIqaMkgbdivt EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt
nigR)aMqaMkgsgamEdlmanBImun )anvinicyTwkePgenHfa CaRbplmYy. tamkaremIleXIjrbs;
BYkeK TwkCMnn; nigBHsgraqaM1978 CasBaaRbkas[dwgeRKaHkMNacfICaeRcIn.
edaysnSwmCitmkdl;TIbBab;rbs;xn karbdivtn_)ankayeTACaerOgEdlRbCaCnGacdwg
sal;c,as;las;CagBImun. BiPBEdlxNEck {BYkGkcas;} nig{BYkGkfI} BYkGkmanksiTi nigBYk
GkEdl)at;bg;esckIGnueRKaH)anrlayxSl. karRbwgERbgcugeRkay edIm,IbegItedayqab;rhs
nUv{RbCaCatifMefIgrugerOgmYy CamYynwgRbCaCnRbkbedaysuPmglmYy} )ancab;epImenARkg
PMeBjExkkda. eGog sarI )anRbkasR)ab;BYkkmaPi)al GMBIdMNak;kalpac;RBRtenHkgsunrkfa
mYy ehIy)anbEnmfa CamYykarKMramkMEhgrbs;evotNam EdlRKbdNb;mkelIRbeTs nigkar
kemcBYkk,t;cugeRkay CaBiess esa Pwm RbeTskm<Ca)anebCJacite)aHCMhaneTAmux edayFab;
rhsbMput. Cabnan;enaH sarI cg;Qandl;PaBl\texaHPam.
enAExenaH BYkbBavnEdlCab;XuMXaMgkgCMrMmYyenAmat;RckecjBITIRkgPMeBjRtv)aneKR)ab;
[dwgfa karRbRBwtminlmkelIBYkeK KWCakaryl;RcLMmYy33. BIeBlenHteTA eGog sarI RBmTaMg
RksYgkarbreTsnwgykcitTukdak;cMeBaHsuxumalPaBrbs;BYkeKeLIgvij. eK)ansna[eFVIkarkg
mYyfEtR)aMbIem:agb:ueNaH nigfQb;sRmakBitR)akdmYyerogral;db;fmg. eK)anbny[dwgfa
karkab;smab;BYkbBavnRtv)anbBab;ehIy.
sRmab;PaKeRcInnbBaavnTaMgenH EdlRtLb;mkBIbreTsRtv)an{CYy[rYcBIeRKaHfak;eday
BYkGkenaHEdlFab;k,t;BYkeKdEdl. KW eGog sarI enHgEdl)anbBaHbBalbBavnmYycMnYnFMkg
cMeNamBYkeK[vilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<Cavij eRkayqaM1975. CamYy CYn RbsiTi Kat;)aneFVI
424
dMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsepSg edIm,IRbkasR)ab;shKmn_CnCatikm<Cafa rdGMNacbdivtn_fIrab;rk

bBavny:agRbesIr eTaHNaCaKat;dwgfa bBavnxHkgcMeNamenaHRtv)aneKsmab;)at;eTAehIy
keday. dUecH BYkbBavnTaMgenH enAEtsb;ex<Im eGog sarI Canic.
enAxNenH BYkeKecHTmab;xnTTYlykkarpas;brepSgedayminbeBajeyabl;GVITaMgGs;.
dMbUgeKbgaj[eXIjfa GkNamYyEdlTTYlxusRtvBIsanPaBrbs;eKBIeBlmun eK)anbBanmk[
bBaavnTaMgenaHnUv{ksar} CaeRcInkgeKalbMNulbgaj[eXIjfa kuy FYn elxabkSPUmiPaK]tr
eXIjfa CaPak;garmak;rbs;es>GuI>Ga>ehIyfa esa Pwm Fab;eFVIkaredIm,IplRbyaCn_RbeTs
evotNam. mnusSTaMgBIrnak;enH nigBYkk,t;dTeTot Fab;)anbegIt[mansanPaBRcbUkRcbl;
nigRseBcRsBilmYy EdlCamUlehtueFVI[manRBwtikarN_GaRkk;dl;BYkbBavnepSg. CYn muM
)anniyayR)ab;GkTaMgenH BIesckIRsLaj;rbs;rbbcMeBaHRbCaCn. ebIsinCaneya)aykg
ryeBlbIqaMmun eFVI[xUcxatdl;RbeTsCatikgvisyNamYyenaH KWCakMhusrbs;BYkk,t;Cati
Edl)anGnuvteKalmaKarbs;bdivtn_ edayPan;RcLMkgeKalbMNgplrMlMkarbdivtn_enH.
karEdlBYkeKKaMRTrUbKat; KWeRBaHEtKat;Fab;eFVICaemdwknaMnisSit bCaRKbeRgn beRkaymk
enAeBlEdlKat;QaneLIgdl;zanCaKNdwknaMbkS BYkeK)ancat;Kat;CamnusSk,t;nwgbuBVehtumYy
EdlKat;Fab;eFVI[mankitiys. bBaavnTaMgenH CaCnCatikm<CaTan;smy Edlkarbgcrbs;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu Fab;eFVI[KamankarenOyNaykgcit nigCaGkEdlmanbMNgEklMG -BuMEmn
bMpajeT- rebobrbbrs;enArbs;Exr[)anRbesIrCagmun.
kgRkgPMeBjTaMgmUl enACMrMBYkbBavnnigtammnIrRksYgnanarbs;rdaPi)al emdwknaMCaeRcIn
EdleKsal;c,as;BIcritmuWgm:at;rbs;eK Rtv)anpas;CMnYsedayBYkkmaPi)alniymneya)ay
kNalvij. eGog sarI )anniyayeTAkan;BYkbBavnTaMgenaH edIm,IsRmlkarERbRblepSg eRkam
TsSnvisyRtwmRtvmYy. {smmit eyIgTaMgGs;KasitenAelITUkEtmYydUcKa}. TUkenHKW RbCaCati
nigbdivtn_ EdlhuBTedayRbeTsevotNam. sarI )aneqIybdiesFKMnitEdlfa bkSFab;sitenABI
eRkaykarsmab;rgalBYkbBavnedayrebobm:ag Kat;)anRbkasfa {BakKuk)anRtvlubecjBI
Pasaniyayrbs;eyIgehIy}.
enAExkBaa b:ul Bt )anEfgsunrkfadsMxan;mYyeTAkan;mhasni)atelIkTI4rbs;bkS Edl
R)arBeFVIenATIRkgPMeBj. Kat;)anlatRtdagBIKeRmagkarepSgrbs;Kat; edIm,IeFVI[RbeTsman
]sSahkm {qab;rhs} eRbIeRKgynkgvisyksikmnigerobcMRbBnGb;rMbdivtmYy. kgkasn
xa nigRkeBI
425
smyRbCuMmYy CYn muM )aneLIgmanmtidUcemdwknaMbkSEdr edIm,IBnl;GMBIRbBnenH. muM )anRtveKcat;

[TTYlbnkxagkarsikSabeckeTs CaPstagmYyeTotn\TiBlrbs; eGog sarI eTAelIesrIkm kar
eFVI[manesrIPaBCamnunsRmab;rbbrbbEdlRtdabRtdYsmYy.muM manbMNgbegItkmviFImYy Edl
eq<aHeTArkkarbegItsalaBaNiCkmmYyenAkgrdFanI.
enAExdEdlenH bBavn nigkmaPi)alCaeRcInenAPMeBj EdlBuMEdlcakecjBITIRkgesaH taMgEt
BIedImdMbUgnkarbdivtn_ )anRtveKnaMeTAeFVITsSnkicenAext)at;dMbg edIm,IBinitemIlRbBnFarass
FM. enHKWCasiTiBiesshYsBIkarnwksanmYy ehIyeKkGnuBaat[GkxHdwgfa RbCaCnenACnbTTTYl
rgTukevTnaCagBYkeKeTAeTot.
enAmankarsakl,gepSgeTotrbs;bkS edIm,I[TTYl)ankarcUlcitBIBYkbBavneLIgvij.
enAExkBaa eK)anR)arBBiFIbuNrMBkxYbkMeNItbkS edaymankareFVIbdisNarkic nigkarerobcM
ePaCnaharpg. mnIrepSgenARksYgkarbreTs )anerobcMeFVIBiFIbuNmYyy:agFM buKlikeFVIkar )an
naMKaeTAemIlExSPaByn. Bukmarbs; CYn muM Rtv)aneKbBanBIshkrN_mYyenAEk,r]tg mkkan;
CMrMBYkbBavn edIm,ICYyerobcMeFVIBiFIbuNmYyEdr. Kat;Fab;dwknaMRKb;RKgGtItsNaKar {LWr:Uy:al;}
enAPMeBjkgryeBlCaeRcInqaM ehIyenAfbuNxYbenH eK)anGnuBaat[ muM ehABYkGkmaneTB
ekaslBImunmkeFVInMmYy. BYkGkCab;XuMkgCMrMGacbriePaKGaharCaRKsar bursElgRtvbMEbkBI
BYknarIeTotehIy BYkGkeBjvykElgXatqayBIBYkekgEdr.
enAExtula qaM1978 CMrMTaMgBIr BYkbBavn nigBYkGtItGkkarTUt )anRtveKbBalKaCaCMrMEt
mYyvij ehIy{kareFVI[manesrIPaBCamun})aneCOnelOneTAmux. enAExvicika PaBxusEbkKa)ancab;
ebIkCafIsRmab;BYkbBavn nigsRmab;RbCaCnTaMgGs;. PamenaH GVIkmanhUbEdr RtIsac; bEn
nigsut EdlCaplitpl)at;muxtaMgBIedImdMbUgnkarbdivtn_em:H. eK)anEcksac; nigRtI erogral;f
[BYkbBaavn nigGtItGkkarTUt. kgPUmiPaKBayBqaydac;Rsyalrbs;nag suIsUpa )anemIleXIj
GVIEdlekIteLIgenHdUcKa {Ggr)anelcecjCafIKYr[egOgql; edayman sac; man; sut nigEpdUg
pg CamYynwgRtsk;TuMy:ageRcIn. eyIgmindwges,gGaharenHecjmkBIkEngNaeT. GkxHhUb
eRcInEmnETn rhUtdl;sab;}.
dUc{BYkGkfI}rbs;PUmiPaKBayBEdr BYkbBavnRtvEtbnykareRskXanrbs;eK[sm enA
eBlEdlrbbRbcaMfrbs;eKekInsac;nigRtIPam. mnusSRbs nigRsICaeRcIn manragkaysm
kMRBwgdUceRKagqwg edaysarbriePaKknk; nig{kUnRCk} CaeQaHEdldak;[stVkNr EdlBYkeKcab;
426
)anykmkeFVICamb. xnR)aNrbs;GkTaMgenaH EdlmanEs,kyuryar emIleTAhak;dUcCarYmtUc

bnab;BIkarhUbGaharminRKb;RKan;CaeRcInqaM. BYkeKsuTEtmanEPkeLIgsW. ebIeTaHCaBYkeKrYcputBI
esckIsab;y:agRbputRbepIykeday kPaKeRcInyl;eXIjfa enHKWCaerOgcdn BuMEMmnneya)ayeT
EdlCYyBYkeK[rYcputBIeRKaHfak;. edaymankmaMgkMEhgeLIgvij BYkeKRbEhlCaminbENt
beNayeTAtamkMhwgrbs;eKeToteT.
eGog sarI )anpl;[BYkbBavnnUvbNalytUcmYy edaymanesovePACaPasa)araMg sunrkfa
TaMgLayrbs; b:ul Bt CaPasa)araMg nigGg;eKspg. BYkeKkmansiTieRCIserIsemdwknaMsRmab;CMrM
pal;rbs;xntamrebobRbCaFibetyEdr. eGog sarI )aneFVICaGFibtIkgkarcat;taMg eQaHebkCn
nigcat;Ecgkare)aHeqatedayxngpal;. erOgenHhak;dUcCaminBit tamkarBit KWvamanEmn.
sarI Ca{xYrk,al} enABIeRkayPaKeRcInnkarpcepImKMniteFVI {esrIkm} kareFVI[manesrIPaB
CagmunkgeKalbMNgjaMg[BiPBelakeCOfakm<CaRbCaFibetyCaRbCaCatimYy EdlmansirPaB
nigEdlmankardwknaMRKb;RKgy:agRtwmRtv. edayKankarsgSybnic Kat;)anTTYlnUvkarKaMRTBI
BYkciny:agxaMgkakgvisyenH. Kat;)aneqtTajykGtRbeyaCn_BIParkicfIenH edIm,IkarBarbNa
mitPkirbs;Kat; RBmTaMgBYkbBavn nigGkkarTUt EdlCab;kgCMrMepSgenARkgPMeBjpg.
enAExtula sarI )aneFVIdMeNIreTARkgjvy:kedIm,IcUlrYmmhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCatiedIm,I
nwgbgajrUbPaBfIrbs;km<Ca nigeRbIR)as;vaRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNamEfmeTot. Kat;)anebIkeFVI
snisITkaEstmYycMnYntUc EdlkgkasenaH Kat;)anRbkasCasaFarNfa Kat;)anGeBaIjelak
xWk v:al;Edm GKelxaGgkarshRbCaCati eTAeFVITsSnkicenAkm<Ca edIm,IesuIbGegtGMBIkarecaT
Rbkan;erOgrMelaPsiTimnusS ehIyfa bniceTot esckIGeBaIjCaeRcIneTot nwgRtvepJI[BYkGkkaEst
breTs.Kat;)anEckrUbftsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigGkmagm:UnIk [BYkGkkaEstCaeRcIn snwk.
BiPBelakenAEtcat;TukGtItescGgenHfa CaemdwknaMdsMxan;mak;nRbeTsttiyelakdEdl ehIy
rUbftenH KWmaneKalbMNgeqIytbeTAnwgsMNYrCaeRcIn sIBIsanPaBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu tamBakccamGar:amCaeRcInfa RBHGgRtveKsmab;)at;eTAehIy- nigedIm,Ibgaj[eXIjfa RBHGg
kKaMRTbdivtn_Edr. rUbftTaMgenHs[dwgfa RBHGgenAmanRBHCnenAeLIy b:uEn TwkRBHPkrbs;RBHGg
eFVI[eKyl;fa RBHGgKansuPmglTal;EtesaH. semc nigmehsIrbs;RBHGg mansPaBhak;dUcCa
mnusSmYem:AeRcIn enOyNaynwgCIvity:agxaMg.
sarI )anEckpSayesovePAexArbs;RbeTskm<C a EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {ehtukarN_ nigPst ag
xa nigRkeBI
427
nGMeBIQanBan nigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<Ca}. ksarenH CaerOgdsMxan;

kgebskkmrbs; sarI BIeRBaHKat;RtvEtbgaj[eKeXIjfa RbeTsevotNamCaGkTTYlxusRtvEt
mak;gGMBIkarKMramkMEhgeFVIsgamrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr.
karGeBajI elakv:al;Edm )aneqy
I tbnwgkarKabsgtr; bs;GnrCatiEdlkan;EtrIkFMeLIg Cafr
nwgkarbBab;karsmab;bMputBUC. kalBIqaMmun RbeTsGg;eKs)aneFVICaGkdwkmuxclnatv:aRbqaMgmYy
ehIysPaTaMgBIrrbs;GaemrikaMg kTamTar[mankaresuIbGegtmYy cMeBaHrdaPi)alpal;rbs;xnEdr.
karGeBaIjenH)anbNal[mankarb:HTgicKamYy. GgkarelIkElgeTas GnrCati (Amnesty
International) )anGbGrsaTrcMeBaHkarGeBaIjenHPam b:uEn v:al;Edm )anRcanecaledayRbkasfa
Kat;GaceFVIdMeNIreTAkan;km<Ca)an luHNaEtRbeTsevotNameFVIkarGeBaIjmYydUcKaenH. elak
GKelxa )anTajehtuplfa GgkarshRbCaCati )aneRKageRbIviFankarepSg edIm,IbBab;karvivaT
ehIyfa dMeNIreTAkan;RbeTskm<CaEtmYyGacnwgl,IeQaHfa CakarlemgeTAEtmag. BYkeKdwknaM
evotNamEdlCab;rvl;erobcMEpnkarcUllukluyRbeTskm<CaCasmat;enaH )aneqIytbfa BYkeK
BuMmanKeRmagGeBaIjelak v:al;Edm eT. dUecHmeFa)ayedIm,IedaHkunrbs; sarI )anTTYlbraCy.
R)akdNas;Kat;BitCaeCOfa vtmanrbs;elak v:al;Edm enAkm<CanwgraMgramin[RbeTsevotNam
lukluyRbeTsrbs;Kat;)an.
eGog sarI KanpvedaHRsayNaepSg eRkABIgakeTArksMeNITIBIrrbs;Kat;eLIy KWkarGeBaIjBYk
GktMNagsarBtmanGnrCati edIm,IeTAGegtGMBIkareKarBsiTimnusSenARbeTskm<Ca. enAfTI17 Ex
vicika RkgPMeBj)anGeBaIjGkkaEstGaemrikaMgBIrnak; nigsasacarsaklviTalyGg;eKsmak;
[eTAeFVTI sSnkice nAkm<C acab;BI fT9I dl;fT2I 3 ExF qa1M 978. GkkaEstBIrnak;enaHKW rIqad Dudm:an
(Richard Dudman) nkaEstsaMglVIDIs<at (Saint-Louis Dispatch) nigxnpal; GkniBnesovePAenH nkaEst
v:asuIetanb:us (Washington Post). Dudm:an nig )anTTYlRBmtamkarGeBaIj RBmTaMg m:al;xUm xadEv:l
(Malcolm Caldwell) sasacarnviTasansikSaRsavRCavBIGahVik nigGasuIbUBaenATIRkgLg (Londres) pg
EdlCaGkmansmancitmak; kgcMeNamGkmansmancitdkRm enAbsimRbeTscMeBaHrbb b:ul Bt.
enAmunkareTAdl;rbs;eyIg sarI )anniyayEfmfyxHeTotBIrUbPaBfIrbs;km<Cabdivt. Kat;
)anbBaa[buKlikEpksarBtmanrbs;Kat; cab;epImpSBVpSaykmviFIBtmanCaPasabreTs Biess
KWPasa)araMg nigGg;eKs tamviTrbs;rdaPi)al ehIy)anepImkmviFIenHenAfTI1 ExF qaM1978.
k saKuN bBavndl,IeQaHmak; EdleKpSaydMNwgBImrNPaBrbs;Kat;enATIRkg):arIsenaH Rtv)an
428
eKpl;nItism,TaeLIgvij edIm,IeFVICaGkEhhmGmkarBarBYkeyIg kgdMeNIrTsSnkicenARbeTsenH.

buKliknRksYgkarbreTs )ancab;epIme)aHBum<pSayRBwtibRtBtmanRbcaMfmYy CaPasaGg;eKs
enAfTI30 Exvicika sRmab;dMeNIreTAdl;rbs;eyIgEdr.
enAeBldEdlenaH eK)anBBakccamGar:amCaeRcInsIBIsgam. eKesI[BYkbBavn rYmbegIt
CaRkmedIrl,atkgmYyRkmmanKabInak; edIm,IkarBarCMrMrbs;eK. enAExvicika eKeXIjmanRbCaCn
extsVayerog nigexttaEkv nPUmiPaKbUBa nignirtIcab;epImhUrcUlmkkgrdFanIy:agkuHkr. enA
TIbMput BYkbBavn)andwgfa RbCaCnkm<CaenAtMbn;RBMEdn)ansuMcuHcUlnwgBYkevotNam ehIyfa BYk
ExrRkhm )anCemsmnusSecjBIshkrN_nana EdlkareXasna nigkgTBevotNam Gaclan;B
nigmkdl;Pam.
vamanPaBminsmRsbKamYy rvagkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBEdlmanEtsm,keRkA nigkarKMram
kMEhgnsgam. RksYgkarbreTs )anerobcM[mandMeNIrTsSnkicenAR)agR)asaTGgrvt ry
mYyf edayecjdMeNIrBITIRkg)agkkmk Edlnwgcab;epImenAExF qaM1978. b:uEn enABIeRkay
lkNmanEteRkA EdlbegIteLIgeday eGog sarI rbbenHenAEtbnerobcMeFVIsgam edaykemc
BYkk,t;y:agKanGaNitGasUrdEdl. kgPUmiPaKBayB BYkkmaPi)alrbs;bkS)ancab;epImkab;
smab;RbCaCnrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa EdlRtvCemsecjBIshkrN_rbs;BYkeK b:uEn rbbenHenAEtcat;
TukBYkGkTaMgenaH Ca{BYkGkEdlRtveKsgSy}Canic. kgcMeNamenaH RbCaCnrab;rynak; RtveK
bgM[CIkreNArYmsRmab;kb;xneKpal;. mgenH eKminsUvBayamrkSakarsmat;eT. karmankuHkr
Pamnes,gGahar BMuGacbiT)aMgkarRBy)arm EdlecHEtrIkFMeLIgkgcMeNamBYkemdwknaM)an
eLIy ehIy\LvenHRbCaCndwgfa sgamc,as;CaekItmankgeBlqab;enHminxan. RbCaCnenA
PUmiPaKBayB )andwgerOgenHtamrysMeLgERskrbs;GkrgeRKaHlan;BBIkgRBmk. RbCaCn
Cemsrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa )anbeNay[eKsmab;edayKanRbqaMgtbteLIy BIeRBaHRbCaCnkm<Ca
enAEtKansmtPaBRbqaMgtbeTAvij. b:uEnBYkeKdwgfa GMNwHteTA bdivtn_ c,as;CamankarlM)ak
xaMgehIy.
Duc enAEtbnkmat;GkEdleKsgSytamsgVak;dEdl. ebIKat;minykPUmiPaKepSgmYyeTot
CaeKaledAkemc bnab;BIkare)assmatPUmiPaKbUBarYcehIyenaH Kat;muxCaTmak;eTaskMhuseTAelI
GkmanGMNacsMxan;CageKmak;nrbbenHCaCMnYsvij. Canickal Kat;)anriHrkTisedAdwknaMmYy kg
karKitmmcugeRkayrbs; b:ul Bt KWkareFVI]sSahUbnIykmenAqaM1978. kgsunrkfa EdlEfgenA
xa nigRkeBI
429
fTI27 ExkBaa qaM1978 edIm,IrMBkxYbkMeNItbkS b:ul Bt )ankMNt;y:agc,as;las;nUv{TsSn}

CamaKaFMrbs;Kat; edIm,IERbkayRbeTskm<Ca eTACaRbeTs]sShkm nigbdivt. GtbTsunrkfa
enHmancMNgeCIgfa {eyIgbneRCag x<s;Tg;CyCmHrbs;bkSkmynis km<CadPWCajCyedaymuWg
m:at; edIm,IkarBarkm<CaRbCaFibety bneFVIbdivtsgmniym ksaglTisgmniym}.
sunrkfaenHmanlkNEdllM)akbMeBj nigminsUvbMpusTwkcitdUccMNgeCIgrbs;vaeT. rvag
erOgdTeTot b:ul Bt )anbEgbgg;sIBIPaBcaM)ac; edIm,IeFVI[RbeTskm<CaeTACardkmynismYy
EdlRbkan;neya)aykraCmas;kar. Kat;)anRbkasBIesdkicrbs;RbeTsEdlmansirPaB nig
rwgmaM ehIyvinicyedayesckIeBjcitBIRbBnFarasasfI nigplitplksikmrbs;shkrN_nana.
esckIRtvkarsMxan;rbs;RbCaCn KWmanRKb;RKan; Kat;vaytmfa eBlevla)anmkdl;ehIy edIm,I
ksagRbeTselIeCaKCyTaMgenH nigerobcMexOn]sShkmFunRsalepSg EdleRbIR)as;plitpl
ksikmrbs;RbeTs.
edayKat;RtverobcMerOgenHCamun Duc)ancab;epImesuIbGegteTAelIRksYg]sSahkm nigkmat;
GkminlecjBIRksYgenH. PaBbnKanskmPaBenH Rtv)anerobcMy:aglitln; ebIsinCakarBitBuM
eqIytbeTAnwgkarcg;)anrbs; b:ul Bt GkEdlTTYlxusRtvelI{karBit}enH nwgRtvecaTRbkan;fa Ca
GkeFVIviecTkm. erOgenHeKFab;)anepImeFVICamYy hU yn; rYcmkehIyenAeBlEdlKat;CMTas;nwgkar
CemsRbCaCnecjBIRkgnana nigTRmg;nCMrMBlkmenAtamshkrN_nana. ehIyerOgenH)anbn
mkeTotCamYynwg kuy FYn EdleKcat;TukCaGkTTYlxusRtvGMBIbraCyEpkesdkicenAeBldMbUg
CamYynwg rs; jwm EdleKbenasBIkarKansmtPaBrbs;PUmiPaKBayB kgkareFVI[)anseRmctam
EpnkarEdltRmvedaymCim CamYynwg esa Pwm EdlRtvecaTRbkan;BIbraCyrbs;km<CakgCemaH
RBMEdnCamYyevotNam. ehIy\LvenH v:n ev:t EdlTTYlxusRtvEpk]sSahkmrbs;RbeTs RtveK
kmat;ecalenAExvicika BIerOgminecHCMrujvisyenH[elOneTAmux RsbeTAtamesckIsgwmminsm
ehtuplrbs; b:ul Bt.
emdwknaMcugeRkaykgrdaPi)alEdlRtvcab;dak;Kuk nigsmab;ecalenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg
suTswgCaGkeFVIkarenARksYg]sSahkmesIrEtTaMgGs; KWBYkRbFankEngplitRsa eragcRkeFIV
suIm:g;t_ eragcRkplit)arI. enAcugExvicika v:n ev:t RtveKcab;xn nigbBaneTAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg.
eTaHCaKat;Fab;mancitesaHRtg;cMeBaH b:ul Bt taMgBICMnan;Edl b:ul Bt erobcMkat;[cUlbkSk
eday kvamansarsMxan;tictYcNas;. ev:t Fab;TTYlxusRtvkgkarksagbkSenARkgPMeBj eRkay
430
eBlEdl saLt s nigemdwknaMbkSPaKeRcInepSgeTot cakecjBIraCFanI enAedImTsvtSr_qaM

1960. CargVan;elIkTwkcit Kat;Rtv)anEtgtaMgCaelxabkSPUmiPaKBiess EdlenACuMvijPMeBj
kgryeBlsgam. eRkaymk enAeBlEdlTIRkgenHRtvdak;[sitenAeRkamkarRttRtapal;rbs;
b:ul Bt nigbkS ev:t Rtv)anTTYlkarTukcit[kan;RksYg]sSahkm.
kgcemIysarPaBrbs;Kat; EdleFVIedaykarbgM v:n ev:t etagEtTTYlsal;fa Kat;CaPak;gar
mak;rbs;BYkevotNam niges>GuI>Ga> EdlRtv)aneRCIserIskalBICagdb;qaMmun sRmab;[bMpajkar
bdivtn_Etm:agb:ueNaH34.Rtg;cMNucenHeKkrkeXIjnUvPaBbnKanskmPaBEdleK)anerobcMy:ag
lti ln; kg ksarTaMgLayenAmnrI XuXM aMgTYlEsgbgaj[eXIjfa es>Gu>I Ga> CaGkTTYlxusRtvGMBI
braCyEpkesdkic cMENkPak;garevotNam CamUlehtunbraCyEpkeyaFa nigneya)ay. m:ag
eTot eK)anbgM[ v:n ev:t sarPaBfa Kat;ekatsresIrCamYynwgKMnitefakTabGMBIKMrUbdivtrbs;cin.
kgerOgenHvamankarsgSymYyrebobcMGkbBaWcit kgkare)assmatcugeRkayenH eday
ehtuplfa v:n ev:t Fab;eFVICaemekaypal;rbs; Duc kgryeBlsgam enAeBlEdl Duc erobcM
begItEpksnisuxkgPUmiPaKBiess. dUecH enAedImdMbUg ev:t CabkSsm<nmak;kgcMeNambkSsm<n
nRbBnsmab;mnusS Edl\LvenHr:ab;rgkarsab;pal;rbs;Kat;Edr.
dUcBYkkmaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa Edlrt;ePosxneTARbeTsevotNam eRkayeBldwgc,as;fa BYk
eKnwgRtvCMrujeTArkkarkemcecal BYkGkeFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTskrt;rkTIkEnglak;xnEdr. b:uEn
BYkeKBuMEmnsitenAEk,rRBMEdnNa ehIyKanTaMgkarKaMBarBIsMNak;kgTBevotNam dUcBYkbUBaeTot
pg. BYkeK)anRtwmEtrYbrYmKanigbMeBjkargarenAPMeBjrebobCa {RkmkmkarcaMXaMemIl} mYyEdl
KanGavuF edIm,Isgswk b:ul Bt nigbdivtn_. tamRbEhl BYkeK)andak;kEngBYnsak;CaeRcIn edIm,I
cab;kmaPi)alepSgeTotEdlBYkeKsmab;ecalKansl;. enAeBlEdleGogsarI RbkasxacERkg
manrdRbharmYyenARbeTskm<Ca Kat;)anniyay edayEpksMedAeTArkmnusSTaMgenaH edayKan
sgSyeLIy.
b:uEn karKMramkMEhgBitR)akd KWelcecjmkBIBYkkmaPi)alePosxneTARbeTsevotNam
eNaH ehIyEdlRkghaNUyRbmUlpMeLIgvijedIm,IerobcMeFVIsgam35. fTI2 ExF qaM1978
emdwknaMPUmiPaKbUBaEdlrt;eKcxnCaeRcIn )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNBIkarbegItrNsirSsamKI
segaHCatikm<Ca. GkdwknaMrNsirSenHrYmman ehg sMrin EdlFab;bBaakgBlFMelx4nkgTB
rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa Ca suIm nig hun Esn EdledaHxnecjBIKNkmaFikarbkSmUldan. eday)an
xa nigRkeBI
431
Rbkas{rNsirSfI}rbs;eKtamviTevotNam BYkeK)anefaleTasGVITaMgGs;Edlrbb b:ul Bt )an

RbRBwtkgryeBlbIqaM edayBaksmIFn; xaMgCagsmIBYkGkePosxnExreTARbeTsfeTAeTot.
ebITukCaPaKeRcInkgcMeNamBYkeK Fab;kan;kab;tMENgTTYlxusRtvepSgkgrbbenHkalBIb:unanEx
munkeday kBYkeK)anniyayTmak;kMhuseTAelI{bn b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI}fa {)ansmab;rgal
RbCaCny:agsahavyg;Xg GmnusSFm CagGMeBIEdlRbRBwteLIgedayBYkhVasuIsGuIEtreTAeTot}
ehIy)ancat;TukshkrN_nanafa Ca{CMrMRbmUlpMlak;elom}.
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y:agFMmYyrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety. tamBit manEtPUmiPaKbUBamYyb:ueNaH EdlRtveKelIkykmk
niyayedayecjeQaH enHCakarcab;epImnUvkarRbwgERbgeXasnadsMxan;mYy sMedABiBNna
BIPUmiPaKbUBakgzan CaPUmiPaKmYyepSgBIPUmiPaKdTeTot CaPUmiPaKEdlrgTukexacpSaxaMgCageK.
eK)anbgajkareBalGHGagTaMgenHfa BYkkmaPi)alenAPUmiPaKbUBa BuMmankarTTYlxusRtvNamYy
GMBIbT]RkidTaMgLay Edlman{lkNdUcBYkhVasuIsGuIEtr}enaHeLIy.
CamYynwgkarRbkaslknikrbs;{rNsirS}enH nigkarecjpSaykmviFIneya)ayrbs;xn
sgamkRtv)anRbkasCapvkarEdr. BYkevotNam)anerobcMsanPaBrYcCaeRsc kgeKalbMNg
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kmyniskm<CaRbqaMgnwgbnk,t; EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt. GkniBn )aneTARbeTslkm<Ca
R)aMmYyfeRkaymk KWmuneBlEdlsgamrvagxa nigRkeBIpHeLIg.
432
Tmab;epSgnsgam
433
CMBUkTI9
Tmab;epSgnsgam
RbeTsnImYy swgEtmanKURbECgCaRbBNImYyCanic CaTUeTAKWrdCitxagmYy EdlsRmab;

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beBaj[dwgedayRbCaBlrdnRbeTsenH. esckIPyxac nigbuernicyTaMgenH Gacpl;nUveRKaH
fak;EtenAeBlNaEdlvaRtvGuCGaledayrdbRTRTg;edaysunrkfa Edllan;xrxarrbs;BYkGk
RbCaPifuti b:ueNaH.
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exI<mnwgKa ehIyminEdlcMNayeBlevlavayRbyuTKaCadrabenaHeT. b:uEn BYkeKCaKURbECgtaMgBI
BIrstvtSr_mkehIy ehIyvamankartUccit nigkarRbECgrvagrdTaMgBIrkgsmykallnwgKa.
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samBa EdlerobcMy:agRbesIr. kgsmykaldexAggwtbMput BYkeKFn;min)annwgkareRbIGMeBIhigSa
nigkarsb;QanIsKa kgTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;BYkeK)aneLIy CaTUeTAtamkarepImKMnitrbs;rdaPi)al
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nwgRbCaCnevotNam enAeBlEdlBYkemdwknaMExrRkhmyl;eXIjedayKanmUlehtuRtwmRtvfa BYk
evotNamb:unb:gbBalRbeTskm<CaCa]bsm<n. kgkareXasnarbs;ExrRkhm RbeTsevotNam
minRtwmEtkayeTACaRbeTssgmniymCitxagmYyb:ueNaHeT b:uEnCasRtv{sYrBUC} EdlminGac
e)aHbg;cMNg;CaRbvtisasrbs;xn edIm,IdeNImykRbeTskm<CaeLIy1.
cMENkxagBYkevotNam )anbenasBYkkm<Cafa RbRBwtGMeBIsahavyg;Xg2 EdlCakarecaT
Rbkan;taMgBImYystvtSr_mun edayRBHecAGFiraCmYyGgkgcMeNamRBHecAGFiraCTaMgLay rbs;
RbeTsevotNam ehIyEdlenAdk;Cab;kgcMeNambuernicyKYr[PyRByrbs;RbeTs. RbeTsTaMg
BIr cg;bkRsay[eXIjc,as;edaykarRbkYtmYy Edlmanral;EtstvtSr_tamrysgamCMnan;
fImYyTaMgRsug nigedaybegItsgamminFab;manBImunmYy rvagrdkumynisepSg.
434
ebIsinminGacbdiesF)anfa bNaqaMnkarRbECgKaTaMgenHedIrtYnaTImYy kgsgam\Ncin

elIkTIbIeT kCemaHenH KankarTak;Tgnwg {GnaKtCak;Esg} EdlrdaPi)alTaMgBIrykeTAeFVIsMGag
Edr. RbeTskm<Canigf EdlCaKURbECgRbvtisas taMgBIrab;ryqaMmkehIy dUcevotNamEdrenaH
BuMbg[manGriPaBnwgKaenAqaM1977eT. RkgPMeBj kBuMecaTRbkan;Rkg)agkkfa cg;deNImyk
RbeTskm<CaEdr eTaHbICaenAeBlenaHBYkkm<CaeCOfa BYkf)antaMgenAelITwkdIExrCaeRcIncMNuctam
RBMEdnrYmrbs;eKkeday.
enHCalkNedayELknTMnak;TMngrvagExr-evotNam nigCaBiessbMput rvagrdkumynis
CMnan;fITaMgBIr EdlnaMeTAdl;sgam\NcinelIkTIbI. enAqaM1977 RbeTsevotNamkumynis
)anebCJaedIreTAmuxy:agdac;xat nigtRmv[eqIytbnwgsMNYrfa {etIlkNnTMnak;TMngepSgrvag
RbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam nwgeTACay:agNaenAeBlenH EdlRbeTsTaMgBIrsuTEtkan;lTikumynis
dUcKa?}.
RbeTsevotNam manTmab;sEmgtYnaTIkNalmYy kg\NcinsmyenH. karmaneCaKCy
rbs;xn )aneFVI[RbTskm<CamanTMngdUcCaRtvvaynwgrMBat;ExStImYyxVac;. enAqaM1977 karxac
)armrbs;BYkExrRkhmBuMEmnxVHmUldanTaMgRsugeT. edayBit BYkkumynisRkghaNUy )anvinicy
RbeTskm<CafaCardeRkambgab;mYy EdlRtvEtTTYlsal;GMNacEdlmanemta EfmTaMgkarRttRta
edaymincMeBaHrbs;RbeTsevotNam. KWzanenH ehIyEdlCyCmHrbs;ExrRkhmenAqaM1975
CaRBwtikarN_rIkraymYypg nigCaeRKaHkacmYypgsRmab;RkghaNUy.
bnab;BICyCmHrbs;BYkkumynisenARkgPMeBjkgExmkra qaM1976 nigRkgRBnKrenA
Exemsa qaM1975 nigTIRkgevogcn RbeTsLavenAExF RbeTsTaMgbIenAGtIt\Ncin )araMg)an
Rbkan;ykrbbkumynisTaMgGs;. dUecHvaGacBitR)akdfa RbeTsevotNamCaGkcat;EcgdwknaM
bkkumy nisdxaMgmYy EdlnwgCYysRml[RkghaNUy manmuxtMENgx<s;CageKmYyenAelIqak
neya)ayrbs;GasuI. b:uEn BYkExrRkhmminTukcitkar[eyabl;TaMgGs;rbs;RbeTsevotNam
CaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;karbegItshBnEbbenaHeT ehIy)anbdiesFsnisBaamitPaB bTMnak;TMng
BiessTaMgGs;CamYyRkghaNUy. m:ageTot BYkExrRkhm)anxMRbwgeFVI[eKeCOfa RbeTscinCa
sm<nmiRtdmanGanuPaBFMbMputrbs;eK ehIyenAqaM1977 Rkgeb:kaMg )ankayeTACasRtvcm,g
rbs;RbeTsevotNam. sankarN_RbesIrbMputmYy kgcMeNamsankarN_RbesIrbMputCaeRcIn Edl
RkghaNUyFab;sal; )anrlMdYl ehIyERbeTArkmhnrayvij.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
435
vac,as;Nas;fa KWRbeTskm<CaCaGkcab;epImbgCemaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam eKmin

sUvsmal;eXIj ehtuGVI)anCaRkghaNUybkRsaykarbgehtuenHfa CakarGeBaIj[cUllukluy
nigkan;kab;GkCitxagxneTAvij.
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RbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<CaenaH. sRmab;RbeTsevotNam enHCabBaamYyTak;TgnwgkarRttRta GMNac
EdndI nigkaredaHRsay[ehIyeRscGMBI {bBaa} km<Ca -bBaaEdleKminGace)aHTBedaybMBan
enAsmykalkumynis kdUcenAsmyGaNaniKmbenACMnan;Ggr.b:uEn enHsuTEtCabBaaEdleKGac
edaHRsayedaymincaM)ac;eFVIsgam nigkarkan;kab;RbeTseT. enHCakarBwgEpkelIsgamsrub
mYyrbs;BYkevotNam EdleFVI[ekItmankareRbbeFobeCosminput CamYynwgbuBVkarIrbs;BYkeK
enATenRkhm sugk. BYkkumynisenAhaNUy)anERbkayGVIEdlesIrEtrlay)at;eTAehIy
[eTACakasCaRbvtisasmYy edIm,IbegIynUvGVIEdlbNabuBVaFikarIrbs;BYkeKFab;)anb:unb:g
kalBIeRcInstvtSr_mun KWRttRtaGagTenemKg.
GnusSavrIy_nkarc,aMgdeNImEdndIsNTenemKg edayBYkevotNamnTenRkhm KWCa
cMENkmYyn {bNakarPyxacCaRbvtisas} rbs;BYkExr. vanwgeTACamYyKacMeBaHKMnitEdlTTYl
dMENlminsmTMngmYy Edl[eQaH\NcinehIy EdlRKb;RKgedayRbeTsevotNam. ehtukarN_
sMxan; KWBuMman]TahrN_bBaasKa kgkarPab;TwkdIrbs;evotNam edayRbeTskm<CaenACMnan;enaH
eT. eTaHbICa mankarGMBavnavrbs; ln; nl; [deNIm {km<CaeRkam} mkvijkeday ksunrkfaepSg
rbs;Exrmin)ankt;smal;BIerOgenHEdr. karsb;CnbreTsrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaEdleKdwgBRKb;Ka
PaBgaycab;GarmN_nwgbBaaRBMEdnrbs;emdwknaMBYkeK -cab;BIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu rhUtdl;
b:ul Bt- )abcab;bsy:ageRCAkgesckIPyxacGMBIeKalbMNgepSgrbs;evotNam nigkgPaBTI
TBIKaEpkvb,FmrvagRbCaCatiTaMgBIrEfmeTot.
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cMeNamExSbnat;EbgEckFM xagEpkvb,FmenAGasuI. ExSbnat;enHkMNt;RBMEdnrvagGarFmFMBIr
rbs;TVIb KWGarFmrbs;cin nigrbs;\Na.magKWRbeTsevotNamCaBakmannyfaPaKxagt,gbMput
nEdndImYy EdlkalBIedImRtvRKb;RKgedayRbeTscin. mageTot KWRbeTskm<Ca kgcMeNam
RbeTsCaeRcInEdlRtveFVI[RCtRCabnUvvb,Fmrbs;\Na ehIyEdl)anseRmcplRbesIrCageK.
436
edIm,IeFVIkareRbbeFobmYyCamYyTVIbGWr:ub BYkkm<CanwgnaM[sal;vb,FmEbbLataMgEpksil, ehIy

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RbeTs)araMgniymvb,FmLataMgBIRbeTsGalWm:g;Cab;enAxageCIgEdr KWCasmrPUmiEdlmankar
RbyuTKa xaMgCagTINaTaMgGs; xusKaBIRBMEdnTVIbGasuI. KWBuMEmnBYkGWr:ub TaMgkBuMEmnBYkGaemrikaMgEdr
Edl)annaMmuxkgkareFVIsgamdMbUg edIm,IRttRtaGagTenemKgenaH.
PaBTITBIKaEpkvb,Fm rvagRbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam manlkNCak;c,as;Nas;. lkN
TaMgenaHKW tm eKalbMNg RbBNI nigsnancitxusKa. RbCaCnTaMgBIrniyayPasaedayELkBIKa
mindUcExr nigLav bf EdlniyayGm,rPasadUcKaeT. ehIykgkareskBak;kxusKaEdr. tam
RbBNIRbCaCnExr esksarug-RbskdUcsI. cMENkRbsnigsIevotNam eskexaeCIgEvg
rlug. BYkExrbriePaKGaharedaysabRBamYy bCamYydrbs;BYkeK/ BYkevotNam briePaKGahar
CamYycgwH. RbCaCnkm<Casg;pHx<s;putBIdI cMENkBYkevotNamsg;pal;nwgdI. kgkarbegItGVI
EdlTak;Tgnwgsil,rbs;eK BYkExr)aneRbIR)as;KMnUrEdlmanrUbGg;Gac BNPWfa BYkevotNam
cUlciteRbIBNRsTMCag ehIyKMnUreRcInbgb;eTAedayGafkM)aMg.
KanGVIbgaj[eXIjBIPaBmindUcKaenH [)anRbesIrCagKMrUxagEpkr)aMeLIy. vb,FmExr KWCa
vb,FmmYyTak;Tgnwgr)aM. r)aMCYyelIkTwkcitdl;dMeNIrrs;enArbs;GkRsuk rebobeFVIbdisNarkic
epSg rbs;BYkGkrs;enATIRkg nigvb,FmburaNtamryRkmr)aMRBHraCRTB. RbCaCnExrraMCaCYr
edayeRbIR)as;d nigRbGb;d dUcKanwgeCIgEdr. GkraM jak;cegHbnic edayepgk,almkxagsaM
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raMedIm,IkmSan niglMEhkay edIm,ITak;TgeshaKa b[eKsresIr. dUcrUbcmak;Edr r)aMExrmanlkN
naM[manseRmIbtNa b:uEnBuMEmncMeGscMGaseT. sil,rbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca KWsitkgr)aMrbs;Kat;
EdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;dUcKaenAsmymYy edIm,IsasgCamYyRBHGaTieTBnana.
mkBIRbeTs\NakalBICagmYyBan;qaMmun r)aM)ansal;nUvPaBkMBUlrbs;xnenAsmyGgr.
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ramayN. manEtsIb:ueNaHEdlraMr)aM edaysEmgCatYGgRBHram kdUcnagsIta CamehsIrbs;
RBHGg CatYykSRkgraBN_ nigescsVahnumanpg. nagraMedIm,IbegIteLIgvij nUverOgniTanGMBI
cm,aMgrbs;GaTieTBmYyGgenAelIEpndI edIm,IbBaneTAkan;zansYK nignaMmknUvBrsBsaFukar sRmab;
RBHmhakSRtnigCIvitCaGaTieTBrbs;RBHGg. enAeBlEdlRkmelanRBHraCRTBraM eKnwkKitfaTIbMput
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437
PaBsuxdumc,as;CasitmanenAmYyry rvagRBHGaTieTBTaMgLay nigmnusSCatiminxan.

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hak;bIdUcCaBYknagKanqwgGIcwg. edaybegItEpkmYydac;edayELkBIRkmsI enAkgbnb;esc nag
Rtv)anTMnukbRmg ehIymanEteTvraCa escCaGaTieTBmYyGgb:ueNaH Gacdak;delIeTvtaTaMgenH
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kgd ExSd nigGVIEdlmanragRsedogkgd Bak;nwgEPkeKar Edl)ankayeTACaerOgeRBg enAhYs
qayBIRBMEdnRbeTskm<CaeTAeTot. enAeBlEdlRbeTsesomcUleFVIkarlukluydMbUg rbs;xnenA
kgRbeTsenH esomminePcbBalRkmelanRBHraCRTBenHeTAkgGcinRTB RTBEdlRbmUl)anBI
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nag)anrYmbegItCaRkmr)aMmYyeTotrbs;esom.
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)anbgab;[ykRkmsIr)aMRBHraCRTBrbs;esommkbgat;. manEtr)aMRbCaRbiyb:ueNaH Edlbn
sitenAkgsPaBrMeCIbrMCYlepSg EdlrIkraldalenARbeTskm<Ca. r)aM)ankayeTACacMENkTaMg
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qayBIRbCaCn ehIyEdlkar]btmTak;Tgnwgsil,sRmab;esc)anRtvbBab;. r)aMRbBNIExr
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nUvr)aMmYy EdlBYkeKehAraMLav KWr)aMrbs;Lav.
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BYkevotNamRbkan;Gakb,kiriyarebobenH eFVI[BYkkm<CanwkKiteTAdl;BYkeGs,:aj:l Edleron
niyayPasaGg;eKsEdr.
438
enaHg CabNaTidPaBCak;EsgnPaBxusKadRCaleRCAEpkvb,Fm EdlmanbsKl;taMgBI

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Rkhm Rtg;RBMEdnPaKxagt,gRbeTscin. vb,FmTenRkhmrbs;BYkevotNam mansPaBpyKa
RsLHBIvb,Fm TenemKgrbs;BYkExr.
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vb,Fmrbs;evotNam manbsKl;BitR)akdenAstvtSr_TIBIrmunRKisskraCEmn KWRbeTsevotNam
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evotNam)anRtvbgM[kayeTACaCnCaticin kdUcCaGaceTACa{BYkGanarCn}breTsEdr. RbeTs
evotNamRtv)anRKb;RKgrebobCardEbbxugCWniymmYy RbkbedayrdGMNackNalmYy EdleK
begIteLIgGmesc bGFiraCmYyGg. BYkevotNam manRkmCMnuMmnIpal;rbs;eK EdlkMBugpl;[
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citKMnitCacin. RkbxNnvb,Fmrbs;mnIkgRsukmanlkNCacin taMgBIsemkbMBak;rhUtdl;
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ecosvagmineTAEk,reT. PUmiTaMgLayrbs;evotNam )ankayeTACakEngrs;enAtUc Edleka
edayxng ehIybiTmin[vb,Fmrbs;esccin EdlRKb;RKgRbeTscUlcuHeLIy.
karRbECgykesI nigkarbdiesFdMNalKarbs;RbeTscinenHenAEtmandEdl kgsmykal
sBVfenH. BYkevotNamenAEtsresIrvb,Fmrbs;cinmYyEpkFMenAeLIy. b:uEn BYkeKetagEtbn
Tmab;epSgnsgam
439
bHe)arRbqaMg edIm,I[rYcputBIkarRttRtakgzanCaRbCaCn nigRbCaCatimYy. kgkarEsVgrkGt

sBaarbs;xn enHBYkevotNam)ankayeTACa {kUnsisS} RbesIrCageKrbs;RbeTscinCaEm: -Tahan
eqImxagkarRbyuT dUcBYkGkRttRtarbs;eKEdr CamnusSEdlmanCMenORbkbedaykarRbkan;sit
cMeBaHPaBRbesIrelIseK nGarFmrbs;xn nigPaBcaM)ac;edIm,IrkSakraC.
dUecH kgeBlEdlvb,Fmrbs;ExreLIgdl;PaBkMBUlrbs;xn BYkevotNameTIbnwgerIbRmH
ecjBInwmRttRtarbs;cinnastvtSr_TI11b:ueNaH. b:uEnTaMgBYkcin TaMgBYkm:ugehalCaGksgbn
minlHbg;{GaNaniKmxagt,g}rbs;eKedayRsleLIy. enAstvtSr_TI13 BYkevotNam)antsU
RbqaMgnwgkarb:unb:gmYyrbs;bNa emdwknaMfICaCatim:ugehal Edlcg;c,aMgdeNImykRbeTsevot
Namdak;CacMNuHeLIgvij ehIyenAstvtSr_TI15 BYkcin)anRttRtaRbeTsevotNammgeTot kg
ryeBlmYyy:agxI. b:uEnenAqaM1428 BYkevotNam)ankayeTACamas;elIcMENkEdndIsN
TenRkhmrbs;eKCasaBr.
BYkevotNam )anepImeFVIkarvatTwkdIrbs;eKmkTisxagt,g taMgBIeBlenaHmkem:H eday
bgaj[eXIjcMNucxH EdlBYkeKeronecHtamemeronrbs;BYkcin EdlCaGkc,aMgdeNImTwkdIdeqIm
pg. BYkevotNamdwgxnfa rs;enAcegtcgl;kgEdndIsNTenRkhm CaRClgsm,rCICatidFM
TUlay EdlEbrmuxeTAQUgsmuRTtugkwg nigBTCuMvijedayCYrPMenAPaKxageCIg PaKxaglic nigPaK
xagt,g EdlesIrEtbiTCitTaMgRsug. bNakulsm<nPM)anrs;enAelIx<g;rabsm,rRB niggayrg
eRKaHfak;TaMgenH b:uEnsRmab;dIdaMdMNaMRsUvEdlRtvkarTwk RbCaCnevotNamRtvkarvalTMnabdIsN
vij.
BuMmanpvecjrhUtdl;PaKxagt,g EdlPMnana)anEdndIsNTenemKgdmanCICati nigFMlVwg
elVIyvij. BYkevotNamcg;)anTwkdIenH edIm,IeFVI[seRmcnUvkarvatTIrbs;eK)aneCaKCy nigkarBar
vb,Fmrbs;eKkgeBlCamYyKa. EdndIenH EdlRbCaCnkm<Ca enAEtehAkm<CaeRkamrhUtdl;sBVf
enH kalenaH )an[CnCaticam nigExrRCkekanEdr.
karvatTITwkdIrbs;evotNam )ancab;epImenAstvtSr_TI11 CamYykarPab;extxageCIgcMnYnbI
rbs;camEdlsBVfKWPaKkNalRbeTsevotNam. kgryeBlR)aMBIrstvtSr _EdlmanCabn
bnab; BYkevotNam )anerobcMsgmrbs;eKeLIgvij edIm,ICYyKaMRTkgTB edaybgaj[eXIjkraC
PaBmincMNuH rbs;TaMgRsugebIeRbbeFobnwgBYkcin. BYkeK)antRmv[BYkGkRsukbg;BnepSg
nigbMEbkkmaMgTBrbs;BYkeKeTACakgTBeCIgeKaknigeCIgTwk. bNasnivgSrbs;evotNam )anBRgwg
440
xnrwtEtxaMg nigbgaj[eXIjRbsiTPaBCageKkgkarRbmUlBndar nigpl;[sgmnUveKaledArYmmYy

EdlmanlkNeyaFaniym. BYkevotNam)anykRbeTscinCaKMrU nigCaeKalsRmab;vinicy edIm,I
vas;sg;BIsmiTkmpal;xnrbs;eK edaysmwgrMBeq<aHeTArkPaKxagt,g nigEdndIsNTenemKg
eTot. KMnitenH enAmandEdlrhUtmkdl;smyTMenIbenH. Camit bCasRtv RbeTscinenAEtCa
cMNucsMxan;bMput nkarykcitTukdak;rbs;evotNam enAeBlEdlRbeTsCaeRcInnGagTenemKg cm:,a/ km<Ca bLav- suTEtRtvevotNamcat;TukCaRbeTsEdlmanGarFmTabCag BuMEmnCaKU
RbECgBitR)akdeT.
karvatTIrbs;RbeTsevotNammkTisxagt,g bgaj[eXIjfa naM[xatbg; nigcMNayesa
huyy:agxaMg edayehtufa vaGacCMruj[mankarc,aMgdeNImykRbeTseLIgvijedayRbeTscin
ehIyenATIbMputnwgnaMmknUvsgamsuIvilmYyeTotpg. BYkcin)andak;RbeTsevotNameRkamcMNuHxn
CafI kgryeBlmYyy:agxIenAqaM1407 enAeBlEdlBYkcam)anvayRbyuTedIm,IkarBarxn eday
eFVI[BYkevotNamrgkarxUcxaty:agFn;Fr. b:uEneRKaHmhnrayenH)annaM[elcecjkaregIbbHe)ar
mYy EdldwknaMedayvIrbursmak;kgcMeNamvIrbursCatiKYrCaTIeKarBy:agRCaleRCAbMput rbs;RbeTs
evotNam KWksikrmak;eQaH eL Ly (L Loi) Edl)andwknaMkarbHe)arRbqaMgdmaneCaKCymYy
kgryeBlmqaM RbqaMgnwgRbeTscin nig)anbegItsnivgSeLeLIg.
CafImgeTot kraCRtv)ansEmg[eXIjedaykarvatTwkdI. eRkamsnivgS eL BYkevotNam
)anTTYlCmHFMCaeRcInenAPaKxagt,g. edaykareRbIGavuF nigkarcrca BYkeK)aneFVIdMeNIrcuHrhUt
mkdl;j:aRtag kgEdndIsNTenemKg b:uEnkarvatTwkdIenHmansPaBelOnrhs Gg;GacsVahab;bMput
eTaHbICamankarEbk)ak;KamYyEdlpHeLIgkgprdaPi)alRKb;RKgedayBYkGPiCn nigERbkay
eTACakarRbECgKayksab;rs;keday. KWBICemaHenHgEdlbNal[mankarEbgEckrvagevot
Namxagt,g nigxageCIgenaH.
smaCikmak;nRKsarRtkUlegVn CaGkRKb;RKgbNaextfIrbs;evotNam PaKxagt,g
)anbegItenAcugTsvtSr_TI16 nUvEdnGMNacdac;edayELkmYy edIm,IsitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;RBH
raCvaMg eL EdltaMgenAPaKxageCIg. CakarsgswkBYk GPiCnenAPaKxageCIg)ankmat;BYkRtkUlegVn
BImuxtMENgTaMgGs;enARBHraCvaMg ehIyecaTRbkan;BYkenHfa)anekgbnMR)ak;Bndar. karRbyuTKa
)anpHeLIgrvag PaKxageCIgnigxagt,genAqaM1620 ehIy)anbnkgryeBlhasibqaMmkeTot
nig)anbBab;edaykarxNEckRbeTsevotNamCaBIr.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
441
edayedaHxnputBIGaNaBa)alBYkxageCIg snivgSegVn )anbegIykarruleTAmuxrbs;xn

mkxagt,geTot ehIyenAqaM1765 )anc,aMgdeNImykEdndIesssl;TaMgGs; EdlrYmpSM)anCa
evotNamPaKxagt,gsBVfenHg. sntivgS egVn )anPab;tMbn;TaMgenH kgryeBlmYyCag
mYyryqaM nigedayEbbEpnmYy EdlnwgeTACaTRmg;TITBIKarbs;xnenACMnan;fIenH. dMbUgRtkUlegVn
)aneqtTajplRbeyaCn_BIkarEbk)ak;KakgpRBHraCvaMgExr edIm,ITTYl)anTwkdIrbs;kSRtExr
EdlRbECgKaeLIgesayraC. bnab;mk BYkeK)ancUleRCtERCkedayecjmuxkgneya)ayrbs;
bNaRBHraCaExr EdlBYkeK)andak;bgMeFVItamqnrbs;eKTaMgGs;. RBHraCaTaMgLayrbs;km<Ca
EdlcuHdundab nigTn;exSay KaneFVIGVIekIteRkAEtBICYyCMruj[mankareRCtERCkTaMgenaHb:ueNaH.
BYkegVn )ankan;kab;EdndIExrTaMgLay EdlvaydeNIm)anfI edayrebobmYy EdlenA
maneKenAniyayenAeLIykgsmybcb,nenH. mundMbUg BYkeK ebIk[smasPaB EdleKminRtvkar
-mnusSGnafa/ Gkrt;ecalbkSBYk- nigBBYkmnusSEdlRtvbeNjecjBIRsukPUmirbs;eK cUlmk
rs;enAelIEdndITaMgenaH edaycg;eKcecjBIPaBmuWgm:at;nsgmmYyrbs;RtkUlegVn Edlmankar
erobcMtamzananuRkmy:agRtwmRtvbMput. bnab;mk rd)anRsal;eRCIsniKmCnCapvkar edIm,IeFVIERs
cmar nigbegItPUmifIeTot edIm,ICYysRmalbnkbNalextRkIRk nigEdlmanRbCaCneRcInhYs.
enATIbMput rd)anpl;[BYkTahanrMsay edIm,ICargVan;cMeBaHkarbeRmICatidesaHRtg;rbs;BYkeK.
kalenaHsntivgSenAxageCIg )anseRmccitykEdndIenAPaKxagt,g EdlkayeTACaTwkdIdFM
lVwgelVIy nigceRmInlUtlas;dak;eRkamGMNacxn ehIybRgbbRgmevotNamTaMgBIr sRmab;CaelIk
dMbUgbgs;. b:uEnkgryeBlCagmR)aMqaM nsgamPaKxagt,g)anvayQHPaKxageCIg ehIyenA
qaM1802 )anTamTarbegItmhardevotNammYy EdllatsnwgBIdIsNTenRkhmrhUt dl;mat;
BamTenemKg. RBHecAGFiraCfI )anseRmceRCIserIsTIRkgev: enAPaKkNalRbeTssRmab;Kg;enA
CaCagykRkghaNUy bRkgRBnKr. RBHGg)ansVHEsVg nig)anTTYlnUvkarRbKl;GMNac
CapvkarBIsMNak;RbeTscin edIm,IbegItPaBeBjc,ab;rbs;RBHGg.
ebIniyayGMBIEpkrd)al RbeTsevotNamRtvEbgEckCabIPUmiPaK xageCIg KWtugkwg PaK
kNal KWGaNam edaymanTIRkgev:CaraCFanIpg nigxagt,g KWkUsaMgsuIn. PamenaH rdfIenH)ancUl
mkLkLMkgkarrMeCIbrMCYl EdlkMBugrIkraldalenARbeTskm<CaEk,rxagCafI. RBHraCvaMgExrenAEt
xVl;GMBl; edaysarCemaHkgraCvgSanuvgSenAeLIy ehIyGkcg;deNImraCblgmak;)anehAkgTB
esom[cUlmkCYy. edIm,Ipac;eCIgBYkf BYkevotNam)anyl;RBmpl;karKaMRTrbs;eKcMeBaHescd
442
Tn;exSayrbs;Exr ehIyCYyeFVI[RBHGg)aneLIgesayraCdUcedImeLIgvij. b:uEn enAqaM1831 BYk

esom)anvaybkmkvij nigdeNIm)anTwkdIExrTaMgGs; EdlsitenAeRtIyxaglicTenemKg. RBHecA
GFiraCevotNam)anbBankgTBcMnYndb;R)aMBan;nak;mkCYyc,aMg Edl)anvayQHelIBYkesompg
ehIyenAqaM1834 RBHecAGFiraC)anGPieskyuvkSRtIExrmYyGg[eLIgesayraC EdlsRmab;
eRbICaGay:gkgeBlEdlRbeTsevotNamxMRbwgPab;TwkdI EdlenAesssl;rbs;km<CaeTAkgcRkPB
fIrbs;evotNam.
RBHecAGFiraC mij m:ag EdlCaGkekatsJb;EsJgdeqImmak; cMeBaHvb,Fmrbs;cin )anxMRbwg
eFVI[RbeTskm<CamanlkNEbbxugCWniym dUcEdlRbeTscinFab;)aneFVIeTAelIRbeTsevotNam
kgryeBlCag mYyBan;qaMEdr. eK)anbeRgnPasacin nigevotNam dl;RbCarasExr RBmTaMg
TMenomTmab;epSgrbs;evotNameTotpg. RbeTsRtv)anEbgEckCaextfIPab;eTA kUsaMgsuIn.
BlrdevotNamCaeRcIn )ancUlmktaMglMenAkgRbeTskm<Ca EdltamkaremIleXIjrbs;BYkeK KW
RbPBGMNac nigc,ab;epSg BuMEmnecjmkBIRBHmhakSRtiyanIrbs;km<Ca EdlCa{Gay:g}eT b:uEn
ecjBIevotNameNaH.
RbCaCnkm<Ca)anTTYlrgneya)ayTnankan;kab; nigkarelbTwkdIenH EdlGuCGaleday
RbeTscin kgryeBlR)aMBIrqaM bnab;mkRbCaCnkm<Ca)anegIbbHe)areLIgenAqaM1840 eday)an
smab;rgalBYkevotNamkan;kab;TwkdIrbs;BYkeK. BYkeK)anseRmceCaKCy eFVI[BYkevotNamTTYl
sal;fa BYkeKElgGacRKb;RKgdwknaMRbeTskm<Caedaypal;eTotehIy b:uEnminGacdak;bgM[mankar
dkfyTaMgRsugmYyrbs;kgTBevotNam)aneLIy. bnayrbs;evotNamRbmaNCahasib )an
e)aHTItaMgenAkgRbeTs ehIyRBHecAGFiraCminEdlsuxcit[)at;bg;bnayTaMgenaHesaHeLIy.
kgryeBlnkarRbyuTKaCaeRcInelIk mij m:ag )anniyayfa {CYnkal RbCaCnkm<Ca Ca
mnusSsucriteTogRtg; CYnkal BYkeKEbrCak,t;nwgeyIg. eyIg)anCYy]btmBYkeK>>> CYyykBYkeK
ecjBIPaBefakTab \LvenH BYkeKegIbbHe)arRbqaMgnwgeyIg. xwgsm,axaMgNas;>>> eKetagEteRbI
kaMbitrab;ry edIm,Ikab;ciBaaMBYkenH[eTACaduMtUc4}.
enAqaM1845 eK)anQandl;karRsHRsYlKamYyEdltamryenH RbeTskm<CaRtvdwknaM
edayRBHmhakSRtfImYyGgEdlstbUt nigecHsab;bgab;Cagmun edayyl;RBm[mankarKaMBarrYm
mYyBIsMNak;RbeTsesom nigRbeTsevotNam. b:uEnkarkan;kab;rbs;kgTBevotNamenAEtdk;Cab;
kgkarcgcaMrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaCanic Edl)ancat;TukRbeTsevotNamCasRtv{RbcaMRbvtisas}
Tmab;epSgnsgam
443
dFMbMputrbs;eK.
enAeBlenaH RbeTs)araMg)ancUlmkeFVIGnraKmn_ nig)aneFVI[sirPaB EdlbegIteLIgeday
karRsuHRsYlKaenAqaM1845 Pan;ERbGs;. eRkamelskarBarRbeTskm<CaTl;nwgBYkf BYk)araMg
)anbegIt\Ncin KWkarbBalRbeTseRcInCaRbeTsEtmYyminsmTMngenH )aneFVI[RbeTskm<CacuH
Tn;exSay nigeFVI[kan;EtGacgayrgeRKaHBImhicta epSgrbs;evotNamCagmuneTAeTot. BYk)araMg
)ancab;epImc,aMgdeNIm ykRbeTsevotNamenAqaM1862. enAcugstvtSr_TI19 BYk)araMg)an
taMgGaNaniKm bkan;kab; RbeTsLav km<CanigevotNamedaykmaMgTB begItCashBn\NcinfI.
karRttRtarbs;GaNaniKm)araMgmanlkNkeRmalRBpSsRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;. RbeTs
evotNam RtvEbgEckeTAtamkarkMNt;RBMEdnPUmiPaKrd)alTaMgbIrbs;xn kUsaMgsuIn CamYynwg
RkgRBnKrCardFanIrbs;xn )ankayeTACaGaNaniKmmYyEdlRKb;RKgdwknaMpaledayRbeTs
)araMg{rd}rbs;evotNamBIreTot Rtv)anRttRtaedayGKeTsaPi)almak;. karRBmeRBgKafIrbs;
RbeTsevotNam)anRtveFVI[vinas. rdrbs;evotNamsmyTMenIbmanryeBlEtCag huksibqaM
bnicb:ueNaH. b:uEnebIKit[sBVeTA BYk)araMg)aneFVI[BYkevotNamBinitedayELknUvsRtvrYmmYy
nigeKaledAmYydUcKa KWesrIPaB EdlelIkTwkcitdl;karrIklUtlas;nKMnitCatiniymmYyrbs;
evotNamEtm:agKt;.
dUcEdleyIgFab;kt;smal;rYcmkehIy BYk)araMg)anvinicyedayKanrYjrafa CnCatiGNam
bevotNamCasmasPaBmnusScUlciteFVIkar nigqatvagvnEdndI\Ncinrbs;eK CakEngRbCMurbs;
GarFm)araMgTaMgmUl. BYkemdwknaMevotNam EdlEtgEtbgaj[eXIjnUvkarRbqaMgrbs;xn cMeBaH
GMNacrbs;GaNaniKm enAeBleRkaymkeTot suTEtCamnusS Rbs nigsI EdlFab;TTYlkarGb;rM
mYyenARbeTs)araMg nigeronsURtBIBYk)araMgnUvTsSnmYycMENky:agFM sIBIkarrMedaHxnBIGaNaniKm
niym.
BYk)araMg )anTUTat;eTA[BYkevotNamvij nUvEbbEpnCaeRcIn. BYkeK)anyl;RBm[evotNam
mansiTikan;kab;TwkdIelIRbeTskm<Ca RBmTaMgsiTikan;tMENgx<s;kgRbeTsenH nigenARbeTsLavpg
EdldUcCaCYyBRgwgTwkcitrbs;BYkevotNamrwtEtxaMgeLIg Edlman{vasnaCak;Esg}mYydUecH. kg
TidPaBesIrEtTaMgGs;rbs;xn shPaB\Ncin )anCYyRbeTsevotNam[rIklUtlas;. dMbUg
shPaBenHeFVI[eKTTYlsal;fa karbegItenHRtwmRtvtamc,ab; EdltamryenH KWRbeTsTaMgbI)an
begItCaGgEtmYyKt; EdlRKb;RKgdwknaMedayemdwknaMEtmak;. enHCakaryl;eXIjmYy EdlPan;
444
RcLM nigtwgEtgdUckarbegItshPaB)araMg-GalWm:g;mYyFab;CYbRbTHrYcmkehIy b:uEnBYkGkeFVI

GaNaniKmsal;Rbvtirbs;tMbn;enHtictYcNas;. eRkam])ayklneya)ayrbs;shPaB\Ncin
KWBuMmanTaMgvb,FmTaMgRbCaCnrbs;{\Ncin}eT b:uEn manEtRbCaCnkm<Ca nigRbCaCnLav niym
RbBNI\NaEdlmanlkNxusKay:agxaMgCamYynwgRbCaCnevotNamniymRbBNIcin.
enAeBlEdlBYk)araMgniyayBak\Ncin CaTUeTAKWBYkeKcg;niyayBI {RbCaCnevotNam}.
PasaevotNam)ankayeTACaPasaTIBIrbnab;BIPasa)araMg EdleKeRbIenATIRkgPMeBj nigevogcn
kdUcenATIRkgRBnKr ev: nighaNUyEdr. BYk)araMg)anniyayy:agecjmuxfa BYkExrnigBYkLavCa
{CnCatiPaKtic} nshPaB\Ncin Camas;RsukEdlTn;exSayy:agxaMg minsUvmanR)aCJa eCOGbiy
CMenO nigxilRcGUs EdlenAfNamYynwgRtvRKb;RKgTaMgRsugedayBYkevotNamminxan.
dUcEdleKnwksgwmBIerOgenHEmn BYkevotNam)anyl;RBmTTYlsBaaN\Ncin edayRcan
ecalTaMgGs;nUvkarRttRtarbs;GaNaniKm)araMg. BYkeK)anbBalBak nigKMnit\NcineTAkgPasa
rbs;eK ehIybkERbBakenHedayRbeyaKBgVagmYymannyfa {EdndIenAxagekItsmuRT}. kb:uEn
BYkkm<Ca minTTYlRsbTaMgKMnitTaMgeQaH. BYkeKkBuMmanpl;nyNamYy EdlmantmdUcKaCaPasa
ExrEdr ehIyeBjciteRbIR)as;EtBak)araMgfa{\Ncin}b:ueNaH enAeBlEdlBYkeKniyayPasa
)araMg bExr.
enAeBlEdlBYkevotNambegItbkSkmynismYy enAqaM1930 eRkamkardwknaMrbs; hU
CImij kgeKalbMNgbBab;nwmRttRtarbs;GaNaniKm nigtaMg[manrbbbdivtn_edIm,Ikan;GMNac
KWBYkeKeFVIeLIgkgnam\NcinTaMgmUl. karseRmccitenH nigkarGnuvtn_rbs;va )anbNH[man
RKab;BUCnsgam rvagBYkkmynisevotNam nigBYkkmyniskm<Ca Edl)anpHeLIg EssibR)aMBIr
qaMeRkaymkeTot.
KWenATIRkgmUs EdlelcecjKMnitbegItbkSkumynis\NcinmYy b:uEnKWdMeNIrRtac;crpal;xn
rbs; hU CImij EdlnaMeTAdl;karbegItbkSenHeLIg5. CakUnmnIfak;Tabmak; hU CImij )anbegIt
cMNgTak;Tgxagneya)ayCaelIkdMbUg nigmaMTaMbMputkgpnclnakumynisGnrCati edaypy
RsLHBI saLt s.hU )ancab;epImdMeNIrpSgeRBgrbs;Kat; taMgBIKat;enACayuvCnvyekgbMputxIem:H
bnab;BI TTYlkarG;rMtamKMrUmYyrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg kgGNamCaRsukkMeNItrbs;Kat;. enATIbMput
Kat;)aneTAdl;TIRkg):arIsmun saLt s CitsamsibqaM ehIy)ankayeTACasmaCiksabnikbkS
Tmab;epSgnsgam
445
kumynis)araMgenAqaM1920. Kat;KWCa{Cn\Ncin} Etmak;Kt;Edl)ancUlrYmmhasni)atenA

TIRkgTYrs_ (Tours) [enAqaM1920 namhasni)atTIRkgTYrs_ KNbkSsgmniym)anEbkecj ehIy
KNbkSkumynis)araMg)ancab;kMeNIteLIg vcnanuRkm Larousse TMBr1625-kMNt;rbs;Gk
bkERb]. enAmhasni)atenaH Kat;)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaasIBIkareFVIGaNaniKm ehIycab;epImGaCIB
EbberOgeRBg rhUtdl;eKelIkKat;[kan;tMENgCaRbFanclnaRbqaMgniKmrbs;evotNam.
Kat;)anBRgIkcMeNHdwgxagneya)aykgpclna)araMgBIyuvCnkumynisCaeRcIn nigRtv)an
[eFVICasmaCikRbtiPU eTAcUlrYmmhasni)atGgkarkumynisGnrCati elIkTI5 enATIRkgmUs enAqaM
1925. tmkeTot Kat;)ankayeTACamnIrbs;clnakumynisGnrCati EdlkgenaH Kat;)anbBab;
karGb;rMrbs;Kat;RBmCamYyKa. eRkayBIkareTAdl;RkgmUsrbs;Kat;bnic GgkarkumynisGnrCati
)anbBanKat;[mkCYyBYkGkbdivtn_cineTot. eRkaymk Kat;Rtv)ancat;taMg[sRmbsRmlclna
kumynis kgPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_TaMgmUl edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;GgkarkumynisGnrCati. enAeBl
EdlKat;RtLb;mkevotNamvij bnab;BIXatBIRsuksamsibqaM Kat;)aneTACnkumynisGasuIdkRm
mak; kgcMeNamCnkumynisGasuIdkRmmanTaMgLay EdlmanlkN{GnrCati}. Kat;Fab;begIt
nige)aHBum<pSaykaEstmYyenATIRkg):arIs beRgnenAbNiteyaFadl,Il,ajrbs;cin enAv:am):av
(Whampoa) ni g F a b; c at; E cgerobcM B Y k G k bdi v t n _ e nARbeTsf[manTRmg; R tw m Rt v edayEk g x n Ca
RBHsg.
enAqaM1930 eK)anesI[Kat;CYyeRsacRsg;clnakumynisenARbeTsevotNam. kal
eNaH fVIebIeKcat;TukKat;CaGkeshaCatimak;keday kKat;BuMEdl)ancUlrYmkgclnakumynis
evotNam EdlRbLak;eTAedayQamenAeBlcab;epImeFVIskmPaBdMbUgEdr. Kat;KWCaeCIgcas;
xagneya)aymak;rbs;GgkarkumynisGnrCati BuMEmnCaeCIgcas;nsgamRbqaMgGaNaniKm
kgRsukeLIy.
kgmuxnaTIenH hU CImij )anbgaj[eXIjCaGkcrcadbuinRbsb;mak; ehIykgkasnkar
RbkYtkILa)al;Tat;mYyenARkghugkug Kat;)anbBaHbBalBYkkumynisevotNambIRkm EdlenAeday
ELkBIKa[rYmbBalCaRkmmYyvij. b:uEnGgkar kumynisGnrCati)anRcanecalkarRsuHRslmUl
RtkUlKaenH ehIy)anbgab;bBaa[ hU CImij ERbkaybkSkumynisevotNam eTACabkSkumynis
\Ncinvij. Kat;eKarBeFVItamesckIbgab;epSg EdlbBanmk[Kat;Gnuvt. bnab;mkKat;)ancak
ecjBIPUmiPaKenH ehIyTal;EtqaM1941 eTIbKat;cab;epImKMnitKitKUrBIbdivtn_rbs;evotNamCafI.
446
bkSfI )anbMeBjkrNIykiceTAtamGaNtirbs;\NcinEdlRbKl;[Kat;xn eTaHCaBuMTan;Qan

eTAdl;kareRCIserIsBYkkm<CabBalkgbkSenHkeday. kg{lixitmYyepJICUnbNasmmitkm<Ca} enA
qaM1934 bNaemdwknaMbkSkumynis\Ncin )anRbkasedaysmIc,as;las;fa eKBuMGnuBaat[man
bkSrbs;km<Cadac;edayELkeT -RbEhlCakareqIytbeTAnwgBakesIsuMmYy kgnyenH. lixit
)anbBaak;fa {enA\NcinmanEtbdivtn_mYyb:ueNaH. \NcinkMBugsitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;rda
Pi)alcRkBtiEtmYyKt; dUecHkmaMgbdivtTaMgGs;RtvEtrYbrYmKasin >>>RbeTskm<CaBuMmansiTibegIt
bkSkumyniskm<CamYydac;edayELk)aneT6}.
enAqaM1935kgmhasni)atbkSkumynis\NcinelIkTImYy BYkevotNam)anerobrab; y:ag
litln;sIBIeKaledArbs;eKedIm,IbegItrdaPi)alTRmg;sUevotmYyenA\Ncin. rdaPi)alTRmg;
sUevotrbs;RbCaCn\Ncin nwgmansmasPaBPaKeRcIn CaCnCatievotNam nig{PaKtic} CaCnCati
ExrnigLav7. CnCatiTaMgenHBuMman)at;bg;siTiGMNacTaMgGs;elIRbeTsrbs;eK kgpnrdaPi)al
TRmg;sUevoteT b:uEn nwgmansiTi{dkxnecj nigbegItrdkraCmYy} edaymankarGnuBaatrbs;
rdaPi)alTRmg;sUevot EdlRKb;RKgedayPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNampg.
pas;brnwmRttRtarbs;)araMgTl;nwgkarRttRtarbs;evotNam kgrdkumynismYyminsUveFVI
[BYkkm<Ca EdlbntsUnwgkarebIkbkSkumynis\Ncin cUlcitb:unaneT. m:ageTot enAeBldMbUg
BYkLavBuMTan;)ancUlkgbkSkumynis\NcineT ehIymanEtGaNikCnevotNamEdlkMBugrs;enA
RbeTskm<Ca nigenARbeTsLavb:ueNaH EdlsuMcUlCasmaCikbkSenH.
eKRtvkardMeNIrvilRtLb;rbs; hU CImij mkmatuRbeTsvij edIm,IbBab;karTTUcrebobeFVI
GtXad sIBIbkSmYykgkRmit\Ncin. hU yl;eXIjfa bkSmYyEbbenaH nwgbMpajbuBVehturbs;
evotNam dUcKanwgclnakumynisrbs;km<Ca nigLav EdlkMBug{Rtdrxl;}Edr. dUecH Kat;)anbegIt
clnaevotmij EdlCaBakbMRBjnXamYymannyfa sm<nedIm,IkraCPaBrbs;evotNamCa
Lb;EL sMedARbmUlBYkCatiniymevotNameLIgvij kalBIkarRbyuTtsURbqaMgnwgBYkcRkBti)araMg
RBmTaMgBYkcRkBtiCb:un EdleTIbnwgekIteLIgeKakcUlmkRbeTsevotNam kalBIeBlfIenH.
b:uEnbkSkumynis\Ncin )anrYmbgCaslkNalmYynclnaevotmij nigdwknaMkarbdivtn_ b:uEn
edayreboblak;kM)aMg. eKaledAKWsgt;bBaak;GMBIlTiCatiniym. dUecHsunrkfasIBIbdivtn_kRmit
\Ncin )aneTACaerOgbnab; EdlGnuBaat[BYkkumynisevotNamQaneCIgcUleTARbeTsLav CaTI
EdlBYkeKKaMRTclna):aefLav eBjdeBjeCIg nigbgat;beRgnBYkemdwknaMrbs;clnaenHEfm
Tmab;epSgnsgam
447
eTot. b:uEn enARbeTskm<Ca BYkevotNammansmaCikbkSkumynis\Ncin EtRbmaNEssibnak;

b:ueNaHenAqaM19518. kgdMNak;kaldMbUgnkarbHe)arRbqaMgGaNaniKmniym BYkevotNam)an
sEmgtYnaTI CaGkbMEbkbM)ak;mYyCaerOy edayeFVI[BYkkm<CaxUcTwkcitnwgrYmkmaMgKa elIkElgEt
kgkrNI EdlvasitenAeRkamkar]btmrbs;evotNamb:ueNaH.
BYkevotNam)anykcitTukdak; CaBiess eFVIem:cykQHsgamTl;nwgBYk)araMg[)an ehIy
bNasmmitkm<Carbs;BYkeKBuMEmnCakmaMgcaM)ac;xanmin)ankgkarRbyuTenHeT. enAqaM1945 bkS
kumynis\Ncin )ankayeTACabkSpynwgc,ab; ehIybreQaHrbs;xneTACabkSBlkrevotNam
vij edIm,Isgt;bBaak;GMBIKMnitCatiniymEdlcaM)ac;xanmin)an edIm,IykQHsgam. KWenAeBlenaH
ehIy EdlBYkevotNambgab;bBaa[BYkLav nigBYkExrbegItbkS bGgkarepSgpal;xnrbs;eK.
BYkLav)anbegItbkSrbs;eKenAqaM1955 BYkkm<Ca)anbegItsm<nmYyenAqaM1951 nigbkSmYy
CaeRcInqaMeRkaymkeTotKWqaM1960. b:uEn BYkevotNammincg;e)aHbg;GMNacTaMgGs; EdlmanelI
bkSEbkecjTaMgenHeT ehIyBYkeK)anbeBajeyabl;enAExvicika qaM1951 fa {bkSevotNam
enArkSasiTiRttBinitBIelIskmPaBepSgrbs;bNabkS CabgbnenAkm<Ca nigenALavdEdl>>> k
b:uEneRkaymkeTot ebIsinCasanPaBepSg GnuBaatbkSbdivt TaMgbIenAevotNam km<Ca nigLav
GacrYmKaedIm,begItEtbkSmYyKt; KWbkSrbs;shBnevotNam-Exr-Lav9}.
enAxNenH bNasmmitcin)ancab;GarmN_y:agxaMgmYycMeBaHsgamrbs;evotmij RbqaMg
nwgkarvilRtLb;rbs; GaNaniKmniym)araMg. CyCmHrbs; em:A esTug enAqaM1949 )anpl;[BYk
evotNammanmUldanbEgk ehIyenATIbMput karKaMRTxagsmarswkrbs;cin )annaM[evotNamTTYl
CyCmHkgsgam\NcinelIkTImYy. enHCaCMnYydffabMputmYy EdlbgitRbeTsCitxagTaMgBIr[
cUlCitKaEfmeTot. hU CImij nigem:A esTug )ankat;pac;xnecjBI {CYr} RbeTsenAGWr:ubEdlRbkan;
lTikumynisEbbsUevotTaMgGs;Ka ehIy)anbdiesFmineFVItambTbBaaepSgrbs; salIn eLIy
eRBaHsalIn)ankMhitdac;xatmin[epImsgameT bnab;BIqaM1945 d,itGIKat;xacERkgfa CemaHmYy
enAGasuI GacbNal[Gnraydl;esckIsgwmTTYleCaKCyrbs;lTikumynisenAGWr:ub CaBiess
enARbeTs)araMg. rdaPi)alkumynismYyenATIRkg):arIs cab;GarmN_nwg salIn xaMgCagkarbdivtn_
enATIRkgeb:kaMg bRkghaNUy. kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;BYkkumynis)araMgnwgbgaj[eXIjnUv
eRKgTak;citfa KNbkSkumynis)araMgkan;kab;GMNackgrdmYy Edlman]sSahkmlUtlas;
TukNaCaCyCmHmYyrbs;cin bevotNamnwgBRgwgkarcab;GarmN_pyeTAvijkeday lTikumynis
448
CamaKaRtwmRtvmYysRmab;EtbNaRbeTs]naPivD minTan;ceRmInlUtlas; b:ueNaH.

fVIebI salIn em:A nighU pSBVpSay[eKsal;sgam{rMedaHCati}rbs;BYkeK edayEkERblkN
nig\TiBlTak;Tajrbs;lTikumynis EdlkalBIedImeRcIntRmg;eTArkvNkmkrEtm:agkeday b:uEn
\LvenH )antRmg;eTArkvNksikrmg. clnakumynisrbs;km<CaGacrIkFMFat;edaymin)ac;eFVI
tamKMrUdman\TiBlTaMgBIrnH. ehIyrhUtmkdl;edImTsvtSr_1960 karbdivtrbs;cinnigevotNam
hak;dUcCamanKMrUEtmYy. kgTsvtSr_1950 BYkevotNam)anseRmcRbkan;ykmenaKmviCakumy
nis rbs;cinCapvkarsRmab;rykalxImYy. TMnak;TMngrvagbkSTaMgBIresIrEtdUcTMnak;TMngkgRKsar
rebobBukmacas;mak; nigkyvyekgmak;.
BYkcin )anr:ab;rgeFVIkarpl;eRKgsasavuFy:ageTogTat; eTA[BYkevotmijEtmak;g Edlman
cMnYneLIgdl;eTAR)aMmYyBan;etankgmYyEx kgkasnyuTnakarvaypac;RBRtenA eDonebonPU kgqaM
1954. BYkcink)anpl;TIRbwkSaeyaFamYyRkm dwknaMeday]tmesnIy_R)aMbInak;. shPaB
sUevotBuMmanpl;GVIeTA[BYkevotNamesaHeLIy. enAqaM1950 salIn )anpl;nUvKaMRTxagpvcit nig
CMnYymYykgvisyeXasnasRmab;BYkevotmijEdr b:uEn BuMmanpl;GavuFeRKgsmarswkRbePTNa
mYyeLIy eTaHbICa hU CImij kayCatMNagCatiGasuImYyrUb kgcMeNamtMNagCatiGasuICaeRcIn
EdlRtveKeKarBy:agRCaleRCArbs;GgkarkumynisGnrCatikeday.
tmkeTot snisITRkghSWENv)anebIkRbCuM nigkarRcbUkRcbl;kgclnakumynisdekgxIenA
GasuIdUcEdlmanerobrab;xagelIrYcmkehIy. KWbnab;BIsnisIT hSWENvenHehIy EdlRbeTscin)an
bMEbrkarykcitTukdak;rbs;xnmkrkkm<Cavij EdlkalenaHdwknaMedaysemc RBHneratm sIhnu
ehIyEdltMbn;RtIekaNkm<Ca-evotNam-cin )anelcrUbrageLIg. eRkABIsnisIT GHGagbEnmGMBI
lMdab;lMedaynkarcwksuIkgBiPBkumnisdrMeCIbrMCYlmYy snisITRkghSWENv )ancglbgajBIsBaa
Edl[ekItmankar)armCaktCn EdlRbeTsnImYyetagEtRbQmmux. RbeTscinenAEtcat;
TukshrdGaemrikCasRtvsMxan;bMput ehIyedaykarBarKMnitsIBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;GaemrikaMgenH
eTIbeFVIRbeTscingakmkTak;TgnwgRbeTskm<Carbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu.
shrdGaemrik Fab;vayRbyuTTl;nwgkgTBcinkgsgamenARbeTskUer:. BYkGaemrikaMg
)anpl;[ekaHtv:an;nUvlknikCaRbeTscin {BitR)akd} ehIybdiesF minTTYlsal;saFarNrd
RbCamanitcin kgryeBlCaeRcInqaM. Gaemrik)andak;TNkmxagesdkic nigeyaFaRbqaMgnwg
RbeTscinEdlsitenACaFrmankgryeBlRbmaNCadb;qaM. rwtEtGaRkk;CagenH BYkGaemrikaMg)an
Tmab;epSgnsgam
449
elIkTwkcit[BYkcinenA tv:an;vayykQHBYkkumynis nigdeNImykRbeTscindIeKakmkvijkgKMnit

revIrvayrbs;eKEfmeTot. enAqaM1954 BYkGaemrikaMgmanlkNKMramkMEhgcMeBaHRbeTscin
CagcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam.
karseRmccitvayRbyuTrbs;GaemrikaMg Tl;nwglTikumynisenARbeTsevotNam edIm,I
bMeBjcenaHRbehag EdlTukecaledayBYk)araMgEdlcaj;sgam )anRtvRbkan;ykkgRkbxN
nneya)ayenH sMedAeFVI[cuHexSay by:agehacNas; Tb;saFarNrdRbCamanitcin min[eFVIGVI
ekItEdr. sanPaBrbs;lTikumynisevotNam manlkNCab;Tak;Tgy:agCitsiT nwgsanPaBn
lTikumynisrbs;cinRkhmEdr. BYkcin manplRbeyaCn_TaMgRsugkgkarykcitykefImrbbfIrbs;
semc RBHneratm sIhnu edIm,ITb;BYkGaemrikaMg[enAeRkARbeTskm<Ca edayeFVI[BYkenH eTACaGkmin
sUvbgkarKMramkMEhgb:unansRmab;RbeTsevotNam kdUcsRmab;RbeTscin.
RbeTscin)ancgsm<nmiRtCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu munRkghaNUy ehIykgsm<n
emRtIenH BuMmankarrwtt,itBYkkumynisevotNam EdlTTYlsVaKmn_RbFanclnakumynisrbs;km<Ca
nigsmaCikBak;kNalrbs;xnenARbeTsevotNameRkayqaM1955pgeT.m:ageTotBYkevotNam
kkMBugRtveFVIxVayxVl;edayRBwtikarN_epSgEdlekItmankgRbeTspal;rbs;eKEdr.eg:a Dijeyom
EdlkayeTACaRbmuxrdaPi)alevotNamxagt,genAqaM1955 )anbdiesFmincUlrYmkgkare)aH
eqat EdleRKageFVIenAqaM1956 edIm,IbRgbbRgmRbeTseT eRBaH eyom Kitfa hU CImij nwgQHKat;
edaygay. enACMnan;enH RkghaNUyBuMTan;manbgajsBaaminTukcitNamYycMeBaHRbeTscineLIy.
BYkevotNamxageCIg )aneFVIbdivtn_ksikmenAqaM1956 edayRtab;tamKMrUrbs;cinTaMgggwtggl;
ehIybnab;BIvaRtvbraCy -ksikrTaMgLay )ankeBaaleLIgRbqaMgnwgviFankarN_epSg Edlman
lkNbgMrbs;rdaPi)al- RbCaCnevotNam)anbenasBYkGkRTwsIpal;rbs;BYkeK EdlbegIt
EpnkarenH KWBuMEmnRbeTscineT.
enAqaM1960 eK)anbegItmaKaEbgEckfImYykgTMnak;TMngepSg rvagRbeTsTaMgbI. BYk
kumyniskm<Ca)anbegItbkSpal;rbs;eK EdlminTTYlsal;bkSkumynis\Ncinfa CaGk[kMeNIt
EtmYyKt;rbs;xn ehIyEdlbgajxnpyeTAvij kgzanCa{RkmCnGkbgmYyRkmtUc EdlkekIt
kgpbNabkS\Ncin )araMg nigf ehIyedaymankarKaMRTBIbkSkumynisrbs;evotNampg}10.
dUecHBYkExr )anTTYlsal;]bkarKuNrbs;evotNam b:uEnKanKMnitcuHj:meT.
enACMnan;dEdlenaH edayvaytmcMeBaHkarRbyuTy:agCUrct;TaMgLay EdlkMBugRbRBwteTAenA
450
PaKxagt,g RkghaNUy)anyl;RBm[dMeNIrkarsgamTBRB EdldwknaMeFVIkgcMENkrbs;RbeTs

evotNamenH nigkarbegItrNsirSrMedaHCatimYyenAeBleRkay EdlsnaeFVIkar{bRgbbRgm
RbeTseLIgvijCalMdab;lMeday tammeFa)aysniviFI edayQrelImUldannkarcrcaKa nigkar
BiPakSaKarvagPUmiPaKTaMgBIr xageCIg nigxagt,g>>>11}.
rNsirSenHKWRKb;RKgedaybkSkumynis {PaKxagt,g} mYymaneQaHfa bkSRbCaCnbdivt
EdltamkarBit enHCalkNbeBaatmYysRmab;saxabkSPaKxagt,g nKNkmaFikarbkSBlkr
evotNam sRmab;PaKxagt,gRbeTs. edIm,ITak;TajCMenOEpkneya)ay[kan;EtTUlMTUlayCagmun
PaKxageCIg )anyl;RBm[mankarbMEbkbkSmYyCasaFarN. evotNamxageCIg )anKUsbBaak;
CaeRcInelIkeRcInsafa {rNsirSrMedaHCatiPaKxagt,g CamUldansRmab;pas;CMnYsrbbRkgRBnKr
ehIyfaRkghaNUyRKan;Casm<nmitmYyrbs;rNsirSb:ueNaH. kmviFIrbs;rNsirSrMedaHCati )an
snapl;esrIPaBepSgRsbeTAtamlTiRbCaFibety EdlminFab;manesaH enAPaKxageCIgdUcCa
esrIPaBkgkarbeBajmti karbegItsmaKm karedIrehIresrI nigesrIPaBsarBtmanCaedIm Edlnwg
cUlCaFrmanbBatieRkayeBl)anTTYlCyCmH.
karekIneLIgnUvkarvayRbyuTCaeRcInkgRbeTsevotNamxagt,gCitxag )aneFVI[ semc RBH
neratm sIhnu EdlcuHhtelxaelIsiTisBaamitPaB nigminQanBanKamYyCamYyRbeTscinenAExF
qaM1960 nwkRBy)armmYyrMeBc. BYkcin)anbBaak;R)ab;RbCaCnkm<CaCaeRcInelIkeRcInsafa
BYkeKnwgeKarBGaBaRkwtPaBrbs;km<Ca ehIyenAqaM1963 BYkcin)anepImkmviFIpl;CMnYyeyaFa
rbs;eK[mksemc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAeBldMbUg Rkgeb:kaMg)aneFVI[mankarTak;TgKaCamYyRkg
PMeBj edIm,IraraMgmin[BYkGaemrikaMgrMelaPelITwkdIkm<Ca kgsgamrbs;eKCamYyBYkevotNam.
b:uEn BYkcindwgy:agR)akdfa GBaRkwtPaBdRtwmRtvrbs;km<Ca KWsMedARbqaMgnwgbMNgepSgrbs;
BYkevotNamTaMgkumynis bminEmnkumynis -kdUcRbqaMgnwgbMNgrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgEdr. ebI
RbeTscinsmal;fa RbeTskm<Ca CaExlmYyRbqaMgnwgshrdGaemrik ebIRbeTskm<Cacat;Tuk
RbeTscinCaExlkarBarmYyTl;nwgBYkevotNam nigBYkGaemrikaMgenaH RkghaNUykcab;epImBinit
CMhrrbs;xneLIgvij cMeBaHRbeTsTaMgBIrenHEdr.
eRBaHfaqaM1960 CaqaMnkarpac;cMNgTak;TgkarTUtCasaFarNrvagRbeTscin nigsh
PaBsUevot. sRmab;RkghaNUy enHCaeBlevlaEdlxnBi)akseRmccitCaTIbMput. kalenaH
evotNamxageCIg CaRbeTsCitsiTCageKbMputrbs;RbeTscineday\tRbEkk)an. RbeTsTaMgBIr
Tmab;epSgnsgam
451
Rbkas eFVIbdivtn_ksikr EpkelIvNksikrCaFM RbeTsTaMgBIryl;fal {kgkarbBalKarvag

GVIEdlTajcit[rMePIbjab;jrGMBICatiniymnigPaBemaHmutkgkartsUvN12}. evotNam)anRbkan;
ykKMnitem:AniymCaeKal EdlbRgbbRgmBYkbBavn BYkksikrRbqaMgnwgsRtvvNrYmrbs;BYkeKKW
BYkGkrdkar GkRbmUlBndar BYkmas;dIFM nigBYkGPiCn. enAeBlenaH RkghaNUy)ansgt;Fn;eTA
elIkarGPivDn_Epkksikm EdlRbeTscin)anGnuvtrYcmkehIy edaypynwgEpnkarsUevot Edl
yl;RBm[GaTiPaBeTAelIvisy]sShkmFunFn;vij minxusBIeBlEdlRkghaNUyGbGrsresIrkar
eRCIserIsrbs;cin GMBIsgamTBRB CaCagsgamkasuIk EdlBYksUevotFab;eCOTukciteLIy.
b:uEnRbeTsevotNamkMBugCab;deFVIsgam ehIyRtvkarnUvkarKaMRTCacaM)ac;BIRbeTscinpg
nigBIshPaBsUevotpg BIeRBaHshrdGaemrik)anyl;RBmpl;eTA[eyom RbFanaFibtIevotNam
xagt,gCMnan;enaH CaBiessnUvCMnYyeyaFamYyy:agsnwksnab;eRsceTAehIy. dUecH hU CImij
)anCYyKaMRTPam cMeBaHPaBRsuHRsYlKarvagRbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot ebIeTaHCaKat;hak;bIdUcCa
niyaykan;eCIgRbeTscinGMBIcMNucCak;lak;nkarTas;ETgKaenaHkeday. RkghaNUy)anniyay
benasshPaBsUevot enAeBlEdlRbeTsenHpl;CMnYyeyaFarbs;xn[RbeTs\Na bnab;BIman
CemaHRBMEdncin-\Na enAqaM1963. enAqaMdEdlenaH RkghaNUy)anrYbrYmKaCamYyRkgeb:kaMg
edIm,IsEmgkaresaksay EdlRkgmUs)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgmYy EdlhamXat;eday
Epk kgkarsakBiesaFn_GavuFnuyekEGrCamYyshrdGaemrik. BYkevotNamxageCIg)anRBman
fa {eRbbeFobkarTamTarepSgrbs;RbCaCnTUTaMgBiPBelak eTAnwgCMhrkalBImunrbs;rdaPi)al
sUevotsIBIkarhamXat;GavuFnuyekEGr kicRBmeRBgEdlcuHhtelxakgeBlfI KWCaCMhanfy
eRkaymYy>>>. sMeNIepSgrbs;rdaPi)alcinBitCaRtwmRtvTaMgRsug13}.
RkghaNUy)anesIeFVICaGaCJakNal edIm,IsRmHsRmlkarvivaTrvagRkgeb:kaMg nigRkgmUs
enAqaM1963 b:uEnKan)anTTYllTplesaHeLIy. RbeTscin)aneqIytbcMeBaHkarKaMRTEpk
neya)ayrbs;RbeTsevotNam eday)anbegInkarpt;pg;eRKgsmarswkrbs;xneTA[Rkg
haNUyEfmeTot edIm,IGnuBaat[rNsirSrMedaHCatibegInskmPaBeyaFarbs;xnrwtEtxaMgeLIg
bnab;BImanrdRbharmYyRbqaMg eyom Edl[dedayshrdGaemrik.
edayCak;Esg BYkcin)ancat;Tukfa RbeTsevotNamnigPaKesssl;n\Ncin KWCacMENk
mYynmNl\TiBlrbs;eK. enAeBlenaH Rkgeb:kaMg)anBRgIkcMNgTak;TgepSgrbs;xnCamYy
semc RBHneratm sIhnu rwtEtxaMgeLIgeTot RBmTaMgCamYymnusSniymeqVgkgrdaPi)alrbs;
452
semcpgCaBiess hU nwm. enHBuMEmnCakarBRgIk rebobKeXInmYyeT kgTBrbs;cinmincUllukluy

tMbn;enH dUcEdlkgTBsUevotFab;)anGnuvt edIm,IrkSa]tmPaBrusSIenAGWr:ubxagekIteLIy. vanwgBuM
manbBaataMg {mUl danTB}rbs;cinenAkm<CaeT. BYkcinRKan;EtelIkTwkcit[semc RBHneratm sIhnu
CYyBYkevotNam edayGnuBaat[BYkenH eRbIR)as;kMBg;EpkMBg;esam nigyl;RBm[taMg{TICRmk}
enAPaKxagekItRbeTsb:ueNaH.
lTikarN_niym EdlTuktmnkarRbtibtiCatmFMbgs; EdlCaRbPBneya)aykarbreTs
rbs;rbs;cin KWRtvsmnwgcitrbs;RbeTsevotNam.BYkcin nigBYksUevot)anBiPakSaKay:agtwgEtg
GMBIrebobbMpussgamrrMedaHCatielIBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkcinGHGagfa eKGacRbmUlpMeLIgvij
kg{rNsirSrYbrYm}nUvmnusSRKb;RbePT rYmTaMg{esc RBHGgmas; nigGPiCn14}pg [EtBYkeKCa{Gk
eshaCati} nigTTYlsal;GFikPaB PaBelIslb; rbs;kumyniskgrNsirSrYbrYm RbqaMgcRkBti
TaMgenH. BYksUevot)aneqIytbfa pyeTAvij KW{RBHGgmas; nigesc}TaMgenaH CamnusSEdlRtv
BYkcineqtykRbeyaCn_ ehIyBYksUevotnwkRBy)armCakCnfa viFIsasepSgnsgam
{rMedaHCati} c,as;CaCRmj[mankarRbkan;BUCsasn_minxan. karPy)armenHbgaj[eXIjfa
CaerOgEdlmanmUlehtuRtwmRtvTaMgRsug.
escmYyGgkg cMeNam {escCaeRcInGg} EdlBYkcinnwkdl;enAeBlBYkeKniyayBIGk eshaCati
edayRBmTTYlsal;GFikPaBrbs;kumynisenaHKWsemc RBHneratm sIhnu. karEbkmtiKarvagcinsUevot esIrEtKan\TiBlmkelIRBHmhakSRt TaMgmkelIBYkkumyniskm<CapgeT. neya)ayGBa
Rkwtrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu maneKalbMNgsitenA[qayBIsaFarNrdsgmniymsUevot
nigbkkumynisrbs;xn kdUcshrdGaemrik nigbNasm<nmitrbs;eKEdr. m:ageTot BYkkumynis
rbs;km<Ca BuMFab;EdlRtvTTYlsal;edayBYksUevoteLIy ehIykminsUvCYyKaMRTEfmeTot.
bBaacg;dwgfaRbeTsNamYy RbeTscinbshPaBsUevot EdleRbI\TiBlxaMgbMputmkelI
km<CaminEdleFVI[mankarsgSybnicesaHeLIy. enATIbMput BYkcin)ankayeTACaGkkarBaresc
rbs;km<Ca nigbNasRtvrbs;RBHGg EdlCaBYkkumynisExrpg. eTaHCay:agNakedayRkmGk
kan;GMNacenARkgPMeBj RbeTscinnwgCYyKaMRT ehIyenAqaM1965 BYkcin)anQanrhUtdl; Rbkas
fa karvayRbharmYyRbqaMgnwgRbeTskm<Ca nwgRtvcat;TukdUcCakarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgRbeTscin
Edr.
b:uEn KansankarN_neya)ayNamYyenAsitesryUrGEgVgeT kgGasuIkumynis kgGMLgTsS
Tmab;epSgnsgam
453
vtSr_1960. enAqaM1966 BYkqaMRkhm)anRKvIkUnesovePARkhmrbs;BYkeK nigeFVI[RbeTscin

Fak;eTAkgsPaBrMeCIbrMCYlmYykgnamnkarbdivtn_vb,Fm. Rkm{Tahanm:arIn}GaemrikaMg )aneLIg
eKakenARbeTsevotNamxagt,g edIm,IRbyuTTl;nwglTikumynis. karQaneLIgnsgamenA
evotNam mansPaBelOnrhs EdlbNal[manmnusSsab;eRcIn nigkan;EteXareXAeLIg. enA
eBlEdlRkghaNUyRtvkarCMnYyeRcInbMput BIbNasm<nmitrbs;xn dMbUgRbeTscinRBy)arm
nwgkarbidvtn_pkg PaBRbesIrelIseK nigPaBbrisuTnlTiem:Aniymrbs;xnEdr. egVn kUfac; )an
EfgCaeRcInqaMeRkaymkfa {BYkqaMRkhm BuMbgaj[eXIjkareKarBbnicesaH cMeBaHbNaeromc,g
nKNkmaFikarmCimbkSrbs;BYkeK. enHdUcCaPaBGnaFibety nigPaBRcbUkRcbl;rebobrd
RbharmYy15}.
sRmab; hU CImij yl;fa bdivtn_vb,Fm)aneFVIGVIRClhYsehtueBk ehIy)anykbuKl em:A
mkeFVIels rhUtFak;eTAkgkarRsLaj;gb;. cMeBaHCnbreTsmak;EdlsYrhUfa ehtuGVI)anCaKat;min
e)aHBum<pSayKMnitepSgrbs;Kat; dUcEdl em:A Fab;sresrkgesovePARkhm hU eqIyedayniyay
kMEbgelgfa {ebIsinmanRbFanbTmYyEdlRbFan em:A BuM)ansresrsUmR)ab;BIRbFanbTenaHpg
nwgsakl,gbMeBjkEngcenaHenaH16}.
hU CImij )ancMNayeBlRbLky:agyUrkgbNasgamsmyTMenIb ehIyKanmhaGMNacCa
sm<nmiRtrbs;xnNamYy -RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot- esI[eFVIkarsgswkRbqaMgnwgkarlUkd
edaypal;rbs;shrdGaemrikeLIy. RbeTscinhak;dUcCaykcitTukdak;pl;nUvkarKaMBarRbeTs
km<Carbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnuCageK ehIymhaGMNackmynisTaMgBIr )ancab;epImeQaH
RbEkkKasIBICMnYymk[evotNamxageCIg. RkgmUs )an[eyabl;begItRkmkargarrYmmYy eday
bBaak;fa sMeNIenHecosminrYcBIkarksagRBlanynehaHrbs;sUevot kgPaKxagt,gRbeTscin
eLIy.BYkcin)anbdiesFehIy)anesIeFVICaemdwknaM {rNsirSRbCaCnBiPBelak}mYy edIm,ICYyRkg
haNUy EdlbdiesFmin[shPaBsUevotcUl. rNsirSenH)ankayeTACakarBit ehIysaFarNrd
sgmniymsUevot RtvEtRbKl;CMnYyrbs;xnmk[RbeTsevotNam edayKankarCYyeRCamERCg
rbs;RbeTscineLIy.
RBwtikarN_EdleFVI[eKRBy)armbMput KWBYkcin)anENnaMBYkevotNam[RcanecalCMnYyTaMg
Gs;rbs;sUevot ehIyRBmanBYkevotNamfakarRBmTTYlykCMnYy karRbkan;ykviFIepSgrbs;
sUevot EdlniymeRbItaMgBIyUrmkehIy edIm,IvayRbyuTnwgshrdGaemrik KWdUcBYkeKyl;RBmcUl
454
kgRbBnrbs;sUevot ehIynwgkayCarNbmYyrbs;sUevotminxan. BYkcinGHGagfa BYkeKTTYlr:ab;

rgbnksgamTaMgGs; ebIsinCaRkghaNUybdiesFCMnYyrbs;sUevot. b:uEn xl;)anpas;brTis
karminTukcitrbs;BYkevotNam cMeBaHectnaepSgrbs;cin)ancab;epImelceLIg. minRtwmEtRkg
haNUyRBmTTYlCMnYysUevot edaykardwgKuNb:ueNaHeT b:uEnBYkevotNam)ancab;epImedIrtamKMrU
rbs;rusSICagKMrUrbs;cinEfmeTot.
BYkevotNam)anERbRtLb;xneTAxagshPaBsUevotTaMgRsug CamYynwgRbtikmrbs;cin cMeBaH
kiccrcaenARkg):arIsrvagevotNam nigshrdGaemrikenAqaM1968pg. enAeBlEdlRkghaNUy
crcaCamYyBYkGaemrikaMg GMBIkarbBab;karTmak;RKab;Ebk BYkcin)anRbqaMgCMTas;y:agxaMgka. kgbT
vicarNkfarbs;TsSnavdIeb:kaMg elxecjpSayExemsa BYkcin)anRbkasfa {bBaaevotNamGac
edaHRsay)anEttamrykemcBYkGaemrikaMgQanBanTaMgRsug enAelIsmrPUmi nigbeNjecjBI
evotNamxagt,gb:ueNaH.
minRtwmEtBYksUevotGbGrsresIr karebIksnisITenATIRkg):arIsb:ueNaHeT BYkeKEfmTaMg
begInCMnYyeyaFaeTA[RbeTsevotNamEfmeTot edaypl;eRKgsasavuFTMenIb sRmab;karBar
xnTl;nwgkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg. BYkcin )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarpl;GavuFEbbenaH
enHCaCMhrmYyEdlBYkevotNamlYceBbRCayEtkgcit. PaBRtwmRtvnmenaKmviCamannyfa
BYkcin)anebCJacitvayRbyuTTl;nwgBYkGaemrikaMg rhUtdl;CnevotNamcugeRkaybgs;.
enAqaM1968 BYksaFarNrdniym)anTTYlCyCmHenAkgkare)aHeqateRCIserIsRbFana
FibtIGaemrikaMg ehIy)anbBab;karcrcasniPaBenATIRkg):arIs. shPaBsUevot)ancUllukluy
TIRkgR)akrdFanIRbeTseqkUsv:aKI RkghaNUyBuMmankarRbqaMgCMTas;eLIy BYkevotNamElg
Tieton {BYkGkkarBarxneTotehIy}. edayebCJacitykQHsgam BYkevotNam)anRbkan;
ykmaKaneya)ayfImYy CamaKaEdlnwgnaMeTArkkarRbQmmuxmYyCamYyBYkcin ehIyenA TIbMput
keFVI[b:HBal;dl;cMNgTak;TgepSgrbs;evotNamCamYynwgkm<CaEdr. mitPaBpal;xnrbs;
buKlmak;Rtv)anCMnYsedaykarmnilsgSy EdlmansPaBrwtEtFn;FreLIg. clacl Edl
kkUrkkayenAPaKxagt,gRbeTscin-extyunNan kVagsuI nigkVagTug -kgryeBlnbdivtn_vb,Fm
)aneFVI[ekItmankarPy)armenARbeTsevotNam. RkghaNUy )anecaTsYrEtxngGMBIkarvinicy
rbs;BYkcin nigesckITukcitEdleKGacpl;[cinvij.
TnwmnwgenaH BYkcin)anvaytmfaRbeTsevotNam)ancuHkicsnaCamYybisac -shPaB
Tmab;epSgnsgam
455
sUevot- edIm,IbeBasvibtiPymYyEdlminsUvKYr[RBWxac KWcRkBtiniymGaemrikaMg. b:uEnRbCaCn

evotNam )ansab;ya: geRcIneRkamRKab;Ebkrbs;shrdGaemrik ehIykgTBkumy
nisr bs;evotNam
)anvayRbyuTRbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs;GaemrikaMg. kgkMLgsgam\NcinelIkTIBIr shrdGaemrik nig
sm<nmitevotNamxagt,grbs;eK)anTmak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTsevotNam nUvbrimaNRKab;EbkmYy
mancMnYnbIdg eRcInCagcMnYnRKab;Ebksrub EdlTmak;kgkMLgsgamelakelIkTIBIreTAeTot. RKab;
Ebk nigeRKgpHRKb;RbePTepSgeTot )anbMpicbMpajRbeTsTaMgxageCIg kdUcxagt,g17. Kan
shRKasNamYykgPaKxageCIgeTaHbICatUctackeday keKcminputBIkarTmak;RKab;EbkEdr.
sgamGakasrbs;GaemrikaMg)anbMEbreTArkkRmitrbs;va munqaM1954eLIgvij edayTmak;bMpaj
mUldan]sSahkmEdlPaKxageCIgman. RKab;EbknigeRKgpHepSg)aneFVIxUcxat bbMpajRBeQI
cMnYn R)aMlanhikta pdIdaMduH cMnYndb;lanhikta. enAPaKxagt,g PUmitUcCagBak;kNal)anRtvxUc
xat. PaKxageCIg)an)at;bg;bNajGKisnICnbTmYyPaKFM eRkamkarTmak;RKab;Ebk. sb;GKisnI
sRmab;bUmTwkbBalERs sitenAesmKanskmPaBGVITaMgGs; ehIyksikrTaMgLayetagEtRtLb;
mkeRbIsac)acTwkdUcBIedImeLIgvij. reNARKab;Ebky:ageRcIn )anraraMgmin[ksikrmYycMnYnFM enA
PaKxageCIgeFVIERs)an.
enATIbMput y:agehacNas;RbCaCnevotNamBIrlannak; )anRtvsab;kgkMLgsgamTl;nwg
shrdGaemrik -sgamTl;nwgBYk)araMg )aneFVI[manmnusSsab;knHlannak;b:ueNaH. RbCaCnevot
Nam db;lannak; kayeTACaGkePosxnkgRbeTspal;rbs;eK. PaKeRcInbMputnGkrgeRKaHTaMgenH
rs;enAkgPaKxagt,g ehIytYelxBitR)akd RbEhlCamaneRcInCagenH BIeRBaHPaKxageCIgbdiesF
y:agcecs min RBmpl;r)aykarN_lmit sIBIkarxUcxatEdlkgTBrbs;xn)anTTYlrgeLIy.
sRmab;BYkevotNamyl;fa shrdGaemrikBuMEmnCasRtv{bnab;bnSM}mYyeT. KWCasRtv
GaRkk;CageKbMput EdlBYkevotNamminFab;EdlRbQmmuxttaMgesaH. KMnMurbs;BYkevotNam
xageCIg cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMgmany:agRCaleRCA nigsitesryUrGEgVgCagkarsb;ex<Im CaTUeTA
kgcMENkenH nBiPBelak.
enAqaM1968 shPaBsUevot)anpl;CMnYyeyaFamYyPaKy:agFMmk[RbeTsevotNam.
kareKcevHminpl;CMnYyrbs;RkgmUskgryeBlnsgam\NcinelIkTImYy KWCaRbvtisas Edl
manBIyUryarNas;mkehIy. eday)armBIsankarN_enH nigsBaankareFVI[kan;EtCab;siteLIg
rvagsm<nPaBrbs;evotNamCamYyshPaBsUevot RbeTscin)anseRmccit RBmeRBgKaCamYy
456
sRtvnsRtvrbs;xn KWshrdGaemrik. enAqaM1968 Rkgeb:kaMg)anesIebIkeFVIkicBiPakSaCamYy

GaemrikeLIgvij shPaBsUevot)ankayeTACasRtvsMxan;bMput shrdGaemrikkayeTACarddman
skanuBlmYy sRmab;RbqaMgnwgkarQanBanmYyrbs;sUevot.
enAqaMdEdlenaH evotNam)anebIkkarvaylukrbs;xn kgkasbuNcUlqaMcin-yYn enAPaK
xagt,gevotNam ehIy)an)at;bg;kmaPi)alrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,gevotNamcMnYnR)aMmWun
nak;. eBlenaH PaKxageCIg)anbBankgTBRsYcmYycMnYnFM mkPaKxagt,geTot ehIyBwgEpkCa
sMGag{TICRmk}nanarbs;km<Ca nigkarCYyTMnukbRmgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu kan;EteRcIn
EfmeTot. enHCakasEdlBYkExrRkhmeRCIserIs edIm,IepImkarbHe)aredayGavuFrbs;eKRbqaMg
nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Edr.
edayminGacRbEkk)an BYkkmynisevotNammincUldxagNaTaMgGs; cMeBaHGVIEdlbNa
smmitkm<Carbs;BYkeK vayRbyuTnwgkmaMgrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAqaM1968. Rkg
haNUy )ancat;TukkarseRmccitrbs;ExrRkhmfa manlkNKitEtxng nigCMrujeTArkbraCy
minxan. RkghaNUy)anRbkas18fa BYkkmyniskm<Ca RKan;EtCatMNag[{PaKtic}mYykgcMeNam
hVgmhaCnEdlKaMRTsemc RBHneratm sIhnu b:ueNaH ehIydUecHBuMmanGVIEdlRtvRbyuTnwgRBHGg
eLIy. BYkevotNam)anTTYlsal;fa TRmg;xHrbs;rbbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu manlkN
RbEhlRbtikiriya nigskiPUmiEmn -dUcEdlBYkeK)anGHGagBIerOgenHenAeBleRkaymk- b:uEnQm
muxttaMgnwgsemc KWdUcCaebIkTVar[mankarlUkdrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkm<CaGcwg-enHCabBaaBit
R)akd sRmab;RbeTsevotNam.
b:uEn karbdivtn_kumynisTaMgGs; )ancab;epImdMbUgCamYynwgPaKticmYy dUcEdlBYkevotNam
)andwgBIerOgenHy:agCak;c,as;. b:uEnbBaaBuMEmnenARtg;n+uHeT TaMgkgBakriHKn;epSg EdlEfg[dwg
edayBYkevotNamBYkemdwknaMkumyniskm<CaFab;RtvcmgeraKedaylTiRttsIniymenAeBlEdl
BYkeKsikSaeronsURtenATIRkg):arIs.tamkarBit BYkkumynisExr ehIyCaBiesssaLt ssuTEtCa
GkniymsalInTaMgRsug enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtLb;mkBIRbeTs)araMgvij. tamkarBit BYkevotNam
RKan;Etvaytmfa enAdMNak;kalenH sgamrbs;eKmaneKeRbbelIGVITaMgGs;b:ueNaH. BYkeKRtv
karsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigkarCYy]btmrbs;RBHGg BuMEmnRtvkarsmrPUmifImYy EdlBYkeK
RtvEtRbyuTenaHeT. edayKanTak;TgCamYykarRbyuTtsUrbs;BYkkumyniskm<Ca BYkevotNam
minyl;fa semcehobnwgcakecjBIqakneya)ay- nigelOnrhsdUecHesaH.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
457
TMnak;TMngepSgrvagbkSkumynisTaMg2 ERbeTACatantwgy:agxaMg. BYkkm<CaGHGagfa BYk

evotNam )anKMramkMEhgeFVIkarsgswkmkelIBYkeK ebIsinCaBYkeKminRBme)aHbg;karRbyuTRbqaMg
nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigebIsinCaBYkeKeFVI[maneRKaHfak;dl;pvcUlrbs;BYkevotNammkkan;
{TICRmk} TaMgLaykgTwkdIkm<Ca nigkMBg;EpkMBg;esam. munrdRbhar [qaM1970] GVITaMgGs;
EdlbkSkumy niskm<CadwknaMeFVIRtv)anBYkevotNamefaleTasCanic.
rdRbharTmak; semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneFVI[yuTsasrbs;bkSnImYypas;br. BYk
kumyniskm<Ca )anRbkasedayGakarEdlmanCyCmHmYyfa eBlenaHBYkevotNam )anRtvbgM
citpas;bryuTsasPam. {\LvenH GVIEdlerobcMedaybkSkumyniskm<Ca KWBitCaRtwmRtv
ehIyskismTTYlkarekatsresIreTotpg. kalBImun enAeBlEdl exov sMpn rt;cUlRBm:aKI BYk
evotNam)ansIbenasbkSkumyniskm<Cafa )anRbkan;ykkarsRmccitPan;RcLMmYy. \LvenH
EdlKat;kayCasmaCikmak;nrdaPi)alrYbrYmCati BYkevotNam)anEfgsresIrbkSkumyniskm<Ca
fa )anRbkan;ykkarseRmccitmYy RbkbedaysuPnicy nigeRtmxnmun)anlRbesIr19}.
eRkayBI)anEsVgrkkarsRmHsRmlmYyCamYynwgrbb ln; nl; edIm,ICYyBYkkumynisevot
Nam BYkcin)anbegInkarKaMRTrbs;xncMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigExrRkhmy:agsem,Im.
cMeBaHcMNucenH BYkcin)anbgaj[eXIjlkNRbgRbytCagBYkevotNam Edl)anBRgIksgam
rbs;eKenARbeTskm<CaRbqaMgTl;nwgrbb ln; nl; bnab;BImanrdRbharEtb:unanfb:ueNaH.
BYkevotNam)anBRgwg\TiBlrbs;eKenARbeTsLav nigenARbeTskm<Cakan;EtxaMgeLIg eday
eRCtcUly:ageRCAkgRbeTsTaMgBIrenH edIm,IeFVIsgamCaRbeyaCn_dl;lTikumynis. TnwmnwgenaH
BYkcin)anRbwgERbgBRgIkTMnak;TMngepSg rbs;BYkeKCamYyBYkkumynisExr nigLavEfmeTot eday
yl;RBmpl;CMnYy nigkarKaMRTxagEpkneya)ay. BYkcinxMRbwgbgarTukCamunnUvkarrMelaPrbs;
sUevot bsm<nmitTaMgLayrbs;xn mkkgmNl\TiBlrbs;eKEdr. enACMnan;enaH TahansUevot
CitmYylannak; )anmkpMKay:ageRcInenAtambeNayRBMEdncin ehIyRkgmUs)an[dMNwgCaerOy
fa {nwgpl;emeronmYy[BYkcin20}EfmeTot.
enAqaM1970 RbeTscin)anTTYleFVI {snisITedIm,IsamKIPaBCamYyRbCaCn\Ncin} enATIRkg
kg;tug ehIyRbKl;[semc RBHneratm sIhnu eFVICaGFibtIPaBsmyRbCuMenaH. eRkaymk BYk
evotNam)anTamTarfa xnCaGkbegItrNsirSEdlbRgbbRgmsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nigBYkExr
Rkhm b:uEnPstagTaMgGs; )anedAbBaak;[dwgfa karcgsm<nPaBenH KWBitCasadrbs;RbeTscin.
458
ehIyenAsnisITqaM1970enaH BYkcin)anFana[BYkevotNamrab;rkBYkGkbdivtkm<CaedayesIPaB
Ka ehIyCYyBYkTaMgenH[begItkgTBpal;rbs;eKpg.
ebIRkghaNUy CYybegItkgTBExrRkhmEmn nigCYyvayRbyuTkgcenaHeBlenaH Tl;nwg
kgTB ln; nl; kshRbtibtikarenHmanlkNtwgEtgNas;. mundMbUgBYkevotNam)anTamTar
begItbBaakardaneyaFacRmHmYyenAkm<Ca kareFVIskmPaBeXasnarYmKaEtmYy nigkarebIksala
eyaFamYyrbs;evotNamkgPaK|sanRbeTskm<CaEfmeTot21. BYkExrRkhm)anbdiesFkarpl;
eyabl;TaMgenH rYmTaMgsMeNIepSgeTotsMedArlaybBalkgTB nigrcnasm<nkumynisTaMgBIrpg.
BYkExrRkhmxacERkgfakarpcepImKMnitmYyEbbenaH ebIKit[sBVeTA KWCakarcab;epImdMbUgnyuTna
karmYy edIm,IrYmbBalkgTBrbs;eKCamYykgTBevotNam Edlnwgpl;[RkghaNUymanGMNac
bBaaBIelIkarbdivtrbs;km<Caminxan.m:ageTotkgryeBlsgam\NcinelIkTImYy BYkevotNam
c,as;CabdiesFEdr ebIsinCaRbeTscinesIbegItbBaakardaneyaFarYmmYy CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkcin
[eyabl;Camunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeTACasmaCikPaKticnmhashPaBmYyrbs;cinenaH.
erOgTaMgenH CakarRbQmmuxcgGaXadKadEdl EdlekItmanenA\Ncin bnab;BIsgamenA
eBlEdltYkkumynisnImYyl,gkarBartYkmYyeTot edIm,InwgkMNt;BIEbbEpnRbesIrCageK kg
karrkSaGnutrPaBrbs;xn. cMeBaHEl,genH shPaBsUevot)ansEmg[eXIjlkNesaHGegIy
bMput. RkgmUs )anbnRbmUlpMkarRbwgERbgrbs;xneTAelIkarCYyTMnukbRmgcMeBaHRkghaNUyEfm
eTot ehIycat;TuksgamenARbeTskm<Ca CaCMBUkcugeRkaynsgam\NcinelIkTIBIr. BYksUevot
)anrkSaTuksanTUtrbs;eKenARkgPMeBj eBjryeBlnsgam ehIyyl;RBmedayhYseBleTA
ehIykgkardak;[manGktMNagfak;Tabmak;enArNsirSrYbrYmCatirbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu /
ExrRkhm.
RbeTscin)anTak;Tgkan;EtCitsiTCamYyRkgv:asuInetan. enAqaM1970 Rkgeb:kaMg )anebIk
eFVIkarRbCuMcrcaCasmat;CamYyrdaPi)alrbs;elak nicsun. enAqaM1972 RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg
)aneFVIdMeNIrCaRbvtisasrbs;Kat; eTATIRkgeb:kaMg edayRBmeRBgTTYlsal;RbeTscinCapvkar
mbIqaMbnab;BICyCmHrbs; em:A. elak nicsun )aneFVIdMeNIreTAshPaBsUevotenAqaMenaHEdr ehIy
)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgkRmitGavuFyuTsas (SALT) pg. enHCasmykMBUlnyuTnakar
rbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,Ipac;sm,TanepSg BIRkghaNUykgkarRbCMucrcasniPaB enATIRkg):arIs ehIy
BYkemdwknaMevotNamxageCIg)anvinicyRbkbedaykarfb;)armkgcit cMeBaHbNasm<nmiRtrbs;
Tmab;epSgnsgam
459
BYkeKEdlTTYlelaknicsun nig)anseRmceFVIkicRBmeRBgfICaeRcIn EdlnaM[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;

RbeTsevotNam.
BYkevotNamxageCIgeCOR)akdfa RkgmUs nigRkgeb:kaMg)aneqtTajykRbeyaCn_BIsan
karN_enARbeTsevotNam. bBaaEtmYyKt;EdlRtvdwg KWGkNamYyEdlCasRtvBitR)akdehIy
RkghaNUy)andwgcemIyrYceRsceTAehIy. ehtuenH BYkemdwknaMkumynisevotNamxageCIg )an
ecaTRbkan;BYkcinEtkgcitfa CaGkTTYlxusRtvelIbBaTaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK. Rkgeb:kaMg)anbneLIg
vijCamYynwg{karkan;eCIgmatuPUmiRClhYsnCnCatihan} CamYynwg{neya)ayGFiraCniymrbs;
RbeTscinburaN} CamYynwg{GnutrPaBrbs;cinkgGasuIGaeKy_TaMgmUl22}. GVIEdlGaRkk;bMputenaH
KW RbeTscinmanbMNgbMEbkbM)ak; {samKIPaBCaRbBNI23} rvagRbeTsevotNam Lav nigkm<Ca
EfmeTot.
GFikrN_rbs;evotNamCamYyRbeTscin )anbMpus nigrkSa[sitesrnUvbBaaepSgrbs;
RbeTsevotNamCamYynwgBYkExrRkhm nigeTAvijeTAmk. brievNEdlRbmUlpMesckIxacmYy )an
taMgenACab;enAmuneBlEdlsgamRtvbBab;. enAqaM1973 RbeTsevotNam )ancuHhtelxaelI
kicRBmeRBgsniPaBRkg):arIs Edlbg[mansgamGakasrbs;GaemrikaMg edaymincMeBaHRbqaMg
nwgRbeTskm<Ca ehIyEdleFVI[semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigBYkExrRkhmRBy)armdUcKa.
BYkExrRkhmyl;eXIjfa xnCaPaKIEdlRtveK eFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_ evotNamxageCIg)anetOnbgM[
semc RBHneratm sIhnu epImeFVIkarcrca nigpakCMnYyTaMgGs; sRmab;BYkkumyniskm<Ca eRkayeBl
EdlsemcbdiesFsMeNIenH.
b:uEn RbeTscin)antbvij[dUcKacMeBaHRkghaNUy edayyl;RBmTaMgRsug nUvkarseRmccit
tsUrbs;ExrRkhm rhUtdl;TTYlCyCmHxagpveyaFamYy ehIyeRkayqaM1973 cin)ankat;
bnykarKaMRTrbs;xncMeBaHevotNamxageCIgCalMdab;lMeday. m:ageTot RbeTscinBuM)anpvnUvkar
KaMRTcMeBaHkicRBmeRBgRkg):arIsedayGs;BIcitpgeT. eRkaymkRkgeb:kaMg)anbBaak;fa kalenaH
xnxacERkgkicRBmeRBgenH GnuBaat[PaKxageCIgdeNImykPaKxagt,g bnab;BICyCmH.
enAqaM1974 rvagkgTBkumynisTaMgBIrrbs;RbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca KWkgTBkumynisNa
mYyEdlnwgTTYlCyCmHmuneK. kgTBTaMgsgxageCOfa kgTBmageTotxMRbwgbM)at;min[magman
eCaKCymYyeLIy. BYkExrRkhm)anGHGagedaymanPstagCabEgkfa BYkevotNamminRtwmEt
pakCMnYyrbs;eKb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMgraraMgmin[CMnYyrbs;cinFak;mkdl;RbeTskm<CaeTot. RtveFVI[
460
RBycitxng edaykarbnyCMnYyrbs;cin RbeTsevotNam)anemIleXIjnwgEPk EtrkeFVIGVImin

ekItcMeBaHkarvaydeNImeLIgvijedayRbeTscin nUvRbCuMekaH):ar:aEslrbs;evotNamxagt,g
EdlRkghaNUyFab;)anTamTarEdr.
enAeBlEdlCyCmHmkdl; eKElgGacbBab;erOgehtusKsajnkarminTukcitKaeTot
ehIy. TMnak;TMngepSgrvagshrdGaemrik nigRbeTscin )ankayeTACaeRKg BiesaFn_GMeBIk,t;
rbs;RbeTscincMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIycMNgTak;Tgrbs;RbeTsevotNam nigshPaBsUevot
)anedIrtYnaTIdUcKacMeBaHRkgeb:kaMgEdr. esckIPyxac nigkarmnilsgSy )anbNal[manRbtikm
bnknyKamYyenAkg\Ncin eRkaysmysgam.
esckIPyxacenHBitCamanmUlehtuRtwmRtv.RbeTsTaMgbI -evotNamkm<Canigcin-suTEt
QWcab;nwgkarrMelaPbMBanrbs;GaemrikaMg nigGMeBIk,t;rbs;bNasm<n miRtCitsiTrbs;BYkeKdUcKa.
BYkeKRbQmmuxnwgbBaaTaMgGs;EdlesIrEtBuMGacBuHBar)anenAkgRbeTsrbs;BYkeK EdlrdaPi)al
Fab;GHGag[RbCaCnrg;caMlTpldGsarrbs;karbdivtn_.
b:uEn RtIekaNnkarminTukciteKgenH )anbgaj[eXIjGVIEdlGac[RbeyaCn_ karPy
xacrbs;shPaBsUevot Gacbgaj[eXIjPstagtamrykarebCJarbs;cin kgkarrkSaTuk\Ncin
kgrgVg;\TiBlrbs;xn.esckIPyxacrbs;cin GacbgajPstagtamryrbs;RbeTsevotNammk
elIRbeTskm<Ca ehIyeRkaymk karlukluyRbeTsenH. esckIPyxacTaMgLay EdlbMpuseLIg
edayeKalbMNgcas;KMrwlrbs;bkSkumynis\Ncin nigesckIPyxac{CaRbvtisas} GMBIkarRtt
RtamYyrbs;evotNam GaceRbIsRmab;bEgVrkarykcitTukdak;rbs;RbCaCnExr GMBIPaBRkIRketak
y:akxagkgRbeTs nigFanarkSanUvkarKaMRTeday\tlkxNmYyEpkFMrbs;RbeTscinpg.
b:uEn RbeTsevotNam)ansEmgnUvtYnaTIkNalmYykgEl,gelgbInak;enH ehIyKWRbeTs
evotNamenHg EdlCMrujesckIPyxacTaMgenH dl;kRmitx<s;bMput. enATIbMput BYkevotNam )an
seRmcecaTRbkan;RbeTscinfa CasRtv{sYBUC}rbs;eK ehIymanbMNgcUllukluyRbeTsevot
Nam edaykemcBUCsasn_evotNam[sabsUn. m:ageTot ehIyedayKanPstagbnic BYkevot
Nam)anGHGagfa RbeTskm<CaCaGksmKMnitnwgBYkcin ehIy)anyl;RBmbeNay[BYkcinqgkat;
EdndIExr edIm,IlukluyRbeTsevotNam. dUecH enHCabBaa{sab;rs;}mYy sRmab;BYkevotNam
EdlGacbgajPstagfaBYkeKlukluy nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<Ca ehIyEdlBYkeK)aneFVIEmn.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
461
RbCaCnevotNam)anrt;ePosxntamTUktUckBaas; dMbUgmancMnYnrab;Ban;nak; bnab;mk

RbmaNCarab;muWn edayBuHBarnwgBYkecarbn; nigxl;BHsgraenAsmuTcinxagt,g edIm,IcakecjBI
RbeTsevotNam.eRkaymkeK[eQaHrYmfa{CnePosxntamTUk}cMeBaHRbCaCnevotNamTaMgenH
EdlRtvbgMcitePosxnecjBIRbeTsrbs;eK bElgGacRTaMRTrs;enATIenHteTAeTot.
karcakecjTaMghVgdFM)ancab;epImenAqaM1978 ehIy)anbnkgryeBlCaeRcInqaM. enHCa
TsSnIyPaBGaRkk;emIlNas; nigKYr[Pyrnt;bMput. tamRbBNIRbCaCnevotNam CMBak;citnwgdIFI
RbeTsCati nigTMenomTmab;rbs;xnxaMgNas;. BYkeK)anRTaMRTnwgsgamcMnYnBIr TurPikS nigCamYy
stvtSn_nkartaMgGaNaniKm eRBaHEtsitenAkgmatuPUmirbs;eK. dUcKaEdr enAeBlEdlvibtiPy
TaMgenHtRmv[rt;ePosxnBIPUmikMeNItrbs;eK BYkeKsitenARbeTsevotNamdEdl.
b:uEn enAeBlEdlsniPaBekItmankgTIbMput ehIyEdlcab;epImkarbdivtn_ tamBaksna nig
enAeBlEdlRbCaCnevotNamRtveRkbCBak;Eppan{esrIPaB nigkraCPaB} BYkeK)ancakecj
BIRbeTsrbs;xneTAvij. mnusSPaKxageCIg kdUcPaKxagt,g RKb;RsTab;vNsgm nigGkman
naTIxagneya)ayTaMgGs; )anePosxnecjBIRbeTskgclnamYy EdlmanTMhMCaRbvtisas24.
karcakecjeTATaMghVgdGafkM)aMgrbs;GkePosxntamTUkenH KWCacMNucKnwHmYy sRmab;EsVg
yl;BIsgamevotNam -km<Ca nigplvi)akKYr[RBWxacepSg nkarCMBak;cak;eRsHkgkarvivaTrvag
RbeTskm<Ca evotNam nigRbeTscin Edlbg[mansgam\NcinelIkTIbI.
tamkaremIleXIjdMbUg cMNgTak;TgrvagGkePosxntamTUk nigsgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
BuMR)akdCak;EsgeT. enAeBlEdlBYkGkePosxntamTUkbkRsaybMPW BIkarcakecjrbs;eK BYkGk
ePosxnpal;)anelIkBImUlehtuRKb;RbePTTaMgGs; b:uEn BuMmanelIkBIRbeTskm<CaeT BYkeKePosxn
ecj BIeRBaHBYkeKCacMENkmYynCnCatiPaKticcinkat;evotNam EdlCab;kunkgCemaHrvagRbeTs
evotNam nigRbeTscin bBIeRBaHRkghaNUy )anpSay[dwgCasaFarN BIkarEkERbEpkesdkic
TaMgRsugmYyenAPaKxagt,g EdleFVI[BYkeKkan;EtcuHRk bBIeRBaHkRmitCIvPaBrbs;eK)anFak;cuH
y:agxaMg. BYkeKPyxacfa sgmElgRtvkarBYkeKehIybBanBYkeKeTAdak;kgCMrMGb;rMCafImYy.
BYkyuvCn PyxacERkgeKbBaleTAkgkgTBmYyrbs;evotNam EdlkMBugEtrIklUtlas;y:agxaMg.
BYkGkePosxntamTUk -KWCakarRbmUlpMbNwgmYycMeBaHRkghaNUy. TUktUcrbs;GkTaMg
enaH mancMnYnrab;Ban; EdlR)ab;[dwgfakarlM)akTaMgLay eRkaysmysgam)anbMpajRbeTs
evotNam ehIysankarN_enH muxCaCMrujRkghaNUy[Rbkan;CMhrxaMgbMputminxan. esckIPyxac
462
nigkMhwg )anekIneLIgenAkgRbeTs -karPyxacRbeTscin nigkm<Ca karPyxacfa RbeTsevotNam

EdlrMedaHrYcehIy nwgminsal;eCaKCyNamYyesaHeLIy karPyxacrbs; BYkemdwknaMEdlmanvy
kan;Etcas; BuM)anemIleXIjRbeTsevotNamsgmniymmYy EdlrIkceRmIn nigsareLIgvij RBm
TaMgbkkumynis\NcinmYy Edlcat;EcgdwknaMedayRkghaNUy muneBlKat;sab;eLIy.
BYkGkePosxntamTUk KWCaGkrgeRKaHdMbUgnkarRsgakcitmYy EdlsKsaj edaHRsay
minrYc Tak;TgnwgsgamrvagRbeTsevotNamnigkm<Ca. karTak;TgenH )ankayeTACaCak;Esg
ebIsinCaeKvaytm\NcineRkaysmysgam tamTsSnyl;eXIjrbs;RkghaNUy.
kgTBevotNamxageCIg )anRBmTTYlkarsuMcuHcaj;rbs;rbbRkgRBnKrenAfTI30 Exemsa
qaM1975. enHKWCaTIbBab;nsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g esckIsgwmepSg rbs;GaemrikaMg
edIm,IRttRtadMeNIrRbvtisasrbs;evotNam ehIyBiessCagenHeTot KWTIbBab;PamnGtiPaB
rbs;rdaPi)albdvitbeNaHGasn nigrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,g. erOgTaMgGs;enH )an
elceLIgy:agRbtkSenAfCyCmH enAeBlEdlkgBlFMcMnYnbI sitenAeRkamGMNacbBaakar
rbs;evotNamxageCIg)anRBmTTYlkarsuMcuHcaj;rbs;RkgRBnKr ehIybeNayxn[RkghaNUy
mkelIRbeTsTaMgmUl KWPaKxageCIg nigPaKxagt,gmanCasaBrteTA.
kicRBmeRBgRkg):arIs qaM1973 EdlRBy)army:agxaMgedayBYkkm<Ca )anerobcMsanPaB
rYcCaeRscsRmab;karc,aMgdeNImRttRtaenH. BYkevotNamxageCIg )anbBaHbBal[BYkGaemrikaMg
Qb;TamTar[mankardkfymYyrbs;kgTBRkghaNUyecjBIevotNamxagt,g EdltammtiesIrEt
Cakcnyl;eXIjfa enHCasm,TanEdlrYmbgCakarbBab;esckIvinasmYy sRmab;sm<nmitrbs;
shrdGaemrik KWsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g. GVIEdlminCak;Esg KWGanuPaBxagpvcit Edlkar
erobcMminsMxan;enH nwgmaneTAelIbNasm<nmitrbs;RkghaNUyenAPaKxagt,g.
eRkayeBlEdlPaKTaMgBIrrMelaPbTQb;)aj;Ka EdltRmv[eKarBedaykicR BmeRBgsnPi aB
Rkg):arIs RkghaNUy)ancab;epImerobcMdeNImykCyCmHpac;RBRt. enAExF qaM1974 BYk
evotNamxageCIg)aneRtmkarN_EpnkarepSgrYcCaeRsc sRmab;karvaylukcugeRkaybMput25.
kgryeBlmBIrf kariyalyneya)aymCimbkS )anrYmRbCuMenAPaKxageCIg edIm,IsikSaeday
litln;BIsankarN_mYy Edlnwgminhucplvi)akmkvij TaMgxagneya)ay nigTaMgxageyaFa edIm,I
TamTar[manrdaPi)alcRmHmYy -CamYynwgGktMNagrbbrbs; elak egVg v:an;FIv RbFanaFibtI
evotNamxagt,g EdlCaKUsRtvrbs;xn bsm<nmitpal;rbs;xn KWrNsirSrMedaHCati. edaytaMg
Tmab;epSgnsgam
463
TBenAPaKxagt,g BYkevotNamxageCIg Gacbgaj[eXIjnUvkarKMramkMEhgxageyaFamYyrYcCa

eRsc. BYkeKminRtvkarTaMg{rNsirS}mYy TaMg{rdaPi)albdivt}mYy Carbs;PaKxagt,gpal; nig
rbbGnrkalmYyeLIy. taMgBIfdMbUg kgTBevotNamxag eCIg)anseRmceRbIc,ab;GCJaswkkgPaK
xagt,g nigekabkab;karRttRtaelIkgkmaMgsiTkumynisnPaKxagt,g EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa
evotkug26 EfmeTot.PaKxageCIg)anRbkasfa{eK)anbRgbbRgmkgTBTaMgBIr[manEtmYy}tam
Bit KWeK)ankemcCayfaehtukarRbqaMgCMTas;eday GavuFTaMgGs;cMeBaH Epnkarrbs;xn kgkarkan;
kab;PamelIRbeTsTaMgmUleTAvijesaH.
kartaMg[maneLIgCabnan;nUvrdGMNacrbs;RkghaNUy )anbMBaneTAelIBaksnaeRcInrab;
minGs;EdleKeFVIeLIgCamYynwgRbCaBlrdPaKxagt,g CaBiess CamYyrNsirSrMedaHCati EdlCa
sm<nmitrbs;xn EdlCMrujeTArkkarPJak;xnrbs;RbCaCnevotNamxagt,g nigbraCy nbNaEpn
karRbkbedaymhicta sRmab;eRkaysmysgameTot. kgkmviFIneya)ayrbs;xn rNsirS
rMedaHCati)ansnaeFVIkarbRgbbRgmPaKxageCIg nigPaKxagt,geLIgvij tam{meFa)aysniviFI}
CalMdab;lMeday. eK)ansnafa enAeBlsgamcb; PaKxagt,gnwgTTYl)an esrIPaBepSgtam
lTiRbCaFibetyEdlPaKxageCIgminFab;Edlsal;esaH. ehIyRkghaNUy )anGbGrsresIr
kmviFIneya)ayenHCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa ehIy)anRbkasedaykarTTUcfa dMeNaHRsaykgkarpas;
brrbbRkgRBnKr KWCaParkicrbs;rdaPi)albdivtbeNaHGasnenAxagt,g BMuEmnCaParkicrbs;
rdaPi)alenAevotNamxageCIgeT.
b:Eu nTaMgBYkemdwknaMrNsirSCati TaMgBYkemdwknaMrdaPi)albidvtbeNaHGasn BuEM dl)anRKb;RKg
dwknaMPaKxagt,gmYydgNaeLIy. PaKeRcInkgcMeNamBYkeK Rtv)anbBaneTAeRkARkgRBnKr edIm,I
edIremIlCnbT nigeronsURt{[sal;CnbT}kan;EtRbesIrCagmun.Cabnan;enaHrdFanIPaKxagt,gRtv
eKERbdak;eQaHfa RkghUCImijvij ehIyeK)anbgab;bBaa[BlrdnTIRkgenHxitxMbeBaj sad[
skismnwgeQaHfIenH KWeFVI[GtItTIRkgRBnKr eTACaTIRkgmYy {mansuvtiPaB suPmgl sm,r
sb,ay nigsuTidiniymbdivtskismnwgekreQaHdeqImrbs;G hU}. kb:uEn TIRkgenH)an)at;bg;zan
rbs;xnCardFanIeRsc ehIyTIRkghaNUy )ankayeTACardFanIsRmab;RbeTsevotNamkumynisfI
EdlrYmKaEtmYy. BYk)araMg EdlenArkSaTuksanTUtrbs;xn TaMgenATIRkgRBnKr nigTaMgenAhaNUy
enaH )anCUndMNwgfa manEtkGKrdTUt)araMgRbcaMRkghaNUymYyb:ueNaH EdlCatMNagRsbc,ab;
rbs;RbeTsxn ehIyTUtEdlRbcaMenARkgRBnKr )anTTYlbBaa[vilRtLb;eTARbeTs)araMgvij27.
464
Tg;Cati nigbTePgCatirbs;RkghaNUy )ankayeTACaTg;Cati nigbTePgCatisRmab;RbCaCati

TaMgmUl. BuMmankarsakl,gNamYyedIm,IeFVI[eKeCOfa RbCaBlrdPaKxagt,g nwgRtv)ansuM
eyabl;eLIy. kgcMnYnemdwknaMmbYnnak;CasmaCikrdaPi)albdivtn_beNaHGasnevotNam
xagt,g kgkasEdlmankarcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgsniPaBRkg):arIsenaH KWmanEtbInak;
b:ueNaH Edl)anTTYlmuxtMENgmYykgprdaPi)al {bRgbbRgmfI} -ehIybInak;enaHCabkCn
kumynisTaMgGs;. BYkevotNamxageCIg)anbM)at;ecal{rNsirS}rMedaHCati EdlCasm<nmitrbs;
eKy:agqab;rhs dUcbNasmmitkm<Carbs;BYkeKEdr CamYynwgkarminxacdUcKacMeBaHkarsna
epSgEdleFVICamYyBYkGkmansmancit EdlFab;vayRbyuT nigBlICIvit kgeKalbMNgeFVI[
rbbrbs;RbFanaFibtIFIvbraCypg.
menaseBatnak,t; EdleFVI[eKGt;RTaMtbvijmin)an Rtv)anbkRsaybMPWy:agc,as;eday
eRTg j:tag CaCnminEmnkumynis EtCasabnikrNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,g nigCardmnI
RksYgyutiFmnrdaPi)albdivtn_beNaHGasnfa {enAeBlCb;eloglaKay:agsamBa EdleyIg
)ancat;EcgeLIgedIm,IrMlayrNsirSrMedaHCatiCapvkarenAqaM1976enaH KWbkS nigrdaPi)al enA
PaKxageCIg BuMmanbBanGktMNagNamak;[mkcUlrYmeLIy. enHCakayvikaremIlgaymYycMeBaH
eKalkarN_Catiniym nigRbCaFibety EdlkgenaH evotkug)anbgrQamGs;y:ageRcIn ehIyEdl
shKmn_GnrCatiEdleshaesrIPaBFab;)anKaMRTedayesaHsRKbMput28}.
BYkmnusSPaKxageCIg)andwknaMRbeTs edayc,ab;GaCJaswk edayRttRtaRkgRBnKrdUcpv
RtELgEkgmYy rvagGNgEr:masmYy nigbnsMpwgmYy. TIRkgRBnKrFab;)anTTYl nigcayxHxay
luyCMnYyGaemrikaMgrab;ekadidular/ RbCaCnTIRkgenH manTmab;nwgkRmitCIvPaBmYyEbbelakxag
liceTAehIy ehIyRbCaCnevotNamxagt,gsmysgam )anpl;nyfImYycMeBaHBak{Buk
rlYy}. BYkemdwknaMfI )anecaTRbkan;shrdGaemrikedayKYrsmGMBIKuNvibtiTaMgGs; EdlekItman
enAPaKxagt,g. enAfTI1 Ex]sPa KNkmaFikarkgTBEdlkMBugRKb;RKgdwknaMPaKxagt,g )ancuH
htelxaelImtiENnaMdMbUgrbs;xn Edlbgab;bBaa[biT {)ar/ bnsMpwg/ rgsal/ kEngCk;GaePon/
hagm:asSa nigTItaMgTaMgGs;EdleFVIskmPaBtamKMrUGaemrikaMg29}. mtiENnaM )anhamXat;min[
e)aHpSaykaEst TsSnavdI besovePA edayKankarGnuBaatCapvkar BIeRBaHkareFVIEbbenaH suTEt
Rtvvinicy CaKMrU{GaemrikaMg}TaMgGs;. RbkarTaMgGs;enH Rtv)anerobcMeLIgkgnamnRbCaCnevot
NamTaMgmUl -TaMgxageCIg nigxagt,grYmbBalKa.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
465
RkghaNUy maneKalbMNgbBab;nUvPaBxusEbkKa Edlmanrab;stvtSr_mkehIyrvagvb,Fm

TenemKg nigvb,FmTenRkhm. ]tmesnIy_ Rtan; v:an;Rta EdlCaGkcuHhtelxa TTYlykkarsuMcuH
caj;CapvkarnrbbmYyEdlRtvbMpajexcxIenaH)anRbkasfa{enATIbBab;nkarRbyuTdyUrlg; enH
KWBuMmanGkQHnigGkcaj;eT30}. {RbCaCnevotNamCaRbCaCnEtmYyKt; nRbvtisasTaMgmUl
EdlminEdlvaycaj;BYkm:ugehalesaHeLIy. enAqaM1945 eyIg)anvayQHBYkCb:un. enAqaM
1954 eyIg)anvayQHBYk)araMgenAeDonebonPU ehIy\LvenH KWQHshrdGaemrik Edlnwksan
fa xnCaRbeTsmYyxaMgCageKbMputelIBiPBelak. eCaKCyTaMgGs;enH KWTTYl)anmkedaysar
RbCaCnevotNam}.
CyCmHdxrxarTaMgenHEdlbMepIsy:aghYsehtu BuMEmnCarbs;RbCaCnevotNameT b:uEnCa
rbs;kgTB hU CImij EdlFab;vaybM)ak;kgTBrbs;)araMg nigGaemrikaMg[braCy.kgTBsmyTMenIb
tictYcb:ueNaH EdlmanvinyRtwmRtvdUckgTBrbs;RkghaNUy. BuMmanTaMgkarlYcbn; TaMgkarsmab;
rgaledaykarsgswk TaMgGMeBIhigSaEdlRbRBwteLIg kgTBevotNamxageCIgeLIy. kgTBTaMgenH
)ane)aHCMrMsmlmrbs;BYkeK elI]TansaFarNTaMgLayrbs;Rkg nigsYnc,arnana EdlBTCuMvij
TIRkgRBnKr edaycgGRgwgrbs;BYkeKnwgedImGm<il ehIyGuCkUnceggbMPWkNalval. yUreTAeTot
BYkeKmanlkNdUcCaRkmkaybTiCagkgTBkan;kab;mYy. kb:uEn kgryeBlenH embBaakarTaMg
Layrbs;BYkeK )anRbmUlyksRmab;xngpal;nUvPUmiRKwHFM GKarrdaPi)alTMenIb sRmab;BYk
emdwknaMfI rfynRbNItrbs;GaemrikaMg sRmab;kareRbIR)as;pal;xnrbs;eK rYmTaMgnimitrUbepSg
nrebobrs;enAEbbelakxaglic EdlBYkeK)anefaleTaskgGtbTepSgrbs;eK RbqaMgnwgGMeBI
BukrlYyenAevotNamxagt,gpg.
neya)ayenHsitRtg;deNImykPaKxagt,g nigbBaledaykmaMgkgrebobRKb;RKgmYyEdl
begIteLIgeTAtameKalkarN_rbs;PaKxageCIg EdlCMruj[manBYkGkePosxntamTUk nigsgam
\Nc ni elIkTIbeI daypal;. RkghaNUyGacRtwmEtGHGagfa PaKxageCIg PaKkNal nigPaKxagt,g
RbeTsevotNam GacrYbrYmCamYyKaedaykmaMgnkarTak;citmYy edIm,IbegItrdkumynismYy Edl
RKb;RKgdwknaMedayRkghaNUyb:eu NaH. eBjryeBlnRbvtsi asrbs;xn RbeTsevotNam )an
rYbrYmKaEtmYyCaghuksibBIrqaM. PaKxageCIg nigPaKxagt,g Fab;CaRbeTs bmanvb,Fm dac;ELkBI
Ka kgryeBlmYyBan;qaMmkehIy. BYkevotNamEdltaMglMenAkgPaKxagt,g Fab;)anTTYl\TiBl
nvb,FmTenemKg ehIyKanviFIbBaHbBalNamYy GacjaMg[RbCaCnenATIenaHminpas;brKMnit
466
esaHeLIy. b:uEnRkghaNUyBuM)anENnaM[eyaKyl;dl;smynkarBiniteLIgvij bkarBicarNa

mYy edIm,ITTYlRbCaBlrdPaKxagt,geLIy ehIyR)akdCaBuMEmnsRmab;BYkminEmnkumyniseT.
BYkevotNamxageCIgcUlcitminEsVgyl;BIerOgRbvtisas CagEdlnaM[mankarEbkecj
CaBIrmYy EdlRseBcRsBil nigRtLb;RtLin KWBYkkumynisRbqaMgnwgBYkminEmnkumynis BYkmas;
ksidan nigBYkGkrksuIenAPaKxagt,g RbqaMgnwgGkeFVIkarkgkariyaly nigkmaPi)alenAPaKxag
eCIg RbCaCnsuIvilRbqaMgnwgBYkeyaFa. b:uEnenATIbMput RbCaCn)anbeBaj[dwgKMnitxnfa PaBmin
dUcKaTaMgenH CakarRbQmmuxmYyrvagxageCIg-xagt,g ehIybdiesFmineFVIshRbtibtikareT.
erogral;elIkEdlPaKxageCIgdak;[Gnuvtneya)ayfImYy PaKxagt,gEtgEtrkeXIjmeFa)ayfI
edIm,IeCos[putBIbBaaenaHCanic. enAeBlEdlPaKxageCIgeRbIviFankarkan;EtmWugm:at;eLIg RbCa
BlrdenAPaKxagt,g )ancab;epImrt;ePosxntamTUkkBaas; ecjBIRbeTs.
tamTidPaBxageRkA karerobcMfIenHKWsmRsbtamTsSnsgmniym EdlRkghaNUyRbwg
ERbgeFVI[)anseRmcenAPaKxageCIgEdr. BYkemdwknaMRbeTs )anRbkas[dwgBIbMNgRbmUlpMkar
RbwgERbgrbs;BYkeK eTAelIkarksagRbeTseLIgvij edaHRsaybBaasIBIbT]Rkidsgam nigkar
sMEdgPatrPaBCamYysRtv -rbbrbs; FIv nigBYkGaemrikaMg- edaykmviFIGb;rMCafImYy Rbkbeday
lkN{mnusSFm} sRmalkarxUcxatepSgtamTIRkg EdlbgeLIgedaysgam edayerobcMbegIt
{tMbn;esdkicfI} enACnbTTuksRmab;BYkGkTIRkg. kgeKalbMNgecosBIbBaaGt;kargareFVIFn;Fr
mYy BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anseRmccitminrMsaykmaMgTBrbs;BYkeKeLIy EdleRkaysmy
sgammancMnYndl;eTA mYylannak;.
tamkarBit neya)ayenH)annaM[PaKxagt,gXatkan;EtqayBIPaKxageCIgEfmeTot nignaMeTA
rkbraCymYykgTUTaMgRbeTs CaBiesssRmab;karsaRbeTseLIgvij. RkghaNUy)anRbkan;yk
Bakesak {ykCyCmHelIesdkic[)an} bnab;mk )anesI[mitPkinanarbs;xnkgBiPBelakTaMg
mUl CYybricakR)ak;rab;ekadidular edIm,IksagRbeTsmYyeLIgvijkgcMeNamRbeTsCaeRcIn Edl
RtvbMpic bMpajeRcInCageKnPBEpndI. edayKYr[saybkkmynisBuM)andak;ecjEpnkarm:arsl
mYysRmab;RbeTsevotNameT. RbCaCatinanakgbksUevot)anpl;bIekadidular sRmab;ryeBl
BIrqaMdMbUg b:uEnCamYylkxNtwgrwugCaeRcIn CaBiess mYyEpkFMnluyenH KWRtvsgvijCavt.
RbeTscin)anbnabkRmitCMnYyEdlpl;[kgryeBlsgam. enATIbMput BYkevotNamRtv)an
RbeTsepSgsnapl;[RbEhlR)aMmYyekadidular -enHCacMnYnR)ak;KYr[rIkraymYy b:uEntMNag[
Tmab;epSgnsgam
467
esckIRtvkarrbs;BYkeKEtBak;kNalb:ueNaH.
tmkeTot BYkeK)anKbM)at;CnM y
Y enH kg kmvFi kI sagRbeTseLIgvijmYy EdlminGaceFV)I an.
R)ak;esIrEtTaMgGs;Rtv)anykeTAeRbIkarPaKeRcInenAPaKxageCIg cMENkPaKxagt,getagEtRbwg
Rtdrrs; edaysarskepSg EdlmanenAsl;GMBIrbbcas; nigpldMNaMdsm,rrbs;xn. m:ageTot
kmviFICMnYyEdleRCIssRmab;PaKxageCIg nwgRtvRBmeRBgKaenARkghugkugCagRbeTsevotNam.
CaCMnYskaresIsuMluyedIm,Iksagpvfl; erobcMbNajGKisnInigRbBnFarasaseLIgvij>>>.l.
RbeTsevotNam )anTTUcsuMnigTTYl)anmUlniFiy:ageRcIn sRmab;sabnakmnsaleFVIRkdasmYy
EdlcMNayluyGs;y:ageRcInkgPaKxageCIg nigmnIreBTTMenIbmYyenARkghaNUy EdlBYkevot
NamminGacRTRTg; nigpt;pg;smarvHkat;sRmab; mnIrBa)aleraKtamext EdlmansmarsuTEt
Gn; KWKanTaMg]NmaRt Rbdab;sg;kemA nigGKisnIeTotpg. BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUyminRBmTTYl
sal;fa RbeTsxnCaRbeTsRkIRkmYykg cMeNamRbeTsRkIRkCageKnBiPBttiyelakeLIy ehIy
fa eKRtvkarCMnYymUldanmYymunnwgGacksagehdarcnasm<n]sSahkmmYy. BYkemdwknaMevot
NameCOfa GacksagsgmmYyEdleFVI[manlkNCa]sSahkm TMenIbTan;smyEtmYyCMnan;
mnusSb:ueNaH. cMeBaHcMNucenH BYkeKmankarRcas;Rcal;dUcBYkkm<CaenAEk,rxagBYkeKEdr BYkeKcg;
eFVI[seRmclTplEpkesdkicdGsarPambnab;BIsgam ehIyBYkeKminRBmsab;karENnaMNa
mYyrbs;BYkGkCMnajkarbreTs -mYyPaKy:agFM CaGkCMnajkarsUevot- EdlRBmanfaBYkeKkMBug
Gar-k xngehIy.
rUbPaBEdlBYkevotNammanxng minGnuBaat[RkghaNUyeFVIGVImYyepSgBIenHeLIy.
BYkeKCaescedvId (David) nBiPBttiyelak Edl)anvayQHykS hlIy:at (Goliath) GaemrikaMg.
BYkeK)anvayQHEtmak;g edayKanCMnYyBIkgTBbreTsNamYy nigedayKanrdaPi)albreTs
mYy dak;bgM[eFVItamqnxneLIy. BYkeKCamnusSviesselIsmnusSpgTaMgBYg CaerOgniTanrs;
mYy. ehIyBYkeKKitfa RbeTsevotNamCaRbeTsx<g;x<s;CageKmYykgcMeNambNaRbeTsx<g;
x<s;CageKnBiPBelak- BuMenaHesat etIRtvbkRsayBIkarsakl,grebobeFVIGtXadxng rbs;
BYk)araMg nigBYkGaemrikaMg eRBaHEtminTTYlsal;kraCrbs;eK eRkamkarvayRbharrbs;clna
kumynisevotNamedayrebobNaeTA?.
GknaMBakmak;kgcMeNamGknaMBakrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRbkasCaeRcInqaMeRkaymkfa
{mundMbUgeyIgcg;begItGVI EdlmanlkNFMxaMgNas; dUcCaeragcRk kardanFMCaedIm. b:uEn vaKan
468
)anecjCalTplGVITaMgGs;. RbPBFnFanepSg rbs;eyIgRtveRbIR)as;Gs;>>>. eyIgmindwgGVIxH

EdleyIgRtverobcMeT>>>. kgsmysgam eyIgmanCIvitrs;enAedaysarCMnYybreTsCasMxan;.
rdminRKb;RKgesdkiceLIy rdRKan;EtEckplitplepSgEdlmkBIbreTsb:ueNaH -Ggr semk
bMBak;.l. esckIRtvkarrbs;eyIgenAelIsmrPUmimaneRcInCagGVITaMgGs; eTaHCamantmfy:ag
Nakeday31}.
BYkGkCMnajkarEdlKanBiesaFn_enAPaKxageCIg Rtv)anbBanmkPaKxagt,g edIm,IbegIt
rebobRKb;RKgsgmniymmYyenATIenaH ehIybBaneTAPaKxageCIgvij nUvplkRmepSg Edl
seRmceFVI)anedayvisy]sSahkm nigksikmenAPaKxagt,g EdlPaKxageCIgmanbMNgeRbIR)as;
sRmab;karsarRbeTsrbs;xneLIgvij. b:uEnmanerOgmYy EdlRbCaCnevotNamxagt,gecH
y:agbuinRbsb; KWkarrkluy.GkdwknaM)araMgmak; EdlbNaCnrYmCatirbs;Kat;CasakSI ndMNak;kal
dMbUg kgkarc,aMgdeNImPaKxagt,genH )anGHGagfa BYkevotNamxageCIg)an {bMEbkevotNam
xagt,g kgryeBlmindl;mYyqaMpg32}. ebIRkghaNUymineFVICatUbnIykmbNashRKas
kCneT kRtvdak;[sitenAeRkamkarRttRtarbs;xnEdr. bNaKenykrenAPaKxageCIg Rtv)an
bBany:agRbjab;[mkeFVIkarkgshRKaskCnTaMgGs; EdlBYkeK)anbgab;[eFVItamGMBIrbobeRbI
R)as;smtPaBepSg Edlpl;pleRcIn. eK)anbgab;dUecH [caghVageragcRkrfynmYy sBaati
)araMgpas;BIkarplitrfynhSIb eTAplit]bkrN_tUcvij. caghVagenaHRtvEtepImKMnit nigeFVI
hirBab,Tanedayxngpal; nUvkarpas;brEdlecosminrYcenH edayrkSaTukbuKlikeFVIkardEdl
PaBGt;kargareFVImanx<s;xaMgNas; EdlminGac[BYkeKeTAeFVIkarepSgBIenHeLIy. caghVagsBaati
)araMg)anbMPWfa {BuMmankardas;etOn[eFVIkarpas;brCalMdab;lMeday BIcgVak;plitkmmYy eTAcgVak;
plitmYyeToteLIy}.
kgrymYyqaM eragcRkFunRsalCag70PaKryenAPaKxagt,gRtv)aneFVICatUbnIykm ehIy
plitplsrubrbs;PUmiPaKenH)an)at;bg; 30PaKry ebIeRbbeFobnwgkRmitplitrbs;xn enA
smysgam. karTTYlxusRtvmYyEpkRtvFak; eTAelIshrdGaemrik Edl)andak;TNkmesdkic
TaMgRsugmYyeTAelIRbeTsevotNam ehIyhamXat;min[bNaRkmhunGaemrikaMg CYypl;eRKg
bnas;caM)ac;eTA[BYkevotNam edIm,Ipt;pg;eragcRkTaMgLay EdlksagkgPaKxagt,gedayBYk
GaemrikaMgeLIy.
RkghaNUy minRBmTTYlsal;fa KeRmagkarepSgrbs;xnTTYlbraCyeT. mYyqaMbnab;BI
Tmab;epSgnsgam
469
CyCmH enAExmifuna qaM1976 eLyn; GKelxabkSkumynisevotNam )anEfgkarN_eTAkan;rd

sPadMbUgrbs;RbeTsEdlbRgbbRgmeLIgvij.RbCaCnevotNam)aneRCIstaMgGktMNagrasCa
eRcInrUbkgkasnkare)aHeqatykEtnamb:ueNaH ehIykgPaKeRcInbMputnRbeTs mnusSxH)an
eRbIR)as;bNebIkGgrrbs;eKykeTAe)aHeqateTotpg. ebIsinbNenHBuMmane)aHRtarbs;kariya
lye)aHeqateT kGkkan;bNenHElgmansiTieTAebIkGgr)anEdr. eLyn; )anRbkascMeBaHrdsPa
CatifIenHfa {Parkiccm,grbs;eyIgKWksagbNaj]sSahkmFunFn;mYy>>> enAPaKxageCIg}.
enAcugbBab;sunrkfaenH Kat;)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNnUvEpnkarR)aMqaMmYy ehIybBaak;fa
Kat;sgwmelIPaKxagt,gfanwgplitRsUvy:agRKb;RKan;edIm,Ipt;pg;RbeTsevotNamTaMgmUl nignaM
rUbiybNcUlRbeTs edIm,InwgCYyKaMRTdl;kareFVI[man]sSahkmenAPaKxageCIg. Kat;sgwm fa
RbCaCatikumynisTaMgLaynwgbegInCMnYyrbs;eK b:uEnCMnYyenHminEdlelcecjCarUbragBitR)akd
eLIy.GkkarTUtGWr:ubxagekItmak; EdlmanmuxtMENgenARkghaNUy)anR)ab;[dwgfaehtuGVI)anCa
BYkeKbnsuMCMnYyminQb; BIeRBaHBYkeKminecHBIreboberobcMTRmg;esdkictamEpnkarmYy ehIyebI
emIltamsPaBxageRkA BYkeKminxrI vl;ngw EpnkarpgeT. KWB)i akNas;sRmab;RbeTssgmniymnana
EdleFVIBaNiCkmCamYyRbeTsevotNam CagCamYyRbeTsmUlFnniymmYy edaysarEtBYk
evotNamsuMCMnYyBIeyIgminQb; ehIysuMkan;EteRcInEfmeTot niglkxNGnueRKaHeRcIneLIg33}.
tamkarBit bNaRbeTsGWr:ubxagekIt CabNaRbeTskgcMeNamRbeTsdMbUg Edlyl;BI
cenaHcab;fak;)anrbs;evotNam BYkevotNamRbkan;Gakb,kiriyahMhanNas; enAmuxmhnray
mYy b:uEnbeBaj[eXIjGsmtPaBdwknaM[lRbesIr nUvParkicEdlKanpl kgkarsarsgmmYy
eLIgvijesaH -y:agehac BYkevotNamEdlniymksagkmaMgTBenAPaKxageCIg. sankarN_man
sPaBrwtEtFn;FreLIgenAqaM1976 eRkayeBlEdl eLyn; eFVIesckIEfgkarN_GMBIEpnkarR)aMqaM
rbs;Kat;. RbeTscin)anbBab;karpl;Ggreday\tKitf ehIyEdlmanCamFmcMnYnmYylan
etanknHkgmYyqaM. BYkcin)ankat;bnybpakkmviFICMnYyepSgeTot kgkarpt;pg;[BYkevotNamCa
vtcaM)ac;epSg sRmab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMf bMBg;TwkekA cgwHEdksRmab;pSarceggeRbg kat pit
semkbMBak; nigRbdab;ekgelg. kmnsalpliteRKgbriePaK EdlksagenAevotNamxagt,g
kgkMLgsgamedayBYkGaemrikaMg minGacbeBaskarxVHxatkgeBlmansniPaB)aneT mYyEpkFM
KWbNalmkBIkarRKb;RKgminlrbs;BYkGkeFVIkarkgkariyaly EdlmkBIPaKxageCIg.
minyUrb:unan mbGaharkxVHxatdUcKa. Rtg;enHeTot eK)anelIkehtuplxagneya)ayeRcIn
470
Cagxagesdkic. enAqaM1976 RbCaksikrTaMgLayenAtMbn; sm,rdIeFVIERsnEdndIsNTenemKg

minGaclk;Ggr[rdaPi)alelIsBIR)aMmYyryBan;etan tamtmpvkarEdlkMNt;eRkamtmTIpSar
eLIy34. ksikrCaeRcInQb;eFVIERs. enAcugqaM1976 RbeTsevotNamxVHRsUvdl;eTAmYylan
etanknH. m:ageTot GtiprNa)aneLIgdl;GRtamYy elIsBImYyryPaKryeTAeTot.
PaBGt;kargareFVIenAEtCabBaamYy edayehutfa GkTIRkgRBnKrCitmYylannak;sitenAkg
sanPaBKankargareFVI bnab;BIsmysgam.edIm,IykGkKankargareFVICaRbCaCnevotNamxagt,g
eTAdak;enACnbT BYkemdwknaMPaKxageCIg)anbegIt {tMbn;esdkicfI} enAkgtMbn;rehazanCaeRcIn sit
Ek,rRBMEdnrbs;km<Ca. kgTBmankrNIkicKas;randIenATIenaH edaysabnapvfl;CaeRcIn ksagTI
lMenA[Et)an nigmCmNlsRmab;shKmn_mYy EdleRbIsRmab;eFVICasalaeron nigmnIrBa)al
eraK.
kmviFIenH manPaBCaPynraymYy. kgTBBuM)anRbkan;tamkarsnarbs;rdaPi)aleT
RBs,at enAEtCaRBs,atdEdl ehIyBYkGkTIRkgEdlRtvbBaneTATIenaH )ancakecj nigRtLb;
mkTIRkgRBnKrvij. eRkaymk GkTaMgLayEdleKbBaneTAdak;mgeTot kgtMbn;esdkicfI )an
seRmccitcakecjBIRbeTs ehIyeFVI[cMnYnGkePosxntamTUkmankan;EteRcIneLIg.
braCyntMbn;esdkicfI kCakarbraCynEpnkarmYyEdlelaPln;hYskRmitEdr. Rkg
haNUyFab;sgwmfa RbCaBlrdPaKxagt,g nwgeTAKas;ranERscmar enAtamtMbn;Ek,rRbeTskm<Ca
minxan. kareFVIdUecH KWsRmab;TukkEng[GkmkBIPaKxageCIg EdlnwgmktaMglMenAkgPaKxagt,g
vij. RkghaNUy )anerobcMEpnkar edayeRKagTukCamunkgkarpas;brkEngrs;enArbs;RbCaCn
db;lannak; BIPUmiPaKxageCIg EdlmanRbCaCneRcInhYs mkPaKxagt,gvijenAmunqaM200035.
citKMnitrbs;BYkevotNamnTenRkhm BMumanpas;breT. BYkeKmanbMNgbnkarvatTwkdI eq<aHmkTis
xagt,g nigxagliceTot-EdlkgTIbMput karEdlBYkeKeFVIdUecH BMuEmnedaysartMbn;esdkicfIeT b:uEn
edaycUllukluy nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<CaenABIrqaMeRkaymk.
karRsgakcitdRCaleRCAmYy )anrYbrwtRbCaCnevotNamxagt,g enAeBlEdlBYkeKyl;
c,as;BIkmviFIGb;rMCafI rbs;PaKxageCIgmannyfay:agem:c. edImdMbUg karGb;rMCafI)anbeBaj[
eXIj CakarbeRgnviCaBlkmFmta bkarbBaHbBal[eCOtamneya)ayrdaPi)alb:ueNaH. Rkg
haNUyBMumanRbkas[dwgerOgGVITaMgGs; EdlGaceRbbeFob)annwgkarkat;kIenA nuyr:mbWk cMeBaH
bT]Rkidsgam ehIy)anRbkaspyeTAvijfa rdaPi)alnwgxMRbwgEklmstiGarmN_neya)ay
Tmab;epSgnsgam
471
minRtwmRtvrbs;bNaGtItKUsRtvrbs;xnEtb:ueNaH. karGb;rMCafI hak;dUcCa erOgminsUvsMxan;mYy

-ehIykarGb;rMCafI Rtv)andwknaMeFVIedayBitR)akd kgGMLgExdMbUg. eKdwknaMeFVIkarGb;rMCafI
tameragcRknana tampH nigenAkac;RCgpvTaMgLay nTIRkgRBnKr.
b:uEn enAfTI11 Exmifuna qaM1975 BYkGkkan;rdGMNac )anbBaa[ {TahanGay:g} TaMgGs;
enARkgRBnKr cUlrYmeFVIkmsikSaeronsUtmYy kgryeBlbIf. BYknayTahan BYkmnICan;x<s;
nigGkneya)aysMxan; nrbbcas; )anTTYlbBaa[RbmUlpMKa edaymanes,gGahar semk
bMBak;.l.pg sRmab;ryeBlmYyEx.
GkTaMgGs;enH BMuEmnecjdMeNIreTAmYyEx dUcEdlBYkeKKitsanCamuneT b:uEn sRmab;ryeBl
mYyEdlKankMNt;. eK)anbBanGkTaMgenaH eTAdak;KukenACnbT bCMrMkargar CaTIEdlsmyRbCMueron
sURtmantictYc rbbGaharkan;EtxSt;eTA ehIykarBa)alGkCMgWminRKb;RKan;. enATIRkgRBnKr
RKsarGkCab;XMuXaMgCaeRcIn nwktUccitRTaMElg)an ehIy)ancat;EcgerobcMeFVI)atukmmYy Edlman
mnusScUlrYmCaeRcInrynak; edIm,IsrY [dwgy:agehacfa kalNaBYkGkeTasnwgRtLb;mkvij. cemy
I
manlkNminc,as;las;esaH {BYkGay:g} nwgminRtvedaHElgmunryeBlCak;lak;mYyeT.
RbBntulakarrbs;RkghaNUy bgaj[eXIjlkN em:Aniym bsalInniymxH EdldUc
suTsaFnwglkNtulakarrbs;BYkkumyniskm<CaEdr. eTasFn;FrCageKKW bT]Rkidneya)ay.
BYkGtItsRtv BMuRtv)anecaTRbkan;fa RbRBwtelIsnwgc,ab;sgam smab;rgalRbCaCnsuIvil eRbI
R)as;faMCRmHswkeQI beRbI])aykldeNImGMNaceT. eK)anniyaypJac;min[ehIbmat;rYc eday
RbCMumnusSeRcInfa {mnusSEdlmanTsSnneya)ayminRtwmRtvmYy}. BMumanTaMgkarkat;kI ecARkm
RkmRbwkSatulakar nigsaldIkaeLIy. tamkarBit KWBMumanrdmnIRksYgyutiFm. RbBnGb;rM CafI
elceLIg[eXIjfa CaviFIbeBaatmYy EdlnaMeTAdl;karlubbM)at;siTi Edlxnminyl;RBm -eBalKW
mankarRbRBwtneya)ayminRtwmRtvmYy.
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RsaymYyEdlmanlkN{mnusSFm} CatulakarmYydUctulakarenA nuyr:mbk eTAeTot. egVn
kUfac; rdmnIRksYgkarbreTsevotNam )anbMPWfa {eyIgBMumankarbgrQamenAkgRbeTseT}.
vaKanRbeyaCnnwgsmab;mnusS dUcEdl b:ul Bt Fab;)aneFVIeLIy>>>. enAeBlEdleKsmab;mnusS
eKc,as;Ca)at;bg;GtnyRKsarminxan36}.
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472
edaysarCMgW karhUbGaharminRKb;RKan; nigrbYsEdlrgTTYlBIkareFVeI Tas enAkg CMrdM K rY [rntT; aMgenH.

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rbs;eK edIm,IecjeTArs;enAbreTs. d,itGI karrkSaTukmnusSenAmNlGb;rMCafI sRmab;ryeBl
KankMNt;mYy BMumaneRtmbRmgy:agdac;mux sRmab;EtBYkGtItsRtveT. eKeRbIR)as;CMrMenH
edIm,Idak;TNkmBYkGkCMTas;RbqaMgnwgrbbfI CaBiess bNasmaCik{kmaMgTIbI}EdlCamnusS
niyay\t)ankar EdlFab;vayRbyuTnwgRbFanaFibtI FIv bFab;CasmaCikrNsirSrMedaHCati brda
Pi)albdivtn_beNaHGasn Edl\tkayxneTACaGkkumynis. cab;BIExmifuna qaM1975 BYkGkkan;
GMNac )ancab;dak;KukGtItRBwTbursmhaviTalynItisasRkgRBnKr EdlFab;Rbkan;\riyabf
riHKn;mYycMeBaHrbbRbFanaFibtI FIv kgkMLgeBlRbeTsmansgam37. BYkevotNamxageCIg min
sUvecaTRbkan;BI{bTk,t;Cati}eT. yuTikCnmak;eTotEdlmankitinam Rtv)anbBaneTAdak;kgCMrMeFVI
karGb;rMCafImYy KWGkniBnCatiniym hUhuytug. CamnusSmanGayucitsibqaM Kat;Fab;)anrYcrs;CIvit
BIKuk rbs;BYk)araMgnigKukrbs; eg:aDij eyom EdlbBanKat;eTAdak;Kuk maneQaHl,Il,ajy:ag
GaRkk;enAelIekaHkunsWun (Con Son) sRmab;ryeBlR)aMqaM. b:uEn tug BuM)anrYcrs;CIvitBICMrMGb;rMCafI
TaMgLayEdlmanlkN{mnusSFm}eTehIyKat;)ansab;enAkgCMrMmYykgcMeNamCMrMTaMgenaHeday
sarEtrdaPi)albdiesFmin[RKeBTBa)alKat;. bBaIrayeQaH\sSrCnCakmaMgTIbI EdlCab;XuM
XaMgkgCMrMnanalUtkan;EtEvgeLIg. kmaMgTIbImYyrUbkgcMeNamenaH KWGkniBnmak; )anRtveKbgM[
sresr{cemIysarPaB}CaeRcIn EdlkgenaH Kat;)anTTYlsal;TsSnneya)ayxusqgrbs;Kat;
ehIyerobrab;fa BYkGkeTasenACMrMKat; )aneRbbeFobCajwkjyBIeCaKvasnarbs;eK eTAnwgeCaK
vasnarbs;GkCab;KukenAkgRbeTskm<CaEk,rxagEdr. eyIgTaMgGs;KaTamTarfa ebIsinCaeyIgsm
nwgsab; sUmsmab;eyIgeTARbesIrCagTuk[BYkeyIgbBab;CIvitenAkgCMrMenH38}.
RbCaCnevotNamrab;sibBan;nak; )anrs;enAkgPaBKYr[Gam:as;edayKankMNt;enAkgCMrMCa
eRcIn enAeBlEdlRkghaNUybMePcBaksnarbs;xn EdlfaRbBnGb;rMCafI nwgmintRmv[eFIVkar
vinicyelIsBIbIqaMeLIy.
enAqaM1976 RbCaCnyl;c,as;fa TIbBab;nsgamBuM)annaMmknUvsniPaBnigvibulPaBeT.
bkSkumynis)anseRmceFVIkarsnidandEdl b:uEn edaycat;TukbBaaRbeTstamTsSnmYyxusKa
TaMgRsug. sRmab;mnusSTUeTAenAPaKxagt,gdKYr[GaNit nigRbCaCnenAPaKxageCIg EdlRtveFVI[
Rsgakcityl;fa enATIbMputnsgam)annaMmknUvbBaafICaeRcIn. karxVHmbGaharmanPaBrwtEt
Tmab;epSgnsgam
473
ekInxaMgeLIg ehIyvinydtwgruwgEdldak;bgM[Gnuvt edaybkSkumynis hak;dUcCaKanRbeyaCn_

epSgeTot eRkABIRKb;RKgRttRtaRbCaCn nigkan;kab;GMNaceLIy. karsakl,gGVI[dwglbGaRkk;
BuMEmnmanEtsmarb:ueNaHeT b:uEnkarsIbenasEdlnaM[xUcbriyakas. GkkarTUtmak; EdlbMeBj
muxgarenARkghaNUyenAsmyenaH)andMNalfa {GVITaMgGs;EdleKniyayR)ab; sIBIRbeTs
evotNamedayrebobEdleFVI[rMePIbcitxaMgmYy eXIjfasuTEtminBit. BYkevotNam BuMEmnCaGk
yuTsascMNan nigCaGkkarTUtbuinRbsb;eT. BYkeKCamnusS>>> cecs RkGWtRkeGag esaHRtg; nig
tsUsVitsVaj. manEtsMdIPIePIrbs;GaemrikaMgb:ueNaH EdleFVI[BYkeKelceLIgepSgBIenaH. KMnit
yl;RcLM Rtvrlay)at;bg;CamYynwgkarcakecjrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg39}.
cMeBaHxnvij bkSyl;eXIjfa bBaaTaMgLayrbs;xnbNalmkBIviFankarpl;esrIPaB[RbCa
CnelOneBk. enAExvicika qaM1976 rbbdwknaMRbeTs)anBinitEpnkarR)aMqaMrbs;xneLIgvij y:ag
mWugm:at;. ElgmanmUlFnsRmab;]sSahkmFunFn;eTotehIy mYycMENkFM edaysarEtbk
sUevotminKaMRTkmviFImYyEbbenaH. dUecH ]sSahkmFunRsal)ankan;kab;muxnaTIy:agRbesIrmYy
kgEpnkarfIrbs;rd b:uEnKankareFVIhirBab,TaneRcIneLIgsRmab;shRKasTaMgLay EdlPaKeRcIn
sitkgPaKxagt,geLIy. etI]sSahkmenAPaKxagt,g GacrIklUtlas;edayKanmUlFnRKb;RKan;
dUcemceTA?. bkS)aneqIytmnwgbBaaenHenAExbnab; CaBiess enAmhasni)atelIkTI4rbs;xn
enAExF qaM1976 EdlbkSBlkrrbs;evotNam )anpas;breQaHrbs;xnCapvkar eTACabkS
kumynisevotNamvij.
BYkemdwknaMbkS)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNfa PaKxagt,gnwgbegIy {dMeNIrmYyeq<aHeTAlTi
sgmniym} )anelOnrhsCagkareRKagTukCamun. karedaHRsaybBaaesdkic KWmanenAkgeKal
karN_epSgEdlmanlkNtwgrwugbMput kareFVItUbnIykmeRcInCagmun nigkardak;eTaskan;EtmWugm:at;
eLIg. niyaym:ageTot PaKxagt,gnwgTTYlkareFVI[man{sniPaB}TaMgRsugmYy. karGb;rMCafI
BMuRKb;RKan;eT karerobcM[man {tMbn;esdkicfI} )anTTYlbraCy karsagl,gbegItesdkic{cRmH}
enAPaKxagt,gBuM)anTTYllTpllGsarEdlsgwmedayPaKxageCIgeLIy. dUecH yUreTAeTot
PaKxagt,gRbEhlCamansPaB dUcPaKxageCIgEdrehIy. kgExEdlmanbnmkeTot GkePosxn
tamTUk)ancab;epImcakecjBIPaKxagt,gkgcMnYny:agsem,ImmYy.
karEkERbRTg;RTayPaKxagt,g manbBalnUvkarbegItsabnb:UlismYy Edldak;[dMeNIr
karrYcmkehIyenAPaKxageCIg. enATIenaH KanRbCaCnNamak;eFVIdMeNIreTANamkNa edayKankar
474
GnuBaatCapvkareT. RbCaCnQbykkarN_BIKaeTAvijeTAmk ehIymanTmab;cg;eXIjrddwknaM RKb;

TidPaBTaMgGs;nCIvPaBrs;enArbs;eKedaymeFa)ayEbbNa karGb; rMkargar brimaNnrbb
Gahar RTBsm,tipal;xnEdlrdGnuBaatkRmitnkarplit. BYkevotNam Edl[eLIgbuNskikg
kaleTsenH Rtv)anbBanmkPaKxatt,gedIm,IemIlxusRtvnUvGVIEdlRbCaBlrdxagt,gRbtibti
tambTbBaarbs;RkghaNUy.
enAeBlEdl {kareFVIdMeNIrelOnrhs} eq<aHeTAkan;lTisgmniymbraCy ehIyhVgGkePos
xntamTUksRmkecjeTAtamsmuTcinxagt,g KWBYkkmaPi)alekgnigGkeFVIkarkgkariyalyrbs;
PaKxageCIgTaMgenHehIy EdleKcat;TukCaGkTTYlxusRtv.
enAmhasni)atnaExF bkS)anRbkas[dwgEdrfa {smaCikbkSEdlKanKuNsm,tiRKb;RKan;
RbmaNCadb;Ban;nak;} Rtv)anbeNjecjBIbkS. enHCakare)assmatkgCYrbkS dUcqaMman
mkehIy EdlbnedaysgamkumynisdCajCy. BYkevotNamminlmcitnwgbeNjecjBIbkS
nUvbNasmaCikEdlmanedImkMeNItsgmCaKhbtI bGkCMBak;citnwgRkmRKsarxaMgeBk. bkS)an
Efgfa smaCikCaeRcInRtv)anbeNjecj edIm,I{kmat;ecalsmasPaBRbtikirya nigsmaCikn
kmaMgTIR)aM}.
kmaMgTIR)aMenH KWBYkcinkat;evotNamEdlFab;CacMENkmYyrbs;bkSenAPaKxageCIg. minyUr
b:unan RbeyaKenHnwgRtveRbIR)as;RbqaMgnwgCnCaticinTaMgGs; Edlrs;enAkgRbeTsevotNam -enA
PaKxageCIgkdUcenAPaKxagt,g TaMgbkCnkumynis nigKhbtIEdlrkeXIjfa mankMhusBitEmn.
BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUy )anRbkan;ykkarseRmccity:agtwgruwgCaeRcIn. BYkemdwknaMTaMgenaHKan
smtPaBRbmUlRbCaCnedIm,IksagRbeTsevotNameLIgvijeT y:agehacNas; kgkicsna
mWugm:at;epSg EdlBYkeK)anGYtGag ehIyvahak;dUcCaKYr[eCOtictYcNas; Edlfa emdwknaMmanvy
cas;TaMgenH yl;dwgBIRbeTsevotNamsgmniymmYyeBleKenAmanCIvitenaH. cMeBaHkarxkcit
y:agRCaleRCAenH eKRtvEtEsVgrkGkRbRBwtbTelIsmak;CaCagsRtvbreTsmYy. dUcRbeTs
km<CaEdr RbeTsevotNammanebkCnmak;EdlxncUlcitTmak;kMhuseTAelICageKKW RbeTscin.
dUecH RbeTscinnigBYkcin )ankayeTACaGkTTYlxusRtvRKb;bBaaTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTsevotNam
TaMgkgnigeRkARbeTs. evotNam )anecaTRbkan;BYkGkCMnYjCaCnCatiPaKticcinenATIRkghUCImij
fa )aneFVIyuTsasrbs;RkghaNUyTTYlbraCyenAPaKxagt,g. eK)anbenasdUcKa cMeBaHCn
kumyniscinkat;evotNamenAPaKxageCIgfa )anCYybeBaH[manCemaH rvagRbeTsevotNam
Tmab;epSgnsgam
475
nigRbeTscin. ehIyeKecaTRkgeb:kaMgCaGkTTYlxusRtv GMBIkarKansmtPaBrbs;BYkevotNam

edIm,IGUsTajRbeTskm<Ca[cUlkgbk\NcinmYy. tamBYkemdwknaMfabBaaTaMgGs;rbs;RbeTs
evotNamEtgmanRbPBmkBIbNamhaGMNacbreTsCanic ehIyRbeTscinRtv)ankMNt;fa Cakar
KMramkMEhgFn;FrmYymkelIBUCsasn_ nigRbCaCatievotNamTaMgmUl.
dUecHRbeTsevotNamGacRbkan;ykTmab;epSgrbs;sgameLIgvij. kgTBEdlminEdl
RtvrMsay )anerobcMxnsRmab;karRbyuTfImYy. xusEbkBIBYkkm<Ca BYkevotNammanPaBbuinRbsb;
bMput kgkarekNRbmUlRbCaCnedIm,IPaBKg;vgSnRbCaCati ehIyRkghaNUyecHeqtTajKuN
RbeyaCn_BItmBUCsasn_ EtminsMEdg[RbCaCndwgtamkarGMBavnavmyyEbbenaHeLIy. eday
pyBIBYkExrEdlRbQmnwgkarKMramBIsgambreTsmYy enATIbMput )anRbyuTEtrvagKag nigEsVg
rkBYkGkKaMBarhYsqayGMBIRBMEdnrbs;BYkeKeTAeTot cMENkBYkevotNam)anRbwgERbgeFVI[seRmc
karbRgbbRgmRbeTsrbs;eKedaysarkareFVIsgam y:agehacNas;enAsmyTMenIbEdr. egVn
kUfac; rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;RbeTsevotNam)anbBaak;fa {kgryb:unanqaMnsgam elakGac
emIleXIjfa eyIg[BYkemdwknaMbkS]TaMgGs;Ka)anrYbrYmCakmaMgEtmYy KWBuMdUcenARbeTscin benA
RbeTskm<CaeT BIeRBaHeyIgEtgEtRbQmnwgkarKMramkMEhgBIsgammkxageRkACanic40 }.
pvEdlevotNamRtvedIrRbEhlCabt;Ebn EfmTaMgRbkbeday])ayklsmat;eTotpg
b:uEn va)annaMecjeTArksgam -CamYyRbeTskm<CaeTAvij. karPJak;xnenAxagkgRbeTs Edlbg
eLIgedaykmviFIrbs;RkghaNUyenAeBlmansnuiPaB )annaMeTAdl;karRbkan;CMhrepSgkan;Et
twgrwugeLIgKanQb;Qr nigkarPJak;xnmYykan;EtRCaleRCAEfmeTot. RkghaNUy )anecaTRbkan;
RbeTscin nigBYkcinkat;evotNam GMBIbBaakgRbeTsTaMgGs;rbs;xn ehIyTMnak;TMngepSg EdleK
RTRTg;CamYyBYkkumyniskm<CaenAEtBi)akCanic. bBaaBIr)ancab;epImtPab;KaenAqaM1977 enA
eBlEdlBYkkumynisevotNamepImeFVIkarvaylukrbs;eK RbqaMgnwgPaKxagt,g nigCnCatiPaKtic
cin ehIyrkeXIjRkbxNTUlMTUlayCamunmYy edIm,IbnsgamCamYyRbeTskm<Ca nigdeNImyk
RbeTsenHeTot. enHehIyCamUlehtunkarcab;epImcakecjTaMghVgrbs;GkePosxntamTUk.
CnCaticinenARkgRcWLWg Rtv)aneRbIR)as;CaGkTTYlrgkMhusRKb;Ebby:ag sRmab;BYkGaCJaFr
bdivtn_enARbeTsevotNam41. RcWLWgEdlmannyfa {pSarFM} Rtv)anbegIteLIgedayBYkcin
eRkayeBlEdlevotNamdeNImykEdndIExrPaKxagt,gbnic. BYkevotNamxageCIg )anbBanCn
Caticin[mkrksuICYjdUrkgEdndIfIenH ehIyBYkeK)anseRmceCaKCyR)akdEmn eTaHbICaenAeBl
476
RbeTsRtvqgkat;sgamCabnbnab;keday. CnCaticinTaMgenH )anbegItmuxrbrpac;muxmYyxagkar

lk; nigEckcayplitplesIrEtRKb;muxTaMgGs; RsUvndIsNTenemKg rhUtdl;eRKgbnas;
rfyn. BYkeKeFVICMnYjCamYyPaKITaMgGs; kgryeBlEdlekItmanCemaHepSg edaylk;eRKg
sBVavuF nigBtmansmat; enAkgetomtUcrbs;eK enATIRkgRcWLWgxagelI):an;EtekA nigKMnrluy.
BYkeKEtgEtenAedayELkBICemaHTaMgenHCanic nigBIBYkevotNampal;kgkarecHRbmaNxaMg
mYy. RcWLWg )ankayeTACatMbn;CnCatiPaKticmYy CaTIEdlBYkcinniyayPasa nigrs;enAeTAtam
vb,FmRbBNIrbs;eK edayRBmTTYlPaBrs;enAdac;Etg nigbuernicy EdlmanCab;mkBIkMeNItenA
kgtMbn;CnCatiticenH.BitEmnEtBYkeKCaBlrdrbs;saFarNrdevotNamkedaykkUnrbs;BYkeK
kRmcUlbeRmIkgkgTBNas; ehIyExSryTak;Tgrbs;BYkeKmanenAdTeTotCamYynwgBYkcinenA
RbeTssigburI hugkug tv:an; ehIyCYnkalsaFarNrdRbCamanitcinpg. sRmab;BYkevotNamyl;
fa BYkcinenA RcWLWg suTEtCabuKleBareBjeTAedaykarvk;nwgeRKgsmarEtm:agb:ueNaH nigCa
mnusSEdlminykcitTukdak; nwgerOgsMxan; eRkABI{pSarFM}rbs;eKeLIy.
b:uEn enAeBlEdldMNwgkayCaRbtkSfasgamnwgRtvcb; BYkcinenARkgRcWLWg enAEtrs;enA
kgRbeTsdEdl BYkeK BuMEmnCacMENkmYynhVgmnusSEdlRceLatmYrem:A kMBugeLamBTsanTUt
shrdGaemrikeT. pyeTAvij BYkeKerobcMdak;lk;rUbftrbs; hU CImij nigbeBajR)ak;dug rUbiyvt
evotNamxageCIg BIkEnglak;Tuk. BYkeK)anRtvjaMg[eCOCak;fa BYkemdwknaMfInwgRtvkarBYkcin
RkgRcWLWg edIm,IkarBaresdkic[edIreTAmuxdUcedIm.
kgkMLgqaMdMbUgnbdivtn_ BYkGkCMnYjenARkgRcWLWg )aneqtTajKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarPan;RcLM
xaMgrbs;BYkGkkan;GMNac ehIy)anRbmUlTijRsUvTaMgGs;. bnab;mkBYkeK)anbiTshRKas nig
rg;caM[tmeLIgx<s;. BYkeKGaceFVI[tmhageqgpas;brcuHeLIgtamTMenIgcitrbs;eK by:agehac
keFVI[RkghaNUymankarcab;GarmN_BIerOgenHEdr. ehIyenAeBlEdlrdaPi)alEsVgrk {GkTTYl
f)ak;}mak; kareRCIserIsKWgaybMput. bnab;BImhasni)atbkSqaM1976 {BYkGkCMnYjCaefAEk}
CnCaticinenATIRkgRcWLWg Rtv)ankMNt;faGkTTYlxus RtvTImYynGtiprNaEdleLIgelOndUcRBj
karxVHmbGahar kar)at;lMnwgkgEpk]bePaK-briePaK nigkarcuHfyn]sSahkmFunRsal.
karvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcinenATIRkgRcWLWg manlkNRtg;-dUcEdlBYkGkkan;GMNac
kumynisfIenARbeTskm<CaFab;eFVIkarvaylukRbqaMgnwgBYkGkCMnYjcinenARkgPMeBjEdr. b:uEn enA
RbeTsevotNammanshKmn_cinmYyepSg EdlBi)akbeNjBIkEngbMput. ebIsinkarRbkan;BUC
Tmab;epSgnsgam
477
sasn_mansitenAkgkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwgBYkcinenARkgRcWLWgEmn vamuxkayeTACAkarRbqaMgnwg
BYkcinenAPaKxageCIgCasaFarN EdlPaKeRcInFab;CYyKaMRTbdivtn_kumynisEdr.
CnCaticinenAPaKxageCIgmanticCagenAPaKxagt,g magmYylannak; mageTothuksibmWun
nak;. BYkGkmancinenAPaKxageCIg )ancakecjBIRbeTs bnab;BIkicRBmeRBgRkghSWENvqaM
1954. BYkcinEdlsitenAkgRbeTs suTEtCaksikr/ sib,kr/ bBaavn/ RKbeRgn/ GkrksuI
kMbuikkMb:uk. dUcBYk cinenAPaKxagt,gEdr BYkeKrs;enAkgsgat; bPUminana dac;edayELkBIGeTot
ehIybMeBjmuxrbrtamRbBNI CaGkensaT nigkmkrCBanGIv:an; eLIgcuHk):al;enAeqrsmuRT/
kmkrGNgEr:enAtamPM CaGklk;eRKgcanqaMg/ GkCMnYj nigGkkan;kab;ePaCnIdankgTIRkgnana.
xusEbkBIBYkcinenAPaKxagt,g BYkcinenAPaKxageCIgmankRmitecHdwgx<s;mYy nigykcitTukdak;kg
erOgneya)ay. kUnrbs;BYkeK)ancUlbeRmIkgkgTB ehIykgcMeNamenaH manmYycMnYn)ansMu
cUlCasmaCikbkSkumynisevotNam.
b:uEn BYkemdwknaMRkghaNUyminTukcitEfmeTot cMeBaHBYkcinenAPaKxageCIg kdUcCaPaKxagt,g
ehIy)anTmak;eTaseTAelIBYkenHy:agqab;rhs. BYkeK)ankayeTACaRbePTGklatRtdag[dwg
erOgsat;kM)aMgmYy GMBIbBaaepSgrvagRkgeb:kaMg nigRkghaNUy bnab;mk kgpnRtIekaN
km<Ca-evotNam-cin eTot.
erOgcRmgcRmasTImYy KWlkNCaBlrdCnCaticinkat;evotNam. TaMgRbeTscin TaMg
RbeTsevotNam minTTYlsal;sBaatiBIreT ehIyRbeTsTaMgBIrCYyKaMRTkarrs;enAEbkExJkKarbs;
CnCatieK. RbeTsTaMgBIr manRkmkargarEterogxn EdleFVIkarsRmab;shKmn_CnCatieKenA
breTs EdlcMeBaHGkTaMgenaH RbeTsTaMgBIr)anyl;RBmpl;[siTiBiessEfmeTot. edaysarehtu
karN_enH bkSkumyniscin nigevotNam )anseRmcciteFVIkicRBmeRBgrYmmYyenAqaM1955fa
smaCikCnCatiPaKticcinenArdkumynisfInRbeTserotNam nwgrkSasBaaticinrhUtdl;TIbBab;
nsgam. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgmansiTi nigkrNIkicdUcKa nwgRbCaBlrdevotNam ehIynwgGac
seRmce)aHbg; bmine)aHbg;sBaaticinrbs;eKtamsRKcit. enARbeTsevotNamxagt,g RbFana
FibtI eyom )anRbkasCaketaPaKIfa CnCaticinkat;evotNamTaMgGs; suTEtCaBlrdrbs;saFa
rNrdevotNam.
karBi)akcite pSg )ancab;epmI CamYynwgbdivtnv_ b,Fm enAeBlBYkyuvCncin )anedIrdEgKa Ca
k,n edayRKvIkUnesovePARkhmkgd. enAtamsalaeroncinTaMgLay BYkRK )anelIkTwkcit[eFVI
478
tamKMnitrbs; em:A. edayxac)armkgeBlfIenH cMeBaHectnaepSgrbs;cin BYkemdwknaMevotNam

xageCIg )andak;salaeroncinTaMgGs;[sitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;RksYgGb;rM ehIypas;CMnYs
kmviFIsikSa EdlbeRgnCaPasacin edaymuxviCabeRgnCaPasaevotNamvij. cab;BIqaM1970
eTA kUnrbs;BYkcinRtvbBan[eTAerontamsalaevotNamTaMgGs;. eRkayenaHbnic BYkGkkan;rd
GMNac )annireTsCnCaticin mYycMnYneTAkan;RBPMEdlenAqaydac;Rsyal nigputBITIRkgnana.
PaBbnKanskmPaBmYy)anpusecj[eXIj erogral;elIk EdlmanPaBtantwg rvagRkg
eb:kaMg nigRkghaNUy BYkevotNam)anrkerOgTmak;eTaseTAelIBYkcinenAPaKxageCIgCanic. enAqaM
1974 KWmunCyCmHrbs;BYkkumynisevotNam RbeTscin )anvaykan;kab;RbCMuekaH):ar:aEsl
BIkgTBrbs;RbFanaFibtI eyom CadwkdIEdlenACECkrkxusRtvenAeLIy. RkghaNUyBMumanRbqaMg
tv:aeT b:uEn kgbNaExEdlmanbnBIenaH GaCJaFrevotNam )anhammin[RbCaCncinkat;evotNam
enAPaKxageCIg bMeBjkargarNamYykgbNaeragcRkrbs;rd bEpkeragcRkEdlmanlkN
yuTsaseLIy. Pambnab;BICyCmH bkS)anRbkas[dwgfa KanCnbreTsNamak;GacsitenA
kgCYrrbs;xn)aneT. GtItCnkumynismak; )anniyayedImfa {tameyIgdwg karseRmcenH KW
sMedARbqaMgnwgBYkcin edayehtufa eyIgCaCnbreTsEtkg EdlCacMENkmYyrbs;bkS}.
CnCatiPaKticcin RtvbdiesFecjBIkarerobcMfIenH. enAqaM1977 c,ab;fI )anraraMgmin[
smaCikCaeRcInrbs;xnCYjdUrGVIRKan;nwgrs;)aneTotehIy. BYkkmkrCBanGIv:an;sBaaticinenAkMBg;Ep
hhVgsmal;eXIjeborvtSr_rbs;Kat;Rtvkat;bnyTaMgbMBan nigElgmansiTiTTYlbNpt;pg;
PsParBIrd. kgeBlCamYyKaenaH RkmsBaaticinsMxan;bMputkgprdaPi)allKW smaKmcinbRgb
bRgmenAhaNUy hhVg nigNamDij Rtv)anrMlayecal. BYkGkkan;GMNac)anRbkas[dwgfa
{BYkcinenARbeTs evotNam )anbMeBjebskkmCaRbvtirbs;eKrYcehIy ehIy\LvenHRtvEt
bMePcGtItkalecal42}.
niyaym:ageTot KWBYkeKRtvEtcakecjBIRbeTs. eRkayqaM1975 TMnak;TMngepSg rvag
cin-evotNam )anRtveKeFV[I kayCaCemaHmYyy:agqab;rhs ehIyrdaPi)alRkghaNUy )anvinci y
faGaNikCncinenAkgRbeTsrbs;xn CakmaMgTI5mYy EdlkMBugmanGanuPaBGacRtveRbIR)as;RbqaMg

nwgRbeTsevotNam)an kgkrNIEdlekItmansgam. bnab;BIqaM1975 Rkgeb:kaMg )anesI[sh
rdGaemrikrkSaTukvtmaneyaFaxnkgtMbn;enH edIm,IraraMgsUevotkuM[cUlmkbMeBjkEngRbehagEdl
begIteLIgedaysarkarcakecjrbs;shrdGaemrik. eRkaymk BYkcin)ansakl,gbBaHbBal
Tmab;epSgnsgam
479
[RbeTsevotNamcuHhtelxaelIktikasBaa{RbqaMgGnutr PaB} sMedARbqaMgnwgRkgmUs. Tnmw nwgenaH

shPaBsUevotBuMTamTar[mankicRBmeRBgRbePTenHeTehIy)anbegInCMnYyrbs;xn[eTAevotNam
EfmeTot. CamYynwgkarkmat;{bnbYnnak;} TMnak;TMngepSgrvagcin-evotNam )ansal;nUvPaB
RbesIrmYyryxI ehIyenAniTaXrdUvqaM1977RbeTscin)anGeBaIj]tmesnIy_ egVgy:ab[eTAeFVI
TsSnkicbNazabnPNeyaFarbs;cinEfmeTot. Rkgeb:kaMg)aneFVI[mansnHCafIdl; KeRmagkm
viFIpl;CMnYyeTA[RbeTsevotNamCaeRcIn EdlxnFab;e)aHbg;ecalkalBImun. b:uEn RbEhlCaenA
Bak;kNalqaMenaH TMnak;TMngrvagBYkevotNamnigkm<CamansPaBtan twgy:agxaMg. {meFa)aycaM
)ac;}nImYy EdlnwgCMrujeTArksgam\NcinelIkTIbIRtv)anerobcMeRsc)at;Gs;ehIy.
enAExkkda qaM1977 RbeTsLav)anseRmccuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBmYyCamYy
RbeTsevotNam EdlbMeBjc,ab;nUvsanPaBrbs;xnEdlesIrEtCarNbmYyrbs;RkghaNUy.
BYkevotNam)anesI[mansnisBaamYydUcKa cMeBaHBYkkm<CaEdl)anbdiesFy:agcecs. bnab;
mk RbeTsevotNam)anesIelIkbBaakarcrcasIBIRBMEdnExr-evotNamCafI EdleFVI[KMnitminTukcit
eKgTaMgGs;rbs;RkgPMeBjcMeBaHBYkevotNameqHefaleLIgvij. edayminrYjrakgkarbgehtu
BYkkm<Ca)anBRgIkerOgenHkan;EtFM ehIyecaTRbkan;RbeTsCitxagxnfa CaGkTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHkar
xUcxatTaMgGs;rbs;BYkeK TaMgxagkgnigxageRkARbeTs -BitNas; KWdUcBYkevotNamFab;ecaTRbkan;
RbeTscinfa CaGkTTYlxusRtvGMBIbBaaepSgrbs;BYkeKEdr.
\LvenH RkghaNUy)anecaTRbkan;BYkcinfa CaGkTTYlxusRtvGMBIkarTas;ETgKaCamYyRkg
PMeBjeTot. sRmab;BYkevotNamyl;fa KWRkgeb:kaMgEdlCaGkGuCGal[BYkkm<CaRbqaMgnwgxn
enaH. enAcugqaM1977 BYkExr)ancab;epImvayRbharBYkevotNamenAtamRBMEdn. kgbNaEx
EdlmanbnmkeTot RkghaNUy)anbeNjGkRsukCaCnCatiPaKticcinEdlRtvecaTRbkan;BIbT
beRmICakmaMgTIR)aM ecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTscinvij. enAExmkra qaM1978 BYkcinkat;
evotNam enAPaKxageCIgetagEtyl;RBmTTYlGtsBaaNbNfI EdleFVI[BYkeKeTACaGaNikCn
evotNamBuMEmnGaNikCncineT EdlpynwgkicRBmeRBgpal;mat;enAqaM1955. m:ageTot Rkg
haNUy)anbBati[BYkcinenAPaKxagt,gRbkan;yksBaatievotNamrYceRsceTAehIy. b:uEn bBaa
sIBIlkNCaBlrdenH RKan;EtCaPaBdMbUgnkarepImvaylukb:ueNaH.
enAPaKxageCIg b:Ulis nigRkmGkeFVIkarxagsnisux )anTTYlbBaa[kmat;BYkcinkat;evotNam
EdlkMBugrs;enAtamCnbT CaBiessenAtambNatMbn;Cab;RBMEdn. ksikrCaeRcIn)anQremIlkar
480
kemcbMpajpHsEm,g nigkarlYcbn;RTBsm,tirbs;BYkeKTaMgkkklkgciteday\tmanGMNaceFVIGVI
ekIt. tamTIRkgnana CnCaticinCaeRcIn)an)at;bg;kargarrbs;eK. BYkcinkat;evotNam )ancab;epIm
lk;GVITaMgGs;EdlBYkeKman nigpl;R)ak;sMNUkedIm,ITTYl)ansMbuRtGnuBaateFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin
tampveKak. GkxHeTot eLIgCiHk):al;edIm,Ib:unb:geTA[dl;eqrsmuRTcin bekaHhugkug. karecjeTA
TaMghVgrbs;GkePosxntamTUk)ancab;epIm.
enAPaKxagt,g bkS)anGnuvtedayeBjeljnUvviFankartwgruwgepSgsMedARbqaMgnwgBYk
KhbtIenAExmIna qaM1978 KWeRkayeBlEdlBYkcinenAPaKxageCIgcab;epImePosxnbnic. ebICn
CatiPaKticenAPaKxageCIgRtvecaTRbkan;BIsEmgtYnaTICakmaMgTIR)aMCnCatiPaKticcinenAPaKxagt,g
Rtv)ancab;kMhusdUcKa BIeRBaHGkTaMgenaHrkSaTuklTimUlFnniym. rdaPi)al)aneFVICatUbnIykm
shRKasBaNiCkmenAPaKxagt,g biThagTMnijTaMgGs;rbs;BYk {GkCMnYjCaKhbtI} edaytRmvfa
R)ak;snSMTukpal;xnTaMgGs;RtvykeTAdak;kgFnaKarCatinana CamYynwgkarRttBinitrbs;rdaPi)al
elIkardkR)ak;eTAvij. ebIsinCaviFankarTaMgenHRtvGnuvteTAelIBYkevotNamkdUcBYkcin vamuxCaeFVI
[b:HBal;y:agxaMgdl;BYkcinkat;evotNamminxan.
enAvsAnrdUv manCnCaticinkat;evotNamy:agehachuksibBan;nak; )ancakecjBIRbeTs
evotNameTAkan;RbeTscin. CnCaticinnigevotNamCag db;muWnnak;)anePosxntamkaNUttUc
edIm,IeTAkan;RbeTsepSgkgGasuIPaKGaeKy_. tamsitiEdleTIbmanfIfa GkTaMgenaHRbEhlCa
Rtvsab;y:ageRcInkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIr. RbeTscin)anecaTRbkan;RbeTsevotNamGMBI {kar
eFVITukbukemj nigkarbeNjecj} cMeBaHCnCatiPaKticcin. enAEx]sPa Rkgeb:kaMg)anlubecal
kmviFICMnYysMxan;Edlpl;eTA[RbeTsevotNam ehIyehATIRbwkSaTaMgLayrbs;xnRtLb;mk
Rsukvij.
sRmab;RkghaNUyyl;fa karecaTRbkan;epSgrbs;cin KWCacMENkmYynkarrYmKMnitk,t;
dFMmYyedIm,IeLamBTRbeTsevotNam. eRkaymanCemaHRBMEdnrvagExr-evotNam enAExF qaM
1977 bnic viTrbs;evotNam )anpSayesckIEfgkarN_mYydUcteTA {taMgBIkarcab;epImman
GFikrN_rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca BakccamGar:amepSg)anelcBBImak;eTAmak; [kgcMeNam
CnCatiPaKticcin] faRbeTscinnwgCYyKaMRTRbeTskm<Ca ehobsgammYynwgpHeLIg ehIy [CnCati
PaKticcin] enARbeTsevotNamnwgsitkgeRKaHfak; dUecHRtvEtcakecjBIRbeTsenH edayqab;
rhsbMput43}.
Tmab;epSgnsgam
481
kareqy
I tbrbs;RkghaNUycMeBaHdMeNIrmanPamnGkePosxn tamTUk KWsti enARtg;benas
RbeTscinEdlpSBVpSayBakccamGar:amGuCGal[mnusSmaeKcecjBIRbeTsevotNam. enAEx
bnab;mk RbeTsevotNam)anecaTRbkan;BkY cinfa )anpln; vU {karKaMRTTaMgRsugmYycMeBaHBYkGkkan;
GMNacenAkm<C a kgkarebIkqakeFVIkarQanBanrbs;eKRbqaMgnwgRbCaCnevotNam}.
RkghaNUy)anRbkan;CMhrCapvkarmYy EdlebIkkas[evotNamRbkasBIRbePTrdmYy
sti kg sanPaBBiessmYyEdlkgTBCaGkrkSasNab;Fab;. tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;BYkevotNam
fa Rkgeb:kaMg)anebIkrNsirSBIrRbqaMgnwgRbeTsrbs;eK edayeFVI[ekItmankarrMeCIbrMCYlkg
cMeNamCnCatiPaKticcin nigedayCYyCMruj[BYkkm<CavayRbharRbeTsevotNamtamRBMEdnPaK
xagt,g ehIyRbeTscin)anKMramdl;snisux nigGtiPaBrbs;RbeTsevotNamEfmeTot. dUecH
\LvenH RkghaNUyGacepImeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;xn CamYyRkgmUseTACapvkarEdr.
PaBsMxan;xagCatisasn_)ancab;epImelceLIgenAeBleFVIkarvayluk. tamkarvinicyCamun
EdlminKitdl;karBitfa karmanxnCacinkat;evotNamKWCaCnk,t;mak;. RbeTscinpal;Rtv)anecaT
Rbkan;BI {KMnitcegtcgl;niymnCnCatihan} nigmanbMNgdeNImykRbeTsevotNameday
kmaMgTB. BYkGkkan;GMNacenARkghaNUy)aneFVI[karrs;enArbs;CnCatiPaKticciny:ageRcIn
CYbkarlM)ak rYcehIyyl;RBmTTYlsMNUkedIm,IGnuBaat[eKrt;ePosxntamTUktUc EdlemIleTA
KYr[RBWxacy:agxaMg bNal[GkTaMgenaHsab;Gs;y:ageRcIndUcKanwgBYkGkEdleTAdl;RbeTs
epSgedaysuvtiPaBEdr.
enATIbMput RbeTsevotNam)anRbgeRbbxnedIm,IeFVIsgamrYcCaeRsc. \LvenHkgTB
rbs;xn)anmanmuxmat;kgcMeNamkgTBTaMgR)aMEdlRbesIrelIseKnBiPBelak. kgTBevotNam
manyuTCncMnYnmYylannak;Tl;nwgcMnYnR)aMbIryBan;nak; EdlCakgTBrbs;bNaRbeTsminEmn
kumyniskgtMbn;enHbUkbBalKa. CamYynwgRbCaCncMnYnhasiblannak; RbeTsevotNamKW
CamhaGMNackumynisTIBIrenAGasuI.
\LvenHRkghaNUymanmUlehtuy:agRbesIrmYyKWsnisuxCatirbs;xnRtvKMramkMEhg-cUl
lukluyRbeTskm<Ca ehIyGacTmak;karTTYlxusRtvTaMgGs;eTAelIRbeTscinEdlCasRtvcas;
rbs;xn. RbeTsevotNamRtvRbQmmuxedaHRsaybBaaFn;FrCaeRcInenAkgRbeTsrbs;xnEdl
CMrj
u rdaPi)alGMBavnav[RbCaCnRbmUlpkM magM CafmI g eTot edIm,IRbQmnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;mha
GMNacbreTsmYyKWRbeTscin. RbeTskm<CaminGanmaneQaHCaRbeTspl;eRKaHfak;BitR)akd
482
mYyeT RkghaNUyEtgEtkMNt;RbeTscinCaeKaledARtvvayRbharCanic eTaHbICaenAeBlbMPBW kI ar

lukluy nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<Cakeday.
ehIyCaBiess BYkkumyniskm<Ca )anerobcMsanPaBCaeRscsRmab;karlukluyrbs;
evotNam edayehtupa l;ks ti enAkg katBVkci T mak;karTTYlxusRtvGMBGI eM BI]RkidG aRkk;hsY RbmaN
kg kareFVbI divtnr_ bs;eKeTAelIRbeTseRkAmYyEdr. dUecHsRmab;BPi BelakTaMgmUlGkePosxn tam
TUk)aneTACasBaa dMbUgmYyEdlRbmanBIkarlUtlas;eLIgvijy:agqab;rhsnsgambnbnab;Ka
enA\Nc ni y:agminKYr[eCO.
TIbBab;nPaBenAesmsat;
483
CMBUkTI10
TIbBab; nPaBenAesmsat;
karvilvl;sartICarYm
eyIg)aneTAdl;RbeTskm<CaenAcMeBlEdlBiPBelak CaBiess elakxaglic cab;nwkPkdl;
esaknadkmenANcin eRkaysmysgameLIgvij. Pambnab;BIsgamcb; rdkarGaemrikaMg man
bMNgbMePcecalRbeyaK{evotNam Lav nigkm<Ca}TaMgRsug. TsSnIyPaB Edlbgaj[eXIj
shrdGaemrik Edle)aHbg;sanTUtrbs;xn enATIRkgRBnKr mYyfmunmankarsMucuHcaj;rbs;
evotNamxagt,g KWCasBaacab;epImnUvkarBnarkarCECkBiPakSaKasIBIsgam EdlRbkas[dwg
BIr-bIGaTiteRkaymk edayRbFanaFibtICMnan;enaH KWelak ehSr:al; hVrd (Gerald Ford) [CaGnuRbFa
naFibtIrbs; nicsun Edl)anbntMENgenABak;kNalGaNtiBIqaM1974 dl;qaM1976 -kMNt;
rbs;GkbkERb]. shrdGaemrikeTIbnwgsal;nUvkarxkcitdFMCaelIkdMbUgrbs;eK ehIyEfmTaMg
braCyxagEpkeyaFadFMbMputCaelIkTImYyrbs;eK ehIyeKminGacpas;brkarBitenH edaybegIn
karbdiesF nigbenassPaCan;TabGaemrikaMg Edlkat;bnyfvikaCMnYy Edlyl;RBmpl;[Rkg
RBnKr kgb:unanExcugeRkayenH ehIyecaTRbkan;clnaRbqaMgsgamfa )anbMpajTwkcitRbCaCn
GaemrikaMgeLIy.
karRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;shrdGaemrik )anelceLIg[eXIjKuNvibtiCasarvnmYy b:uEn
KanemdwknaMGaemrikaMgNamak;enAqaM1975 RBmTTYlsal;lkNBirbs;vaesaHeLIy. sERmkkg
rMBg sEmgesckIekARkhay EdlTamTar[mankareqIytb )anFUrRsalmkvij edayehtufa
sgam)anQandl;TIbBab;ehIy. BIrqaMbnab;BIkardkfyrbs;kgTBGaemrikaMg CyCmHrbs;BYk
kumynis )anpl;[CemaHenHmanRckecjminc,ab;las;mYy sRmab;crnmtisaFarNGaemrikaMg
TaMgGs;. sgamRtvGUsbnay hYsGMBIsmykMBUlnclnarbs;GksniPaBniymeTAeTot. kar
BiPakSaxagneya)aymYyrbs;mnusS EdlmanPkIPaBcMeBaHRbFanaFibtIenAshrdGaemrikkalenaH
minKYreFVI[BYkevotNamxageCIg nigBYkExrRkhmedIrcUlkgRkgRBnKr nigRkgPMeBj)aneLIy.
TaMgBYkGkcUlcitneya)ayeRbIkmaMg TaMgBYkGkniymsniPaB BMu)anEsVgrkcemIyenAxagmag
nsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgeT - edayBicarNaCa]TahrN_ erOgTaMgmUlenA\Ncin/ erOgRbeTskm<Ca/
RbeTsevotNam/ RbeTscin nigTMnak;TMngepSgrbs;RbeTsTAMgenH. RbkarenH GacnwgeFVI[man
484
karecaTRbkan;eLIgvijGMBIKngmenaKmviCa EdlENnaM[RbRBwttamenAshrdGaemrikkgkMLgeBl
sgam. edayehtuenH clnaRbqaMgsgam )ancab;epImcuHexSaykalebIkgTBGaemrikaMgbBab;
karRbyuT. ehIybnab;BIqaM1975 enAeBlEdlrdaPi)alshrdGaemrik bdiesFElgBinitkic
snarbs;xn edayRkEsEPkriHKn;mYy/ ElgTTYlsal;karTTYlxusRtvCayfaehtuenaHKWGVI
sitenAkgPaBmineGIeBICaTUeTA.
neya)ayCapvkarrbs;shrdGaemrik nigevTyitPaB PaBqab;rMePIb rbs;BYkGaemrikaMg
hak;dUcCaRtveFVI[enAnwgfl;. KWeRbbdUcCaRbeTsTaMgmUlRtveFVI[PwkPaMg/ [cuHexSayy:agxaMg/
[mYem:AEmnETn enAeBlpas;breyabl; bKitBicarNaeTAelIGVIEdlekItmankgkMLgsgamenA
\Ncin. BYkGkniymneya)ayeRbIkmaMgenAEtCaGkniymneya)ayeRbIkmaMg GkniymsniPaB
enAEtCaGkniymsniPaB edayKanBaksmImYyRtvpas;breLIy. buNxYbelIkTImYy nigelIkTIBIr
nkarbBab;sgam )anqgputeTAesIrEtKannrNakt;smal;. kgcMeNamRkmGktTl;Kaxag
neya)ayTaMgsgxag manGkrgeRKaHy:ageRcIn TahanrbYsBikar bcat;fa)at;xn/ nigexaceRcInNas;
EdlRtvbeNjecj.
ehtukarN_mYykgcMeNamehtukarN_CaeRcInnkarbMBarbMBan hYsehtumYy bkarLkLWymYy
EdleKminGaceCosvag)an Gacpac;BYkGaemrikaMg ecjBIkarbMePcRbeTsevotNam CarYmrbs;eK
GtItyuTCnmak; )anlak;xnenAkgpHrbs;Kat;enAtMbn;CayRkgv:asuInetan nig)an)aj;rHeday
kaMePIgyneTAelIeKhdantUcEk,rxag naeBlresolfGaTitmYykgrdUvrga rhUtTal;Etb:Ulis
mUldaneTAdl; ehIy)an)aj;smab;GtItyuTCnenaH1. eKrkeXIjfa b:UlisRBnKrefakTabmak;
)ankan;{GaharcminTan;cit}mYyRbGb; enAeRkammb;nmnIrbBaekaN.
elak hg;rI KIsSIghr enAeFVICardmnIRksYgkarbreTs beRmIkargar[elakRbFanaFibtI hVd
EdlCaGkelIkeTas[GtItRbFanaFibtIxUcekreQaH nicsun cMeBaHbT]RkidTaMgGs;EdlKat;Fab;)an
RbRBwt Tak;TgeTAnwgerOg v:FWeht. CamYynwg KIsSIghr nighVrd bgajxncMeBaHmuxecARkm salRkm
BnareBlmannyfa karenAesmsat;cMeBaHBiruTPaBTaMgGs;Tak;Tgnwgsgam/ karhamR)ammin[
sVHEsVgcg;dwgfa ehtudUcemc)anCashrdGaemrikRtLb;mkCab;Bak;BnkgCemaHmYy EdlRtvcaj;
eTAehIy eFVIGVIfVIebIvaeFVI[RbeTsCatibg;xaty:agNakI. BYkGaemrikaMgEdlFab;TTYlxusRtvcMeBaH
mhnrayenH )anTTYlKuNRbeyaCn_BIkarls;la edayPaBenAesmsat;mYy. BYkeK)anRtLb;eTA
kariyalyemFavIvij EdlsitenAkgrgVg;Can;x<s;nrdaPi)al bkan;kab;muxtMENgx<g;x<s;enATIdT
485
eTot. KWBMumankarsIbenasCapvkar TaMgBMumankarBnl;CasaFarNeLIy KWmanEtPaBenAesmsat;

b:ueNaH.
kgsanPaBnwgfl;enHRbeTsevotNamnigkm<CaenAEtrkSarUbPaBCasRtvnwgKaCanic. RbFa
naFibtI hVrd enAEtRbkan;karraMgxb;EpkesdkicEdl)anseRmcRbqaMgnwgevotNamxageCIg kgkMLg
sgamdEdl. GaemrikEtmak;gb:ueNaH GacraraMgmin[RbeTsevotNamcUlkgGgkarsh
RbCaCatiEfmeTot. shrdGaemrik BMuRBmTTYlykbraCyedayRslenaHeLIy minRtwmEtRkg
v:asuInetan RcanecalcMNgTak;TgepSg CamYyRkghaNUyb:ueNaHeT KWcg;[BiPBelakpaj;
palrdfIrbs;evotNam eTACardRkrehmrham.
kardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMgecjBIGasuIGaeKy_ mansPaBelOnrhsbMput. manEtkaEstFM
BIrb:ueNaH EdlrkSaTukGkeqIyqgrbs;xn mYynak;RbcaMenATIRkg)agkk KWkaEstjvy:kEfms_ nig
LGg;hSWeLs edIm,I{caMRsg;Btman}kgtMbn;enH BIqaM1974 dl;qaM1978. \Ncin ElgCa{erOg
bcb,nPaB}sRmab;sarBtmaneTotehIy ehIytMbn;GasuIGaeKy_TaMgmUl RtveK{tamdan}BITIRkg
hugkugmkvij EdleKeRbIeFVICakEngsegtkarN_ cMeBaHRbeTscin. bNaRbeTsEdlFab;
TTYlkarykcitTukdak;rbs;GaemrikaMg kgryeBlRbmaNCadb;qaM )anrlay)at;eQaHPam
BIkaEst nigkBak;TUrTsSn_nana.
saklviTalyGaemrikaMg kQb;ykcitTukdak;nwgtMbn;enHdUcKa. karsikSaRsavRCavBI
\Ncin kElgeXIjmankgkmviFIsikSarbs;bNasaklviTlyGaemrikaMgteTAeTotEdr elIkElg
EtsklviTly2-3b:ueNaH. CMnYyrbs;rdaPi)alsRmab;EpkenH k)at;ElgeXIjman2.
bNarbbfIenA\Ncin )anRbkan;ykneya)aypl;TidakarmYyy:agtwgrwugbMput edayhammin[
sasacarsklviTlybreTs cUleTAeFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavenAkgRbeTspal;rbs;xnEfmeTot.
sklviTalyTaMgenaH )anpas;brkmviFIy:agqab;rhs beFVIkarsRmab;RbeTsepSg EdlenA
Tak;Tgnwg\NcinenAeLIy CaBiess RbeTsGUsalI.
BYkGkCMnajkardkRmeXIjmandUcCa sasacarsaklviTaly/ mnI nigGkkarEst Edl
bnsresrbgaj nigsikSaRsavRCavGMBItMbn;enH )anRtveK[eQaHeRkAfa {GkXaMemIl\Ncin}.
mnusS TaMgRbsTaMgRsIenH Rtv)anbgM[eFVItam{BYkGkXaMemIl\Ncin} enAkgTsvtSr_1950 nig
1960 CasmykalEdlRbCaCatiykSenHRtvkat;pac;BIBiPBelak. BYkGkXaMemIl\Ncin Gac
segtemIlbNRbeTsEdlBYkeKykcitTukdak;EtBIcmayb:ueNaH. BYkeKRbmUl)anBtmansMxan;
486
mkGMBIRbPBdkRmEdlmanbcb,n karpSayrbs;viT nigkaEstTaMgLayrbs;rdaPi)al EdlRtt

Binity:agsRmitsRmaMg/ cemIyCasakSIrbs;BYkGkePosxn BYkGkkarTUtbreTsEdlbMeBjmuxkar
enARbeTsLav nigRbeTsevotNam. b:uEn GaRsyedayedImkMeNItxagPUmisasnigsgm nig
TsSnneya)ayrbs;Kat; BYkGkePosxnBMu)anbgajGVIEdltMNag[RbCaCnTaMgmUlmYyeLIy.
dUcKaEdr BYkGkkarTUtbreTs EdlmkBIRkghaNUy bRkgevogcn rdFanIRbeTsLavvij )anRtwmEt
pl;BtmanEdlmankMNt;mYyGMBIRbeTsEdlBYkeKbMeBjmuxgarb:ueNaH.
srubeTABYkGkXaMemIl)anRtwmEtpl;BtmanGarat;GaraymYy ehIyminRKb;sBVeTAeTot.BYk
eKBMu)anR)ab;[dwgBIrUbPaBTaMgRsugmYyrbs;RbeTsnImYyeT ehIyerOgenA\NcinrwtEtticeTA
eTot. ehIyedaymanBtman)anBIRbPBedImtictYceBk BYkGkCMnajkar)ansMEdgesckIFujfb;
nwgbeBajesckIsnidanmutmaMGMBIrdkumynisfIenA\NcinbMput. bBaaeTACasKsajEfmeTot
GaRsyedaykarlemgepSg EdlbNal[mankarelIkmkniyayBIRbeTsevotNam km<Ca
nigLav EtmYyb:ueNaH. dMNwgTaMgGs;Tak;Tgnwg\Ncin )anCMruj[mankarBiPakSaxagneya)ay
y:ageRKatRKat sIBIkarRbLkrbs;shrdGaemrikenAsmysgam. BYkeKBMuGacrlas;ecal
PamnUvTsSnepSg EdlRtveFVI[cak;bsy:ageRCArYcmkehIyeT. cMENkBYkGkkeTskGcwgEdr
eKRtvkareBlevlaedIm,IfyeRkay nigvinicy\Ncin kgzanCatMbn;fI EdlkMBugEtERbRbl
CalMdab; nigBinitemIlRbeTsepSgeTot kgbribTpal;rbs;eK KWBMuEmntamrysgamrbs;
GaemrikaMgeT.
ebIKitTaMgGs;eTA vaCalTplnkarbRmgxnCaGkkeTs sRmab;eFVIkarGVImYy[Biess
rbs;BYkGkCMnajkar nigBYkGkkaEst EdlykcitTukdak;cMeBaH\Ncin. edayminGacBiBNna
Cak;lak;TaMgRsugmYy BYkGkXaMemIl)anCBawgKitkarN_rayrgvij. enATIRkg)agkk BYkGkkaEst
)ansmasGkePosxnkm<CaCaeRcIn b:uEn enATIRkghugkug BYkeKsresrGMBIneya)ayrbs;rdaPi)alExr. bNasasacarsaklviTaly )anbRmgxnCaGkkeTskgvisyCaeRcIn EdlBYkeK
GacTTYl)anksarepSgBIRksYgkarbreTs/ GVIEdlBYkGkePosxn)anGHGagCafI/ KeRmagkar
rbs;rdaPi)al. GkCMnajkarmak; )ansikSaBIkarRbkYtRbECgrvagcin-evotNam edaysMGageTA
elIkareRbHqa rvagcin-sUevot GkCMnajkarmak;eTot sikSaBIRbvtinbBaaRBMEdn rvagRbeTs
evotNam nigkm<Ca.
edaykarenAsat;esm karbdiesFrbs;eKminGnuBaat[mankarsikSaRsavRCav bkaryk
487
BtmanGMBIRbeTsrbs;BYkeK BYkemdwknaMevotNam nigkm<Ca EdleFVI[mansgwmedaysarkardkfy

rbs;GaemrikaMg tamBit KWkardkfyrbs;elakxaglicBIPUmiPaKenH nigkarmindwgRBmKanUvsanPaB
BitmYycMENkFMrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. TaMgRkghaNUy TaMgRkgPMeBj KanniyayGVITaMgGs; eTaHCa
GVIkeday sIBICemaHEdleFVI[RBy)armrbs;eK muneBlEdlvanaMeTArkCemaHRBMEdnFMsem,ImmYy
enAcugqaM1977. dUcbNaRbeTskumynisPaKeRcInEdr RbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca )anpSBVpSay
EtBtmanlb:ueNaH edayminEdlniyayBIbBaalM)aksKsajrbs;xnTal;EtesaH. edayGan
EtkaEstpvkarrbs;evotNam besckIcmgepSgtamkarpSBVpSayrbs;viTkm<Ca eKhak;dUcCa
yl;fa karbdivtn_)aneFVI[RbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca kayeTArdrbs;vNkmkr mansniPaB nig
bgbegInpl edayxitxMRbwgERbgGs;BIsmtPaBrbs;eK edIm,ICYsCulkarxUcxaty:agsem,Im Edl
bNaleLIgdaysarsgam.
RbeTsevotNam )anTTYlsVaKmn_GkkaEstbreTsCaeRcIn/ RbeTsLavTTYlGkkaEst
breTsmYycMnYn/ cMENkRbeTskm<CaKanmak;esaH. BYkGkkaEstEdleFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsevot
Nam )anbMeBjTsSnarebobCacrKMrUmYy Edlsgt;bBaak;GMBIkarbMpicbMpajRbeTs nigbBaasar
RbeTsrbs;xneLIgvij. tamFmta kmviFIrYmmankaredIremIlPUminana nigbNatMbn;esdkicfI/
mNlmYysRmab;Tukdak;bNaRsIeBsa bGtItGkCk;faMejn/ eragcRkTaMgLayEdlksageLIg
edayCMnYybreTs dUcCakmnsal eFVIRkdasenAbbug Edlpl;R)ak;edayBYksuyEGd. GkkaEst
TaMgenHsuTEtXaMemIl ehIyRtvEtTTYl)ankarGnuBaatCamunmYy sRmab;karsnnarbs;BYkeKesIrEt
TaMgGs; CamYyRbCaCnevotNammak; EdlRbRBwteTAedaymanvtman{mKeTsk_}mak; bGkbkERb
mak; EdlecjBIrdaPi)al.
ebIKanBtmanTaMgenHeT eKminGacraykarN_BIkarBitenA\NcineRkaysmysgameLIy.
manGkCMnajkartictYc Edlyl;ehIyminsUvdwgEfmeTot nUvGVIEdlcgPab;rvagBYkeKnwgPaBGaf
kM)aMgKYr[RBWrnt;ntMbn;enH. KanGkNamak;RbmaNdwgCamunBIkarpHsgam enAqaM1978eLIy.
taMgBIsgamcb;eTA eKBi)akdwgRBwtikarN_epSg enAeBlEdlvaekItmaneLIgkgRbeTsnImYy nig
Bi)akEsVgyl;nUvkarpSayRbcaMfrbs;viTrdaPi)alRbeTs edIm,IeRbbeFobnwgcemIyCasakSI
rbs;BYkGkePosxn nigbTykBtmanepSgrbs;BYkGkkaEstdkRmman EdlFab;)aneTATsSna
tMbn;enHNas;. GkkeTsmak;xagbBaakm<Ca kBMusUvmaneBl{tamdan}bBaaRbeTsevotNam Lav
nigcinEdr. enAeBlEdlsgam\NcinelIkTIbIpHeLIg PaKeRcInnrdaPi)al nigGkCMnajkar
488
TaMgLay mankarxVayxVl;city:agxaMg kgkarBnl;BImUlehturbs;va bvinicyCamunnUvplvi)ak

epSg EdlekItecjBIRBwtikarN_TaMgenaHpg.
{kardkfyEdlmanlkNrYm} rbs;Gaemrik )anb:HBal;dl;PUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_TaMgmUl TaMg
RbeTsCamit nigGtItsRtv. eRKaHGaRkk;EdlmanTMngdUcCakarcMGkbBaWcitdCUrct;nsankarN_
enH BMurYcputBIRkEsEPkrbs;bNaRbeTsminEmnkumynisenAkgtMbn; KWRbeTsf/ sigburI/ m:aeLsuI/
\NensuI nighVIlIBIn eLIy. bNardCasmaCiknsmaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKy_ Gasan TaMgenH
)anbeBaj RbtikmCabnbnab;GMBIeRKaHfak;epSg EdleKFab;niyayeBjryeBlnsgam3. KW
RbeTsTaMgenH ehIyEdlshrdGaemrik GHGagkarBarBIkarRttRtamYyrbs;BYkkumynisevotNam. enaHKWEl,g dUmINU EdlnwgRtvdYlrlM nigTak;Taj[BYkGaemrikaMgykcitTukdak; ebIsinCaBYk
kumynisTTYlCyCmHenA\Ncin.
b:uEn eRkayqaM1975Gaemrik hak;dUcCae)aHbg;El,gdUmINUenHRBmKanwg\NcinEdr.enHCa
rykalRBy)arm nigRbkbedayTuTidiniymmYy - edayELksRmab;RbeTssigburI/ m:aeLsuI nig
RbeTsf. RbeTsf Casm<nmiteyaFamYyrbs;shrdGaemrik/ RbeTssigburI CabkSsm<n
emaHmutCageKrbs;GaemrikenAGasuI. BYkm:aeLsuI nigBYkf)anRbQmmuxttaMgnwgkarbHe)ardxaMgka
rbs;BYkkumynis enAkgRbeTserogxn. enARbeTsf BYkkumynisEdlTTYlkarKaMRTdmantm
mYyBIrbb Lav nigkm<Ca Ek,rxag )aneFVIskmPaBxaMgkaNas;. lIxVan;yU emdwknaMsigburI EdlFab;Ca
GkkarBardekvka nUv{RTwsIdUmINU} nigFab;)anENnaM[RbFanaFibtI hSnsun vayRbyuTenARbeTs
evotNambneTAeTot edayxacERkgfa sgamnwgraldalmkdl;RbeTsf/ m:aeLsuI nigsigburI.
m:ageTot RbeTsnanansmaKmGasan )ancUlrYmy:agskmkgCemaH edaykan;eCIgxag
GaemrikEdlcaj;. RbeTsfnighVIlIBIn )anpl;kEng[BYkGaemrikaMgksagmUldaneyaFaCaeRcIn.
RbeTssigburI/ m:aeLsuI nig\NensuI )anpl;nUvkarKaMRTtUctacmYy kgvisykarTUt bkarbNH
bNalkmaMg bsnisuxrbs;evotNamxagt,v. RbeTseRcInkgcMeNamenaHRBWxacNas; BIkar
sgswk ehIykgbNaqaM EdlmanbnBICyCmH RkghaNUy )anedoltHbNaRbeTsnsmaKm
GasanminQb; cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;eKkgsgam eRkamdwknaMbBaarbs;shrdGaemrik.
mundMbUg RbeTsTaMgenH )aneFVIRbtikmtbtedayELkBIKaCamYynwgkRmitnkarPysn;esa
xusKa. RbeTsf )anesIsMu[BYkGaemrikaMgrMsaymUldaneyaFaTaMgGs;rbs;xn bnab;mk
EsVgrkkarpSHpSaKamYyCamYyRbeTscin EdlenATIbMputnwgnaMdl;TMnak;TMngxageyaFaeTot. R)akd
489
Nas;rdaPi)alfvinicyfa RbeTscinnwgpl;[xnnUvkickarBarmYyRbesIrCagshrdGaemrik. b:uEn

sankarN_)anvivtelOnrhseBksRmab;kgTBGPirkSmYy ehIyenAqaM1976 rdRbharbgrQam
mYy )annaMkgTB[mkkan;GMNacvij.
RbeTsm:aeLsuI )anEsVgrkkarsnnaCamYyBYkemdwknaMRkghaNUy EdlmanCyCmH.
RbeTs\NensuI EdlEtgEtPyxacRbeTscineRcInCagRbeTsevotNam KWCaRbCaCatiEtmYyKt;
EdlrkSakaresmsat;rbs;xn. BYkhVIlIBIn kMBugxVl;nwgclnaRbqaMg nigkarbHe)arkgRbeTspal;
rbs;eK. lIxVan; yU CaemdwknaMGg;GacsVahab;rbs;RbeTssigburI )anvaytmfa snisuxnrdburIdtUc
rbs;eKTamTar[mankmviFITUeTAmYysRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;nsmaKmGasan kgeKalbMNgecos
vagmanbBaaepSg CamYy\Ncinkumynis.
lI R)afaeFVI[eKTukcitsmaKmnRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKy_eLIgvij nigeFVI[eTAkmaMgneya)ayd
manGMNacmYypg. smaKmGasan)anRtvbegIteLIgenAqaM1976 kgeKalbMNgbegItshKmn_
esdkicmYy dUcshKmn_esdkicGWr:ubenAkgtMbn;. eKaledAenH beBaj[eXIjminGacseRmc)aneT
b:uEnenAqaM1976 smaKmGasanmaneKaledAfImYy edaybgajmuxminEmnkumynisEtmYyb:ueNaH
RbQmnwgbkkumynis\NcinmYy.
cMnYnnkarRbCMurbs;Gasan)anekIneLIgy:ageRcInenAqaM1975nig1976.lIxVan;yU )aneFVI
dMeNIreTAmkminQb;QrrvagsigburI nigRkg)agkk edIm,IriHrksanPaBrYmmYyCamYyRbeTsf Ca
RbeTsEdlb:HBal;xaMgCageKedaysarCyCmHrbs;kumynis. enAcugqaM1976 eK)anQandl;
karRBmeRBgKamYy. minRtwmEtRbeTsnanansmaKmGasanTTYlsal;bNarbbfIenA\Ncin
b:eu NaHeT b:Eu nBkY eK )anRtvr:vU KasBI PI aBcaM)ac;kg {karCYbsnnaKa}EfmeTot TaMgCamYyBYkevotNam
kdUcCamYyBYkcin. BYkeKyl;eXIjfa BYkeKElgGacsMGagelIBYkGaemrikaMgedIm,IFanasnisux
rbs;eKeTotehIy ehIyfa RbeTsf mankarykcitTukdak;EsVgrkkarFanaEbbenaHBIxagRkgeb:kaMg
vij. CamYyKaenaH BYkeKyl;eXIjfa eKmincaM)ac;nlMeTanenAmuxRkghaNUy nigRkgeb:kaMgeT
ehIyfa edayrYmKaCabkEtmYy BYkeKGackayeTACaeRKgkarBardRbesIrTl;nwgsanPaBFak;cuH
Epkneya)ay nigesdkicrbs;eK.
R)akdehIy RbeTsTaMgenaHekItmankarRBy)armEmnBIerOgesdkicrbs;eK bnab;BIqaM
1975. ebIsinCaBYkGkvinieyaKbreTs mine)aHbg;RbeTsnanansmaKmGasaneT eKBi)ak
EsVgrkGkvinieyaKCafINas;. BiPBGkrksuImuxCarYjramindak;TuneLIgvijkgtMbn;EdlRbeTsbIeTIb
490
nwgkayCardkumyniseT. KWBitCaeFVI[GMBl;y:agcEmk sRmab;bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanEdl

CaGkedIrtamliTimUlFnniymy:agmWugm:at; ehIyEdlFab;BwgEpkelIkarvinieyaKrbs;breTs edIm,I
GPivDn_esdkicrbs;eK. enAeBlenaHg EdlBYkeKseRmccitERbkayxnCaGklk; nigGkkarBar
edaypal;/ BRgIkehdarcnasm<n nigTak;TajBYkGkvinieyaKinbreTsedayxng ehIyElgsMGag
elIkarCYyKaMRT rbs;shrdGaemrikteTAeTot.
sanPaBepSg)antRmv[{RbeTsrgeRKaH}BICyCmHmYyrbs;kumynis EdlminTan;ecj
Cak;EsgTaMgenH kayeTACaGkTTYlplRbeyaCn_y:agFMnsanPaBenH -mYycMENkFMedaysarkar
RbwgERbgpal;rbs;eK edIm,IraraMgmin[RTwsIdUmINUelcCarUbragBitR)akd. enAqaM1978 enAeBl
EdlBiPBelak BMumanCeRmIsNaepSgeToteRkABIykcitTukdak;CafIcMeBaHPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_enaH
bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasan )anbMeBjnUvGVIEdlBYkGkCMnajkarGWr:ubcat;TukCa {GBtehtu
esdkic}. eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDn_keday kRbeTsGasanTaMgGs; )ansal;nUvkarlUtlas;
mYyx<s;CagkarlUtlas;CamFmnBiPBelak sRmab;bNaRbeTsEdlR)ak;cMNUlCamFm.
RBwtikarN_EdlmansarsMxan;Edr KWRbeTsTaMgenaH )anseRmcpll edayrYmkmaMgKaRbQmnwgkar
KMramkMEhgmYyrbs;breTs edaHRsaybBaaepSgrvagBYkeK EdlenAgMtaMgBIyUmkehIy.
Gasan )ankayeTACasmaKmmanRbsiTPaBEbkBIeKmYy nBiPBelakEdlkMBugrIklUtlas;
ehIyGaceRbbeFobnwgsmaKmdUcKaepSgenAkgBiPBelakEdlman]sSahkmlUtlas;. b:uEn
BYkGaemrikaMgRtvkareBlevladCak;lak;mYy edIm,IEsVgyl;BIkarBitenH nigmUlehtuepSg Edlxn
Fab;eFVI[elceLIg. saklviTalynana enAshrdGaemrik minRtwmEtQb;ykcitTukdak;nwg\Ncin
b:eu NaHeT b:Eu n KWPmU Pi aKGasuGI aeKyT_ aMgmUl. eRkayqa1M 975 bNamCmNlRsavRCavGMBPI mU Pi aK
GasuIGaeKy_ )anrlay)at;BIsklviTalykULMebo/EylnigsaklviTalyepSgeTot.kaEst
nigTsSnavdITaMgLay kRme)aHBum<pSaydMNwgepSgsIBIbNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasanNas;.
CafImgeTot shrdGaemrik)anykcitTukdak;nwgbNansmaKmGasan KWenAeBlEdl\Ncin
sal;nUvehtukarN_sMxan;RbkbedayTukesakCaeRcIn KWkarcakecjtamTUkTaMghVgrbs;RbCaCn
EdlePosxnecjBIRbeTsevotNamqaM1978 ehIyeTAeLIgeKakenAtameqHsmuRTRbeTsnanan
smaKmGasan.
enATIbMput sgam\NcinelIkTIbI bgaj[eXIjfa GkrgeRKaHsMxan;bMputnCyCmHrbs;
491
kumynisenA\Ncin KWBiPBkumynisxngEtm. enAeBlEdlBYKeKQHsgamBYkkumynis\Ncin

)anlubbM)at;mUldanshRbtibtikarEdlmanEtmYyrvagRbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot ebIeTaHCava
RKan;EtCanimitrUbkeday KWbMNgrYmrbs;eKedIm,IykQHGaemrik nigbNasm<nmitrbs;. eRkayqaM
1975 BiPBkumynis)ansal;nUvkarEbk)ak;rbs;xny:agRCaleRCA nigRsYcRsal;bMput taMgBIkar
eRbHqarvagcin-shPaBsUevot enAqaM1963 CamYynwgplvi)akRbkbedaymhnrayEfmeTot.
CemaHCaRbvtisasxagEpkmenaKmviCa nigTwkdIrvagRbeTsevotNam/ km<Ca nigcin Edl
rIkraldalRbkbedaykl,ic )anRtvcat;faCaerOgbnab;bnSM edaysgamRbqaMgcRkBtiniym
GaemrikaMg eFVI[keRmIkeLIgvijrwtEtxaMgeLIg. minRtwmEtvanaMeTArksgammYyrvagRbeTsTaMgenHeT
b:uEnva)aneFVI[RbeTscinTak;TgKaCamYyRbeTselakxaglicEfmeTot CaBiess shrdGaemrik.
RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot )anRbQmmuxdak;KaCacMh edIm,IRbTaj\Ncinkumynis[Fak;
kgrgVg;\TiBlrbs;eK ehIybg[BiPBkumyniseRCIserIsRkmbkSrbs;xn. edayEsVgrkkarKaMRT
mYyenATIdTeTot enATIbMput RbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam kEbrmkrkbNaRbeTsminEmnkumynisenA
Ek,rxagvij KWsmaKmGasan.
enAqaM1978 BYkkumynis)anbMpajkarrYmsm,ac;nwgKaEdlBYkeK)anseRmckgryeBln
sgam. enAqaM1975 karbHe)arrbs;kumynis hak;dUcCaTwkrlkEdle)akbk;eTArkGnaKt.
enAqaM1978 BYkkumynispal; )ane)aHbg;ecalesckIsgwmenH edayvayRbyuTEtrvagKanigKa
edayk,t;KaeTAvijeTAmk edaydwknaMRbeTsrbs;BYkeKtamrebobdKYr[RBWxacmYy EdlBYkeK)anbg
[mankarRsgakcitenAkgBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
rUbPaBRbeTsevotNam KWCarUbPaBmYykgcMeNamrUbPaBdMbUgeK Edlpas;br. kgryeBl
sgam eK)anBiBNnaedayyutiFmfa RbeTsevotNamxageCIgdUcCaescedvId (David) tUcmYykMBug
RbQmmuxnwgykS hlIy:at (Goliath) nm:asuInsgamrbs;GaemrikaMg. bnab;BIsgam enAeBlenH
BYkkumynisevotNam )anrkSaTukrUbPaBenHkgBiPBttiyelak nigRbeTssgmniymepSg.
eK)anGbGrsresIrBYkkumynisevotNam Edl)anRbyuTTl;nwgkarRttRtarbs;breTs eTaHbICa
manesckIsgwmTTYlCyCmHticNas; nigRtvvayRbharkgryeBlbITsvtSr_ edIm,IdeNIm
kraCrbs;xnkeday.
b:uEn zanrbs;RbeTsevotNamenAkgBiPBelak)anpas;bry:agsem,Im. CamYyRbCaCn
hasiblannak; RbeTsevotNam EdlbRgbbRgmEtmYy KWCamhaGMNackumynisTIBIrenAGasuI.
492
eCaKCyEpeyaFarbs;xnCaeCaKCyEdleFVI[eKRsLaMgkaMg. CamYynwgsniPaB RkghaNUyBMu)an

rMsaykgTBrbs;xneT b:uEnpyeTAvij )anbegIncMnYnBitnkgTBrbs;xndl;mYylannak; EdleFVI
kgTBevotNam manzanTIbIkgBiPBelak. RbeTsevotNamkmanmuxkgcMeNammhaGMNaceyaFa
sMxan;bMputTaMgR)aMnPBEpndIEdr. sgamsamsibqaM )aneFVI[evotNam xageCIgeTACasgmmYy
EdlbNHcitRbCaCn[manTmab;CaTahany:agRCaleRCA ehIykgTBevotNamxageCIg)ankayeTA
Ca hlIy:at enAGasuIPaKGaeKy_.
GnuPaBenH )anbMPW[dwgedayEpkBIKMnitpcepImrbs;smaKmGasan edIm,IbegIty:agehacnUv
kmaMgTb;Epkneya)aymYy RbQmnwg\NcinfI EdlsuTEtCaRbeTskumynis.
PaKeRcInnbNaRbeTselakxaglic )aneFVIRbtikmy:agxaMgnwgsPaBminGacRbEkk)anmYy
eTotnRbeTsevotNameRkaysmysgam vinaskmy:agsem,Imrbs;RbeTs. RbeTsmYy
PaKy:agFM cg;CYyRbeTsevotNam. kgrvagmYyqaM BYkevotNam )anbegIt[manTMnak;TMngkarTUt
CamYyRbeTscMnYnekAsibR)aMBIr nigcUlCasmaCikGgkarGnrCaticMnYnmBIr dUcCa FnaKarBiPBelak
GgkarrUbiyvtGnrCati nigFnaKarGPivDn_GasuICaedIm.kgryeBlBIr-bIqaM RbeTseRkACaeRcIn)an
yl;RBmpl;CMnYy CagR)aMmYyekadidular[RbeTsevotNam sRmab;karsabnaRbeTseLIgvij.
b:uEn BYkevotNam)ancat;EcgedayminRbsb;nUvkmviFIsarRbeTseLIgvijrbs;BYkeK ehIy
RkghaNUy)anrYsran;pl;GaTiPaB cMeBaHbBaaeyaFaCafI. karsarRbeTseLIgvij )ankngputeTA
bnab;BIkarRttRtatMbn;Edlcat;TukdUcCaeKaledAmanGaTiPaB. RbeTsLav4 )ankayy:agqab;rhs
eTACardGaNaBa)almYyrbs;RkghaNUy EdlCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkeKaledAenH.
BYkkumynisrbs;Lav -):aeftLav- )aneLIgkan;GMNactamryCyCmHtUctacCabnbnab;
mYy bTQb;)aj;KaenAqaM1973 karbegItrdaPi)alcRmHenAExemsa qaM1974 karRsutcuHrbs;
RkmniymsaMenAEx]sPa qaM1975 nigkarRbkasbegItsaFarNrdRbCaFibetyRbCamanitLav
enAfTI2 ExF qaM1975. KWBMumankareLamBTrdFanIenATwkpac;RBRt EdleFVI[manmnusSsab;RBat;
R)as; dUcenARbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca TaMgBMumankarrt;eKcxnrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgeLIy. kgTBrbs;
):aeftLav )anedIrcUlkgrdFanIevogcn rebobCak,nBhyaRta edaymanyuTCnkan;GavuFtubEtg
edaypaPJIpg.kgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn eKsegteXIjBYkGkkarTUtGaemrikaMg ehIysanTUt rbs;eK
enAEtebIkTVardEdl.
karEkERbRbeTsLav eFVI[eTACarNbrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRbRBwteTAy:agsb;esm.
493
enATIbMput kgTBevotNamRbEhlbYnmWunnak; )ane)aHTItaMgsMctenAkgRbeTsenH EdlrYmbgCakgTBbreTsmYymancMnYneRcInCagkgTBrbs;LaveTAeTot. kmaPi)alevotNamCaeRcIn )anENnaM[

BYkGkTTYlxusRtvsMxan;kgrdaPi)al eFVItamKMrUrbs;xn ehIyKMrUevotNam )ankayeTACamUldan
neya)ayrbs;Lav.
BYkLav minsUvmanlTPaB bbMNgeFVIGVImYyepSgBIenHeLIy. RbeTsrbs;eKEdlmanRbCaCn
ticCagbIlannak; KWCaRbeTssm,rPMEdlmanRbeTseTotBTCMuvij dUcCaRbeTscin/PUma/f/km<Ca/
evotNam nigLav EtgEtEsVgrkkarKaMBarBIrdmYyEdlmanGnuPaBCageKCanic.
BYkevotNam )anbegItclnakumynisLavtamrybkSkumynis\Ncin ehIy)anKaMRT
clna enHy:ageBjTMhwgrhUtdeNIm)anCyCmHCasaBr. eRkayqaM1975 RbeTsLavman
GtRbeyaCn_bnicbnc EdlxnRtvsitenAeRkammb;rbs;evotNam. RbeTsLav BMuKMramkMEhgdl;
RbeTsNamYyeLIy ehIymanesrIPaBy:agFMmYy kgvisykickarbreTs kdUckgkarEfrkSavb,Fm
Lav CaBiess CMenOrbs;Gkkan;BuTsasnapg. ):aeftLav )antRmv[RbeTsCati GnuvtRbBn
kumynismYytamKMrUevotNam rYmTaMgbegItCMrMGb;rMEkERbfIpg b:uEn eRkamTRmg;mYyTn;Pn;Cag nig
minsUveXaeXAb:unaneT. fVIebIkarcab;epImdMbUgmankarlM)akkeday kesdkicrbs;LavGaceFVI[
seRmc nUvkarlaybBalKamYyrvagshRKasesrI nigkareFVICatUbnIykm EdlenATIbMput)aneFVI[
kRmitCIvPaBrs;enAmYyPaKFMrbs;sgmRbesIrelIsmunEdr -enHCalTplEdlTaMgRbeTsevot
Nam TaMgRbeTskm<Ca minGacGYtekgkag)aneT.
RbeTsLav )anrkSacMNgTak;TgCamYybNaRbeTskumynis bminEmnkumynisCaeRcIn rYm
TaMgshrdGaemrik. rdFanIevogcn )ankayeTACabgcmYysRmab;[BiPBelakxageRkABinit
emIllTplnkarpas;brepSg nkarbdivtn_enA\Ncin.
b:uEn tmnCyCmHTaMgenHmanlkNffrNas;edayehtufa enHCakraCrbs;RbeTs.
rdaPi)alrbs;Lav etagEtyl;RBmTTYlykmeFa)aybt;EbnTaMgGs; Edlbgab;bBaaredayRbeTs
evotNam TaMgkgRbeTskdUceRkARbeTs. CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa BYkLav)aneFVIGVImYyedayKanTak;Tg
CamYyRkghaNUyeT eTaHbICaxnRtveRkInrMBkedayBYkevotNamkeday. b:uEn edayLavRBmTTYl
karRttRtarbs;evotNam RbeTsLavk)aneKcputBIsmuRTQamnsgam\NcinelIkTIbIEdr.
enAeBlEdlRkgevogcncuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBCamYyRkghaNUyenAqaM1977BYk
kumyniskm<Cadwgfa RtveKrayGnak;dak;ehIy. BYkevotNam )anbgaj[eXIjTMnak;TMngepSg
494
rbs;eKCamYyRbeTsLav TukdUcCaKMrUEdlBYkeKsgwmfa nwgTTYl)anBIRkgPMeBjEdr. GMeNIHteTA

BYkkm<Ca ElgTukcitRbeTsLaveTotehIy. RbeTsevotNam)anerobcMkarlukluyrbs;xnmkelI
RbeTskm<CaedayrYmCamYyBYkLav kgTBRkghaNUy EdlsMctenARbeTsLav )anvayRbhar
ecjBImUldanrbs;xnenAkgTwkdILav ehIyBYkGkePosxnExrenARbeTsLav Rtv)anbMBak;GavuF[
edIm,IvayRbyuTRbekoksaCamYyBYkevotNam RbqaMgnwgkgTBrbs; b:ul Bt EfmeTot.
nimitrUbrbs;RbeTsevotNam Fab;sal;nUvkarEkgbnMepSgy:agRbsb;bMput. BYkevotNam
EdleFVICasmaCiknbNaclnaminEmnkumynis EdlFab;CYyKaMRTrNsirSrMedaHCatievotkug nig
eRkaymk rdaPi)albdivtn_beNaHGasn. enAeBlEdlmnusSTaMgenH RtvbeNjecjBItMENg
sMxan; kgrdaPi)aleRkaysmysgamlTpl)anekItmanPam. BYkkumynisRkghaNUy
EdlkarBaredaypal;nUvbuBVehturbs;eK minsUvdUcBYkevotNamenAPaKxagt,g EdlFab;bgaj[
eXIjkarbuinniyayxaMgNas;.
b:uEn RkghaNUyminyl;BIcMNucNaxHEdlBYkGkRbqaMgnwgrbbrbs; FIv man\TiBleTAelI
mtisaFarNGaemrikaMg/ reboby:agem:c)anCastism,CBarbs;BYkGaemrikaMg RtveFVI[keRmIkeLIg
edaybNaRBHsgBuTsasna EdleFVIBlIkmedaydutxnenAqaM1963 edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgrbbpac;
karenARkgRBnKrpgeT ehIyBuMEmnedayesckIEfgkarN_epSg EdlRkghaNUysMGagelIekr
eQaHrbs; hU CImij eLIy. m:ageTot RkghaNUykminyl;BI{kas}nkareXasna Edl)an
seRmcpll edayBYkevotNamxagt,g EdleFVIkarenATIRkg):arIs bv:asuInetan CamYyBYkyuTikCn
sniPaBniym)araMg nigGaemrikaMg.
GkRbqaMgevotNamxagt,gTaMgenH yl;c,as;BIKUsRtvrbs;eK. karecHdwgrbs;eKGMBIRbBn
neya)ayrbs;shrdGaemrik KWRbesIrCagkarecHdwgrbs;RbCaCnGaemrikaMgsamBaeTAeTot.
smaCikmak;nclnaRbqaMgsgamenAcaM)anfa edayeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;pHGktMNagmak;nrNsirS
rMedaHCati enATIRkg):arIskalBITsvtSr_1960 Kat;)anRtveFVI[PJak;epIl EdlemIleXIjEpnTImYy
dak;taMgeBjCBaaMgmYyenAeBlKat;QancUlkgbnb;TTYlePJvdtUc. enaHKWEpnTImYynsParbs;
shrdGaemrik EdlmanbiTTg;Rkhm bexovtUc sRmab;sMKal;EdnxagBYkRbCaFibety BIEdnxag
BYksaFarNrdniym. edaycucnwgmlenAelIEpnTI manbBaIEvgmYy Edlerobrab;litln;BIRbPB
FnFanEpesdkicrbs;mNlnImYyEfmeTot.
KWmnusSTaMgenaHehIyEdlBaMnaMdMNwgepSgBIrNsirS ehIybeBaj[dwgKMnitedayTajehtu
495
plepSg EdleFVI[RsLaMgkaMgRbqaMgnwgsgamEdleRbIviFIkan;EtxaMgrbs;GaemrikaMg. KWBYkGk

TaMgenaHehIy EdlRkghaNUyrlas;ecal edIm,IdeNImykGMNacPambnab;BICyCmH. lTplKW
RbeTsevotNam Rtv)aneKdwgBkan;EtticeTAfaCaRbCaCatixaMgBUEkmYy ehIyRtveKsal;kan;Et
eRcIneLIgfa CardmYyBwgEpkelIb:Ulis EdleRbIviFIeXareXAepSg.
BYkevotNam EdlnwgGacpl;dl;RkghaNUynUvrUbPaBRbesIrCagmunmYy suTEtRtvbMEbk
ecj[rs;enAbreTs eKminRtvkarkarbeRmIkargarrbs;BYkenaHeT beFVIkaredaymanebovtSBak;
kNalenATIRkgRBnKr bRtvCab;XMukgCMrMGb;rMEkERbCafImYy ehIyeRkaymksitkgcMeNamGkGs;
sgwmrab;Ban;nak; EdlePosxntamTUkecjeTAenARbeTseRkA.
b:uEn bnab;BICyCmH RbkarenHmin)aneFVI[RkghaNUyxVayxVl;eLIy edayKitfaxngesIr
EtminEdlcaj;eLIy. BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anQHsgammYy Edl)aneFVI[kaEstnanakgBiPB
elakTaMgmUl cuHpSayelITMBrTImYykgryeBlCaeRcInqaM. BYkeKmanKMnitkan;kab;Eb:kxagmuxqakCa
saBr kgzanCavIrbursnBiPBttiylak CanimitrUbnsmtPaBrbs;BYkGkRtveKsgt;sgin Edl
bMpajkareFVIGnraKmn_rbs;breTs. CaCMnYsRbkarenH BYkeK)anbM)at;kasCatTKmYy nUvkMNb;
citEdlBYkeKRbmUl)an.
{BYkevotNam mansunrkfaerobcMrYceRscCaeRcIn EdlBYkeKsURtKanQb;sIBIkarQWcab;TaMg
LayEdlBYkeKFab;sal;>>>. BYkeKcat;TukxngenABIelIkarbenasTaMgGs; ehIyminsab;karriHKn;
NamYyeLIy CaBiess sIBIkarbRgbbRgmRbeTsedaybg. BYkeK)an)at;bg;mitPkiTaMgLayy:ag
qab;rhs}5. enHCasmIEdlGkarTUtkumynisGWr:ubmak;)anGHGag.
enAeBlEdlsgam\NcinelIkTIbIpHeLIg RbeTsevotNam GacRtwmEtsgwmfa mtisaFa
rNBiPBelak nwgKaMRTRkghaNUyRbqaMgnwgRkgPMeBjb:ueNaH. enHCakarPan;RcLMmYyEdlnaM[
vinaskgkarKn;KUrrbs;BYkevotNam CaBiess edayesckIseRmcplrbs;xnelIshrdGaemrik.
RkmniymeqVgrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlrIkeLIgy:agxaMgkgclnaRbqaMgsgam )ancuHexSayy:ag
qab;rhs bnab;BIqaM1975 nigTIbBab;nCemaH6-m:ageTot enHCaehtuplmYykgcMeNamehtupl
CaeRcIn EdleFVI[shrdGaemrikGacbMePcRbeTsevotNam Lav nigkm<Ca. clnamhaCnEdlFab;
RbqaMgcMeBaHkareFVIGnraKmn_rbs;Rkgv:asuInetanenA\Ncin )anrlay)at;bnab;BIkardkfyrbs;
kgTBGaemrikaMgenAqaM1973. PaKeRcInnyuTikCnniymsniPaB EdlbnskmPaBrbs;eKrhUtdl;
496
TIbBab;nsgam )ane)aHbg;ecalvisyneya)ayenAqaM1975 edaybkRsayfa BYkeKRtveFVI[

Gs;kmaMgxaMgNas;. BYkGkEdlrYcxnxH )anseRmccitbneRbI\TiBlmYyelIneya)ayCatidl;
TIbMputsRmab;smaCikPaKeRcInnKNbkSRbCaFibetyEdlFab;latRtdagBIerOgsgam-fmh
din nigsameR)an CaKMrUdl,Il,ajBIrnak;. BYkemdwknaMnbNaRkmedayELkBIKa Edlpt;pg;Rkm
mnusS[clnaRbqaMgsgam -clnasIniym/ siTiBlrd/ siTiBYkGkRsLaj;ePTdUcKa CaBiess )anbMEbrsmancitrbs;BYkeKeq<aHeTArkskmPaBepSg EdlmanlkNRbBNIbMputkgpnRbBn
neya)ayEdltaMg[maneLIg.
BYkyuTikCnniymeqVgRClmYycMnYntUc )anRbkan;ykmeFa)ayRbqaMgEdlbNal[man
)atuPUtmin)anRbgTuktUcmYy kgrvagBIrqaM BYkeK)anbegIty:agehacKNbkSfIcMnYnbYn nigGgkar
kumynisBIr. enaHKWCaRkmneya)aytUc EdlGYtGMBIkarpas;brbdivtn_mYyenAshrdGaemrik
eTAtamExSbnat; nbdivtn_vb,Fmrbs;em:A bRbeTscinEdlTuktmnkarGnuvtn_CaFMrbs; etg
savBIg bRbeTsGal;)anI EfmeTot. KNbkSfITaMgenH )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN BIPaBenAEt
kgnRkmGkbdivtn_niymeqVg kdUckarBRgIkclnaniymeqVgfImYyenAshrdGaemrikEdr. m:ag
eTot PaKeRcInkgcMeNamenaH )anrlt;rlay ehIymanEtmYyb:ueNaH EdlenArs;ranmanCIvit KW
KNbkSkumynisbdivtn_ nigKNbkSBlkrkumynis EdlsitenACaRkmneya)aytUc. b:uEn
BYkeKmanlkNBiessCa KNbkSneya)ayfIEtmYyKt; EdlekItecjBIclnaRbqaMgsgam.
enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam nigkm<Ca RtvkarBYkGkmansmancitBIshrdGaemrik enAeBlcab;
epImdMbUgnsgamrbs;eK KWminsUvmanlTpleT. manEtkar{Lb;b} tictYcmYyrbs;evotNam
b:ueNaH EdlbneFVI[mankarykcitTukdak;dl;\NcineRkamsmysgam. m:aeTot Bak {Lb;b}
mannyfa Cakarcat;EcgRbkbedayrcnasm<nRtwmRtvmYy EdlRkmGtItyuTikCnenH rYmmanmin
RtwmEtbNa\sSrCnl,Il,ajelceFa EdlFab;eFVICanimitrUbclnab:ueNaHeT b:uEnkmanRkmmnusS
CasmaCiknclnaGkkan;sasnaRbetsg;/ Rkm mennonites/ BYkRKbeRgn nigbBVCit EdlFab;CaRkm
ecjlak;karsmat; nigsUbrCamYy. mnusSCaeRcInkgcMeNamenaH Fab;rs;enARbeTs evotNam/
Lav bkm<Ca ehIyminGacbMePcRbeTsTaMgenaH)aneT. BYkeKeFVIkarCafrnwgR)ak;ebovtS scesIg
kgbNaGgkartUc EdlmaneKaledAminrkkRmeRkA dUcCa GgkarKNkmkaresvakmmitPaB
GaemrikaMg nigmCmNlFnFan\Ncin enARkgv:asuInetanCaedIm. karcab;GarmN_rbs;eK ElgCa
mtirbs;GaemrikaMgeTotehIy b:uEn GkRsavRCav/ sasacarsaklviTaly nigGkkaEstmYy
497
cMnYntUc enAEtcab;GarmN_nwg\Ncin ehIyBYkGkeFVIkar nigGkneya)ay ksresr bGtaFib,ayBI

EpkepSgTak;Tgnwg\NcinEdr. yuTviFIrbs;eKkdUcyuTviFIrbs;Rkmekobsgt;tUcdTeTotEdr
KWpl;BtmanepSg edIm,IkarBarbuBVehtu.
b:uEn BYkeKTaMgenaH minsUv)anKitGMBIesaknadkm nigCemaH EdlrIkraldaly:agqab;rhskg
\NcineRkayqaM1975eLIy. BYkeKl,gcg;dwgBIsankarN_epSg enAkgRbeTsTaMgbI b:uEn eday
kMNt;RtwmEtBIr-bIcMNucb:ueNaH sRmlkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngepSg rvagRbeTs
evotNam nigshrdGaemrik bBaHbBalshrdGaemrik[pl;viPaKTanCaBiessdl;karksagRbeTs
TaMgbIeLIgvij. edIm,IQan[dl;eKaledATaMgenaH BYkeKetagEtEkERbrUbPaBGviCamanrbs;BYk
evotNamxageCIg nigExrRkhmsin ehIyerobcMkarBiPakSaxagneya)aysIBIRbeTsTaMgenH
kgbribTnkarRbQmmux rvagshrdGaemrikmYy Edlsm,rsb,ay EdleFVI[eKvinas nigRbeTs
RkIRk BIr EdlRtvbMpicbMpajexcxaM. cMeBaHeKalbMNgenH BYkeK)anRcanecal bbgajfa minsUv
sMxan;nUvcemIyCasakSIdKYr[RBWrnt;rbs;BYkGkePosxnkm<Ca nigbeBasbBaasIBIsiTmnusS Edl
mankgRbeTsevotNam eRkaysmysgamEfmeTot.
\riyabfenH )anbg[manesckIvinasdl;kar {Lb;b} rbs;evotNam nigkarb:unb:gTaMgLay
rbs;xnCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;karxitcUlCitKamYyrvagRkgv:asuInetan nigRkghaNUy bRkgv:asuInetan nigRkgPMeBj. BYkevotNam nigBYkExrRkhm )anbnneya)ayrbs;eK EdleFVI[cMnYnPstag
epSg sIBIerOgr:avGaRkk; EdlekItmankgRbeTsTaMgBIrekIneLIg. naTIrbs;BYkGkEdlmanGMBl;
enAeLIyBIeCaKvasnarbs;\Ncin )an)ak;EbkecjBIKa ehIybNa\sSrCnGPirkSniym EdlkMBug
man\TiBleTAelImtisaFarN GacbMpajRKwHn{Lb;b}rbs;evotNam)an.
BYkGkGPirkSniym )aneRbIR)as;karbriyayerOgepSgrbs;BYkGkePosxnkm<Ca edIm,ICa
sMGagdl;mtirbs;eK EdlfaGMeBIKYr[rnt;TaMgLaybnab;BIsgam s[eXIjBIPaBffrnkarCab;d
RbyuTrbs;GaemrikaMgkgsgam\NcinelIkTIBIr. tamrebobyl;eXIjsmehtusmplmYy
enHKWCa meFa)aybeBaatsRtvmYyEdlminTMng nigEdlKanGagelIehtukarN_epSgeT CaBiess
kgkrNIRbeTskm<Ca b:uEnvabegIt)ankarTukcitdrabNaRkmniymeqVgbdiesFfa vaBMumanGVIBitR)akd
eTkgcemIyCasakSIrbs;GkePosxnTaMgenaH.
kgRkmTaMgsgxag eKeFVIkickarGVImYykgnamnplRbeyaCn_pal;xnmak;. rebobEdl
\NcineRkaysmysgam Rtv)ansal;dwgenAshrdGaemrik eTACamansarsMxan;CageK eTaHbICa
498
mankaryl;dwgc,as;BIkarpas;brRbkbedayeRKaHfak; b:HBal;dl;tMbn;enHkeday. mnusSeRcIn

bMput enAkgp benAeRkArdaPi)al Fab;)anRbDitekreQaH/ GaCIB nigesckIrab;Ganpal;rbs;eK
edayRbkan;CMhrdEdlkgryeBlnsgam. RkmnImYyeBalGHGagfa smyeRkaysgamCa
cMENkmYynsanPaBmunTaMgenH ehIybgajPstaMgBImUlkPaB PaBsmehtusmpl rbs;eK
pg. dMNwgepSgrbs;tMbn;enH BMuRtv)ancat;TukCaBtmansIBI\NcinmYy EdldwknaMedayBYkevot
Nam nigkm<CaeT b:uEn cat;TukdUcCare)ayBtmanminTan;ecjCak;EsgRbqaMgTl;nwgbNaKURbqaMg
cas;rbs;GaemrikaMg nigCaPstagnBiruTPaB bPaBffrrbs;Gaemrik.
KURbqaMgmYycMnYntUccMeBaHkarCab;dRbyuTrbs;shrdGaemrikenARbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca
)ankayCaGkriHKn;dMbUg dl;bNarbbkumynisfInRbeTsTaMgenH ehIy)aneTACamnusSdkRmkg
cMeNammnusSdkRmCaeRcIn Edl)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNBIesaknadkmKYr[RBWxacmYyEfmeTot
kgbNaEx nigqaM Cabnbnab;mkeTot. BYkeK)anRtvbrihary:agxaMgka edaybNaGtItsm<nmit
kgpnRkmniymeqVg EdleFVIxUcRbeyaCn_dl;eKaledAdUcKaEdlRkmniymeqVgkMBugbneFVI KWedaH
RsaykarvivaTrvagRbeTsevotNam nigshrdGaemrik.
KWcemIyCasakSIsIBIRbeTskm<CaTaMgenHehIy EdlbM)at;PaBenAesmsat;enH. taMgBIEx
mifuna qaM1975 kaEstv:asuInetanb:us )anCYypSayGtbTmYyedaydkRsg;tamesckIEfgrbs;
yuvCnExrmak;eLIgvijfa{elIkElgEtBYkcas; nigekgecjmnusSTaMgGs;RtveTAeFVIkarenAtam
valERseyIg)anQb;sRmakEtenAeBlhUb)aynigeBledkBYnb:ueNaH}.yuvCnenaH)anbEnmfa
BMusUvmanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;eT/ sfBa)alCMgWesIrEtKanesaH nig)anvaysanCamunfa
mnusSCaeRcInnwgRtvsab;. kgGtbTdEdlGkePosxnExrmak;eTot )anerobrab;fa BMuman]bkrN_
eRbIR)as;eT ehIyfa manmnusSmYyRkm)anGUsnglPrERs {dUcstVeKa-RkbI}.
BiPBelak)anRtveFVI[RsLaMgkaMg enAeBlEdlkaEstnana)ancuHpSayGtbTepSgsIBIkar
CemsRbCaCnPamecjBITIRkgPMeBj/ kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbCaCneTAkan;CnbT PaKeRcIneTArs;enA
elIdIminsUvmanCICati/ eBlem:ageFVIkareRcInhYsRbmaN/ karlubbM)at;esrIPaBepSg nigCIvit
kCn/ karPyxacnwgkarsmab;mnusSeRcIn\tKNna. GkkaEstniymeqVgmYyRkmtUc)ancMGk[
GtbTTaMgenaH edaybkRsayfa PstagTaMgenaHminRKb;RKan;eT ehIyfaBYkGkniBnGtbTTaMgenH
CacMENkmYynsmasPaBmnusSmYyRkm {EdlcUlcitbeBaatelgCaEl,g} sMedAeFVI[eXIjfa
karRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;GaemrikaMg EdlbraCyeTAehIyenaH BitCaRtwmRtvEmn. niyay
499
m:ageTot KWehtukarN_FmtaEdlniymGMBIsankarN_fIdKYr[RBWrnt;enAkm<Ca mankarTak;Tgnwgkar

XubXitEfmeTot.
edIm,IkMu[bMBaneTAelIBYkxageqVgrbs;xn RkmniymsaMbMput)anepImeFVIkarvayRbhardUcKa
RbqaMgnwgsarBtman edayecaTRbkan;fa min)anniyay[RKb;RKan;BIesaknadkmrbs;km<Ca ehIy
smKMnitkgkarKitk,t;mYy nwgRkmesrIniymdmanGMNac edIm,Ibgb;ecalBtmanepSg EdlbeBaj
[dwgBIrbbkumynis eRkamTidPaBEdlbgajkarmincUlcitmYy.
karBiPakSa xagneya)ay dUcKamYy )anmt;KaniyayGMBIbBaasiTimnusSenARbeTsevot
Nam. erOgenaH )ancab;epImedaykarBiPakSaKamYyrvagyuTikCnBIrrUb EdlRbqaMgnwgkardak;Tahan
[cUlRbyuTrbs;GaemrikaMg ehIyEdlenATIbMputkbMpajkugsg;suIs (Consensus) enAeRkaysmy
sgam. sy
I Tu ki Cnmak;kg cMeNamenaH KWnag xUra: ev:s (Cora Weiss)7 EdlCaGkTTYlmrtky:agsem,Im
mYy )ankayeTACaGVIEdlnag[eQaHfa emGeNIk {smehtupl} rvagBYkGaemrikaMg nigBYkevot
Nam EdlmanCyCmHeRkayqaM1975. kgkMLgsgam nag)anCMruj[mankarCECkEvkEjk
rkxusRtvmYy edayFanakarTak;TgrvagRkghaNUy nigshrdGaemrik/ edaydwknaMGgkartUcmYy
CaGgkarEtmYyKt; EdlBYkevotNamxageCIgGnuBaat[dwknaMsMbuRtrvagBYkeQIyswkGaemrikaMg
nigRKsarrbs;BYkeK. ev:s )aneFVIdMeNIrcuHeLIgrvagRkghaNUy nigshrdGaemrik edIm,InaMeyabl;
rbs;evotNamxageCIg mkR)ab;mtisaFarNGaemrikaMg.
eRkaysmysgam nag)aneRbIR)as;mrtkrbs;nag edIm,IKaMRTKMnitpcepImTaMgLay Edl
elIkTwkcitdl;karsarRbeTsevotNameLIgvij kareFVI[TMnak;TMngGaemrik-evotNam )anRbesICag
mun nigkarCYyrbs;shrdcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam. kalBIdMbUg nag)anCYyelIktemIgrbbExr
Rkhm. xUr:a ev:s KanniyayTietonRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNammYym:at;esaH {vamanmnusSeRcIn
RKb;RKan;rYcmkehIy EdledoltHBYkevotNam. GVIEdlBYkeKerobcMenAkgRbeTs KWBYkeKKitNas;
eTIbeFVI}.
\riyabfenH RbqaMgeTAnwg\riyabfrbs; CUeGn )aeG (Joan Baez) EdlCamitRsImak;kgcMeNam
GtItmitRsIrbs;nag nigCasImak;kgcMeNam\sSrCnl,Il,ajCaeRcInnclnaRbqaMgsgam.
karvivaTrbs;sITaMgBIr qHbBaaMg[eXIjnUvkarEbk)ak;Ka kgpnRkmniymeqVgrbs;GaemrikaMg
nigCasBaa[dwgmunBIkarminTTYlsal;BYkevotNam edaymtisaFarNGnrCatienABIr-bIqaMeRkay
mk. )aeG CatMNagclnaedIm,IsiTmnusS. nag)anGYtGMBIGhigSa nigCamitrbs;elak m:antaMg
500
luyFrXIg. enAqaM1976 enAeBlEdleKesI[nagcuHhtelxaelIlixitmYy RbqaMgnwgkarrMelaP

siTimnusS EdlRbRBwtedayrdaPi)alRkghaNUy nag)anyl;RBm bnab;BI)anBinitemIlPstag
epSgEdlGacykCakar)an.
enAeBlenaH TUrsBrbs;nag)aneraTeLIg. hSeGn )aeG8 )andMNalfa {KWBMuEmnCakarehA
niyaytamTUrsBrbs; xUr:a [ev:s] Etb:ueNaHeT KWCabBaadac;xatmYy[dkeQaH rbs;ecjBIbBaI
enH}.
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501
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502
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503
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BYkevotNam BMu)ane)aHbg;karTamTarEdlmanBImunrbs;eKeLIy kgkicRBmeRBgeFVI[manRbRktI
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504
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505
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506
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507
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epSg. sMeNIenH )aneFVICBaIgepgmkxagKat; ehIyelak xaFr )anyl;RBmedaysb,ayrIkray
y:agxaMgkgkarCYbKamYyenATIRkg):arIsenAEx]sPa KWmindl;bYnExpg eRkaykarcUlkan;muxtMENg
Capvkarrbs;Kat;. Rkmcrcarbs;RbeTsTaMgBIr )anerobcMtak;Etgy:agyUr nUvGVIEdlnwgeTACaesckI
seRmcpac;RBRt. tamkarBit elak xaFr )anGHGagBIvIrkmrbs;evotNamfa CakarbkRsaymYy
EdlKat;cg;)an ehIy)an[dMNwgdl;sarBtman nigmtisaFarNfa TMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs
evotNamnwwgGacmanPaBRbesIrCagmun.
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munkare)aHeqatenAeBlxagmuxqab;. kareFVI[manTMnak;TMngepSgmanRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTs
evotNam EdlCasRtvkalBImunGaceFVI[ekItmanRbtiXaty:agsem,ImenAshrdGaemrik ehIy
elak xaFr )anevosv eFVIGVImYyPammuneBlEdlKURbqaMgTaMgLayrbs;Kat; GacraMgxb;KMnitpcepIm
rbs;Kat;.
RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg)anbgajKMnitxnfa Kat;BMumanbBaaenAGaemrikeT b:uEn KWenARkghaNUy
ehIykarcrcaenATIRkg):arIselceLIg[eXIjfa CaPan;RcLMFMmYy kgcMeNamkarPan;RcLMFMrbs;
RbeTsevotNam-CakarPan;RcLMmYyEdlmanplRbkbedaykIvinas eRBaHEtsgamEdlpHeLIg
CamYyRbeTskm<CaenAqaMbnab;.
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karGasuIxagekIt nig):asuIhVik. kgGayusamsibR)aMqaM Kat;Fab;)aneFVICaGkkarTUtenARbeTs
evotNam nigmaneQaHCaGkenAkgkar]btmKaMBarrbs; v:an;s_ rdmnIRksYgkarbreTs. hUlRbk
R)afaQan[dl;kicRBmeRBgmYyCamYyRbeTsevotNamBIeRBaHv:an;s_ vaytmfaKWCaerOgcaM)ac;
edIm,IFanaPaBsuxsan nigsirPaBkgPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_. cMeBaHkareFVI[manRbRktIPaB KWBMumankar
508
snaxagpvcit Edlelak xaFr sMEdg[dwgenHeT enAeBlEdlKat;niyayGMBIkarpSHmuxrbYs

sgamenaH12.
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hUlRbk sitenARtg;beBaskarKMramkMEhgTaMgGs; EdlBYkevotNamGacnwgsgt;mkelIsniPaB
enH. rdmnIkarbreTsGaemrikaMg )anvaytmfa kalNaeKbncat;TukRbeTsevotNamCaRbeTs
RkIRkKanGkNarab;rkkan;EteRcIneLIg muxrbYscas;muxCanwgqgemeraK nigbNal[manbBaafI
kan;EteRcInkalenaHEdr EfmTaMgmansgamCafIeTotpg.
hUlRbk )aneTAdl;TIRkg):arIsenAEx]sPa qaM1977 edaymanGMNacdCak;lak;kgkar
seRmckicRBmeRBgCamYyBYkevotNamEfmeTot. Kat;mandKUcrcaevotNammak;KW pan;ehon
CaGnumnIkarbreTs EdlFab;crcaCamYy vUdxUk kalBIBIrExmun. GkcrcaGaemriksal; pan;ehon
c,as; EdlKat;Fab;)anCYbkgkasnkarRbCMucrcaBImunenATIRkg):arIs enAeBlEdlGkTaMgBIrCa
]bkarIvyekgkgkarcrcaenAqaM1968. hUlRbk )anRtveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayxaMg EdlmanKU
RbqaMgFab;sal;mak;. Kat;Kandwgfa pan;ehon EdlFab;bBanedayRkghaNUy[mkcrca BMuEmn
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nwgcat;TukdUcCadMeNaHRsayRbkbedaykitiysmYy edIm,ITajykluy 3/25ekadidular Edl
sna[edayelak nicsun.
karCYbTak;TgKadMbUg manlkNrak;Tak;pusecjBIdYgcit ehIykarBiPakSaR)akdRbCa)an
cab;epImenAsmyRbCMuelIkTIBIr. hUlRbk )ansnidanedayELknUvkicRBmeRBgEdlmanEtkgKMnit
edayehtufa elak xaFr )anGnuBaat[Kat;esIRbeTsevotNam edIm,IeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgman
RbRktIPaB edayKanlkxNCamun. karsnarbs;evotNam kgkarbegItkariyalymYysRmab;
kickarTahan)at;xnkgkarRbyuT KWRKb;RKan;eFVI[RbFanaFibtI xaFr Elgdak;bBaaTahanGaemrikaMg
Edl)at;xnkgkarRbyuT sRmab;karcrcaeTotehIy. ksarTaMgGs;Rtv)anbkERbCaPasa
evotNam GmeTAedayEpnTIrbs;evotNamCaeRcIn ehIybBaleTARbeTsevotNam dUcEdlRkghaNUyFab;)anesIKat;. CasaFarN elak xaFr )antemIgvIrkmrbs;RkghaNUykgkarbnr
bnyepSg edIm,IsRmbsRmlKa. CafreTAvij elakRbFanaFibtI )anpkpak;[elak hUlRbk
Rbkasfa shrdGaemrikmanbMNgyl;RBmcMeBaHkarsMucUlCasmaCikGgkarshRbCaCatirbs;
RbeTsevotNam eTaHbICalTplseRmcnkarRbCMucrcamanlkNy:agNakeday.
509
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tucrca ehIyniyayfa {eyIgGacecjBIsalRbCMuenAeBlresolenH edIm,IRbkasCasaFarNBI
kareFVI[manRbRktIPaB)aneT? shrdGaemrik BMumandak;lkxNNamYyCamuneT. bnab;BIkarbegIt
sanTUterogxn eyIgnwgdkkarraMgxb;EpkBaNiCkmecj13.
pan;ehon )aneqIyedayRtg;fa {eT ebIKanCMnYy KWGVIminGacRbRBwteTA)aneT}.
PaBesmsat;)anekItmaneLIg. elak exneNtXVIn smaCikGkkarTUtEdlecHniyayPasa
evotNamy:agsat; nigFab;GmdMeNIrCamYyKNebskkm vUdxUk cUlrYmkgkarRbCMu )anrMBkeday
c,as;las;BIeBlenaHfa {dwgxnfa KanGVIpas;brTaMgGs;. BYkevotNamBitCa{bMEbk}ecjBIKanUv
bBaaepSgCafrnwg vUdxUk Emn b:uEn BYkeKenAbnTamTarCMnYymYydEdl. Kitfa vaKYr[esakesA
Nas; EdlBYkevotNamminqk;ykkasenH ehIynwkkgciteTotfa mgenH BYkeKnwgBMuGacTmak;kar
TTYlxusRtvmkelIeyIg)aneT14.
hUlRbk BMu)anbdiesFeLIy. Kat;)anbBab;karcrcay:agrhs edayKansItbeTAvijesaH.
b:uEn braCyTaMgRsugEkElgekIt minRtv[enAkgsalRbCMudEdleT. PamenaH elak pan;ehon
)anecjBIbnb;RbCMu edIm,ImkCYbBYkGkkaEstnsaBtmanGnrCati Edly:ageRcInrg;caMsab;esckI
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elak nicsun qaM1973 Edlsnapl;CMnYy 3/25ekadidular. enHCakarsnaEdlRtvEtRbkan;
ykmunRbeTsevotNamyl;RBmbegItTMnak;TMngkarTUteBjeljCamYyshrdGaemrik.BMuEmnman
EtmYyelIkeT Edl pan;ehon niyayGMBIlixitenHR)ab; hUlRbk kgryeBlnkarcrcaKa.
edayRtveFVI[xusbMNgxaMgedIm,IbgajxnenAmuxGksarBtman hUlRbk )ancat;[GknaMBak
mak;Rbkasy:agxIfa shrdGaemrikmindak;lkxNCamunkgkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeT ehIyfa
CasBaansucn shrdGaemriknwgdkeqatev:tUrbs;xn kgkarsMucUlCasmaCikGgkarshRbCaCati
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510
pvkarGaemrikaMgTaMgGs; min[CECkBiPakSaBICMnYymYysRmab;RbeTsevotNameLIy. bNa

smaCiknGnuKNkmkarBiessEdlrdsPabegIteLIgsRmab;BiniterOgenH )anGeBaIjelak
KIsSIghr nigelak nicsun CafI[mkbgajxnenAmuxGnuKNkmkar edIm,Ipl;nUvkarbkRsaybMPWGMBI
lixitsmat;enH. RksYgkarbreTs)anpSayGtbTTaMgRsugnlixitenH[dwgCasaFarN nigesckI
bEnmrbs;lixitEdlsnaBITwkluy 3/25ekaddularEmn b:uEn eRkamlkxNRtvmankaryl;RBmBI
sPasin. enHCakarsnamYy Edlelak nicsun minRtveFVIedaymin[sPadwgeT ehIyEdlelcecj
eLIgCaTidPaBmYy kgcMeNamTidPaBEdlnaMmknUveRKaHfak;bMputdl; {sniPaBRbkbedaykitiys}
Edleprmk[edayelak nicsun nigelak KIsSIghr.
karcab;epImdMbUgEdlcg;)anedayelak xaFr )andYlrlM. BYkevotNamminRtwmEtRcan
ecalkaresIrbs;Kat;b:ueNaHeT b:uEn edaylatRtdagCacMh nigeFVI[pkepIlxaMgnUvxwmsarnlixit
smat; BYkeK)ansat;munRbFanaFibtI Elg[eFVIGVIekIt. BYkevotNam BMu)anRbkan;ykviFankar
epSg enAeBlmankarpas;brneya)aydsMxan; EdlekItmanedaycdnenAshrdGaemrik taMgBI
qaM1975mk. sPaElgCaGgkaresrImYyEdlRbyuTTl;nwgRbFanaFibtIGPirkSniymeTotehIy
taMgBIkare)aHeqaterIselak xaFr CaRbFanaFibtIenAqaM1976 KWvapyKa. TIBIr karesIeFVIkiccrca
Edlniyay[saFarNmtiGaemrikaMgdwgB tamrykarR)ab;[dwgerOgGafkM)aMgepSg dUcEdl
elak pan;ehon niyayenARkg):arIs KWmanRbsiTPaBkgryeBlsgam enAeBlEdlCIvitrbs;Cn
CatiGaemrikaMgkMBugsitkgeRKaHfak; ehIyEdlyuvCnrab;Ban;R)afa[karRbyuTputrlt; muneBlEdl
BYkeKRtvbBaleTAkgCYrkgTB. b:uEn RkmGksab;enH )anrlay)at;enATIbMputnsgamRBmKanwg
clnasniPaBniymdsMxan; EdlFab;eFVI[eKdwgBICeRmAnlixitpg. RbeTsevotNam ElgCa
mUlehtumYyEdlRtvkarBareTotehIy b:uEn CaGnusSavrIy_QWcab;mYy. ehIybnab;BIerOgGaRsUv
v:FWeht BYkGaemrikaMgminsUveTarTn;eTArkkarTTYlxusRtvtamkarsnamYyEdlRbkan;ykeday
mnusSmak; Edl)at;bg;GMNaceLIy.
karcrcaenAdMNak;kalbnab; Rtv)ankMNt;enAExmifuna EdleFVI[RkghaNUymaneBlBicarNa
BICMhrrbs;xneLIgvij. sRmab;mnusSsamBamak;yl;fa BYkevotNamhak;dUcCa)at;bg;karbuin
Rbsb;rbs;eKxagkareXasna. BYkeKmanlkNdUcBYkkumynisEdlRbkan;lTixab;xaMgeLIg nig
minsUvTn;Pn;eT kgbNaqaMnsgam ehIymansmtPaByl;BIrebobkac;tRmg;shrdGaemrik bmti
saFarNGaemrikaMg tammeFa)ayEbbNa kkan;EtexSayeTAEdr. karpas;brTegVItamEdleK
511
emIleXIjenH KWmanlkNbnMedayEpk ehIyebIKit[EmnETneTA edaysarEtBYkkumynisPaKxag

eCIg )ancUlCMnYsBYkskmCnPaKxagt,g EdlFab;eFVI)anseRmc{eCaKCy}y:agsem,Imkgkar
eXasnamun.
kgkasnkarcrca{TwkTI2}enH hUlRbk )anxMRbwglatRtdagy:agCak;lak;BIsanPaBEdl
elak xaFr RtvRbQmmuxenATIRkgv:asuInetan nigkarpas;brTidPaBneya)ayrYmrbs;GaemrikaMg.
clnaRbqaMgnwgsgamElgmanskmPaBeTAehIy. Kat;)anrMBkBYkevotNamfa db;R)aMBIrqaM)an
kngputeTAmunshrdGaemrikTTYlsal;shPaBsUevot ehIyfa GaemrikRtvEterobcM[manTMnak;TMng
FmtaCamYysaFarNrdRbCamanitcinEfmeTot. Kat;)an[BYkevotNamsegtfa mYyEpkFM
enAshrdGaemrikenAEtcat;TukRkghaNUyCasRtvmYyCanic.
kgryeBlnkarsRmakhUbkaehV pan;ehon )anRbkasfa RbeTsevotNamGacnwgRBm
TTYlkaresIrbs; hUlRbk ebIsinshrdGaemriksnabg;R)ak; 3/25ekadidularCasmat; edaymin
)ac;TTYlsal;erOgenHCasaFarNeLIy.
GkkarTUtGaemrikaMg)aneqIyfa karsnaCasmat;EbbenH KWminGaceFVI)aneT b:uEn pan;ehon
min)anbgajKat;nUvksarerobrab;litln;mYy sIBIEbbEpnEdlR)ak;dularTaMgenHnwgRtveRbIR)as;
y:agNaeT. GkcrcaevotNam)anbEnmfa Kat;mankarENnaMkgkarTTYlluyenH-TaMgCasFa
rN bCasmat;. karRbCMuedIm,IcrcaRtvcb;.
elak xaFr enARbkan;BaksmIKat; ehIyenAsrTrdUv shrdGaemrik )ane)aHeqat[RbeTs
evotNamcUlkgGgkarshRbCaCati. karsakl,geFVIkarpSHpSay:agesaHrbs;Kat; fVIebIeFVIeday
KanBicarNakeday )anb:HTgicnwgkarcecs EdlBYkevotNamtRmv[shrdGaemrikCYsCulkar
xUcxatedaysarsgam eTaHbICaBakeBcn_enH minFab;EdleRbIR)as;esaHkeday. BYkevotNam
)an bgajxneLIgCaGkrgeRKaHBIerOgkngyUrmkehIymYy dUcBYkGaemrikaMgEdr. BYkeKeCOfa mti
saFarNGaemrikaMg Fab;)anbenaskareFVIsgamsRmab;mUlehtuepSgxagsIlFm ehIyGbGr
sresIrkar sgsMNgsgam edaymenaseBatnaCaGkmanBiruTPaB. evotNamenAEtyl;fa
ebIsineyabl;EtmYysIBIsgam eFVI[manPaBkcnkgcMeNamBYkGaemrikaMg KWeyabl;fa shrdmin
EdlcUlRbLkkgsgamdbgrQammYy EdlnaM[cMNayluyeRcIn nigCMrujeTArkbraCydUecHeT.
dUcEdleK)anrMBwgTuk BYkevotNamEdlmanCyCmH )anxaMRkajnwgTsSnEdlPan;RcLMrbs;
eKdEdl nigminEkERb\riyabfrbs;eKcMeBaHshrdGaemrikeT munEdlRBwtikarN_epSgekItman
512
eLIgedaycdnenAkgRbeTspal;rbs;xn EdlbgM[BYkeKvaytmCafInUvGVIEdlmanlkN caM)ac;

BitR)akdrbs;eK luy bTMnak;TMnglCamYyRkgv:asuIetan. b:uEnlkxNRbkbedaysucnrbs;
RbFanaFibtI xaFr enAeBlenaH)ancab;epImfmfycuHy:agxaMg. BYkevotNam)aneFVI[elakRbFana
FibtI)ak;mux edayRcanecalkaresIrbs;Kat;. neya)ayrbs; v:an;s_ nighUlRbk )anRtvbraCy
ehIy\LvenH elak xaFr )ansab;edayykcitTukdak;bMput nUveyabl;elak bkjRbhSInsI CaTI
RbwkSasnisuxCatirbs;Kat;vijmg EdlGYtBIneya)ayxusKamYy EdlmanlkNGnueRKaH Cag
cMeBaHGnaKt;sRtv KWRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTscin.
enAqaM1977 shrdGaemrik )anbM)at;nUvPaBenAesmsat;rbs;xnsIBIRbeTskm<Ca
BMuEmnedaykarGMBavnavnrdaPi)alrbs;xneT b:uEn edaysPaGaemrikaMg. GktMNagras eshVin
sULa (Stephen Solarz) xagKNbkSRbCaFibetyRbcaMTIRkgjvy:k )ancab;epImeFVIkarGegtrkkarBit
sMxan;bMputCapvkar GMBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xgrbs;BYkExrRkhm. sULa ebkCnRbqaMgnwgsgam Edl
RtveRCIstaMgenAqaM1974 )anrYmcMENkraMgxb;\NTanfIrbs;GaemrikaMg minpl;eTA[rbbRkg
RBnKr nigRkgPMeBjeLIy. b:uEn EbkGMBIGkneya)ayPaKeRcIndTeTot Kat;enAEtykcitTukdak;
cMeBaHPUmiPaKenHCab;Canic bnab;BIBYkkumynis)anTTYlCyCmH.
Kat;)andwgBIerOgr:avepSgtamrycemIyCasakSIdMbUgsIBIBYkGkePosxnkm<Ca enAeBlEdl
Kat;eFVICaKNkmaFikarTTYlkickarTMnak;TMngGnrCati rbs;rdsPaGaemrikaMg15. enAcugqaM1976
Kat;)andwknaM KNRbtiPUmYyRkmeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TIRkg)agkk ehIy)anBeKniyayR)ab;BIerOgr:av
rbs;BYkGkePosxn ExreTotpg. BtmanenH)anRtvpl;[Kat;dwgedayelak salfV nIg (Charles
Twining) CaGkCMnajkarxagbBaakm<CaRbcaMsanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkg)agkk. GVIEdleFVI[smaCik
sParUbenH mankarykcitTukdak;CaBiessenaH KWkarCemsRbCaCnCaelIkTIBIr EdlkgryeBl
enaH {BYkGkfI} )anRtveKbBanBIPUmiPaKnirtIeTAPUmiPaKBayB. sRmab;Kat; erOgenH )anbgaj[
eXIjKY[Pyrnt;RsedogKamYy CamYynwgkarCemsCnCatiCIhVTaMghVg enAkgGMLgeBlEdleK
ykmnusSeTAsmab;Edr. mNle)aHeqatjvy:k rbs; sULa manRbCaCnCIhV Edlrt;rYcBICMrM
TaMgenaH rs;enAy:ageRcInCagmNle)aHeqatrbs;GaemrikaMgeTot ehIysmaCiksParYbenH )an
CYbRbCMuKaedaHRsayBIbBaaBYkGkePosxnkm<Camg.
enARkgv:asuInetan sULa )anebIkTVarkariyalyrbs;Kat;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgLay Edl
kMBugEsVgrkGkneya)aynana Edlcat;EcgelIkykbBaasankarN_enAkm<CaeTABiPakSaKa. eRkay
513
kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkg)agkk Kat;manGarmN_fa sPaGaemrikaMg RtvEtebIksmyRbCMu

CasaFarNsIBIbBaaenH. Kat;yl;fa shrdGaemrikRbEhlCanwgKanGanuPaBbBab;GMeBIsahav
yg;XgTaMgenaHeT b:uEn y:agehacNas; rdaPi)alGacefaleTasrbbExrRkhm)an. m:ageTot
Kat;sgwmTTYl)ankarCYyKaMRTmYyy:agRKb;RKan; edIm,Ipas;brkareFVIc,ab; nigGnuBaat[RbCaCn
km<Ca Edlrs;enAkgCMrMnanatamRBMEdnf GaceFVIdMeNIrmkkan;shrdGaemrik edayRtg;. elak
sULa )armfa kgTIbMput mnusSTaMgenHnwgminRtveKrkerOgdUcBYkCIhVenAGWr:ubeT.
esckIykcitTukdak;dMbUg )anekItmanenAEx]sPa qaM1977. va)anTak;Tajkarykcit
Tukdak;BIsaFarNCnCaeRcInmkelIRbeTskm<Ca ehIyCMruj[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg eFVIesckI
EfgkarN_epSgedaymWugmat;bMput sIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xg EdlRbRBwteLIgenAkgRbeTsenH.
elakRbFanaFibtI xaFr )anbegItKNkmaFikarsiTimnusSmYykgpRksYgkarbreTs b:uEn GgkarfI
enH BMuEdlecjpSayr)aykarN_NamYy sIBIbT]RkidepSgrbs;BYkExrRkhmeLIy. smaCikTaMg
Layrbs;xn)anTajehtuplfa muxnaTIrbs;eK KWeFVIGegtEtelIRbeTsNaEdlkMBugTTYlCMnYy
rbs;shrdGaemrikb:ueNaH ehIyfa RbeTskm<CaBMumancUlkgRbePTenHeT. hUlRbk )ancUlrYm
kgerOgenH ehIyedaysarkarRbwgERbgrbs;BYkGkCMnajkarxagbBaakm<Carbs;Kat; rdaPi)al)an
EfgBIbMNgxnRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPsiTimnusS EdlRbRBwteLIgedayrbbRkgPMeBj.
kgcenaHeBlenaH RBwTsmaCik r:UbWt_ dUl (Robert Dole) xagKNbkSsaFarNrdRbcaMrdexnsas
(Kansas) )ancab;epImykcitTukdak;cMeBaHsanPaBrbs;BYkGkePosxnkm<Ca. edayFab;BcemIy
CasakSInGkePosxnExrmak;eQaH qaMg sug Kat;)anseRmcciteTAcUlrYmkgkicRbwgERbgepSg
rbs;GktMNagras sULa Edr kgkarpcepImKMniteTVPaKImYy edIm,Ipas;brkareFVIc,ab;sIBICnePosxn
ehIyGnuBaat[CnCatikm<Cadb;R)aMBan;nak; cUleTArs;enAkgshrdGaemrikkgzanCaRkm edaymin
caM)ac;bMeBjsMNMuEbbbTpal;xnmak; EdlnaM[xatbg;eBlevlaeLIy.
enAdMNac;qaM1977 shrdGaemrik )anrYbrYmCamYyRbeTsdTeTot edIm,IerobcMsMNuMksar
sIBIkarrMelaPsiTmnusSenAkm<Ca. \Ncin RtLb;mksitenAeRkamkarykcitTukdak;BIsaFarNCn
eLIgvij. RbeTskm<Ca manbBaasiTmnusSy:agFn;FrmYy RbeTsevotNam KWmanbBaakarTUt
dcRmgcRmasmYy. karBnareBlsIBI{RbeTsevotNam} -sgamGaemrikaMgenA\Ncin- rkxus
Rtv )ankayeTACaerOgRtvCECkEvkEjkKa enAeBlEdlrdaPi)alrbs;elak xaFr l,gbBab;
sankarN_kMBugERbRblenAPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKy_.
514
enAeBlEdlCemaHRBMEdnpHeLIgenAcugqaM1977 bkj RbhSInsI (Zbigniew Brzezinski) )ancUl

rYmkgkarBiPakSaxagneya)aysIBI\NcinenHEdr16. kalBImun Kat;)anbgaj[eXIjnUvkarykcit
Tukdak;tictYccMeBaHRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca edayKat;xVayxVl;EtbBaaepSg EdlKat;vinicyfa
CabBaamanlkNCasakl nigeRCARCHCagb:ueNaH. b:uEntamKat;yl; CemaHRBMEdnenH manlkN
Biess CakarRbQmmuxmYy rvagmhaGMNacepSg. dUc KIsSIghr CabuBVaFi karIsaFarNrdniym
rbs;Kat; RbhSInsI manTMenarcat;TukCemaHepSg kgbribTTUlMTUlaymYy ehIyCaTUeTAEdleFVI[
RBy)armbMput dUcbNashkarIKat;enARksYgkarbreTsEdr. tamRbBNI BYkGkCMnajkarnRksYg
enH )anniyayENnaM[dak;CemaHTaMgLaykgRkbxNdEdlvij. pyeTAvij RbhSInsI EdlCaTI
RbwkSamak;rbs;{mhaGMNacFM} )anTajCemaHepSgecjBIbribT manRBMEdnrbs;eK ehIyERb
kayCemaHTaMgenaH eTACakarRbQmmuxrvaglakxagekIt- xaglicvij.
kgesckIEfgkarN_elIkdMbUgrbs;Kat;sIBICemaHRBMEdn RbhSInsI )anGHGagfa shPaB
sUevot nigRbeTscin )anRbQmmuxdak;Katamry{m:Uy}rbs;xn EdleKdak;enAcenaHkNal.
Kat;rMBkfa enHKWCa{sgamtamkarRbKl;siTi}elIkdMbUgrvagRbeTskumynisnana. m:agvijeTot
TIRbwkSaenH yl;eXIjfa RbeTsevotNam CaGkQanBaneKtamkarjHjg;rbs;BYksUevot.
smIenH )anbNal[GkCMnajkarCaeRcInnRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg mankMhwgy:agxaMg
cMeBaH RbhSInsI EdlKat;)anerobrab;tamEtcitnwkeXIj edayKanBtmanepSg edIm,ICasMGagdl;
smIbgerOgrbs;Kat;eLIy. tamesckIraykarN_rbs;BYkGkCMnajkarKat; v:an;s_ nighUlRbk dwgfa
sgamenH manmUlehtuepSgEpkmenaKmviCa EdlmanPaBTak;TgKaticbeRcIneTAnwgsac;erOgn
karvivaTrvagcin-sUevotEdr b:uEn BYkeKenAEtjaMg[eCOfa munGVITaMgGs; sgammanRbPBedImrbs;
vakgkarRbkYtRbECgpal;rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca. edaypyBI RbhSInsI BYkeKPy)armfa
RbeTsTaMgBIr muxCaRbTajshPaBsUevot nigRbeTscin [Fak;eTAkgsgamkan;EtFMeFgmYy- nig
minpymkvijeT.
edayykcitTukdak;raraMgGKiPykMu[raldaleTAeTot v:an;s_ )anCMruj[ RbhSInsI bdiesF
esckIEfgkarN_rbs;Kat;Cabnan;. TIRbwkSarUbenH )aneKarBeFVItam b:uEn minFab;brTsSnrbs;Kat;
eLIy Kat;nwk)armfa ]tmPaBrbs;evotNamenA\Ncin muxCaeFVI[CMhrrbs;GaemrikaMgkgBiPBelak
cuHTn;exSay nigfaRbeTsevotNam CaesHTIRkgRtr (Troie) [CaesHeQIy:agFM EdlBYkTahanRkic
e)aHbg;ecalenAmuxTIRkgRtr. enAeBlyb;sat; TahanEdlbgb;xnenAkgeBaHesHenaH )ancuHecj
515
mkeRkAedIm,IvayRbharsRtvrbs;xn.yuTsasenH)anebIkkas[BYkRkic vaydeNImykTIRkg
Rtr )an-kMNt;ehtuGkbkERb] nkarvatTIrbs;sUevotenAGasuIGaeKy_.
karmincuHsRmgtaMgBIedImTIrvagv:an;s_ nigRbhSInsI )anERbkayeTACaCemaHBitR)akdsIBI
neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuI. CaGkusl bBaasIBI\riyabfEdlRtvRbkan;ykenAcMeBaHmux
sgamExr-evotNamenaH Rtv)ancat;TukCaerOgbnab;bnSMeTAvij edaysarkitanuPaBrbs;mha
GMNacmYyEdlecHEtekIneLIg KWRbeTscin.
karvalukEpkkarTUtrbs;elak xaFr enAqa1M 977 EdlmanlkNeFV[I xusbMNgCaeRcIncMNcu
CaBiess vaBMumanlTplsIBIkarEklmTMnak;TMngepS CamYyRbeTscinRbesIrelIsmuneLIy. enA
ExsIha v:an;s_ )aneFVIdMeNIreTARkgeb:kaMg. munkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat; Kat;)aneRtmrYcCaeRsc edIm,I
eFVIesckIEfgkarN_dsMxan;mYy edIm,Ibnykar)armepSgrbs;sUevotfakarRBmeRBgmYyrvagcinGaemrikaMg BMuEmnsMedARbqaMgnwgshPaBsUevoteT17. elakrdmnIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anbBaak;
GHGagfa kareFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgCamYyRkgeb:kaMg RbesIrCagmunnwgBMuKMramkMEhgRbeTsNamYy
eT ehIybeRmIEtplRbeyaCn_sniPaBb:ueNaH. RkgmUs )anRtveFVI[eBjcit b:uEn enAeBleTAdl;
RbeTscin v:an;s_ )anrkeXIjfa BYkcinsuTEtRtveFVI[xkcit. {bnbYnnak;}EdlCasgtMENgbn )an
TTYlCadMENlnUvCMgWminTukcitrbs; em:A cMeBaHectnaepSgrbs;sUevot. BYkeKBiniteXIjkgry
eBleRkaysgamnUvGtRbeyaCn_mYy sRmab;BYksUevotenAGasuI ehIy)anRbkasCasaFarN BI
erOgenH enAeBlEdlBYkeKesI[BYkGaemrikaMgrkSaTukmUldan TBrbs;BYkeKenAGasuIGaeKy_dEdl.
BYkcin )aneFVI[eKyl;y:agc,as;fa BYkeKRtvkarkarRBmeRBgKamYyCamYyshrdGaemrik
edIm,IbBab;nUvGVIEdlBYkcincat;TukCakareCOneTAmuxmYyrbs;sUevot bnab;BIkardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMg
kgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkeK)anefaleTasnUvBaksnaBImunrbs;elak xaFr EdlfabgarCamun
nUvkarrIkdalRbkbedayeRKaHfak; nigkat;bnykarRbQmmuxsUevot-GaemrikaMg edaysarkarcrca
kat;bnyGavuFyuTsas sl 2 (SALT II). CMhrrbs;cin KWesIrEtdUckarviPaKrbs;GaemrikaMg
kgryeBlmansgamRtCak;Gcwg. ehIyenAeBlEdl v:an;s_ bBaak;EfmeTotGMBIneya)ayrbs;
xaFr enATIRkgeb:kaMg BYkcinsmal;eXIjkarbgehtumYyenATIenaH. ]bnaykrdmnIcin etg savBIg
)anRbkasfa TsSnvisy nTMnak;TMngCaRbRktICamYy xaFr manlkNGab;GY CagRbFanaFibtI
hVrd eTAeTot.
bnab;mk BYkcin)ancab;epImeFVIyuTnakarmYyedIm,IeRkInrMBkRkgv:asuInetanCaerOyfa BYkeK
516
)anRtveFVI[tUccity:agxaMg edaydMeNIrlMeGogrbs;GaemrikaMgeTArksUevot. GtbTmYyrbs;

TsSnavdIeb:kaMg )ansnidanfa {KanGkNamak;Gacdwgc,as;R)akdnUvGVI EdlnwgkayCaRbtikmrbs;
shrdGaemrikeLIy ebIsinCashPaBsUevotrujTmak;GWr:ubxaglic [Fak;eTAkgsgamepkbenar
mYyenaH}. elIsBIenHeTAeTot Tinanub,vtiRbCaCnrbs;cin )anecaTRbkan;BI {BYkemGeNIkkgkareFVI
[manPaBFUrRsal}fa)anxMRbwg {bMEbrshPaBsUevot[gakmkxagekIt RbeTscinedIm,IedaHxn[
putBIeRKaHfak;rbs;sUevot edaynaM[Gnraydl;snisuxnRbCaCatidTeTot}.
karxitcUlCitKaCaRbvtisasrbs;RbeTscinCamYyshrdGaemrik enAqaM1972 KWEpkelI
KMnitfa shPaBsUevotrYmbgCakarKMramkMEhgFMCageKbMputcMeBaHRkgeb:kaMg. BYkcin Fab;eFVIGnra
Kmn_ enAcMeBaHmuxRkEsEPkrbs;RbeTskumynis nigttiyelakCaeRcIn CaBiess RbeTsevotNam
BIeRBaHBYkcinyl;fa eKRtvkarnUvkarKaMBarrbs;Gaem rikaMgRbQmnwgRkgmUs. CamYy xaFr
BYkGaemrikaMgRbRBwthak;dUcCaBYkeKePcKitBIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;sUevot y:agehac Rkgeb:kaMgman
karcab;GarmrN_y:agdUecH.
enAqaM1978 RbhSInsI )ankarBarnUvesckIsMGagepSgrbs;BYkcinEdlmannysMedAeTArk
CMhrEtmYyEdlKat;Fab;KaMRTtaMgBIyUrmkehIy shPaBsUevot KWCamhaGMNacvatTIniymmYy
Edlkarc,aMgdeNImTwkdIRbeTsepSg )anKMramkMEhgdl;plRbeyaCn_nanarbs;GaemrikaMg ehIy
edayehtuenH eyIgRtvEtvayRbyuT. y:agehacTIRbwkSarUbenH)anbgaj[eXIjkgVl; edaykar
KMramkMEhgrbs;sUevotdUcKanwgelak KIsSIghr rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;RbFanaFibtI nicsunEdr.
b:uEn enAeBlEdl KIsSIghr Fab;eFVI[RtIekaN sUevot-cin-shrdGaemrikvinasbnicmg edIm,I
Tajyksm,TaepSBImhaGMNackumynisTaMgBIr elak RbhSInsI cg;ERbkayRtIekaNenH[eTACa
karRBmeRBgKamYy rvagcin-GaemrikaMg RbqaMgnwgsUevotvij.
TIRbwkSarbs;elak xaFr )aneTACaemGeNIk[RbeTscinenAeBlEdl v:an;s_ cab;epIm)at;bg;
esckIsgwmxusrbs;Kat;elIRbeTsevotNamEdr. xusEbkBIBYkevotNam BYkcin)anelIksresIr
RbhSInsI cMeBaHkarykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat;mkelIRbeTscin edaypl;[Kat;TTYl)aneCaKCyxag
EpkkarTUt EdlRkghaNUy)anbdiesFcMeBaHTIRbwkSarUbenH. edaybM)ak;mux xaFr CasaFarN
EdlEsVgrkkaeFVI[manRbRktIPaBmYy BYkevotNam)anbMpus[mankarminTukcitlmbgr kgcMeNam
RbCaCnGaemrikaMg edIm,IebIkkas[RbeTscin RbqaMgnwgRkgv:asuInetan kgsgamEdlehobnwgpH
eLIg enAeBlxagmux. ehIykgbNaExCabnbnab;BICemaHenH Rkgeb:kaMg)anCMrujshrdGaemrik
517
[Rbkan;CMhrCasRtvmYycMeBaHevotNamy:agbuinRbsb;.
crn)anERbRtLb;enAEx]sPa qaM1978 enAeBlEdl RbhSInsI eFVIdMeNIreTATsSnkicCapv
karenARbeTscin. Kat;)anecalsMdIeFVIkarRBmanxaMgrbs;Gaemrik GMBICemaHdCUrct;rbs;RbeTs
enAGasuI EdlseRmccitcUleTAxagRbeTscinral;elIk.
sRmab;GasuITaMgmUl qaM1978 KWCaqaMEdlRBwtikarN_epSgERbRbly:agxaMg. vibtiCahUr
EhmYy EdlRbEhlCaKanTak;TgrvagKanigKa )anbNal[mankarRbQmmuxxagneya)ayy:ag
twgEtg hak;dUcCasameRbHCasBaa[dwgmunBIkarrBaydImYyEdr. enAEx]sPa rdaPi)alGaemrikaMg
)andwgfa RbeTsevotNam manKeRmagkarcUlluyRbeTskm<Ca. kalBIExmun sanTUtshrdGaemrikenARkg)agkk)anbBanTUrelxCabnan;mYyeTATIRkgv:asuInetan tamRbPBBtmanmYyrbs;
evotNamCamit )an[dwgfa RkghaNUy)anvaytmfa BYkkumyniskm<Ca {)anRbkan;ykmaKa
Pan;RcLMmYy EdlBYkeKedIreTArkpvGaRkk;>>> ehIyfa enHCaerOgEdleyIgminGacTTYlyk)andac;
xat}. BtmanenH nigBtmanepSgeTot CaBiess GMBIkareFVITukbukemjeTAelICnCatiPaKticcin
)annaM[{BYkGkcaMXaMemIl\Ncin} enAsanTUtsnidanfa sgamnwgpHeLIgenAmundMNac;qaMenH.
sanTUtGaemrik cg;dwgfaBYkcinnwgeFVIRbtikm edaymeFa)ayy:agem:cxH BYkeKnwgkarBarRbeTs
km<Carbs; b:ul Bt edaymWum:at;Emnb?.
RbhSInsuI BuM)anelIkykerOgevotNammkniyayeT kgryeBlndMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;Kat;
enARbeTscin BIeRBaHBYkcin)anniyaykarBarbuBVehturbs;xny:ageRcIn kgkarvivaTEdlnaM[BYkeK
RbqaMgnwgRkghaNUyenaH. erOgEdlmaneKalbMNg KWRkgeb:kaMgBuM)anBiPakSaBIKuNsm,tinrbb
b:ul Bt enAkm<CaeLIy. RbhSInsI )aneFVI[cinrMePIbcit tamBaksmIfa {R)akdEmnehIy
dwgfaTMnak;TMngepSgrvagRbeTscin nigevotNammansPaBGaRkk;y:agxaMg b:uEnminyl;BIerOg
EdlBYkcinkt;smal;fa BYkevotNamCaGkKMramkMEhgmkelIxnenaHeLIy. RbeTsevotNam)an
kayeTACab:usiCYrmuxmYyrbs;RkgmUs enARBMEdnPaKxagt,grbs;RbeTscin}.
enAEx]sPa qaM1978 smITaMgenH)aneTACasmIbMepIshYsehtu b:uEnva)anpl;nUvtmdl;
niekbbTrbs; RbhSInsI GMBIkarRbQmmuxmYy{tamkarRbKl;siTi}. va)anbgaj nUvmUldan
EdlBYkcinBwgEpkCasMGag edIm,ITamTar[BYkGaemrikaMg e)aHbg;ecalbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUv
TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;eKCamYyRkghaNUy. m:xWl GUesnbWk GkkeTsxagbBaaRbeTscinenA
RkmRbwkSasnisuxCati )andMNalfa {eyIgdwgfa TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;RbeTscinCamYyBYkevot-
518
Nam )anERbeTACalVIgCUrct;y:agCak;c,as; b:uEn KWBitCaFn;FrxaMgCageyIgnwkKiteTAeTot. dMbUg enA

eBlEdleyIg[dMNwgBYkcinfa eyIgmanbMNgnwgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYy
RbeTsevotNam BYkeK)aneqIyedaysmIefasmkeyIgfa KWCakickarrbs;Gkg. elIkenH
BYkeK)aneRbIsmIxaMg RbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam nigkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeTAvij.
RbhSInsI )anRbjab;yl;RBmcMeBaHCMhrrbs;cinPam. Kat;)anqgputedayrIkraynUvRBMEdn
TaMgLay EdlerobcM[manTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg nigrYbrYmCaBYkmas;pHrbs;Kat;edIm,IefaleTas
shPaBsUevot nigRbeTsevotNam. RbhSInsI CaGkeTscr)aneLIgkaMCeNIrfmhakMEBgeday
CMhanelatepaH nigKanBsMeLg ehIybeBajy:agxaMgnUvBakRbeTcpasaRbqaMgnwgsUevot Ca{xaXM
TisxageCIg}. kgBiFIelogsayePaCn_Capvkar nigEdlmansmIdak;Eppa RbhSInsI GktMNagsMxan;
rbs;shrdGaemrik)anRbkasfa Rkgv:asuIetan sUmcUlrYmCamYy{karebCJacitrbs;RbeTscin Edl
mincuHcaj;karRbwgERbgrbs;RbCaCatiTaMgGs; EdlkMBugsVHEsVgbegItGnutrPaBmYyelIBiPBelak b
PUmiPaK}. Kat;GagelIBakniyayBgVagrbs;cin sRmab;smal;shPaBsUevot nigevotNam ehIy
hak;dUcCadak;Tmn;elIshrdGaemrik BIeRkaykarRBmanEdlRbeTscinbeBaj[RbeTsTaMgBIr
dwgCasaFarN.
b:uEn GaemrikGacnwgsitenAedayELkBICemaHTaMgenH CaBiess enAeBlEdlvaRbQmmuxEt
CamYyRbeTskumynisnanab:ueNaH. eKminGacRbmaNBIlTplPam EdlesckIEfgkarN_rbs;
RbhSInsI maneTAelIRbeTsevotNameT. RkghaNUy )anseRmcciteFVIsgamenARbeTskm<CarYc
eRsceTAehIy. b:uEn vaR)akdfa kareFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscinepImyuTnakarmYyrbs; RbhSInsI edIm,I
erobcM nigPab;GaemrikeTAxagBYkcinsRmab;dMNak;kalsgam\Ncinbnab;xagmux ehIyfaRbkarenH
RbEhlCaeFVI[man\TiBlRCaleRCAmYyeTAelIneya)ayGaemrikaMg kgqaMbnab;eTot.
edayRbqaMgtbtPam bnab;BIkarcakecjrbs;GaemrikaMg Rkgeb:kaMg)anriHKn;CasaFarN
sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgGMBIkareFVI)abedayRkghaNUy cMeBaHGaNikCncinenARbeTsevotNam.
karecarRbkan; nigkarRbqaMgnwgkarecaTRbkan; )anmaneLIgbnKa ehIyCnCaticinkat;evotNam
170>000nak; )anePosxneTARbeTscinmunRkgeb:kaMgbiTRBMEdnenAniTaXrdUv. RbeTscin)anpak
kmviFICMnYyrbs;xneTA[RbeTsevotNam RkghaNUy)ancUlCasmaCikGgkarkUemkug (COMECON)
EdlCashKmn_esdkicrbs;bksUevot. enAExkkda RbeTsevotNam )anRbmUlpMTB 150>000
nak; tamRBMEdncin CamYyeRKgsBVavuF nigRKab;rMesvRKb;RKan;sRmab;karRbyuTKadyUrmYyenAtam
519
RBMEdn.
dMeNIrrbs; RbhSInsI kbg[manRBwtikarN_GaRkk;mkdl;Rkgv:asuInetanPamEdr. v:an;s_
)anRtveFVI[xwgxaMgNas; b:uEn ecosvagkarRbQmmuxedaypal;mYy CamYyTIRbwkSasnisuxCati Edl
eBareBjeTAedayPaBrhsrhYn ehIyeBjcitnwg{CECkrkxusRtv}GMBIcMNucExVgeyabl;KaEt
b:ueNaH. elakrdmnIkarbreTs CamnusSsitkgCMhrBi)akedaHRsaymYy TsSnkicrbs;
RbhSInsI )anTTYleCaKCymYy enAeBlEdldMeNIrrbs; v:an;s_ eTATIRkgeb:kaMg nigkarcrcarbs;
hUlRbk CamYyRbeTsevotNam EbrCaTTYlbraCy. kgCemaHEdlekItmanrvagbNaKURbqaMgkg
RbeTs RbhSInsI KWCaGkRbesIrCageK ehIyKat;manBYkcinenAxagKat;eTot EdlenHRbEhlCaeFVI[
Kat;manGMNaceTotpg. RbeTsevotNam enAEtTamTar[GaemrikaMgpl;CMnYymYyCanic edIm,IeFVI[
TMnak;TMngrbs;xnCamYyRkg v:asuInetan manRbRktIPaB ehIym:ageTot erOgr:av edvId eRTg (David
19
Troung) kpHeLIgEdr .
eRTg EdlCa\sSrCnnclnaRbqaMgsgamenAshrdGaemrik )anRtvcab;xnenAfTI31
Exmkra qaM1978 nigRtvecaTBIbTeFVIcarkic rdaPi)alGaemrikaMgedIm,IRbeTsevotNam enAkg
ryeBlcrcaqaM1978 sIBIRbRktIPaBnTMnak;TMngepSgrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. ekItenARbeTs
evotNam eRTg CakUnRbsrbs;smaCikeqImmak;nkmaMgTIbIenAevotNamxagt,g EdlBMuEmnCaGk
kumynisTaMgkminEmnCaGkRbqaMgkumynisEdr. edaymksikSaenAshrdGaemrik enATIbMput eRTg
)anmk taMgTIlMenAenARkgv:asuInetan CakEngEdlKat;)ankayeTACaGknaMBakrbs;kmaMgTIbIsRmab;
RbeTsevotNam.
eRTg nig rU:Nal; humhVI CaGkCab;ecaTCamYyKakgerOgr:avenH )anRtvecaTRbkan;BIbTpl;[
BYkevotNam nUvTUrelxsmat;Tak;TgnwgbBaaneya)ayCahUrEhmYy EdlmansarsMxan;sRmab;Rkg
haNUy KWesckIsegbmYymancMNgeCIgfa karTak;TgGaemrikaMg-evotNam ebskkm vUdxUk Edl
erobcMeLIgedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRbeTsm:aeLsuIenAExemsa qaM1977 RBmTaMgkarviPaKmYy
eRkamcMNgeCIgfa TMnak;TMngeRkARbeTsrbs;evotNam EdlsresredaykugsulGaemrikaMgRbcaM
TIRkghugkug enAEx]sPa qaM1977. PaKeRcInnTUrelxsuTEtmancarbBaak;fa {karsmat;} EtRtv
TTYlkarcat;Cafak;eRkambMputxagvisysnisux ehIyBYkemFavIrbs;GkTaMgBIrmineCOfa ksarTaMg
enH manlkNsMxan; sRmab;snisuxCatirbs;shrdGaemrikeT. b:uEn eRTg nig humhVI Rtv)an
kat;eTas ehIyrdaPi)alrbs;evotNamRtvrYmbBalkgerOgr:avenHEdr. kGKrdTUtdMbUgrbs;
520
evotNamRbcaMGgkarshRbCaCati RtvRtLb;mkRbeTsevotNamvij. RkghaNUy )anniyay

GMBI{kasbegIterOgCak;Esg} edIm,IbgajeKg[dwg fVIebIshrdGaemrikenArkSa{GriPaBcMeBaH
saFarNrdsgmniymevotNamkeday}.
plvi)aksRmab;neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\Ncin KWkarBiPakSaCamYyRbeTsevotNam
edIm,IeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgmanRbRktIPaB )anRtvBnareBlrhUtdl;karedaHRsaybBab;erOgr:av
rbs; eRTg. Epnkarrbs; v:an;s_ )ankayeTACaGsar\tkar. RbeTsevotNam nwgmineFVIshRbti
btikarteTAeToteT ehIyRbeTscin)aneRbIR)as; RbhSInsI edIm,IbM)at;eyabl;TaMgGs; Edl[
GaemrikenAeRkAsgamEdlRbgeRbbnwgpHeLIgenA\Ncin.
GVIEdlGaRkk;bMputKW RbhSInsI )ancab;bnneya)ayeFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin
eLIgvij EdlenHCaKMnit v:an;s_ taMgEtBIedImdMbUg edIm,IeFVI[kayeTACaneya)ayRbqaMgRbeTsevot
Namvij. dMbUg elakrdmnIkarbreTs )anCECktv:aedIm,IeFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMgRsugmYy CamYy
Rkgeb:kaMg b:uEn BMuEmneFVI[xUcsirPaBenATIVbGasuIeT. enAqaM1978 v:an;s_ R)afabncrcaCamYy
RbeTsevotNam edIm,ImankmaMgTb;Tl;nwg\TiBlrbs;sUevotmkelIRkghaNUy EdlecHEtekInxaMg
eLIg. b:uEn RbhSInsI )aneBalGHGagfa RbeTsevotNam sitenAkgbkxagsRtvrYceRsceTA
ehIy ehIymanbMNgpakkarcrcaTaMgGs;CamYyRkghaNUyrhUtdl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMg
RsugCamYyRkgeb:kaMgdUcR)afa.
v:an;s_ rkeFVIGVIminekItTaMgGs; dUceKcgdCab; edaysarRBwtikarN_epSg kMBugekItmanbnKa
enAkg\Ncin kdUckareRbImeFa)ayepSg edIm,IeTAdl;eKaledAGIVmYyrbs; RbhSInsI Edr. enAqaM
1978GarmN_rbsl;elakxaFr )anpas;br.RbhSInsI )antaMgxnCaGkmanKuNsm,ti Edl)an
eFVI[eCOnelOneTAmux nUvkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin ehIy)anEkgerOgPUtedIm,IeFVI[eK
eCOfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam KWCaKMnmYyEdlerobcMy:aglitln; edayBYk
esrIniymenARksYgkarbreTs ehIyBuMEmnCaneya)ayrbs; xaFr eT20. elakRbFanaFibtI BMu)an
bdiesFsmIenHeLIy.Kat;RtvkareCaKCy ehIy RbhSInsI GYtxnfaGacykRbeTscindak;elIfas
mYymkCUnKat;.
b:uEn elakxaFr )anlkardak;kMhitrbs;Kat;[esIKa ehIyBMuEdlbBaa[v:an;s_ bBab;karcrca
CamYyBYkevotNameLIy. enAeBlEdlerOgr:avcarkmrbs; eRTg Rtv)anedaHRsaycb;sBVRKb;
elakrdmnIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anGeBaIjBYkGkCMnajkarevotNammkeFVITsSnkic enAmnIrBiesaFn_
521
rkGtsBaaNsaksBenARkghUNUlUlU. KNRbtiPUevotNam )anmkdl;rdhav: enAfTI11

ExkkdaqaM1978nig)aneTATsSnabNafbnPNeyaFarbs;TIRkg CamYyelakehVdeR)anEdlCa
buKlikRksYgkarbreTs. KWenAeBlenaHehIyEdlsmaCikKNRbtiPUseRmccitRbKl;[ eR)an nUv
sarBiessmYy RbeTsevotNamyl;RBmlHbg;karTamTarCMnYyesdkicrbs;xn kareFVI[man
RbRktIPaBGaccab;epIm)an.
karbeBaj[dwgenHRtv)aneFVI[eKeCOfa R)akdRbCa ehIyBIrs)ah_eRkaymk v:an;s_ )anesI
BYkevotNamtamryKNebskkmrbs;evotNam enARkg):arIs[cab;epImeFVIkarcrcaCafI.
edayRsbeTAtamkicRBmeRBgmYy hUlRbk nwgCYb egVn kUfac; GnurdmnIkarbreTsmak;eTot rbs;
evotNam enAeBlebIkmhasni)atGgkarshRbCaCatienAExkBaa naTIRkgjvy:k.
eTaHbICaeTIbEtmYyqaMkngputeTAtaMgBIbraCynkarcrcarvag pan;ehon nighUlRbk keday k
fac; RtgeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;Rkgjvy:k CamYyesckIbgab;bBaaepSgEdlbNal[mansanPaBmYy
xusKaEdr21. ebskmrbs; fac; sitenARtg;bBaak;BIGBaRkwtPaB karenACakNal rbs;shrdGaemrik nigeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;cinCamYyRkgv:asuInetan manlkNsKsaj. b:uEn
BYkGaemrik)andwgBIkarerobcMRbgeRbbeFVIsgamrbs;RkghaNUyCaeRsc. kareqIybMPWrbs;
hUlRbk kdUcenAEx]sPa qaM1978Edr CamYybdiBaa x EdlmanEcgkgkicsna bEnmfa Kat;Rtv
EteFVIesckIraykarN_R)ab; v:an;s_ EdlnwgCECkKabnab;CamYy xaFr GMBImUlkPaB PaBsmehtu
smpl nedImehtuenH. hUlRbk nwgCCIksYrRbeTsevotNamGMBIkarRbgeRbbcMeFVIsgam
nigGMBIGkePosxntamTUkrab;ryBan;nak; EdlkMBugrt;eKcecjBIRbeTs.
GkePosxntamTUkTaMgenH Fab;)anbg[mankarrMCYlcity:agsem,ImenAshrdGaemrik.
kalBIqaMmun v:an;s_ )anelIkerOgenHmkCECkBiPakSaEdr ehIy)ancat;[bNasmaCiknRkmGk
eFVIkarxagkarTUt EdlbMeBjmuxgarkgPUmiPaKpl;mk[Kat;nUvesckIraykarN_lmitsIBI)atuPUtd
exacpSaenH. BYkGkePosxn)aneTAeLIgeKakenARbeTsf RbeTsm:aeLsuI nigenARbeTs\NensuI b
RbeTshVIlIBInEfmeTot. bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasan )anbgM[BYkGaemrikaMgeFVI[TMnak;TMng
epSg manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam kgkIsgwmfa RbkarenHnwgeFVI[BYkevotNamrsay
cit ehIynwgTb;sat;karhUrCn;eCarrbs;BYkGkePosxn. smaKmGasan ksgwmfa kareFVI[
manRbRktIPaBnwgkat;bnyeRKaHfak;epSgBIsgammYyrvagevotNam nigkm<Ca. b:uEn enAeBl
enaHsmaKmGasanminsUvman\TiBl eTAelIRkgv:asuInetan kdUcRbeTscinb:unaneT ehIytam
522
RbhSInsI fa enAeBlenaH Rkgeb:kaMg )anesIshrdGaemrik edayTTUckMu[seRmceFVIkicRBmeRBg

mYyCamYyRkghaNUy.
hUlRbUkRtv)anR)ab;[dwgEdrfa shrdGaemrikRbEhlCaGace)aHCMhany:agFMmYyeTArk
RbeTsevotNammunkare)aHeqatenAsPaGaemrikaMgenAExvicika qaM1978.
GkkarTUtGaemrikaMgrUbenH )anCYb fac; kgElVgbnb;rbs;KNRbtiPUevotNamenAGgkarsh
RbCaCati tammat;Ten Riverside Plaza CasNaKareFVIBIebtugBNRbepHEdlGmedayTen East River.
hUlRbk dMNalfa Kat;)ancUlcrcaTaMgminR)akdkgcit. edaymincg;[manbraCyCasaFarNfI
mYy Kat;BuM)aneFVIkarRbkasNamYysIBIkarCYbKaenHeT. BYkGkCMnajkarrbs;Kat;enAkariyaly
sRmab;kickarGasuIxagekItFab;)anTayTukCamunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeRtmvayRbharRbeTs
km<CaenAcugqaM1978. BYkeKdwgmunfa BYkevotNammuxCaeFVIkarvaylukrhUtdl;eRtIyxagekItTen
emKg EdlnwgGnuBaati[RkghaNUydeNIm)anEdndIFMbgr edIm,IbegItrdaPi)alkumyniskm<CamYy
EdlerobcMeLIgsRmab;pas;CMnYs.
fac; )ancab;epImkarBiPakSaedaybBaamYysIBIcMnYnTwkR)ak;CMnYyEdlshrdGaemrikyl;RBm
pl;[RbeTsevotNam. hUlRbk EdlmanbMNgecaTsYr fac; nUvsMNYrmYysIBIectnaepSg rbs;
RbeTsevotNamcMeBaHRbeTscinnigRbeTskm<Ca )anRtveFVI[PJak;epIledaymin)andwgxnCamun.
Kat;etagEtrMBkR)ab; fac; fa karCYbKaEdlekItmanenAeBlenH KWedaysarEtRbeTsevotNam )an
[dwgtamrysarlixitmYyenARkghUNUlUlUfa xne)aHbg;ElgTamTarCMnYymYyeTotehIy. fac;
esIcjjwm b:uEn enAEtRbkan;elIcMNucenHdEdl.
kgGMLgsmyRbCuMelIkTIBIr nigelIkcugeRkay GkcrcaevotNam)anbnTamTarluyminQb;
ehIy hUlRbk)aneqIyfa vaKanRbeyaCn_bnkarcrcateTAeToteT.
fac; esIcepgk,al ehIysUm[GaemrikaMgRtLb;mkkan;tcu rcamgeTot. kalebIGk crcaTaMgBIr
dak;bgyelIekAGIBUkCafI fac; )anRbkasedaysMeLglHfa {eyIgyl;RBmtam\riyabfrbs;Gaem
rikaMg. eyIgBuMmandak;lkxNNamYyeK. eyIgGaccuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgmYy\LvenH}.
KWdl;evnEdlelakhUlRbk RtveFVI[CYbkarBi)akmg.Kat;)ansgt;bBaak;fa{BuMRtv)anGnu
Baat[cuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgmYyeT eTaHCakicRBmeRBgGVIkeday}. m:asuInftsMeLgEdl
BYkevotNam)andak;enAelItu)anbnWsUrgWtkgryeBlsb;sat;y:agyUr. hUlRbk bBaak;R)ab;
fac; fa rdmnIkarbreTsGaemrikaMgnwgRtveFVI[sb,ayrIkrayy:agxaMg Edl\LvenHCMhrrbs;
523
RbeTsTaMgBIr hak;dUcCaxitcUlCitKaxaMgEmnETn. GaRsyedaykarseRmctaMgBIdMbUg Kat;)an

Rbkasfa tamyl;RbeTsTaMgBIrhak;dUcCae)aHCMhaneTAmuxehIy b:uEndMbUgeKetagEtBieRKaHnwg
v:an;s_ sin Edl{bribTCuMvij} manlkNERbRblxaMgbMput edIm,Inwg[Kat;Gacpl;cemIyPammYy.
sRmab;shrdGaemrik lTPaBeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg rbs;xnmanRbRktIPaBCaRkghaNUy nwg
seRmcenARtg;TMnak;TMngrbs;RbeTsevotNam CamYynwgRbCaCatiepSgeTot. fac; cg;)ankarcuH
htelxarbs; hUlRbk sRmab;kicRBmeRBgCaeKalkarN_mYy b:uEn hUlRbk )anbdiesFehIy
eqIyfa nwgTak;TgCamYyKat;teTAeTot.
v:an;s_ )anbgaj[eXIjfa Kat;CamnusSKitKUrmFt. enAfTI28 ExkBaa Kat;)ansresrkg
Gnusasn_rbs;Kat;epJICUnelakRbFanaFibtIfa shrdGaemrikKYrEtRBmTTYlkaresIrbs;evotNam
nigeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSgmanRbRktIPaB b:uEnKWbnab;BIkare)aHeqatenAExvicika EdlmanryeBlCag
mYyExeTotb:ueNaH. ryeBlenHKWEvglmRKb;RKan;ehIy edIm,IGnuBaati[eyIgvinicynUvGVIEdl
RbeTsevotNam eRKagkarcMeBaHRbeTskm<Ca ehIyvacaM)ac;edIm,IeCosvagkarelIkbBaasMxan;mYy
mkBiPakSaeTAmunkare)aHeqat. edayedIrkgTisEtmYydUc v:an;s_ Edr RbIhSInsI )anniyayENnaM
kuM[eFVIGVIesaHmunkarcrcaCamYyRbeTscin EdlmansarsMxan;CagRtv)ancat;EcgrYcral;ehIy
mannyfa munExF CakalbriecTEdleRKagTukCamun sRmab;esckIseRmcrbs;Kat;. elakRbFana
FibtI xaFr )anGnuBaat[eFVIkarbegItenARkgjvy:knUvRkmsikSaGaemrik -evotNamYyEdlnwg
cat;Ecg karN_rayrgTaMgGs;nkareFVI[manRbRktIPaB Edl)andak;[Binit- TMhMbuKliknGnaKt
sanTUtTaMgBIr edayeRbbeFobnwgsanPaBGKarpg.
karRbgRbytrbs; v:an;s_ )aneFVI[ egVnkUfac; Gkcrcarbs;evotNamekARkhay Edlrg;caM
cemIysaBrmYyCitmYyExmkehIyenATIRkgjvy:k. enAExtula Kat;)ancakecjedayRtvjaMg[
eCOfa BaksmagBIkare)aHeqatenAsPa RKan;EtCa])ayklmYyb:ueNaH. fac; )anbBaak;fa
hUlRbk Fab;GHGagnwgKat;fa vanwgmankareFVI[manRbRktIPaB ehIyenAsl;EtbBaamYyb:ueNaHKW
karN_rayrgmYycMnYntUcEdlRtvedaHRsay. fac; )andMNalfa {b:uEneRkayBIkarRbCuM hUlRbUk
)anR)ab;minQb;fa Kat;Cab;rvl;Nas;KaneBlnwgCYbeToteT. Kat;bgaj[eXIjfa shrdGaemrikBuM)anRbgeRbbCaeRsceT}.
fac; nighUlRbk minEmnminRBmeRBgKaeTAelIGVIEdlFab;)anGHGageT b:uEnKWRKan;Et[mankar
bBaak;eTAelIcMNucxHb:ueNaH. tamkarBit mnusSTaMgBIrCatMNagRbeTsEdlyl;eXIjdMeNIrn
524
karcrcaxusKaTaMgRsug. ebIv:an;s_ BitCaCab;rvl;edaykare)aHeqatenAsPa/ fac; EdldwgfaebIrg;caM

rhUtdl;Bak;kNalExvicika KWminGacdac;xatsRmab;RbeTsevotNam. RbeTsrbs;Kat;kMBug
erobcMeFVIsgam ehIyRtvEtEsVgrkedayqab;rhsnUvkarKaMRTdCak;lak;mYy. fac; )aneLIg
ynehaHsMedAeTAkan;RkgmUsCaTIEdlKat;RtvCYb eL yn; edaypal; EdlsitenAshPaBsUevot
rYcmkehIy.
enAfTI3 Exvicika KWbYnfmunkare)aHeqatenAsPa RbeTsevotNam)ancuHhtelxaelIsni
sBaamitPaBmYyCamYyshPaBsUevot. cab;BIfenHeTA eKElgGacBnareBleTotehIy. sni
sBaaenHrYmmanxsMxan;sIBIkarsegaHKaeTAvijeTAmk kgkrNIEdlRbeTsNamYyRtveKvay
RbharenAeBlxagmux. tamkaryl;eXIjrbs;RbeTsPaKeRcIn karsnaenHmannyesInwgsm<nPaB
eyaFafImYy. snisBaaenH dUcsnisBaaEdlBYk\NaFab;)ancuHhtelxaCamYyRkgmUsNas; enA
munsgamrbs;eKRbqaMgRbeTs):aKIsanbnic.
rUbWt GUklI Robert Oakley CMnYykarrbs; elak hUl Rbk )ancat;EcgerobcMnUvkarCYbKaelIkcug
eRkayCamYyBYkevotNamCabnan;bnab;BIkare)aHeqatenAfTI7 Exvicika dUcEdl)ansnaBImun22.
enAxNenH shrdGaemrik )anTTYlBIRkmPak;garesuIbkarN_nUvr)aykarN_KYr[TukcitCaeRcIn Edl
GHGagbEnmBIBakccamGar:amepSgfa rdaPi)alevotNam sitenABIeRkaykarcakecjTaMghVg
rbs;BYkGkePosxntamTUk ehIysmaCikxHnCnCatiPaKticcin minRtwmEtRtvbgM[cakecjBI
RbeTsb:ueNaHeT b:uEn kRtvbg;fCamassRmab;siTieLIgCiHTUkEdr. v:an;s_ )aneGayBtmandl;
GUklI fa karcrcasIBIkareFIV[manRbRktIPaBKWRtvlubecal ehIyetagEtniyayR)ab;BYkevotNam
fa snisBaaCamYyshPaBsUevot bgajeGayeXIjy:agc,as;fa eKalbMNgrbs;RkghaNUy
BMuEmnRslaj;sniPaBeT.
enAsmyRbCMupac;RBRt GUklI )anbBansareTA[elak v:an;s_ fa {)anR)ab;eKfa elakmin
yl;nUvGIVEdlnwgekIteLIgeT bebIsinCaelaklukluyRbeTskm<Ca? enHBMuEmnCameFa)aypl;
sniPaBkgPUmiPaKeT. etIeyIgGacl,geFIVtamkarTTUcsMumYyrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati edayeRbI
R)as;GgkarenH eRkamTRmg;NamYy)aneT?. BYkevotNam)aneqIyR)ab;fa BYkeKRtvEteFIVnUvGIV
EdlBYkeKRtveFIV/ BYkeKKanmeFa)ayNaepSgeRkABIenHeT. enHCaeBllM)akcitbMputsRmab;.
)anlubecalkarcrcaepSgCapvkar}.
y:agehacNas; enHKWCaGIVEdl GUklI snidan. v:an;s_ yl;eXIjpyeTAvijfa elak xaFr
525
nigrUbKat;pal; )anlubecalkareFIV[manRbRktIPaB edaysarEt{karekIneLIgnUvktaCaeRcIn

GkePosxntamTUk/ RbeTskm<Ca/ karcuHsnisBaaCamYyRkgmUs}. tamelakrdmnIkarbreTsfa
RbeTscinBMumanCab;Bak;BnkgkarseRmcenHeT {RbeTscin)anedIrtYnaTItUctacmYykgkickarnkar
eFIV[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam. KWRBwtikarN_epSg EdlnaMeTArklTplcugeRkay}.
b:uEn elak xaFr nig RbhSInsI bBaak;fa v:an;s_ yl;RcLMxng KWesckIsMGagepSgrbs;
RbhSInsI EdljaMg[elak xaFr eCOtam BMuEmnGkePosxntamTUk bsnisBaasUevotenaHeT. xaFr
bBaak;fa Kat;RbqaMgnwgkareFIV[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam BIeRBaHshrdGaemrikcg;
{KitKUrBIRbeTscindMbUgeK}13.
ebIsinCaGcwgEmnKWelakRbFanaFibtI )anRbfuynwgEl,gRbkbedayeRKaHfak;mYy EdlGac
ekItmaneTAfmux edayeRbIR)as;neya)aykarTUtmYytammeFa)ayBIr EdleTaHCay:agNakeday
keKfae)akbeBaatEdr.RBwtikarN_epSg)aneFIV[elakRbhSInsI maneRbbCag.enAfTI15ExF
shrdGaemrik nigsaFarNrdRbCamanitcin )anRbkas[dwgCasaFarNkgeBldMNalKafa
BYkeKRBmeRBgKa begItTMnak;TMngkarTUtCaFmtaeLIgvij.
elak xaFr nigv:an;s_ RbEhlCaminyl;RsbGMBImUlehtuEdlshrdGaemrikBMuTan;seRmceFIV
[TMnak;TMngepSg manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNameT. ehIy v:an;s_ TMngCamaneCaKCy
EdlGHGagfa RbeTsevotNamKWCaGkTTYlxusRtvmYyEpkFM. b:uEn GIVEdlmansarsMxan;kgbNa
s)ah_Cabnbnab;mkeTot KWmenaseBatnarbs;elak xaFr EdlcUlciteFIV[manTMnak;TMngCamYy
RbeTscin RsbKanwgkareFIV[manTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTsevotNamCag. enAeBlEdlRkghaNUy
cUllukluyRbeTskm<CaenAfbuNNUEGlqaM1978 shrdGaemrik)anRbgeRbbTTYlRBmeFVI
tamRbtikmrbs;eKTaMgggwtggl;CaeRsc GMBIRbtikmrbs;cincMeBaHsgam\NcinelIkTIbI.
enAqaM1978 RbeTsevotNam)angakeTAcUlxagsUevoteBjFwg. edayKanCMnYyrbs;sh
PaBsUevot RkghaNUynwgBuMGaceFVIsgamTaMgBMuGacrs;ranteTAeToteLIy. RbeTsevotNam )an
kayeTACasm<nmitKYr[TukcitCageKmYykgcMeNamsm<nmitdKYr[TukcitCageKrbs;RkgmUs eday
)ane)aHeqatCab;CaRbcaMCamYyshPaBsUevotkgGgkarGnrCatiTaMgGs; nigRBmGnuBaat[man
vtmaneyaFa nigesdkicmYy EdlelceFaCageKrbs;RkgmUs enAkgRbeTseTotpg. GasuIRtv
EbgEckCaBIry:agc,as; EdlminFab;manesaH taMgBImunmk. ehIyBiPBelak )anmanmuxenAkg
sgamkumynisRbePTfImYy EdleFVI[ekItmaneLIgvijnUvbdibkPaBCatisasn_ nigcMNg;hYs
526
RBMEdnkgkareFVIsBayCaCagsartI {rMedaHCati}.
BYkGkTTYlplRbeyaCn_edaypal;BIsankarN_fIenH KWbNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasaneNaH
eT. enAqaM1978 RbeTsTaMgenH)anRtvbeBaarrkplRbeyaCn_edayRkghaNUy RkgPMeBj
nigRkgeb:kaMg EdletOnbgM[eRCIserIscUlxagbkSBYkeKkgsgamkumynis Edlc,as;Camkdl;
kgeBlqab;. smaKmGasan )ansitenACaGBaRkwt ehIy)anTTYlkarbnbnyy:agsem,ImTaMgBI
xagkm<CakdUcevotNam.
dMeNIrTsSnkicbnknyKa nbNaebskCnkumynis )ancab;epImenAExmkra qaM1978
edaykareFVITsSnkicrbs; egVnDuyRTij rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;evotNamenAkgRbeTsbYnn
smaKmGasan24. Kat;)anseRmceFVIkicRBmeRBgmYyCamYyRbeTshVIlIBIn EdlkgenaHCemaHTaMg
Gs; enAeBlGnaKtnwgRtvcrca nigseRmckgsartI {sRmHsRml nigmitPaB}mYy. enARbeTsf
GktMNagrbs;evotNam )ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgBaNiCkmmYy.
dMeNIrpnKanTsSnkicTaMgenaH )anfycuHCabeNaHGasn enAeBlEdlRbeTsevotNam
nigkm<Ca BiPakSaGMBIsMeNIsniPaBepSg. bnab;mk RkgPMeBj)anRcanecalEpnkarsniPaB cuHfTI
5 Exkum qaM1978 rbs;evotNam ehIyeRkaymkminyUrb:unan KNkmaFikarmCimbkSevot
Nam)anrYmRbCuMKa nig)aneFVIkarseRmccitcUllukluyRbeTskm<CaCasmat;.
RkgPMeBj)anbneFVIkarvayRbharrbs;xn tamRBMEdnRbeTsTaMgBIr KWRbqaMgnwgRbeTsfpg
RbeTsevotNampg. RbkarenH)anCMruj[BYkf esIdak;bBalRbeTs\Ncin TaMgGs;kgtMbn;
sniPaBmYy EdlnwgrYmbBalTaMgRbeTsGasan. TaMgkm<Ca TaMgevotNam KanrMePIbrIkraynwgKMnit
enHeT.
clnankarcrcaeTAvijeTAmkEpkkarTUtecHEtbneTAmuxeTot. enAEx]sPa RkgPMeBj)an
seRmceFVIkicRBmeRBgmYyCamYysigburI edIm,IeFVIkarpas;brxagBaNiCkm nigkarerobcMEpkTUrKmna
Kmn_rvagRbeTsTaMgBIreLIgvij. b:uEn GasanenAEtminkan;eCIgxagNaCanic.
enAExmifuna qaM1978 BYkkm<Ca)andak;[BYkevotNamBinitnUvsMeNIsniPaBrbs;eKmg
vanwgmankarCYbRbCMuBiPakSaKa kgeKalbMNgriHrkdMeNaHRsaymYytamkarcrcaenAdMNac;qaM ebIsin
CaevotNamsnaeCosvag {GMeBIGriPaBTaMgGs;} cab;BIeBlenHeTA. BYkevotNam)ancat;TukkaresI
enH CaerOg {KYr[Gs;sMeNIc} ehIy)anelIksMeNIRbqaMgmYyeTAvij KWkarQb;)aj;KaCabnan;mYy
nigkarbegIttMbn;KankgTBmYyenAtambeNayRBMEdnrYm. RbeTskm<Ca)aneqIytbfa enHRKan;Et
527
Ca {rnaMgEpSg} fImYyeTotb:ueNaH ehIy)anecaTRbkan;RkghaNUyfa )anbBanBYkviecTkrmkRkg

PMeBj edIm,IerobcMrdRbharmYyCasmat;.
enAExdEdlenH BYkGkePosxntam xUk cab;epImcakecjBIRbeTsTaMghVg. bNaRbeTs
nsmaKmGasan )ancab;epImeFIVkarGMBavnavmYycMeBaHRbeTsrIkceRmInnana edayesIsMu[bBaak;
c,as;las; BIcMnYnBYkGkePosxn\NcinEdlBYkeKTTYl[sak;enAmanb:unan. esckIGMBavnavenH
eRbbdUckarekobsgt;pvcitmYyy:agxaMg. eRkaymkRbeTsxHnsmaKmGasan)anrujRcan[
BYkGkePosxneTAvijedayKanGaNitGasUr -TUkGkePosxnCaeRcIn Rtv)anbBaa[ebIkeTAsmuRT
vij ehIyBYkGkePosxnkm<Ca bBaneTAcmarmInenAtamRBMEdn- BIeRBaHbNaRbeTsEdlman
]sSahkmlUtlas;)anbdiesFminTTYlBYkeKeT.
GKsgkarTTYlbnkCnePosxnrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati )anRbkasenARkghSWENvfa
mnusSmYylannak;)anePosxnecjBIRbeTsevotNam nigkm<CakgeBlfIenH- b:uEn CaBiess
RbeTsevotNam.
kgs)ah_EdlmanCabnbnab;mkeTot RkghaNUy )anbBanGnurdmnIkarbreTs pan;ehon
kgdMeNIrTsSnkicCahUrEhfImYyenAtamRbeTsCaeRcIn nsmaKmGasan edIm,IbEgVrkarykcit
Tukdak;BIbBaaCnePosxntamTUk nigRbeTskm<Ca. Kat;)anRbkasfa Kat;mkBiPakSaBIsMeNI{tMbn;
sniPaB}nigbgajnUvkaryl;RBmrbs;RbeTsKat;cMeBaHKMnitbegItbkGasanmYy.pan;ehonR)afa
bM)at;karPy )armEdleXIjRbeTsevotNam cUllukluyRbeTskm<Ca bkayeTAsm<nmiRtd
CitsiTmYyrbs;shPaBsUevot.
eRkaymkminyUrb:unan BYkGkePosxnkm<Ca )ancUlCMnYserOgrbs;Kat;mg. BYkGkePosxn
RbmaNCamYyrynak;)anseRmcqgkat;RBMEdneTAdl;RbeTsf edayeCaKCy nig)anpl;nUv
PstagfICaeRcIn sIBIlTplnkarERbRbldGafkM)aMg EdlkMBugekItmanedaycdnenAkm<Ca
RbCaFibety. RbEhlenACMnan;enaHEdr smaKmmYyedIm,IsiTimnusS )anebIkeFVIsnisITkaEst
mYy edayerobrab;BIkarbgab nigkarPyrnt;EdlmanCaTUeTAenAkm<Ca.
enAExkBaa RkgPMeBj)anRbECgnwgRkghaNUyy:agecjmux edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTBIrdmin
EmnkumynisnanaenAGasuI. kGKrdTUtGUsalIRbcaMRkgeb:kaMg RtveFVI[PJak;epIlRsLaMgkaMg enA
eBlEdlsmPaKIkm<Carbs;Kat;Rbkasfa rdaPi)alrbs;xncg;eFVI[manTMnak;TMngCaFmtaCamYy
Rkgkg;Ebr:a.enATIbMput RbeTskm<CanigRbeTsevotNam)anpl;eTA[bNaRbeTsGasannUvGVIEdl
528
RbeTsTaMgenaHR)afacg;)an KWkarsnay:agLarikbBab;karKaMRTTaMgGs; cMeBaHkarbHe)arnBYk

kumynis EdlkMBugekItmanenAxageRkARBMEdnRbeTsrbs;BYkeKTaMgBIr.
paM v:an;dug rdmnITI1rbs;evotNamdmaneQaHl,Imak; )anRtvGeBaIj[eTAeFVITsSnkicenA
RbeTsR)aMnsmaKmGasan [eRkaymk man6RbeTsKWEfmRbeTsRbyeN mYyeTot]. enATIenaH
Kat;)anpSBVpSaynUvrebobbkRsayrbs;evotNamsIBIsgam nigGkePosxntamTUk ehIysnafa
RbeTsevotNamnwgQb;KaMRTclnakumy
nisT aMgGs; EdlbHe)arRbqaMgenAkg bNaRbeTsTaMgenH.
karsnarbs; paM v:an;dug enH)anRtv)ansgt;bBaak;CasaFarN nigeFVI[eKcab;GarmN_y:agxaMg kg
kasndMeNIrrbs;Kat;enARbeTsm:aeLsuI eRBaHfa Kat;)andak;kRmgpamYy enAvimanrMBkviBaaNkn
TahanEdlsab;edaykarRbyuTTl;nwgBYk]Tamkumynisrbs;RbeTsm:aeLsuI kgGMLgTsvtSr_
1960. karlHbg;EdleFVI[RsLaMgkaMgnUvmnusSEdlsntfaCabgbnrYmGavuFrbs;xnenH bgaj
[eXIjnUvGVIEdlRbeTsevotNamRbgeRbbeFVIBlIkmCaeRscedIm,IykQHRbeTskm<Ca.
enAExtula qaM1978 eGog sarI k)aneTAeFVITsSnkicenAbNaRbeTsGasanTaMgenaH.
kEngQb;sMctsMxan;bMputrbs;Kat; KWRkg)agkk CaTIEdlKat;)ansnanwgBYkffa nwgElgman
bBaaenAtambeNayRBMEdnrYmrbs;eKeTotehIy. Kat;k)ansnadUcKafa km<CaElgKaMRTBYk]Tam
kumynisfEdr. TMnak;TMngrd nigrdBitCamanTmn;Fn;CagkarTak;TgrvagbkS nigbkS ehIyRbeTs
fFab;mankitanuPaBsMxan;mYycMeBaHBYkkumyniskm<Ca ebIRkg)agkkminKaMRTBYkExrRkhmeT
y:agehacRbeTsfRtvenACaGBaRkwtEdr. b:uEn BYkmitcinenAkm<Ca)anykcitTukdak;eFIVGIVmYy
eRsceTAehIy edIm,ITTYl)ankarKaMRTrbs;BYkf.
dUecH etgsavBIg )anrYmCamYymnIkumynisxHkgdMeNIrbnKaedIm,IeTAbeBaarykpl
RbeyaCn_enARbeTsnanansmaKmGasanEdr. RbeTscinsgwmelIkykbuBVehtuExrRkhmmk
niyay edayeFIV[rMeCIbrMCYlBIRsemalvatTIniymrbs;sUevotenAkgtMbn;. enAxNenHBYkcin
)ancat;TukRbeTsevotNamfa CabeRmIrbs;sUevotedayecjmux. BYkkm<Ca)anyktRmab;
tamBYkcinEdrehIyenAkgGMLgTsSnkicrbs;Kat;enARbeTshVIlIBInenAExtulaeGogsarI )anGHGag
fa BYkExrRkhm)ansmab;TIRbwkSasUevotBIrnak;enAkgsgamRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam.
vayWteBlNas;eTAehIyedIm,IRtLb;mkeRkayvij. tMbn;enH)anQancUleTAkgPk;ePIg
sgamCaeRsc ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs;EtgnwkKitBIplRbeyaCn_pal;rbs;BYkeKCaFmta. bNa
RbeTsnsmaKmGasan)an seRmccitsitenA{GBaRkwt} kgkarRbQmmuxttaMgrvagkm<Ca nig
529
evotNam.
karGMBavnavTaMgenH EdlerobcMeLIgkgeKalbMNgCYyKaMRTRbeTsGasan )anTTYllTpl
dUcEdleKsgwmTukEmn karrkSasanPaBdUcmundEdl. smaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKy_yl;eXIjfa
KanehtuplNamYyEdlRtve)aHbg;GBaRkwtPaBrbs;xn edIm,IBYkExrRkhm bBYkevotNameLIy.
dUecHehIy)anCaGasanBMutv:a bRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPsiTimnusSenAkm<CaRbCaFibety ehIymin
RbqaMgnwg\riyabfrbs;evotNamcMeBaHBYkGkePosxntamTUkenaH. smaKmGasanykcitTukdak;
nwgerOgepSgCaCagbBaHbBal[bswmRbeTsTTYlykBYkGkePosxn\Ncin EdleTABIRbeTs
evotNam-Lav-km<Ca nigsRmalbnky:agFn;FrmYypg.
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TaMgGs;nsmaKmGasanERbeTaCaxusBIsPaBedIm. RbeTsm:aeLsuI )aneRbIekaHTaMgmUlmYy
sRmab;[BYkePosxnsak;enA. BYkecarbn;)anecjbn;tamsmuRT nigrMelaPsIePT ehIysmab;
CnCatievotNamTn;exSayCaeRcIn munEdlTUkrbs;BYkeKcUleTAdl;RcaMg. eqrsmuRTBNmasrbs;
tMbn;)anRtvcUllukBaseBjedayBYkGkePosxn EdleRskXandac;dac nigrayedrdaseTAeday
kemckmITUk. BYksil,krm:aeLsuI EdleRbIR)as;RkNat;)aTik sRmab;KUrKMnUr )anrkeXIjRbFanbT
fImYykghVgGkePosxntamTUkEdlyMsRsak;TaMgenHsRmab;bgajkgKMnUrdviciRtrbs;BYkeK.
bNalrdTaMgGs;)aneFIVskmmPaBGIVmYydUceRKagTukCamun smaKmGasanenAEtRbkan;CMhr
GBaRkwt. rdkumynisnana)ancUlxagbkBYkmYy bmYyeTotenAkgCemaHedIm,IRbeTskm<Ca.
bsimRbeTsbgaj[eXIjfa xnRtveFVI[xVl;GMBl;dUcKa edaybBaaCnePosxnkdUcCabBaasgam
Edlc,as;Camkdl;kgeBlqab;. karerobcMepSg Rtv)aneKerobcMdak;esIrEtrYcral;Gs;ehIy.
eTaHCabBaaPstagnerOgrMelaPsiTimnusSkRtvbBab;eday eGog sarI rYcGs;ehIyEdr kgkasn
dMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTAGgkarshRbCaCatienAExtula rYcral;ehIyEdr enAeBlEdlKat;)anGeBaIjeyIg
[eTAeFIVTsSnkicenARbeTsrbs;Kat;.
enAExkBaa BYkGkkaEstRkghugkug)aneTAeFVITsSnkicenAkm<Ca ehIyenAedImExvicika KN
RbtiPUCan;x<s;mYyRkmrbs;cin k)aneTAdl;PMeBjEdr. KNRbtiPUenaH rYmmanCaBiessGkTTYlxus
RtvEpksnisuxpkgrbs;bkSkumyniscinpg - CamnusSmak;EdlFab;dwknaMkareFVIvisuTkmCaeRcIn
kgRbeTspal;rbs;xn. cab;BIfenHeTA RbeTsCatiRtvRbkasdak;kgPaBmanGasn. rbbExr
Rkhm )anbBanTUrelxeTA[ rIqad Dudm:an; nigGkniBn edayR)ab;dMNwgfa dMeNIrmkkm<Carbs;Gs;
530
elak nwgcab;epImenAfesAr_ TI9 ExF qaM1978. kalBImYys)ah_mundMeNIreTAdl;rbs;eyIg BYk

evotNam)anRbkasBIkarbegItrNsirSkm<Carbs;eKCasaFarN KWrNsirSsamKIsegaHCati
km<CaEdlkmviFIKanGVIeRkABI {plrMlMbnRbtikiriyab:ul Bt/eGogsarI} eLIy.rNsirSenHmanehg
sMrin CaRbFandwknaM. Kat;CasmaCikKNkmaFikarRbtibtibkS enAPUmiPaKbUBa nigCaembBaakar
kgBlFMelx4 RbcaMPUimPaKenH EdlFab;ePosxneTARbeTsevotNam enAExkBaa bnab;BIkareFVIvisuT
kmEdlbBaaedaymCim.
cab;BIfenHeTA {kUnGuk} TaMgGs; Rtv)aneKerobcMdak;tamTIkEngrYcCaeRsc. sgamkgnam
nRbeTskm<CaGaccab;epIm)anehIy.
karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBjmgeTot
531
CMBUkTI11
{BakkgGtbTenHsmal;GkniBn KWGkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr}
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GarmN_fa nwg)anCYbkgKMnitrevIrvayrbs; nUvmnusSmak;eRkayBIXatKay:agyUr1. Fab;sal;
RbeTskm<CaEdr kgryeBlnsgam eRBaHFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBj BIrqaM kgzanCaebskCn
Biessrbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us. eRkaymk enAeBlEdlsitenATIRkgv:asuInetan edIm,Isresr
GtbT[kaEst enAEtykcitTukdak;cMeBaHRbeTsenHCanic ehIykgGayusamsibmYyqaM man
eQaHl,Il,ajCaRbeTsGkeCIgcas; bCaGkkeTsxagbBaakm<CaeTAehIy. b:uEn GVIEdlemIl
eXIjeRkamRkEsEPkenABlenH KWBMuEmnRbeTskm<Ca EdlFab;sal;kgryeBlsgameT KWCa
RbeTsmYyEdlrt;eKcecjBI. pvfl;TaMgLaysat;RCgM KanGVImYykeRmIkesaH. KanGkNamak;
niyaymkrkeyIgeLIy elIkElgEtGkenaH)anTTYlbBaaBIGkkan;GMNacBIGgkar.KankareFVIdMeNIr
BIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyTal;EtesaH ebIGkNamYyminRtv)anGnuBaatedayGgkar.
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enaHCapvTak;TgEpkBaNiCkmEtmYyKat;rvagRbeTskm<CanigBiPBxageRkA.eK)anbgab;[eyIgenA
Ggyesmsin rhUtTal;EteKehAeQaHeyIgtamRkm. RkmdMbUgbMput EdlcuHBIynehaH suTEt
BYkGkCMnajkarcin mancMnYnRbmaNCadb;BIrnak; EdltMNagRbEhlbIPaKbYn nGkdMeNIrTaMgGs;.
bnab;mk KWBYkGWr:ubFat; duHk,aleBaH mYyRkmtUc nigKNRbtiPUmYynKNbkSBlkrCb:un.
enATIbMput eK)anehAeQaHeyIg ehIyeyIg)ancuHBIynehaH edIm,IeLIgCiHkgLanEm:sWeds BIreRKg
EdlctenAeCIgCeNIrenaH. enHKW Cakarcab;epImdMeNIrTsSnkic {EdlmanRkbxN}rbs;eyIg
cMeBaHkarbdivtn_ExrRkhm. eyIgsitkgdMumUlmYy EdlremolenAmuxmnusSma nigTIkEngepSg
EdleKGaceFVI[pH Ebk)anedayxMRbwgbgMdkxn[putBIGMNacrbs;bkS.
RbeTsEdleKGaceQagddl; )anbgajxneLIgCaRbeTsEdlmanerOgGafkM)aMg eFVImin[eK
yl;)an. RkgPMeBjEdlemIleXIjBIcmay mansRms;y:agesaHkeRkaH rebobCaR)agtml;
sBmYy. ExSlYsbnaERcHcab;EdleKdak;BTCMuvijsYnc,ar mhavifI nigRKwHsannana rbs;rdaPi)al
kgeBlsgamRtvrlay)at;Gs;mindwgeTANa. r)aMgTaMgLay enAtampvRtv)anCMnYsedayepIg
532
edImpaRkdas nigedImcm:,a. RKwHsansanarNCaeRcInRtv)anlabBNfIeLIgvij -sanIyrfePIg

eKlabBNsRsGab; dUcpaf GtItTIsIkarrdmnIRksYgeXasnakar eKlabBNelOgPav. sYnc,ar
saFarNTaMgLay mansPaBlsat\thg kRmalesARtveKkat;tRmwmeLIgrabesI. KanGVImYy
enArayBaseBjelIvifInanaeLIy KanPaBRkxVk; KankaksMram. b:uEnTIenHkKanmnusSenAEdr KanTaMg
kg;TaMgrfynFMdwkGkdMeNIrkgRkg ehIymanrfyntictYcNas;.
edayqgkat;TIRkgBImageTAmag RkeLkeXIjkgTBmYyRkmtUckMBugedIryaml,at b:uEn
GkTaMgenaHhak;dUcCaKansanPaBkarBar[R)akdRbCaeLIy. tUbsRmab;kgTByam suTEtlabBN
btg nigTwkmaseLIgrelIbrelag. BuMeXIjmanelNdanFM rfeRkaH nigkaMePIg ed>es>Ga eLIy.
ebIeTaHCaRbeTssitkgsanPaBRbgeCIgkarkeday krdFanIenH Kanbgaj[eXIjsBaaNamYy
kgkarrerobcMeFVIsgameLIy.
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sitenAtampvFMCageKnTIRkg KWmhavifImunIvgS kgEpkmYynTIRkgEdlFab;sal;y:agc,as;. KWCa
RKwHsankCnburaNmYy Edlsg;eLIgRbmaNCagdb;Em:Rtb:ueNaH BImat;RckcUlxageRkayvimanrd
cmarmn. vimandTMenIbenH Rtv)anksageLIgedImdMbUgsRmab;semc RBHneratm sIhnu kNal]Tan
dFMmYy.
FatuGakasRtCak;lmenAExF EdlRtvnwgcitrbs;eyIgTaMgRsug kb:uEn eTaHCay:agNakeday
keKebIkm:asuInRtCak;dMeNIrkartambMNgrbs;eyIgCanic. RtveKnaMeTAkan;bnb;mYyenACan;TImYy.
kgTUnbnb;gUtTwkmaneXIjfaMlabRkck)araMgBIrdb ERkmlabbbUrmat;R)aMbMBg; emSAmYyRbGb; b:uEn
KaneXIjsabUeT. mnusSRbs RtveKnaMeTAsRmakenACan;TIBIr edaydak;[sRmakkgbnb;edkmYy
mak; Ek,r)anIydanmYy Edlmanlak;Tukdb RsavIsI RsahSIn (Gin) nigRsakUjak;y:ageRcIn. kBab;
)arIrbs;km<Ca Rtv)aneKdak;esIrenARKb;kEngkgpHenH. eyIgCaGkaEstbsimRbeTsdMbUgbgs;
EdlRtv)anGnuBaat[cUlRbeTsenH ehIykarTTYlbdisNarkicEdleK)aneFVIcMeBaHBYkeyIgbgaj
[eXIjfa BYkExrRkhmecHdwgBIrebobrbbrs;enARbcaMfrbs;eyIgEdr.
fTImYy BYkmas;pHrbs;eyIg )anTukTVarcMh ehIykalebIBYkGkkarBarrbs;eyIgecjputPam
eyIg)anecjeFVIdMeNIrkMsanmYyy:agyUrkgtMbn;CitenaH. fVIebIFab;sal;TIRkgenHbgrkeday k
RtvvegVgvgVan;Edr edayrkcMNuccMNaMTisBImunmineXIj. kgryeBlsgam hagkat;edrsemk
bMBak;sI BYkGklk;EpeQIRtaMtamreTHruj CYrfynenABImuxsanIycak;saMgFab;)anCYy[sal;
533
eQaH vifICaeRcIn. RbkarenH )anrlay)at;Gs;eTAehIy ehIymhavifImunIvgSmansPaB hak;dUcCa

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eLIy.
eyIg)ancakecjBImhavifIenH edIrtRmg;eTAmat;TenrhUtdl;mhavifIRBHneratm nigvenAiman
kraCehIyBITIenHeTATisxagt,g KWsanTUtrbs;GaemrikaMg.kalBImun Ducm:an;nig xadEv:l Fab;sak;
enATIRkgPMeBjmYyryxIEdr b:uEn KanGkNamak; Fab;)anrs;enAkgRbeTsenHeT. RtvEteFVIxneTA
CamKeTsk_naMpvdmansmtPaBmak; b:uEn dwgxnfa manlkNCaGkeTscrN_mak;dUcBYkGkTaMgBIr
Edr. m:agvijeTot eyIgeTIbnwgsal;KakgeBlfI ehIyeyIgminTan;TukcitKaTaMgRsg enAeLIyeT.
enAeBlFmta erOgenHBMumansarsMxan;eLIy b:uEn cMeBaHdMeNIrenH eyIgTaMgGs;KasuTEtdwgBImuxnaTI
rbs;eyIgEdlCa{ksiNsakSI} dmanksiTirbs;karbdivtn_ ehIyRbEhlCasakSInsgam
EdlBiPBelakTaMgmUl )anniyayTukCamunEdr.
tamsMbkxageRkAeyIgTaMgGs;KasuTEtCaGkmansmPaBnigbTBiesaFn_bEnmmYy.xadEv:l
CasasacarsaklviTalymak; mankeTsxagbBaaGasuIGaeKy_. Kat;Fab;eFVIdMeNIrmkRbeTs
km<CaKt; enAcugTsvtSqaM1960 edIm,IeFVIGegtelIkarecaTRbkan;epSg GMBIkarrMelaPGBa
Rkwtrbs;km<CaBIsMNak;shrdGaemrik. Kat;CashniBnesovePAmYy sIBIsgamenAkm<Ca nig
karBarbuBVehtubdivtExrRkhmtaMgBIfCyCmH enAqaM1975. xadEv:l Fab;)aneTAeFVITsSnkic
enARbeTscinkumynis nigkUer:xageCIgpg. Kat;Rtv)anGeBaIj[mkRkgPMeBjkgzanCa{mit}
enAeBlEdl Dudm:an; nig kgzanCaGkkaEstdEdl. enHCaPaBxusKa EdlBYkExrRkhmvinicyfa
CaerOgsMxan;.
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nwgGtbTriHKn;rbs;Kat;sIBIkarRbwgERbgeFVIsgamrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkgRbeTsenH. Rtvcab;xn
enAedImdMbUgnsgamenARbeTskm<Ca enAqaM1970 Kat;Fab;RtvBYkkumynisevotNamXMuxnGs;
ryeBlEssibf enAkgTwkdIrbs;km<Ca.Kat;Fab;)anniyayRbkbedaysmancitkgkaEstrbs;
Kat; GMBIclnakumynisEdlkMBugvivDn_QaneLIg EdlKat;)ansegteXIjkgryeBlnkarCab;XMu
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534
cUlrWuERtteTAehIy ehIykarGeBaIjenH )aneFVI[Kat;eTACaGkkaEstdMbUgeKmak;kgcMeNamGk

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nak;. rvagBYkeyIg Kat;KWCamnusSEtmak;Kt; EdlminFab;)ansresrBIerOgExrRkhmTal;EtesaH
bnab;BIqaM1975 ehIyKat;RtvEtbeBajTsSnmYysIBIkarbdivtn_rbs;ExrRkhm. xadEv:l
RtveKdak;smitnamPamfa Ca eGdha sv (Edgar Snow) rbs;RbeTskm<Ca.
karykBtmanepSgrbs;enAbreTskMBug kMNt;RBMEdnenARbeTskm<Ca dwgxnfa mancit
Cab;CMBak;nwgRbvtisasRbeTsenHy:agxaMg. CacMENkmYynRkmGkkaEstelakxaglicmYy
kab;tUc EdlFab;cab;epImeFVIkareday{CYybMbiTbM)aMg}sgam. KWenARbeTskm<Ca EdleyIgTaMgGs;
Ka)ankayeTACaGkcas;citcas;KMnitkgviCaCIvkaEst. eyIg)an)at;bgmitPaBCaeRcInkgsgam
ehIy)anmanmuxemIleXIjnUvkarcab;epImesaknadkmmYykgcMeNamesaknadkmFM nstvtS
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r:ayr:ab;BIerOg dKYr[RBWxacrbs;BYkGkePosxneLIy edayxacERkgRbkarenH)anRtwmEtmannyfa
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emaHmut EdlnaMExrRkhmeTArkCyCmH CamYynwgkarbgaj[dwgBIRbvtisas nigbNaemdwknaM
EdlbBaaBYkeKrYmTaMg saLt s pg kmankaregOgql;dUcGkeTotEdr edaykarCemsRbCaCn
nigkarbMpicbMpajsgmExr EdlmanCabnbnab;mkeTot. nwkkgcitEtxngfa RtvEtRtLb;eTA
RbeTskm<CamgeTot edIm,IBinitemIlkarbdivtn_edaypal;EPkrbs;. fVIebIRtvkMhit[sitenAEt
TIRkgv:asuInetan edaymuxnaTIfIrbs;keday kxMsVHEsVgrk)anBtmandkRmepSgsIBIRbeTs
km<Ca EdlGacykCakar)an ehIyxMRbwgERbgeFVI[TTYl)anTidkarmYy. ral;eBlEdl eGog sarI
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Kat;eCOfa CaGkkaEstRsImak;EdlKat;RtvEtGeBaIj[eTARbeTskm<CamgeTot.
kgeBlCamYyKaenaH )ansresrGtbTsMxan;CaeRcIn sIBIkarbdivtn_ edIm,IeFVICaels
535
CaBiess GtbTriHKn;dEvgmYykgesovePABIrk,al edayepateTAelIRbFanbTenH ehIykgenaH

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bdivtn_CaRBwtikarN_KYr[xacmYy. b:uEn )anTTYlTidakarmYy RbEhlBIeRBaHBYkkm<CanwkeXIj
CaBiessnUvGtbTBtmanrbs; EdlkMBugriHKn;tYnaTIrbs;shrdGaemrik kgsgamenaHehIyemIl_
eTA. m:ageTot Fab;CaGktMNag[karEstv:asuInetanb:us EdlCakaEstmYydsMxan; ebIsinCaBYk
ExrRkhm cg;eFVI[rdaPi)alGaemrikaMgyl;c,as;BIxn BitR)akd.
eyIgTaMgbI )aneTAdl;RbeTskm<CaRbkbedayTsSnEbkBIKacMeBaHkarbdivtn_. xadEv:l
sgwmelIPaBbuinRbsb;rbs;Kat;xagEpkneya)ay. )anepImeFVIskmPaBtaMgBIyUrmkehIy edIm,I
bgaj[eXIjGtnynkarbdivtn_ tamKeRmagpal;rbs;xn nigtammuxviCaCIv cMENk Dudm:an; vij
Kat;)anbgajsIBIbBaanPaBRBegIykenIymineGIeBIKYr[cg;)anmYy. eyIg)anrkeXIjedayqab;
rhs nUvGVIEdlRbeTskm<Capl;[eyIgmak;dwg. GVIEdleyIgmin)andwgmundMeNIreTAdl;rbs;eyIg
KWmrNPaBrbs;KaeyIgmak; EdleK)anerobcMKeRmagkarmunrYcCaeRsc.
karlYcevHenAfdMbUgrbs;eyIg )anRtvbBab; muneBlEdleyIgseRmccitvilRtLb;mkkEng
sak;enAvij. mKeTsk_naMpvmak; kgcMeNammKeTsk_naMpvCaeRcIn )anbBab;LanEm:sWedsmYy
eRKgEk,rBYkeyIg ehIy)aneFVIsBaa[BYkeyIgeLIgCiHelIrfyn. eK)annaMeyIgmkkan;nievsndan
vij eday)anbgab;bBaa[eyIgsitenAEtkgpHdac;xat rhUtdl;manbTbBaafI eyIgElg)anecj
eTAxageRkAEtkgeTotehIy KWvamaneRKaHfak;xaMgNas;. eKmindwgmunBIGVIEdlsRtv eKminEdl
cgleQaHR)ab;esaH GaceFVIskmPaBeLIy. eyIgRtveKkMNt;[enAEtkgpH y:agdac;xat.
Dudm:an; nig Fab;)anTTYlBtmansIBIsankarN_RbkbedayeRKaHfak;enAkm<Ca mundMeNIreTAdl;
rbs;eyIgem:H. )anCECkBiPakSaCamYybNaGkCMnajkarnRksYgkarBarRbeTs nignaykdan
es>GuI>Ga> enARkgv:asuInetanEdr. enARkg)agkk nigRkgeb:kaMg Fab;)anCYbnwgBYkGkkeTsxag
neya)ay nigeyaFaGaemrikaMg )araMg kaNada GUsalI nigcinEfmeTot. KanGkNamak;niyay
R)ab;[dwgmunGMBIsgamkRmitFMmYy rvagRbeTsevotNam nigkm<CaeLIy. tamTsSnGkTaMgenaH
fa y:ageRcInNas; BYkevotNamnwgruldMeNIrrhUtdl;TenemKg ehIynwgQb;enARtwmenaH edayeBj
citkan;kab;RttRtaeRtIyxagekItTen munnwgbndMeNIreq<aHeTArdFanIeTot kgkMLgeBlnkarvay
lukenAeBleRkaymYy. GkCMnajkarGaemrikaMgdeqImmak; kgcMeNamGkCMnajkareqImEdlCamit
cas;mak; )anGHGagR)ab;enARkg)agkkfa esckIPyxacrbs;BIerOgBakccamGar:amTaMgLay
536
nigBIsnisuxpal;rbs; suTEtCaerOgKanmUldan. Kat;)anbegIyfa {vanwgeTACaerOggayRsYl

bMput}.
BitNas; enAeBlEdlGkkarBareyIgRBmanR)ab;eyIgfa rbbrbs;eKminFana snisux[eyIg
)aneT ebIsinCaeyIgecjedIrEtmak;g KWedIm,IraraMgeyIgmin[emIleXIjGVIEdleKhamXat;. b:uEn
PaBsb;sat;EdleFVI[RBy)arm nigpvfl;TaMgLayEdlmansPaBsat;RCgMkarmanGarmN_edIr
kMsankgBiPBcEmkmYy )aneFVI[BYkeyIgdNwgsYrkgcitfa ebIsinenATIenH BMuman{sRtv} -BYkevot
Nam bBYkepSgeTot etIGkNamYyEdlcUlciteXIjeyIgsab;CaagsRtvTaMgenaH. BtmanepSg
EdleKbBanmk[eyIgmunkarmkdl;rbs;eyIg \LvenHhak;dUcCaminsUvsMxan;eTAvij. Etb:unanf
b:ueNaH eyIgTaMgbI)anRtveFVI[eCOR)akdkgcitfa sankarN_kgRbeTsenH mansPaBKYr[xacrnt;
CagBiPBelakxageRkAKiteXIjeTAeTot.
kgkarb:unb:gfImYyedIm,IEsVgyl;RbeTskm<CaCafI EdlFab;sal;c,as; enARBwkfbnab;
)anPJak;BIdMeNkelOnCagsBVdg ehIy)anecjeTAeRkAmunkarmkdl;nRkmkarBarBYkeyIg. TVar
cRmwgEdkBMumancak;esaeT. RBHGaTitrHx<s;Nas;eTAehIy edaybeBajrsImkelIRTgpvPWqHdUc
Rbdab;bBaaMgBnWmYy. elIkenH)anCYbBYkkmkr EdlQrenAelIcieBaImfl;CaRkmtUc edIm,Irg;caM
rfyn EdlRtvdwkykBYkeKeTAkan;ERscmar beragcRknana. eRkABIBYkGkTaMgenaH KWKaneXIj
mnusSNamak;esaHenAtampv.
edIrEk,rcieBaImfl;eRkamedImeQITaMgLay edayeKclak;xnmgpg enAeBlEdlBsMeLg
LanmYyeRKgebIkmk. mgenH GacedIrKaneKaledAeTAtam cMNg;citrbs; edayGacrkeXIjnUvGVI
EdleyIgBMuGacemIleXIjeBleFVIdMeNIrBIeBacintugmk bkgryeBlnkaredIrkMsandxIrbs;eyIg
kalBImYyfmun. hYsBImhavifIRBHmunIvgSeTA TIRkghak;dUcCaRtve)aHbg;ecalTaMgRsug. tampv
CaeRcInEdlenAcMehogmhavifI eKhdanEdlmansYnc,arl ePaCnaKar nighaglk;TMnij suTEt
ratt,atedayesAcRg. sYndaMedImeQIsRmab;mnusSedIrkMsanRtv)anEkERb[kayeTACakEng
cak;sMramvij. enAkgenaH eKerobKrTukeRKgsgarimepSg beRKgynRKb;RbePT.
qaybniceTAmuxeTot KWGtItpSarfI EdlmandaMedImeckBaseBj ehIyswkrbs;vahak;dUcCapit
Fak;sMy:akBIranlk;TMnij. TIenH kKaneXIjmnusSNamak;rs;enAEdr. edaybndMeNIreq<aHeTATis
xageCIgtampvmunIvgS )anedIrkat;BImuxGtItFnaKarBaNiCkmExr eb ka es ehIynwkeTAdl;mit
rbs;mak;eQaH muI kumt EdlFab;eFVIkarenATIenH. dwgfaKat;sit enAkgRbeTskm<CaenAeLIy.
537
mkdl;kEngenH nwkEtkgcitfa GacCYbRbTHedaycdnnUvGtItFnaKarikenH bmitPkiepSgeTot

EdlFab;sal;. )anBiniteXIjmnusSBIrnak; kMBugedIrecjBIGtItviTaly edkat edIm,ImkEsg
BagCaeRcIn EdlsitenApvmageTot. edayeskBak;ksNanExrRkhmBNexA BYkeK)anQb;
enAesmmYykEngehIysmwgemIlmkKandak;EPk. )aneKarBGkTaMgBIrtamrebobExr.
\LvenH GacemIleXIjsNaKarr:Uy:al; bsNaKarLWPMEdlbnb;elx27 Fab;Cakariya
lyeFVIkar nigCakEngedkrbs;. munnwgedIrqgkat;pv )anRkeLkemIlxageqVgEdr eXIjeKajI BIr
k,al kMBugsuIesAkgTIFaFMTUlaymYy EdlkalBImunCakEngviharkatUlikrbs;)araMg. eK)aniyay
R)ab;fa viharenH RtvExrRkhmbMpajexcxIdUcFnaKarCatikm<CaEdr b:uEn minnwksanfaGcwg
eK)ankemcva edayKaneXIjsl;fmYydMueLIy. )anRbjb;Rbjal;cakecjeTAvijPam.
enAeBlRkeLkeXIjdMbUg sNaKarenH hak;dUcCa)anTTYlkarEfTaMlRbesIr dUckgryeBl
sgamEdr b:uEn kalebImkQrkgsalFM smal;eXIjfa vamanrUbPaBdUcGVIenAkgTIRkgEdr
y:xageRkAenAl\texaH EpkxagkgmansPaBRTDeRTam. edayKanKit )anedIrcUleTACitbnb;TTYl
ePJv. BMueXIjmankUnesarbnb;nimYyBrenARbGb;eQIeLIy. PamenaHRsab;EtmanbnusSRbs
mak;elcecjmk ehIyniyayPasaExrmkrk. edaysab;min)anKat;)anbeNjecjeday
elIkdCasBaa. mgenHedIrtRmg;mkvtRBHBuTsasnaenAvtPM EdlRtv)anTTYlrak;Tak;eday
yuvCnbdivtn_BIrnak; EdlesIcjwmdak;. )anftrUbBYkeK b:uEn karkMsanenHmanryy:agxI
ehIyBYkeK k)anR)ab;tamkayvikarfa kMu[RbfuyedIrqayhYsBITIenHeTAeTot.
EbrRtLb;eRkaycakecjBITIenaHmkpHvijTaMght;enOy TaMgmYrhg nigeBareBjedaykar
RcbUkRcbl;kgcit. eBlxMRbwgEsVgyl;BIGtItRbeTskm<CaeBlNa vakan;rhUtputBIkalenaH
Edr. kmaPi)alekgmak;eTotEdlCiHm:UtU)anebIkmkQb;Cit )anelIkemdCasBaaeTArkKat;.
Kat;bBab;m:UtU )aneLIgCiHBIeRkayKat; ehIybgajpvEdlRtvRtLb;eTApHvij. enHCakar
sakl,gedIrkMsantamRtg;rbs;CaelIkcugeRkay edIm,IbegItTIRkgEdlFab;sal;eLIgvij Ca
kEng EdlGacsYrrkmnusSEdlminFab;sal;esaH [CUnRtLb;mkvij edaymanesckITukcit
TaMgRsug.
kmaPi)alekgenHRbEhlyl;RBmCUndMeNIr RtLb;mkvij b:uEn Kat;RtveFVI[Gak;xan eday
karmkdl;nRkmGkkarBarrbs;. Fab;RtvGvtmanenAeBleKehArkenAeBlRBwk. eK)anbBaa
[cuHBImU:tU ehIyeLIgCiHkgrfynEm:sWedsvij. eK)annaMy:agelOnmkkan;nievsndanvij Edl
538
cab;BIfenHeTA TVarEdkRtv)aneKcak;esaRKb;eBlem:ag.
\LvenH ElgGac)anCYbeTotkgTIRkgPMeBjfI EdlFab;sal;nUvsRmab;karTTYl[sak;
GaRsyedaykarKYrsm nigrak;Tak; CamYynwgkarTak;citedayELk CaTIRkgmYynGkkan;RBHBuT
sasnanTVIbGasuIenH EdlminGackayeTACaTIRkgTMenIb bEbbbsimRbeTseLIy. rdFanITTYl
rgeRKaHkacCaeRcIn GMeBIBukrlYykarelaPln;RTBsm,titGMeBIhigSbiTmux nigPaBmineGIeBIcMeBaH
TuKtPaBrbs;GkdT. TidPaBTaMgBIrenH )anekItmanRBmKakgGtItRkgPMeBj dUckgcMeNamRbCaCn
ExrTaMgmUlEdr. GkxHdUcrUbCaedImFab;RsLaj;cUlcitRbeTsenH nigGafkM)aMgrbs;xn. GkxH
eTot Fab;)anrkeXIjTaMgGs;sgwmnUvPaBcuHdundab nigCMenOeRkAsasna. b:uEn sRmab;TaMgGs;Ka
RbeTskm<CaCaRbeTsmYyEdlminGacePc)an. eBlRtLb;mkdl;lMenAdanvij )ansnaeFVItam
c,ab;vinyTaMgGs; )aneFVI[GkdTsitkgeRKaHfak;dUcEdr. eyIg)anRss;RsUbGahareBlRBwk
kgbnb;TTYlTan)ay CakEngEdleyIgbriePaK)ayrYmKaRKb;EteBl. mbGaharRtveKnaMykmkBI
pH)aymYyenACitenaH edayGkCiHm:UtUmak;Edlykmkdak;enAmat;TVarpHxageRkay. eyIgRtv)an
beRmIedaybuKlikmYy RkmmanExrbInak; GkbeRmIvyekgmak; nigyuvnarIeFVIkickarpHBIrnak;. eyIg
kmanGkebIkLanmak; nigGkkarBarmYyRkm.
enATIbMput CYn RbsiTi )anmkdl; edIm,Icab;epImENnaMeyIg[sal;BIrebobrbbenATIenH. Dudm:an;
niig Fab;)anCYbKat;Edr enAeBlEdlKat;GmdMeNIr eGog sarI eTARkgjvy:k b:uEn eyIgTaMgBIrKanGk
NamYydwgfa Kat;CamitdCitsiTbMputrbs;rdmnIkarbreTs nigCamitrbs; b:ul Bt pal; kgsmyenA
CanisSiteronenATIRkg):arIsenaHeT. enHKWCamnusSTImYyEdleyIgsal;c,as; ehIyEdleKbBan
mk[eyIg eXIjcab;taMgBIkarmkdl;rbs;eyIg.
RbsiTi manmaDFM nigmanBNsm,rPwfaCagBYkExrPaKeRcIn. Kat;manbkBarsgaesIrEtdUc
escEpndI ebIeRbbeFobnwgBYkGkbdivt epSgeTotEdleyIg)anCYb. kgcMENkenAsl;nkarsak;
GaRsy Kat;KWCaExScMNgrbs;eyIgCamYyRbeTsenH CamKeTsk_naMpv nigCaGkbkERbPasarbs;
eyIg. Kat;CamnusSEdlRtvfak;elIcat;taMg[mkbgajnimitrUbRbesIrbMput rbs;RbeTskm<Ca
dl;BYkGkkaEstbreTs. karN_EdleKRbKl;[Kat;emIlxusRtvelIBYkeyIg KWCasBaadmansar
sMxan;dMbUgbMput EdleKpl;[cMeBaHTsSnkicrbs;eyIg.
Kat;)ancab;epImniyayedaykareFVIesckIraykarN_mYy. kgbnb;)ay eyIgGgyenACMuvij
tucaMkt;RtaedayykcitnUvtYelxepSg EdlKat;R)ab;[dwgBIlTpldGsarxagEpkesdkic esckI
539
RbkasepSgsIBIRbvtinCemaHCamYyRbeTsevotNam RTwsIepSgEdlKat;GHGagBITisedArbs;
karbdibvtn_km<Ca. b:uEn Kat;EtgEtvilmk niyayBIbBaaBYkk,t;evotNamCanic ehIym:ageTot
edayeyIg)anykCab;CamYynUvesovePAexArbs;rbbenH sIBIGMeBIQanBanrbs;evotNampgenaH
Kat;)anEppaM[eyIgGanenAeBlyb;pg. enATIbBab; eyIg)anelIkykbBaasiTimnusSmkniyay
ehIyKat;)aneqIymkvijedayesIcjwmfa {BYkGs;elaknwg)aneXIjminxan KWBMumanbBaasIBIsiTi
mnusSeT. Gs;elakxVayxVl;EtnwgBYkk,t;rbs;bn ln; nl; xaMgeBk ehIyBMu)anykcitTukdak;nwg
RbCaCnkm<CacMnYn90PaKry Edlrs;enARbkbedayCIvPaBlRbesIrCagmun edaysarEtkar
bdivtn_pgeT}.
eBlem:agEdlenAsl;kgfenaH nigfbnab;)anRtveyIgeRbIR)as;mYyPaKFM sRmab;kareFVI
eTscrN_. eyIgmansiTiTTYl)ankmviFIdUc{bNaKNRbtiPUCamit}nRbeTssuyEGd yUehasavI
nigEblhSik EdlmkkalBIfmunEdr. kb:uEn RKb;EtkaredIremIlrbs;eyIg EtgEtmannirsarmak;
tamdaneyIgCab;Canic. eK)annaMeyIgeTAemIlRBHbrmraCvaMg nigRBHviharRBHEkvmrkt Edl RbsiTi
)aneFIVesckIraykarN_fImYy sIBIkarRKbdNb;Epkvb,Fmrbs;)araMg CaRbFanbTEdlKat;hak;dUc
CacaMCab;kgcit. Kat;)anecaTRbkan;BYk)araMgfa )anRbmUlykrbs;rbrmantm lYcbn;rUbbdimakr
nigrtnvtrbs;RbeTsGs;CaeRcIn. Kat;)anGHGagfa BYkRbvtiviTU)araMg )ansresrRbvtisas
km<CaeLIgvij lMeGogeTArkeCaKCypsl;rbs;xn brbs;evotNam. Kat;KanniyaymYym:at;esaH
BIBYkGaemrikaMg RbEhlmkBImUlehtuxagneya)ayfI ehIyemIleTAedayKat;cUlciteRtmTukkar
sb;ex<Imrbs;Kat; RbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg EdlKat;Fab;sal;y:agc,as;Cag.
ecjBIRBHbrmraCvaMg eyI)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;sarmnICati EdlsabnaeLIgedayBYk)araMgEdr
kgrcnabTExr nigEdlsitenApvmagEk,renaH. RbsiT )anENnaMeyIg[kt;smal;fa sarmnIrenH
Rtv)anTTYlkarEfTaMy:agRbesIr ehIyfa karbdivtn_)ancat;TukRbkbedayesckIeBjcitBIGtIt
kalrbs;RbeTs. RbsiTi )anerobrab;fa vtmYycMnYn)an)at;rkmineXIj bNalmkBIkarlYcbn;
EdlekItmaneLIgenATIbBab;nsgam b:uEn vtsil,PaKeRcInEdlmantmkat;fmin)anenaH KWsit
enAtamkEngedImrbs;vadEdl.b:uEn vtTaMgenaHKanGkNakarBarnigEfTaMeLIy stVRbecovCaeRcIn
)anbeBajsMeLgRKlYc eRkamemdMbUl FUlI nigsm,kBIgBag rMuBTBIelIRBHeksrUbcmak; bNa
RBHraCaRkgGgr Gacm_stVepSg )aneFIV[PkrUbdimaRbLak;ssMRBH.
enAeBlRBlb; bnab;BIbriePaK)aylacrYc eK)annaMeyIgeTATsSnaExSPaByn sRmab;
540
eXasna. karbBaaMg)ancab;epImenAem:agdb;yb; ehIyrfynrbs;eyIg)anebIkbrenAtampvnana

Edlggwtsb nigsat;RCgM. ceggdgeKamRtveKbMPWEtkgsgat;xHnTIRkgb:ueNaH. eyIg)anqg
kat;BImuxpHCaeRcIn EdlmanBYkRsIneQakBIelIm:asuInedrFak;edayeCIg nigRbmUlexaGavBN
exoverobcMTukdak;. KansBaaNmYybgaj[eXIjCIvPaBepSgeRkABIenHeLIy. rhUtmkdl;eBlenH
eyIgBMuEdl)anBsMeLgkumara-kumarIeT eyIgeXIjEtBYkkmaPi)alekg nigBYkkmkrb:ueNaH.
enATIenH KaneXIjranlk;TMnij KanRkmRKsar KanyuvCnelgkILa bkMsanenAelI cieBaImfl;eLIyenAtampv KaneXIjmnusSmak;esaH KanTaMgstVEq bqaedIrrkcMNIEfmeTot.
enAfbnab;mk eK)annaMeyIgeFVIdMeNIrRcas;TwkTensabtamkaNUtkMsankBaas;mYyeRKg
EdlenAmanvaMgnnCIbRCj nigexIyekIyCaeRcInenAeLIy. karNUtebIkEGbtambeNaymat;RcaMg
TenEdleBareBjeTAedaycmarbEnepSg eyIg)anqgkat;BImuxsanIyskeRbgbJsSIEkv eragcRk
bgkCrekAsU nigcmarecknana. xl;rMePIyeBlRBwkRBlwm enAEtmanFatuRtCak;eRsgenAeLIy
kgeBlEdleyIg)anmkdl;eKaledArbs;eyIg KW{shkrN_ensaT} mYyEdlmanlkNCahVgTUk
mYyRkm. RbsiTi )anbkERbenAeBlEdlBYkGkensaTniyayR)ab;eyIgBIstVRtIEdlmansm,rhUr
ehorBIkarEbgEckplensaTesIKa BIkar]btmepSgrbs;karbdivt.
tmkeTot eyIgRtveKnaMeTAkan;GtItGKesnaFikarkgTB ln; nl; EdleK)anERbkay[eTACa
sarmnIrtaMgsmarsgamvij. yuTCnekgmak;nPUmiPaKnirtI )anniyayR)ab;eyIgBIkarRbyuTKa
enAkEngeFVIkarcas;rbs;elak sUEsn EhVNg;eds GtItembBaakarkgTB ln; nl; ehIy)aneRbI
R)as;EpnTIrbs;GtItnayGKesnaFikarrUbenH edIm,IBnl;R)ab;eyIgBIlkNgayRsl EdlBYkExr
Rkhm)anvayQHsaFarNrdExrrbs; ln; nl; eTotpg. GVIEdlTak;TajEPk eyIgCageKkgTsSn
kicenH KWsmarswkEdldeNIm)anBIBYkevotNamkgeBlfI rfeRkaHr)aMgmuxkarBar]sn EdleRbI
R)as;edayBYkevotNam edIm,IkarBarxnBIEpSgBulGafkM)aMgmYyEdltamBYkExrRkhmniyay KW
]snEdlBYkenaHeRbIRbqaMgnwgkgTBkm<Ca.
eyIgenAmankarNat;CYbKamYy Edl)aneRKagTukCamunenATIRkgPMeBj munnwgeyIgecjdMeNIr
eTACnbTenAfEsk. eyIg)aneTATsSnaenAviTasansRmab;karbNHbNal nigkarpl;BtmanEpk
viTasas EdlCasadrbs; CYn muM bgRbsdl,Il,ajrbs; CYn RbsiTi.
enAmat;TVarcUl eyIgRtv)anTTYlsVaKmn_edayyuvbursmak; Edl)anR)ab;eQaHbdivtEtmYy
m:at;rbs;xnfa Kun. eK)anENnaMR)ab;eyIgfa Kat;CaRbFanviTasanenH GayumR)aMbIqaM ehIyenH
541
BuMEmnCaerOgGafkM)aMgeT. kgkm<CaRbCaFibety eyIgEtg)anCYbRbTHnwg)atuPUtrebobenH Ca

erOy. KWsuTEtCaBYkkmaPi)alEdleKRbKl;Parkic[dwknaMsabnmYyrbs;rdmYy eRBaHeKGaceCO
TukcitxagEpkneya)ay CaTUeTA eRcInEtCaGtItyuTCnkgkgTB. BYkbBavnRtvFak;eTACYrTIBIr eRBaH
BYkeKBuMEmntMNagRbCaCn.b:unannaTIeRkaymkeyIg)anCYbnwg CYn muM EdlCaGkenAeRkambgab; Kun
kgzananuRkm muM RKan;EtCanaykviTasanb:ueNaH. tamkarBit eyIgKandwgfa muM Fab;GgyEk,r b:ul
Bt pal; kgkasmhasni)atcugeRkaybMputkalBIb:unanExmun ehIyCaGkerobrab;R)ab;BYkemdwknaM
kumynis BIRbBnGb;rMfIenHeLIy. b:uEn kgRkbxNnviTasan enAmuxBYkGkkaEstbreTs Kat;KWCa
mnusSdsMxan;EdlRbCaCn EdltMNageday Kun )ansnt[Kat;manzanTImYyenH.
karlak;But)anbneTAeTot RbsiTi nigmuM minsEmgkarKYrsmnwgKa dUcbNasmmiteTot
eT. Kun )anesI[ muM pl;BtmanR)ab;eyIgsIBIviTasan nigmuxnaTIrbs;Kat;kgRbeTskm<Cabdivtn_.
muM )anGnuvttamedayRbkasfa viTasanenHbegIteLIgenAqaM1977 edayTTYlykkUnrbs;RbCa
Cn[cUleron. enATIenH maneragCagCaeRcInsRmab;dak;m:asuIn nigsmarbrikaGKisnI LrMlayEdk
mYy RkmerobcMtemIgbMBg;sRmab;)aj;faMsmab;stVlit. muM )anerobrab;BIkickarRbcaMfrbs;kUn
sisSmak; emeronepSgEdlBYkeKRtveron[ecHcaM {dMNaMyuTsas} EdlBYkeKRtvdaM dMLgCVa
bEn nigRBlit visSmkalEdleKGnuBaat[Qb;. Kat;niyayCaPasaExr bnab;mk bnRbsrbs;
Kat; KWRbsiTi CaGkbkERbmkCaPasaGg;eKs.
enATIbBab; )anniyaykat; RbsiTi edIm,IsYrKat;fa ehtuGVI)anCabgRbsrbs;Kat; nigKat;
Rbkan;Gakb,kiriyadUcCaGkeRkAdUecH. elakTaMgBIrGacBnl;R)ab;BIreboby:ag dUcemc)anCaGs;
elakEdlsuTEtCaGkTTYlmrtkBIRKsarGPiCnmYy GackayeTACasmaCiknRkmvrCnrbs;RbeTs
km<Cabdivtn_. CamYybkBax<s;y:agmuWgm:at;mYy muM )aneqIyfa {CaFmta Cnbdivtmak;mincUl
cittaMgsEmJgsBaabRtepSgrbs;xn>>> nigCECkrkxusRtvBIedImkMeNItrbs;xneLIy}.
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542
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543
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EdlKat;pl;[eyIgnUvkarniyayerobrab;xImYysIBIGarFmrbs;Exr nigkarbdivtkm<Ca. {GarFm
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544
EdlmanRbPBBITIRkgPMeBj b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa kgkrNIcaM)ac; Kat;nwge)aHbg;rdFanI kgsgam

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eyIgdak;kgkitLanEm:sWeds.
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bUBa. b:uEneyIgdwgmunfa tMbn;enHFab;ekItmankarTas;ETgKaxaMgkeday keyIgKandwgdUcGkdTeTot
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eyabl;Kat;fa enHCatwktagnkareXasnaPUtkuhk Edlrbbrbs;Kat;RtvrgTTYl.
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545
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sanPaBdGaRkk;enH edayKanxUcxatGVIesaH.
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enH RbEhlCaerobcMedIm,IbeRmIbeRmIeKalbMNgrbs;eyIgehIyemIleTA.
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sgam. enATIenH kmineXIjmanmnusSNamak;edIrenAtampvfl; KaneXIjGkCMnYjNamak;enATIpSar
nigKancracrTal;EtesaHenAtampv. dUcenARkgPMeBjEdr eyIg)aneTATsSnasmiTiplbdivtCaeRcIn
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BYkksikr)anecjeTAeFVIkarenAtamERscmar[ehIy}.
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546
rfyn eyIg)aneXIjTsSnIyPaBmYyrbs;GkRsuk nigBYkksikr EdlRbwgERbgeFVIkarrs;revIk hak;

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RbyuT KWsmmit Bin CaGkenArs;ranCIvitmak;rbs;karbdivtExr. eRkaymkeTot )andwgy:ageRcIn
fa BIn )anrkSaTMnak;TMngy:agCitsiTCamYyEpksnisux EdlmanmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgCaTItaMg.
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tamPasaedayELkkgbkS.
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BYkeKGagelIsasavuFrbs;eK edIm,IdeNImykCyCmH. edaybnKMnitenHrhUtdl;GVIEdl\tny
hYsehtumYy BYkkm<Cayl;eXIjfa vaCaerOgFmtaeTAehIy EdleKeRbIR)as;ynehaH nigRKab;Ebk
547
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):aNUmYy EdlR)ab;[eKdwgfa eyIgkMBugsitenAERkk.
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548
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RBlb;.
enAyb;enaH esckIPyxac nigkarminTukcit EdlxMRbwgeFVImindwgminBkarmincuHsRmg Cak;Esg
cMeBaHGVITaMgGs; EdlBuM)anBinitrhUtdl;eBlnkareFVIdMeNIrenH )anelcecjPammkkgKMnit
revIrvayrbs;. )anyl;sbiGaRkk;KYr[rnt; EdlbBab;eTAenAeBlEdlmemImmayeXIjBYk
Pak;garkUer:xageCIgkMesokxncUlmkkgpHFMenH edIm,Ismab;BYkeyIg. sMeLgfr nigsERmkrbs;
)aneFVI[ Dudm:an; nigxadEv:l PJak;dwgxn EdldMbUgsnidanfa sMeLgenHmkBIxageRkA. RBwkeLIg eyIg
TaMgGs;Ka nwkGs;sMeNIcnwgkaryl;sbiepspas;rbs;enH ehIyedayCasIEtmak;g )aneFVI
karkt;smal;BIlkNrMeCIbrMCYlkgcitrbs;ePTTn;exSayedayRtwmRtv.
b:uEn BtmanepSgEdlpSaytamviTenAeBlRBwkenH )anbegInnUvkarERkrEGgrbs;eyIgEfm
eTot. tamdMNwgepSgEdlmanRbPBmkBIRkgPMeBj )an[dwgfa b:ul Bt nigbkS )anRbgeRbb
549
xnTb;Tl;karlukluymYy Edlc,as;Camkdl;kgeBlqab;. RbsiTi )anniyayR)ab;[eyIgsitenA

esmkuMRClRcbl; ehIyR)ab;dMNwgfa eyIgRtveFVIdMeNIreTAeFVITsSnkicenAcmarekAsUmYy rYcehIy
shkrN_ksikmTImYyrbs;eyIgeQaH PUmiRBHmas.
cmarekAsU Rtv)anTTYlkarpt;pg;y:agl kmkrTaMgbursTaMgnarI suTEtmansuxPaBmaMTaM.
muneKnaMeyIgeTAemIlTItaMgEdleFVI[Et)ansRmab;bgkCrekAsU eK)aneFVIesckIraykarN_mYy
sIBIkargarrbs;BYkkmkr bnab;mk eyIgmansiTTTYlTanePsC nigTTYlkarbBaak;bMPWfIeTot.
GkdwknaMcmarekAsUenH manKabInak; suTEtCaGtItyuTCn Edlmanmak;dac;)at;swkRtecokmag.
mak;enHminsUv)ansmIeT cMENkxagGkTTYlxusRtvFMCageK )anniyayR)ab;eyIgGMBIlTpl
EdlcmarekAsU nigeragcRkseRmceFVI)ankngmk.
kmkrmR)aMBan;nak; rbs;GgPaBenH BuMmanbTBiesaFn_bnicesaHkgkarecorCrekAsUmunnwg
cat;taMg[mkTTYlmuxkarfIedayGMNac. RbFandwknaMGgPaB)anRbkasedayPaBRkGWtfa {kg
cMeNamBYkenH PaKeRcInelIslub KWmanRbPBedImCaRbCaksikrsuTsaF ehIyminTaMgsal; {edIm
ekAsU}y:agem:cpg. BYkeKecHecoredImekAsUbgrCr ecHEfTaM ecHeFVI[eragcRkdMeNIrkar)an>>>
eRkamrbbcas; PaKeRcInnBYkkmkreragcRkekAsUsuTEtCaevotNam. BYkeK)anvileTARsukvij
enAqaM1973 Gs;ehIy}.
GkEdl)at;swkRtecokmag)anbEnmfa {BYk)araMgBuM)anbeRgnCnCatiExrBIrebob daM EfTaM
nigecorCrekAsUeLIy BYkeKbeRgnEtCnCatievotNamb:ueNaH}.
BYkeyIgmansiTiecaTsYrsMNYrmYycMnYntUc ehIyenAeBldl;evnrbs; )ansYreTABYkGk
dwknaMBIedImkMeNItrbs;BYkeK EdlsuTEtCasmaCikbkS bGkFab;RbyuTtsUkgryeBlsgam.
bnab;BIsMNYrsIBIkarcUlCasmaCikbkS ekItmankarsb;esmmYy bnab;mk mnusSEdlmanEt
Rtecokmag)aneqIyfa {)aT Kat;CasmaCikbkSEmn nigCaGtItyuTCnnPUmiPaKbUBa. eBlenaH Gk
dwknaMBIrnak;eTotkcab;niyayEdr ehIyeBlevlaEdleKGnuBaat[ecaTsYr )anbBab;eTAy:agqab;
rhs. edayesIcpg RbsiTi )ansmwgemIlmk ehIyniyayfa sMNYrTaMgb:unanrbs; minxVHkar
kMEbgst edIm,IbBaWciteLIy.
eyIg)anvilRtLb;mkrfynvij ehIy)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTAshkrN_ksikmeTot. kar
yl;sbiGaRkk;rbs; fmunRbEhlBIeRBaHGVIEdleKbgaj[eyIgeXIjdUckarBitenaH KWsuTEt
EkgbnMy:agCak;Esg. sgwmfa TidPaBBitR)akdmYyrbs;RbeTskm<Ca muxCarkeXIjTMnas;Edl
550
ruMBTCuMvijeyIgRBmnwgkarkab;smab;pg. shkrN_EdltubEtgBit sRmab;karftPaByn vamin

RsbKanwgkarBiBNnaedayBYkGkePosxn BITIkEngepSgEdlBYkeK)anrt;eKcmkTal;EtesaH.
RbFanPUmi)anbBaak;R)ab;eyIgfa kgRkmpHeQIlsg;x<s;BIdITaMgenH mnusSTaMgGs;)anTTYlTan
)aybIdgkgmYyf ehIyenAfbuNmanbEgmEfmeTot. ksikrmansiTiQb;sRmak 3fkgmYyEx
KWfTI10 TI20 nigTI30. BYkemdwknaMshkrN_ )an;bgajR)ab;eyIgBIBYksIEdlCab;rvl;t,aj
BYkRbs kMBugCYsCul]bkrN_epSg nigpH)aydFMlVwgelVIymYy EdlGkPUmiTaMgGs;RtveTA
briePaKrYmKaenATIenaH. RbFanPUmi )ansgt;bBaak;fa xnKat;pal; nigkmaPi)aldTeTot suTEtCa
GkbeRmIRbCaCn EdleRCIserIseLIgedaymhaCn cMeBaHKuNsm,tirbs;BYkeKkgkarRKb;RKgPUmi.
tamkarBit eRkaymkrkeXIjfa BYkeKsuTEtCaemdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkS.
b:uEn KWenATIenaHehIy Edl RbsiT )annaMeyIg[sal;sakSImak;kgcMeNamsakSICaeRcIn Edl
esIsMuCYbtaMgBIfdMbUgem:H CnNamak;keday EdlFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBjmunkarCems. mnusS
enaH KWCnCaticinkat;Exrmak;. edaycaMsab;sMNYrepSgrbs; Kat;)aneqIyfa Kat;CaGkFab;
rs;enATIRkgPMeBjEmn b:uEnemIleTA Kat;rebobdUcCamnusSxUcsrsRbsaTy:agxaMg. )anecaTsYr
Kat;nUvsMNYrminsUvsMxan;CaeRcIn edaybNal[Kat;niyayR)ab;nUvGIVEdlKat;cg;niyay. Kat;
niyayR)ab;fa Kat;Fab;bMeBjkargarCabnbnab;mYy eday)anTTYlplkRmTab kgryeBl
sgam CanieyaCitkghaglk;eRKgsgarimmYy rhUtdl;kayeTACalk;Rsa-s enAtamcieBaIm
fl;. Kat;)anbBab;fa {Ggkar)anGnuBaat[rs;enATIenH bnab;BIkarCemsecjBIPMeBj}. Kat;
BMuEmnCasmaCikbkSkumyniseT b:uEn Ca{BlrdsamBa}mak;EdlKitfa manGkCemsBIRkgPMeBj
CaeRcInnak;eTot kMBugrs;enAkgPUmienHEdr b:uEn Kat;kdwgminc,as;Edr. b:uEnKat;Tayfa mnusSxHmkBI
rdFanItamrebobEdlBYkeKeFVIkarkgvalERs b:uEn Kat;minEdlniyayBIBYkeKesaH.
edayCak;Esg karBinitemIl[R)akdRbCaGMBIbBaasiTimnusS RtvEtcab;epImBIRsTab;
RbCaCn EdlrgeRKaHedaykarvaydMy:ageXareXA nigrMelaPbMBanxaMgbMput KW{RbCaCnFab;rs;enA
TIRkgnana mnIrdkar nignayTahannrbbcas;}. RbsiTi BMu)anyl;RsbtamTsSnyl;eXIjrbs;
eT ehIybBaak;fa manKMnitxuseK etagEtemIl[eXIjBImeFa)ayEdlRbCaksikr rs;enApg
-90PaKrynRbCaCnTaMgGs;- ehIy[Qb;xVayxVl;BIBYk]RkidCnnrbbcas;eToteTA. eday
ehtufa RbCaCnkm<CaCitBIrlannak; kgcMnYnRbCaCnsrub R)aMmYy bR)aMBIrlannak; EdlFab;rs;enA
tamTIRkgnana kgeBlEdlExrRkhmTTYlCyCmHenaH tameyabl;fa eKGacrkCYbGktMNag
551
BYkenHcMnYn mYyPaKbI bmYyPaKbYn )anedaygayRsl ebIeRbbeFobnwgcMnYnTaMgGs;. RbsiTi

RKvIk,al.
RbsiTi )anerobrab;R)ab;eyIgBITidPaBmYynkarbdivtn_rbs;km<Ca Edlhak;dUcCasmRsb
nwgkEngEdleyIgeTATsSnaEdr. enAshkrN_ Kat;)anlatRtdagGMBIkarRKb;RKgRbeTs karEbg
EckRbeTseTACashkrN_ sgat; Rsk tMbn; nigPUmiPaK. shkrN_ksikmTaMgLay RtvTTYlmti
ENnaMepSgBIrdGMNacRsk bsgat;. kb:uEn cmarekAsUTaMgGs; KWsitenAeRkamGMNacRttRta
rbs;RksYgBaNiCkmedaypal; Edlkan;kab;elIplitplCrekAsU.
RbsiTi R)afaeFVI[eyIgcab;GarmN_farbbrbs;Kat; KWCarbbEdlRbkbedayvicarNBaaN
nigmanRbsiTPaB. sRmab;erOgnImYy KWmancemIymYy. RbeTskm<Carbs;RbsiTimniEdlsal;
eRKaHGt;Xan BnnaKaeLIy ehIybnb;eFVITaruNkm nigCMrMBlkmGmnusSFmrwtEtKaneTAeTot.
enATIenaHeKEbgEckGVIesIKaTaMgGs; eKeFVIkargarkgsartIshRbtibtikar nigeCOTukcitedayrg;caM
smyrIkceRmInbMputmYy EdlkargardenOylM)akrbs;eKnwghucEppa[.
ehIyRbeTskm<CaEdlmanEtmYy EdleKGnuBaat[eyIgedIremIlkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIr
enH KWkm<CaRbCaFibety dUcEdl RbsiTi dwgkgKMnitEdr. eyIgBMu GaceTACYbmnusSNamak;)aneLIy
eyIgTTYlTan)ayedayELkBIeK eyIgsak;enAEtg qayBIRbCaCnTaMgBYg. mnusSxH EdleK
GnuBaat[eyIgniyayrk)an suTEtCamnusSEdlGgkareRCIserIssRmab;CatMNagRbeTskm<Ca
ehIy RbsiTi CaGkbkERbenAerogral;elIkEdlRbCaCnTaMgenaHniyay. eyIgCiHrfynCaeRcIn
em:ag edIm,IeTAeFVIkarsnnamYyryeBldb;naTI CamYynwgRbFanshkrN_mak; bnab;mk eyIgcab;eFVI
dMeNIrCafIGs;rab;em:ageTot edIm,IbriePaKGaharenAtamcieBaImpv rYcehIycakecjeq<aHeTAeKaledAfI
bnab;eTot. karbriePaKGaharfRtg; tRmv[mankarerobcMryeBlmYyem:agCacaM)ac;. sgSy
elI RbsiTi EdlFab;erobcMmbGaharkgkaserobGaBah_BiBah_ eGog sarI enARkg):arIs kalBI
mR)aMqaMmunfa c,as;CaRttBinitemIlmuxmbnImYy EdleK)anerobcMCUneyIgminxan. bnab;mk
eK)an[eyIgsRmakeBlfcMnYn mYyem:ag ehIyCaTUeTA enAeBlyb;eKEtgbeNjeyIg[cUledk
Canic ebITukCaeyIgminTan;gguykeday.
edaycakecjBIshkrN_enaH eyIg)aneFVIdMeNIrtRmg;eTATIRkgesomrabeTot EdlsitenA
CitR)asaTGgrvt nigCarmNIydanEdlmanR)asaTl,I. enAtampv eyIg)anQb;sMctenARkg
kMBg;FM edIm,ITTYlTanGaharfRtg;enAelIpHTwkmYy tamdgswgEsn. bnab;mk eyIg)anbndMeNIreTA
552
muxeTot ehIyGkebIkLanrbs;eyIg )anbBab;rfyn {eday\tGkNaR)ab;} edIm,IGnuBaat[eyIg

smwgemIlRbCaksikrmYyRkmBIcmay EdlkMBugeFVIkargar nigeRcgbdivtkgERsmYyeRkamTg;
BNRkhmEdlkMBugbk;rvictamkmaMgxl;bk;. Dudm:an; nig )anftrUbCaeRcInb:usi xadEv:l {mit}
rbs;rbbenH KWCamnusSEtmak;Kt; kgcMeNamBYkeyIgEdlFab;manbTBiesaFn_kgkareFVIdMeNIr
kgRbeTssgmniymepSg )aneFVICabnal;cMeBaHPaB\teGonxasenH. Kat;cUlcitsitenAkg
rfynCag ehIyminrvl;ftykrUbPaBmYy EdleK)anerobcMy:agqgsRmab;BYkeyIgeLIy.
EskeLIg eyIg)aneTATsSnaR)asaTCaeRcIn. GVIEdlRtveTACakasmYyeFVI[eyIgekatsJb;
EsJgcMeBaHsadTaMgenaH )anRtvbMpajedaysarvtmannmas;pHrbs;eyIg KWBYkExrRkhm Ca
Biess RbsiTi Edleqtyk{PaBRtvkaleTs}enH edIm,Ibgajfa Kat;minsUvecHcaMRbvtisas
RbeTsKat;b:unaneT ehIyKat;manEtsMdImak;gay cMeBaHBYk)araMgEdlFab;CYsCulR)asaTTaMgenH
eLIgvijb:ueNaH.
dUcsarmnIrenAPMeBjEdr R)asaTTaMgGs;enH BuMmanGkNamak;ykcitTukdak;EfrkSaeLIy.
BYkGPirkSExr EdlbNHbNaldayBYk)araMg kMBugeFVIkarkgTIRkgesomrab enAeBlEdlExrRkhm
TTYlCyCmH. )ansYreTA RbsiTi fa etIGkTaMgenaH kayeTACay:agNaehIy. Kat;eqIyR)ab;fa
BYkbBavnBuMRtv)anykmkeRbIR)as;tammuxCMnajrbs;xneT elIkElgEtGkTaMgenaH bgaj[eXIj
BIkarykcitTukdak;rbs;eK cMeBaHTisedAepSgrbs;bdivtsin. tamRbEhl KanGPirkSGgrNa
mYy )anseRmceCaKCytam {karsakBiesaFn_}enHeT. enACMuvijTIenaH eyIgeXIjmanEtkgTB nig
RbCaksikrxH kMBugras;smatkRmalesA EdllatsnwgenAxagmuxR)asaTb:ueNaH. R)agR)asaT
pal; RtveKe)aHbg;ecalKankarEfTaMeLIy.
b:uEn R)asaTTaMgenaH )anTTYlGtRbeyaCn_BIKaMBarEpkneya)aymYy edayehtufa vasitenA
kgsanPaBm:agEdlBYkExrRkhm -ehIymunBYkeK KWbNaemdwknaMkm<CaCMnan;bcb,n- cat;Tukfa Ca
vb,Fmrbs;RbeTskm<Ca. kgRbeTskm<Cabdivtn_ paMgKMnUrR)asaTGgrvt enAmanBrkgGKar nig
nievsdanpvkarnanaEdleyIgeTATsSnaenAeLIy. BuMmanrUbft b:ul Bt bemdwknaMepSgeToteLIy
ehIyBuMmanrUbft m:akS elnIn bsalIn dUcenARbeTsevotNameT. manEtrUbGgrvtmYyb:ueNaH
EdlkayeTACanimitrUbrbs;RbeTskm<Cabdivt. b:ul Bt )ankan;kab;tMENgminTan;Cak;lak;mYy enA
eLIy sRmab;[eKBrrUbftKat;enAtammnIrRksYgTUTaMgRbeTsenaH. ebITukCaKat;)anbBaa[eKeFVI
rUbdimapal;rbs;Kat;rYcmkehIykeday keyIgKaneXIjrUbsMNakNamYyenAtamTIkEngsaFarN
553
epSg kgryeBlnkarsak;GaRsyrbs;eyIgEdr.
eyIg)ansak;enAGgrcMnYn BIryb;. enAeBlerobcMecjdMeNIrRtLb;mkvij KWekItmankaryWt
yUrmYy EdleyIgmin)annwkKitCamun. dMbUg eK)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa pvfl;RtvlicTwkGs;ehIy
b:uEn buKlikEpksnisux )anmkraykarN_R)ab; RbsiTi CaerOy. edayPy)armpg eyIg)an
Ggyrg;caMCaeRcInem:agedaysab;viTkMsanpg shrdGaemrik nigRbeTscin )anRBmeRBgKaeFVI[
TMnak;TMngepSgrbs;eKmanCaRbRktivij. RbsiTi )anRbkasfa kicRBmeRBgenH )anekIteLIgRtv
kaslNas;sRmab;km<CaRbCaFibety.
enATIbBab; eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTATIRkg)at;dMbg sitenAkgPUmiPaKBayB. KWTIenaHehIy
EdlRbCaCnTIRkgPMeBjmYycMnYnFMrs;enAbnab;BIkarbeNjecj. fVIebIenACMnan;enH minsUvmanGk
Namak;dwgBIskmPaBRbRBwteTAnRbeTskm<Cabdivtkeday keyIg)anTTYlBtmanmYycMnYn sIBI
PUmiPaKBayBenHEdr BIeRBaHPUmiPaKenHmanRBMEdnCab;nwgRbeTsf ehIymanBYkGkePosxnrt;ecj
BIRbeTsy:ageRcIntaMgBIqaM1975. tambNaRsukxH karsmab;mnusS nigkarGt;Xan )anRbly
CIvitRbCaCnTaMgRsuk TaMgPUmi. KWTIenaHehIy Edlsgwm)anCYbGkNamak; EdlFab;sal; nigenA
TIenaHEdr EdlGacBinitemIledaylitln;BIsanPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnEdleKcat;Tukfa CaGk
gayrgeRKaHCageKeRkamrbbExrRkhmdtwgrwg.
eyIgRtvcMNayeBlmYyf edIm,I)aneTAdl;Rkg)at;dMbg. eyIgQb;enAEk,rsuIsupun edIm,I
TTYlGaharfRtg; nigTsSnamCmNlRsavRCavekSRtsasmYy. RbsiTi kgEbbbTBuMGacRtab;
tamrbs;Kat; )anxMRbwgeFVI[eyIgeCOfa dIdmanCICatirbs;PUmiPaKBayB RtvRbCaCnbgbegInpl
)anlRbesIr sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgbgs;kgRbvtisasrbs;km<Ca. BYkExrRkhm)ansakl,g[eK
sgBUCRsUvfIEbkKa tamKMrUdIepSg EdlminTamTar[mankardak;CIKImI dmantmfenaHeLIy.
BUCRsUvTaMgenaH Rtv)anEbgEck[RbCaCnkgTUTaMgPUmiPaKBayB ehIyrYmpSMnwgRbBnFarasaspg
)anpl;plRsUvy:ageRcInelIslub.
enAeBlyl; eK)anENnaM[eyIgerobcMsMNYrepSgTukCamun kgkrNIEdl b:ul Bt yl;RBm
[eyIgcUlCYbmunkarbBab;ndMeNIrTsSnkicenH.
enARBwkfbnab; mankaregOgql;mYyekIteLIg. RbsiTi )anR)ab;[eyIgdwgfa eyIgGaceTA
TsSnaEtshkrN_mYyKt;rbs;PUmiPaKenH KWGVIRtvhamXat;TaMgGs;. Kat;GHGagfa emdwknaMTaMg
Gs;eTAeFVIERsGs;ehIy. CMnYserOgenH eyIgEbreTAemIlsMNg;TMnb;TwkCaeRcInkEngEdlksag
554
eLIgedayBYkGkCemsvij.
edayKanKitKUrEvgqay cab;epImCECkCamYy RbsiTi fa eyIgRtvEteTATsSnashkrN_nana
rbs;PUmiPaKBayB ebImindUecaHeT dMeNIrrbs;eyIgnwgkayeTACaKanplRbeyaCn_ ehIyelsTaMg
Layrbs;elak minEmnenAdEdldUecHeT. Kat;)ansgsmImkPamfa enHKandwgsmIxng
Edl)anniyaypgeT ehIyKat;)anbEnmfa {Gkgnwgminyl;c,as;BIRbeTsenHCarhUt}.
karCECkKa)anbneTAeTot ehIy)anrMBkfa eGog sarI )ansnafa eyIgGacnwgeTATsSna
shkrN_nana rbs;PUmiPaKBayB edIm,IbdiesFedayCak;lak;nUvkareBalGagepSg GMBIkarrMelaP
siTimnusSy:ageRcIn edaypynwgkarelIkeLIgrbs;BYkGkFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBj. b:uEn KW\t)an
karTaMgGs; RbsiTi CamnIbdivtn_mak;EdlRtvcat;[mkPUtkuhkeyIg. RtvCMrujeTAkgCMhrkarBar
xnrbs;Kat; Kat;KankareRCIserIsNaeRkABIbegInkarPUtPreLIy.
kMhwgrbs;ekIteLIgedaysareyabl;minGaceCosrYcmYyEpkFMnkarhamXat;enH. etIKat;
TTYlsal;esckITukcitEdlmaneTAelIBYkmKeTsknaMpv )ancab;epImrlayxSl. kgryeBl
esssl;nfenaH RbsiTi nig )anniyayrkKatictYcNas; ehIykareFVIdMeNIrCabnbnab;mkeTot
hak;dUcCakayeTACaGk RbEkkRbNaMgCageK edayRbEkkminRtwmEtCamYymas;pHrbs;eyIg
b:ueNaHeT b:uEn CamYy Dudm:an; nig xadEv:l.
enAeBlresol eyIg)anedIreTAemIlTMnb;TwkmYy ehIyeyIgniyayKaBIPaKesssl;ndMeNIr
rbs;eyIgbneTot. xadEv:l nig Dudm:an; )anecaTsYrBIsMNg;enH EdleK)anCYsCuleLIgvij bnab;BI
TTYlkarxUcxatedaysarTwkCMnn;dsahavkalBIrdUvvsSamun. yuvbursenHeQaH v:un manGayumR)aM
qaM KWCaGtItyuTCnmak; EdlrMsayecjBIkgTB nigRtv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanKNkmaFikar TTYl
bnkkgkarksagTMnb;Twk. eyIgFab;)anTTYlsititamksar nigEdlminGacepgBinitdwgxusRtv
)ansIBITMnb;enH nigsMNg;epSgeTotEdlksagkgPUmiPaKBayB. m:ageTot sMNg;TaMgenHFab;
RtvviTpSaykalBIb:unanExmunpg. snHTb;Twk)an)ak;excxI BIeRBaHTMnb;BuM)anTTYlkarRttBinit
RtwmRtvtambTdankgryeBlnkarsagsg;eT. enAeBldl;evnrbs; )ansaksYryuvCnTTYl
xusRtvkEngenH BMuEmnsYrBIRbBnFarasas EdleKGYtGagxaMgNas;enaHeT KWsYrBIbBaasgam.
v:un )anERbkaykarsmasn_eTACaEl,gkarBiPakSatTl;mYy. edayRtveqIynwgsMNYrepSg
rbs; Kat;EbrCaRbetageLIgeTAelIsMNg;ebtugeTAvij edaytRmv[ RbsiTi nig eLIgeTAtamKat;
Edr. )ansYrKat;BIkarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgkgGMLgeBlsgam BIsanPaBrs;enArbs;
555
Kat; nigkgTBefIreCIgepSgeTot. enATIbBab;nkicsmasn_enH )anvileTACYbshesvikTaMgBIr

rbs;vij ehIy xadEv:l )anniyayBIGakb,kiriyarbs; EdleFVI[Kat;PJak;epIlfa {GkgCaRsI
GaemrikaMg ehtuGVI)anCaGkgecaTsYrsMNYrepSgdUecH cMeBaHCnCatikm<Camak;? KWvaRbkbeday
eRKaHfak;dUcKa ebIsinCaGkykBtmanCatiGalWm:g;mak; eFVIdMeNIreTAdl;TIRkgLg (Londres) bnab;BI
sgamcb; sgamGalWm:g; nigGg;eKs edIm,IsYrTahanGg;eKsmak;fa etIGkgvayRbyuTCamYy
BYkNahSIdUcemcxHeTA?}.
eRkayBIBnl;Kat;fa mkTIenHedIm,ITTYl)anBtmanepSg BMuEmnmkedIm,IeFVIeTscrN_eT
ehIyeyIgkElgmanGVIniyayteTAeTotEdr.
enAfbnab; RbsiTi )annaMBYkeyIgRtLb;mkRkgPMeBjvij ehIy)ane)aHbg;tYnaTICamKeTsk
rbs;Kat;. kgraRtIfTI19 ExF qaM1978 eyIg)ancUlrYmTTYlTan)aylacCamYy eGog sarI
enAvimanrdcmarmn. RbsiTi CaGkbkERbPasa[ eGog sarI ehIyhak;dUcCabMePcnUvcritminlrbs;
Kat;Gs;. Kat;)anR)ab;[dwgfa fEskmankmaPi)almak;eTot nwgCUneyIgeTAPaKxagt,g KWeTAkMBg;
esam cMENkKat;nwgsitenAkgrdFanI edIm,IeFVIkickarbnan;epSg. bnab;BI)ansaksYrBIsuxPaB
rbs;eyIg sarI )ansEmgnUvkarsb,ayrIkrayy:agxaMg EdlBYkeyIg)aneFVIdMeNIrcmayCag
mYyBan;KILEm:Rt ehIyfa\LvenHeyIgGaceFVICaksiNsakSI cMeBaHsanPaBrs;enAdRbesIrrbs;
RbCaCneyIg. Kat;tubEtgxnsat)at kgsemkbMBak;BNetatdUc em:A esTug Edlkat;edry:ag
pitpg;. sarI manTwkmuxmYydUcstVRCk EdlGacsEmgecjnUvTwkmuxRkjvedaygay. b:uEn Kat;k
GacbgajTwkmuxRss;Rsay eFVI[eKcUlcitxaMg ehIyedayELk kgmCdanGkbdivtKat;BMuEdll,I
eQaHfa CamnusSminecHGaNitGasUrenaHeT.
RbsiTi CaGkbkERbPasakgkarsnnaTaMgGs;. {lacenH mankas)anBisaePaCnahar
eBllacCamYyGs;elak edaymincaM)ac;manBiFIkar>>>. Fab;sal;elak Dudm:an; nignagkBaa
eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr rYcmkehIy. KWCaelIkdMbUgbgs; Edl)anCYbelaksasacar xadEv:l>>>
etImanbBaa bsMNYrGVIxH EdlGs;elakcg;dak;[Biinit?}.
Dudm:an; CaGkTTYlParsYrsMNYrepSgy:agbuinRbsb; KWCaGkCMnajxagkarTak;TgnRkmrbs;
eyIg. kb:uEn sarI )anseRmccitmineqIynwgsMNYrTaMgenHeT ehIy)anesI[eyIgrg;caMTTYlcemIy
enH enAkgkarCYbsnnaCamYy b:ul Bt vij EdlRtvmankaryl;RBmEfmeTot. CMnYskareFVIsunrkfa
mYysIBIlkNEdleCosminrYcnsgam CamYyRbeTsevotNamKat;)ansuM[eyIgGnueRKaH[
556
Kat;pg.
{RbTsevotNam cg;bgM[km<CacUlCacMENkmYynshBn\Ncinrbs;xn>>>. eyIg)andak;
TNkmy:agFn;Fr cMeBaHBYkQanBanevotNam>>>. BYkeKnwgRtvRbLkkgsgamyUrGEgVgmYy>>>.
qaMmun BYkeKRtvsitenAkgPaBekaeLIgvijelIqakGnrCati edaysarEterOg{Gkrt;ePosxntam
TUk}. BYkevotNamElgGacbMPnmtisaFarNBiPBelak)aneTotehIy. \LvenH BiPBelakdwgfa
RbeTsevotNamCakUnGukmYyrbs;shPaBsUevot}.
sgamc,as;CaekItmankgeBlqab; sMNYrrbs;eyIgsIBIbBaasiTimnusS nigsanPaBrs;enA
rbs;RbCaCn suTEtenAeRkAsac;erOg. RbsiT nig sarI )anbBaak;GHGagTaMgBIrnak;fa BuMmanBnnaKar
enAkgRbeTseT yutiFmRtv)anpl;[kgshkrN_nana edaytulakarRbCaCn ehIycemIy KWmanEt
b:uNwg cMeBaHsMNYrTaMgb:unanrbs;eyIg. sgamvamansarsMxan;CagBYkeyIg. b:uEn sarI )anRbkas
R)ab;eyIgfa BMumanerOgGVIeFVI[Gs;elakRBy)armeT Gs;elakFab;eXIjkickarBarrbs;kgTBkm<Ca
enAERkkrYcehIy. tamkarBit eyIgFab;eXIjEtLan hSImYycMnYn pkeBjeTAedaykgTBb:ueNaH.
Kat;)anbEnfa TIPak;garBtmanTaMgLayenARkg)agkk )anbdiesFmineCOfa eyIg)aneFVIdMeNIreTA
kan;kab;ERkkeT ehIy)ansresrfa eyIg)aneTARtwmEtTenbiTenAeRtIymagTenmuxRkgkMBg;cam
b:ueNaH. enATIbBab; sarI )ansYrBIkarcab;GarmN_rbs;eyIg ehIy Dudm:an; )aneFVIkareqIytbKYr[
esJIcsresIrfa {eyIgnwgbnsegtBinit nigecaTsYrnUvsMNYrepSgteTAeTot}.
sRmab;BYkGkkarEst KWvaRKb;RKan;Nas;eTAehIy b:uEn sarI cg;B xadEv:l mitrbs;RbeTs
km<Ca eFVIkarcab;GarmN_ ehIyKat;)anetOnbgM[ xadEv:l beBajnUvTsSnpal;rbs;Kat;. sarI
)anniyayeTAkan;sasacarGg;eKsfa {eyIgKanGVIlak;)aMgesaHeLIy}. b:uEn xadEv:l )aneFVI[
sarI egOgql;RsLaMgkaMg {CMnYskarBiPakSaBIEpparbs;bdivt sasacarrUbenHEbrCasYrrdmnIkar
breTsGMBIsgamCamYyRbeTsevotNameTAvij edayfa vanwgmantmdUcemcxHeTAsRmab;cMeBaH
bNaclnakumynisepSgeTot enAkgPUmiPaKenH CaBiess cMeBaHbkSkumynisf. xadEv:l )an
cat;TukxnKat;fa Camitrbs;GkbdivtTaMgGs; -BYkGkbdivtevotNam BYkf nigBYkkm<Ca ehIy)an
bgaj[eXIjnUvkarRBy)army:agxaMg cMeBaHTsSnvisyepSgnsgam rvagRbeTskm<Ca nig
evotNameTotpg. sarI )aneqIytbdUcEdlKat;Fab;niyaykalBImunEdrfa BYkkumyniskm<Ca
)anQHsgamrbs;xn edayKankarCYy]btmBIGkNamak;eLIy ehIyfa BYkf GacdwknaMeFVIdUcKa
Edr. Kat;)anbEnmeTotfa km<CaRtvkarEfrkSaTMnak;TMng dlRbesIrCamYyRbeTsf enAeBlenH.
557
KWvaCabBasab;rs;mYysRmab;RbeTskm<Ca.
xadEv:l BMuTTUcsYrGVIeToteT ehIy)ancMNayeBlevlaesssl;kgyb;enaH Ggysmwg
emIlcan)ayKat;eTAvij. dUcEdleyIgTaMgGs;Kanwksgwm mbGaharsuTEtmanrsCatiqaj; nig
eBareBjeTAedayRsal. b:uEn manEtBYkeyIgb:ueNaH EdlpwkRsa BYkkm<CaRKan;EtelIkEkvpwb
nwgbbUrmat;rbs;xn CakicKYrsmb:ueNaH. eyIg)aneRkakecjBItuqab;rhsmuneK sarI mankickar
CaeRcInEdlminTan;eFVI. xadEv:l enAEtGgyesmKanniyaysI. Kat;Fab;CamnusSEdlniyay
eRcIn nigrYsrayCageK kgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIr GarmN_mYhgrbs;Kat; )ansacecjmkelI
eyIgEdr. Kat;yl;fa bMNgdxab;xnGMBIshRbtibtikarbdivtrbs;Kat; EdlmanBIyUrmkehIy )an
Rtvrlay)at;bg;Gs;enAmuxEkvEPkTaMgKUrbs;Kat; ehIyeFVI[Kat;Pystkgcity:agxaMg.
EskeLIg eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTAPaKxagt,g ehIyeyIgeTAdl;kMBugEpkMBg;esamenAeBl
resol bnab;BI)aneRbI])ayklmYyedIm,IsmasBYkGkePosxnExreRkam Edlrt;mkBIevotNam
xagt,g. GkTaMgenH)anEfgR)ab;eyIgfa BYkeK)anrt;ecjBIRbeTsevotNam BIeRBaH rdGMNac
enATIenaH suTEtRbqaMgnwgrbbmUlFnniym ehIyfa BYkeKmkRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IEsVgrkR)ak;kas.
eyIgBMu)aneFVI[GkTaMgenaHGs;sgwmeLIy. edayKan RbsiTi eyIgTaMgbInak; )anyl;citefImKa
RbesIrCagmun. R)akdehIy eyIg)anbegItRkmmYymanKa bInak; EdlcUlcitcg;dwgerOgsmat;
rbs;eK. Dudm:an; mank,alTMEBk nigmanTwkmuxmYyCaGksb,ayrIkrayrebob {Gcas;} citlmak;.
xadEv:l CaCnCatieGkUsmak; manmaDmaM eBareBjedaykmaMgekvka rhsrhYn mansMNuMsk;Evg
Edlrlas;rvic dUcsk;RsI biT)aMgmin[eKdwgGayuBitR)akdrbs;Kat;. bEnmlkNEbkrbs;
RkmEtb:uNwg BIeRBaHCasImak;.
enAkMBg;esam eyIg)ansak;enAkgeKhdandlmYy elIkUnPMmYy EdllyecjeTArksmuRT
tameKniyayR)ab;eyIgfa pHenHCakmsiTirbs;RBHmhakSRtiyanI kusm RBHmata semc
RBHneratm sIhnu. enARBwkfbnab; pemXPWRsLHlNas; ehIyeyIgsgwmcMNayeBlevla
eBjmYyfenAkMBg;Ep. mundMbUg eKnaMeyIgedIrtampvCab;mat;smuRT EdleyIgGacemIleXIj
navamYyeRKgkMBugebIkmkBIsigbUrI mYyeTot mkBIRbeTscin kaNUtseNagmYyEdltubEtglm
emIleTAKYr[sb,ayrIkray RBmTaMgXaMgpkTMnijFMTUlaymYy eBareBjedaysMLIK nigCrekAsU
sRmab;karnaMecj. emdwknaMmak;nKNkmaFikarkMBg;Ep )anGnuBaat[eyIgCYbsmasn_ryeBl
knHem:agbnab;mk eK)anR)ab;eyIg[dwgCamunfa dl;eBlEdleyIgRtvvilRtLb;eTAvijehIy KWvil
558
RtLb;mkRkgPMeBj. eyIgdwgbnicbncnUvGVIEdleyIgCMTas;karEkERb{kmviFI} ehIyeyIgTmab;xn

cMeBaHGVIEdleyIgemIleXIjBIcmaytamkBak;Lanb:ueNaH.
eyIgeXIjLankamIj:gBNexov EdleFVIenARbeTscincMnYn hasibR)aMeRKg KandwkGVIesaH)an
ebIkecjBIyandanmYy edayeraTm:asuIneLIgrMBg. k,nrfyn )anebIkECgeyIghYseTAmun nigebIk
qit sI EdlkMBuge)akRsUvelIpvCatielx4. GVIEdleyIgemIleXIj KWkarRbmUlplRsUvqaMenH
TTYl)anply:agbribUrN_ sITaMgenaH )aneRbIR)as;RTgfl;rab;KILEm:Rt edIm,Ie)akRsUv nigbBab;
CamYynwgTidPaBepSg kgrdUvcRmtmunfTI10 Exmkra qaM1979. eKaledAenH Rtv)anRbkas
pSayedaypn tamviTrdaPi)al ehIyeyIgdNwgsYrkgcitfa etIBYkemdwknaMkm<CaKitfa sgam
nwgminpHeLIgmunkalbriecTenH bmYyy:agNa?. kgfirevlankareFVIdMeNIrrbs;eyIg eyIg)an
RkeLkeXIjRsemalsgrbs;ksikrkMBug edIrenAnayqayeq<aHeTAkan;ERs edIm,IRbjab;RbmUl
pl[Tan;EpnkarEdlBYkGkkan;GMNacdak;[Kat;bMeBj. enAeBlEdleyIgCYbRbTHekgmYyRkm
enAtampvtUcmYy edaykan;dMbgmak;mYy eK)anBnl;R)ab;eyIgfa BYkenHCaEpkmYyn{kgclt
yuvCn} EdlCYyeFVIkarshkrN_mYy edIm,IeFVI[seRmctam{Epnkar}rbs;xn.
erogral;f eyIg)aneXIjksikrTaMgLayeRkakBIedkmunRBHGaTitrH edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
ERs. eyIgBMuGacniyayCamYyBYkeK)aneT b:uEn eyIgkt;smal;fa BYkenaHkRm)anQb;sRmak
Nas;. CYnkal eyIgemIlBIcmayeXIjmnusScas;mak;QrRct;delIdgcbkab;rbs;Kat; bekg
tUckMBugscRtIkgRbLaymYy b:uEn eyIgminEdleXIjRkmBlkrelgkMsan niyayelgesIc b
sRmaklMEhxnenAeBl)ayfRtg;esaHeLIy. RbkarenH RbEhlCamanxHEdr b:uEn eyIgmin
Edl)aneXIjesaH.
viTrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety )anpSay[eyIgedayeTotTat; nUvr)aykarN_epSg sIBIeCaK
CynkarRbmUlplkgRBwtibRt{BtmankgRbeTs}rbs;xn. {bcb,n karRbmUlplRsUvenArdUv
ePg )anRbRBwteTAenAtamRsuk nigshkrN_TaMgGs; eRkambriyakasmhasamKI nigsuTidiniym
bdivtmYyCaGciny_}. niyaym:ageTot rbbkm<CaRbCaFibetyR)afafakarRbmUlplRsUvRtv
bBab;munkarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam.
edayebIktRmg;mkRkgPMeBjvij eyIgemIleXIjkmkrCaeRcInkMBugerobcMdak;pvEdkfImYy
EdlPab;TIRkgPMeBjeTAkMBg;EpkMBg;esam. erOgenHhak;dUcCacEmkKYr[ql; edayehtufa pvCati
elx4mYy Gacr:ab;rgxagkardwkCBaneRsceTAehIy ehIyhak;dUcCaminsUveRbIjwkjab;pg. eKGac
559
nwgRtvkarKMnitpcepImmYyEbbenHBIBYkGaNaniKm)araMgenAedImstvtSr_ b:uEn BuMEmnBYkGkbdivtn_

rbs;km<CaeT. m:ageTot enHKWCakickarcaM)ac;mYyFMeFgNas; edaytRmv[CIkpvrUgeRkamPMCaeRcIn
EdlGacvag)an.
karQb;CaelIkcugeRkayrbs;eyIgmunRtLb;mkRkgPMeBjvij )anRbRBwteTAkgshkrN_
KMrUmYy rbs;RbeTseQaH Lay bUr kgexttaEkv. bNaKNRbtiPUCamit rbs;breTsCaeRcIn Fab;
)anmkeFVITsSnkicenATIenHEdr ehIyTsSnkicpal;rbs;eyIg)anRbRBwteTAtaMgBIedImdl;cugbBab;
edayKan]b,tiehtuGVIeLIy. RKsarnImYy manlMenAdansg;x<s;BIdI bMBak;eTAedaysmarepSg
dUcCakenlfIxl;exIy nigtuTUtaMgmYycMnYn. RbCaCnrs;enACaRKsarEdlpynwgkareBalGagrbs;
BYkGkePosxn.
eyIgRtv)aneKnaMeTAkan;pHxmmYykgcMeNampHxmCaeRcIn ehIyENnaMmaymak; nigkUnRbs
rbs;Kat;[sal;eyIg. edayesksarugmYy nigBak;GavBNexAKat;enAGgyelIkenlmYy eBj
ryeBlnkareTAelgpHrbs;Kat; ehIysmgw BYkeyIgCamYyTwkmuxxVayxVl; edayminEdlerIxn esaH.
enHKWCaTwkmuxmYykgcMeNamTwkmuxCaeRcIn EdlBYkGkkaEstyUehasavIFab;)ankt;smal; nigCa
TwkmuxmYyEdlElgGacesIcjjwmeTotehIy. eyIgTaMgGs;Ka)anRbjab;cakecjBIpHxmmkvij
edayxacERkgeFVI[sIenHxVl;GMBl;EfmeTot beFVI[Kat;GacmaneRKaHfak;edayRbkarepSg.
xageRkaypH)ayrYmrbs;shkrN_ manLrMlayEdkmYy sRmab;plit]bkrN_epSgeK)an
pl;[eyIgnUvkUnBUefAd eFVIBIsMbkRKab;kaMePIgGaemrikaMgmYymak; TukCaGnusSavrIy_. ehIyeK)an
niyayR)ab;eyIgCafImgeTot BIPaBkraCmas;karrbs;karbdivt nigsmiTy:agFMbMputrbs;RbeTs
km<Ca. RbFanshkrN_)anrMBkBIlTplepSg nneya)aykraCmas;karenHfa {RbCaCn)an
kayeTACamas;dIFI mas;Twk mas;kgkarkarBarRbeTsCati. RbCaCnkm<CaTaMgGs; Rtv)anFanatam
ryrdnUvesckIRtvkarepSg rbs;BYkeKEpkes,gGahar semkbMBak; eRKg]bkrN_ksikm
nigeRKgeRbIR)as;caM)ac;epSgeTotsRmab;CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMf. luykak; BMuEmnCarbs;caM)ac;eT
edayehtufa rdCYypt;pg;sBVEbby:agehIy. RbeTskm<CaRtvEtBwgEpkelIRbPBFnFanpal;
rbs;xn. enHKWCaGVIEdleyIgetagEtRbkas[BYkGaemrikaMg nigBiPBelakdwgCasaFarN.
enAminqayBIpH)ayrYm manvtCaeRcInEdlRtvERbkayeTACaCRgkdak;RsUvevij. eday
Cak;Esg RBHBuTsasnaRtv)anlubbM)at;ecalTaMgRsug. RbsiTi )anKUsbBaak;fa KWCa{sasna
RbtikiriyamYy} EdlRbCaCnElgeKarBbUCaeTotehIy. RbFanshkrN_)anyk{rUbmn}enHmk
560
niyayeLIgvijEdr. dUcBYkemdwknaMdTeTotEdleyIgFab;)anCYb Kat;KWCaGtItyuTCnExrRkhm

mak;. Kat;manBak;naLikadmYy ehIybeBajGakar[eKeXIjfaKat;CasmaCikmYyrUbnRkmGk
EdlcMNanelIseKenAkgPUmi. enAeBlEdlsMuCYbmnusSNamak;EdlFab;rs;enATIRkgPMeBj Kat;
)annaM[CYbmnusSRbsmak; EdlRbkasfa Kat;)anTTYlkarTMnukbRmgy:agRbesIrBIbdivtn_.
eK)anGnuBaat[eyIg BIrem:ageBj edIm,IedIremIlshkrN_ nigBiPakSaBIsmyRbCMueronsURt
neya)ay -tamkar[dwgrbs;BYkemdwknaM fakarRbCuMmYyEpkRtv)anGnuBaatsRmab;niyayBIbBaa
karrs;enARbcaMf karRbmUlpl nigtarageBlevlasRmab;karRctkat;. shkrN_enH KWCakBak;
rbs;rbbEdltamcMNucTaMgGs;nmUldanRKwHEpkmenaKviCa EdlEfgeday RbsiTi. \LvenH
vac,as;Nas;fa PaKeRcInnGVIEdleyIg)aneXIjkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;eyIg suTEtRtv
)anerobcMCakitiyssRmab;eyIg. b:uEn eTaHCay:agenHkeday ketagEtsegtBinitnUvkarcab;
GarmN_rbs;eyIgEdr edIm,IrkeXIjenAkgenaHnUvPstagEdlR)ab;[dwgerOgsat;kM)aMgepSg.
]TahrN_ RbeTskm<Ca)aneRbIR)as;htBlkrsuTEtmanvyekg edayminGacRbEkk)an. y:ag
ehac kareFVIBlikmrbs;CMnan;mYy hak;dUcCacaM)ac;xanmin)an edIm,IQan[dl;eKaledAdBisidbMput
nneya)aykraCmas;kar. m:ageTot KanBlikmNamYyelceLIg[eXIjdMukMPYn edIm,IFanasVy
PaBrbs;RbeTs edIm,Idak;RbeTskm<Ca[putBIkareFVIGIVtamEtk,alcit nigkarXubXitrbs;bNard
manRTBFn nigRkmhuncRmHCatiepSgeLIy. dUcsemc RBHneratm sIhnumunBYkeKEdr BYkExr
Rkhm)ankarBarRbCaCn edaydak;RbCaCn[enAqayBIkarBitTaMgLay EdlsitmanenAxageRkA
qayBIRBMEdnRbeTs -KWy:agehac rbbbnbnab;KaCaeRcIn)aneFVIdUecH. km<Ca KWCaRbeTsEdlrg
eRKaHedaysarneya)ayrbs;mhaGMNacnanaEfmeTot nigrgeRKaHBIkarsakl,gxaMghYsehtu
rbs;bNadwknaMrbs;xn edIm,InaMRbeTs[cakputBI\TiBlrbs;mhaGMNacTaMgenaH.
EskeLIgfsuRk TI22 ExF qaM1978 CafcugeRkayrbs;eyIgenAkgRbeTsenH. eyIg)an
eFVIdMeNIreTATsSnaeragcRktm,ajmYy EdlksageLIgenAtambeNaypveTAGakasyandan
eBacintug edayCMnYyrbs;RbeTscintaMgCMnan;semc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAeBlEdleyIgedIrqg
kat;RKwHsanenH eyIg)anftrUbbuKlikeFVIkarmYyRkm EdlmanRsIPaKeRcInbMput. eyIg)anniyay
elgCamYynarIbInak; CaKNkmaFikardwknaMeragcRk -CaGtItyuTnarI- bnab;mk eyIgedIreTAemIl
kEngsak;enArbs;eK EdlsitenAxagpvmageTot edayeK)anGeBaIjeyIg[eTAemIlkEngdaM)ay
mYyEPteTotpg. enATIenaHeKerobcMmbGahardaM)aynigbbrlayRtkYn. eyIgesIcjwm GMNwH
561
teTA eyIgmanTmab;nwgrebobcat;karenHehIy.
eKenAminTan;niyayR)ab;eyIgBIkarCYbsnnaCamYy b:ul Bt dEdl ehIyeyIg)anvilRtLb;
mknievsndanenARkgPMeBjvij edIm,IerobcMRbdab;Rbdarbs;eyIg. bnab;BIRss;RsUbGaharfRtg;
rYc Rbs)andkxneTAkan;bnb;rbs;eKmak; edIm,IBinitemIlkMNt;xIrbs;xneLIgvij bsRmak
kay. enArg;caM[BYkGgrkSkarBarecjeTAedkfsin edIm,IecjedIrelgeRkA. TVarEdkBuMmanGkNa
cak;esaeLIy. lbecjmkeRkA Edlsntfa CakaredIrkMsanelIkcugeRkaybgs;rbs;kgRkg
PMeBj. )anedIrkat;xagmuxGtItmnIreBTcin enAtammhavifIRBHmunIvgS ehIyEPkedogsmwgemIl
eTAxagkgenaH. kgTBkm<CaCaeRcIn TMngCaRtvrbYskgeBlRbyuTKa edkskswgenAelIERKrg;caM
TTYlkarBa)al. bndMeNIreq<aHeTAmat;Ten enAeBlEdlrfynEm:sWedsmYyeRKg )anebIkmk
Qb;Ek,rkgsMeLgkg;rfynsegtnwgfl;ekAsU.
sYn GkbeRmIdrak;Tak;rbs;eyIg )ancuHBIrfynRbkbedaykMhwgy:agxaMg Kat;Rcan[cUleTA
kgrfyn ehIynaMmkkan;kEngsak;enAvijy:agelOn eRBaH b:ul Bt )anyl;RBmTTYlCYbBYkeyIg
kgrvag1em:ageTot ehIy sYn )armfa regVgpv.
edayKan[xateBl gUtTwkRbjibRbjab; rYceskBak; nigxMRbwgrknwkeLIgvijnUvsMNYrEdl
Dudm:an; nig )anerobcMrYcCaeRscsRmab;sYr b:ul Bt. eyIgnwgRtveKTTYlCYbrYmKa cMENk xadEv:l
)anTTYlsiTi[eFVIkarsnnamYydac;ELk edaysarKat;Ca{mit}rbs;rbbenH.
karkac;bkkac;ragTaMgenH mantmesInwgkar)anCYbsnnaKamYy CamYynwgemdwknaMdGafkM)aMg
mak;Edr. BYkeyIgCaGkkaEstGaemrikaMgdMbUgbgs; EdlRtveFVIsmasn_CamYyKat;. LanEm:sWeds
FMmYy EdleyIgminFab;EdleXIjkalBImun RtvmkTTYlykBYkeyIgedIm,InaMeTAkan;GtItvimanrda
Pi)al EdlksagedayBYk)araMg. KWCaRKwHsanmYyBNRbEpHRsGab;mYy sg;enAEk,rmat;Tenxag
ekItvtPM.
rfyn )anebIkeLIgtampvragekagdUcF mYyehIydak;eyIgcuHcMBImuxTVar. mnIrbs;rdaPi)al
BIrnak; EdlenArg;caMkareTAdl;rbs;eyIg )anGmCUndMeNIreyIgrhUtdl;bnb;TTYlePJvdFMsem,Im
mYy. vaMgnnBNsenAtambgcTaMgGs; keRmIktictamkmaMgxl;bk;nkgGKisnICaeRcIn EdleK
erobcMdak;CMuvijbnb;enaH. BIcmay emIleXIj RbsiTi muneK EdlenAQrxagsaMdCamYyGk
bkERbPasamak;eTot nigshkarImak;.
eGog sarI enAQrkgCeRmAnbnb;. enAEk,rKat; KWtYGg b:ul Bt pal;EtmgenAGgydUcCa
562
escmYyGg. eyIgedIrtRmg;eTArknaykrdmnI CaGKelxabkSkumyniskm<Ca nigCamnusSEdl

RtvecaTRbkan;fa )anRbRBwtGMeBI]Rkidy:agsahavyg;XgmYycMnYn kgRbvtisassmybcb,n.
Kat;BMuEmnCamnusSEdlFab;RsmeXIjenaHeT ehIyRtvkareBlevlaCaeRcInnaTI edIm,IRbmUlkar
rMCYlkgcitrbs;eLIgvij nigsegtemIlKat;y:aglitln;. tamkarBit KWCamnusSmak;Edlman
lkNRss;sga RbkbedayTwkmuxKYr[cUlcitmYyminleT EtCamuxEdlTak;Tajcit. Kat;man
lkNmWugm;at; nigkaresIcjjwmmYy EdlesIrEtjaMg[mansmancit. eK)anGnuBaat[ Dudm:an; nig
ftrUbCaeRcInb:usi ehIyeRkaymk rUbftEdlCarbs;bgaj[eXIjfa lelIBIkarBiteTAeTot.
fVIebIFab;BeKniyayBIGMNacCaemdwknaMmak;rbs; b:ul Bt keday kmineCOfaBitEdr eday
sMGagelIrUbftrbs;Kat; EdleKfty:agrhscuHpSaykgkaEstnana. b:uEn tamBit Kat;manrUb
sRms;mYy minGacRbEkk)aneLIy. rebobniyaysIrbs;Kat;manlkNlitln; KanPaBeRKat
RKat KanelcecjCabkRkGWtRkTmeLIy. cMeBaHrUbragkayvij Kat;manmaDFMmaM lkNrwgbuwg
manrebobeFVIkarKanTas;qg. Kat;esIcjjwm ehIygk;k,al edayniyaykMEbgelgpg enAeBl
EdleyIgpwkTwk EpRkceBaFisat;Rss; EdleKdak;enAxagmuxeyIg. bnab;mk GarmrN_mYhg nig
mnusS)anERbRbl.
eyIgGgyenAxagsaMdqayBIKat;CaeRcInEm:Rt BYkGkbkERbPasarbs;Kat;sitenAcMBImux
eyIgxageqVgdKat;. eRkayxgKat; KW eGog sarI enAQrFwg. Cak;Esg vamankarERbRblqab;rhs
Nas;EdleKyl;RBm eK[eyIgCYbeFVIsvnakarmYyeTAvij BMuEmnCYbeFVIsmasn_mYyeT ehIyfa
mnusSEdlRBmTTYlCYbeyIgkniyayrebobRsemIRsmhYsehtuEdr.
kgryeBlCagmYyem:ag b:ul Bt )aneFVIsunrkfasIBIBYkevotNam. edayniyaymincaM)ac;
mankMNt;xI nigRbytRbEyg Kat;)anEfgefaleTasRbqaMg nwgRbeTsevotNamy:agFn;Fr nig
)anniyayTukCamunBIsgammYyEdlc,as;CanwgpHeLIgkgeBlqab; ehIy)anbBab;eday esNa
rIy:U minsmehtuplmYy edayerobcMkgTBrbs;bkSsm<nktikasBaav:asUvI [RbyuTnwgkgTBrbs;
Ggkar GUtg; enAelIsmrPUmirbs;km<Ca.
Kat;mansMeLgTn;Pn; EdleFVI[eKTukcitmYy {eyIgcg;)anEtsniPaBb:ueNaH edIm,Iksag
RbeTseyIg>>>. saFarNmtiBiPBelak )anCYyeRCamERCgpl;nUvkarykcitTukdak;xaMgmYy cMeBaH
karKMramkMEhgepSg EdlkMBugRKbdNb;mkelIkm<CaRbCaFibety. eKPyxacfa km<CaBMuGac
Tb;Tl;nwgBYkevotNam)aneT. erOgenH GaceFVI[xUcxatdl;plRbeyaCn_epSgrbs;RbeTsnana
563
enAGasuIGaeKy_ nigRbeTsTaMgGs;kgBiPBelak. eyIgeBjcitpl;Btman[Gs;elakdwgBIsan

karN_enH>>>}.
mnusSEdlGYtxnfa cUlcit {rs;enAkgsPaBsb;sat;}enH )anbBaa[eKsmab;RbCaCnkm<Ca
Gs;rab;ryBan;nak; edayBiPBelakminEdl)ansal;rUbKat;enAeLIy. Kat;)andwknaMbkSmYyEdl
mansmaCikCaeRcIn )anrYmcMENkkgkarsmab;rgalCnrYmCatig y:agehaccMnYnmYylannak;Edr.
CamnusSmak;EdlGacbMpicbMpajRbeTsrbs;xn edayTwkcitsb;sat;CaTIbMput edIm,IGnaKtdRbesIr
ffamYy EdlmanEtbkSb:ueNaH GacRbmaN)an. BMuEmnmanEtmYydgeT enAeBlEdlKat;briha
riHKn;RbeTsevotNam nigshPaBsUevoty:agxaMgenaH Kat;mindMeLIgsMeLg bykdTHelIPak;dekA
GIbEgkrbs;Kat;eLIy. y:ageRcInNas; Kat;RKan;Etepgk,altic bRKvIdrbs;Kat; edIm,Isgt;
bBaak;nUvkarGHGagrbs;Kat;b:ueNaH.
Kat;niyayEterOgdEdlCaerOy. RbeTserotNamcg;Pab;RbeTskm<CaCa rNbrbs;xn
kgpshBn\Ncin EdlRKb;RKgRttRtaedayBYkevotNam. Kat;niyayfa TIbMput RbeTsevot
Nampal;muxCakayeTACarNbmYyrbs;shPaBsUevotminxan. {RbeTsevotNam )aneTAnefIb
cugeCIgshPaBsUevot ehIy)anseRmccgsm<nPaBEpkeyaFaCamYyKaeTot}. sRmab; b:ul Bt
enHKWCaPstagEdlRkghaNUycg;{eFVIGnrCatUbnIykm} nUvGFikrN_rvagRbeTseyIgTaMgBIr.
Kat;)anbnfa edayeFVI[sgammanlkNeTACaGnrCati RbeTsevotNamGacnwgeRbIR)as;
kgTBsUevot kgTBrbs;bNaRbeTsbkSsm<n v:asUvI edIm,IcUllukluy nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<Capg
Edr.
Kat;)anGHGageTotfa {RbeTsevotNamcg;BwgEpkCasMGagelIlTivatTIniymGnrCatirbs;
shPaBsUevot nigbkSsm<nv:asUvI. b:uEn edIm,IlukluyRbeTskm<Ca RbeTsTaMgenaH nwgRtvbBan
kgTBrbs;BYkeKBIqaymk nigdwkCBanGVIRKb;Ebby:agEdlkgTBenHRtvkarBITIenaHmk eRBaHenA
RbeTsevotNamKanGIVTaMgGs;}.
b:ul Bt enAEtTTUcedaHRsayesNarIy:U Rbkbedaymhnrayrbs;Kat;dEdl. enAeBlEdl
bNaRbeTsnbkSsm<nv:asUvI bBankgTBmk\Ncin BYkeKnwgRtvxVayxVl;nwgRbtikmRbqaMgenA
GWr:ubEdr. {ebIsinCaBYkeKcg;dkkgTBxHecjBIsmrPUmiGasuIGaeKy_ BYkeKnwgRtveFVIedayRbg
RbytbMput>>>. RbeTskm<Ca RbeTsnanaenAGasuIGaeKy_ nigBiPBelakTaMgmUlnwgminyl;RBm[
shPaBsUevot nigRbeTsepSgnbkSsm<n v:asUvI deNImykRbeTskm<Ca nigGasuIGaeKy_
564
edaykmaMgTBeLIy}.
KMnitEdlFab;begItCarUbragenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigkEngeFVITaruNkmepSgeTot nUvRTwsI
GMBIkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy )anbNal[ekItmanKMnitrevIrvayEbkxuseKenHEdlfa rfeRkaHrbs;b:ULj
CaeRcIneRKg nigkgTBefIreCIgrbs;eqkU RbeTseqkUsv:aKI kMBugEtedIrqgkat;valERsenAPaKxag
ekItkm<CasMedAmkRkgPMeBj nigeTAhYsBIenHeTAeTot. d,itGI b:ul Bt )anniyayTukCamunehIyfa
bNaRbeTsnbkSsm<nv:asUvI BuMEmncg;)anEtRtwmenaHeT BIPMeBjeTAkgTBTaMgenaHnwgedIrsMedA
eTARkg)agkk ehIycuHmkRbeTsm:aeLsuI nigsigburIeTot.
enHCarebobbkRsayfImYynUvRTwsInEl,gdUmINU erOgEdleKKitkgcitepSg b:uEn smI
niyaypSwg ehIyRbEhlCakarb:unb:gbMPitbMPysamBamYy. b:ul Bt bBaak;fa {bkSsm<nv:asUvI
RtvRbQmmuxnwgGgkarGUtg;} ehIyfaKat;manbMNgcgPab;PaBKg;vgSrbs;xnnwgbNaRbeTs
Gasan nigbNaRbeTsnGgkarGUtg; y:agKYr[ql;. ehtukarN_EdlrwtEtKYr[cab;GarmN_ CaTI
bMputenaHKW RbeTscinRtv)anKat;erobrab;bBalkgEl,gsgamenHEtmYym:at;Kt;. b:ul Bt niyay
EtBIGasan nigGUtg; b:ueNaH hak;dUcCaRbeTskgGgkarTaMg2enH CaGkkan;eCIgRbeTskm<CaGIcwg.
RbeTscin nigeRKgsBVavuFEdlxnpl;mk[ BuMmanBniyaykgKeRmagnkarCYbsmasn_enHeT.
eGog sarI EdledIrcuHedIreLIgBIeRkayxg b:ul Bt )anTb;CMhang:k; cieBaImeLIgRCj dTaMgBIr
RkBat;eTAeRkay.
BYkGkbkERbPasa )anesI[mankarbBaak;bMPWc,as;las;.
Dudm:an; nigrUb pal;)anEbremIlmuxKaeTAvijeTAmk edIm,IbBaak;[dwgfa eyIgsab;BBakEdl
Kat;niyaydUcKaEdreT -ktikasBaav:asUvI )aT.
b:ul Bt )anbnedaybkRsaybMPWfa ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTsevotNamBuMGacykQHRbeTs
km<CaEtmak;g)an? Kat;bBaak;fa BYkevotNam {BuMGacseRmceCaKCyvaydeNImykkm<Ca
edaykmaMgTBdac;xat>>>. BYkeKBuMGackab;PUmisasTwkdIrbs;km<Ca ehIyBuMmanCnkm<CacUlrYm
CamYyedIm,ICYyBYkeK nigBuMGacdwkCBaneRKgsmarbrikarrbs;xncUlmkkgRbeTseyIg)aneLIy.
eyIg)aneFVI[BYkevotNamTTYlrgbraCyCabnbnab;>>>. ehtudUecH BYkeKRtvEtebIkkarvayRbhar
y:agFMRbqaMgnwgeyIg}.
karcUlCYbsvnakar)ancb;sBVRKb; eyIgeLIgvilxYrk,alGs;. b:unanExeRkaymk eyIgenAEt
RtveFVI[PyRByenAeLIy enAeBlEdlelcBfa bkj RbIhSInsI TIRbwkSasnisuxCatirbs;RbFana
565
FibtIGaemrikaMg manTsSnyl;RsbtamkarviPaKmYyEpkFMrbs; b:ul Bt Edr.

eK)annaMeyIgmkkan;nievsndanvij ehIy xadEv:l RtveKCUneTAvimanrdaPi)altamrfyn
dEdlenH. Kat;RtLb;mkvijedaymancitsb,ayrIkrayy:agxaMg cMeBaHkarCYbsnnarbs;Kat;Ca
mYyemdwknaMkm<Ca. GkTaMgBIrnak;enH )ancMNayeBlmYyPaKFMkgkarCYbKaedIm,ICECkBiPakSaGMBI
RTwsIEpkesdkicbdivt CaRbFanbTmYyEdl xadEv:l cUlcitniyayeRcInCageKkgkMLgeBln
dMeNIrenH. b:ul Bt )anGeBaIjKat;edayxng[RtLb;mkvijenAqaMbnab; edIm,IvaytmBIkarrIk
lUtlas;rbs;karbdivt.
eyIg)anBiniteRbbeFobkMNt;RtaxIrbs;eyIg bnab;mk eyIg)anerobcMBiFICYbCuMsb,ay
eday suIpwk nigraMelg. ry2s)ah_EdleyIgsitenAkgRbeTsenH hak;dUcCamanryeBlyUr
dUcBIrqaMGIcwg.eBlevla)anrsat;eTAyWtedaysarPaBFujRTan;kgkarrg;caMmas;pHmkrkBYkeyIg
EdlmanryeBlyUrrab;em:ag edaysarkarCiHLanCab;KancuHdI edIm,IedIremIlRbeTs dUcEdleyIg
b:gR)afaBInaymk nigedaysarPaBGskmEdlRbCaCnkm<CaeFVI[eyIgxacrEGg. b:uEn eyIg)an
seRmceCaKCykgkarCYbCamYy b:ul Bt Edr.
bnab;BIbriePaK)aylacrYc Dudm:an; )anedIreTAkan;bnb;rbs;Kat; edIm,IcmgkMNt;xIeday
m:asuInGglIelx xadEv:l nig enAGgykEngtu)aydEdl edIm,IBiPakSaKaCaelIkcugeRkaymYy
GMBIRbeTskm<Ca. edayRbkan;Cab;nUvGVIEdlKat;cat;TukCaTsSnmantmyUrGEgVgenaH xadEv:l
)anbeBajnUvkarvinicyviCmanmYycMeBaHkarbdivt. cMENk eCOGMBIlkNBitR)akdnkareqIy
CasakSIrbs;BYkGkePosxneRcInCag -ehIyeRkaymk)ansresrerOgenHEfmeTot. yb;enaH
xadEv:l )ansakl,gCafImgeTotedIm,IeFVI[dUreyabl;. edayeRbbeFobRbeTskm<CaCamYy
RbeTseGkUs- Kat;CaGkCatiniymeGkUsmak;-Kat;)anRbkasfa RbeTskm<CaxacjejItRbeTs
evotNam dUcBYkeGkUsxacBYkGg;eKsEdr. BuMeXIjmanPaBsmehtusmplesaHkgkareRbb
eFobrbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)andkxnecjeTAkan;bnb;rbs;Kat; eday)anniyayTukCamunfa eGkUsnwg
)anTTYlkraCBIRbeTsGg;eKs enAmunBak;kNalTsvtSr_qaM1980.
)andkxnecjBItu)ayehIycUledkRbmaNCaem:ag db;mYyyb;. v:alisTaMgb:unanrbs;
Rtv)anerobcMrYcCaeRsc ehIyTukdak;vaEk,rmat;TVarbnb;enACan;TImYy. b:unanem:ageRkaymk
PJak;BIdMeNkTaMgmmigmmaMg hVgEqTMngCaplFugsRmamCaeRcInenAxageRkamlMenAdan>>>. b:uEn
BuMEmnsitenATIRkgv:asuInetanNa KWkMBugsitenARkgPMeBjTaMgkNalGRFaRt. sMeLg
566
EdlBGm,aj;mij BuMEmnbNalmkBIFugsRmamEdlEqeFVI[dYlrlMenaHeT eRBaHminEdleXIjEq

mYyk,alesaHkgTIRkg. Tmak;xnBIelIERKmkeRkam ehIyBsUrsMeLgfImYyeTotEdleFVI[pWt
eBaHb:pk KWsMeLgRKab;kaMePIgmYyCitbegIy EdlGacFuMkinrMesveLIgeQm. skGavhSg; KWCa
GavsRmab;Bak;BIeRkAGavraRtI eBlEdleKecjBIbnb;edk mYyehIyedIrsMedAeTAkan;bnb;)ay.
BsMeLgfrmYy ebIkTVar ehIyedIrcUleTAkgbnb;mYyeTotcMeBlEdlyuvCnmak; elcmux
cUlmkdl;TIenHtamTVarxagkgEdr. eyIgsmwgsmk;rkKa. KWCaCnCatiExrmak;eskBak;xusEbkBIeK
Bak;mYymYydUcmYkkILakr)asbl; (Base-Ball) Edr El,gkILam:ag EdleKniymcUlcitenAshrdGa
emrik. CnenHmanBak;kaTUeso BIrExSExVgKaenAelIedImRTg kan;kaMePIgkar:abInsVyRbvtimYyedImBak;
enAnwgsa ehIykan;kaMePIgxImYyedImeTot edayPg;tRmg;mkrk. CnenaHemIleTAmansPaBdUc
CaPyrnt;CageTAeTot kb:uEn manGarmN_fa xnR)aNRbgnwgpHFayedaykarPyxacenHEdr.
{eT kuM)aj;} ERskeLIgy:agxaMg. edaHxnrt;cUleTAkgbnb;rbs; TajTVarbiT BsUrRKaMg
b:uEnePccak;esa. e)alsMedAeTArkbnb;TwkEdlenACab;Ka ehIyelatcUlkgGaggUtTwk edayedk
sNkxnpab;mux. KannwkeXIjGVITaMgGs; eFVIRbtikmtamEtsPavKtib:ueNaH. mYyEpkncit nwk
eXIjdMbUnanmYyEdlFab;BeKniyaykgryeBlsgamfa GaggUtTwkmYy CaeRKgkarBardRbesIr
bMput dUceKhdanmYyEdlGac[eyIgTb;Tl;nwgRKab;kaMePIgepSg Edlrt;xuseKaledArbs;vaEdr.
yuvbursenaH BuM)anedjtameT.
GaggUtTwkenHsitenAeRkambnb;CeNIr BsUrsMeLgeCIgedIreLIgkaMCeNIry:agRbjab; eday
manBsMeLgGavuF nigRKab;rMesvrbs;BYkeKTgicKapg. GMBUlGKisnIRtveKBnt;TaMgGs; EdleFVI[
kgpHeLIgggwtQwg. BsUrsMeLgRKab;kaMePIgCaeRcInRKab;eTot b:uEnBuMGacrab;cMnYn)aneT.
RbEhlCaR)aMmYyRKab; beRcInCagenHkmindwg. bnab;mk sMeLgmYydUcmnusSkMBugedIrcuHCeNIr
nigPaBsb;sat;dUcvalexac kgryeBlmYyem:agknH.
etIeK)aj;eTAelIGkNa? manGkNamak;RtvrbYseT? ehtuGVI)anCaKanmnusSmak;cuHmk
eRkayesaH? etIBYkGkkarBareyIgenANa?. kgRbeTsenH BuMmanTUrsBsRmab;niyayTak;TgKa
eT KanTaMgelxsRmab;ehArkGksegaHeTotpg. karr:ayr:ab;TaMgb:unanrbs;BYkGkePosxn )an
elceLIgkgstiGarmN_saCafI. sakl,gegIbQreLIgvij enAxagelIRbEhlCamanGkNa
mak;RtvkarCMnYyrbs;.BuMGacegIbQr)aneLIy.b:uEn seRmccitecjBIGaggUtTwk[Tal;Et)an
edayRbwgetagCBaaMgEk,rmat;TVar. emIleXIjBnWRBHcntambgc. etICardRbharmYyb? etIBYk
567
GkkarBareyIgenANa? etIBYkeKRtLb;mksmab;vijeT?.
Qb;KitBIRbeTskm<CaeTot edayxacERkgkayeTACamnusSLb;sti. kgryeBlRbmaN
Ca huksibnaTI )anedaHxnedaykarRtiHriH ehIynwkeTAdl;mnusSepSgeTot. minGacnwkKitkgcit
nUvGVIdl)anekIteLIgeLIy.
BsUrsMeLgRThwgmYyy:agxaMg bnedaysMeLglan;RbwbmYy. sMeLgEkvEbkmYy CMhan
edIreLIgCBaaMglan;xrkgbnb;EdleyIgsak;GaRsyenAxagmux edayeFVI[BsUrsMeLgkgkaMgkgbnb;
. srCMhanedIrmkCitTVarbnb;gUtTwk eXIjdRkg:ukrbs;esaTVarFak;cuH KWmit La CamnusSmak;kg
cMeNammnusSCaeRcInEdlsal;c,as; nigCaGkbeRmIkgpHEdlminecHniyayPasabreTsNamYy
eLIy. enAlutCgg;enAeLIy. La RkeLkemIlmYyEPt edIm,IemIlfaetImanRtvrbYsbeT ehIy
Kat;EbreRkayRtLb;eTAvij)at;. )aneQageTAcab;dKat; sYrKat;edayniyayExrb:LaMfa etICn
CatiGaemrikaMg nigGg;eKs KW Dudm:an; nig xadEv:l enaH)ansuxsb,ayCaeT? Kat;eqIyfa {minGIeT
minGIeT}. etagKat;Cab;GgVrsuM[Kat;enATIenHsin. Kat;ebIkePIgeLIgvij edayR)ab;[enAesmkuM
edIrrehtrhUt ehIyKat;kcakecjeTA. sitenAEtmak;gCafIkgsMeLgRThwgnm:asuInRtCak;
edayKandwgBIGVI Edl)anekIteLIgbnicesaHeLIy.
GacRtLb;eTAbnb;edkvij)an b:uEn enAEtGgyRcehagkgbnb;TwkdEdl. etIRbCaCnegIb
bHe)arRbqaMgb? etIRtveKcat;TukCasRtvmak;EmneT? etIBYkevotNamvayRbharRbeTskm<Ca
b? etIRtvCab;Gnak;kgRbeTsmYyEdlRtveKlukluy dUcEdlFab;nwkRBWxactaMgEtBIdMbUgenaH
Emnb? eT KWCaerOgminTMngesaH. ebIEbrCaeKnwksanfaBYkeyIgCa>>> eTAvij? eT eyIgsuTEtBYk
Es,ks eKminGacRcLMeyIgCamYynwgBYkGkdwknaMExrRkhm)aneLIy. ykl RtvQb;KitCafI.
kgkMLgdb;R)aMnaTI )anBsMeLgmYyEdlsal;y:agc,as;. RbsiTi CamYynwgEbbbTCamnIrbs;
Kat;)aneKaHTVarbnb;rbs; ehIyehAeQaH. kecjeTATaMgjrcMRbb;enAeLIy ehIy)anesuIbsYr
BIeCaKvasnarbs;GkeTot EdlrYmdMeNIrmkCamYy.
Dudm:an; )ansuxsb,ayCaeT. xadEv:l Rtvsab;edaysarRtvRKab;.
kgTIRkg KanerOgGVIepSgeTotekIteLIgeLIy elIkElgEtXatkmelIrUb m:al;xUm xadEv:l.
KankarbHe)arRbqaMgedayGavuF KanrdRbhar KanTaMgkarQanBanrbs;evotNameLIy.
BYkeK)annaM Dudm:an; cuHmkeRkam edIm,I[GaceXIjrUbKat; bnab;mk eK)anesI[eyIgeLIg
enAxagelIvij edIm,Ibgaj[eyIgeXIjrUb xadEv:l EdledkskelI\dkar:UkgexaGavBIhSam:a
568
manQamenAkkelIedImRTg sk;EvgBNetatrbs;Kat;eLIgrat;rayelIpmuxrbs;Kat; EPkbiTCit

Qwg. enAmat;TVarbnb;rbs;Kat; mansaksBmak;eTotenAskswgKankeRmIk Cayuvbursmak;esk
Bak;exA dUcmnusSEdlPg;kaMePIgtRmg;dak;Edr. etIKat; mkeFVIGVIenATIenH? mkrksab;? dTaMgBIr
ExVgKaenAelIedImRTgdUecH?.
etI RbsiTi nigBYkGkkarBareyIgeFVIGVIxHenAkgryeBlenaH? KancemIy. RbsiTi niyayfa
sUmGPyeTas sUmerobcMGIv:an;pal;xnrbs;Gs;elak ehIysUmcakecjBITIenHCabnan;. yuvnarI
mak;)anenArg;caMkgbnb; ehIyedaysarCMnYyrbs;nag )anerobcMTukdak;RkdasksarepSg
EdlBuMTan;)anRbmUlTukRsYlbYlenaH dak;kgv:alismYy. )anTukecaledayectnanUvkUnBUefAd
EdleK)anCUnBIfmunenAshkrN_mYy. mincg;)anBUefA mYyrbs;km<CaRbCaFibetyeT.
KanesckIRtvkarcaM)ac;NaesaH EdleKCMruj[cakecjCabnan;enaH. rfynmYyeRKg)an
ctcaMenAelIpvsYn ehIyeK)annaMeyIgeTAkan;pHmYy EdlenAEk,renaHtampvdEdl.
enAeBlEdleyIgcuHBIrfyn Dudm:an; nig Rtv)aneKGeBaIj[eTAbgajxnPam enAmuxRbFan
snisuxmak;EdlmanParkicsaksYrBYkeyIgBIerOgenH. eyIgTaMgBIr)aneFVIesckIraykarN_mgmak;.
Dudm:an; )anraykarN_fa Kat;Rtvdas;[PJak;BIdMeNkenAem:agmYyxVHR)aMnaTI edaysrsMeLg)aj;
kaMePIgCaeRcInRKab;. tambgc Kat;)aneXIjmnusSmYyCYrkMBugrt;elIpvfl; -RbEhlR)aMmYynak;.
BYkenaH)anbMEbkKacUleTARckpvtUcEdlxNEckeKhdannana. Kat;)anecjmkQrenAranhal
xagmux ehIy)aneXIjmnusSRbsCaeRcIneTotkMBugrt;tampvEdr. Kat;)aneTAeKaHbnb;rbs;
xadEv:l edIm,Idas;[Kat;PJak;. CnCatieGkUsrUbenH)anecjmkCYbKat; ehIy)anpas;breyabl;Ka
BIr-bIm:at; Kat;)anBsMeLgpHepSgeTotCaeRcIn. Dudm:an; ElgnwkeXIjBIGVIEdl xadEv:l )aneFVImk
eToteLIy -Kat;mankarPyxacy:agxaMg. edayEbrRtLb;eRkayvilmkbnb;rbs;Kat;vij Kat;)an
eXIjmnusSRbsmak; manBak;GavuFeRsacxnedIrtRmg;mkrkKat;. mnusSenaH)an)aj;pcdImYy
RKab; ehIy Dudm:an; krt;sRmkeTAkgbnb;rbs;Kat;vij TajTVarbiTBsUrRKaMg ehIyplxnBYnenAkent
CBaaMg. mnusSenaH)an)aj;sMedATVarBIrRKab; Dudm:an; lUnRkabpal;dI ehIy)anBsMeLgkaMePIgCaeRcIn
RKab;epSgeTot y:agehacNas;kKat;RsmeXIjcMnYnRKab;kaMePIgTaMgenaHEdr. dl;evnEdlRtv
erobrab;BIehtukarN_Edl)andwgmg ehIyPaKlitln;nsac;erOg)anelceLIgkgGarmN_CafI
sMeLgmnusSCaeRcInkMBugrt;CuMvijpH bnab;BImanXatkmEdl)aneRKagTukCamun kgryeBlnkar
rg;caMrbs;eyIgGs;ryeBly:agyUrenaH. BsUrBYkeKniyayKaCaPasaExredaysMeLgtic
569
RbEhlkMBugxSwbR)ab;BIbTbBaaepSg.
bnab;BIkarsaksYrcemIyrbs;eyIg eyIg)anecaTsYrsMNYrCaeRcIneTA RbsiTi vijmg. etI
ehtukarN_many:agdUcemcxH? etImanGVIekIteLIg? Kat;eqIyfa {GkEdlvayRbhareyIg} TMngCa
enAmanesrIPaBenAeLIy. eRkABIBYkGkEdlRtvsmab;rYcehIy BIrnak;eTot )anRtvBYkeyIgcab;xn
)anenAkgsYnc,ar Kat;)anbBaak;fa mnusSbInak; Rbdab;edayGavuF)anQryamkarBarpHenH
enAeBlEdleyIgRtvvayRbhar. bnab;mk RbsiTi )anTukecalBYkeyIg[enAEtgkgpHmYyeTot
edayFanaGHGagfa eyIgRtv)ankarBarlRsYlbYlehIy. Dudm:an; nig)anqgkat;raRtIenaH eday
niyayKarhUt. enAeBlRBwk eK)annaMykGahareBlRBwkmk[eyIgRss;RsUb ehIyeKGeBaIj
eyIgeLIgCiHrfynEm:sWedsmYyeRKg. eGog sarI )anerobcMBiFIbuNmYysRmab; xadEv:l Edr
bnab;mk eyIgRtveLIgCiHynehaHeFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTARkgeb:kaMgvij.
BiFIbuN)anRbRBwteTAenAkgnievsndancas;rbs;eyIg EdlCakEngXatkm. saksBrbs;
xadEv:l )anRtveKdak;kgkarmQUseQIy:agsamBamYy BTCuMvijeday)ac;paCaeRcIn. BYkeK)an
ebIkKRmbkarmQUs edIm,I[eyIgGacemIlmuxrbs;Kat;EdlesksagM nigsbs; a t;CaelIkcugeRkay.
eyIgTaMgGs;)anneKarBsBedayesmsat; ehIymanmnusSCaeRcInkgcMeNamBYkeyIg)anyM.
eyIgmanKaEt 4nak;b:ueNaH KW eGog sarI/ CYn RbsiTi/ DId Dudm:an; nig. elIsBIenH manBYkGkkarBar
nigBYkGkbeRmICaeRcInnak;. kgesckIEfgmrNTuky:agxImYy sarI )anecaTRbkan;BYkevotNam
ehIy)ansEmgmenaseBatnaesaksaydRCaleRCArbs;RbeTsKat;cMeBaHmrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l
enH. eRkaymk eKrkeXIjfa bNasmaCikxagEpksnisuxExrRkhmCaGkeFVIRbtibtikaredIm,I
smab; xadEv:l edayectna.
cemIysarPaBcugeRkayCaeRcIn EdleKcRmaj;yk)anedaykareFVITaruNkmelIBYkGkeTas
enAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg kmanTak;TgnwgXatkmrbs; xadEv:l Edr. kmaPi)alExrRkhmBIrnak;
RtveKbgM[TTYlsarPaBfa BYkeK)anTTYlbBaa[smab;CnCatieGkUsenH BuMEmn Dudm:an; nig eT
kgRkbxNnkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy sMedAeFVI[rbbenHFak;eTAkgsankarN_lM)akmYy enAeBlehob
mansgamCamYyRbeTsevotNam. PstagRbeyalTaMgLay EdlmanenAkgcemIysarPaB
TaMgenH )anbMpus[ maneyabl;mYyfa xadEv:l RtveKeRCIserIseFVIeKaledAkgkarsmab;enH BIeRBaH
Kat;Ca{mit}rbs;rbbExrRkhm ehIyRbEhlCaedIm,IbegItCa]bsK nigeFVI[KeRmagkar{esrIkm}
rbs; eGog sarI TTYlbraCy. GVIEdlCak;c,as;KansgSy KWfasmaCikmak;nRkmemdwknaMbkS
570
mYykab;tUc )anbgab;bBaa[eFVIXatkm xadEvl -mnusSmak;EdlCaGkdwgBIrebobeCosvag

BYkGkyam EdlkMBugkarBarpH mnusSmak;EdlCaGkR)akdkgcitxngedIm,ItRmv[smab;Et
xadEv:l mak;b:ueNaH edayRKab;kaMePIgmYyRKab; BuMEmnedayRKab;EbkdmYyEdleKGacRKEvgcUl
eTAkgpHedaygayRsYleLIy. GkEdl)anbBaa[eFVIXatkm eTaHCaGkNakeday KWcg;Tuk[BYk
GkkaEstGaemrikaMgenArs;CIvit edIm,IGacniyayr:ayr:ab;R)ab;BiPBelakBImrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l.
eyIgsmwgemIlBYkkm<CaelIkkarmQUsdak;kgrfynmYy bnab;mk k,nrfyndeRkmRkM
rbs;eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTAGakasyandan. RbsiTi )anCUndMeNIreyIgeTARkgeb:kaMgEdr Ca
mYynwgsB xadEv:l. enAeBlenaH KanGkNamak;)andwgBImrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l eT elIkElgEt
BYkeyIgpal; nigemdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;rbb b:ul Bt b:ueNaH. enAeBleTAdl;Rkgeb:kaMg Dudm;an;
nig)anTamTareFVI dMeNIreTAsankugsulshrdGaemrikedaypal; EdleyIgGacniyayeTAkan;
RbFanKNebskkmrbs;eyIg)anKWelak eLGUNa vUdxuk. eyIg)ansMNUmBr[BYkkm<Ca bBan
TUrelxR)ab;dMNwgeTAkaEstrbs;eyIgsIBIerOgEdl)anekIteLIgenH b:uEn BYkeK)ane)aHsarTUrelx
rbs;eyIgeTAkg knkdak;ksarrbs;eyIgvij. vUdxuk )anR)ab;[BYkGkkarTUtGg;eKsRbcaMenA
Rkgeb:kaMgdwgBIerOgenH tmkeTot BYkGg;eKs)anbBanTUrelxmYyeTARkgLgd_ nigR)ab;[RKsar
rbs; xadEv:l dwgCamunpg. eyIgTaMgGs;Ka)aneTAdl;rdFanIcinenAfTI23 ExF qaM1978
CamYysaksB xadEv:l. BIrfeRkaymk KWfTI25 ExF qaM1978 BYkevotNam)ancUllukluy
RbeTskm<Ca. fTI7 Exmkra qaM1979 BYkeK)anvaydeNImkan;kab;TIRkgPMeBj)an.
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca
571
CMBUkTI12
enHCakarlukluymYydUcFab;mantaMgBImunmk. BYkevotNam)anbBankgTBcMnYndb;bYn
kgBlFM edaymanrfeRkaHy:ageRcIn nig)ancat;EcgeFVIkarTmak;RKab;EbktampvGakaspg. kar
vaylukenH Rtv)andwknaMeday]tmesnIy_evotNammak;eQaH v:an; eTogyug CanayGKesnaFikar
kgTB EdlFab;)anepImeFVIkarvaylukpac;RBRtRbqaMgnwgsaFarNrdevotNamxagt,g enAqaM
1975. Kat;)anGnuvtnUvGVIEdlKat;ehAfa yuTsas {paQUkrIk} EdlRtveKeRbIR)as;CaelIk
dMbUg kgkarvaylukenAqaM1975enaH.
munkarcUllukluyCaTUeTA enAfbuNNUEGlBYkevotNam)ancab;vayRbhaenAfTI21 ExF
kgtMbn;sm,reTAedayRBPMenAPaK|san tRmg;mkswgERtg EdlenACab;mat;TenemKg. fTI25
ExF kgTB mYyPaKy:agFM )anebIkeFVIkarvaysRmkecjBImUldanBIr EdlsitenAxagkgPaKxagt,g
evotNam. BItaynij BYkevotNam)ansRmkeLIgeTAextRkecH qgmkPaKBayBextkMBg;cam
nigxaglicRkgPMeBj. BIkMBg;EpsmuRThaeTog BYkenH)anvayeLIgmkPaKxagekItrYcsMedAeTArk
kMBg;EpkMBg;esamrbs;km<Ca nigeLIgeTATisxageCIghYsBIexttaEkveTAeTot eTIbtRmg;mkRkg
PMeBj.
yuTsasrbs;evotNam sitenARtg;BgVagkickarBarrbs;ExrRkhm edIm,IQaneTAvayTItaMg
eyaFasMxan;edaycM CaBiessRkgPMeBj. BITItaMgeyaFasMxan;TaMgenH kgTBrbs;evotNam
nigBRgayTBecjbneToteRbbdUcCapaQUkrIkmYy ehIyvayExSkarBarrbs;bcamiRtBIeRkayxg
vij. kgTBrbs;RkghaNUy )anruleTAmuxeRkamkicKaMBartampvGakasmYy Edlr:ab;rgedayyn
ehaHGaemrikaMg EdleKrwbGUs)an nigynehaHmuic-21 Edlpl;edayBYksUevot.
kgTBExrRkhm )antsUTb;Tl;y:agnnHnenolNas;Edr b:uEn RtvBYkevotNam eFVI[RsLaMg
kaMg)at;mas;karTaMgRsug nigesIrEtKankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnpg. yuTsas{paQUkrIk} )anbMEbk
RbCaCnkm<Ca[sitenAdac;BImYyeTAmYyminGacTak;TgKa)aneLIy ehIyebIkkas[BYkevotNam
bEgVgdankgvresnaFMTaMgmUlCaeRcInrbs;ExrRkhm kgdMeNIrrulrbs;eKsMedAmkRkgPMeBj.
b:uEnRkghaNUy)anbdiesFKanQb;Qrfa BuM)an[kgTBrbs;xncUlRbyuTeT. evotNam
GHGagfa KWrNsirSsegaHCatikm<CaEdlCaGkr:ab;rgkarvayRbyuTTaMgGs; ehIyeK)anelIksr
572
esIrrNsirSkgkarvayyk)anTIRkgPMeBjeTotpg. BYkevotNam)anRTRTg;BakPUtkuhkenH rhUt

dl;Exkum CakalbriecTEdlrbbfIRtvkar[manvtmankgTBrbs;evotNamenARbeTskm<CaCapv
kar. bNaGtItmitPkiBImunrbs;RbeTsevotNam dUcCardmnITImYyRbeTssuyEGd KWelak
GULasV ):al; (Olaf Plame) CaedIm suTEtRtvTTYlrgnUvkarRcanecaledayKMeraHKMerIymYy enAeBlEdl
BYkeKsakl,gCMruj[BYkevotNamTTYlsal;fa BYkeK)ancUllukluyRbeTskm<CaEmnenaH.
b:ul Bt Rtv)aneFVI[PJak;epIlegOgql;TaMgRsug RbeTsevotNam EdlKanCMnYyBIbNa
RbeTsnktikasBaav:asUvI )anepImeFVIkarvaylukmYyelOnesvdUcepkbenar ehIysRmkcUldUcTwk
)ak;TMnb;qgkat;PaKxagekItRbeTskm<CarYmCamYyGtItemExrRkhmFM edIm,I[eFVIGkdwknaMkgkar
vaylukenH.
eGog FIriT RbBnrbs; eGog sarI )anBiBNnaBIPaBsn;esarbs;BYkemdwknaMRbeTsfa {BYkeyIg
GacnaMykeTACamYyxnEtsemkbMBak;xHb:ueNaH. eyIg)anTukecalksarCaeRcIn kickareFVImin
Tan;ehIysitenARkgPMeBjTaMgGs; BIeRBaHeyIgKitfa nwg)anvilRtLb;mkvijkgeBlqab;. BYk
eyIgeCOfa enHRKan;EtCakarecjbeNaHGasnb:ueNaH1}.
BYkevotNam)anerobcMrdaPi)alGay:gmYy dwknaMeday ehg sMrin embBaakarkgTB rbs;
PUmiPaKbUBa Edl)anePosxneTAevotNamenAExkBaa qaM1978 edIm,IeKcBIkarkab;smab;rbs; b:ul
Bt. RbeTsRtv)andak;eQaHfa saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<Ca ehIyrdaPi)almYy)anRtvbegIt
eLIg mansmasPaBsuTEtGtItExrRkhm Edl)aneKcxnrYcBIkNab;dBYksnisuxrbs; b:ul Bt
kgkMLgeBlnkare)assmatCaeRcIn.
BYkevotNam)aneRbIR)as;sMNuMksarTaMgLayEdlTukecaleday eGog FIriT nigsmaCikdT
eTotrbs;rbbenHedIm,IerobcMeFVIkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt nigbnrbs;Kat;. bnicmg BYkeK)anpSBV
pSay[saFarNCneXIjrUbftCaeRcIn Edlbgaj[eXIjnUvsaksBmnusS EdlRtvsmab;enA
mnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg reNAkb;exacrYmrbs;shkrN_nana EdleK)ansmab;mnusSecaledayRBav
esIrEtTaMgGs;.
BIrfmuneBlEdlBYkevotNamminTan;vayykTIRkgPMeBj)an semc RBHneratm sIhnu
Rtv)anedaHElg BIkarXuMXaMgEdleKdak;[sitenAEtkgnievsndanrbs;RBHGg RbEhlCatamkar
TTUcsuMrbs;BYkcinkmindwg. Cabzm semc nigRBHCaya KWGkmag mU:nIk RBmTaMgGkEdlenAesssl;
CaRBHraCvgSanuvgS nigmitPkixHrbs;RBHGg Rtv)aneKnaMeTACYb b:ul Bt sin Edl)anniyayeTAkan;
573
GtItraCaGgenHfa {dl;eBlEdlsemc nigGkral;KaCYyeyIgEpkkarTUtmgeTotehIy. eyIg

kMBugCYbkarlM)akxaMgNas;}.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTTYlyl;RBmedayKanrYjra ehIy)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;Rkg
eb:kaMg CaTIEdlRBHGg)aneFVIsnisITkaEstmYyCatTK manryeBlR)aMmYyem:ag. RBHGgman
RBHbnlBIkarCab;XuMenAEtkgRBHraCdMNak;bIqaM EdlkgryeBlenaH RBHGgpM)anEtbIem:agb:ueNaH
kgmYyyb;. RBHGgyage)aHCMhanEvgeTAmkkgbnb;nananGKardtUc EdleKerobcM[RBHGgKg;
enAkgRBHbrmraCvaMg RBHGgerobcMeFVI)ayTwkedaypal; nigsab;viTbreTsepSg. kgryeBl
BIrqaMdMbUg semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigGkenACuMvijrbs;RBHGg minEdleXIjmnusSNamak;eRkABI
exov sMpn eLIy. qaMcugeRkay KWqaM1978 semcRtveKnaMedIrkMsaneTACnbTnanaCaerogral;Ex
edIm,IelIkTwkcitRbCaCneLIgvij edaymankarsnidanTukCamunGMBIkarQanBanrbs;evotNam.
m:UnIk EdlGmdMeNIrCamYyRBHGgEdr )anbBaak;fa {RBHGgmanRbCaRbiyPaBeRcInCagmuneBlmun
manrdRbharqaM1970 eTAeTot. RbCanurasERskGbGrsaTr sIyM>>>2}.
ecjBITIRkgeb:kaMg semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anyageTAkan;Rkgjvy:k EdlRBHGgRtv
tMNag[km<CaRbCaFibety kgryeBlnkarBiPakSaEpkneya)ayenAGgkarshRbCaCati sIBI
karlukluyrbs;evotNam. b:uEnkarBiPakSaenaHBuMmanlkNsmRsbnwgsankarN_Cak;Esg
eLIy. BYkevotNam)anbBaak;fa KanTahanrbs;xnNamak;)ancUlrYmkgkarvaylukenHeT.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu seRmcTTYl)annUvkare)aHeqatGnueRKaHmYy cMeBaHkm<CaRbCaFibety
CaRbeTsEdleTIbEtTTYlkarpnaeTasmYyrbs;KNkmaFikarGgkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnkbBaa
siTimnusSkalBIb:unanExmunb:ueNaH. m:ageTot enHBMuEmnCalkNcMGkbBaWcitmYy kgcMeNam
lkNcMGkbBaWcitCaeRcIn nigGakb,kiriyalak;But EdlecjmkBIkarlukluy nigsanPaBfI
enAGasuIeT.
enATIbBab; viFankarnigmeFa)ayTaMgGs;)ansti enAtamTIkEngrYcCaeRsc. RbeTsevotNam
)aneFIVxn[eTACal,Il,aj edayeBalGHGagfa {KanGIVRbesIrffaCagesrIPaB nigkraCPaB}eT
Edl)ankan;kab;enAeBlenH nUvRbeTsEdleKb:gcg;)antaMgBIrab;TsvtSr_mkehIy. CamYykarcuH
htelxaelIsnisBaasniPaB nigmitPaBmYy EdlmanryeBlmR)aMqaM rvagRkghaNUy nigrda
Pi)alEdlxnelIkbnbenARbeTskm<Ca KWBYkevotNammanGMNacRttRtaelI\NcinTaMgmUl.
574
BakBakrN_EdlkgenaHfa RbeTskm<CanwgFak;eTAeRkamcMNuHRbeTsCitxagmYyTaMgRsugKW
mYyEpkFMbNalmkBI b:ul Bt nigbkSkumyniskm<Ca EdlmanrUbKat;dwknaM. edIm,IsabnaRbeTs
km<CamYyEdlxaMgBUEk kraC mincMNuHrebobrbbesdkicBiPBelak nigCaRbeTsEdlminGac
vinasBIbNaRbeTsCitxagenaH bkSkumyniskm<CaminRtwmEtkab;smab;RbCaCngGs;TaMgRsuk
TaMgPUmi nigbMpajGgkarcat;taMgrbs;xnesIrEtexcxIb:ueNaHeT EfmTaMg)anGuCGal[RbeTsevot
NamlukluycUlmkRbeTskm<CaEfmeTot.
edaykarsgswktamkareRbIkmaMg RbeTscin)ancUllukluyRbeTsevotNamenAfTI17
Exkum qaM1979vij CamYynwgkgTBBIryhasibBan;nak; Edl)anvayRbyuTkgryeBlBIr
s)ah_ elIsmrPUmimYyRbEvgR)aMbIryKILEm:Rt. BYkcin)andkkgTBrbs;xnfyeTAvijenAExmIna
eday)anRbkasfa BYkeK)an{pl;emeronmYy}[evotNamrYcehIy edIm,IeqIytbeTAnwgkarkan;kab;
RbeTskm<Carbs;evotNam. kb:uEnenHCakarbgajeLIg[eXIjnUvkarKaMRTy:agKYr[ql;mYy cMeBaH
bNasmmitkm<Carbs;BYkeK.
edayBit BYkcin)anrg;caMkgryeBlBIrEx eRkayBImankarlukluyRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IeFVIkar
sgswkeTAelIRbeTsevotNam. R)akdNas; karcUllukluyPaKxageCIgRbeTsevotNam eday
BYkcinGac[eKvinicyfa enHCaRbtikmneya)aymYy BuMEmnCakarsakl,gxageyaFamYy edIm,ICYy
BYkkm<CaenaHeT. m:ageTot karcUllukluyenH manGanuPaBTUeTAmYyxusKaTaMgRsug edayehtufa
RbeTscin)anPab;CemaHdyUrlg;rbs;xnCamYyRbeTsevotNam eTAnwgPaBCMBak;cak;eRsHn
sgam kgnamnRbeTskm<CaEdr.
Rkgeb:kaMg eqtTajykRbeyaCn_BIkasenH edIm,Isgt;bBaak;BIEl,gsm<nfI EdlerobcM
eLIgEfmelIGVIEdlKYrrnt;nsgam\NcinelIkTIbIeTot. shrdGaemrik )anyl;RBmedayKan
raErk nUvBakeBalGagrbs;cin EdlbgajPstagBIkarsgswknwgRbeTsevotNam eTaHbICa RbCa
CatiCaeRcInPyxacfa karlukluyrbs;cinGaceFVI[mankarttaMgKakgTMhMFMmYy rvagcin nigsUevot
keday.
karcUllukluyrbs;cin )aneFVI[eKdwgBCasaFarN nUvkarrYmKasMedAeKalbMNgEtmYykg
plRbeyaCn_rbs;cin-GaemrikaMg ehIyGHGagfa RbeTscinnwgenAbnXaMemIlbBaaepSgrbs;
\NcinteTAeTot b:uEnmgenH KWsitkgbkelakxaglicmg. RbIhSInsI )anrYmviPaKTanCYykgerOg
enHy:agxaMg. Kat;)anniyayedaypal;fa Kat;manKMnitbBaHbBalRbeTsf [rYmshkary:ag
575
eBjeljkgkarRbwgERbgepSgrbs;cin edIm,IerobcMkgTBExrRkhmeLIgvij. enAniTaXrdUvqaM

1979 TIRbwkSasnisuxCatiGaemrikaMgrUbenH )aneqtkasndMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;rdmnIkar
breTsf edIm,IeFVI[EpnkarepSgrbs;Kat;)anelOneTAmuxmYykRmit.
RbIhSInsI )anRbkasfa {)anelIkTwkcitBYkcin[CYyKaMRT b:ul Bt. )anCMrujBYkf
[CYykm<CaRbCaFibety. bBaasitenARtg;fa etIeyIgRtvCYy RbCaCnkm<CaedayrebobNa?
b:ul Bt CamnusSGaRkk;bMputmak; eyIgBuMGacKaMRTKat;eT b:uEn RbeTscinGacGb;rMKat;)an3}.
erOgenH vaecjmkGMBIneya)aymYyEdlshrdGaemrikenAbnGnuvteRkamrdaPi)alrbs;
KNbkSsaFarNrdniymEdlkan;GMNacbnmkeTot. shrdGaemrik )an{micEPk[CasBaaxH
CasaFarN} -edIm,IbnkarTak;Tgrbs; RbIhSInsI eLIgvij- edayCMruj[RbeTscin nigf pl;
CMnYyedaypal;mYyeTA[BYkExrRkhm edIm,IRbyuTnwgkarkan;kab;evotNam.
ehIykarGt;Xan)anekItmanbnBIsgam\NcinelIkTIbIenH. enAeBlEdlenAkgrdFanI
CaeRcInnBiPBelakTaMgmUl Gkneya)aynana )anxMRbwgkarBarEl,geFVIsm<nPaBdcEmk EdlkMBug
manrUbragenH RbCaCnenARbeTskm<CaRtvrs;enAqgkat;TukevTnafICaeRcIn CMgWqg nigkarGt;
Xan. dMbUg karcUllukluyrbs;evotNam Rtv)anTTYlsVaKmn_TukdUcCakarrMedaHmYyBIBYkExr
Rkhm. RbCaCnkm<Cay:ageRcIn )anrulcUleTAkgCRgkRsvTaMgLayEdle)aHbg;ecaledaykgTB
rbs; b:ul Bt ehIyCYbCuMKapwksuIy:agsb,ay. kgTBevotNamkykGgrBIkEngskepSg
edIm,IciBawmTBxn. karvayRbyuT)anbnkgryeBlCaeRcInEx muneBlEdlRkghaNUyGacGHGag
fa )aneFVIRbeTsman{sniPaB} ehIysniPaBenH manRtwmEtryeBlxIb:ueNaH.
RbeTscin RbeTsf nigGgkarmnusSFmepSg)anCYyeRCamERCgExrRkhm[)anrwgCMhr
eLIgvijedaymincMeBaH.karRbyuTTaMgLay)ancab;epImeLIgvijeRkamTRmg;fImYy.BYk]TamBYkGk
tsU EdltaMgenAtamRBMEdnrvagRbeTskm<Ca nigRbeTsf )ancab;epImvayRbharBYkevotNam.
bNaGgkarmnusSFmbsimRbeTs nigGnrCati EdlRbwgERbgCYybkSBYkTaMgBIr kyl;eXIjxng
faCab;kunkgkarRbyuTKaTaMgenHEdr. eKRtvrg;caMdl;Exvicika qaM1979 edIm,Inwg[GgkarTaMgenH
seRmckicRBmeRBgmYyCamYyrbbRkgPMeBjenATIbMput EdlFana[mankardwkCMnYyeTAkan;eKal
edANamYykgRbeTs. CMnYyenH mYyPaKFM)anFak;eTAkgdBYkGtItExrRkhm Edl\LvenH)an
RKb;RKgRbeTskm<CakgnamnBYkevotNam.
b:uEn rdaPi)alRkgPMeBj )anTak;TajRbeTsminEmnkumynissMxan;mYycMnYnFM Edlyl;
576
eXIjfa BYkevotNamCaTBEdlKYr[cUlcitCagBYkExrRkhm ehIyEdl)anCYy[RbeTsenHegIb

eLIgvij b:uEn EtmYyy:agxIb:ueNaH. enAtambeNayRBMEdn BYkminEmnkumynisepSgeTot )an
cab;eFVIkartsUcMeBaHkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNam eRkamkardwknaMrbs;Gkneya)ayvycas;mak;eQaH
sWn san. CaGtItnaykrdmnIrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;Fab;CaGkdwknaMdMbUgmak;kg
cMeNamGkdwknaMdMbUgnclnaRbCaFibety EdlbeBaj[eKsal;enAdMNac;TsvtSr_qaM1940.
kgryeBlsgamBIqaM1970-1975 Kat;bdiesFminKaMRTxagRkmNamYyeLIy edayKat;
vinicyfa ln; nl; CamnusSKansmtPaB BukrlYy eCosminputBIbraCyeLIy nigvinicyfa BYkExr
Rkhm CaBYkEdlminKYr[Tukcit kaceXareXA KancitGaNitGasUr ehIyR)akdCaQH. Kat;)an
GMBavnav[semc RBHneratm sIhnu e)aHbg;BYkExrRkhm edIm,IbegIt{kmaMgTIbI}mYy. BITIRkg
eb:kaMgmk RBHGg)aneqIytbfa RTg;nwg[eKBrk sWn san. bnab;BIqaM1975 sWn san )anbegIt
bNajPak;garmYyRkm edIm,Ipl;Btman[BiPBelakdwgBIPaBsahaveXareXArbs;BYkExrRkhm
ehIyenAqaM1978 BYkevotNam)anesIKat;[cUlrYmkgrNsirSmYyEdlBYkeKkMBugerobcMbegIt
eLIg b:uEn sWn san )anbdiesF.
bnab;BIkarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam sWn san )ancakecjBIlMenAdanrbs;Kat;enATIRkg
):arIs edIm,ImkerobcMTItaMgenAtamRBMEdnf ehIykgGayuCit citsibqaM Kat;)anRbmUlpM{kmaMgTIbI}
mYyedIm,IRbyuTRbqaMgnwgkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNam. KYr[say Rkmrbs;Kat;KW rNsirSrMedaHRbCa
BlrdExr mankaryWtmqaMeTAehIy. shrdGaemrik BuMeXIjmanplRbeyaCn_kgkarpl;CMnYy
eyaFaeTA[Kat; EdlKat;RtvkarCacaM)ac;sRmab;BRgwgrNsirS[eTACakmaMgsMxan;mYyeLIy. ebITuk
CakgTBrbs;Kat;ekIncMnYnBI bIBan; dl; db;R)aMBan; nak; keday kkgTBenHminGacykeTAeRbbpwm
nwgkgTBrbs;BYkExrRkhm Edl)anTTYlCMnYyeyaFadsb,rsmYyBIRbeTscinCadrab. enATIbMput
sWn san kgakeTABwgEpk elIRbeTscinEdr b:uEn Rkgeb:kaMg)anyl;RBmpl;[Kat;EtGavuFsMNl;BI
eKb:ueNaH ehIyenAEtCYyBYkExrRkhm[)anTTYlGavuFeRcInCageKCanic kgcMeNamclnatsUTaMg
Gs;rbs;Exr. RbCaCnkm<CaenAEtRbQmmuxnwgkareRCIserIsKYr[RBWxacrvagstVxa nigstVRkeBI
teTAeTotminecHcb;.
enAqaM1980enATIRkgPMeBjBYkevotNam)anerobcMbegItrdaPi)almYy EdldwknaMedaybkS
kumyniskm<CamYy EdleR)aH[rs;eLIgvij edayTTYlsal;GMNacRttRtarbs;RkghaNUy elI
\Ncin nigkarkan;kab;RbeTsedaykgTBevotNam mYyryhasibBan;nak;. enARkghaNUy egVg
577
kUfac; rdmnIkarbreTsevotNam)anniyayCaeRcInelIkeRcInsafa sankarN_enAkm<Ca {minGac

ERbRkLas;} )aneLIy ehIyminGaccrcaKa)aneTot. enAPMeBj kareBalGagsMxan;CageKrbs;rda
Pi)aledIm,IbgajBIPaBRtwmRtvtamc,ab;rbs;xnKWfa BYkGk]btmKaMBarrbs;xn -BYkevotNam)anCYyrMedaHRbeTsecjBInwmRttRtarbs;ExrRkhm. b:uEn rdaPi)alenHmansmasPaBPaKeRcIn
CaGtItExrRkhm CaBYkmnusSEdlFab;edIrtam b:ul Bt nigbkS y:agesaHRtg;bMput rhUtmkdl;
eBlEdlCIvitrbs;eKRtvmaneRKaHfak;.
rUb b:ul Bt pal;enAEtmanCIvit nig)andwknaMkgTBKat;RbqaMgnwgevotNameTot. Kat;)ankay
eTACayuTCnTBRBmak;CafI. esdkicrbs;evotNam)anRsutcuH ehIyenAcugqaM1979 rbbenH)an
RtvbgMciteFIVEkTRmg;esdkic[manlkNesrI edaybM)at;ecalTaMgRsug nUvdMeNIreq<aHeTAsgm
niymEdltRmv[eFIVenAniTaXrdUvqaM1978 edIm,IerobcMeFIVsgam. kUnecArbs;evotNamCaeRcIn
)aneTACYbCMuKaenAkgCYrkgTBmYy Edletaky:akCageKnBiPBelak RbkbedayGRtakgkarpt;pg;
GaharminRKb;RKan; nigCMgWKYr[PyRBy.
b:uEn RbeTsevotNamTTYlrgTuklM)akkan;EtxaMgkalNa BYkemdwknaMrbs;xnkan;EtRtvjaMg
[eCOfa RbeTskm<CaRtvEtsitenAeRkamcMNuHeKkalenaHEdr eTaHCaGs;b:unankeday. kareFVI
Blikm KWmanFMeFgrYcmkehIy edIm,Inwg[BYkevotNameRKagKit BIkardkfyRtLb;eTAvij.
ehIysgamkgnamnRbeTskm<Ca )anbnmkeTot edayKanGkNamak;GacGHGagnUvGVIEdl
RbeTsenHnwgkayeTACay:agNaeT enAeBlEdlkarRbyuTnwgRtvcb;.
578
sniPaBGsarbg;
579
CMBUkTI13
sniPaBGsarbg;
cMNaykmaMgFMeFg b:uEnTTYl)anpltic
nardUvrMehIyEdl hun Esn kMBugCYbCamYy GuIhr rU:haqUv semc RBHneratm sIhnu kMBugEteFVI
yuTnakarmYyenAeRkARbeTs. naBiFICb;elogEdleBareBjedayruyenaH r:UhaqUv )anBnl;R)ab;
hun Esn fa semc RBHneratm sIhnu KWCatYkEdlTTYlxusRtvkg bBaasKsajenAelIqak
GnrCati. bnab;BI)aneKcecjBIkm<Ca edaykarCUnBrrbs;ExrRkhmmk semc RBHneratm sIhnu
maneCaKCyy:agxaMg enAkgkarEfgsnrkfamYyefaleTasevotNamehIyKaMRTcin. ehIyRTg;k
BayambEgVgdanmin[eKKitfa RTg;CatYkkg karelIksy
ExrRkhmEdr. semc RBHneratm sIhnu
)anefaleTas karkan;kab;rbs;evotNamenAkm<Cafa {CaeRKaHfak;mYy EdlminEmnRtwmEtCaeRKaH
fak;rbs;RbeTsnanaenAGasuIb:ueNaHeT EtkCaeRKaHfak;cMeBaHBiPBelakTaMgmUlEdr}. cUlmkdl;
karniyayGMBIerOgExrRkhm semc RBHneratm sIhnu manbnlR)ab; {shrdGaemrikfa enHKWCa
eBlevlaEdleyIg RtvTukerOgsiTimnusSedayELksin eRBaHfa manerOg cMeBaHmuxCaeRcIn EdlRtv
EtedaHRsayCabnan; KWsniPaB nigtulPaB nRbeTsmhaGMNac}.
enAkgdMNak;kaldMbUgnkarelgEl,genaH lkxNk)anRtvkMNt;eLIgrYcCaeRsc. shrd
Gaemrik nigRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_ RBmTaMgRbeTsPaKeRcInenAGWr:ub )anRBmeRBgKacMeBaH
karTamTar[dak;bBaaGMNacneya)ay FMCagerOgsiTimnusSenAkm<Ca. sMNYrRKb;y:agBTCuMvijEt
bBaafa etIeFVIy:agNaedIm,IbBab;karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca. bBaaepSgeTot Rtv)anham
min[ykmkniyayBiPakSaeLIy. GVIEdlhamCaBiessenaHKW karTTYldwgBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_
rbs;ExrRkhmfa etIGMeBITaMgenaH Rtv)anevotNambBab;)anedayrebobNa ehIykmin[niyay
GMBIfa etIExrRkhmKYrTTYleTasEbbNa cMeBaHGMeBI]RkidkmRbqaMgnwgmnusSCati EdlBYkeK)an
RbRBwtenaHEdr. TaMgenH )aneFVI[manPaBxVHkareCOTukcit CaBiess enAeBlEdlenAGgkarsh
RbCaCati eQaHrbs; GuIEtr Rtv)aneKelIkeLIgCaerOy edIm,IbgajGMBIPaBBuHBarkgkarkarBar
GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_min[ekItmaneLIgmgeTot.
b:uEn bBaarvagevotNam nigkm<Ca Rtv)ancindak;elIeKkgbBaIEdlCabBaarbs;cin. cin)an
eRbI\TiBlrbs;xn CaBiess CamYyshrdGaemrik nigGasuIGaeKy_ edIm,IRKb;RKgmtiGnrCatiCMuvij
580
bBaaenaH. karCECkEvkEjkGMBIbBaakm<Ca enAqaM1979 enAGgkarshRbCaCati KWCakarcarTukCa

elIkdMbUg Edlcindak;dMeNaHRsayenAcMeBaHmuxKNkmaFikarsnisux nGgkarshRbCaCati. cin
)anesIsMu[efaleTascMeBaHevotNam ehIy[kat;pac;CMnYyBIevotNam nigbnTTYlsal;ExrRkhm
CatMNagRsbc,ab;nkm<CaRbcaMenAGgkarshRbCaCati. enAkgkarRbEkkcugeRkaycMeBaHcin
CamYysUevotcMeBaHerOgenaH enAGgkarshRbCaCati shrdGaemrik CaGkKaMRTFMCageKrbs;cin.
cin)anQHnUvGIVRKb;y:agEdleK)anesIsMuenaH. ExrRkhmenAEtGacrkSaekAGIrbs;eKenAGgkar
shRbCaCatidEdl. enArdUvswkeQIRCHnaqaMenaH mhasini)atGgkarshRbCaCati )anGnumt[
ExrRkhm rkSaekAGIenAGgkarshRbCaCatidEdl edayman 71RbeTse)aHeqatKaMRT 35RbeTs
CMTas; nig43RbeTsGnubvaT. karsRmbtampvc,ab; edayrkSaTukGankm<CaenAGgkarshRbCa
Cati[enATMenr KWBMumannrNaelIkykmkBiPakSa edIm,Ie)aHeqatseRmceLIy.
PamenaH karriHKn;kekItmaneLIg. sabnc,ab;naMmuxmYyrbs;GWr:ub )ansresrfa {edaypl;
ekAGI[rdaPi)alEdleK)anplrMlM mhasni)atshRbCaCati)aneFVIkarseRmccitmYy Edlpy
GMBIkrNInkareRbITBeyaFa edIm,IelIktaMgrdaPii)al}.
b:unanExeRkaymk Rbvtisas)anbBaak;[eXIjGMBIcMNucenaHEmn. enAfTI11 Exemsa
qaM1979 rdaPi)al GuIDIGamIn nRbeTsGUhg;da EdlRtv)aneKsb;ex<Im )anRtvkgTBnRbeTs
tg;hSanI EdlCaRbeTsCitxagplrMlM. GgkarshRbCaCati k)anTTYlykedaysVyRbvti nUvrda
Pi)alEdl)anelIktaMgedayRbeTstg;hSanI edaymin)anTaMgKitfa etIKYrTTYlsal; rdaPi)al
GuIDIGamIn Edldak;[enAeRkARbeTsenaHpg. mindUcCaRbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam EdlCaRbeTs
rkSatMENgCaTIlanRbyuTdsMxan; nsgamRtCak;enAGasuI RbeTsGUhg;da nigRbeTstg;hSanI
CaRbeTsEdlsitenAeRkAsarsMxan;nkarcat;taMgGMNacneya)ay/ ehtudUecHehIy eTIbsuPnicy
nigRkwtRkmc,ab; Rtv)aneKykmkGnuvt.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anbBab;CyCmHrbs;RTg;enAGgkarshRbCaCati edaykarrsab;
rsl;rbs;RTg;elIkarpas;br bt;Ebn eTACaerOgminlEdlRTg;Kitfa bRmgnwgekIteLIgenaH. enAkg
BiFICb;elogdFM nigxHxaymYy semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anrGUfa {CIvitrbs;CaerOgcMGkLkLWy
mYy ehIyEdlminKYrCaTIeBjcitesaH} RTg;hak;bIdUcCacg;bgaj[eXIjfa RTg;eCOfaRTg;nwgrYcputBI
ExrRkhm ehIykbnmanbnleTotfa {BYkeKniyayfa BYkeKxaMgkaCageBlNaTaMgGs;. BYkeK
niyayeTotfa BYkeKnwgRbyuTdl;TIbMput ehIynwgR)akdCaQHBMuxan. b:uEnBYkeK KWrs;enAkgkar
sniPaBGsarbg;
581
RsemIRsmTaMgRsug eRbbdUcCa hGuIEbl enAkgExcugeRkaynrdaPi)alGuIEtrGcwg} mehsIrbs;

RTg; Gkmag m:UnIk RKan;Et manbnlfa RTg;nwgminRtLb;cUlkm<CavijeLIy.
enARBwkfbnab;BIRTg;PJak;BIbnM RTg;)ansn;esacMeBaHRcvak;karTUtGnrCati Edl)andak;enA
CMuvijRBHkayrbs;RTg;. eBlenaH RTg;k)anbBansarmYyTaMgqg[eTAGKrdTUtGaemrik RbcaMenA
GgkarshRbCaCatieGnRD y:g; sMeNIsMunUvsiTiRCkekanxagEpkneya)ay. PamenaH elakGK
rdTUt y:g; k)anBiPakSaBIerOgenHCamYyfak;elIrbs;Kat; enARksYgkarbreTsTIRkgv:asuInetan.
eRkambBaaBIfak;elIrbs;Kat; Kat;k)andak;[RTg;cUlsRmakeBT enAmnIreBT eLNukehol. enATI
enaH elak y:g; )anTUlRTg;fa kareRCIserIsykkarnireTsxn KWCakarseRmccitxusmYy. rIqad
hUlRbk EdlCaCMnYykarrbs;elakrdelxaFikarRbcaMGasuIbUBa)anniyayfa {BYkeyIg)anTUlRTg;
fa kareRCIserIsykkarnireTsxnrbs;RTg; eTAshrdGaemrik nwgeFVI[RTg;)at;bg;nUvPaBCaGkdwknaM
kraCrbs;RTg; enAeBlenH shrdGaemriknwgmindak;esHrbs;xncUleTAkgkarRbNaMgeLIy.
v:asuInetan nwgeFVIkarRbqaMgnwgevotNam b:uEn nwgmanQrBIeRkayemdwknaMrbs;km<CaNamYyeLIy}.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu k)anyl;GMBIsmIenaH. cinenARKb;RKgRTg;enAeLIy ehIykmincg;[
RTg;yageTAenAshrdGaemrikEdr. sUm,IEtRbeTs)araMg EdlCaTIRsLaj;rbs;RTg;enaH k)aneFVI[
RTg;Gs;sgwmdUcKa. )araMg )an[RTg;e)aHbg;ecalenAral;skmPaBneya)ayRKb;y:ag RbsinebI
RTg;cg;)ansiTisak;enARbeTs)araMg. RTg;k)ancakecjBImnIreBT ehIyerIeTAdMNak;rbs;RTg;enA
Rkgeb:kaMg.enAkgkMNt;ehturbs;RTg;Edl)aneFVIeLIgenAqaM1981RTg;min)anerobrab;BIerOgenH
eTEtmanbnlfaRTg;erIeTAeb:kaMgeRBaHbBaafvika.RTg;)anmanbnlfa{enAExmkraqaM1979)an
Fak;xnRk. minFab;mansm,tipal;xnGVIenaHeT. Fab;Kitfacg;cUlnivtn_enARbeTs)araMgCamYy
mehsIrbs; mUhSaMg enAGal;m:arUTIm b:uEn>>>}.
kgRBHCn 57RBHvsSa semc RBHneratm sIhnu GacnwgRtv)aneKelIkElg[ RbsinebIRTg;
RBmcUlnivtn_ ehIyTuk[ekgCMnan;eRkay begItsgamenAkm<CaCMnYsRTg;. b:uEn ebIRTg;seRmc
RBHTydUecaH RTg;nwgbeNay[GkdTdeNImsadCaGksegaHCatirbs;RTg; CaerOgmYyEdlRTg;
mineRCIsykCadac;xat lTplnkarseRmccitenaH )annaM[mansgammYyEdlyUrCageK
ehIyRBpSCageKkgcMeNamsgamTaMgLayenAkm<Ca.
cMNucsMxan;TaMgLay Rtv)aneKKUsvastaMgEtBIqaMdMbUgmkem:H. RbtiXatnkaresckI
seRmccitrbs;GnrCati edIm,Idak;evotNam[enAeRkAc,ab; ehIyRKb;RKgkm<CaRtv)ansussay
582
eBjdMeNIrCIvitrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH.
cMNucsMxan;nsgamenaHKW faetIBYkeKQrenAxagNa nrNaRtv)andak;Biny ehIynrNa
RtvCUnrgVan;? karseRmccitrbs;GnrCati KWminrvl;xVayxVl;nUvral;karecaTRbkan;sIBIbT]Rkidkm
RbqaMg nigkarrMelaPsiTimnusSrbs;ExrRkhmeLIy. GgkarshRbCaCati k)anbBab;karesuIb
Gegtrbs;BYkeKelIerOgkI nkarMelaPbMBansiTimnusSdFn;Frrbs;ExrRkhm. erOgkIEdlkMBugman
dMeNIrkarenATIRkghSWENv Rtv)aneKTukecaledayELk edayykehtupldsamBafa GFibety
PaBrbs;km<Ca KWsMxan;CagbBaasiTimnusS. BYkeK)anbiT)aMgCitnUvkarBitEdlfa b:ul Bt nigExr
Rkhm Rtv)anecaTBIbT]RkidkmdRBpSbMputenAstvtSTI20. karviPaKEbbTB sIGMBITMhMnbBaa
rbs;shKmn_GnrCati minRtv)aneKelIkeLIgmkBiPakSaeT. manTBrbs;ExrRkhm Rtv)aneK
seRmcfa CakarcaM)ac;kgkaredjevotNam[cakecj nigCMruj[mankarcrcarsnisBaasniPaBenA
km<Ca. eK[ehtuplfa RbsinebImin[kgTBExrRkhmeFVIskmPaB ehIyykBYkeK[eLIgtulakar
GnrCatienaH evotNamnwgminRBmcakecjBITwkdIkm<CaeLIy. krNIeRkABIenH CaBiess karcg;[man
tulakarkat;eTasExrRkhm edIm,IbegIt[manyutiFm nigCMenOTukcitxgrbs;RbCaCnkm<CaRtv)an
eKTat;ecal. ebIcg;pas;brKMnitEdlKitfakarmantulakar KWnaM[EtmanGUsbnaykarRbyuT[kan;Et
yUrenaH RtvkareBlRbEhlCa 15qaMeTot edIm,Ibrecj. tulakarenAGtItyUehasavI eTIbekItman
eLIgenAqaM1994 mYyqaMeRkayeBlsnisBaasniPaBenAbUes. ehIyRtv)ancuHhtelxaenA
Edtun rdGUhyU shrdGaemrik.
enATsvtSr_qaM80 RksYgkarbreTsGaemrik minRBmeRbIBakRblyBUCsasn_ edIm,IGFib,ay
BIrbb b:ul Bt enaHeT. karsakl,grbs;rdaPi)alRbeTsGUsalI kgbMNgelIkGMBItulakarenA
TsvtSr_qaM80 Rtv)anshrdGaemrik cin nigRbeTsGasanTaMgLaybgak;. eKyl;fa karyl;dwg
GMBIkarRbRBwtGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs;ExrRkhm EdlnaM[evotNamcUlmkplrMlMBYkeKenaH nwg
pl;KuNsm,tidl;karQanBanrbs;evotNam. ehIynwgnaM[mankarbgM[eFVIkarcrcamYyCamYy
haNUy.shrdGaemrik cg;[niyayEtBIeRKaHfak;nkarQanBanrbs;evotNamb:ueNaH.Gaemrik
cg;bBaHbBal[shKmn_GnrCatiKitdUcxnEdr. GkkarTUtrbs;GaemrikRtvhammin[cab;dCamYy
mnIExrRkhmeLIy. sunrkfaPaKeRcIn )anRtvdak;bBalnUverOgr:avGaRkk;BIGtItkal b:uEn cMENk
erOgsgamvij BMueXIjmandak;bBalTal;EtesaH.
cMNucdMbUgbMputrbs;BYkeK KWniyayfa karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca RtvEtTTYlkardak;
sniPaBGsarbg;
583
Biny. edaymankarCMrujrbs;shrdGaemrik nigcin kardak;TNkmFn;FrbMputrbs;GnrCati mkelI

evotNamkekItman ehIymUlehtunkarBinyenaH KWedaysarkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam enA
RbeTskm<Ca.enArdUvekA qaM1979rdaPi)alrbs;RbFanaFibtI kaFr )ancab;epImeFVIkarbBaHbBal
dmanRbsiTPaBmYy [RbeTsdTeTot kdUcCashKmn_CMnYynana nigGgkarCMnYyGnrCati dUcCa
GgkarrUbiyvtGnrCati nigFnaKarBiPBelakCaedIm [pac;CMnYyEdlpl;[evotNam nigkm<Ca.
hUlRbk nigGnuRbFanrbs;Kat; CaGkdwknaMyuTnakarenaH. BYkeKeRbIkareBalGagfa ral;CMnYyTaMg
Gs; KYrbBab;edaysMGagelIkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca. sabndMbUgbgs;EdlGaemrikeFVI
karbBaHbBalenaH KWFnaKarBiPBelak. FnaKarBiPBelakCasabnmYyEdlshrdGaemrikman
sMeLg nigcMENkeRcInenAkgenaH. GktMNagFnaKareQaH GUKI )anniyayfa BYkKat;Rtv)aneK
bBaa[RbytRbEygbMput eBlBicarNa[evotNamxIR)ak;.
TisedArbs;BYkeK KWcg;lubbM)at;kmviFIminEmnkumynis EdlmanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 1/7ekadidular
shrdGaemrik mantmRbEhl1PaK3ntmCMnYyGnrCatiTaMgGs; EdlCYyRbeTsevotNam.
hUlRbk )anniyayfa KanpvNaEdlGacCMruj[shKmn_GnrCati CYyecjelIcMNayevotNam
kgeBlenHeT. dwgfa enHCaerOgmYyEdlBi)akBnl;[yl;BIehtuplNas;. ebIsinCaeyIgvay
k,alevotNamxaMg KWhak;dUcCaCMruj[evotNam xiteTArksUevotkan;EtxaMg. b:uEn ebIeRbIFmRtCak;
cMeBaHevotNam KWminmanRbsiTPaBeT RbsinebIsinevotNamenAEteFVIGVIdUcEdleKkMBugeFVIsBVf
enH.
enHKWCaerOgmYyEdlelIsBIkarRbytRbEyg cMeBaHevotNam EtCaviFankardeCaKCy
rbs;Gaemrik kgkarTb;sat;\TiBlrbs;evotNamkMu[kan;EtrIkFMFat;eTot. eBlniyaydl;rbb
salIn enAevotNam nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca eKalkarN_enH Rtv)ankayCakardak;
TNkmdskmmYy.
lTplneKalkarN_enaH KWkarBnarkarxb;degImesdkicrbs;evotNam[)anyUr nigkarGUs
bnaykarRbvaegIbecjrbs;km<Ca eRkayeBl[putBIkarexcxaM bNalmkBIrbbExrRkhm [kan;Et
Evg. drabNaevotNamenARKb;RKgRbeTskm<Ca drabenaH KankaregIbrs;eLIgrbs;esdkicenA
PMeBjeT. RbeTsEdleqIytbnwgkarTamTarrbs;shrdGaemrik [kat;pac;CMnYydl;km<Ca KWCb:un
GUsalI kaNada nigm:aeLsuI RBmTaMgshKmn_esdkicGWr:ub nigFnaKarBiPBelak. eRkABIbksUevot
KWmanEtRbeTssuyEGt )araMg nig\Na b:ueNaH EdlenAbnpl;CMnYydl;evotNam. KYbpSMCamYy
584
kardwknaMfyeRkayrbs;rbbsaFarNrdenAevotNam kgryeBlEt2qaMb:ueNaH eRKaHTurPikS k)an

ekItmancMeBaHkumarevotNamrYc)at;eTAehIy. sUm,IEtsUevot kTb;Tl;minrYckgkarciBawmRbCaCn
evotNam EdlecHEtmancMnYnekIneLIgminQb;enaHEdr. enAqaM1979 sUevot)an[es,gdl;evot
NamcMnYn 1/2lanetan b:uEnkgryEt 2qaMb:ueNaH brimanmbFak;cuHsl;RtwmEt 700>000etan
b:ueNaH.
eBlenaH evotNam)ancab;epImemIleXIjBIlTpl EdlxneFVIkarRKb;RKgelITwkdIkm<Ca.
eRkaymk kcab;epImebIkTVar[shrdGaemrik bgajBIkMhusrbs;eKCacMh nigbgajBIkarQWcukcab;
rbs;eK Edl)ancaj;sgamenAevotNam nigbNal[)at;bg;TahanGaemrik cMnYnCag 50>000
nak;enaH.
enArdUvekAqaM1979 evotNam Rtv)aneKefaleTasBIerOgmYyeTot. GKelxaGgkar
shRbCaCati)an dwknaMebIkkarRbCMuvisamBamYyenATIRkghSWENv EdlcUlrYmRbCMuedayshKN
kmkarCan;x<s;CnePosxn edIm,IseRmcBIeCaKvasnarbs;GkePosxntamTUk ecjBIevotNam.
mkTl;RtwmExkkda qaM1979 manCnCatievotNamcMnYn 200000nak; enAkgCMruMCnePosxn
enAGasuI ehIymanevotNamcMnYnCit 100000nak;eTot Edl)anrkeXIjTICRmkGciny_
enARbeTsnanaCMuvijBiPBelak. karRbyuTrbs;evotNamenAsmuRTxagelIhak;bIdUcCaKanTIbBab;
ehIykarCECkEvkEjkenAkgkicBiPakSaenaH maneBareBjeTAedayPaBvinasdTan;hn;. skmPaB
rbs;BYkeKKWCaRbcaM mindUcCnCatiCVIhV )anCYbRbTHenAeBlEdlrt;eKcBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;BYkhVasuIs
enAGWr:ubenaHeT. eTaHbICaCnePosxntamTUkrbs;evotNam)anCYbRbTHnUvvinaskm nigkarlM)akenA
evotNamkeday kkarTaMgenH minesIrnwgGVIEdlRbCaCnkm<Ca)anCYbRbTHeRkameKalkarN_smab;
pac;BUCrbs;ExrRkhmEdr.
elakGnuRbFanaFibtI val;Tr m:unEdl )anmanRbsasn_kgsunrkfarbs;Kat;fa {cUreyIgnaMKa
eFVIGVImYyEdlmannyeRCARCH edIm,IbBab;nUvesaknadkmenH. eBlCYbnUvbBaaBiPBelak cUreyIg
TaMgGs;RsHKarkdMeNaHRsayBiPBelakmYy. Rbvtisas nwgminelIkElg[eyIgeT Rbsin
ebIeyIgbraCy ehIyRbvtisaskminGacbMePceyIgEdr RbsinebIeyIgTTYleCaKCy}.
eRkamkarsnidandTUlMTUlayEdlmin)anKit[ditdl;enaH dMeNaHRsaydTUlMTUlay Edlmin
)anKit[ditdl;mYykekItmaneLIg. snisIT)anRbkasfa CnePosxntamTUkrbs;evotNam nigRtv
TTYlsiTiRCkekanedaysVyRbvti edaymin)ac;qgkat;karBiniteRCIserIs nigmin)ac;mankarkMNt;BI
sniPaBGsarbg;
585
mUlehtunkarePosxnfaedayehtuplneya)ay behtuplsasna bkehtuplCnCatiGVIEdr.

CakarRsal;eRCIsBiess EdlBYkeKRtv)anpl;[nUvsiTTI2 mYyeTot. siTTI2 KWCasiTRCk
ekanEdlBMuFab;manBImunmk EdlGnuBaat[eTArs;enARbeTsGPivDn_ CaCagsiTirs;enATaMghVg
TaMghVayRtwmRbeTsCitxag.
xusBIRbeTsnanaenAGahVik nigGWr:ubxaglic EdlTTYlykCnePosxnrab;Ban;nak; BIRbeTs
Citxagrbs;xnenaHRbeTsfRbeTssigbUrI RbeTsm:aeLsuI nigRbeTs\NensuI bdiesFminRBmTTYl
ykCnePosxnBIevotNameLIy. BYkeK[ehtuplfa xacmanbBaaminecHcb; Tak;TgnwgbBaa
neya)ay nigbBaaCnCatiekItman. bnab;BI)anbgaj[eXIjfa BYkeKnwgbBanCnePosxntamTUk[
RtLb;eTAsab;vijedayminRBmpl;CRmkdl;BYkeKenaH shKmn_GnrCatikTTYlyl;RBmvij. kar
RsuHRsYlKamYykekItmaneLIgenATIRkghSWENv edayfa RbeTsenAGasuIGaeKy_ yl;RBmpl;CRmk
beNaHGasndl;CnePosxn RbsinebIRbeTsGPivDn_TaMgLay dUcCaRbeTsGUsalI Gaemrikxag
eCIg nigGWr:ub RBmpl;CRmkGcinny_dl;CnePosxnTaMgenaH.
karGaNitGasUreBlenaHmanPaBRCaleRCANas; EdlsUm,IEtkaryl;RBmdlM)ak nig
sKsajmYykRtv)anseRmceLIg. CnePosxntamTUkevotNamcMnYn 900000nak; Rtv)aneK
pl;CRmk[. kgGMLgqaM80 RbeTsGPivDn_TaMgenaH k)anrkSaBaksnarbs;BYkeK.
CnePosxnkm<CaRtv)anpl;nUvkarsVaKmn_xusEbkBIenaH. BYkeK)anmktampvdI edIrGs;rab;
KILEm:RtqgmkRBMEdnf. BYkeKPaKeRcInmin)anRtveKpl;siTCaCnePosxn[eT ehIykmin)anpl;
[nUvsiTiePosxbeNaHGasn edIm,IeTAenARbeTsTIbIenAelakxaglicEdr. rdGMNacfRBm[BYkeK
enACaCnePosxnminRsbc,ab;. manEtcMnYn10PaKrynCnCatiExrb:ueNaH EdlRtv)anTTYlsiTi
ePosxn nigTTYlplRbeyaCn_ nkarkarBarGnrCatiedayKNkmaFikarCan;x<s;rbs;Ggkarsh
RbCaCatiTTYlbnkCnePosxn. PaKeRcInkgcMeNamCnCatiExrcMnYn3 00000nak; Rtv)aneKdak;
[enACMrMePosxnrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati EdlsitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;TahanExr EdlkMBug
tsURbqaMg nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam EdlkgenaHrYmmanTaMgkgTBExrRkhm.
karerobcMEbbenaHKWmanenAkgGMLgTsvtSr_qaM80. CnePosxnExrRtv)aneKerobcM[
enACMrMCnePosxnenAtamRBMEdnExrf ehIyeFVITB edIm,ICYyvayRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam
enAkm<Ca eRkamkarCYyrbs;shKmn_GnrCati. CnePosxntamTUkrbs;evotNam Rtv)aneK
erobcM[eTArs;enARbeTsTI3qayBIRbeTsrbs;xn.
586
enATIbMput shKmn_GnrCatibdiesFminRBmpl;CMnYyGPivDn_ ehIydac;xatminRBmpl;CMnYy

RKaGasndl;RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlenAkgRsukeLIy.
ExrRkhm RtvGnrCatiGnuBaat[rYbrYm nigksagkmaMgTBsarCafIeLIgvijenAtamRBMRbTl;
km<Ca-f eRkamkarCYy]btmrbs;CMnYybreTs CaBiess BIcin. RkmclnatsUminEmnkumynis
eRkamkardwknaMrbs; sWn san/ RkmclnatsUminEmnkumynis EdlmkBIRbeTs)araMgenAtamRBMRb
Tl; RBmTaMgRkmclnatsUEdlesaHsRKnwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )annaMKamke)aHTItaMg enAtam
RBMRbTl;f ehIyerIsTB nigedIrekogRbmUlGkKaMRT. skmPaBenaHRtv)anTTYlkarKaMRT GMBIsMNak;
GgkarshRbCaCati nigCMnYykCndTeTotenACMuvijBiPBelak. RbCaCnnsaFarNrdRbCamanit
km<Ca Rtv)anrs;eRkamCMnYyBIRbeTssUevot EdlsaneTAmancMnYnRbman80landularkgmYyqaM
nig CMnYyrbs;RbeTskumynisdTeTotmkBIGWr:ubxagekIt RBmTaMgCMnYy20landulaeTot BIevot
Nam. CMnYyGPivDn_TaMgLayBIelakxaglicRtv)aneKhamXat;. manEtGgkarGnrCatimYycMnYn
dUcCa yUnIeshV nigkmviFICYyCnePosxnrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatieT EdlRtveKyl;RBm[CYy.
enATIbMput km<CaenAEtsitkb;enAeRkam)atdEdl. manGRtakumarmak;kgcMeNamkumar7nak; )an
sab;muneBlEdlBYkeKmanGayumYyqaM ehIymanEtkumarmak;kgcMeNamkumar5nak;b:ueNaH Edl
rs;dl;Gayu 5qaM. manRbCaCnkm<CacMnYnEtmYyPaKryb:ueNaH EdlmanTwksateRbIR)as;.
enAeBlEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu erIeTAenAeb:kaMg RTg;k)andwgEdrfaRTg;manCeRmIstictYc
Nas; RbsinebIRTg;cg;mankarrs;enAsuxsan eRkamkarTTYlrak;Tak;rbs;cin ehIyebIRTg;cg;enArkSa
karRKb;RKgelIclnatsUrbs;km<CaenaH. RTg;)anmanbnlCamYyGkmkTsSnkicedayRtg;fa
RTg;minRbkan;cMeBaHkarrs;enAdlkgvimanenAeb:kaMg eRkamkarXaMemIlrbs;eKenaHeT. RTg;nwgrg;caM
kasedIm,IRtLb;eTAeFVICaemdwknaMrbs;km<Cavij.
RTg;)anmanbnlfa {EtgmansubindEdlfa kMBugedIelgtammhavifIenA kUddaehS (Cte
dAzur) nk,aledIredayKanTisedAsmwgemIlmuxCncEmk ehIyrMeBcenaHeXIjmnusSmak;Edl
sal; ehIymak;enaHKW )avday}. RTg;)ansMedAeTArkGFiraCevotNammYyGg Edl)anTTYlyk
nUvkarnireTsxn ehIyeTArs;enARbeTs)araMg eday)anTTYlkareKarB nigRtv)anRbvtisasbMePc
ecal. RTg;)anmanbnlbnfa {kPJak;ehIyERskfaeT erOgenHminGacekIteLIgeT nwgminrlay
)at;xnenaHeT}.
enAkgsanPaBenaHRTg;)anCYbCamYyGkkarTUt)araMgmYyeQaH kd m:ataMg Edl)anebCJacit
sniPaBGsarbg;
587
CYyrkpveTAmux[RTg; nigRbeTskm<Ca.
enAkgvyeTIbEt35qaM elak kd m:ataMg CaGkkarTUtTIBIrenARbcaMenAsanTUt)araMg Kat;
sitenAeRkamEtbBaarbs;elakGKrdTUtmak;b:ueNaH. EdlcEmkCagenHeTAeTotenaHKW elIkenH
CaelIkdMbUgehIy EdlKat;Rtv)aneKbBan[mkeFVIkarenAeRkARsuk. b:uEn m:ataMg CamnusSEdlman
smtPaBmYyrUb ehIyCabuKlEdlcMNanBIerOgr:avTak;Tgnwgcin. enAeBleronenAmhaviTaly
elak)anykCMnajBIrmux. mYyKW viTasasneya)ay edIm,IkayCaGkkarTUt ehIymYyeTot
KWCMnajxagPasarbs;RbeTsbUBa. Kat;)aneRCIsykCMnajxagPasacin nigPasarusSI. enAqaM
1964 eBlEdlKat;Rtv)antRmv[beRmIkargarTBBIrqaM eRkayeBlbBab;mhaviTalyenaH
Kat;Rtv)anrdaPi)al)araMg bBanKat;[mkRbcaMkarenAsanTUtTIRkgeb:kaMg EdleTIbnwgebIkfI
edaymantMENgCaGnuBnEpkvb,Fm. Fak;kg;enAkgTIRkgenaHGs;ryeBl2qaM enAkgeBlEdl
clnabdivtn_vb,FmcinkMBugEtBuHkeBaalenaH m:ataMg cab;epImmanmenaseBatnacak;eRCAcMeBaH
RbeTscin ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKaenaHksb;bdivtn_cin.Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTscinenAqaM 1966
ehIyeFVIdMeNIrRtLb;eTARbeTsrbs;Kat;vij kat;tamRbeTskm<Ca. enAeBlenaH semc RBHneratm
sIhnu CaRbmuxrdehIyCnCati)araMg enAmankarsVaKmn_enAkm<CaenAeLIy. m:ataMg )aneFVITsSnkic
enAGgr ehIyPJak;epIly:agxaMg cMeBaHkaremaHmutskmrbs;km<Ca kgkarkarBarnmanikdGsarrbs;
xn EdlpyBIcin KWkMBugEtxMRbwgbMpajxngeTAvij. enAeBlRtLb;mk):arIsvij edIm,IkarhVwkhat;
karTUt m:ataMg )anseRmcfa nwgbneronPasa nigGkSrsascinbneTot sRmab;CIvitkCn nigcMNg;
cMNUlcitrbs;Kat;.
eRkayeBlRtLb;mkvij m:ataMg )ancUleFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTsTTYlbnkEpkGWr:ub.
ehlI dWNUGay EdlCamitrbs; m:ataMg ehIyFab;)aneFVIdMeNIrkarTUtCamYyKat;eTARbeTs
PUmaenaH )anniyayfa m:ataMg mankarRbytRbEygNas; ehIymin[xngFak;xnCaCnrgeRKaHn
PaBEbkrbs;GasuIenaHeT. manGkCMnajGasuICaeRcInenARksYgkarbreTs EdlElgCa)araMgeTot
b:uEn m:ataMg xusEbkBIBYkenaH KWKat;minEmnCaRbePTEdlesksarug ehIypwkEtbtgenaHeT.
eRkayBIeBlbBab;kargarbYnqaMenAkariyalyRbFanaFibtI)araMg EdlKat;)aneFVIkar 80
em:agkgmYyGaTitehIynig)ankayCaGkeCIgkkariyaFibetynigCaGkyuTsassuIsgEdrenaH
Kat;k)anTTYltMENgeTAenAeb:kaMgvij. enATIenaHKat;)anCYbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu. PamenaH
CnCati)araMgmak;enaH k)anCab;citnwgRbCaRbiyPaB nigPaBvyqatrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
588
eTAehIy.ral;menaseBatnaTaMgLayrvagGasuI nig)araMg EdlKat;)anlak;TukkgcitCayUrmkehIy

rYmTaMgkMNaBrbs;raCvgSem:g EdlKat;GaneBlraRtIenaHkpusecjmk. eBlenaH Kat;ksVaKmn_nUv
karRbwgERbg edIm,IsabnaeLIgvij nUvtYnaTIrbs;)araMgenARbeTskm<Ca nigsegaH[putBIExrRkhm
tamrysemc RBHneratm sIhnu. sPaBrej:rj:rbs;km<CarwtEteFVI[ m:ataMg cg;seRmckickar
enaH[)an. semckkMBugEtRbwgERbgrkviFIsasfIEdr. RTg;eFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRbeTs)araMg nig
shrdGaemrik CmHkarcakecjBIRbeTsExrrbs;RTg;. RTg;eFVICaRbqaMgTaMgExrRkhm nigevotNam
ehIy)anmanbnlenAeBlmYyfa {eyIgCaCnePosxnExrTaMgGs;enACMuvijBiPBelak nwgmincUl
ExrRkhmCadac;xat}.
TaMgenaHsuTEtCakarkuhk. tamkarBiteTA RTg;min)ancakecjBIExrRkhmeLIy eTaHbICaRTg;
minEmnCasmaCikrbs;bkS brdaPi)alExrRkhmkeday. ehIyenaHkCaehtuplmYyEdlrdaPi)al
)araMg)anR)ab;elakm:ataMgedaycMhkMu[Tak;TgCamYyRTg;. CapvkarCMhrrbs;)araMgcMeBaHkm<Ca KW
minQrxagNaeLIy. b:uEneRkApvkarelakRbFanaFibtI v:aeLrI hSIsad edssaMgmankarsgSy
cMeBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agxaMg. ebItamelak m:ataMg KWdl;fak;sb;RTg;eTotpg ehIyKitfa
enAkgerOgenH evotNamRtv)aneKecaTedayGyutiFmfaCaCnGaRkk;. )araMgmin)ane)aHeqatedIm,I
pl;ekAGIkm<Cadl;ExrRkhmenAGgkarshRbCaCatieT edayGHGagfa eFVIy:agenaH KW)annyfa
)araMgTTYlsal;ExrRkhm EdlCaerOgmYyeRkABIkarKitrbs;eK. RBmeBlCamYyKaenaH )araMgkmin
RBme)aHeqat edIm,Ipl;ekAGIkm<Ca[eTArdaPi)al EdlbnbedayevotNamEdr. esckIRbkasCapv
karrbs;)araMg)anbdiesFCeRmIsTaMgBIrenaH edaysgwmfa nigQrenAkNal. enAkg esckEI fgkarN_
mYy )araMgniyayfa ebIniyayBIEpkmnusSFm)araMg)anmkCYysegaHRbCaCnsuIvilrbs;km<CarYc
eTAehIyebIniyayBIEpkneya)ayvij eTaHkgkaleTsNakeday k)araMgminGacTTYlsal;kar
QanBanbUrNPaBEdndInrd EdlbNal[mankarRKb;RKgBIsMNak;TahanbreTsenaHEdr.
m:ataMg yl;RsbnwgkarRbkan;CMhrrbs;rdaPi)alKat; Etminyl;RsbcMeBaHkarvinicyelI
semc RBHneratm sIhnu eT. Kat;)anCYbedaysmat;CamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu sab;BIerOg
nigKMnitTaMgLayrbs;RTg; edaymin)anraykarN_[TIRkg):arIsdwgeLIy. Kat;k)ankayCaGkCMnaj
Edlyl;BITmab;rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu. bnicmg Kat;CmHelIkBIKMnitrbs;Kat;Edlyl;fa
)araMgGacCYy[semc RBHneratm sIhnu ykkEngRbmuxrdnkm<Cavij. edayfa m:ataMg Edlmin
EmnCaGkkarTUt)araMg ehIykminEmnrdaPi)al)araMgenaH enAeBlEdlsemcelIkTwkcwt[ m:ataMg
sniPaBGsarbg;
589
EsVgrkpvmYyEdlGMeNaypldl;RTg; RTg;min)anBwgEpkTaMgRsugelI m:ataMg eT.

b:uEnkgryeBlR)aMqaMenAsanTUt)araMgRbcaMenARbeTscin m:ataMg enAEtmankarcab;GarmN_
cMeBaHerOgenaH. enAqaM1981 elak hVg;sVr mIetr:g; Rtv)anRbCaCn)araMge)aHeqat[eFVICa
RbFanaFibtI ehIy m:ataMg k)aerobcM[semc RBHneratm sIhnu CYbCamYynwgKat;enAqaM1983.
tamrysmIrbs; m:ataMg )an[dwgfa mIetr:g nigrdaPi)alrbs;Kat; ebIkcMhCagrdaPi)almuncMeBaH
karKaMRTsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EtminEmnkgPaBCaemdwknaMrbs;KNbkStsUTaMgbIrbs;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu eT b:uEn kgPaBCa buKlmYyrUb EdleBareBjeTAedaykareCOCak;elIesrIPaB nig
kraCCatirbs;km<Ca.
TaMgenaHKWCakarKitrbs;m:ataMg. semc RBHneratm sIhnu CabuKlEdlmaneTBekasl
ehIyCaemdwknaMmYyrUb EdleKTmak;ecjBItMENg nigRtv)aneKkat;pac;BIRbCaCnGs;R)aMbYnqaM
ehIy. m:ataMg KWhak;dUcCaGkelgEl,gPal;esHmak; Edlcak;elIGkbMe)alesHmYyrUbedayTaMg
minsal;fa etIGkbMe)alesHenaHnwgCiHesHNaenAeLIypg. enAeBlenaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu
KanCeRmIsGVIeRkABICiHesHcineT. TaMgenaH CakarkMNt;mYy b:uEny:agehacNas;enAkgcitrbs;
m:ataMg sm<nPaBmYyrvagRTg; nigKat;Rtv)anbegIt. b:uEn munnwgGkkarTUtmYyrUbenH GacCmHkar
TamTarrbs;Kat;)anenaH Kat;RtveKbBan[eTAeFVIkarenATIRkgRbcEsl cMnYnBIrqaMshKmn_esdkic
GWr:ub TTYlxusRtvxagEpkksikm. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {enATIenaHmYyyb;Kat;cMNayeBl
BiPakSaEtGMBItmbWn}.
enAqaM1968Kat;Rtv)aneKpas;[mkvij edIm,IdwknaMEpkGasuIenARksYgkarbreTs)araMg.
enAkgryeBldMbUgnsgamkm<CafIkgGMLgqaM1980 dl;qaM1985 semc RBHneratm
sIhnu )ansRmbtamswgEtRKb;eKalkarN_TaMgGs; Edlcin)anKUsTuk[RTg;. RkmnireTsCnExr
mYyRkmkMBugEtbegItRkmtsUmYyEdlmaneQaHrbs;RTg; ehIyeRkaymkRtv)aneKsal;faCa
hVnsuinbuicEdlCaGkSrkat;)araMgmYyXa (FUNCIPEC) mansRmayfa rNsirSbRgbbRgmCati
edIm,Ikm<CamYykraC GBaRkwt sniPaB nigshRbtibti. RkmenaHRbmUl)anGkKaMRTCaeRcInTaMg
suIvil nigTahanenAtamRBMEdn nigtMNagneya)aybeNaHGasnnanataMgBIRkg)agkk rhUtdl;eTA
Rkgv:asuInetan. dMbUgeLIy RkmenHRKan;EtCaRkmGktsUtUcCageK EdlenAeRkayExrRkhm nig
rNsirSrMedaHRbCaBlrdExrdwknaMeday sWn san b:ueNaH. CaerOgmYyEdleCosminput KWmnusS
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu RbNaMgRbECgCamYyRkmrbs; sWn san kgkareRCIserIsCnePosxn
590
mkeFVICaTB nigedIm,ICMnYyGnrCati.
yuKsmyenaHKWCacMNuckkdxaMgbMputnsgamRtCak;. enAqaM 1980r:UNal;rIehn )anCab;
eqatCaRbFanaFibtITI40rbs;shrdGaemrik ehIyPamenaH kepateTAelIkarbegInTBrbs;sUevot
EdlCakarKMramKMEhgdl;sniPaBBiPBelak. kalenaH eLGUnIt eRbseNv enACaRbFanaFibtIrbs;
sUevotenAeLIy. edaysarGsmtPaB nigkareCOelIlTisalIndggwtggl;rbs;Kat; )aneFVI[ rIehn
dak;garcMeBaHTegVIrbs;Kat;fa CaTegVIEdllabsUevot[kayCa{cRkPBbisac}. enAeBlRbhak;
RbEhlKa EdlCnePosxnkm<CakMBugRtdabRtdYsePosxnBIRbeTskm<CaeTARbeTsf smsaMg
QWrIgr nigeBareBjedaykarxVHxatenaH cRkPBsUevotRtv)anTTYlkarvayRbharBIxagkg. kar
vayRbharenaHcab;epImBIkUdkmneragcRkk):al; Gdansk eRkamkardwknaMrbs; elc v:aelsa. kar
RKb;RKgrbs;sUevotenAGahanIsankan;EtRBpSeLIg.enaHbEnmnyfakarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam
RKan;EtCaEpktUcmYynkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotb:ueNaH. navaeCIgTwkrbs;sUevot)ancab;epImeRbI
EpkaMr:aj; rbs;evotNamenAExmIna qaM1979. sUevot CaRbeTsmYykgcMenNamRbeTs mYycMnYn
tUc EdlKaMRTkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca.
enAeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_ kMBugCMruj[mankarTTYlxusRtvelICnePosxn
tamTUkrbs;evotNam[eTARbeTsnanaenaH RbeTsf kMBugCYbRbTHnUvkarhUrcUlnUvCnePosxnExr
rab;muWnnak;Edr. enAdMNak;kalnqaMdMbUgsPaBkarN_ KWRcbUkRcbl;Nas;. kgcenaHExmIna nigemsa
qaM1979 f)anbiTRBMEdnrbs;eK. b:uEn eRkaymkkebIkeLIgvij bnab;BIevotNamseRmccitbgt;
GaharExrRkhm)ak;TB nigRbCaCnsuIvileRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;eK. sPaBkarN_)anFak;cuHdundab
rhUtdl;CnTaMgenaH mansPaBdUcCaeRKagqwgecHedIrdUecaHEdr. bnab;mk evotNam)ancab;epIm
e)assMGatTIRkgPMeBjedaykmat;ecalGksak;enAEdleKmincg;)an CaBiess KWExrkat;cin.
skmPaBenaH bNal[RbCaCnEdlRtveKCemsecjBIPMeBjenAqaM1975 ehIyBayam
RtLb;mkPMeBjvij ePosxneTAkan;RBMEdn EdlCaehtueFVI[cMnYnCnePosxnenARBMEdnkan;EtmancMnYn
eRcIneLIg. BYkeKxacfa evotNamnwgeFVIkarCemsRbCaCnecjBITIRkg dUcEdlExrRkhm)aneFVI
Edr. dMbUg f)an[BYkeKcUlTaMgGs; b:uEneRkaymk enAExmifuna k)anbBanBYkeKcMnYn 42>986nak;
[mkRbeTskm<CavijtamCRmalextRBHviharEdleBareBjedaymIn. ehtukarN_enaH )anbNal
[RbCaCncMnYn 10>000nak;sab;.
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sniPaBGsarbg;
591
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TItaMgenARBMEdn. GksRKcitbreTs)anmkeFVIkarpal; CYye)aHtg; CIkbgn;Gnamy ehIybBaH
bBalGkkarTUt nigGkkaEst [mkRBMEdnxagekItrbs;f edIm,IeFVICasakSIcMeBaHkarQanBanelI
mnusSelakenH. erOgr:aveXIjfa manPaBsKsajCagGVIEdlCnbeTsTaMgLaynwgKiteTAeTot.
kgcMeNamGkEdlTTYlCMnYyTaMgenaH manTaMgExrRkhm nigcMNab;xaMgrbs;BYkeKEdlPg;ykmkBI
RBMEdn. GkeFVIkarkgGgkarCMnYymYy )aneRbbeFobkarPg;ekogKr[edIrtamExrRkhmenaHCa
{bnayXMuXaMgclt}. b:uEn enABiPBxageRkA erOgr:avenHRtv)aneKdwgfaCakarrt;ePosxnrbs;
RbCaCnBIsgam ExrRkhm nigevotNam. BYkeK)anCYbnUvsPaBGt;Xan CMgWGasneraK RKncaj;
nigCMgWrebg EdleFVI[GRtamnusSsab;kgmYyfKW 50nak;. TaMgenaHtMNag[esadnadkmdexacpSa
EdlmanlkNrYmmYydUcKa. enAqaMdMbUg eK)anTTYlnUvkarGaNitGasUr nigR)ak;BIGnrCatienaH
CalTplnkaryl;RsbmtiCaTUeTAmYyenAGgkarshRbCaCati EdlefaleTasevotNam.
dl;qaM1981 CMrM)anpl;nUvlTpldeCaKCymYykgRbvtisasTMenIbnCMnYy eday)an
kat;bnyGRtaCMgWbNalmkBIkgVHGahar kgcMeNamkumarBI 50PaKry cuHmkRtwm 2>5PaKry
RtwmryeBlEtmYyqaMb:ueNaH. ehIyenaHkCaRbtibtikarCMnYydfmYy EdlcMNayGs;TwkR)ak;
cMnYn 71500dulakgmYyf enACMrMexAGuIdag eTAelIGahar esvaeBT karhVwkhVWn nigkarGb;rMdl Edl
swgEtlCagenAtamPUminanaenARbeTsfeTAeTot. CNM EdlCaGksRmbsRmlrbs;Ggkar
shRbCaCati)anniyayfa {edaymincaM)ac;ql;faehtuGVI )anCaTIenH mankarcMNayelIsBIFmta
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RbCaCnemIleXIjsUevotCaBYkvatTIniym ehIymankarcab;GarmN_y:ageRcInenATIenH EdlCa
cMNab;GarmN_mYyEdlKanenAkEngdUcCaGahVikGICaedIm}.
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Rtv)aneKRBegIykenIy. RbPBedImnbBaaenH KWkarKitKUrxusrbs;evotNam. manEtkaEst
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)aneKhamR)am bNal[mas;CMnYymankarlM)akkgkarEsVgyl; edIm,IdwgfaetICMnYyTaMgenaH
Rtv)anykeTACYyRbCaCn bkykeTACYyTB. ebskmrYmKamYyrbs; yUnIeshV nigKNkmakar
kak)aTRkhmGnrCati Rtv)aneKsVaKmn_edayPaBesaHGegIy. rdaPi)alkm<Ca k)anTTYlsal;
592
edayesaHkeRkaHfa rdaPi)alminTan;)anerobcMxnrYcral; edIm,ITTYlykCMnYyTaMgenHeT. bnab;BI

rbbExrRkhm RbeTsTaMgmUl KanRbBnPsPar KanLandwkTMnij KaneRKgbnas; KansanIyeRbg
\nn KanLanelIkdak;TMnij KanpvsRmab;navaGakasl Kanpvl bXaMgpkTMnijenaHeLIy.
eCosCagTTYlykkarBitenH evotNamcg;eFVI[eKyl;fa sanPaBenAkm<CaminGaRkk;dl;kRmitenaH
eLIy. enAeBl KUDIn)a EdlCakugsulrbs;evotNamenAGgkarshRbCaCati Rtv)aneKsYrfa
ehtuGVI)anCakm<CaminTTYlykGahar edIm,ICYyeRKaHTurPikSenAkgRbeTsrbs;xn Kat;)aneqIyfa
{eRKaHTurPikSTaMgenH CaGnak;rbs;cin CaEl,gEdlelakxaglicelgedIm,ICYyGahar nigeRKgpH
dl;TBExrRkhm}.
enAPMeBj rdaPi)al)anRbkasfa TaMgenaHRKan;EtCakarxVHxatGaharmYyryb:ueNaH
ehIybBaaenaH nwgRtvedaHRsay)anbnab;BIkarRctkat;RbmUlpllmYy. cMNaynkarPUtkuhk
enaH RtvFak;Cabnkrbs;sUevot. sUevot )ancMNayGs; 85landular rYmCamYynwgeBatRkhm
cMnYn 4muWnetan edIm,Ipl;CMnYybnan;sRmab;segaHRbCaCnkm<CanaqaMdMbUgenaH. RbCaCnkm<Ca
EdlRtvkarGgry:agxaMg eRBaHfamankarlM)akbMputkgkarbriePaKeBatRkhmTaMgenaH. eRkayeBl
Edl GgkarshRbCaCati)ane)aHeqatTTYlsal;rbb b:ul Bt saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<Ca nig
GkRKb;RKgevotNamrbs;eKyl;fa CMnYyGnrCati KWmanbMNgcg;qH[BiPBelakeXIjBIPaBTn;
exSayrbs;BYkeK nigCakarKaMRTnUvkarvilRtLb;mkvijrbs;ExrRkhm. yUnIeshV nigkak)aTRkhm
GnrCati )anrYmKaCUnCMnYydl;km<Ca b:uEn RtvGCJaFrenAPMeBj BnarrhUtdl;eTAmYyqaM eTIbGnuBaat
[CMnYyTaMgenaH EckcaysBVeBjRbeTs. eBlEdlniyayykkarBitfa rdaPi)alkm<CaKan
smarRKb;RKan;edIm,IdwkCBanGMeNayenaH tamBitBIeRkaykarBitenaH KWrdaPi)alkm<Ca nig
evotNam mankarsgSycMeBaHGkeFVIkarCMnYy[GgkarGnrCatiTaMgenaH EdlmkBIRbPBRbeTs
nigGgkarEdlBYkeKeFVIkar[.
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KYrEtCarbs;Kat;b:ueNaH. edIm,Ibgb;tRmvkarenaH BYkeK)annaMKaeTApMenAtamRBMEdn. enATIenaH
BYkeKGacTTYlyknUvGahar nigRKab;FBaCatiRtLb;ykmkcmar nigPUmirbs;BYkeKvij. b:uEn enAeBl
EdleTARBMEdn BYkeKkRtv)aneKerIs[cUlCaRkmRbqaMgnwgevotNam. RKb;Ka)aneRbIR)as;Gahar
CaGavuFneya)ay.
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593
enAkgTsSnkicdMbUg nigbnab;enaH GuIhr r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa hun Esn )anraykarN_[Kat;

nUvbBaadFMEdlkm<CakMBugman ehIyKat;kraykarN_bneTAmUseTot. Kat;mindwgc,as;faetImUsR)ab;
evotNamy:agNaenaHeT CaBiess enAeBlxngkMBugEtvIvk;CMuvijerOgrbs;GahanIsanpgenaH.
evotNam)anRBegIykenIycMeBaHeyabl;rbs;sUevot Edl[TTYlsal;bBaarbs;km<CaEdlkMBug
CYbkgeBlenaH. r:UhaqUv )anTTYlsal;fa {enaHCakMhusBIxageyIgEdleyIgsakl,gbegItCa
rUbPaBEdlfakm<CaKanbBaaenaH}.
BIrqaMeRkaymkenAqaM1981 GgkarshRbCaCati)anR)arBebIksni)atmYysIBIkm<Ca.
enAkgstiGarmN_ekatsesIrcMeBaHxngmYy rebobvarnsni)at eBareBjedayRbeTsTaMgLay
EdlRbqaMgnwgevotNam. GkkarTUtrbs;BYkeK)ancUlrYmsni)atbYnf enAkgGakasFatuekA
ns)ah_ExkkdaenaH. BYkeK)andwknaMKNRbtiPUkab;ykkasdMbUg edIm,IBnl;BICMhrGnrCati
kgviFankaredIm,IbBab;karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca. enAeBlenaHehIyEdlevotNam nig
sUevot )ancab;epImyl;BICeRmAnkMhuskgkarerobcMrbs;BYkeK. BYkeKRbEkkminRBmcUlrYmkg
sni)at edIm,IedaHRsayTMnas;enAkm<Ca eRBaHmanEtExrRkhmb:ueNaH EdlRtv)anGeBaIjCatMNag
km<Ca.
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rdmnIRksYgkarbreTsrbs;GURTIs Rtv)aneKeRCIstaMgCaRbFannsni)at ehIyGkkarTUtBI
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RbeTsEdlmkcUlrYmsni)at manKNRbtiPUBIRbeTsmYycMnYntUcb:ueNaH EdlFab;mkTsSnkicenA
km<Ca ehIyGkEdldwgBIsanPaBBitR)akdbcb,nrbs;km<Ca rwtEtmancMnYnticCagenaHeTAeTot.
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Ggsni)at )anRBmeRBgyknUvBakesakmYy EdlCab;enAeBjTsvtSr_enaH. {Gg
sni)at)anniyayfa sanPaBbcb,nenAkm<Ca CalTplnkarelIscMeBaHeKalkarN_nkareKarB
GFietyPaB kraC bUrNPaBEdndI karminlUkdkgerOgpkgrbs;rd nigkarhampac;cMeBaHkar
KMram beRbIR)as;TBkgTMnak;TMngGnrCati}.
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vIlI)atpa manRbsasn_fa {karRbkasEdleyIgeTIb)anRBmeRBgenH KWCakarRtsRtaypvmYy
594
edIm,Ieq<aHeTArkkarbegIteLIgvijnUvrdaPi)almYy EdlRbkbedaykraCneya)ay nigbUrNPaB

EdndIrbs;km<Ca EdleRCIserIseLIgeRkamkare)aHeqatedayesrI. CardaPi)alEdleKarBsiTi
mnusS nigRKwHesrIPaBrbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca}.
Kat;k)anCMruj[RbeTsTaMgLay EdleBlenaHeRCIserIsykPaBGvtman kgGgsni)at
[brKMnitehIycUlrYmkgkarrMedaHkm<Capg. esckIseRmcenaHRtv)anevotNam nigsaFarNrd
RbCamanitkm<Ca RBmTaMgsUevotEdlseRmccitmincUlrYmkgGgsni)atenaH cat;TukCakarmak;gay
mYy. BYkeKbdiesFminyl;RBmfa karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamCabBaaEtmYyenAkm<CaenaHeT.
ehIyBYkeKkminRBmRBegIykenIy cMeBaHGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs;ExrRkhmenaHEdr.
pyeTAvij evotNam)anepatelIkareXasnaGMBIPstagTaMgRsug EdleK nigrdaPi)alfIrbs;
km<Ca kMBugKas;bgajBIviFIEdlExrRkhmbMpajRbeTsCati EdlbNal[manRbCaCnExrsab;Gs;
cMnYnCagmYylannak;. bnbnab;mk GkkaEst nigGkCMnYyGnrCatinGgkareRkArdaPi)al Rtv)an
GnuBaat[cUlmkkgRbeTs. minyUreRkaymk mansmaKmnGkeFVIkarrbs;GgkareRkArdaPi)al
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b:uEnKuNsm,tiBYkeKenaH Rtv)aneKsgSyBIeRBaHfa BYkeK)ankayCaBak;BnnwgrdaPi)alPMeBj
ehIykeRBaHEtBYkeKCmHfa saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<CaminmankarBak;BncMeBaHbBaaEdlRbCaCn
km<CakMBugmansBVfenaHeT. dMeNaHRsayrbs;BYkeKEdlcg;[TTYlsal;saFarNrdkm<CaenaH
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fIenaHmineBjcit. rUbPaBfIrbs;km<Ca)anelceLIgenAtamkaEst TUrTsSn_ viT nigkgyuTkarbkS
Bn. km<CaminRtwmEtCamhnraynRbeTsRkIRk bRtwmEtCaRbeTstUcmYyEdlRtv)aneKjak; nig
RtveKe)aHbg;ecalkgGMLgsgamRtCak;b:ueNaHeT EtCaRbeTsmYykgcMeNamRbeTsKYr[rnt;
CageKenAelIBiPBelak. ehIycMENk b:ul Bt nigExrRkhmRtv)anBiPBelakdwgbeNIrfa
CaGk{RblyBUCsasn_g} nig)anRbRBwtkarrMelaPsiTmnusSxaMgCageKbMputenAstvtSTI20.
b:uEn bBaaevotNamRKb;RKgkm<CaenAEtCabBaaekAKKukkgneya)ayGnrCati nigCabBaaEdl
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elIPstagnkarrMelaPsiTmnusSrbs;ExrRkhm. b:uEn TnwmnwgenaH KMnitsaFarNCnkRtv)annaM
eTAdl;kartsU EdldwknaMedayExrRkhmEdr.
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sniPaBGsarbg;
595
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ExreRkamrbbExrRkhmkan;EtekIneLIg ehIyTnwmenaH karRbQmmuxrbs;evotNam nigrdaPi)al
PMeBjcMeBaHRkmtsUrYmTaMgExrRkhmenaHkkan;EtBi)akeLIgEdr.
KWBYkeKRtvRbQmmuxnwgelanmYy EdldwknaMerOgedaycin nigsEmgedaysemc RBHneratm
sIhnu. RkmminEmnkumynis nigRkmRbqaMgevotNameRkamkardwknaMrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu
nig sWn san )ansgwmfa shrdGaemriknwgpl;CMnYyTBdl;BYkeKedIm,IrMedaHkm<Ca. b:uEn Gaemrik)an
R)ab;BYkeK[eTArkcineTAvij. cinCMruj[BYkeKbegItsm<nPaBpvkarmYyCamYyExrRkhm edIm,Ibr
ykkaMePIg nigRKab;rMesv. enAqaM1982 semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anyl;RBmnwgkarerobcMenaH
ehIy)ansnafanwgmineFVImgeToteT. RTg;)ansegaHExrRkhm nigshKmn_GnrCati edayyl;
RBmdwknaMsm<nPaBmYy EdlrYmmanExrRkhm nigclnatsUminEmnkumynis. cMENkrNsirSrMedaH
RbCaBlrdExrRtv)andwknaMeday sWn san. rdaPi)alcRmHkm<CaRbCaFibety Rtv)ansemaF
enATIRkgkULaLaMBYr enAfTI22 Exmifuna qaM1982 eday nxidriT. enaHKWCadMeNaHRsayneya)ay
d\texaHmYy. eCosCagdeNImKaeFVICaGktMNagkm<Ca RkmclnatsU)anrYbrYmKaRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;
RKgrbs;evotNam. edayTukeQaHkm<CaRbCaFiety nigRKan;EtEfmxagmuxfa CardaPi)alcRmH
RkmfIenaH Rtv)anTTYlsal;edayGgkarshRbCaCatiedayeBjc,ab;GnrCati. KWBYkeKElgsit
eRkamkardwknaMrbs; b:ul Bt eTotehIy EtsiteRkamkardwknaMrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu vij.
dUc)anyl;RBmenAkgGMLgsgam qaM70 semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anGnuBaat[ExrRkhmBYnBI
eRkayeQaHrdaPi)alenH nigkitisBrbs;RTg;.
CagenHeTAeTot KWrdaPi)alcRmHGacniyay)anfa eRKaHfak;EdlbNalBIExrRkhm KWCaerOg
BIGtItkal. sBVf BYkeK)anrYbrYmKaCardaPi)alcRmHkm<CaRbCaFibety. ehIyeRKaHfak;cMeBaH
muxenAeBlenaH KWkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNameTAvijeT.
sm<nPaBfIenaH KWRKan;EteQaHxageRkAb:ueNaH cMENkkarBitBYkeKenAEtCaRkmQanmuxExr
RkhmdEdl. RkmtsUTaMgbI KWenAEtCaGgkarbIdac;KadEdl. eTaHbIfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu
CaRbmuxrd ehIy sWn san CanaykrdmnIkeday kGMNacTBenAEtsitelIdExrRkhmdUcmun.
BYkeKEfmTaMgQH)ansiTiTukGkkarTUtExrRkhmenAkgtMENgGnrCatiTaMgGs; taMgBItMNagGciny_
rbs;km<Ca enAGgkarshRbCaCati rhUtdl;GKrdTUtkm<CaRbcaMenAyUnIs enATIRkg):arIseTotpg.
596
GkEdltv:axaMgCageKKW sWn san EdlFab;EtCaCnkraCBIyUrmkehIy. b:uEn Kat;enAEtsit

eRkamkarKabsgt;rbs;mas;CMnYyKat;KW shrdGaemrik nigRbeTsnanaenAGasuIGaeKy_ CaBiess
KWRbeTssigbUrI. dUcBaksna RkmTaMgbIenH )anTTYlCMnYyeRcInCagmun TaMgxagGavuF nigCMnYy
mnusSFm edIm,I[BYkeKrkSaCMrMrbs;BYkeKenAelIdIf nigrMedaHkm<Ca. dIenAtamRBMRbTl;putBIExS
kaNugrbs;evotNam.
shrdGaemrik)anpl;CMnYydl;RkmtsUminEmnkumynisrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig
sWn san. TwkR)ak;cMnYn 15landularkgmYyqaM Rtv)anpl;[tamryGgkarGnrCatinana dUcCa
RbtibtikarCYytamRBMEdnrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati smaKmkak)aTRkhmGnrCati nigkmviFIes,g
GaharBiPBelakrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatiCaedIm. RbeTsGasanTaMgLay )anpl;nUvCMnYyxagTB
kdUcCaCMnYymnusSFmEdr ehIycinkbnemIlkarxusRtvcMeBaHtRmvkarEpkeyaFarbs;ExrRkhm
bneTot.
enArdUvekAbnab; cab;taMgBIExmkrarhUtdl;Exemsa evotNam)aneqIytbedaykarRbqaMg
dxaMgkamYy. BYkeK)ankemcecalnUvCMrMrbs;RkmtsUminEmnkumynisTaMgLayenA Ngcan; nig
rITiEsn bgM[ExrcMnYn60000nak; eKcxneTARBMRbTl;f. evotNam k)ankarBarExSeRtmrbs;
BYkeKenATisxaglic ehIyRBmTaMgvaylukdl;tMbn;tsUenAkgRbeTsf. bnab;mk TIRkg)agkk
elakxaglic nigcin )aneFVIkarRBman nigtv:ay:agxaMgfa BYkeKnwgminQrbdemIlkarvatTIrbs;
evotNameLIy. b:uEnevotNam )anbBaak;c,as;BITisedArbs;eKfa {rdaPi)alcRmHkm<CaRbCaFib
etyfIenH GacQHsgamelIqakneya)ayGnrCati)an b:uEn BYkeKenAEtminGacTTYl)ankm<Ca
CargVan;rbs;eKCadac;xat.
kgGMLgeBlCamYyKaenaHcin)aneFVIkarlukluytUcmYy cUlkgtMbn;xageCIgrbs;evotNam.
skmPaBenaH eFVIeLIgedIm,IRKan;Etcg;[evotNamdwgfa nrNaCaGkKaMRTRkmtsUrbs;km<Cab:ueNaH.
kitisBrbs;rdaPi)alcRmHfIenaH )anRKbdNb;karTUtRKb;TIkEng. RbeTskm<Ca CacMNuc
ekAKKuknkarBiPakSarbs;GgkarshRbCaCatikgGMLgTsvtSr_qaM80. elakGKrdTUtrbs;sigbUrI
KIsUrI m:abU)anI ehAkm<CafaCa rU:lr:y nkickarTUt. RbeTsGasanTaMgLay )ankayCabksMxan;fI
mYy EdlQrenAelITItaMgsMxan;mYyCMuvijbBaasMxan;nsgamRtCak;. BYkeK)anRbkasfa kar
RKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca CakarKMramkMEhgpal;dl;RbeTsCitxagdUcBYkeKCaedIm. karepIm
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sniPaBGsarbg;
597
RbcaMqaMsIBIkm<Cab:ueNaHeT.
sUm,IEtRbeTsGUsalI Cb:un nigGkneya)aymYycMnYn dUcCasmaCisPaGaemrikmYyrUbrbs;
KNbkSRbCaFibetyBITIRkgjvy:k eQaH eshVin sULa kcUlrYmpcepImEdr. mankarRbCMuCaeRcIn
)anekItmaneLIg ehIyBtmanTak;Tgnwgkm<CakecjelITMBrkaEstCaeRcInEdr. b:uEnskmPaBTaMg
LayenaH mankarpas;brEtbnicbncb:ueNaH.
enAkgRbeTskm<Cavij karvivDn_manTMhMtictYcbMput. evotNamenAEtbnkarRKb;RKgelIrda
Pi)altamryCMnYykarrbs;eK. evotNamTTYlkarxusRtvedaypal;elIeyaFa edaydak;TBrbs;
evotNameFVICaExSkarBar. cMENkCMnYyxagesdkicvijevotNam nigsm<nmitrbs;eK mantictYc
Nas;EdlGacpl;[km<Ca. karbiTTVaresdkic)anpac;degImkgkarxMRbwgCYsCul nigsegaHRbeTs
eLIgvij. enABak;kNalTsvtSr_qaM1980 km<Ca)anRtveKTukecalBIeRkay ehIyGRtarIkceRmIn
rbs;km<CaKWmanRtwmEtBIrxg;b:ueNaH. enAeBlEdlRbeTsf sigbUrI \NeNsuI nigm:aeLsuI kMBug
BRgIk nigGPivDn_esdkicrbs;BYkeKCamYynwgbeckviTaTMenIb ehIyRbBnGb;rMrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH
kan;EtRbesIreLIg RbeTskm<CakMBugsitenAkgyuKsmyfIenAeLIy. km<Carvl;sVHEsVgrkRKab;
FBaCati[)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IciBawmRbCaCnxnEdlPaKeRcInCasIemm:ay nigkumar. shRKascm,g
rbs;km<Ca KWkarCIkGNg eFVIRbBnERs nigebIkTIpSar sala nigpH[mandMeNIrkardUcRbRktIeLIg
vij.
erOgr:avrbs;ExrRkhm )ancab;epImRCabcUlkgstisaFarNCnenAqaM1984 enAeBlEdl
erOg {valBiXat} )anecjpSay. enaHCaerOgmYyEdlniyayGMBIsgamenAkm<Ca nigbdivtn_Exr
RkhmtamryCIvitrbs;GkkaEstExrmak;eQaH Dit Rbn nigmitPaBrbs;Kat;CamYy GkraykarN_
Btmanrbs;kaEstj:vy:kEfmeQaH suItnI san;bWk. CamYykaresaHRtg;cMeBaHerOgBitmYy
EdlKYr[ekatsesIr/ Gkplitkun edvId putemn nig rULg; sSehV )anbkRsaynUverOgr:avdsKsaj
mYy dak;eTAkgesanadkmrbs;buKlmak; edIm,I[gayRsYlyl;. kgGMLgeBlEtb:unanExb:ueNaH
erOgvalBiXat )ane)aHkm<CaBIsgamRtCak;eTAkgvb,FmsaFarNmYy. ExrRkhmGavexA )an
cUlCamYy hVasuIs GavRbepHehIytUv)aneKsal;faCatYGgGaRkk;enAstvtSTI20enaH. Bakfa
valBiXat )ankayCacMENkmYynBakGaemrik.
RkmriHKn;neya)ayGaemrik mYycMnYntUc)ansgwmfa karTTYlsal;erOgr:avkab;smab;rbs;
ExrRkhmnwgbgM[rdaPi)alGaemrik kat;eQaHExrRkhmecjBIbBaIRkmtsUsm<nmitrbs;Gaemrik.
598
cMENkmtisaFarN min)anykcitTukdak;nwgneya)aydeRCA nigsKsajBi)akyl;enaH

eT. enAshrdGaemrikvij karsb;ex<ImcMeBaHGMeBIRBpSrbs;ExrRkhm )aneFVI[CnePosxnExr
kayCakrNImYyEdleKcab;GarmN_. Rkmsb,rsFm )anrkcMNUl)anrab;lanedIm,ICYyBYkeK.
cMENkRkmGkeFVIc,ab;vij )anykerOgenaHedIm,ICMruj[evotNamecjBIkm<Ca.
esehVn sULa EdlCaRbFanGnuKNkmkarkargarGasuI):asuIhVik )anTukerOgkm<Ca CaerOg
pal;xnrbs;Kat;. kgrbbExrRkhmKat;)anTajkareRbbeFobrvagExrRkhm nigrbbNahSI ehIy
)anCMruj[mankarcUleFVIGnraKmn_eBlenaH. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anyl;dwgGMBIkarcab;
GarmN_rbs; esehVn elIbBaakm<Ca nigsal;GMBI\TiBlrbs;Kat;enAv:asuInetan/ dUecHeRkayBIeBl
RTg;Rtv)anedaHElgenAqaM1979 RTg;k)anbegItcMNgmitPaBCamYy sULa. RTg;)anGeBaIj
RbkKIn edm:URkat TTYlTanGahareBlyb; enAGgkarshRbCaCati ehIyeRkayeBlmkeTot k)an
erobcMBiFIxYbkMeNIt[ nINa EdlCaPriyarbs; sULa enAeBlEdlBYkeKeTATsSnkicenAeb:kaMg.
eBjcitcMeBaHkarcab;GarmN_ nigPaBbuinRbsb;karTUtrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu sULak)ankay
CaeCIgkrbs;RTg;RbcaMenAv:asuInetan.
enAqaM1985 edayELkBIkarCMrujEdlmincaM)ac;rbs;rdaPi)al rIehn sULa Etg)anCMruj[
manCMnYyEpkeyaFaedaycMhdl;RkmtsUminEmnkumynis. enAkgkarpl;cemIyenAcMeBaHmuxGnu
KNkmkarrbs; sULa b:Ul DI vulhVvIt EdlCaCMnYykarrdelxaFikar EpkGasuIbUBa)anniyayfa Rkm
GktsUminEmnkumynis minRtvkarGavuFbEnmeToteT {dUcEdleyIgdwgRsab;fa BYkeKGacrkCMnYy
)an ehIyeyIgkmincab;)ac;CMrujBYkeKEdr}.
niyay[RsYlyl;KWfa RbeTsGasan nigcin)anpl;dl;RkmTaMgenaH nUvGavuFRKb;RKan;
EdlBYkeKRtvkar. GVIEdlBYkeKxVHenaH KWPaBbuinRbsb;kgkareRbIGavuF nigkarhVwkhat;TB. BYkeK
)an)at;bg;nUvCMrMEb:kxaglicrbs;BYkeK eRkamkarvaylukrbs;evotNam ehIyRtvCab;mgeTot
enARtwmEttamRBMEdnfb:ueNaH. mUlehtuFMnkar)at;bg;enaH KWmkBIkarxVHCMnajrbs;BYkeK. eday
RbqaMgnwgkarCYyEpkeyaFa rdaPi)alrIehn )anmkdl;karsnidanmYydUcBYkGkriHKn;EpkmnusSFm
Edr KWfa shrdGaemrikKYrEtCMruj[mandMeNaHRsayneya)aycMeBaHerOgenaH ehIyminKYrcak;saMg
elIePIg EdlkMBugeqHsenasenA nkarRbyuTedayGavuFeT.
enATIbBab; sULa )anQHedaykarsRmHsRmlmYy edaybBanCMnYysegaHdl;RkmGk
tsU. kmviFIenaHmantm 3>5landularEdlrYmbBalTaMgksNan nigPsPa. sULa )an
sniPaBGsarbg;
599
QHelIrdaPi)al ehIyeRkaymkelIsPaeTot edaysMGagelIkarGHGagfa manRkmclnatsUmin

EmnkumynisdrwgmaMmYy kCakarFanar:ab;rgmYy karBarmin[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;ExrRkhmEdr.
karGHGagenaH Rtv)ancaj;enAsPacMeBaHmuxGkCMnajrbs;KNbkSRbCaFibety nigelak rIqad_
hulRbk GtItCMnYykarrdelxaFikar. elak hulRbk )anGFib,aycMeBaHkmviFIrbs; sULa fa {ebI
niyaycMeBaHCnEdlCab;Bak;Bn k mvFi eI nH eXIjfa CakmvFi EI dlminmankarTTYlxusRtvTal;EtesaH.
ehIyenAkgcitrbs;TMnak;TMngCamYyExrRkhm CasMNYrsm,CBamYyEdlcak;eRCAbMput}.
EtsmIenaHmin)anEkERbGVIesaH eRBaHfa neya)aypvkar enAEtQrBIeRkaykarKaMRTRkmtsU
sm<nmit EdlrYmmanTaMgExrRkhmdEdl. shrdGaemrikenAEtbnraraMgnUvral;karBayam edIm,I
begIt[mantulakarGnrCatimYy edIm,IesuIbGegt nigkat;eTasExrRkhm cMeBaH]Rkidkmsgam
rbs;BYkeK. ehIykTb;sat;kMu[mankareRbIBakRblyBUCsasn_ edIm,IBNnaGMBI]Rkidkmrbs;Exr
RkhmEdr eRBaHfashrdGaemrikxacfa erOgTaMgenaHnwgnaMeTAdl;kardak;ExrRkhm[enAeRkARkm
sm<nmit.
TIbMput km<CaRtv)ancgCab;[Bak;BnnwgbBaasKsaj nerOgTahanGaemrik)at;xnkg
sgamevotNam. bBaaerOgGkeTassgamnigTahan)at;xnkgebskkm Edl)anbgak;kar
pSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNam kgeBlRbFanaFibtI kaFr kan;tMENgCaRbFanaFibtIenaH \Lv
egIbeLIgvij kgeBlRbFanaFibtIrIehnenAkgrdaPi)al.
edayELk saFarNCnGaemrik )anyl;GMBIerOgr:avsgamenAevotNam tamrypvepSg
mYy. enAfbuNyuTCneCIgcas;naqaM1982 bUCnIydansgamevotNammYy)an]TiseLIg Edl
dwknaMedayyuTCneCIgcas;CiHelIekAGIruj. Kanvtmanrbs;RbFanaFibtI rIehn enAkgBiFIenaHeT.
enaHKWCakarcab;epImTTYlsal;nUvesvarbs;TahaneCIgcas; enAevotNamTaMgenaH bnab;BIRtv)aneK
RBegIyGs;ryeBldyUr. BIrqaMmunenH TahaneCIgcas;BIsgamevotNam )anemIleXIjeday
rMePIb nUvkarR)arBrbs;saFarNCnGaemrik nUvkarRtLb;vijrbs;cMNab;xaMgCnCati GaemrikcMnYn
52nak; EdlRtv)aneKedaHElgBIsanTUtGaemrikRbcaMenA eteGr:g;. edIm,IGbGrcMeBaHkarRtLb;vij
enH enAfTI25 Exmkra qaM1981 TIRkgQIkaeha)anElgeb:ge):agelOgcMnYn 10>000 eTAelI
Gakas. enAjvy:k mankarerobcMeLIgnUvBiFIdEgEdlmanbda nigkare)aHRkdas edIm,IGbGr.
enATIRkgLGg;hSWeLs manR)arBeFVIkarGudePIgeLIgvij enAsatGULaMBikrbs;eK. enAeBlmYy
s)ah_eRkaymk edayxwgfaBYkeKminRtv)aneKpl;kitiys edaykaredIrCak,nEbbCati edIm,ITTYl
600
sVaKmn_enaH BYkGkTahaneCIgcas;BIsgamevotNam k)anerobcMedIrCaRkmmYyedayxng enA

GuInDIy:aNapUlIs ehIyclnamYyk)ancab;epIm. mankarbricaKy:ageRcInCUndl;RkmeK. bUbI
emolW nRkmTahanevotNameCIgcas;rbs;Gaemrik)anmanRbsasn_fa {enHKWCaelIkTImYyehIy
EdlGaemrikpl;kasdrMePIbmYy edIm,Icat;EcgcMeBaHerOgevotNam}.
enAkgkarTTYlyknUvbriyakasfIenH mUlniFiedIm,IbUCnIydanTahaneCIgcas;evotNammYy
k)ancab;epImekIteLIgeday eCnRsak; EdlCaTahaneCIgcas;mYyrUbEdl)anepImKMnit edIm,Isg;
bUCnIydanedaycab;epImBITwkR)ak;cMnYn 2/500 EdlKat;)anmkBIkarlk;dIpal;xnrbs;Kat; enA
EmrIEln.
bUCnIydanenH manPaBGsarNas; KWeFVIeLIgBICBaaMgfm:abexATabBIrpaMgy:agsamBa Edl
cab;epImedayragGkSr {v} ehIybnEGbeTAkgdICaRsemalnbUCnIydanlInkun. eQaHTahan
Edl)ansab; b)at;xnenAkgsgamevotNamCag 57>000nak; )anRtveKcarqak;Tukkgfm:ab
EdlcaMgkgpexAenaH. TahaneCIgcas;cMnYnCag 150>00nak; )anCYbCMuKaenATIRkgv:asuInetan
enAExvicika qaM1982 edIm,IeFVIBiFIrMBkdl;CnEdlsab;nig)at;xnTaMgenaH. enAeBlenaHmanmnusS
Rsk;TwkEPkyMedayeXIjCBaaMgenH ehIykykdsabeQaHGkrYmGavuFrbs;xn EdlcarenAelI
enaH. bnab;BIeBlenaHmk CBaaMgbUCnIydan EdlRbCaCanGaemrikeKarBskarenaH )ankay
CakEngEdlmanGkmkTsSnkiceRcInCageKenAkgTIRkgv:asuInetan. pa karcgcaM nigrUbftrbs;
CnBlI Rtv)aneKTukenAtameCIgCBaaMg. manGkTsSnaxH)aneFVIKMnUrneQaHcarwkenaH edIm,ITuktaMg
enApHrbs;BYkeKeTotpg.
RkmGkriHKn;GPirkSmincUlcitCBaaMgenaHeT. yuTCneCIgcas;dmankitinammak;eQaH ecmevb
CUjr EdlCaGkniBnnRbelamelakdmanRbCaRbiyPaBmYymancMNgeCIgfa {valePIg} (Field of Fire)
ehIyEdllaecjBItMENgKNkmkarmUlniFienaH)anTayfa bUCnIydanenH nwgkayCa{CBaaMg
sMNakmYyedIm,IkareFVIkUdkmRbqaMgnwgsgam} ehIyeXIjfa Kat;minGacminRtvCagenHeT eRBaHfa
CaCagEdlbUCnIydanbeRmIcMeBaHeKalbMNgRbqaMgnwgsgam bUCnIydanenaH )ankayCaTItaMg
rbs;RkmGktv:aedIm,IGkeQIyswk nigCn)at;xnkgsgam dman\TiBlmYyeTAvij. cMENkGk
esrIniymmak; EdlCayuTCneCIgcas;kgsgamevotNameQaH mUlr EdlxMCMruj[mankarsRmb
sRmlTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNam nigTukerOgsgamkgGtItkalenaH EbrCaminGaceFVIGIVecjeTA
vij. karERbRblcMeBaHkaryl;eXIj cMeBaHyuTCneCIgcas; )anpl;RbeyaCn_dl;RkmGktv:a
sniPaBGsarbg;
601
edIm,IeQIyswk nigGk)at;xnkgsgamCageK. Tg;CyBNexArbs;BYkeKpSMCamYynwgRbvtirbs;

RkmyuTCneCIgcas; )ancab;epImbk;rvicenAelIrdFanIv:asuInetan. GkniBntamtMbn; TamTar[begIn
karTTYlxusRtvcMeBaHyuTCn Edl)at;xnkgsgam. sUm,IEtExSPaBynkCYyelIkerOgenHEdr
kgenaHmanerOgrauMbUCaedIm. erOgenaHsEmgeday suIlevssW saLn edIrtYCavIrbursCYysegaH
GkeTasCnCatiGaemrikEdlenArs; EtRtveKe)aHbg;ecalenAevotNam. tYkRsImYyeQaHfa ecn
hVnda Edl)aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkghaNUy ehIypSayedaycMhBIkarRbqaMgnwgTBrbs;RbeTsxn
genaH )anEbrmksMuGPyeTasBIsMNak;yuTCneCIgcas;Gaemrikvij.
GaemrikeRkamkardwknaMrbs; rIehn RkmsIlFmfImYy)anmkCMnYsGarmN_cas; EdlRbqaMgnwg
sgam. edaymin)anviPaKEvkEjkGMBIKuNsm,tinsgam saFarNCnrbs;Gaemrik )ansgyl;
fa sgamenaH KWCakMhusmYy. karsab; nigkar)at;xnkgsgam evotNamRtv)aneKEkERb[eTACa
mUlehtunkarl,Il,ajeTAvij. Cab;nwgsPavKtiBIsmyedIm saFarNCnTTYlykkarelIktemIg
bBaaeQIyswk nigGk)at;xnkgsgam CakasmYyedIm,I EsVgrkkitiysBIRbeTsrbs;xn Edl
man sgamdyUrGEgVg nigkarbraCyeRkamdCnbreTsdGam:as;enaH.
rdaPi)alrbs; rIehn )anseRmcfavIrCnEdlTTYlmrNPaBTaMgenaHRtvEtTTYl)ankartMNag
enAkgGgRbCMuneya)ay. dl;qaM1983 karCMrujcMeBaHeQIyswk nigCn)at;xnkgsgam)an
kayCabBaacm,gkgyuTsasenA\Ncin. Ganemol RKIhVIt naykRkmCati nRKsarrbs;eQIy
swk nigGk)at;xnkgsgam )anRtveKpl;[nUvkarcat;taMgedaysmat;bMputmYy nig)ankayeTACa
EpkmYynGkpvkarpkgrbs;RksYgkarbreTs nigmhap RBmTaMgRkmRbwkSasnisuxCati EdlCa
GkkMNt;GMBIneya)ayrbs;GaemrikcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam nigkm<Capg. elakRsI RKIhVin )anman
Rbsasn_fa {eyIg)anniyayc,as;ehIyfa nwgminmanTMnakTMngCan;x<s;rvagGaemrik nigevotNam
eT RbsinebIKankaryl;RBmBIRKsarrbs;eQIyswk nigGk)at;xnkgsgam.
smtPaBkgkareqIytbrbs;evotNam cMeBaHkarTamTarrbs;GaemriknUvkarTTYlxusRtv
cMeBaHTahanGaemrik)at;xn Rtv)aneKcgPab;eTAnwg\riyabfrbs;GaemrikmkelIevotNam cMeBaH
bBaaRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca. shrdGaemrik bdiesFminRBmniyayerOgrbs;km<CaCamYy
evotNameT Tal;EtevotNamGacbgajnUvkarTTYlxusRtv cMeBaHerOgTahanGaemrik)at;xn. enaHKW
CakasmYyEdlBMuFab;manBImunmk EdlCnsuIvilmYyRkmtUc GacCH\TiBlelIneya)aynsgam
RtCak;. cMeBaHrdmnIkarbreTsrbs;evotNam egVn kUfac; neya)ayrbs;Gaemrik Caneya)ay
602
KMramkMEhgEpkstiGarmN_mYy ehIykCaviFIsasdGataniymmYy edIm,IeKcevHminpSHpSaTMnak;

TMngCamYyevotNam. vakCaviFIedIm,IbgM[evotNamecjBIkm<Ca edayminTaMgsnafanwgkarBar
km<Camin[ExrRkhmcUlkm<CavijpgeT.
b:uEneTaHCay:agenaHkeday k fac; enAEtCYbCamYy RKIshVIn enAGgkarshRbCaCatienAqaM
1983. Kat;)ansakl,gBnl;dl; RKIshVIn fa CaerOgswgEtminGaceFVI)anmYyebIcg;[rdaPi
)alrbs;Kat;rkeXIjnUvsaksB nigcMNuclitln;GMBIsaksBTahan)at;xnrbs;GaemrikTaMgGs;.
evotNam EdlkMBugEtmanvibtiesdkictaMgEtBIsgamcb;enaH Kanluy ehIykKanCMnajkgkareFVI
RbtibtikarEbbenaHEdr. Gaemrik)ansRKcitr:ab;rgnUvbBaaTaMgBIrenH b:uEn fac; )anbkvijfa zitkg
CMhrrbs;GaemrikkgeBlenaHcMeBaHbBaakm<Ca evotNammankar)armkgkarGnuBaat[GaemrikcUl
kgevotNamedayesrIenaH. sMNUmBrrbs; fac; EdlTamTarkgCMhrshkar edIm,IpSHpSaTMnak;TMng
CamYyKavijenaH minRtv)aneKykmksab;eT. fac; EdlCardburskumynisdQanmuxmak;taMgBI
smy CU eGnLay )anPal;kitisBrbs;Kat; rvagkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYyGaemrik CagcinenaH
swgEtmineCOfa Gaemriknwge)aHbg;kasenHeT.
pyeTAvijRKIhVIn)anniyayenAmuxsPanaqaMenaHfa GgkaredIm,IeQIyswknigyuTCn)at;xn
{minKitfaGaemrikKYreFVIdMeNIrQaneTAmux edIm,IBRgIkneya)ay EdlTak;TgdUcCakarpSHpSaTMnak;TMng
CamYynwgevotNamenaHeT elIkElgEtmandMeNaHRsayKYrCaTIeBjcitmYy cMeBaHbBaamnusSCati
mYyekIteLIg}.
rhUtmkdl;qaM1985 RbeTsmhaGMNacenAEtrwgrUsminRBmedIrecjBICemaHsIBIbBaakm<Ca
EdlminGacQHcaj;eT. cin shrdGaemrik nigRbeTsGasanTaMgLay minRBmTTYlsal;fa man
bBaaGVIeRkABIkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<CaenaHeLIy. skmCn )anbntv:aenAv:asuInetan
TIRkgLgd_ nigTIRkg):arIs [mandMeNaHRsaykNalmYy EdlGac[mankardkTBevotNamecjBI
km<Ca nig[mankarkat;eTasExrRkhm b:uEnenAEtBMumaneCaKCyesaH. enATIbMput karvivDdFMmYy min
)anecjmkBIRbeTselakxagliceT EtEbrCaecjmkBIxagRbeTselakxagekIteTAvij. enaHKWkar
e)aHeqat[ mIxaGuIl eha)aqUv CaRbFanbkSkumynissUevot nigCaemdwknaMfIrbs; shPaBsUevot.
eBlEdl eha)aqUv (Gorbachev) TTYlykGMNacnbkSkumynis RbeTssUevoteTIbEtFak;cUl
kg mhnrayneya)aydFn;FrmYy. sUevot)anQanBanRbeTsGahanIsan enAqaM1979 ehIy
)ancab;epmI karRKb;RKgmYyrbs;seU vot EdlRtv)aneKBiBNnafaCasgamevotNamrbs;seU vot.
sniPaBGsarbg;
603
RbeTseRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotTaMgLayenAGWr:ubxagekIt )ancab;epImkarRbqaMgnwgshPaB
sUevot. karRbqaMgdMbUgbgs;KWcab;epImenAqaM1980 enAeragcRkplitk):al;mYyeQaH Gdansk enA
RbeTsb:ULj dwknaMeday eLc v:aeLsa. enAqaM1983 TBeCIgGakasrbs;sUevot )an)aj;Tmak;
ynehaH rbs;kUer:-007 mYyenABIelIekaHsaxalIn Edlsmab;Gs;CnsuIvilcMnYn269nak;.
CagenaHeTAeTot KWsUevotemIlgaycMeBaHkarebCJacitrbs;rdaPi)al rIehn kgkarRbNaMgRbECgxag
sBVavuF ehIy)aneFVI[esdkicsUevotrIgexSaHGs;. edaysarkarcMNayelIeyaFahYsehtu
esdkicrbs;sUevotRbEhlkgGMLgqaM1979 dl;qaM1985 minmankarlUtlas;esaH.
eTIbEtGayu54qaMenAeBlcUlkan;GMNac eha)aqUv )aneFVIkarvaysRmkmkelIneya)ay
RbeTsrbs;Kat; edaybegItnUvBakesakTaMgT,ayEdlsnanUvkarEkERbneya)ayrYmman (Glasnost)
karebIkcMh (Perestroika) karEkERbrcnasm<n (Democratization) RbCaFibetyPaB (New thinking) KMnitfI
Edlpl;esrIPaBeBjelj edIm,IeFVI[neya)aybreTsrbs;sUevot)anrs;eLIgvij.
kitanuPaBrbs;sUevot)anFak;cuHbMput CaBiess KWTMnak;TMngCamYycinnigshrdGaemrik.
enAqaM1984 TIPak;garBtman Tass )anpSayfa TMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigshrdGaemrik )anFak;cuH
dl;kRmitmYy EdlminFab;manBImunmkkgRbvtisassUevot. cMENkTMnak;TMngCamYycin KWman
kRmitTabdUcKa. CemaHBIbBaakm<Ca)anqHbBaaMg[eXIjBIkarRbyuTKaCabnbnab;edaypal;
nigcMhGs;kalCag20qaMkngmk.
eha)aqUv )anEkERbsPaBkarN_enaHy:agqab;rhs. enAqaM1989 Kat;)anbBanKNRbtiPU
xagBaNiCkm[eTARbeTscin. enaHCaskmPaBdMbUg bnab;BIeBlCag20qaMkngmk. enAExvicika
naqaMenaH karRbCMukMBUlmYyCamYyelakRbFanaFibtI rIehn enATIRkghSWENvk)anebIkeLIg.
eha)aqUv )anEbreTArkmitrbs;Kat;[CYy ehIy)anEtgtaMgmitrbs;Kat;CardmnIRksYgkar
breTs eTaHbICamitKat;BMuFab;manbTBiesaFn_xagEpkenHkeday. Cabnmitrbs;Kat;)anBwg r:UhaqUv
bneTot edayEtgtaMg r:UhaqUv [TTYlbnkEpkGasuI. erOgr:avkcab;epImmanPaBRbRktIvij. r:UhaqUv
\LvTTYlxusRtvkargarenAGasuI nigeFVIkarCamYyrdmnIkarbreTs. BYkeKdak;karBRgwgTMnak;TMng
enAGasuICacMNuccm,gnrebobvarrbs;sUevot.
r:UhaqUv minEdlemIlRtLb;mkeRkayvijeLIy.
enAfTI28 Exkkda qaM1986 r:UhaqUv )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkgkMBg;Eprbs;sUevot enAtamCay
smuRT):asuIhVikeQaH v:aDIvUsk edIm,IerobcMeRKagBIyuTsasrbs;sUevotenAGasuI. Kat;)anniyay
604
GMBIRKb;cMNucTaMgbIEdlcinCabBaa. dMbUgKat;fa sUevotnwgshkarCamYycin edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvijnUv

RBMRbTl;rbs;BYkeKenAtampvk):al;nTenGamY. Kat;)anRbkasBIkardkkgvresnaFMcMnYnR)aMecj
BIRbeTsGahanIsan nigdkTBecjBIm:ugehalI. Kat;)ansnaedaHRsayerOgenAtMbn;GasuI):asuIhVIk
{edayEpkelIkarTTYlsal; nigyl;dwgGMBIkarBitCak;EsgEdlmanehIy}.
cMeBaHerOgdsKsajCageKenAkm<Ca Kat;)anniyayfanwgBRgwgmitPaBCamYy RbeTsTaMgGs;
enAGasuIGaeKy_ KWminEmnRtwmEtCamYyRbeTsenA\NcinnigRbeTscinb:ueNaHeT. Kat;)anniyayBI
kar)at;bg;dFMeFgrbs;km<Ca ehIybnfa bBaarbs;km<CaminGacedaHRsay)an {enATIRkgqay b
enAGgkarshRbCaCatieLIy}.
Kat;)anniyayfa {bBaaenATIenH kdUcCabBaaTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_ dMeNaHRsayPaKeRcIn
KWBwglEpkelIkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngcin nigevotNam}.
eTaHbICasmITaMgenaH RbEhlCaKannycMeBaHRtecokGkdTkeday b:uEncMeBaHRtecok
Kat;vijvaCakMNaBmYy.
r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg)ancemIyPam nigviCmanBIcin. eK)anbgaj[eXIjBIkar
rYsran;kgkarCECkGMBIbBaaRBMEdn}.
cMeBaH r:UhaqUv sunrkfaenA v:aDIvUsk KWCarUbPaBkgkBak;mYynkarebIkTVarbs; nicsun [cin
kalBIqaM1972. eday\LvcinsitenAelIeKkgbBaIenaHEdr r:UhaqUv KYrEtenAtaMgBIyUrmkehIy
esv:adNadehS )anepatelIsMNYrCMuvijGahanIsan nigkm<Ca.
enAExtula r:UhaqUv )aneTAeb:kaMgedIm,IBiPakSaCamYycin. ehIyenaHCaelIkTImYyehIyEdl
karBiPSamanPab;CamYynUvbBaakm<Ca.
enArdUvparIknaqaMbnab; Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrCamYyrdmnIRksYgkarbreTsesv:adNadehS eTA
GasuIGaeKy_edIm,IbNHRKab;nviFankarfIsnagrbs;BYkeK edIm,IedaHRsaybBaaGasuI. esv:ad
NadehS CardmnIkarbreTsTImYyEdl)aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTsf edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIerOgkm<Ca.
Kat;kbndMeNIr eTATIRkgkg;Ebr:a nighSakata EfmeTot.
enAfTI10 nigTI11 ExmIna rdmnIkarbreTssUevot)aneFVIdMeNIreTARkgPMeBj. enATIenaH
Kat;)anCYbCamYy hun Esn. hun Esn )ankayCanaykrdmnI enAfTI14 Exmkra qaM1985
ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKaenaH Kat;enAkan;tMENgCardmnIRksYgkarbreTsdEdl.
r:UhaqUv )ancak;Pal;cMesHRtv. karTTYlxusRtvcm,grbs; hun Esn EdlKat;KanbTBiesaFn_
sniPaBGsarbg;
605
GVIeRkABIneya)aysab;rs; nigrdibrdubrbs;bdivtn_kumyniskm<Ca )ankayCacMNucxaMgrbs;Kat;.

manRbCaCnkm<CatictYcNas; Edlyl;BIkarBitnneya)ayrbs;RbeTskm<Ca bmaneTBekasl
nigkarebCJacitRKb;RKgCag hun Esn enaH. edaysarKat;cab;epImRbLkkgsgambdivtn_ExrRkhm
taMgBIvyekg Kat;BMumanbBaaerOgsuCIvFmcMeBaHmnusSEdlmanvycMNas;CagKat;eLIy.
GVIEdlsMxan;CagenaHeTAeTot KWeBlEdlKat;RKb;RKgRbeTsEdleBareBjedayGkrYcputBI
esckIsab; nigmnusSEdlFab;)anqgkat;nUvsubindGaRkk; ehIyrYcecjmkeBareBjedaysaksam
dCUrct;enaH hun Esn min)anemIlxngCaCnrgeRKaHmak;eLIy. Kat;sitenAxagRkmGkQH
sgam. ehIyenAeBlEdlemdwknaMExrRkhmedjcab;kmaPi)al Kat;enAPUmiPaKbUBa Kat;)aneKceTA
evotNam. PaBmanCMenOTukcitcMeBaHxngrbs;Kat; manTMhMFMeFgNas; EdleFVI[Kat;manKURbECg
tic. enAeBlEdl hun Esn cg;)anGVImYyKat;eFVI[)anedayKankareGoneRbn ehIyCaTUeTA KWRbkb
edayPaBemaHmutkgPaBCayuvvyrbs;Kat;.
Kat;manPaBbuinRbsb;kgkarlak;TuknUvmhictarbs;Kat; edayeRbImnesh_ nigkardak;xnrbs;
Kat;. Kat;)anniyayBnl;BIkarlUtlas;dqab;rhsrbs;Kat; enAkgkarsmasn_mYyfa {eronrhUt
ehIyRbsinebIKitx<s;eBkcMeBaHxngRbEhlCaeFVIxuseRcInCagenH.dUecHkrwtEtxMRbwgeLIg}.
kgkarRbCMuenAExmInaenaH esv:adNadehS )anR)ab; hun Esn fa shPaBsUevotsgwmfa
nwgGacerobcMkarRbCMumYyrvag hun Esn nig semc RBHneratm sIhnu edIm,IedaHRsaynUvCemaH
druaMr:rbs;km<Ca ehIynwgeFVI[mankarCYbedaypal;rvagbursTaMgBIrrUbenaH. hun Esn mankar
eRtkGry:agxaMg edaykarRbCMuenaH Edldak;Kat;[esIKaCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
eRkaymk r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg)anBnl;edayEpkelIkarpSHpSaCati edIm,IedaHRsay
bBaatMbn;EdlmYyEpkCaRTwsI nigmYyEpkeTotCakarGnuvt. cMeBaHkm<Ca enaHKWCakarpSHpSarCati
rvagrdaPi)alPMeBj nig semc RBHneratm sIhnu. ExrRkhm KWenAqayBIPMeBjeBkedIm,IeFVIkar
pSHpSa ehIym:ageTot eyIgsal;semc RBHneratm sIhnu c,as;Cag}.
enAkgesckIEfgkarN_rYmmYybnab;BIkarRbCMu PaKITaMgBIr)anKaMRTkarRbwgERbgcrcaCamYyRkm
km<CaRbqaMgnwgRkmtsUpac;xnminEmnkumynisBIrRkm. qakTImYynyuTnakarenaH )anTTYl eCaK
CyCasaBr.
TisedAbnab;rbs; esv:adNadehS KWhaNUy. evotNamrwtEtbgaj[eXIjBIkarebIkcMh
cMeBaHkarEkERbCagkm<CaeTAeTot. bIExmunenABak;kNalExF bkSkumynisevotNam)anbBab;
606
emdwknaMbkSCan;x<s;bIrUb nigsmaCikKNkmaFikarCan;x<s;kumynisbIrUbeTot EdlCaRkmdwknaMenA

RtaMERtgGs;eBl40qaM ehIyebIkpv[GkCMnan;eRkayeLIgkan;tMENgmg. eK)anbEgVrkarcab;
GarmN_TaMgRsug mkepatelIkarkMENTRmg;esdkicvij. egVn v:an; lij (Nguyen Van Linh) )anRtv
eK[eFVICaemdwknaMbkSfI ehIyKat;k)andak;nUvkmviFImYyeQaHf dUmuWy. kmviFIenaHCakarCYsCul
esdkicEdlrYmmankarCMnYsEpnkarmCim edayshRKaskCnfI nigTIpSaresrI nwgrMlayecalnUv
ksikmCashKmn_.
enAkgsunrkfarbs;Kat;kgsPaRBwTacarbs;Kat; eRTgCij )anmanRbsasn_ TTYlsal;fa
evotNam)anFak;enAkgvibtiesdkicdFn;FrmYy EdlRtvraMgsHedaylTikumynis. Kat;)an
niyayfa {eyIgviPaKedayesaH nigTTYlsal;edayPaBkahannUvkMhusFn;Fr raMur: EdlekIt
ecjmkBIKNkmaFikarmCimbkS kariyalyneya)ay elxaFikarbkS nigTIsIkarrdmnI}.
tamkarBiteTA CIvPaBrbs;RbCaCn )anFak;dl;kRmiteRkamsg;darmuneBlsgameTAeTot.
cMeBaHsUevotvij Epnkar dUmuWy EdlGnuvtedIm,IegIbecjBIvibtiesdkicenaH KWdUcKanwgEpnkar
Perestroika rbs; s U e votEdr. b: u E n e dayELkBI s U e vot evotNammi n Rsbnw g Glasnost EdlebI k cM h
dl;siTkgkarniyaysIedayesrI KMnitesrI nigkarbegItsmaKmeLIy. b:uEnevotNamykKMrURbhak;
RbEhlnwgrUbnIykmTaMgbYnrbs;cin. b:uEndrabNaevotNamenAEtTTYlrgnUvkarKabsgt;BIsMNak;
GnrCatidrabenaH eKminGacTTYl)annUvkarvinieyaK nigcMeNHdwgBIbreTsEdleKRtvkareT.
cinmanRbPBTwkR)ak; ehIyebIRtvkarcaM)ac;manenA hug kug nigBIsMNak;GNikCncinenAbreTs
nigenAGasuGI aeKy._ cMENkevotNamRtvEsVgrkFnFanenAkEngepSg ehIyedIm,IeFVdI eU caH evotNam
RtvedaHRsaybBaakm<Casin. eTaHbImankarBRgwgTMnak;TMngCamYyelakxaglic nigCamYycink
eday keKGacegIbecj[putBIvibtiesdkic EdleKCIkkb;xng)an luHRtaEteKGacedaHRsaybBaa
cakecjBIkm<CasinEdr.
enAqaM1987 karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca RtvbkERbCasmyuTedIm,Ikm<Ca. esv:ad
NadehS minTuk[kasenaHkngeTAeday\tRbeyaCn_eT.
kgGMLgeBlTsSnkicrbs;Kat; esv:adNadehS )anbBaak;[eXIjc,as;fa sUevotcg;[evot
NambMEbkerOgkm<Ca. r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {esv:adNadehS eFVIdMeNIreTAGasuIGaeKy_Pam bnab;
BIKat;bBab;TsSnkicenAGahanIsan}. r:UhaqUv k)anerobrab;BIkareRbbeFobrbs; esv:adNadehS
GMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;sUevotenAGahanIsan eTAnwgevotNamenAkm<Ca. sUevot)andkecjBIGahanI\
sniPaBGsarbg;
607
san nigbegItkasdl;karpSHpSaCatiedayRTg;RTayFM. esv:adNadehS )anniyayR)ab;evot

NamedayKat;sgwmfa evotNamnwgyl;fa enaHCa{RTwsIlaynwgkarGnuvtn_}nlTikumynis.
EpkcugeRkayCaEpkmYy EdlevotNamyl;c,as;. TBrbs;BYkeKminGacenAkm<CateTAeTot
)aneT. sMNUmBrrbs; esv:adNadehS edIm,IerobcMkarCYbRbCMurvag semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun
Esn CadMbUg Rtv)anyl;RBmeRBaHEtkarKYrsmb:ueNaH. enAkgBiFICb;elogenAfTI12 ExmIna Edl
eFVIeLIg edIm,ICakitiysdl; esv:adNadehS rdmnIRksYgkarbreTs egVg kUfac; )anniyayfa
RbeTsenA\NcinTaMgbI cg;CYbCamYycin nigRbeTsGasanTaMgLay edIm,IedaHRsayBIbBaakm<Ca.
enApal;CamYysUevot evotNam)anniyayfa eKminsUvcg;[ hun Esn CYbCamYysemc
RBHneratm sIhnu b:unaneT edayehtufa xac hun Esn Tb;Tl;nwgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu min)an.
r:UhaqUv TTYlxusRtvBnl;[ evotNamyl;fa hun Esn GacTb;Tl;)an. r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {eTA
haNUy ehIyevotNammkmU:s b:uEn karBnl;[evotNamyl;RBm[ hun Esn eTACYbRbCMuCamYy
semc RBHneratm sIhnu enaH KWCakarmYylM)akCaTIbMput. TsSnkicrbs;esv:adNadehS CacMNuc
cab;epImnkarxMRbwgERbgenH.
CagenaHeTAeTot TsSnkicrbs; esv:adNadehS )anCYy[evotNampas;br\riyabfcMeBaH
km<Ca. RKan;Et5fbnab;BIsUevotbBab;TsSnkic naykrdmnIevotNam)anRbkasfa evotNam
nwgdkTBecjTaMgRsugBIkm<CaenAqaM1990 eTaHbICakm<CamansniPaB bminmankeday. karERb
RblTaMgRsugrbs;evotNam )aneFVI[shrdGaemrik nigcin mankarsgSycMeBaHPaBesaHRtg;
rbs;evotNam.
rgVan;TImYyrbs;evotNamKWkarGeBaIjemdwknaMbkSfI egVn v:an;lij nigrdmnIkarbreTs fac;
eTATsSnkicenAmU:senAedImEx]sPa edIm,IcrcaCamYy eha)aqUv. ehIyerOgRtv)anbBab;edaykar
ebIkesdkic nigkarTUtfI. BYkeK)ancuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBg 13qaM edaysUevotyl;RBmpl;
CMnYydl;evotNam kgkarplitsmar]sSahkmFunRsal. kicRBmeRBgenaH)annaMeTAdl;kar
niyayrbs; lij fa {eyIgc,as;fa TMnak;TMngrvagevotNam nigsUevot nwgeFVICaKMrUdl;TMnak;TMng
rvagRbeTsGPivDn_Epk]sSahkm nigRbeTsEdlmanesdkicGn;fy}.
edIm,IbBaak;[eXIjc,as;GMBIPaBCak;lak;nCMhrrbs;evotNamfI cMeBaHerOgrbs;km<Ca
eha)aqUv Rbkasfa erOgExrRkhmGacdak;bBalkgkarcrcasIBIerOgkm<Ca. \riyabfenaH CaviFI
mYyedIm,Iykcitcin nigebIkpvedIm,IsRmbsRmlTMnak;TMngrvagsUevotCamYycin EdlCabMNgcm,g
608
rbs; eha)aqUv.
hun Esn )aneRtmxnrYcCaeRsccMeBaHkaresIsMurbs; esv:adNadehS. Kat;)anTTYlsBaa
Camun BITUtEdlKat;cat;taMgeTAsUevot sIBIkarpas;brnKMnitrbs;sUevotcMeBaHkm<Ca. enAqaM1982
hun Esn )anbBan eha NaMhug EdlCaGkkarTUtdRbsb;sl;BICMnan;semc RBHneratm sIhnu [eTA
eFVICakGKrdTUtenAmUs EdlCakEngdsMxan;mYyrbs;km<CaeRkABIhaNUy. eBleTAdl;Pam eha
NaMhug Rtv)an r:UhaqUv CYyykGasar nigemIlxusRtv. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa {r:UhaqUv
CamnusSsMxan;bMputsRmab;. c,as;ehIy nwgminniyayCamYyKat;BIerOgevotNamRKb;RKgeT.
edaysarkareTAdl;edaypal;rbs; r:UhaqUv nigkarKaMRTrbs;Kat;cMeBaH )anR)ab;PMeBjedaypal;
mat;fa [eRtmxncMeBaHkarERbRbl ehIykarERbRblenaH nwgmanTMhMFMedaysarkarKitfIrbs;
eha)aqUv. enHCaerOgEdlRtvniyay ehIy hun Esn kKat;sab;. )anR)ab;Kat;fa )ansegt
eXIjBIkarERbRblrvagTMnak;TMngrvagsUevot nigGWr:ubxagekIt ehIydwgfa edaysarEteyIgminsUv
sMxan;enaH Kitfa eyIgnwgmankarERbRblEdr}.
edaysarkarKaMRTxaMgBIsUevot hun Esn kGacbBaHbBal[evotNam nigrdaPi)alPMeBjfa
rdaPi)alTaMgBIrKYryl;RBm[Kat;CYbCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAfTI22 Exemsa
edaymankarGbGr xH hun Esn )anyagGeBaIjsemc RBHneratm sIhnu [CYbKat;enATIRkg):arIs/
skxUm bk kg;Ebr:a.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneqIyfa eT.
BIrbIs)ah_eRkaymk enAfTI7 Ex]sPa semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anlaElgBItMENgCa
RbFanrdaPi)alcRmH EdlRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alPMeBjGs;ryeBl1qaM. BIeb:kaMgmk RTg;)anman
bnlfa RTg;FujRTan;nwg {GMNacpac;karrbs;ExrRkhm EdlenAEtRbkan;xab;nUvmaKaEbbGuIEtr nig
salIn rbs;elak b:ul Bt}. enABIeRkaykarbMepIsenH KWCakartv:adRsbc,ab;mYyfa ExrRkhmvay
RbyuTCamYyRkmGkKaMRTrbs;RTg;enAtamRBMEdnkm<Caf. enaHKWminEmnCaelIkTImYyeT b:uEnCaeBl
dlmYysRmab;RTg; edIm,IRTg;Gacpac;xnBIrdaPi)alcRmH edIm,ICYbCamYy hun Esn}.
enAmUsvij r:UhaqUv )ancab;epImehA[kGKrdTUtExr eha NaMhug cab;epImerobcMkarRbCMu
eday)anbBan[Kat;eTA):arIs. eha NaMhug )anniyayfa CalTplnkarBiPakSarvag r:UhaqUv nig
kd m:ataMg {Rtv)anbBaneTA):arIsedIm,IerobcMkarRbCMu}.
GkkarTUtTaMgBIr)anCYbKaenAmUs bnab;BI r:UhaqUv RtLb;eTABIPMeBjvij.enAtampveFVIdMeNIreTA
sniPaBGsarbg;
609
Kal;semc RBHneratm sIhnu / m:ataMg )anQb;enAmUs edIm,ICYbCamYy r:UhaqUv ehIy)anCECkKay:ag

yUr enAkgkariyalyrbs; r:UhaqUv. {eyIgCECkBITMnak;TMngrvagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig
rdaPi)alPMeBj.kd m:ataMg )anR)ab;BIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu y:ageRcIn ehIyk)anR)ab;Kat;
BIsarCatinrdaPi)alenAPMeBj}.
r:UhaqUv)anniyayfa {R)akdehIyeyIg)anriHKn;BImiterogxn. b:uEn eyIg)anKitBIkarsnna
EdlnwgekItmanrvagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn Edr}.
eBlenaHKWCacMNuccab;epImnkarcgsm<nedayRbeyalmYyrvag r:UhaqUv nig m:ataMg. BYkeK
mancMNucdUcKaeRcIn dUcCacMNg;cMNUlcitcMeBaHcin karb:gR)afacg;[mansniPaBenARbeTskm<Ca
nigevTyitPaBkarTUtBIRbeTsEdlCab;Bak;Bn. bnbnab;mk r:UhaqUv kehA m:ataMg faCamit bkGac
CamitCitsiTpg.
cMENkm:ataMgvijKat;niyayfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu cg;CYbsnnaCamYy hun Esn
enArdUvswkeQIRCHnaqaM1986. m:ataMg )anRtLb;mk):arIsvij. enA):arIskgtMENgCaRbFanxag
EpkGasuI nRksYgkarbreTs Kat;)anCYbCamYyGKrdTUtsUevotnigevotNamedIm,IBiPakSa BITsSn
rbs;BYkeK. bnab;mk Kat;)anCYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu edIm,IerobcMTsSnkicenA):arIsnacugqaM
1986 b:uEnRtvbraCy.
m:ataMg )anniyayfa {)anerobcM[RTg; )anCYbGahareBlraRtImYyCamYyrdmnIkarbreTs
b:uEnbriyakasminGMeNayplcMeBaHRTg;esaH. RTg;cg;e)aHTItaMgenA)araMgehIysYrfa etI)araMg
GacCYyGVIRTg;)anxH?
eXIjfa)araMgCYy)anmineRcIneT. Tal;EtenAqaMbnab;eToteBlEdlsUevotlUkdenaH m:ataMg
)anCYybBaHbBal[rdaPi)al)araMg yl;RBm[semc RBHneratm sIhnu taMgenA):arIs edIm,I[
RTg;GacGeBaIj hun EsnmkCYbnwgRTg;enAeBlTTYlTanGaharfRtg;.
km<Ca)aneRtmxnrYcCaeRsc edIm,IykplRbeyaCn_enH. RbeTsenaH)anmanCIviteLIg
vij. karvaylukrbs;evotNameTAelIExrRkhmenAtamRBMRbTl;f )anbgak;karRbyuTKaenAtam
tMbn;xaglicRbeTskm<Ca. eTaHbICaGsnisux nigkarGab;GY)anTaj[RbeTskm<CazitkgPaB
RkIRkkeday krdnayTun PaBBukrlYy)ancab;epImcak;bsenATIRkg. BaNiCkmkCnrvag
evotNam nigkm<Ca)anrIklUtlas;. GkBaNiCkmmkBIRbeTssigburI nigf )anemIlrMlg
neya)ayBhikarbs;RbeTsxn ehIynaMcUl\v:an;mklk;enARbeTskm<Ca. mnusSmacab;epImTTYl
610
TaneLIgvij. PUmiRKwH nigGKarBaNiCkmenAPMeBj Rtv)ancab;epImCYsCulCafI. rdFanI )an

cab;epImmansRms;bnicmgeLIgvij.
karGb;rMcab;epImrs;ranmanCIviteLIgvijeRkamkarCYy]btmrbs;sUevot nigGgkareRkArda
Pi)alGnrCatiTaMgLay Edl)anCYybMeBjnUvcenaH EdlRbeTsBYkeK)aneFVImkelIkm<Ca. Ggkar
eRkArdaPi)alTaMgenaH edIrtYrnaTIdUcCasanTUtxattUc edaypSaynUvBtmantameBlevla eFVIkarCMruj
dl;rdaPi)alrbs;xn nigpl;CMnYykdUcCaCMnYyEpkbeckeTs kgGMLgryeBlekakgTsvtSr_
qaM80.
TnwmnwgenaH kmanGkFUrFar Edl)anRTBBITIpSarggwt ehIymanrfyn nigmU:tUl. ePaCnIy
dan eBareBjeTAedayGkCMnYjRsIRbsFat; EdlTTYlTanqaj; nigeskBak;sat)at pyRsLHBI
RbCaCnkm<CaPaKeRcIn. enAtamCnbT karlUtlas;manel,nyWt ebIemIlelIcMnYnpH EdlRbk;
dMbUlfI bRbk;swkfI edayminKitBICMnYjfI bkkarRctkat; EdlRbesIreLIgCamuneLIy. enAtamPUmixH
GacCIkGNg)an ehIyksikr)anciBawmRCkbEnmelIstVciBawmrbs;Kat; dUcCa man; CaedIm. CMnUn
dlmYy KWkarbegItc,ab;fI EdlGnuBaat[RKsarmankmsiTielIcmarrbs;xn ehIyGacykcMNUl
Edl)anmkBIBlkm nigGVIEdlvinieyaKeTAelIdIrbs;xn edIm,IbegInKuNPaBdIenaH. kgqaMdEdl hun
Esn )anniyayehIyniyayeTotfa {CaelIkTImYyGs;ryeBl10qaM EdleyIgdaMedImetat
eLIgvijelIPWERs}.
enAqaM1986 RbCaCnExrEdlrt;ePosxnecjBIRsukenAqaM1975 )ancab;epImRtLb;mk
elgRsukvij ehIyrnt;cMeBaHPaBRkIRknRbeTsrbs;xn. RKsarksikrEdlenARbeTsepSgeTot
CavNkNalenaH enATIenHrs;enAedayBwgEpkminRtwmEtelIkarRbmUlplBIERsRsUvb:ueNaHeT
b:uEn)anykTwketateFVIsr daMeRmc nigl t,ajRkNat;BIGMe)aH nigsURt eFVIFg rhUtdl;Fak;suIk
enATIRkg edIm,IciBwamCIvPaBEfmeTot.
CageKbMputenaH KWRbeTsenHhak;dUcCapUsuIlenAkgt,gGaMbr Edlrlay)at;ehIy RBmeBl
CamYyenaH KYrCaTIcab;GarmN_ nigGafkM)aMg edaysarEtxVHPaBeCOnelOn. edaykarQbl,at
Ebbkumynis EdlEbkcMeBaHCnEdlenAeRkABiPBneya)ay eXIjfa RbeTsenH GacRbkbCIvPaB
)anedayEpkelIksikm CagEdlmanCIvPaBEbbTIRkgehIyEdlrvl; RbjibRbjab; dUcCaenAf
m:aeLsuI bsigburIEdr. kMBg;EpPMeBjenAEteBjedayTUktUc nigTUkensaT ehIyKansNaKar
suIm:g;t_TMenIbeLIy. pvenAkgRsukeBareBjeTAedayreTHeKa ehIyGKarEdlx<s;CageKe KWvt.
sniPaBGsarbg;
611
edayrdaPi)alsBVfGnuBaat[BuTsasnars;eLIgvij vtPaKeRcInkMBugsitkgkarCYsCul.
hun Esn CaGkRttBinitemIlelIkarpas;brTaMgGs; EdleFVI[eKKitfaKat;CaemdwknaMrbs;
km<Ca. enAeBlEdlkm<CakMBugEtCaTIcab;GarmN_rbs;GnrCati GkkarTUtPaKeRcIn emIlrMlgRbFan
RkmRbwkSard ehg sMrin EdlCaemdwknaMtampvkar ehIyEdlFab;Cafak;elIrbs; hun Esn enAPUmiPaK
bUBa kalBIsmyExrRkhm. hun Esn mansMNaglkgkarRbECg. ebIeRbbeTAnwg ehg sMrin/ hun
Esn CaGkneya)ayskmnigTan;smymak;. Kat;minbBab;nUvTmab;RKb;RKgdlitln; nigtwgrwug
Edlcak;bsdeRCArbs;Kat;eT. ehIyTmab;enH CaTmab;EdlCalTplnGayu nigedaylTikumynis
rbs;Kat;. b:uEnxusKaRtg;fa karyl;eXIjrbs;Kat; minsUvCaxuskaryl;eXIjrbs;Gk EdlminKit
BIPstag behtupl bkKMnitGkdTesaHeBkeLIy. RbsinebImannrNamak;GacCYyKat;[BRgwg
GMNac)an Kat;nwg[GkenaHcUlRkmCamYy edayminRbkan;fa CnenaHCaRBHGgmas; Caksikr CaGk
CMnYj bkCaTahaneLIy. dUcGkneya)aykgRsukdTeTotEdr Kat;cUlciteFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTs
CECkelgCamYyksikr nigsem<aFTIlMenAfI. eTaHbICaKat;lak;)aMgBIsBaadMbUgnGMeBIBukrlYy Edl
TTYlR)ak;sMNUk nigGMeNay edIm,I[rdaPi)alGnuBaat Kat;minEdllak;nUvkarRsLaj;cUlcitcMeBaH
CIvitEdlRbesIreLIgenaHeT. Kat;CMruj[RbCaCnExrrs;enA)anRbesIr ehIyecHTajRbeyaCn_
BIkarebIkTVarRbeTseLIgvij.
enAelIqakGnrCati hun Esn maneRbbmYyeTot. xusBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;)anpac;
xnecj BIExrRkhmtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyxusBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;minEdlCabuKlsMxan;
enAkgbkSrbs; b:ul Bt bkkgCYrTahan brdaPi)aleLIy. RbEhlCaKanemdwknaMExrRkhmNamYy
Fab;BeQaH sal; hun Esn muneBlEdlKat;eLIgkan;GMNac eBlEdlevotNamcUlRsukpgeT.
edayehtuenaH Kat;GacTamTarcrcaEtCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu Etmak;b:ueNaH. Kat;)an[
ehtuplfa Kat;lHbg;Gs;y:ageRcIn eTIbGackarBarmin[ExrRkhmRtLb;mkvij dUecHKat;mincaM)ac;
CYbcrcaCamYyBYkExrRkhmeT. r:UhaqUv )ansnafa ExrRkhmKg;EtnwgRtvdak;bBalkgkarcrca
eT. b:uEn hun Esn cg;[BYkeK KanvtmanesaHkgkarCYbBiPakSarvagKat; nig semc RBHneratm
sIhnu eRBaHfaxacBYkenaHeqtkasRtLb;mk kan;GMNacvij {eRkamsMBt;rbs;semc RBHneratm
sIhnu}.
edIm,I[BiPBelakyl;c,as;BICMhrrbs;Kat;enAkm<Ca eha)aqUv )anGeBaIjGkkaEstnaMmux
\NensuImak;[mkeFVIkicsmasn_dkRmmYyenAmUs enAfTI21 Exkkda. bnab;BI)anniyaymgeTot
612
nUvCMhrrbs;Kat;kgkardkTBBIGahanIsan kgryeBldxI ehIyKat;)anbnGFib,ayGMBIsBaad

Cak;lak;mYyndMeNaHRsayenAkm<Ca.
Kat;)anniyayfa {fExCak;lak;kgkardkTBevotNamecjBIkm<CaRtv)ankMNt; ehIyeyIg
c,as;fakarkMNt;enaHnwgRtveKeKarBnigeFVItam. ehIysMxan;CagenHeTotKW eTaHbICakarpSHpSaCati
mandMeNIryWtkeday b:uEn R)akdCanwgekItmaneLIg}.
snHnsgamRtCak;Rtv)anbMEbk. \LvKWkarRbECgfaetIRbeTsNaEdlGaceFVI[ semc
RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn enACamYyKa)an. GkkarTUteFVIdMeNIrCMuvijBiPBelak edIm,IcUlrYm
cMENkkgRBwTkarN_RbCMuCaRbvtisasrvagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nignaykrdmnI hun Esn
EdlnwgedaHRsaynUvGMeBIhigSaCMuvijbBaakm<Ca. GkkarTUt eseNhal; Edl)andwknaMGgsni)at
GnrCatiGciny_nGgkarshRbCaCatisIBIkm<Ca )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkg)agkk edIm,IerobcMkar
RbCMu. eBlEdl)anCYbsemc RBHneratm sIhnu enATIenaH GkkarTUt\NensuI kmanbMNgdUc eseN
hal; Edr. GkkarTUtGURTIsk)aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkgBgy:ag edIm,IbBaHbBal[semc RBHneratm
sIhnu cUlrYmkgkicsnnactuPaKICamYyRKb;RkmExrTaMgGs;. xag\NensuI cg;[RBwtikarN_enaH
ekItmaneLIgenATIRkghSakata ehIyxagGURTIsKitfa KYrEtCaTIRkgevotNamvij.
GkkarTUtCb:un)aneTAhaNUy edIm,IerobcMkicRbCMurvagkm<Ca eRkamkar]btmrbs;Cb:un.
ehIyenAGgkarshRbCaCativij emdwknaMRkmclnatsUminEmnkumynis sWn san )ansakl,g
bgak;kicRbCMurvag hun Esn nig semc RBHneratm sIhnu edayRBm[rdaPi)alenAPMeBj kayCaEpk
mYynrdaPi)alcRmH. enHCaCMnUnmYydcEmk EdlminEdl)anTTYlnUvkareqIytbTal;EtesaH.
enAkgkarRbNaMgRbECgenH GkkarTUt nigGkneya)ayTaMgxagekIt nigxaglic )anmkdl;kar
snidanrYmmYyKW {enaHCakasdkRmmYyEdlenAcMeBaHmuxBYkeK}. CMnan;Edlrs;enAkgsgam
RtCak; \LvGacemIleXIjkasedIm,IbBab;va. enAGasuIsgamRtCak; Rtv)anbRgmRtwmkarsRmH
sRmlsUevot nigcin[RsuHRsYlKa EdlCaKnwHGnuBaat[RbeTsTaMgLayebIkTVarTMnak;TMng nignaM
mknUvTMnak;TMnglrvagRbeTsnigRbeTs ehIynaMeTArkkarQandl;karebIkRBMEdnelIkTI1 Gs;eBld
yUr eRkayBIeBlrbbGaNaniKmRtv)anbBab;. edIm,IsRmuHsRmlcin nigsUevot TBevotNam Rtv
EtdkecjBIRbeTskm<Ca nigkarbBaHbBal[ExrQb;vaykgcMeNamKag Edl)ankayCakta
cm,gnneya)aysgamRtCak; ehIyRKb;Kacg;mancMENkkgenaH.
enAkgkickarTUtEdlmanlkNdUcePgebIkfenaH Gaemrik nigcin swgEtKanlUkdcUl
sniPaBGsarbg;
613
esaH. RbeTsBIrEdlCaGkkMNt;vinysgamRtCak;kalBI8qaMmun \LvkMBugenAcaMeRtmxnrYcCa

eRsc edIm,IecjRbtibtikar. shrdGaemrikniyayfa eKedIrtamRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKy_
ebIniyay[cM KWeKminRBmlUkdkgerOgenaHeT. cinvijkMBugtfcuHbEnmBIevotNam.
bnab;BIkarRbCMuBIrbIdgenAevotNamnig)agkk RbeTsTaMgLayenA\Ncin nigRbeTsGasan
)anseRmcfa dl;eBlevlaEdlRtvBiPakSaerOgkm<CaminEmnpvkar EdlBYkeKnwgehAfa CakarRbCMu
eRkApvkarmYy behA JIM (Jakarta Informal Meeting). enAExkBaa rdmnIkarbreTscin )anCYbCamYy esv:a
dNadehS BIerOgkm<Ca ehIykgGMLgeBlEtmYyExb:ueNaHrdTUtcinRbcaMenARbeTsf)anRbkasfa
RbeTsrbs;Kat;)anyl;RBmcMeBaHkarCYbRbCMurvagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn.
karcrcaBitR)akdRtv)aneFVIeLIgenAeRkAkarcMNaykarTUtCasaFarNdf. eTaHbIenA
eRkayqakkmankarcrcaBIrdMNak;kalEdr. dMNak;kalTImYyKWCapvkarTUtdcaM)ac;. semc RBH
neratm sIhnu eFVIkarCamYy m:ataMg nigBYk)araMg. ehIy hun Esn eFVIkartamry r:UhaqUv nigsUevot.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anseRmcehIyfa kicRbCMunwgeFVIeLIgenARbeTs)araMg ehIysgwmfa
m:ataMg nwgr:ab;rgxagPsPa nigTMnak;TMngCamYysUevot nigevotNam. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {enAeBl
dMbUg Edl r:UhaqUv )anmkCYbeyIg edIm,IBiPakSaBIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu )anR)ab;Kat;fa cg;[
semc RBHneratm sIhnu ecjBIcin nigBIeRkamRsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlGt;mancin nigBIeRkam
Rsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlmanGBaRkwtPaB dUcCaRbeTs)araMg.
cMENk r:UhaqUv vij mansuTidiniymefa minEmnRtwmEt hun Esn b:ueNaHeT EdlRBmtamsMeNI
rbs;Kat;edayQrelICMhrsaFarN edIm,IpSHpSaCati sUm,IEtevotNamkRBmsRmHsRmlCamYy
semc RBHneratm sIhnu Edr. enaHKWCapas;brmYyy:agxaMgbnab;BIb:unanGaTitmun Edl hun Esn
nigevotNam )anriHKn;semc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agxaMg ehIymineCOfa GacmandMeNaHRsay
sniPaB.
hun Esn )anesI[sUevoterobcM[Kat;eTA):arIs. ehIyenAfTI18 Exvicika qaM1987 Kat;
)anRbkasfa Kat;nwgeTACYbCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu enAExeRkay EdlTukeBlticCagmYyEx
dl;fRbCMuenAfTI2 ExF edIm,IerobcMkarRbCMuenAvimansNaKarmYyenAextnRsasM):ajrbs;)araMg
enA EhVr Gg; taDWnr (Fere-en-Tardenois). r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg[ynehaHmYydl;Kat; ehIy)araMg
r:ab;rgcMNayRKb;y:agepSgeTot EdldUcCakarshkarmYyCamYy)araMgEdr.
m:ataMg enAcaM)anfa sUevotFab;mankarRBy)armcMeBaHRBHTygakerrbs;semc RBHneratm
614
sIhnu ehIy r:UhaqUv )anbBanGkCMnYykarCan;x<s;rbs;Kat;[eTAXaMemIlkarCECkenaH. taMgBIeBl

enaHmk m:ataMg )anniyayfa {TMnak;TMngrbs;CamYysUevot mansarsMxan;CagTMnak;TMngCamYy
evotNamxaMgNas;}.
edaysarfa KanExSc,as;KYrpac;rvagkarpyKaBITMnak;TMngkarTUt eRkABITMnak;TMngeRkApvkar
semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn kmanTMnak;TMngpal;xnEdr. edIm,IeFVI[eXIjfaGkTaMgBIrerobcM
Tak;TgKatampv karTUt BYkKat;)ansresrTak;TgKatamryTUrsarxI ehIyepJeI TApHrbs; hSg;hSak;
haLaRb. hSg;hSak; haLaRb CaGtItGkkarTUt)araMg manPriyaExr eQaHfa Exk EdlmanBukman
TMnak;TMng yUrGEgVgCamYyraCvgSExr nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
RKsarhaLaRb CaCeRmIsBIkMeNItsRmab;eFVIkargarenH. elakRsI haLaRb )ansal;semc
RBHneratm sIhnu swgEtmYyCIviteTAehIy. Bukrbs;Kat; b:ug eb:gecg )aneFVIkarCamYysemc
RBHneratm sIhnu dl;qaM 1982 ehIypac;xnecj eRBaHsemc RBHneratm sIhnu cUlrYmsm<nCa
mYyExrRkhm. Exk )anCYbCamYy hun Esn mYyqaM eRkayBIenaHenAeBlkicRbCMukMBUlnRbeTs
ttiyelakenA Gg;ehaLa enAeBlEdlsVamIrbs;Kat;eFVITUtenATIenaH. hun Esn )aneTArkKat;
ehIy)anR)ab;BIerOgrbs;xn dl;Kat; nigsVamIrbs;Kat; enAkgeBlCYbTTYlTanGahareBlyb;dEvg
mYy. hun Esn )anBnl;[bIRbBnKat;eCOfa {hun Esn minEmnCaGay:grbs;evotNameT.
Kat;CaGkeshaCati. )anR)ab;Kat;GcwgEdr ehIyniyaymuneBlmankaryl;RcLM}.
dl;eBlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn)anseRmccitCYbKa ehIyRtvkarGkTMnak;TMng
enA):arIsenaH Exk nigbIrbs;Kat;)anTTYlesckITukcitBIbursTaMgBIr edIm,InaMsareTAmkrvagbnay
TaMgBIr.
karpas;brsarmanlkNKYrsm nigmanRbsiTPaB. enAfTI18 Exvicika qaM1987 mansar
mYy)anmkdl;PUmiRKwHrbs;RkmRKsarhaLaRb EdlenAelx173 pvhSg;hS epJIfVaysemc
RBHneratm sIhnu. KWCasarmkBI hun Esn TUlRTg;fa Kat;cg;cUlKal;RTg;enAeBlEdlRTg;
sBVRBHTy. BIrfeRkaymk semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anepJIsareTA hun Esn enAGasydandUcKa
enaH EdlkgsarmanGtnyfa {edayeqIytbeTAnwgsarrbs;elak mankitiys GnuBaat[elak
cUlCYb enAsNaKarrbs; enAEhVrGg;taDWnr enAfEdlelakGacmk)an. edayesckIrab;Gan
dx<g;x<s;GMBI. semc RBHneratm sIhnu nkm<Ca.
bnab;BIrkarpas;brsarmgeTot edaykarCYynaMsarrbs;haLaRb fExCYbmYyRtv)ankMNt;
sniPaBGsarbg;
615
eLIg {mankitiyssUmeKarBGeBIajelakmkcUlrYmkarTTYlTanGahareBlRBwk CalkNkargar

mYy enAem:ag10 fBuF TI2 ExF qaM1987 sNaKarrbs; eQaH {the Hltellerie du Chteau Fre-enTardenois}. sU m GrKu N cM e BaHkaryl; R Bm[ftTu k nU v karsn n arbs; e yI g edI m ,I p SayTaM g Rsu g Ca
saFarN. BIsemc RBHneratm sIhnu nkm<Ca.
mundl;eBlGahareBlRBwk sNaKarmaneBareBjeTAedayGkkaEst nigGkkarTUt. enA
kEngTTYlePJvrbs;sNaKar Gkkan;kaemr:a )anRbeRCtKaftedaydgmIRkhVn cak;b:Hcegg
RKIsal;. edaysarkarkk;TukmYyqaMmunnBiFIGaBah_BiBah_mYy karCYbRbCMurbs;bursTaMgBIr Rtv)an
elIkeBl. b:uEnTaMgenaHmin)aneFVI[ hun Esn mankarrMxancitkgdMeNIrdMbUgrbs;Kat;eTAGWr:ub nigkar
CYbKal;elIkTImYyCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu eLIy. samjjwmrbs;Kat; KWrIkRbimRbiy
RbEhlnwgsamjjwmrbs;kUnkemaHkUnRkmMuEdlerobGaBah_BiBah_enAeBlenaHEdr.
enAfdMbUgbursTaMgBIr)anCYbRbCMuGs;Cit7em:ag ehIy)anQandl;KeRmagsniPaBmYyKW
{dMeNaHRsayneya)ayCatRmvkarmYy ral;KNbkSneya)aykm<CaTaMgGs; RtvcUlrYmkgkar
crca ehIyenAeBlEdlkm<CaQandl;snisBaamYy snisBaaenaHRtvEtGnumtenAkgsni)at
GnrCatimYy EdlFananUvkraCPaBnkm<Ca. emdwknaMTaMgBIr)ansnaCYbKaCaelIkTIBIrenAExmkra
nakEngdEdl nigelIkTIbIenAkUer:xageCIg.
enAfTIBIrBYkeK)anCYbcrcaGs;ryeBlbIem:ag CECkGMBICnePosxn karCYsCulR)asaTGgr
nigbBaasiTimnusS. enAfTIbIBYkeK)ancuHhtelxa nigeFVIkarkMNt;smal;dTUlaymYy. bnab;BI)an
Rbkasfa {TVarsniPaBRtv)anebIkehIyenaH} semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anelIkykerOg EdlTuk[
RKb;KaKitedayxngfa ExrGacrksniPaBrvagKanwgKa. Kat;)anesI[cin shPaBsUevot nigevot
NamQb;eQaHKaBIeRkaykm<Ca ehIyRTg;)ansnafa nwgRtLb;eTAPMeBjvij edIm,IdwknaMrdaPi)al
TaMgbYnbkSkg{rdkm<CafIEdlmanrdsPaEbb)araMg nigmankraCPaB100PaKry}.
tamryGkbkERb hun Esn hak;dUcCaRbytRbEygnig)arm. enAfdMbUg Kat;)anTTYlfa
Kat;cat;Tuk semc RBHneratm sIhnu dUcCa {RBwTacarnigBukmak;} ehIyGFib,ayBIkarCYbRbTHrbs;
BYkeKCa {TsSnkicCamitPaBrvagCnrYmCati EdlGacnaMeTAdl;dMeNaHRsaydBitR)akdmYy}.
hun Esn niyayenAeBlbBab;fa {eyIg)aneFVIkarehIyecjCalTpl}. rUbftGFib,ayBI
GarmN_enAeBlenaHc,as;CagesckIbBab;rbs;Kat;. semc RBHneratm sIhnu sk;BNs Es,kPWfa
kgsemkbMBak;smsYn)ancab;dCamYy hun Esn EdlmanEs,kRsEGmCagRBHGgeRcIn nigsk;
616
labb:Um:at nigkgsemkbMBak;GavFMPWcaMg. semc RBHneratm sIhnu mansamjjwmEbbkSRt

ehIy hun Esn esIcEbbyuvCn.
TaMgenaH)anRbRBwte LIgenAkg sNaKarpaybYn Edlsg;enACab;R)asaTRTDeRTamburaNmYy.
sarRtv)anGanedayGkpvkarsMxan; rYmmanrdmnIkarbreTsGaemrik hSksUl EdlbgajBIkI
sgwmcMeBaHkarCECkenaH.m:ataMg enARKb;TIkEngRttBinitBIelIkarlmitRKb;y:agTaMgGs; cab;taMgBI
karerobcM[mankarftsMeLg Edlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu TamTar nigcMNayelIRKb;vikybRt
rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn. {R)akdNas; )araMgnwgcMNayelIRKb;TaMgGs;}.
sarBtmanGnrCati)anRbkasBIeCaKCy. sUm,IEtRTg; rNbTi CabuRta semc RBHneratm
sIhnu Edlmin sb,aycitCamYy hun Esn kTTYlsal;famankarRBmeRBgrvagTBenAPMeBj nigTB
tsUedIm,IQaneTArkkardak;GavuF.
erOgravlrhUtdl;fak;mincg;eCO.
dUc)anKitTukmunkgryeBlEtb:unanfb:ueNaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anERbcitehIy lub
ecalnUvkar CYbeRkayeTot ehIykelIkeTACYbenAfTI20 Exmkra enAsaMgEhSmuaMgdWL (St. Gemainde-Laye) enACit):arIs. elIkenH semc RBHneratm sIhnu Kg;enAsNaKardRbNItmYyeQaH ):avIyug
ehnrI TI4 (Pavillion Henri IV) EdlCakEngRbCMu. RTg;TamTar[ hun Esn enAkEngepSgeTot. semc RBH
neratm sIhnu cab;epImminsb,ay RBHTycMeBaHeCaKCyrbs; hun Esn. bnab;BIryeBlBIrf
nkarRbCMu hun Esn mansuTidiniymfa {eyIgmankarQaneTAmuxy:ageRcIn}.
emdwknaMTaMgBIrrUb )anyl;RsbCaeKalkarN_cMeBaHkardkTBevotNamTaMgRsug ecjBIkm<Ca
karbegItrdaPi)alcRmH nigkare)aHeqateRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GnrCati. b:uEn BYkeKenAminTan;
RsuHRsYlKacMeBaHcMNuclitnKeRmagTaMgenaH nigminTan;ecjesckIEfgkarN_enAeLIy.
cMeBaHkarCECkKaerOgenH rNriT EdlmancritdUcbita nigmanrUbragdUcbitarbs;RTg;ebHbiTenaH
)anecjmuxCECkeRcInGMBIerOgenaH. RTg;nwgQrerobbkenAtampvCeNIrFM edIm,Ipl;bTsmasn_Ca
mYyGkkaEst GMBIkarCECkdtantwgrvagbitarbs;RTg; nig hun Esn. RTg;)anRbQmCamYyGk
kaEstedayeRbITaMgPasaGg;eKs nig)araMg nigRbkbedaylkNRceLat EdlRTg;)ansg bcmg
ecjBIbitarbs;RTg;mk.
kan;EtxMRbwgeFVI[dUcbitarbs;RTg; cMNucxusKarvagRTg; nigbitakkan;EtemIleXIjc,as;eLIg
Edr. rNbTi ecjBIRbeTsenAeBlEdlRTg;manRBHCnayuRbEhl mRBHvsSa ehIy)ankayCa
sniPaBGsarbg;
617
sasacarmYyrUbenARbeTs)araMg edayKanbTBiesaFn_neya)ay kgRsukrbs;RTg;Tal;EtesaH.

RTg;k)anenAeRkARbeTstaMgBIeBlenaHmk. CagenHeTAeTot semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTukmata
rbs;RTg;ecal ehIyEbrmkrkGkmag m:UnIk vij. Gkmag m:UnIk mankarsgSyelIrUbRTg; ehIycg;[
buRtbegItrbs;RTg;EdlCaGkraMr)aMeLIgsgraCCMnYssemc RBHneratm sIhnuCag.
enAeBlEdl hun Esn ehAsemc RBHneratm sIhnufa Cabitarbs;Kat;enaHkminxusEdr
eRBaHfaKat;CakUn kgneya)ayrbs;RTg; edaymanlkNdUcKaRtg;famanmhictaFMeFg Rbkbeday
esh_mux nigmansmtPaBemaHmut. cMENk rNbTi vij CakUnkgraCvgSrbs;RTg;. enAkgkar
RbNaMgRbECg rNbTi cab;epImeFVI[eKFujRTan;nwgRTg;. sUm,IEtm:ataMgEdlCasm<nmitrbs; rNbTi
enaH kBKat;rGUfa {rNbTi cUlcit eFVI[erOgsKsaj. maneBlmYy RTg;)anmkrk ehIyniyayfa
bitarbs;RTg; Tn;RCayNas; ehIyRTg;snafa nwgeFVIxn[rwgmaMCagbitarbs;RTg;.
tamkaresuIbGegt m:ataMg eXIjfaPaBrwgmaM Edl rNbTi sMedAdl;enaH KWkarcgsm<nmit
CamYyExrRkhm. ehIyenaHCaerOgmYyEdl)araMgmincg;[man.
m:ataMg )anniyayfa {El,grbs;eyIg KWbBaHbBal[ semc RBHneratm sIhnu QrelICMhr
GBaRkwtPaB edayQrenAkNalehIyKanTMnak;TMngCamYyRkmclnatsU. RTg;minGacenAkg
clnatsUeT RbsinebIRTg;eFVICabitaCati.
b:uEn rNbTi RbEkkpyKaBIKMnitenaH. ehIyenAfTI28 Exkum qaM1988 semc RBHneratm
sIhnu )anRtLb;mkeFVCI aRbFannRkmtsUv ji .m:ataMg )anniyayedaycaj;karRbEkkfa{bnci mg
rNbTi bBaHbBalRTg;)an}. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ancakecjBIRbeTs)araMg ehIyRtLb;eTA
RbeTscinvij.
rdmnIkarbreTscinfI eKon KIecn hak;dUcCamankareBjcity:agxaMg Edlsemc RBHneratm
sIhnu RtLb;mkrs;enAdMNak;dFMenAeb:kaMgvij. tamkarBiteTA eKon KIecn )anRBmanshPaBsUevot
[{Qb;KaMRTevotNamkgkarQanBankm<Ca ehIyCMruj[evotNamdkTBTaMgGs;ecjBIkm<Ca}.
EdlCakartv:amYyhYsehtu bnab;BIevotNam nigsUevot )ancuHsnisBaamitPaBkgeBlfIenH.
cMeBaH r:UhaqUv vij kartv:aenaHCakareXIjfa cinhak;bIdUcCaRtvEteFVIRKb;EpkTaMgGs; edIm,IeFVI
[RkmclnatsUeBjcitEdlkgenaHrYmmanTaMgExrRkhmpg. bnab;BIkarCYbCECkKaBIrdgenA):arIs
r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {hun Esn mankarrIkray ehIymansuTidiniymy:agxaMgfa sniPaBnwgGacekIt
maneRBaHEt hun Esn nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu mankarcUlcitKaeTAvijeTAmk}.
618
karBnl;TaMgenaHCatYnaTIrbs; r:UhaqUv eRBaHfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu RKan;EtCaEpkmagn

RkmtsU. BYkeKRtvEtrk[eXIjnUvviFImYy edIm,IedaHRsayCamYyRkmminEmnkumynis dUcCa sWn
san nigExrRkhmCaedIm. cMENksUevot nwgcab;epImedaHRsayCamYyshrdGaemrik}.
enAExemsa r:UhaqUv )anCYbCamYyhassn eC suIhW CMnYykarrdelxaFikarnEpkkargarTak;Tg
nwgGasuIbUBarbs;elakRbFanaFibtI rIehn edIm,IkarCECkTukmunGMBIsni)atkMBUl eha)aqUv-rIehn.
b:uEn CMhrrbs;GaemrikkgkarKaMRTcMeBaHGasan BMumankarEkERbeLIy. {elaksuIhW)anniyayfa
GaemrikmanmiteRcInenAGasan ehIyGVIEdlBYkeKcg;)anBIGaemrikenaH KWkarKaMRTrbs;Gaemrik}.
enAExmifuna evotNamdkembBaakarTBCan;x<s;rbs;BYkeKecjBIkm<Ca ehIy)ansnafa nwgdk
TBcMnYn 50>000nak;eTotenAcugqaMenaH}.
BtmanenHswgEtminecjesaHenAGaemrik KWmanEtsmaCikRBwTsPaBIrbInak; nigGgkareRkA
rdaPi)alGaemrikb:ueNaHEdltamdanerOgTaMgenH.rdaPi)alrIehn enAEtbnemIleXIjfavaCabBaa
rbs;evotNam EdltRmv[manTNkmTaMgRsugcMeBaHevotNam. ehIyRBwTsPaenAEtbnTTYl
\TiBlBIGktMNagsas sULa ehIyemIleXIjerOgenaH dUcCakarKaMRTsmaCiktsUEdlminEmn
kumynis.
sULa EbbenaH )ankayCamuxRBjrbs;GgkareRkArdaPi)aledIm,ITamTarenA kaBItUl ehol.
BYkeK)anRbEkkfaedIm,ICMnYymnusSCati edIm,IRbCaCnkm<CaenAkgsaFarNrdkm<Ca minEmnRtwmEt
BYktsUb:ueNaHeT b:uEn BYkeK)ansakl,gbBaHbBal sULa nigsmaCikRBwTsPa[yl;fa karepateTA
elIEtRkmtsUminEmnkumynisCa]bsKmYy EdlraMgsHdl;dMeNaHRsayEpkneya)ay.
karRbEkkrbs;BYkeKRtv)anrlay)at;enARtwmv:asuInetan b:uEncMENkenAkm<CavijkarRbEkkenaH
kdUcCaRbFanbTepSgeTot manlkNxusBIenA):arIs mUs b)agkk.
smIrbs;rdaPi)alrIehn nigsmaCikRBwTsPaPaKeRcIn sEmgeLIg[eXIjhak;bIdUcCaneya
)ayshrdGaemrikeFVIeLIg EtCMuvijkarefaleTasdrwgmaMcMeBaHExrRkhm suIhW )anniyayenAcMeBaH
muxRBwTsPaenAExkkda qaM1988fa {cg;bBaak;[eXIjc,as;fa shrdGaemrik enAEtRbkan;CMhr
RbqaMgnwgExrRkhm. BYkeyIgmankarPJak;rnt;y:agxaMg cMeBaHGMeBIRBpS nigKansIlFmrbs;BYkeK.
ehIyBYkebCJafa rbbEbbenaH nwgekItmaneLIg EdleFVI[RbCaCnkm<CaFak;kgsPaBrnt; EdlFab;
ekItmkmgeToteLIy}.
Kat;kdUcCamnIrd)alTaMgLay Cajwkjab; EtgEtRbEkkminTTYlsal;fa CMnYyrbs;Gaemrik
sniPaBGsarbg;
619
cMeBaHrdaPi)alcRmH EdlkgenaHrYmmanExrRkhmEdrenaH KWdUcCakarCYydl;EpkmageTotnsgam

nigkarRbqaMgedaydac;Nat;. suIhW )anniyayR)ab; r:UhaqUv fa shrdGaemrikminmanKeRmagpas;br
neya)ayrbs;eK tamkarnaMmuxrbs;RbeTsGasan bkBYnBIeRkaydUceKriHKn;eLIy.
cMENk m:ataMg vij min)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvKMnitEdlfa )araMgnwgerobcMsnisITsniPaBenaH
eLIy. Kat;)anbBaHbBalelaknaykrdmnI hSak; suIr:ak; fVayCUn semc RBHneratm sIhnu
nUvGtItsanTUtExr enA):arIs edIm,ICaGMeNaybuNNUEGl. m:ataMg )ancMNayeBly:ageRcInenA
kgrdUvparIkedIm,IRttemIl nigerobcMsanTUtenaHeLIgvij ehIyEfmTaMgedIrTijtamhagTMnijenA):arIs
nUvvaMgnn eRsamBUk PYy EdlKat;dwgfa semc RBHneratm sIhnu sBVRBHTyeTAtubEtgGKarbUraN
dRbNItenaH.
enAExmifuna bnab;BIkare)aHeqatenARbeTs)araMg Edlpl;[KNbkSsgmniymrbs; mIetr:g;
nUvkarRKb;RKgrdaPi)al m:ataMg )aneFVIdMeNIreTAhaNUy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyrdmnIkarbreTs egVn
kUfac;. rdmnIkarbreTsfIrbs;)araMg rULg; Duym:as )ansesreTA fac; sMNUmBr[mankarBRgwg
mitPaBeLIgvij rvagevotNam nig)araMg nigeFVIkarrYmKaeq<aHeTArkdMeNaHRsaybBaakm<Ca. m:ataMg
)anCUnsMbuRtenaHdl; fac;. fac; )aneqIytbedayBakleRcIn. Kat;niyayfa semc RBHneratm
sIhnu manmiteRcInenAhaNUy}. enAeBlEdlKat;ruj[ fac; GeBaIj semc RBHneratm sIhnu
eTAhaNUy fac; )anbdiesFfa {eyIgmanmitEdl)armenAPMeBj hun Esn}.
dUecaH m:ataMg )anBnarkarsnnaCamYy fac; ehIyeTACYb semc RBHneratm sIhnu enA
RbeTsf. enAeBlenaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu kMBugxJal;. m:ataMg niyayfa {semc RBHneratm
sIhnu xacfafbMBulRTg; bkGkepSgbMBulRTg;. RTg;xacRKb;eBlTaMgGs;} GkkarTUt)araMgrUbenH
)anniyayGMBIkar)armrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu edaykIGMNt;. Kat;)ankayeTACaGkCMnaj
yl;BIcitsasrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnufa RTg;bdiesF minRBmTTYlTUrsB ehIy[GkepSg
niyayedaycaMsab;BIkarsnnaenaH BIkarminRBmesayGahar edayxacfanwgnaM[ekInPaBEdlRTg;
pMBMu)an.
m:ataMg )anniyayfa {min)anetOn[RTg;pac;ecjBIExrRkhmeT RKan;EtetOn[RTg;bnkar
CECkKaCamYy hun Esn edIm,IerobcMkarEckGMNacKamYyenAkm<CaCamYy hun Esn. R)akdkgcit
fa ebIRTg;eFVIy:agenH ExrRkhm nigRtvEtyl;Rsb}.
mkTl;eBlenH GasankMBugEtRbwgnaMmux. karCYbKaminpvkarmYyrvagPaKITaMgbYn Rtv)aneK
620
erobcM edIm,I[CYbenAbUhRbeTs\NensuI. RbeTsevotNam Lav nigRbeTsGasanTaMgLay

nwgCYbKaenAfmYyepSgeTot.
m:ataMg)anbBaHbBal[ semc RBHneratm sIhnu eTATsSnkicenARbeTs)araMg munnwgRTg;eTA
RbeTs\NensuI. enA):arIsRTg;Rtv)aneKTTYlkgnamCaRbmuxrd. naykrdmnIfIrbs;)araMg elak
muIEsl rU:kad_ )ansnafa RbeTs)araMgnwgeRbIR)as;\TiBlEdlxnman edIm,IEsVgrkdMeNaHRsay
mYy edaydak;semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAxagmux. bnab;enaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu klaElg
mgeTot BImuxtMENgCaRbFanrdaPi)alcRmHenAfTI10 Exkkda. b:uEnelIkenH RTg;)anykehtupl
nkarlaElgenaHfa RTg;xacExrRkhmnwgcab;epIm{RblyBUCsasn_}mgeTot. enAkgbTsmas
dEvgmYy RTg;)anmanbnlfa RTg;RCabfa evotNamkMBugEtdkTBecjBIkm<Ca ehIy\LvRTg;eCOfa
GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs; ExrRkhmmYyeTot {kMBugEtkayCaerOgmYyeCosminrYc}.
RTg;)anLayRBHhselxaenAkgsarCapvkarbMputmYyrbs;RTg;fa {enAeBlbcb,n eRKaHfak;
nevotNam )ancab;epImrlb;bnicmg ehIymhaeRKaHfak;nExrRkhm )ancab;epImelcrUbrag
eLIg ehIy)anbgajxnenAcMeBaHRbCaCnExr edayKanekrxas;}. RbeTsTaMgLayNa EdlenAEt
bnKaMRTRkmsm<nEdlmanExrRkhmenAkgenaH {RtvTTYlxusRtvTaMgRsug cMeBaHGMeBIRblyBUC
sasn_fI mkelIRbCaCnkm<Ca}.
bnab;mk semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anyageTAkan;RbeTs\NensuI EdlenATIenaH RTg;Rtv)an
sUhatU sVaKmn_CaePJvpal;xnrbs;Kat;.
swgEtRKb;KNRbtiPUTaMgGs; )annaMmknUvsMeNIR)aMmYy bR)aMBIrcMNuc Edlmankaryl;RBm
TUlMTUlaycMeBaHcMNucTUeTAmYycMnYn. hun Esn )anniyayfa {enaHCadMeNIrkarmYy CaCagRbEkkKa
ehIyEbrCamkGgyTl;muxKapas;brKMniteyabl; nigeKalCMhrrbs;KaeTAvijeTAmk}. esckI
kMNt;EdlmanlkNsRmlcitenaH EbrCa)at;eTAvij enAeBlEdlKat;niyayedayxwgcMeBaHkar
minyl;RBmrbs;KUbdibkrbs;Kat; cMeBaHkarTamTarelIsBIkalviPaK EdlKat;esIfVaycMeBaHkardk
TBevotNamTaMgRsugecjBIkm<Ca. {etIenaHmannyy:agem:ceTAvij RbsinebIGkTamTar[TB
evotNamdkecj ehIyEbrCapl;kasdl;GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs;ExrRkhm ekItmanmkelI
RbCaCnExrCafIvijenaH?}
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anmanbnldUcCaRbCaBlrdsamBamak; bklmitCagenaHeTot
KWRTg;manbnl kgnamCabitaCatikm<Ca. bnab;BITuk[RbCaCnRKb;rUbbeBajeyabl;Gs;ehIy
sniPaBGsarbg;
621
RTg;)anbeBajnUv sMeNIsMudlmitsRmab;karpSHpSaCati tamrysnisITGnrCatimYysIBIkm<Ca.

sMeNIsMuenaHrYmmanbBaIraynamGk]btmGgsnisIT kdUcCalkNTg;Catikm<CafI nigGtnyn
bTceRmgCati. enAkgeBlenaHmanEtExrRkhmmYyKt;EdlCMTas;nwgsMeNIsMurbs;RTg;.
taMgBIqaM1979mk enHKWCaelIkTImYyehIyEdlExrRkhmenAekaEtg. edaymin)ac;man
sMbuRthtelxaTMnak;TMngGVI semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn )anyl;RBmCYbKamgeTotenAqaM
dEdl enARbeTs)araMg.
kd m:ataMg nig GuIhr r:UhaqUv eBjcity:agxaMg.
RbkbedayPaBCasasnTUtdemaHmut bursTaMgBIr )anRbwgERbgeFVI[ExrRkhmTn;exSay edIm,I
qgkat;[putnUv]bsKbnab;nkarcrcaedIm,IsniPaBenAkm<Ca. \Lv r:UhaqUv GaccrcanUvsMeNIsMumYy
fIeTotCamYycin. dUecHKat;k)aneFVIdMeNIreTAeb:kaMgenAfTI28 ExsIha kgryeBlBIrbIf edIm,I
crcaCamYyPaKImageTotrbs;Kat; eTon Cineby. vKyuTsasmYyRtvcMNayeBlGs; 16em:ag.
r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {vaCakMhusBIxagBYkeyIgEdlxMeFVI[eXIjfa KanbBaaGVIesaHenAkm<Ca.
vinyrbs;BYkeyIg KWRtvEtniyayCanicfaeTenaHminEmnCabBaaeTRbsinebIcinelIkfaenaHCabBaa.
\LveyIgseRmccitnwgniyayCamYycinedaycMh. eyIgseRmccitfa nwgdak;CUnnUvTisedAmYyfa
{nwgBRgIkTMhMnkarRsuHRsYlrbs;eyIg ehIybRgmPaBminRsuHRsYlrbs;eyIg}.
r:UhaqUv)anbnfa {evotNam)ancab;epImniyayBIerOg kardkTBecjBIkm<CataMgBIyUrmk
ehIy. eyIgelIkykerOgenaHmkesIcMeBaHcin eRBaHfa Kanpvpal;elIkmkdl;cincMeBaHbBaaenHeT.
xagcin)ankMNt;fedIm,I[evotNamdkTBecj. eyIgk)anelIkBIsMeNIsMurbs;Gaemrik nUvfExBit
R)akd. b:uEnevotNam )aneFVIkarseRmccitBIfExedIm,IdkTBrYceTAehIy. minGaceTArYceLIyfa
BYkeKminRBmTTYlykmkBicarNa nUvsMNUmBrrbs;mhaGMNacdTeTotenaH. enATIbBab;fExnkar
dkTBrbs;BYkeK kRtvfKaCamYykarelIekLIgrbs;cin}.
dMNak;kal\LvenaH KWeq<aHeTArkkarRsuHRsYlKarvagcin nigsUevot. r:UhaqUv kMBugEtxiteTACit
dl;TisedArbs;Kat;.
m:ataMgkdUecaHEdr. enAExdEdlenAfTI24 ExkBaa RbFanaFibtI)araMg mIetr:g; )anCYbCamYy
semc RBHneratm sIhnu enATIRkg):arIs. emdwknaMTaMgBIr)anCYbBiPakSaKaGs;ryeBl 45naTI
ehIyyl;RBmfa )araMgnwgerobcM[mankarRbCMusnisITEbbGnrCatielIbBaakm<Ca. enAraRtIfdEdl
rdmnIkarbreTsDuym:as)anerobcMelogGahareBlraRtIEbbkargarmYy CamYysemc RBHneratm
622
sIhnu edIm,IBiPakSaBIcMNuclmitrbs;snisIT. m:ataMg k)anes,IyciteRcIn. RbeTs)araMgnwgeFVICa

mas;pHnkarRbCuMsnisIT edIm,IsniPaBsRmab;GtItRbeTseRkamGaNaniKmrbs;xn ehIyrkSanUv
\TiBlrbs;xnenAGasuIGaeKy_ nigmin[Fak;BItMENgmhaGMNacEdl)araMgdak;[xngeT.
naqaMenaH RKb;y:aghak;bIdUcCamandMeNIrkareTA)anl. enAmhasni)atGgkarshRbCa
Cati nardUvswkeQIRCHqaMenaH ekAGIrbs;km<CaenAGgkarshRbCaCati Rtv)aneKGFib,ayfa Carbs;
rdaPi)alkm<Ca eRkamkardwknaMrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu. enAtampveTATIRkg ):arIs hun Esn
)ancUlCYbCamYy eGDUGat esv:adNadehS enATIRkgmUs: . enATIenaHKat;)anCYbCamYy sWn san nig
semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAsanTUtExrEdleTIbCYsCulrYc. enAExvicika naykrdmnIcin
)anRbkasfa RKb;CMnYybreTsTaMgGs; dl;Rkmpac;xnrbs;km<CanwgRtvbBab; bnab;BIkardkTB
evotNamecjBIkm<Ca. enAExF TBevotNamcMnYn 50000nak; )andkecjBIkm<Ca.
ehIyenAExFdEdl rdmnIkarbreTscin eKon KIecn )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkgmU:s edIm,ICYbCamYy
esv:adNadehS BiPakSaepatelIbBaakm<Ca. eKon KIecn eRkaymk)anCYbniyayCamYy eha)aqUv
ehIyBYkKat;k)anRBmeRBgeFVIsnisITkMBUl cin-sUevot enAedImqaM1989.
qaM1989 CaqaMEdlsnanUveCaKCy.
enAedImqaM hun Esn )anRbkasfa fExnkardkkgTBevotNamTaMgRsug nwgGacxitmkelOn
Cagmun. evotNamnwgecjGs;enAExkBaa RbsinebIsnisBaasniPaBGacekItmaneLIg enArdUvekA
qaMenaH.eTaHbICasnisBaasniPaBminGacekItmankedaykTBevotNamenAEtdkecjGs; y:agyUr
bMputenAcugExF. karRbkasrbs; hun Esn eFVIeLIgenArdUvrMehIynaExmkra KWeFVIeLIgCakarRbECg
minEmnCakarbnrbnyeT. Kat;kMBugbeBajxnKat;enAelIqakneya)ayGnrCati edaybgajnUv
emaTnPaBdmanHrbs;Kat; EdlRKb;KaenAkgRbeTs)andwgrYcmkehIy. \LvenH KWseRmcelITB
nigRbeTsTaMgLaynPaKImageTot dUcCardaPi)alcRmHrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigExrRkhm
RBmTaMg shrdGaemrik RbeTsGasan cin nigCb:un faetIGacedIrdl;cMNucsniPaBEdlBYkeKecaTfa
Kat;nwg evotNamkMBugraraMgEdreT.
Rsab;EtmYyrMeBcenaH RbeTsfk)aneqIytbnwg hun Esn. cab;taMgBIeBleLIgkan;tMENg
mk elaknaykrdmnIfI qaTIq Qunhav:an nigRkmTIRbwkSaekgrbs;Kat; )an[tRmyCaeRcInBIerOg
enH. BYkeKcg;bMEbkrUbPaBeTarTn;eTArkshrdGaemrikrbs;BYkeK. manEtmnusSBIrbInak;b:ueNaH
EdlTuksmIenaHCakarBit. qaTIq RbEhlCaQHkare)aHeqat EdlmanlkNRbCaFibetyCag
sniPaBGsarbg;
623
eKmYy b:uEnKannrNamak;Kitfa naykrdmnIrUbenH nwgEkERbCMhrrbs;RbeTsfenAelIBiPBelak

eLIy. m:ageTot qaTIq pal; CabuKlEdlmanTMnukcitelIxng nigKYrCaTIcab;GarmN_ b:uEn minEmn
CabuKlEdlmanlkNbdivtn_enaHeT. Fab;CaGtItraCTUt CaGkCMnYj EdlmanR)ak;rab;lan nig
CaGkneya)ayCan;x<s;mYyrUb EdlFab;CaemTahandBUEkmak; Kat;KYrEtyl;fa enAeBlEdlemdwknaM
mak;QaneCIgecjqayBIRBMEdneBk emTBnwgeFVIrdRbharTmak;eKminxan. eTaHbICa qaTIq man
ekreQaHfa CaGkBUEkRbfuyRbfan nigl,IxagGMeBIBukrlYy edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgCIvPaBdx<g;x<s;rbs;
Kat;keday kKat;minRtv)aneKKitfa CaGkeFVI[mankarrMeCIbrMCYlenaHeT.
tRmydMbUgEdlbBaak;pyBIKMnitxagelIKWRkmTIRbwkSarbs;Kat;. BYkeKsuTEtekg ehIy
RbsinebIBYkeKminesIerITaMgRsugenaHeTIbCaerOgmYyEdlcEmk. GkCaslRkmKWkUnRbsrbs;Kat;
Rksak; Qunhav:an. GkTTYlxusRtvxagneya)aybreTsrbs;Kat;KW pan;sak; vijy:ar:at; EdlCa
GkCMnajxagviTasasneya)ayBIRbeTsGaemrik ehIyk)anFab;Cab;Kuk edaysarKMnitEbkeqVg
rbs;Kat; kgkareFVIrdRbharenAqaM1976Edr. Kat;)annireTsxneTAenAshrdGaemrik ehIyRtLb;
cUlRsukvijenAqaM1980 edaynaMmkCamYynUvkaryl;dwgdRCaleRCABIneya)ayGaemrik nigbBaI
eQaHdRkas;nRkmGkkaEst nigGkneya)ayenAshrdGaemrik nigGWr:ubpg.
pan;sak;)ay niyayfa qaTIq )anR)ab;TIRbwkSarbs;Kat;TaMgBIrrUbenaHfaKat;cg; {cUlkg
RbeTskm<CakgryeBlmYyqaMxagmuxenH}. ehtuplenABIeRkayenaH KWcg;dak;)agkkeTAkgcMNuc
sMxan;nGasuIGaeKy_ nigR)ab;dl;RbeTssigburIfa BYkeKcg;CMnYstMENgsigburICacMNucslnesd
kicRbcaMtMbn;vij. enATsvtSr_qaM80 CaeBlEdlRbeTsTaMgLayrYcputBIRkjaMkumynis mankar
lUtlas;esdkicy:agsem,Im ehIyRbeTssigburI CaRbeTsmYyEdlkarrIklUtlas; manPaBelc
eFaCageKbgs;. mkdl;RtwmqaM1989 sigburI )anrIklUtlas;elOnCagRbeTsnanaenAGWr:ub kg
visymYycMnYn. cMNUlkgbuKlmak;enARbeTssigburI mankRmitx<s;CagcRkPBGg;eKs EdlFab;
CaRbeTsdak;GaNaniKmenAsigburIdl;qaM1957eTAeTot. CagenHeTAeTot GRtasab;rbs;kumarenA
RbeTssigburImancMnYnticCagGRtaenAshrdGaemrik. rdEdlmanTMhMRtwmEtCaTIRkgRbeTssigburI
Rtv)anRbeTsnana enAkgtMbn;mankarsJb;EsJgy:agxaMg. tamryGRtaPaKeRcInnCnCaticinenA
kgRbeTs sigburICaRbeTsTImYy EdlTajykplRbeyaCn_ecjBIkarebIkTIpSarrbs;cinenAqaM
1985 edaydak;[mankarvinieyaKTuny:agFMenARbeTscin. xusBIRkmGkCMnYjcinenAeRkARsukmYy
cMnYn cin sigburInasmyTMenIb minRsvaykEtcin ehIye)aHvinieyaKTunCamYyRbeTsxaglicecal
624
eLIy. enAqaM1989 sigburI )annaMTMnijeTAkan;shrdGaemrik kgTwkR)ak;cMnYn 9ekadidular shrd

Gaemrik eRbbeTAnwgRbeTsfEdlnaMrbs;eTAkan;shrdGaemrikkgTwkR)ak;cMnYn 4/4ekadidular
shrdGaemrik. cMNucenaHeFVI[ qaTIq mankarxwg ehIyKitfa pvmYyEdlelIktemIgtMENgrbs;f
KWkarbegInTMnak;TMngeTAkgRbeTsenA\Ncin ehIynaMevotNam nigkm<Ca[cUlkgRkmvij. edIm,Inwg
eFVIeTA)anluHRtaEtsgamenAkm<CabBab;.
qaTIq )anEfgsunrkfaenAkgBiFIcUlkan;tMENgrbs;Kat;fa Kat;cg;EkERb\Ncin {BITIlan
RbyuT[kayeTACaTIpSarCMnYjvij}. Rbsasn_enaHmanlkNbdivtn_y:agxaMg. RbeTsf Fab;Ca
kEngsRmab;RbyuT ehIynaykrdmnIfI minGacecHEtcg;pas;brxag kbrxag y:agdUecH)anLIy.
enAeBlEdlkarRbqaMgmanPaBsb;sat;bnic Kat;kniyayfa Kat;RKan;Etcg;sgt;Fn;fa esdkickan;
EtmansarsMxan;xaMgeLIgBImYyfeTAmYyf ehIyKat;cg;[RbeTsfkayCacMNuclUtlas;CageK
enAGasuIGaeKy_. Kat;k)anlubecalTisedA{BITIlanRbyuTkCaTIpSar} ecjBIsunrkfarbs;Kat;enA
sPa.
bnab;mkKat;kedIrpveRkammg. Kat;)anpas;brneya)ayfedaysmat; sMedAmkxag
evotNam nigkm<Cavij. enAExFKat;)anbBan]tmesniybBaakarrbs;Kat;eTARbeTsLaveday
smat; EdlCaRbeTsmYy EdlRbeTsfEtgEtmanTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYylCaFmta. enATIenaH
elak]tmembBaakar k)anCYbKaeRkApvkarCamYysemc hun Esn. eRkaymkenAExmkra qaTIq
)ancab;epImGnuvtviFankarcMeBaH\NcindPJak;epIlrbs;Kat;. Kat;)anbBanrdmnIkarbreTsrbs;
Kat;elak suIFI saev:t suILa rYmCamYyRkmGkGmdMeNIrcMnYn70nak;[eTAhaNUy edIm,IbBab;kar
eRbHqarvagKanwgKaGs;ryeBlrab;TsvtSr_mkehIy. taMgBIqaM1960 f)anenABIeRkaysRtv
rbs;evotNam. f)anGnuBaat[shrdGaemrike)aHCMrMenAelITwkdIrbs;xn edIm,ITmak;RKab;EbkenA
evotNam. ehIy\Lv )anpl;dl;ExrRkhm nigRkmclnatsUExreTotnUvCMrMTB nigsiTieFVIRbti
btikarepSgenAkg nigeRkARbeTsf. RbsinebIKankarsKsajrbs;f karRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKg
rbs;TBevotNamenAelIdIkm<Ca kRbEhlCaKanEdr. kareFVITsSnkicrbs; suIFI eTAhaNUy
)aneFVI[mankarEkERbvinyxH nEl,genAkm<Ca.
eRkaymkenAcugExenaH qaTIq )anGeBaIj[ hun Esn eTATIRkg)agkkCaePJvpal;xnrbs;
naykrdmnIf. karedIrRkLaBIrbIenH )aneFVI[mankarrMeCIbrMCYlenAkgcMeNamRkmtsU nigGkKaMRT
rbs;BYkeK.cMNgeCIgFMenAkgTMBrkaEstsesrfa{hun EsneTACYb qaTIqenAfenH}{fminfy
sniPaBGsarbg;
625
eRkaycMeBaHbBaakm<CaeLIy} {km<Ca)anQHmYyRKab;enATwkcugeRkay} {cUlnaMKaeFVIkarCECkEvk

EjkCasaFarNmYysIBIbBaakm<Ca} nig{hun Esn eTACYbkarEbgEck}.
fCaRbeTssMxan;mYynGasan EdlshrdGaemrikKitfanwgedIrtamenaH EbrCadkeCIgecjBI
RkmeTAvij. qaTIq kMBugelogGaharraRtICamYysRtv. hun Esn nigGkGmdMeNIrrbs;Kat; )anedIr
ftrUbeBjTIRkg dUcCaePJveTscrenAviharRBHEkvmrkt nigftrUbCaePJvkitiysCamYynaykrd
mnIf. TIRbwkSamak;rbs; qaTIq elak Pansak; niyayfa {enHCaelIkdMbUgehIy Edlneya)ay
rbs;fmanscFm nigCak;Esg. eyIgcg;eFVICakatalIkredIm,IbBab;GMeBIhigSa}.
hun Esn )anmanRbsasn_dEdlfa {cg;bBaak;[c,as;fa cMNucsMxan;nkarCYbCECkrvag
eyIg KWedIm,IbBab;karkab;smab;Ka nigedIm,IbBab;sgamenAkm<Ca}.
km<Ca)aneFVIkarRBmeRBgBaNiCkmmYycMnYnCamYyf. Pambnab;enaH fk)anbBanRkmmin
EmnCapvkarmYymkRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IviPaKemIlkassRmab;BaNiCkm nigvinieyaKTun. qaTIq
EdlCaBaNiCkrEdrenaH )anemIleXIjnUvkasdFMeFg sRmab;[BaNiCkmf mkEsVgrkEr:t,genA
kgRB nigbwg Edlsm,reTAedayRtIrbs;km<Ca. GktMNagrbs;Kat; lIXIt hugLadarum )an
GFib,ayBnl;KMnitrbs;Kat;xagelIenaH[BieraHsab;fa {naykrdmnIrbs;BYkeyIg KWcg;man
Rbsasn_fa sRtvBitR)akdrbs;km<Ca KWPaBRkIRk}.
fEdlenAeBlenaHkMBugEtbUmykR)ak;BICMnYjxusc,ab; enAtamRBMEdnrYcmkehIyenaH KWnwg
mankasmuneK edIm,IbUmykR)ak;Rsbc,ab; Edlnwgrk)aneBlsgamRtvbBab;. TIRbwkSarbs;
qaTIq Rtv)aneKriHKn;fa eFVIcritdUcnisSiteroncb;minRBmcas;KMnit. cMENkKat;vijRtv)aneKriHKn;
fa rs;enAhWuha manRsIraMtaMgBIkgeBlGaharfRtg;. b:uEnenAkgr)aMgmuxenaH Kat;CamnusSEdlman
PaBht;ct;Nas;. Kat;cg;[esdkicrbs;f lUtlas;kgGRtaBIrxg;dUcRbeTssigburIEdr ehIy
eRkaymk eRkamkardwknaMrbs;Kat; karlUtlas;rbs;esdkicfkeLIgdl; 13PaKry. Kat;cg;
bBab;karKaMRT rbs;fdl;sgamenAkm<Ca CaBiessKW b:ul Bt EdlKat;BiBNnafa CamnusS
gb;gl;nwglTikal;m:akS.
GkesuIbkarN_TBf)anraykarN_R)ab; qaTIq fa eTaHbICamankarPyxac nigkarRbwgBak;mux
sigrbs;ExrRkhmkeday kExrRkhmminGacykkm<Cavij)anEdr. b:uEnTBrbs; hun Esn kminBUEk
dl;kRmitlubbM)at;TBEdlRbqaMg[Gs; nigTb;sat;karbgak;dMeNIrRsukeTsrbs;BYkenaHdUcKa. kar
vayRbyuTKa minEmnCadMeNaHRsayeLIy. qaTIq dwgc,as;fa {kgsanPaBGaRkk;bMput EdlExr
626
RkhmeFVIkarKMramkMEhgcMeBaHPMeBjenaH KanRbeTsNamYy hanRbfuydak;TBeCIgTwkrbs;BYkeK[

cUlmkRbeTskm<CaeT eTaHbICashrdGaemrikkI bcinkI}.
edaysarehtudUecH RbeTsfenAEtCaTItaMgmYy sRmab;mhaGMNacTaMgLay kgkarbg)atu
PUtnana.
dUecH qaTIq kbBaHbBalRbeTsmhGMNacmYycMnYn CaBiess shrdGaemrik {kMu[Kit
RbeTsenAGasuIGaeKy_ nig\Ncin kgnyTB b:uEnKitkgnyesdkicneya)ayvij. ehIyeyIgRtv
karedaHRsaybBaarbs;km<Ca kgeBlqab;xagmux}.
bnab;BIdMeNIrTsSnkicrbs; hun Esn naykrdmnIf)anbnyuTnakarrbs;Kat; ehIyeFVIdMeNIr
eTAeb:kaMgedIm,ICYbCamYy etg savBIg nigCYbBiPakSaCamYymhaGMNac EdlenABIeRkayRkmtsU
RbqaMg.tamsmIrbs; pan;sak; emdwknaMcin)anxwgy:agxaMg ehIykRbedAqaTIq.b:uEn qaTIq)ankat;
karRbedArbs;Kat; enARtg;kEngEdlKat;niyayGMBIkarQanBanrbs;sUevot ehIyniyayfa {enaH
CaerOgGtItkal. BYkeyIgFab;)ansakl,gsgt;RbeTsevotNam nigkm<Ca Gs;ryeBl11qaM
mkehIy eXIjfa minman)ankarGVITaMgGs;. enHminEmnCaviFImYykgTMnak;TMngenAtamtMbn;enaHeT}.
eRkaymk qaTIq )anniyaybnfa {cinRbEhlCaGaccaM)an 10qaMeTot EteyIgminGaccaM
)aneT}. eTaHbICaxwgnwg qaTIq keday etg )ancab;epImerobcMviFankaredIm,IedIreTACamYy\NcineTA
ehIy. muneBl hun Esn eTA)agkk cin)anGeBaIj]bnaykrdmnIevotNammkRbeTscin edIm,I
CYbBiPakSaCaelIkTImYy rvagRbeTsTaMgBIreRkayryeBlElgTak;TgKamYyTsvtSr_.
BIrbIs)ah_eRkaymk enAfTI2 Exkum qaM1989 esv:adNadehS )anmkdl;eb:kaMg edIm,I
cUlrYmeFVIkarRbCMuBiPakSaCamYycin EdlnaMeTAdl;karGeBaIjCapvkarmYycMeBaH eha)aqUv [mk
TsSnkicenARbeTscin nigTTYlsal;CapvkarmYyfa TBevotNamnwgdkecjenAqaM1989.
Rkmbdibkkm<Ca )anCYbRbCMuBiPakSaKamgeTot enATIRkghSakata. b:uEn tictYcNas; Edl)an
lTpl eRBaHfaRKb;PaKI suTEtdwgfa RbeTsmhaGMNacTaMgLay EdlnwgcUlRbCMusnisITsniPaBna
rdUvekA nwgCYyTamTar[BYkeK. eBlenaH mankarpas;brdFMmYy EdlCaeCaKCyrbs; hun Esn
KWKat;GaceFVI[RkmTaMgLay TTYlyl;RBm{karkarBaredIm,IkMu[ekItmaneLIgmgeTot nUvneya)ay
RblyBUCsasn_ nigkarGnuvtn_nrbb b:ul Bt}.
eRkaymk enAfTI5 Exemsa evotNam)anRbkasdkTBecjBIkm<Ca edayKanlkxN enA
fTI30 ExkBaa. b:uEnBtmanrbs;evotNam Rtv)an)aMgCaRsemal edayBtmanFMmYyeTot Edl
sniPaBGsarbg;
627
naM[mankarERbRbly:agxaMgEdr ehIyCaBtmanEdlkan;EtFMeLIg eTAtamkarvivtneBlevla

EdleRkaymk kayCakarcarwkTukkgRbvtisasneya)ay.
mankarpas;brrdaPi)alenAshrdGaemrik eday ccbUs Rtv)anRbCaCnGaemrike)aHeqat
[eFVICaRbFanaFibtI enAExvicika qaM1988 ehIyerobBiFIeLIgkan;tMENgenAExmkra qaM1989. enA
fTI15 Exkum sUevot)andkTBelIkcugeRkayrbs;eKecjBIRbeTsGahanIsan. enAeBlrdmnI
karbreTsfI eCm ebkW rbs; bUs )anCYbCamYy esv:adNadehS enATIRkgevotNamCaelIkTImYy
enAExmIna enaH RbeTsTaMgLayenAGWr:ubxagekItmankarERbRbly:agxaMg. enAfTI2 ExmIna Tahan
hugharI )ancab;epImplrMlMCBaaMglYs tamRBMRbTl;CamYyRbeTsGURTIs. enaHCaelIkTImYy nkar
bMEbkrnaMgEdkedayBitR)akd.
KWEpkxagenH nsgamRtCak; Edl)ansitenAkgcitrbs; ebkW enAeBlEdlKat;eFVIdMeNIreTA
TIRkgmUs ryeBlBIrbIfenAfTI10 Ex]sPa edIm,ICYbRbCMuCamYy esv:adNadehS nigemdwknaM
sUevot eha)aqUv. cMENkenAGasuIvij min)ansitenAkgcit nigKeRmagrbs;Kat;eT. eTaHbICaeBl
enaH enAekokeBlEdl eha)aqUv bRmgnwgeTAeb:kaMgedIm,IsRmHsRmlTMnak;TMngcin-sUevotkeday
kcMNucbIrbs; ebkW enAkgeBlRbCMu KWkarsRmlTMnak;TMngCaTUeTArvagsUevot nigshrdGaemrik
karnaMcUlGavuFeTAGaemrikkNal nigkarRbCMu EdlbRmgnwgekItmanrvagemdwknaMnRbeTsTaMgBIr.
BYkeKk)an niyayBIkardkGavuFnuyekEGrBIGWr:ubxagekIt karRKb;RKgGavuFepSgeTot nigkarRbCMu
NATO. bnab;BIkarCYbRbCMuCamYy eha)aqUv mk ebkW )armfa {drabNaeyIgGaceFVI)annUvKeRmag
EdlmanlkNRsemIRsm Ebbneya)aysRmab;karRbCMu NatU EdlnwgekIteLIgenAeBlCitmYy
ExeTAmuxeTotenaH eyIgnwgRtvsUevot)aMgmux)at; xagEpkkarTUtedaysar eha)aqUv}.
eXIjfa eha)aqUv RtveK)aMg)at;eTAvij EtminEmnedaysarEtemdwknaMsMxan; enAelIBiPB
elakeT KWedaysarEtmankareFVI)atukmEdleFVIeLIgedayRkmRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alcin rab;Ban;nak;
enATIlaneFonGanem:n.
RbCaCnGaemrikPaKeRcIn minsUvyl;c,as;GMBIbBaasgamRtCak;enAGasuI. BYkeKyl;c,as;
CagGMBIsgamRtCak;elITIvanGWr:ub. PaBmincuHsRmgKarvagsUevot nigshrdGaemrik enAGWr:ub
CaerOgmYyEdlRsYlviPaKyl;Cag. magCaEpkelakxaglic EdlRbkan;lTiRbCaFibety ehIy
RbBnmUlFnniym )ancgPab;GWr:ubxaglicCamYyshrdGaemrikenAkgsm<nTB NatU. mageTot
CaEpkelakxagekIt. rdnanaenAGWr:ubxagekIt Rtv)anbgM[cUlkgRbBnrdGMNackumynisCamYynwg
628
shPaBsUevot nigsm<nTBnktikasBaasgam. CBaaMgmYyRtv)andak;xNTIRkgEbrLaMg. rhUt

dl;RtwmqaM1989 eXIjc,as;faRbBnTIpSarmUlFnniymmaneCaKCyCag ehIyRbCaCnenAelak
xagekIt KaMRTkarpas;brEbbRbCaFibety. karsRmHsRmlKansgamRtCak; eXIjekItman
enAdUcRbeTshugharICaedIm. TahanhugharI )anvayTmayCBaaMglYscUleTAkgRbeTsGURTIs.
enAGasuIvij manPaBsKsajCagenaH.
dl;qaM1989 sgamRtCak;enAGasuIedIrelIsBIkarmincuHsRmgKarvagRbeTsmUlFnniym
nigRbeTskumynis ehIy)anFak;dl;CemaHrvagRbeTskumynisBIr cin nigsUevot. enAqaM1979
eRkayeBlEdlRbFanaFibtICImmI kaFr)anpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYycin shrdGaemrik)anKaMRTcin.
eBlEdlshrdGaemrikcUlCamYycin RbeTsCb:un nigRbeTsnanaenAGasuIGaeKy_ keFVItam.
bBaacab;epImdMbUg KWbBaadeNImGMNacneya)ay dUcCakarPyxaccMeBaHkarQanBanrbs;sUevot
enAGahanIsan nigkarQanBanrbs;evotNamenAkm<CaCaedIm. eRkaymkeTot kardeNImGMNac
)anbnrmkRtwmkarelgestneya)ayvij. enHminEmnCabBaaxusKarvagkumynis nigmUlFn
niymeT. cMeBaHshPaBsUevotvij TIpSaresrIcab;epImcak;RKwHenAGasuI. dUcCaenAshPaBsUevot
mUlFn TIpSaresrI )ancab;epImekItmanenARbeTskumynisnana enAGasuI. enARbeTscin nigevot
Nam kmankarERbRblEpkesdkic eTaHRbBnneya)ayrbs;BYkeK enAdEdlkeday. kareFVIdMeNIr
eTAmkenARbeTskumynis kcab;epImebIkcMh. hugkug ElgCakEngnelakesrIenAeRkAb:uscin
EtmYyeTotehIy b:uEnenAEtCaRckpvesdkic CaFnaKarnRbPBvinieyaKTunGnrCati EdlhUrcUl
RbeTscinCagBak;kNaldEdl. karRbECgRbQmmuxKaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuI
karRbyuTnsgamRtCak;dsahavbMputenA\Ncin nigkUer: minTan;cb;BitR)akdenAeLIyeT. lTi
kumynisEdlsitenAkgrUbPaBfI )ancak;bsy:agrwgmaMenAcin evotNam nigkUer:xageCIg. GIVEdl
)anseRmc KWRbeTsTaMgLayminfaRbeTsenHkan;neya)ayEbbNaeT KW)anetomxnrYcCaeRsc
edIm,IebIkpvKaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyeFVIRtab;tamneya)ayrbs; qaTIq TaMgGs; Edlfa EkERbTVIbTaMg
Gs;BIkEngsmrPUmieTACaTIpSarvij.
karbEgVTisnsgamRtCak;EbbGasuIKW RbeTsmhaGMNackumynisTaMgBIr RtvsRmHsRml
Kamunnwg vaMgnnbsSIFak;mkelIBYkeK. ehIyenaHKWCaeKalbMNgndMeNIrrbs; eha)aqUv mkeb:kaMg
enAEx]sPa qaM1989.
mIxaGuIl eha)aqUv )anmkdl;eb:kaMgenAfTI15 Ex]sPa qaM1989. eBlenaHsMNYrTImYy
sniPaBGsarbg;
629
EdlRKb;KaecaTsYrkgcitenaHKW {ehtuGVI)anCakicRbCMuenaHminRtv)aneKelIkf?}.
enAcMeBlenaH manRkm)atukrkUnsisSrab;muWnnak; )anmkenABaseBjvaleFonGanem:n Ca
kEngEdlnwgRtveKTTYlsVaKmn_ eha)aqUv Capvkar. BYkRkmnisiStcin)anelIkfGbGrsaTrTiva
yuTCn mkeFVIkarkan;Tukkarsab;Pamrbs; hU y:av)ag EdlCaemdwknaMmYyrUbrbs;BYkeK. enAtam
pvsniPaBsYKaeTAvaleFonGaem:n BYkeK)anERskbnfa {lTiRbCaFibety eyIgcg;)anlTiRbCa
Fibety}. BYkeK)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIsMNak;RbCaCnRKb;RsTab; cab;taMgBIkmkrrhUtdl;GkCMnaj
edayBYkeK)anpl;dl;Rkm)atukrnUvTwk nigmbGahar bkcUlrYmedIrCamYyBYkeKenAkgTIlanenaH.
PamenaH )atukmenH)ankayCa)atukmsuIvilmYydFMCageKbgs; enAkgRbvtisaskumyniscin.
BYkeK )anTamTar[dak;bBallTiRbCaFibetyeTAkgmhictarbs;cin kgkmviFIGPivDn_TMenIb
rbs;cin.
eha)aqUv )aneFVIdUcGVIEdlRkmnisiStenaH TamTareday)anbBal eb:er:ssyka cUleTAkg
Epnkar GPivDn_TMenIbrbs;RbeTsKat; Edl)anmkdl;cMeBlGaRkk;bMputEdlGaceTArYc. RkmRbqaMg
rdaPi)alcincat;TukKat;CavIrCn. cMENkmas;pHrbs;Kat; EdlnwgTTYlkarCYbRbCMuCamYyKat; Ebr
CaKitfa KMnitrbs;Kat;sIBIlTiRbCaFibetyenAkglTikumynis CaKMnitdeRKaHfak;mYy. bdaenA
tamTIlaneFonGaem:n RbEhlCaniyayBIKat;dUcCa {GKrdTUtRbCaFibety} b:uEnKat;minRtv)an
eKGnuBaat[eXIjbda kareFVIkUdkmedayGt;Gahar nigtg;e)aHenAtamTIlanenaHeT. pyeTAvij
eK)anbrTItaMgTTYlKat;eTAvalynehaH EdlKanTaMgRBMRkhmpg.
eBlevladviessnCyCmHEpkkickarTUtrbs; etg EdlnwgRtveFVIeLIgkgfTIBIrndMeNIr
TsSnkicbIfrbs; eha)aqUv nwgRtveFVIenAmhasalRbCaCn. EtkEngenaHRtvnisiStykeFVI
cMNab;xaMg. eBldviessenaH KWkarCYbKarvag etg nigeha)aqUv edIm,IsRmbsRmlTMnak;TMngrvag
RbeTsTaMgBIr bnab;BImankareRbHqaGs;ryeBlsamsibqaMmkehIy. enAnaTIcugeRkay emdwknaM
sUevot Rtv)anrujeTATVarcMehognTIlan edIm,I[CYbnwg etg. eha)aqUv )ancuHhtelxaCamYy etg
nUvcMNucTaMg18 edaymandak;bBaakm<CaCacMNuccm,g enAkgbBaIEdlKeRmagnwgkgeBlbniceTot
seRmc. emdwknaMcinRtv)anGeBaIj[eTATsSnkicenAsUevot.
enAfbnab; EdlCafcugeRkayndMeNIrTsSnkic eha)aqUv RtvCYbniyayCamYyGksar
BtmanGnrCatiEdlCYbCMuKaCaRbvtisas. b:uEnsnisITkaEstenH esIrEtnwgRtvlubecaleTA
ehIy edaysarEtRkmLanrbs; eha)aqUv Rtv)aMgsHeday)atukrenAtampvmkkan;mhasal
630
RbCaCn. enAeBlEdl)atukrdwgfaRkmLanKNRbtiPUenaHCanrNa BYkeKkebIkpv[Kat;eTA.

eBlmkdl;Kat;Rtv)anTTYlkarehakeBavedayRkmnisiSt b:uEnRtvRbyteFVI[mas;pHKat;Tas;
cit. enAeBlKat;eTAdl;xagkg eha)aqUv niyayfa BYkRkm)atukreFVIeTAelOneBk. Kat;niyayfa
{BYkeyIg kmanRkmBYkQamekA Edlcg;EkERbrbbsgmniymkgryeBldxIEdr b:uEnenAkgCIvitBit
erOgr:avvaminGaceFVIeTA)anelOndUccg;)aneT. ehIyGVIEdlGaceFVIeTA[elOn)an KWmanEtkgerOg
niTanb:ueNaH}.
eRkaymkemdwknaMsUevot)aneFVIdMeNIrRtLb;eTARbeTsvij dUecHemdwknaMcinkbeNay[kar
riHKn;TaMgLaybneTA.
)atukmedIm,IlTiRbCaFibety )anekIteLIgenAtamextRkgCMuvijRbeTscin ehIyRkmGksar
BtmanCaeRcInenAcaMeFVIkarpSayBtman. karpSaybnpal;tamryviT nigTUrTsSn_)aneFVIecjBI
TIlaneFonGanem:n. manmnusSCagmYylannak; )anecjmkKaMRTkareFVIkUdkmGt;GaharenH.
min)anBIrfeRkaymkpg enAfTI20 Ex]sPa etg )ancab;eFVIRbtibtikar. rdaPi)al)aneRbIc,ab;
GaCJaswkenAkEngxHnrdFanI ehIy)anbBaaTB[cUleTARkgeb:kaMg edIm,IrkSasNab;Fab;. enA
s)ah_dtwgEtgeRkaymk BYknisiSt)anrg;caMnUvkarvayluk EdleKmin)anKitTukCamun. cMnYnRkm
)atukrkcab;epImfycuH enAeBlEdlehtukarN_enATIlaneFonGanem:n cab;epImGaRkk; ehIy)atukr
mYycMnYncab;epImcuHcaj;cMeBaHCMgWepSg.eRkaymkPamenaHenAfTI3 Exmifunaetg)anbBaaTB[
vayluk. BYkeKRtvsRmkcUltamhVgmnusSenAtampvnRkgeb:kaMg ehIyTTYlrgenAkarcMGk
LkLWy BIsMNak;RbCaCnenAtampvfa BYkeKCa {TBRbCaCn} Edlkg;Lanrbs;BYkeKRtvRbCaCncak;
[FUrxl;Gs;. dl;eBlfRtg;yuTnakardeRKaHfak; nigeBjFwgmYy edIm,IbMEbkRkmclnaRbqaMg
)ancab;dMeNIrkar. karRbyuTcab;epImpHeLIgenAtamkEngmYycMnYnenAkgTIRkg. RkmTB)aneRbI
]snbgrTwkEPk nigvayRkm)atukr. eKniyayfa manTBRbmanCag 300/000nak; )andak;
BRgayenAkg nigCMuvijeb:kaMg. dl;em:ag6knHlac rdaPi)albBaa[RKb;Kaecj[Gs;BIelIpv.
karsmab;)ancab;epImenAem:ag10yb; edayTBEdlcUlmkBITisxaglic. rnaMgrfynRkg
nigLan eqHTaMgCYr minGacbBab;BYkeK[sRmkcUlkgTIlaneFonGanem:n)aneT. eRkaymkeXIj
BYkeKecjmkBITisepSgKa. TB)an)aj;sRmkelIRkm)atukr nigRbCaCn Edlminsab;bgab;rda
Pi)alEdl[enAEtkgpH. pveBareBjeTAedayQam edayTBeRbIkaMePIgGaka 47rbs;BYkeK)aj;
nige)aHRKab;Ebk nig)aj;EpSgbgrTwkEPk edIm,IEvkpvcUleTAkgTIlaneFonGanem:mn. kUnsisS
sniPaBGsarbg;
631
mak; )anERskeTATahanfa {emIleTAfag)aneFVIGVIxHmkelIbgbnrbs;g}. karvaykemcrbs;

rdaPi)almkelIRbCaCnEdlKanGavuF Rtv)anpSBVpSayCaBtmanCMuvijBiPBelak.
Gk)aj;GavuFkgCYrTB )an)aj;erIsykGkenACYrmuxnk,n)atukr ehIyRkmGaveRkaH nigrf
eRkaHsRmkcUl ehIykinGVITaMgGs; EdlenABaMgmuxBYkeK. TBRbCaCncin)aneFVIXadRbCaCanrab;
Ban;nak;edayKansayeRkayGVIbnicesaH. dl;em:ag6RBwkfTI4 saksBmanenABaseBjTIlan
eFonGanem:n nigeBjtampvEk,renaH. EpSgexARTbecjBIkareqHKMnrrfynRkg nigrfeRkaH.
GRtasab;rbs;RbCaCnsuIvil KWRbhak;RbEhlmanenAcenaHBI2000 eTA6000nak; ehIyTB
RbEhlCa1000nak;. Tahan)anRbkasCyCmHelI{TRmg;nsgm}. elakxageRkAehAehtu
karN_enaHfa Cakarsmab;rgalenATIlaneFonGanem:n. enAtamEbbrbs;xngenaHeFonGanem:n
CasBaaRseBcRsBilnTIbBab;sgamRtCak;.
enAeBlkMBugmankarrBayEpkneya)aykd m:ataMg )aneFVIdMeNIrmkdl;eb:kaMg ehIyenAfTI3
Exmifuna Kat;)anCiHynehaHtUcmYyeTAQIgdav EdlenATIenaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rtv)aneK
karBaredaysuvtiPaB. Kat;niyayfa {kargarrbs;Kat; KWyksMbuRtGeBaIjeTAcUlrYmGgsnisIT
GnrCatisIBIkm<Ca eTAfVaydl;RTg;edaypal;d}. ehIyKat;kGacemIleXIjsRmab;viPaKdwgfa
etIbBaaenAcineBlenaH manplb:HBal;y:agNacMeBaHsniPaBrbs;km<CakgeBlGnaKt. enAeBl
enaH cinkMBugEtxwgcMeBaHkarCH\TiBlrbs;GnrCati ehIyeKeXIjCaBiessfa GaemrikCaGkjHjg;
[manclna edIm,IlTiRbCaFibety. cinCakUnesaEdlcak;edaHRKb;bkSExrTaMgLay [RsuHRsYlKa
EtkgeBlenaH cinKanGarmN_sRmHsRmleT}.
enAeBlEdlm:ataMgcUlKal;semc RBHneratm sIhnu Kat;)anTUlRTg;fa {sUmRTg;TtemIlerOg
EdlekIteLIgenAcincuH. RbeTscinKYrEteFVItamRTg;. sUmRTg;eFVIGIVEdlRTg;Kitfaqat. sBVf cin
kMBugEtRcbUkRcbl;}.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneqIymkKat;vijfa {cinBUEkrkSaTwkmuxRbQmnwgelakxageRkA
Nas;}. enAeBlEdlRTg;ecjBIcineTAcUlrYmsnisITRTg;manbnlfa RTg;yageTAeRBaHEt)araMg
b:ueNaH.
shrdGaemrikrMeBcenaHkdak;TNkmesdkicdl;cin. EtGVIEdlm:ataMgmindwg KWshrdGaemrik
)anbBantMNagCan;x<s;rbs;eKBIrrUb mkTIRkgeb:kaMgRbeTscin edIm,IR)ab;fa eTaHbICashrdGaemrik
efaleTascMeBaHkarsmab;rgalenaHkeday kGaemrik enAcg;rkSaTMnak;TMngkarTUtCamYycindEdl.
632
elakrdmnIkarbreTs ebkW Ca\sSrCncugeRkayeK Edl)anTTYllixitGeBaIj[eTAcUlrYmGg

snisIT. Kat;)an[CMnYykarrbs;Kat;xagEpkGasuIbUBa rIqad_ sULm:ug eFVIkarerobcMTaMgGs;. sULm:ug
CaGkCMnajxagcindUcCa m:ataMg nigr:UhaqUv Edr. enAtameKhbfkgRksYgkarbreTsGaemrik ebkW
)an[eQaHfIdl;CMnYykarrbs;Kat;fa CaCMnYykarrdmnIrbs;km<Ca eRBaHfa bBaarbs;km<Ca swgEt
RsbeBlrbs; sULm:ug TaMgGs;eTAehIy.
ebkW nigRkmkargarrbs; bUs TaMgGs; )anepatkargarrbs;BYkeKelIclnadKYr[cab;GarmN_
enAGWr:ub. enAfTI6 Exmifuna naykrdmnIkumynisrbs;b:ULj )anlaElgecjBItMENg ebIk[man
karTamTarGMNac. enAExkkdaRbFanaFibtI bUs )anmkeFVITsSnkicenARbeTshugharI. enATIenaH
eK)an[Kat;nUvrUbvaMgnnEdkkgEkvmYy edIm,I[CasBaafa RbeTsenaHcg;plCBaaMgenaHecal [Cn
ePosxnrab;Ban;nak;mkBI RbeTsGalWm:g;xagekItcUlmk. enAkgExdEdlenaH eha)aqUv )anmkeFIV
TsSnkicenAsPashKmn_GWr:ubenAsasbYrk. Kat;)anRbkasfa sgamRtCak;nwg{kayCaerOg
bMePcecalmYy}.
enAkgbriyakaslayLMedaykarrwgTTwgrbs;cin nigsuTidiniymrbs;RbeTsenAGWr:ub snisIT
edIm,IsniPaBenAkm<Ca )aneFVIeLIgenA):arIsenAcugEx eRkamkarTTYl nigerobcMrYmKamYy rvagrdmnI
karbreTs)araMg nigrdmnIkarbreTs\NensuIGalIGaLatas. snisITenaH qHbBaaMgedayelIk
eLIgBIkarRbCMurvag eha)aqUv nigetg eRBaHfasnisITenaH GaceCaKCyeTA)anelIkElgEtRbeTs
kumynisEdlCasRtvnwgKaRBmQb;RbyuTKa. cinKaMRTExrRkhmrbs; b:ul Bt ehIysaFarNrd
RbCamanitkm<Ca Rtv)anKaMRTedayshPaBsUevot. RbeTsmhaGMNacBIrRtveKehA[mkCMuKa edIm,I
edaHRsaybBaarbs;RbeTsdtUctac nigTn;exSayCageKmYy. semc RBHneratm sIhnu tMNag
[karERbRbleqatdsMxan;mYynRbeTs EdlminEmnkumynisTaMgLayrYmTaMgGaemrik. eTaHbICa
hun Esn minsUv)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIGnrCatidUcKURbqaMgrbs;Kat;keday kKat;manrbs;m:ag
EdlRKb;bkSExrTaMgGs;cg;)anRKb;Ka enaHKWkarRKb;RKgelIRbeTskm<Ca.
km<Ca)anmkdl;muneKedIm,IkarerobcMRbCMuenAviman LaEsl saMgkd enACayRkg):arIs.
Duym:as )ansVaKmn_ hun Esn/ semc RBHneratm sIhnu / sWn san/ nig exov sMpn. Kat;)anniyay
fa Kat;sgwmfa sniPaBnwgekItmanenAkm<Ca bnab;BIsgamEdlGUsbnayGs;ryeBlCag20qaM
{nGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_pac;kar nigedaykarQanBanrbs;TBbreTs}. hun Esn )anRbkasfEx
BitR)akd nkardkTBevotNam KWBIfTI21 ExkBaa dl;fTI26 ExkBaa. karCECkKaeBlenaH
sniPaBGsarbg;
633
bRgjmkRtwmfa etIRkmTaMgenaHnwgRtvRbCMuCaekAGIEbbNa CaKNbkSbYnnRbeTsmYy bkCaKU

bdibkBIr. CeRmIsCaRbeTsmYyRtv)aneKseRmc. snisIT)aneFVIeLIgenAfTI30 Exkkda enA
mCmNlekEbrdsatmYyenA):arIs.
manRbeTscMnYnmEdl)anbBanrdmnIkarbreTsrbs;BYkeK[mkcUlrYm ehIykgenaH kman
rdmnIkarbreTscin eKon KIecn ecjmuxelIqakGnrCatiCaelIkTImYy bnab;BIkarsmab;rgal
enATIlaneFonGanem:n. RbeTsFMTaMgLay )aneLIgEfgsunrkfaGs;ryeBlBIrf elIkeLIgBI
KeRmagnkicRBmeRBg. esckIEfgkarN_rbs; ebkW manlkNxaMgCagCMhrrbs;GaemrikBImun
mk. Kat;niyayfa {ExrRkhmminKYrmancMENkenAkgkm<CaeLIy}. enaHeFIV[briyakaskan;Et
twgEtg. GVIEdlKYr[PaJk;epIlKW eKon KIecn min)anniyaydl;ExrRkhmcMeQaH ehIykmin)an
eFVIkarTamTarfa ExrRkhmRtvmancMENkFMenAkgrdaPi)alenaHEdr.
enAkgsunrkfarbs;Kat;hak;dUcCaniyayBIGVIEdlrdmnIkarbreTssUevot esv:adNadehS
)anniyayfa snisITKYredaHRsaybBaakgGMNacrbs;eK. enaHKWkarbBab;karlUkd nigCMnYyBI
breTsdl;KNbkSTahan nigbegIteLIgnUvRkmrkSasnisuxGnrCatienAkm<Ca edIm,IeFVIkarerobcMe)aH
eqatCaTUeTAmYy. enABIeRkayqakcink)anCYyEdr. edaymansMNUmBrmgehIymgeTotrbs;
Duym:as cin)aneFVIBiFIelogGahareBllacmYydl;ExrRkhm nigemdwknaMRkmRbqaMgTaMgLayenA
sanTUtrbs;BYkeK. cin)anR)ab;ExrRkhm[bBab;KMnitTamTar[efaleTaselIkarQanBanrbs;
evotNam. BYkeKkyl;RBm.
ebkW)anpl;rgVan;dl; eKon KIecn eRkayBIeBlEdlKat;CYbniyayCamYyExrRkhm nigkar
CECkedIm,IsniPaBrbs;Kat;. rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;Gaemrik )anCYbCamYyrdmnIkarbreTscin
enAsnisIT EdlCakarCYbCasaFarNCaelIkTImYyeRkayBIehtukarN_enATIlaneFonGanem:n.
Etmak;EdlcEmkenaHKW semc RBHneratm sIhnu. edayrgVg;enACMuvijEPk nigsmIdTn;rbs;
RBHGg RTg;)anCECkkarBarExrRkhmy:agxaMg. RTg;manbnlfa enAkm<CamanEtbBaamYyKt; ehIy
enaHKW karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<Ca km<CaBMuFab;man ehIyBMumansgamsuIvilenAkm<CaeLIy.
eRkaymk RBHGgkRkLas;bnlrbs;RTg; EdleRbbeFobExrRkhmeTAnwgGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_
rbs;GuIEtr ehIyeRbbeFobevotNameTAnwgBYkhVasuIseTAvij}.
{ebIeFVIeBIfaenAkm<CamansgamsuIvil KWhak;bIdUcCafasgam EdleFVIedaykgTB)araMg
esrIenAenAkgsgamelakelIkTIBIr minEmnRbqaMgnwgGalWm:g; GuIEtr b:uEnEbCaRbqaMgnwgshKmn_
634
)araMgeTAvij.
eRkaymkbnab;BIRbkasxnRTg;fa CabitakraCCatirYcmk semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTam
Tar[dak;ExrRkhmcUlkgrdaPi)alctuPaKI eday[rdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn EtmYyekAGIb:ueNaH.
ebIKMnitenaH Rtv)aneKbdiesFecal enaHevotNamnwgbnkar {TTYlxusRtvTaMgRsugnUvral;karbn
sgam nigkarlM)akTaMgLayenAkm<Ca}bneTot.
mkdl;s)ah_TImYynExsIha snisIT)anyl;RBmnUvkarerobcMKeRmagsnisBaasniPaB
GnrCatimYy b:uEnkm<CaminRBmTTYlyk. Gkmas;CMnYyFMrbs;BYkeKkcakecjBI):arIsPam.
enAkgGgRbCMuminQb;Qr BYkeK)anRbEkkGs;ryeBlbIs)ah_ rYmmanTaMgerOgsIBIebskkmrk
karBitrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatienAkm<Capg.
m:ataMg )anTTYlsal;fa {kicRbCMuenAs)ah_TImYymandMeNIrkareTAl b:uEnenAs)ah_TIBIr RKb;
y:agmindMeNIrkareTA)anleT}semc RBHneratm sIhnu bdiesFminRBmkeRmIkeTAmux vaybkral;kar
elIkniyayBIExrRkhmBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ ehIyminRBmTTYlsal;fa BYkExrRkhm nigGMeBI
Rbly BUCsasn_rbs;BYkeKCaehtupl EdlbNal[manbBaaenAkm<CaeLIy. RKb;y:agsuTEtCa
kMhusrbs;evotNam nigrdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn.
m:ataMg )aneTAelgsemc RBHneratm sIhnu ral;fenAsNaKarhUlIedGuInCitRBlanynehaH
CakEng EdlRTg;cecsTarsak;enATIenaH. {RTg;fa RTg;mincg;cUlrYmkgsnisIT EdlmansuTEtBYk
rdmnIkarbreTsFunTabeT. RTg;TamTarkaremIlskmPaBbnpal;tamTUrTsSn_vij}.
enAfTI18 ExsIha Duym:as )anyagsemc RBHneratm sIhnu elogGaharfRtg;CamYy
m:ataMg. Duym:as TUlRTg;fa )araMgdak;[mansnisITenH eRBaHcg;pl;kasfVayRTg;. eBlenaH
semc RBHneratm sIhnu ksYrvijfa etIGacmanpv[km<CaRsuHRsYlKaeT? tamrysmIrbs;m:ataMg
{Duym:as nig )anfVay eyabl;fa RkmRbwkSaCatictuPaKI EdlmanKNbkSBIrkgrdaPi)al}.
eRkaymkBYkeKkesI[RTg;Tuk erOgEdl BYkeKniyayenHCasmat;sin ehIysemc RBHneratm sIhnu
kyl;RBm. kgryeBlEtb:unanem:ag b:ueNaH BYkRkmtsU)anRbkasfa enaHKWCakardak;mkBI
RbeTs)araMgEdlBYkeKminGacTTYlyk)an.ehIyBYkeKkTTYl)ankarKaMRTBImas;CMnYyrbs;BYkeK.
enATIbBab;nGgsnisIT GkKaMRTrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu enAEtKaMRTRTg;. RbeTssigburI
Ca]TahrN_ )anniyayKaMRTsemc RBHneratm sIhnu y:agxaMg ehIyRbqaMgnwg hun Esn )anlub
ecalkarpas;brCMhrrbs;RbeTsGasan EdlnaykrdmnIf qaTIq )ancab;epImenaH. enAkgKMnit
\
sniPaBGsarbg;
635
rbs;sigburIedaytamrykGKrdTUtrbs;eK FummI FI bIku snisITenH {niyayGMBIkarQanBanrbs;

evotNammkelITwkdIrbs;km<Ca nigfaetIeFVIy:agNa edIm,IbBab;nUvkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIy
Tuk[km<Cars;enAedaysniPaB}. ehIyenAeBlRtv)aneKsYrGMBIkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;ExrRkhm
Kat;)aneqIydUcCaRbeTsrbs;Kat;GIcwgEdr {mincg;RtLb;edIreTArkGtItkalvijeT cg;emIleTA
GnaKtCag}.
enAyb;CECkKafcugeRkayenaH semc RBHneratm sIhnu )aneLIgniyayedayEPkRsvaMg
ehIyERskxaMgfa {KaMRTGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ KaMRTGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_}. eRkaymkeday
dwgfa RTg;minKYrmanbnl dUecaHenaH RBHGgkERbsmIfa RTg;R)akdCaRbqaMgnwgGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_
EdlRbRBwtedayExrRkhm ehIybEnmfa {sMueTas min)anpMGs;48em:agehIy}.
m:ataMgenAEtesaHsRKnwgRTg;ehIyniyayfa {semc RBHneratm sIhnu manbnlfa RTg;)an
eRtmxnrYcCaeRsc edIm,IRbyuT ehIyRBHGgmankIrMePIbcMeBaHkarKaMRTrbs;cin Gasan nigshrd
GaemrikcMeBaHRTg;. b:uEnenAcugExRBHGgmankarxVayxVl;y:agxaMgfa RTg;nwgRtveKbenasebIedIrGs;
RkLaGuk. RTg;min)anpMGs;CitmYys)ah_. RTg;manPaBsKsaj nigFujfb;y:agxaMg}.
dl;eBlenaHRBHGgk)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvTmab;pMeBlfrbs;RTg; ehIyeFVIkar edayminesay
RkyaeBlyb;rbs;RTg;. {enAkgs)ah_enaH RTg;manePJvminQb;Qr enArhUtdl;eBlkNal
GRFaRt nigem:agmYyPW ehIyRTg;gayht;Nas;}.
bnab;BIkarCECkRbEkkKaedayminseRmcGs;eBlmYyExmk Duym:as )anelIksnisIT Edl
KeRmageFVIenAfTI30 Exemsa. Kat;niyayfa {RbEhlCaeyIgKYreTA[eRCA ehIycMeNjeBl nig
eCosvagkarrgTukevTna nigsab;CIvitkan;EteRcIneTot}.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu xateRcInCageK CaBiessCamYyrdaPi)al)araMgEdleKfa semc
RBHneratm sIhnu \Lv ElgmaneCaKCyeRcIneTotehIy. mankarCECkrvagRkmKNRbtiPUepSg
eTotEdlxateBlGs;mYyEx ehIyR)ak;Gs;15lanhVg; Etsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EbrCaedIr
ecjBIkarCECkeTAvij.
hun Esn cakecjBI):arIsedayRbkasfa Kat;Rtv{semc RBHneratm sIhnu e)akR)as;}.
rdmnIkar breTsevotNam egVn kUfac; )anniyayTBevotNamnwgecjBIkm<CakgryeBlmYyEx
ehIyfa shrdGaemrikRtveKarBBaksnarbs;xn ebIcg;pSHpSarTMnak;TMngCamYyhaNUy. enAkg
karCYbKa eRkApvkarmYy rIqad_ sULm:ug )anR)ab; fac; fa eRkABIkardkTBecjBIkm<Carbs;evotNam
636
shrdGaemrik minTan;eRtmxnkgkarpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYyhaNUyeT.
CagenaHeTAeTot Kat;)anniyayBIKMnitpal;xnrbs;Kat;fa RbeTsCaeRcInxac semc RBH
neratm sIhnu nigExrRkhm bgak;dMeNIrkarsniPaB eRBaHBYkeKdwgfa TBevotNamnwgdkfy EdleFVI
[BYkeKKitfa eKnwgQHRbeTsmkvijedayeRbIkmaMgTB. {BYkeKeqtykRbeyaCn_BIkardkTBrbs;
BYkeyIg edIm,Isakl,gemIlelIkcugeRkay} fac; niyay.
ehIyKat;RBmanfa RbsinebIExrRkhmxitmkCitEdlGacKMramkMEhgRkgPMeBj)an evotNam
nwgminRtLb;mkCYy hun Esn vijeT {TaMgenaH nwgkayCakarTTYlxusRtvrbs;shKmn_BiPBelak
CaBiess RbeTsTaMgLayNa EdlTamTar[mankardkTBecj}.
enAfTI21 ExkBaa qaM1989 evotNam)andkTBelIkcugeRkayecjBIkm<Ca. BYkeK)an
RbkasBIcMnYnsab;rbs;KaeK cab;taMgBIeBlcUlmkRbeTskm<CaenAqaM1978. BYkeK)anniyayfa
manTahanevotNamsab;eBlenaHmancMnYn55300. cMnYnenH manelxRbhak;RbEhlnwgcMnYn
TahanGaemriksab;enAkgsgamevotNamEdr. RkmtnIkagTBkm<Ca )anRbKMkMdrdMeNIrcakecj
narIkm<CakgsMBt;hUl pamYg dlRbNIt)anykpamk[BYkeK ehIyenAtampvCUndMeNIr manGkxH
bgrTwkEPk enAeBlEdlTBeFVIdMeNIrkat;. enATUTaMgRbeTs GarmN_cMeBaHkarcakecjenaH man
lkNlayLMKa. rdaPi)alrbs;km<Ca )ansEmgnUvkardwgKuNcMeBaHevotNam Edl)anCYy
segaHBYkeKecjBIrbbExrRkhm enAeBlmYyTsvtSr_mun. cMENkRbCaCnxH )armxacfa eBl
evotNamminenAExrRkhmnwgRtLb;mkvij. RkmGksegtkarN_minpvkarelIkalbriecT nkardk
TBevotNamecj )ansmal;fa TBevotNamcugeRkaybgs; )andkecjBIkm<CaenAfTI29
ExkBaa.
KannrNamak;Kitfa manCMnajkarevotNamrab;rynak;enARbeTskm<Ca kgrUbPaBepSgeTot
enAeLIyeT. rbbPMeBjenAedayxngkraC. hun Esn )anKUsvasTukfEbbenaH CayUrmk
ehIy. sBaaNevotNam dUcCarUbPaBrbs; hU CImij nigkareXasnatamviT EdlrMBkRKb;KaBIrbb
ExrRkhm )anrlay)at;Gs;. Kat;)anCMnYskareXasna edaykareTsnaFm ehIykdkecjnUvkar
hamR)amcMeBaHCMenOsasna. Kat;k[maneLIgvijnUvRTBsm,tipal;xn nigcab;epIm[manmUlFn
niymvij. b:uEnGMNacnrd)alenAEtenAkgdrbs;KNbkSrbs;Kat;dEdl. rdaPi)alkbegIteLIg
nUvrdFmnuBafImYyEdlEpkPaKeRcInelIc,ab;eRkamsmy ln; nl; Edlminsgt;Fn;elIkarpl;nUv
esckIFananUvesrIPaBpal;xndUcCaesrIPaBkgkarbeBajeyabl; siTibegItsmaKmesrI sarBtman
sniPaBGsarbg;
637
esrI nigRbBnBhubkS.
xusBI semc RBHneratm sIhnu Edlbnab;BIsnisITenA):arIs )anrMBwgelIGkCMnYybreTskan;Et
xaMgeLIgenaH hun Esn )anykestGkkILaRbdal;drwgmaMmYy ehIyniyayfa TBrbs;Kat;GacTb;
Tl; nigExrRkhm)an. Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTsehIyraykarN_fa TBrbs;Kat;kMBugRbyuT
CamYyTBExrRkhmenAtamRBMEdnf. hun Esn )anniyayenAkgsnisITkaEstfa {GkBfaExr
RkhmbRmgnwgvayykPMeBj? etIBYkeKGacnwgvayykPMeBjy:agdUcemc ebIeKBMuGacTaMgTb;Tl;
enAtamRBMEdnpg?}.
b:uEn hun Esn k)andwgfa Kat;)an)at;bg;karKaMRTrbs;sUevotEdr. r:UhaqUv )anR)ab;Kat;Tuk
CamunfasUevotminGacbnCYy)anrhUtenaHeT.eRkaykardkTBecjrbs;evotNamrdaPi)alkm<Ca
mankraCPaB BIkarkarBarrbs;breTs CageBlNaTaMgGs; taMgBIqaM1979mk.
RbeTsnanaminsUvmankarTukcitcMeBaHsmtPaBrbs;rdaPi)alPMeBj kgkarTb;Tl;CamYy
karvaysRmkrbs;ExrRkhmeT. enAExdEdlenAkarRbCMurbs;GgkarshRbCaCati rdelxaFikar
eCm ebkW enAfTI29 ExkBaa )anCYbbriePaKGahareBlRBwkmYy CamYyrdmnIkarbreTsnRbeTs
Gasannana ehIysYreyabl;rbs;BYkeK BIbBaaRbeTsmhaGMNacnana edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsay[
km<Ca. enAv:asuInetanvij rdaPi)alrbs; bUs )anTTYlrgsm<aF[eqIynwgneya)ayrbs;BYkeK
elIbBaaExrRkhm. enArdUvswkeQIRCHqaMenaH kaEst)anecaTsYrfa etIehtuGVI)anCardaPi)alKat;
Tuk[ExrRkhmenAesrI ebI\LvTBevotNamdkGs;ecjBIkm<CarYceTAehIy?. karecaTsYrenaH )an
naM[GnurdelxaFikarrbs; ebkW elakrUbWt KImmIt elIkbBaaenaHenAkgGgRbCMuCan;x<s;. tamry
GkcUlrYmRbCMumak;)anfa KImmIt niyayfa {eyIgRtveCosBIkaEstelIbBaaenH ehIyEbrmkepat
elIfa etIGgkarshRbCaCatiGaceFVIGVI)anxH}.
rdaPi)alrbs;bUs mineCOfa TBrbs;evotNamdkecjGs;BIkm<CaeT. BYkeK)anbBaneday
smat; nUvTahanGavuFFunRsalrbs;BYkeK [mkCYyRkmtsUrbs;km<Ca EdlminEmnkumynis edIm,I
bRmgERkgmankarRbyuTKamgeTot.
sMNYrEdlecaTsYrxagelIenH )aneqIyedaykarvayRbyuTrbs;ExrRkhmfImYy. bnab;BI
karRbyuTKaGs;BIrbIs)ah_ TBrbs; b:ul Bt )anRbkasfa BYkeKvay)anTIRkgb:linPaKxaglic
EdlCatMbn;Er:t,gehIy. eRkaymkExrRkhm)anEbrmkb:gyk)at;dMbg EdlCacMNucsMxan;kg
PUmiPaKBayBTaMgmUl. eqIytbnwgkar)at;bg;Rkgb:linenH rdaPi)alrbs; hun Esn )anRbkas
638
e)assmat[Gs;ExrRkhmenAcugEx. karRbkasenaHrYmnwgclnarbs;TB b:ul Bt mkdl;TMnab

kNalxaglicrbs;RbeTs mankar)armFMmYyfa erOgr:avGaRkk;bMputenaHnwgekItmaneLIg.
mgenHKWeRscelI r:UhaqUv eTotehIyfa nwgbnrbnykarPyxacenAPMeBj nighaNUyy:ag
dUemcenAeBlEdlsnisITenA):arIsbraCyehIyenaH. Kat;)aneFVITsSnkiceTATIRkgTaMgBIr ehIy
CMruj[BYkeKmankareCOTukcitelIdMeNaHRsayrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati edaymin)ac;KitBIGtcrit
rbs;v:asuInetan nigeb:kaMgcMeBaHkardkTBevotNamecjeT. Kat;)anTTYlkarCMTas;CaeRcIn. Kat;
niyayfa {CasaFarN eyIgKaMRTmtirbs;km<CanigevotNamEdlfa GgkarshRbCaCatimin
GBaRkwteT}. Kat;niyayenaHsMedAeTAelIkarbnpl;ekAGIenAGgkarshRbCaCati[ExrRkhmkan;
nigkarbdiesFminRBmTTYlsal;fa evotNam)andkTBGs;BIkm<CaeT. Kat;bneTotfa {b:uEn enAxag
eRkAvijBYkeyIgbnniyayBnl;dl; km<Ca nigevotNamfa GgkarshRbCaCatiCasabndlbMput
mYy kgkaredaHRsaybBaaenH. b:uEnkyl;Edrfa BYkeKmanehtuplsmrmrbs;BYkeK EdlminTuk
citelIGgkarshRbCaCati}.
evotNam rwtEtQWcab;CagenaHeTAeTot. enAfTI26 Extula qaM1989 ]tmesnIy_ cn
evssuI ebskCnBiessrbs;Gaemrik Tak;TgnwgGkeTassgam nigyuTCn)at;xnkgeBlbMeBj
ebskm )anmkCYb egVn kUfac; enAhaNUy. tamsmIrbs;bursTaMgBIr BYkKat; )anbegIteLIgnUvTMnak;
TMngkargardlmYy ehIy fac; rg;caMTTYlBtmanBIv:asuInetanrhUtmk. BIrqaMkngmk Kat;)ansRml
karesIsMurbs;evssuI edaybegInshRbtikarrbs;evotNam kgkarEsVgrkBtman nigGdiFaturbs;
kgTBevotNamEdlsab; nig)at;xnenAkgeBlsgamevotNam. b:uEn evssuI )anR)ab;Kat;fa
{EpkxHeyIgCamit b:uEn eyIgminGaceTAelIsGVIEdleyIgmankalBIeyIgCYbKaelIkmunenaHeLIy}.
BehIy fac; kbrcit ehIyrdaPi)alrbs;Kat;kbeNay[Gaemrik eFIVkarrukrkedayxng.
b:uEneBlEdl fac; RtvkarCMnYybMputBIevssuI Kat;EbrCaRBegIyeTAvij. dUcsBVdg Kat;)an
mkCamYy Gan emol RKIhVIt EdltamsmIrbs;evssuIfa Gan CamnusSKYr[FujRTan;mak;. BYkeK)an
bgM[ fac; pl;BtmanbEnmBIGdiFatuenaH. cMENkxagKat;vij evssuI )anniyayfa \LvEdlevot
NamdkTBecjBIkm<CaGs;ehIy Gaemrikmin)aneRtmxn edIm,IpSHpSaTMnak;TMngCamYy evotNam
enAeLIy.
fac; )anesIsMuCYbCamYy evssuI eRkApvkar. evssuI )anniyayfa {fac;)anrMBkBIdMeNIr
TsSnkicelIkTImYyrbs;eTAhaNUy ehIyEdleBlenaHbBaak;c,as;fa evotNamRtvEtdkTB
sniPaBGsarbg;
639
ecjBIkm<Ca. \Lv fac; kniyayfa Gaemrikkan;EtdMeLIgtRmvkarrbs;eK. RKan;EtGacniyay

)anfa {erOgenaHKWvaGIcwgg}.
BehIy fac; ksmwgemIlcMEPkrbs; evssuI ehIyniyayfa {GkgeFVI[Gs;citdl;ehIy}.
fac; )anerobcMKNkmakarmYy edIm,IsRmHsRmlTMnak;TMngCamYyGaemrik ehIyk)anebIk
sanTUtnana. Et\LvKat;RtvR)ab;rdaPi)alKat;vijfa TaMgenaHRtvqaecalTaMgGs;.
evssuIkcakecjeTAedaykarxkcit eRBaHfa Kat;enAqayenAeLIykgkarBRgwgTMnak;TMng
CamYyevotNam. karsRmlTMnak;TMngCamYyevotNam CabMNgcm,grbs;Kat; CaBiess cMeBaH
Kat; yuTCneCIgcas;nsgamevotNam. Kat;niyayfa {enHCaqakminlmYy}.
cMENkemolhIhVIt vij mankareBjcitcMeBaHqakenaH.eRkaymkKat;)anniyayBnl;fa
{mancMNab;GarmN_pal;xn kgkarmin[)at;bg;bBaaerOgGkeTassgam nigyuTCn)at;xnenAkg
eBlbMeBjebskm enaHkeRBaHEtGVIEdlevotNameFVIenAkm<Ca}.
enAeBlEdl r:UhaqUv )andwgGMBIkarseRmccitrbs;Gaemrik Kat;kraykarN_eTAdl;mUs.
{eyIg)anKitfa karBRgwgTMnak;TMngrvagevotNamCamYynwgGaemrik Capvkat;mYyEdlnaMeTAdl;
sniPaBenAkm<Ca. b:uEneXIjfa erOgenaHminEmndUecaHeTAvij. eRkaymk)anniyayeTAkan;
Gaemrikvijfa evotNam)aneFVItamlkxNGs;ehIy b:uEnGaemrikenAEtminERbRbl. karRbQm
muxrbs;BYkeKmanlkNmenaKmviCaCageKTaMgGs;}.
enAGWr:ub bBaakm<CaCabBaamYyEdlCECkEvkEjkCasaFarNCagenAGaemrik. enAtam
kaEstmansresrCaGtbTEdlmancMNgeCIgdUcCa {evotNam)anTuknUvvalmIn>>> karRcbUkRcbl;
manenAxagmux}. {RtMEb:tsRmab;km<Caeka} {evotNamcakecjBIkm<Caedaymin)anniyayQH
karsnnaCamYycin bGaemrik}{km<CakMeNItfIrbs;lIbg;}.mYyqaMmunenaHmanGk)anrgVn;NUEbl
sniPaBBIrbInak;dUcCaedsmun TUTUnGahVikxagt,g nig eGlI vIEsl )ansUm[mankarTTYlsal;
rdaPi)al hun Esn edIm,ICapvmYykarBarkMu[ExrRkhmRtLb;mkvij}.
raCrdaPi)alGg;eKsCaRbeTsdMbUgEdlcab;epIm. enAfTI8 Exvicika rdmnIRksYgkarbreTs
DUhas hWt )anniyayR)ab;eTAGgsPafa Kat;eCOfaevotNam)andkTBehIy. ehIyenHKYrEt
CaeBlEdlGg;eKscab;epIm CYyCMnYymnusSFmdl;km<Ca. rdaPi)al )an]btmluycMnYn 35mWun
dl;yUnIeshVsRmab;PMeBj ehIyk)anbBanGkkarTUteTArdFanIRbeTskm<Ca edIm,IeFVITsSnkic
CaelIkTImYycab;taMgBIqaM1975.
640
enAExdEdlnaykrdmnI f qaTIq )annaMmknUvKMnti [mansnsi TI fmI y

Y eTot. TIRbwkSarbs;Kat;
pan;sak; )aneFVIdMeNIrCMuvijtMbn; nigeTAGWr:ub edIm,ITTYlkarKaMRTnUvKMnitnkardak;GavuFcuHenAkm<Ca.
Kat;)anniyayfa {karKaMRTsgamrbs; b:ul Bt CaerOgGsIlFmmYy. KMnitxusKaenAkgrdaPi)al
rbs;eyIg rvagnaykrdmnI nigRkmelxanukar rbs;elakrdmnIRksYgkarbreTs sIBIbBaakm<Ca
Rtv)anBiPakSaCasaFarNenAelITMBrkaEst. Rkmelxanukarfa BYkeKQb;xVayxVl;BIerOgr:avenA
km<CaeTotehIy}.
)araMgmankar)armcMeBaHerOgenaH Rbhak;RbEhlnwgfEdr. rdmnIkarbreTs)araMg )an
niyayBIdMeNaHRsayrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati CamYysmPaKIsUevotesv:adNadehS. eRkaymk
kbBan kd m:ataMg [eTAtamtMbn;. dMbUg KWeTATsSnkiccab;epImenAevotNam ehIyeRkaymkeTAf
sigburI nig\NensuI. enAhSakarta rdmnIkarbreTs GaLatas cg;begIt[mankarRbCMuCaGnrCati
rYmmYyenAtamtMbn;. b:uEnm:ataMgniyayfa )araMgKitfa karRbCMunwgminnaMmknUvplseRmcenaHeT.
ehIyRbeTsmhaGMNacKYrEt CYyedaHRsayBIbBaaenH {niyayy:agc,as;fa cinkMBugraMgsHnUv
dMeNaHRsaydFMmYy. eRkaymkm:ataMg)aneTACYb r:UhaqUv enAmUs ehIykbneTAv:asuInetan edIm,I
CYbCamYy rIqad_ sULm:ug. enAkgkarRbCMu sULm:ug )anR)ab; m:ataMg BIKMnitrbs; ebkW kgkarRbCMurvag
smaCikGciny_RkmRbwkSasnisuxnGgkarshRbCaCati ehIylubecalsnisITenA):arIs. {
niyayfa lubecalsnisITenA):arIsmin)aneT. b:uEn karRbCMusmaCikGciny_RkmRbwkSasnisux
nGgkarshRbCaCatiKYrEteFVI. BYkeyIg)aneRtomxnrYcCaeRsc ehIysUevotkdUecaHEdr}.
enAeBlenaHmanRbeTsmYyklUkdcUlkgerOgenHEdr. enAfTI24 Exvicika rdmnIkar
breTsrbs;RbeTsGUsalI haert eGv:an )anRbkasBIKMnitfImYyrbs;GUsalI EdlcUlrYmeday
rdmnIkarbreTsrbs;RbeTsGasanmYycMnYn nigsmaCiksParbs;Gaemrik esehVn sULa. KMnitenaH
KWkardak;[manrd)alkm<CabeNaHGasnmYy EdlsiteRkamkarRKb;RKgedaypal; rbs;Ggkarsh
RbCaCati. enaHmannyfa {rhUtdl;mankare)aHeqatedayesrI nigyutiFmmYy KanKNbkSrbs;
km<CaNamYy mansiTiseRmcBIGnaKtrbs;km<CaeT}. eyabl;enaH k)anTTYlkarKaMRTBI hun Esn
nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu Pam. BYkeKniyayfa {KMnitenaHKYrRtvykmkBicarNa[)anditdl;}.
GUsalIkbBanGkkarTUtrbs;eKm:aykUl kuseslU [eTAeb:kaMg haNUy nigPMeBj kdUcCa
)agkkEdr edIm,ITTYlkarKaMRTcMeBaHeyabl;enH EdleKehAfa KeRmag eGv:an.
kickarTUtesIPaBKaenAkm<Ca )anecjCaBtmaneGeLcRtnicenAGWr:ub. enAyb;fTI9 Exvicika
sniPaBGsarbg;
641
CBaaMgEbrLaMgRtv)anplecal. munenaHmanRbCaCanGalWm:g;xaglicrab;muWnnak; )anrt;eKcmk

GalWm:g;xaglictamRckebIkfI tamryRbeTshugharI nigeqkUsv:aKI. BYkeKCaeRcIn )aneTAe)aHCMrM
enAxagmuxsanTUtGalWm:g;xaglic. PaKeRcIneTot pMKaeFVI)atukmRbcaMfKaMRTlTiRbCaFibety Edl
begItCakarRkmedIrdEgk,n manKa5Esnnak; enAtamEbrLaMgxagekItenAfTI4 Exvicika. eRkaymk
enAkgsnisITkaEst fTI9 Exvicika GktMNag[rdaPi)al)anRbkasfa cab;taMgBIeBlenaHeTA
RbCaCnenAGalWm:g;xaglicTaMgGs; GacsMueFVIdMeNIreTAbreTsedaymin)ac;manlkxNCamuneT.
kgryeBlEtmYyem:agb:ueNaH GkenAEbrLaMgxagekItrab;Ban;Gk)anedIreq<aHeTACBaaMg. dl;
eBlkNalGRFaRtGkyamtamRBMEdnkRtvbgM[ebIkr)aMgecj. GkenAEbLaMgxaglic )aneLIg
eTAxagelIehIyraMenAxagelIenaH. dl;em:ag1elIsGRFaRt GkenAEbLaMgTaMgsgxag keRcgraM
nigGbGrsaTrCamYyKa. erOgEbbenH)anekIteLIgCabnKa. RbeTsb:ULj nighugharI )ancab;epIm
dMeNIrcakecjBIrbbkumyniseTAehIy. enAyb;f24 Exvicika RsasM):aj k)anebIkbgrenATIRkg
R)ak nRbeTseqkUsvaKI edIm,IGbGrBICyCmHnbdivtisniPaB nigbBab;lTikumynis. ehIyenA
ExF GMNacpac;karkumynisenAbuykaer:s RbeTsrU:manI krlt;rlay.
enAfTI2 Exmkra qaM1990 ebkW)anepJIsMbuRteTAPaKI cin sUevot )araMg nigGg;eKs sUm[BYk
eKRbjab;rYbrYmKa kgnamCasmaCikGciny_RkmRbwkSasnisuxnGgkarshRbCaCati edIm,I
edaHRsaybBaakm<Ca. elIkElgEtcinmYy EdlepJIcemIyy:ageRKatRKatRKb;KaeqIytby:ag
skm. eTaHbIy:agenaHkcinenAEtRBmcUlRbCMudEdl. ebkW [ehtuplfa ebIsgamRtCak;Gac
bBab;)anenARbeTsnanaenAGWr:ub Kat;mineCOfa minGacbBab;)anenARbeTsdtUcmYy dUckm<CaeT.
karRbmUlpMnUvsmaCikGciny_RkmRbwkSasnisuxnGgkarshRbCaCatiTaMgR)aM minEmnCa
KMnitmYyfIenaHeT. enAGgkarshRbCaCati rdTUtnRbeTsTaMgR)aM )anbegItCaTmab;mYyCYbCuMKa
edIm,IedaHRsaynUvbBaaBi)aknana. dMbUgeLIy BYkeKCYbKaedIm,IEsVgrkdMeNaHRsayrbs;sgam
enAGuIr:ak;-GuIr:g; ehIyeRkaymk rkdMeNaHRsay[NamIb. bBaarbs;km<Ca )ankayCacMNucBiPakSa
rbs;eKtaMgBIqaM1988em:H ehIyBYkeKk)anerobcMnUvksarCaeRcIn EdlmanCMhrrYmmYysRmab;
snisITenA):arIsEdr.
GVIEdlxusKa KWrUbPaBCasaFarNrbs;mhaGMNacTaMgR)aM kgkardak;ecjnUvdMeNaHRsay
edayminmanRbeTsdTeTotcUlrYm. kd m:ataMg )anQHelIkarCECkrbs;Kat; ehIykGacseRmc
)annUvkarRbCMu5PaKI EdlsitenAeRkamkarENnaMnsnisIT edIm,IsniPaBenA):arIs. vKdMbUgnsnisIT
642
KWeFVIeLIgenA):arIs. bnab;mkeTot KWeFVIenA):arIsdEdl bkenAGgkarshRbCaCatijvyk.

GkCMnajrbs;RksYgkarbreTsGaemrik )ancMNayeBlns)ah_eRkaymkeTot edIm,I
BiPakSafa etICMhrfIrbs;BYkeKsitenARtg;Na. TIRbwkSasnisux eRbnseRkas EdlCadKUdyUrGEgVg
rbs; KIsSIghr CaGkEdlKaMRTxaMgkacMeBaHkarKaMRTcin ehIyRbqaMgnwgevotNam nig hun Esn.
Kat;CamnIEdl bUs bBaneTAcin bnab;BIeBlmanbBaaenATIlaneFonGanem:n. Kat;kCamnImYyrUb
EdlFab;qgkat;karbraCynsgamevotNam CamYy KIsSIghr nigkCaGkFab;qgkat;eCaKCy
CamYy KIsSIghr kgkarebIkTMnak;TMngCafICamYycin. rIqad_ sULm:ug kFab;CasmaCikekgmYyrUb
nRkmrbs; KIsSIghr kgbBaaTak;TgnwgcinEdr b:uEn minFab;EdledaHRsaybBaaCamYyevotNam enA
eLIyeT. kareFVITsSnkicelIkdMbUgrbs;Kat;eTARbeTscin KWCab;nwgCMnYyrbs; KIsSIghr enAqaM
1972. enAeBlenaH cMfxYbkMeNIt35qaMrbs;Kat;. ehIykgTsSnkicenH Kat;k)anCYbnwg
CUeGgLay. b:unanqaMeRkaymk Kat;niyayfa enaHCaerOgKYr[rMePIb nigelIkTwkcitNas;. sULmu:g
minEdl)at;bg;nUvkarcat;Tukcin CaGkneya)ayBiPBelakmgNaeT. edayminTaMgdwgBIkm<Capg
Kat;)anRbEkkkgnamRksYgkarbreTsGaemrikfa GgkarshRbCaCati RtvEtemIlxusRtvelIkm<Ca
ehIyGnuBaat[Gaemrikdkdecj. ebkW )anR)ab;CMnYykarrbs;Kat;fa Kat;mincg;[km<Cakay
eTACabBaamYyrbs;GaemrikeLIy.
GuIhr r:UhaqUv )aneFVIdMeNIreTAeb:kaMgedIm,IcrcaCamYycin ehIykMu[cincuHcaj;ExrRkhm. Kat;
)anCYbniyayCamYyemdwknaMRkgPMeBj nighaNUy ehIyBnl;[yl;fa enaHCadMeNaHRsayRtv
mYy. evotNam nigkm<Ca )anTTYlyl;RBmnwgKMnitrbs;RbeTsTaMgR)aM eRBaHBYkeKyl;fa CaKMnit
rbs;GUsalI. r:UhaqUv niyayfa enaHCaerOgcdnmYy b:uEnklEdr eRBaHfa BYkeKTukcitelIeGv:an;.
r:UhaqUv bEnmfa {GkKYreXIjmuxBYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeKdwgBIGtsBaa rbs;GktMNagRbeTsTaMg
enaH. BYkeKtv:afa GkTaMgenaHsuTEtCabBavnsikSaBIcin}.
bBavnTaMgenaHEdlCMnajBIbBaacinKW rIqad_ sULm:ug nshrdGaemrik kd m:ataMg BI)araMg GuIhr
r:UhaqUv nsUevot nig sUdugsuIn ncin. BYkeK)anCYbCMuKaCamYy edvId hIlmr nGg;eKs. hIlmr
CabuKlEtmak;Kt; EdlminEmnGkCMnajxagbBaacin. enaHCakarCYbRbCMuelIkTImYyrbs;BYkeK
ehIykarRbCMuenH eFVIeLIgenAfTI15 Exmkra mNlekEbr. m:ataMg CaGkdwknaMkarRbCMu. minyUr
b:unan karcuHRsugKakcab;epIm. sULm:ug nigcnbultun EdlCaCMnYykarrdelxaFikarnGgkarGnrCati
)annaMmknUveyabl;nkarEksRmlrd)alCalMdab;mYy nigkarerobcM[mankare)aHeqat. kgenaH
sniPaBGsarbg;
643
nwgmanRkm RbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;km<Ca EdlmanRkmGktsUenAkgenaHmannyfa rdaPi)alPMeBj

nwgsitenAeRkamkarXaMemIlrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati. r:UhaqUv )antv:afaKYrTuk[manrdaPi)alkm<Ca
BIrdEdl. bnab;BIGaharfRtg;ehIy m:ataMg )anelIkKMnitkNalmYyfa sabnbeckeTsrbs;
rdaPi)alPMeBj KYrTukenAdEdl ehIyRbKl;RksYgFM [eTAGgkarshRbCaCati. cin)anyl;RBm
ehIykarRbCMueBllack)anbBab;.
b:uEnenARbEhlem:ag9yb; m:ataMg nig ehlmr )anmkdl;sanTUtGaemrik edIm,IBinitelI 15
cMNuc CamYyGaemrik. BYkeKkBinitcb;enAmuneBlkNalGRFaRt. enaHKWCacMNuccab;epImnkar
EckkickarKaCakg;. xagGaemrikeRkARkmEdlman sULm:ug m:ataMg nig ehlmr faCa{BYkesrITaMg
bI}. RkmenaH)anbegItnUvkmviFIrYmmYy munnwgeKcUlCamYyRkm{kumynisTaMgBIr} EdlsMedAelI
r:UhaqUv nig sU ehIyEdlminsUvcuHKaeTot.
RkmTaMgR)aM )anCYbKaenAfbnab;. sU nig r:UhaqUv )anyl;RBmcuHhtelxaelIcMNucTaMg15
munem:ag1resol edayRKan;EtsYrsMNYrtictYcb:ueNaH. eRkaymkenAyb;enaH snisITkaEst
enAsanTUtGaemrik sULm:ug kGacRbkasnUvCyCmHmYy. clnaedIm,IsniPaBenAkm<Ca )ancab;
epImy:agrwgmaM edayTaMgminmanvtmanrbs;km<Capg. elIsenaHeTAeTotKWerOgenaH Rtv)anseRmc
edaymnusSmYyRkm EdlKanTMnak;TMngyl;BIkm<Caedaypal; elIkElgEt r:UhaqUv EdlFab;mk
TsSnkicenAkm<Ca nig m:ataMg EdlmkkMsankalBIenAekgnaqaM1960.
enaHbBaak;[eXIjBIkarvilvl;rbs;RbeTs EdlRtveKykmkBiPakSa. evotNam)andkTB
ecjBIkm<Ca ehIyk)anykeTACamYynUvehtupl EdlnaM[eKmanTMnak;TMngCamYykm<Ca. \Lv
rdmnIbreTsTaMgGs; RtverobcMpvmYy edIm,Idkxnecj edayeFVIy:agNamin[b:HBal;xUcxatdl;
km<Ca. m:ataMg)ansuaMnwgkar[tm semc RBHneratm sIhnu nigRbeTs)araMgedayeRbIyuTsas
dUcKa. Kat;maneCaKCykgkarkarBartMENgEdlsemc RBHneratm sIhnu cUlcit. enaHCatMENg
RBHbitaCati CaemdwknaMrbs;km<Ca nigCaGkmanKuNcMeBaHRbeTsCatikgnyfa GnuBaat[RbCaCn
mansiTie)aHeqatedayesrImYy. kargarrbs; r:UhaqUv k)aneCaKCyenAmunkarRbCMuelIkTImYyEdr.
Kat;maneCaKCyedayjaMg[evotNamecjBIkm<Ca ehIyTuk hun Esn [enARKb;RKgPMeBjdEdl.
GkeFVIkarCamYyKat; mankarsJb;EsJgy:agxaMg cMeBaH\riyabfrbs;Kat;enAkgeBlBiPakSaenaH.
Kat;niyayRtv ehIymuWgm:at;cMeBaHsU. eBlxHTaMgBIrnak;enHniyayKaCaPasacin ehIy sU kniyay
PasacinCamYy m:ataMg nig sULm:ug Edr. CagenaHeTAeTot r:UhaqUv minEdlcUlciteFVICaGknaMniyay
644
eT. Kat;hak;bIdUcCacUlcitGgysab; ehIyTuk[CMnYykarrbs;Kat;niyayRbEkk ehIyKat;lUkd

cUlEtkgkarBiPakSacm,gb:ueNaH.
minyUrb:unan RKb;Kakyl;eXIjfa Gaemrik nigcin CaRbeTsBIrEdlmancMENksMxan;kgerOg
rbs;km<Ca. BYkeKCaRbeTsEdlTTYlxusRtveRcInCageKbMput kgkarGUsbnaysgam ehIyk
bgaj[eXIjy:agc,as;fa eKTaMgBIrmincuHsRmgKa kgkareFVIy:agNaedIm,IdkxnecjEdr. karBit
Edlfa ExrRkhmenAEtGaceFVIsgamsuIvil)an enAEtGackan;Gasnrbs;km<Ca enAGgkarsh
RbCaCati)an enAEtrs;enAesrI edaymincaM)ac;PyBIkarcab;xn bkat;eTasBIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_
rbs;BYkeKenaH )anbBaak;[eXIjy:agc,as;BIkarKaMRTrbs;GkCMnYybreTs nigshBnrbs;BYkeK.
enAeBlGkCMnYybreTs nigshBnrbs;BYkeKTaMgenaH [ExrRkhmehaHeTAehaHmkBI):arIs eTA
jvy:k eTA)agkkenaH GkTaMgenaH )anpac;RbeTskm<Ca[dac;ecjqayBIeK ehIydak;TNkmdFn;
bMputdl;km<Ca eTaHbICaeRkayeBlEdlevotNamdkTBecjGs;BIkm<Cakeday.
enAkgkarRbCMuelIkTIBIrenAExkumTIRkgjvy:k RbeTsTaMgR)aM )ancab;epImcrcaBIkardak;
GavuFcuH ehIyrMsayTBkm<CaTaMgGs; eTaHbICaExrRkhmenAeFVIkarkarBarnardUvR)aMgkeday. sUevot
nigcin )anRbEkkKaGMBIGMNacnrdaPi)albeNaHGasnrbs;km<Ca. dUcsBVdg cincg;[manekAGI bYn
EdlmansiTesIKasRmab;ExrRkhm semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rkm sWn san nig hun Esn. sUevot
yl;fa sMNUmBrenaH CaerOgminsmehtusmpl ehIyyl;faKYrmanBIrRkm. RkmmYyCaRkmrbs;
rdaPi)al ehIymYyeTotCaRkmGktsU dUecH RkmTaMgBIrKYrmantYnaTIesIKa. eRkaymkcinRbEkkfa
ebImindUecaHeT GgkarshRbCaCati KYrmanGMNacpac;muxEtg ehIyrdaPi)alKan. sUevotktbfa
{cuHeFVIy:agem:cvijRbsinebIsmaCikrdaPi)alGaemrikTaMgGs; Qb;sRmakvisSmkal?} GktMNag
BIGaemrikKaMRTKMnitenH.
\Lvdl;eBlEdlkm<CaCECkKakgcMeNamkm<CaKagmgehIy. naykrdmnIf qaTIq )an
GeBaIj hun Esn nig semc RBHneratm sIhnu [mkcUlrYmkarRbCMuenA)agkknaExkum. BYkeKk
)anyl;RBmnwgdMeNaHRsaymYy EdlmanlkNRbhak;RbEhlnwg karcrcaTaMg5bkSEdr.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anniyayCamYy)araMgedaycMfa RTg;Elgcg;eTA):arIseTotehIy ehIy
RTg;bnfa {BYkGkElgsYreyabl;eTotehIy. etIRbeTsFMTaMgR)aMenaH KitfaBYkeKhwgCa
nrNa?}.
enAcugExkum Duym:as nig GaLatas EdlCashRbFanTaMgBIrnsnisITenA):arIs )anCYbKa
sniPaBGsarbg;
645
enAhSakarta. kgryeBl8fnkarRbCMu BYkeKkRBme)aHRtayl;RBm cMeBaHkarRbCMuPaKITaMg5.

\NensuI )anGeBaIjrdmnIRksYgkarbreTsGUsalI haer:t eGv:an edIm,IcUlrYmkgkarBiPakSa edIm,I
pl;Cakitiysdl; kd m:ataMg. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {BYkeK)annaMykesovePARkhmrbs;BYkeK
EdlKitfa PaKeRcInCaksarmkBIsnisITenA):arIs. {enAvKCYbCamYyGkkaEstcugeRkay )an
niyayfa GUsalI)anedIrtYnaTIsMxan;kgerOgenH eGv:an ktbmkvijfa {GrKuNcMeBaHsmIdlrbs;
elak} keqIyfa{enaHCasmIEdlecjBIebHdUgrbs;} ehIy eGv:an ktbeTotfa {elakmanebHdUg
Edr?}.
dl;ExmIna mhaGMNacTaMgR)aM )anvivtn_dl;kRmitmYyfIeTot. BYkeKGacbkmuxrdGaCJaFr
beNaHGasnnGgkarshRbCaCatienAkm<Ca (UNTAC) fa CabisacelIqakGnrCati Edlpl;siT
GMNacdl;GgkarshRbCaCati elIsGgkarrkSasniPaBnana. enAkgGgRbCMunaExmInaenaH r:ahVWDIn
Gaem:d EdlCatMNagBiessrbs;GKelxaFikarGgkarshRbCaCati mankar)armcMeBaHtmn
bisacenaH EdlRtv)aneKvaytmfaGs;1/5ekadidular. enAkgkarRbCMuedayELkmYy Kat;)an
ple; yabl;dl;BkY esrITaMgbIfa minKYredaHRsayPaBxusKarvagBYkeKCamYycin nigsUevot edaybEnm
karTTYlxusRtvrbs; GgkarshRbCaCatimYyRsTab;eToteT. vanwgcMNayGs;R)ak;eRcIneBk.
enATIbBab;TaMgenaHmincaM)ac;eT. mhaGMNacTaMgR)aM )anyl;TTYlykKeRmagnkareFVImatuPUmi
nivtnCnePosxn nigkarksageLIgvij EdlmansesrenAkgsnisIT):arIsenArdUvekAqaMmun. r:UhaqUv
min)an QHkgkarTamTar[dak;karefaleTas GMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ExrRkhm kgrbbkm<CaRbCa
Fibety enAEpkmYyncMBUksiTmnusSkgKeRmagc,ab;enHeT. Kat;Rtv)anGaemrik )araMg Gg;eKs
nigcin e)aHeqatRbqaMg. GkkarTUtGaemrikeQaH cn bultun )an[eyabl;fa y:agehacNas;
dak;CasmitkmGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_)anehIy. b:uEnkarpl;eyabl;enH minRtv)aneKykmkKit
eLIy. BYkeK)anyl;RBmelITRmg;nkare)aHeqat niglkxNcMeBaHCnePosxn EdlRtvRtLb;eTA
RbeTsvij edIm,IGacmansiTe)aHeqat)an. GkkarTUtrbs;Gg;eKseQaH ehlmr )aneFVI[man
karyl;RBmsRmlcMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;RkmRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;km<Ca b SNC. RkmRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;
km<Canwg{rkSanUvbUrNPaBrbs;rdaPi)al} CaCagmantYnaTIdUcCardaPi)alEdlcincg;)an bkKan
bUrNPaBesaH dUcsUevotTamTar. m:ataMg Rbkasfa enaHCa{dMeNaHRsaydsatmYy rbs;bursmak;
EdlRbkbedayvb,FmrugerOg nigBaan EdlRbkbedaymCimbdibTa}. RKb;Kakyl;RBm ehIyedIr
ecjeTACYbGkkaEst.BYkeKmankarxkcity:gxaMg EdlmanEtGkkaEstmYycMnYnb:ueNaHmksab;BI
646
karvivDn_dsMxan;enH.
b:uEnenABIeRkayskmPaBkarTUtdcegtenH karRbEkkKadFMmYy)anekIteLIgenAkgsParbs;
GaemrikRbqaMgnwgneya)ayrbs;rdaPi)al bUs cMeBaHkm<Ca. enAkgsPatMNagras smaCiksPa
eqssW Gat;XIn nKNbkSRbCaFibetyBIrdm:asaQUest CaGkCMTas;xaMgCageKenAkgsPa.
RBmeBlCamYyenaH RkmPaKeRcInEdldwknaMeday ct mItEql xagKNbkSRbCaFibety BIrdem:n
)anbgnUvbBaay:agxaMgcMeBaHrdPi)alrbs;bUs. mgenaH GatXIn Fab;eFVIkarCamYy sULa edIm,Ipl;
CMnYydl;CnePosxnkm<CaenAtamRBMEdnf. CnePosxnTaMgenaH \LvPaKeRcInrs;enAmMTIRkgLEvl
rdm:asaQUest. b:uEneRkaymk Kat;kEbkecjBI sULa eRBaHKat;mineBjcitcMeBaHkarKaMRTrda
Pi)alcRmH semc RBHneratm sIhnu ExrRkhm nig sWn san BIeRBaHmanExrRkhmenAkgenaH. \Lv
eBlEdl TBrbs;evotNamdkecjBIkm<Ca Kat;eCOy:agxaMgfa neya)ayrbs;Gaemrik EdlbnKaM
RTcMeBaHrdaPi)alcRmH CaGMeBIGsIlFmmYy. TIbMput Kat;kbeBajnUvKMnitrbs;Kat; cMeBaHTsSnik
CnTUTaMgRbeTstamrykmvIFIBtman Biess rbs; BITW ecnnIg nTUrTsSn_ eG b suI Edl)ancak;pSay
enAfTI26 Exemsa qaM1990.
edayeqIynUvsMNYrrbs; ecnnIg EdlmanTMenareTAelIKat;enaH Kat;kbeBaj[dwgBIPaBmin
eBjcitrbs;Kat;cMeBaHrdaPi)al rbs;bUs EdlbnCYy]btmCaTwkR)ak; dl;CMrMCnePosxnExrRkhm
EdlsitenAeRkamkardwknaMrbs; b:ul Bt. ehIyKat;kniyaydl;karbnTTYlsal;ExrRkhm enA
GgkarshRbCaCati karpb;min[manCMnYymnusSFmdl;RbCaCnkm<CaEfmeTot. TegVITaMgenH KW
sMGagelIEtehtuplfa CakarRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamelITwkdIkm<Ca sUm,IEt\LvenH
evotNamdkTBGs;BIkm<Cakeday.
enAeBlEdl ecnnIg sYrBImUlehtu Kat;)aneqIyfa neya)ayGaemrik Ca{neya)aynkar
KMusb;}.
{eyIg)aneFVIsgamCamYyevotNam ehIy\LvenH enAEpkcugeRkaynsgamenaH ebIeyIg
eRbIExrRkhmCacMNab;xaMgenaHeyIgnwgeRbIBYkeK. eyIgmindwg eyIg\LvminEmneRbIR)as;ExrRkhm
enaHeT}.
enABImuxrUbPaBRBexovRsgat;tamRBMEdn ecnnIg )ansmasn_CamYyTahan Edlniyayfa
kareFVIshRbtibtikarrvagkgTBExrRkhmCamYyTBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig sWn san
mandMeNIreTAy:agl. Gaemrik)anham TaMgBIrRkmfa enaHminEmnCaCMnYyrbs;GaemrikeT. ecnnIg
sniPaBGsarbg;
647
)anbgajBIsPaBEdlCnePosxn Rtv)anemTahanbgM[enAkgCMrMGs;ryeBl10qaM edaysMLt

KMramBIlTplFn;Fr EdleKnwgTTYl ebImineFVItambBaa. mkdl;eBlenH RBMRbTl;f-Exr )ankayCa
valEdlmanmIneRcInCageKkgelak.
ecnnIg )anecaTsYr sULm:ug dUcCasYrcemIyGkeTasGcwg.Kat;)anbgM[ sULm:ug TTYlsal;fa
GaemrikbdiesFminRBmcab;xn b:ul Bt bkExrRkhm EdlTTYlxusRtvkgkarRblyBUCsasn_eT.
sULm:ug )aneFVItameKalkarN_rbs;Gaemrik ehIyRbEkkminRBmeRbIBakRblyBUCsasn_ ehIy
eRbIBak {GMeBIhigSaEdlExrRkhm)anRbRBwt}CMnYsvij.
ecnnIg )anebIkkmviFIrbs;Kat;edayniyayfa shrdGaemrikTTYlExrRkhm ehIybBab;km
viFIrbs;Kat;edayniyayfa ExrRkhmnwgGacRtLb;mkmgeTot edayfa \LvTBevotNam )andk
ecjBIkm<CaeTAehIy}. karniyayEbbenaH )anTuk[{GaemrikmaneRKaHfak;edayQrenAxagxuskg
Rbvtisas}.
Rbtikm)anekItmanenA kaBItUlehol nigenAtamsarBtman. KMnitrbs; Gat;XIn RtvTTYl
)ankareKarBedaykaEstjvykefm nigv:asuInetanb:us. km<Ca)ankayCaRbFanbTnkarviPaK
EvkEjkmgeTot. ehIyelIkenH xusEbkBImunedayfa BiPBelak)anelIkkm<s;cMeBaHkarCECk
enaH. enAEx]sPa cin nigevotNam )ancab;epImniyayBIkarsRmHsRml TMnak;TMngkarTUtrvag
RbeTsTaMgBIreLIgvij. ehIyenAcugEx RbeTsTaMgR)aM )anCYbKamgeTot edIm,ICECkBIkm<Ca ehIy
)andak;CalaylkN_GkSr nUvGVIEdleK)anyl;RBmCamYyKaBImunmk. EtBYkeKminGaceFVI[cinbr
KMnit Edlcg;dkrdaPi)al hun Esn ecjeT. Cb:unklUkdecjcMNaysRmab;snisIT edIm,IsniPaB
enAkm<Ca. b:uEnExrRkhmRbEkkminRBmcUlrYm ehIyTuk[Et hun Esn nig semc RBHneratm sIhnu
cuHhtelxa elIlixitedayELkBIKa.
eqtkgkasGMeNayplenH enAExmifuna Gat;XIn )anelIkykmkCECkenAkgsPa edIm,I
kat;pac;CMnYydl;RkmtsU ehIybegInfvikacMnYn10landular edIm,IeRCamERCgkarBiPakSa edIm,I
sniPaBvijmg. ehtukarN_enH naMeTAdl;karvaybkelI sULa EdlCadKUcas;rbs;Kat; EdlRbEkk
[bnkarKaMRTpl;CMnYydl;RkmminEmnkumynis. sULa niyayfa KanPstagGVI EdlbBaak;fa CMnYy
rbs;Gaemrik )an{Fak;dl;dExrRkhmeT. RbsinebIdUecaHEmn R)akdCatv:a[pac;CMnYydl;Rkm
minEmnkumynisenaH)at;eTAehIy}.
sULa )ansYrbkvijfa {etIeFIVdUemcnwgGac[eyIgCYyEtRkmminEmnkumynissuTsaFenaH
648
ebIExrRkhmkGgyenAkgRkmRbwkSasgamCamYyBYkminEmnkumynisEdr? KanGVIEdlGac)aMgCit
enaHeT emdwknaMrbs;RkmminEmnkumynis )anEckekAGICamYyExrRkhmGgy enAGgkarshRbCa
Cati}.
eTaHbICakarBitQrenAxag Gat;XIn keday ksULa enAEtQHeqat 280elI 163dEdl.
b:uEn karRbyuTeTIbEtcab;epImb:ueNaH. dl;RtwmExkkda xagRBwTsPa )anlUkdcUlkgerOg
enaH edayeBjTMhwg. smaCikRBwTsPa mItEql nigcnsuI dan;hVt nKNbkSsaFarNrd mkBIrd
mIsUrI )anedIrEckcaysMbuRtTamTar[bdiesFGasnrdaPi)alcRmHenAGgkarshRbCaCati.
ehIyBYkeKTamTar[cab;epImpl;CMnYymnusSFmdl;km<Ca ehIy[ebIkTMnak;TMngedaypal; CamYyrda
Pi)al hun Esn. BYkeKkTamTar [bBaak;c,as;fa ExrRkhmKancMENkkgGnaKtrbs;km<Ca eLIy.
enAeBlEdlmhGMNacCYbRbCMuKaenAelIkenHenA):arIs smaCikRBwTsPaTaMgBIrrUbenaH RbmUl
)anhtelxacMnYnCag60.
\LvrdaPi)alrbs;bUs RtvEterIsfa ykmYyNa. TIRbwkSasnisuxCati sRkhV )andwknaMRkm
RbqaMgnwgkaredIrQaneTArkevotNam brdaPi)al hun Esn. CMnYykarrbs; ebkW )anrujKat;[edIr
eTApvbBaasBIenaHvij. Gnurbs;Kat; rUbWt KImIt )anTTYlsal;fa {manmnusSmYyRkm enAkgrda
Pi)alyl;fa pvedIrEdllbMputkgerOgevotNam KWQr[nwg. BYkeKeCOfa viFImYyEdlGaceFVI[
evotNameTarTn;)an KWmanEteyIgmineTarTn;xng}. KImIt Rtv)an ebkW dak;[TTYlxusRtvrk
viFankarneya)ayfImYy edIm,ItTl;nwgevotNam nigrdaPi)al hun Esn. bnab;BI)anCYbCECk
CamYymnIBIrbInak;mk KImIt niyayfa Kat;)andak;eyabl;rbs;BYkeKbBalKa [ecjCakBab;KMnit
mYy EdlGac[GkenAestviman EdlCMTas;nwgKMnitenHEbreTArkevotNam nig hun Esn GacTTYl
yk)an. EterOgenH eyIgRtvEteFVIedaysat;.
smaCikepSgeTotnrdaPi)al )anrMlwkBIkMhusrbs; ebkW EdlbraCykgsnisIT):arIs enAqaM
1989 KWenAeBlEdlKat;sMu[ KImIt emIlCaBiesselIbBaaGasuI. CMnYykarelxaFikarnGgkar
GnrCati cn bultun )anniyayfa ebkW Kitfa CaerOgmYycMELk EdlshrdGaemrikminRBmCYbedaH
RsayCamYyevotNam nig hun Esn enAeBlEdlevotNam )andkTBecjBIkm<CaGs;ehIyenaH.
bultun niyayfa{kmviFIrbs; BITr ecnnIg )aneFVI[RBwTsPaxwgy:agxaMg. EpkmYynkarFUres,Iy
enaH ehIyEdl)annaMykkm<Camkdak;enAxagmuxvij}.
sULmu:g )anecjeTA):arIsedayTaMgmindwgfa etIkarcuHsRmgenaHCaGVIpgeT. enAeBlEdlKat;
sniPaBGsarbg;
649
eTAdl;):arIs Kat;)aneTACYbCamYyGkkarTUtcin sU dugsuIn. Kat;)anbgajsMbuRtrbs;smaCik

RBwTsPa miItEql eTA dugsuIn {)anniyayR)ab;Kat;fa {elakRtvEtyl;fa rdaPi)aleyIgsitenA
eRkamsm<aFmYy. RbsinebIeyIgminGacbeBajnUvskmPaBmYy RKb;Ka nigEbrmkKaMRT hun Esn.
ehIyelaknwgRtveKTuk[TTYlbnkQamrbs;ExrRkhm}.
minyUrb:unan sULm:ug k)anTTYldMeNaHRsay kgkarcuHsRmg Edl ebkW rk[Kat;)an. enAf
bnab; RbeTsTaMgR)aM k)anCYbBiPakSaBIkm<CamgeTot. rdmnIkarbreTs)anmkdl;):arIs edIm,ICYb
CamYy esv:adNadehS enAeKhdankGKrdTUtGaemrik. bnab;BIkarshkarKadlM)ak edIm,IQan
eTAdl;karrMedaHnGWr:ubxagekIt ebkW \Lvcat;Tuk esv:adNadehS CamitedaycMh. dUecHKanGVIcEmk
eT EdlKat;eFVIkarRbkasBIkm<Ca edayQrCit esv:adNadehS. eqIyeTAnwgsMNYrdMbUgbMput enA
snisITkaEst ebkW )anRbkasfa shrdGaemrik TTYlsal;kardkTBrbs;evotNam ehIyeKnwgeFVI
viFankaredIm,IkarBarmin[ExrRkhmRtLb;mkvij)an. ebkW niyayfa {edIm,IGaceFVIeTA)aneyIgnwg
CYbBiPakSaCamYyevotNamsIBIkm<Ca. eyIgnwgBRgwgCMnYymnusSFmdl;km<Ca. ehIyeyIgnwg
erobcM nigbrneya)ayrbs;eyIg sIBIGasnrbs;km<CaenAGgkarshRbCaCati EdleBlenaH
Carbs;rdaPi)alcRmH EdlrYmmanTaMgExrRkhmpg}.
ebkW eRkaymkkTTYlsal;fa shrdGaemrik mankar)armfa ExrRkhmGacQHkgkarRbyuT
Ka. {CaeRcInqaMmkehIy EdleyIgsakl,gCECkneya)ay tamrysnisIT sIBIkm<CaenA):arIs
b:unanqaMmun. ExrRkhm)anTTYleCaKCykgkarbMEbrkarsnnaenaH eTAniyayBIsmrPUmimuxvij}.
Kat;niyayfa {eKalbMNgrbs;eyIg KWkarBarmin[ExrRkhmRtLb;mkkan;GMNacvij}.
RBmeBlEdlKat;niyayenARkg):arIs enAfTI18 Exkkda qaM1990 Kat;)anepJIsMbuRteTA
mICEQl enAv:asuInetan. enAkgsMbuRtenaH Kat;R)ab;dl; mICEQl BIneya)ayfIrbs;rdaPi)al
Edlcab;epImCECkedaypal;CamYyevotNam nigPMeBj e)aHeqatRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)alcRmHExr
RkhmenAGgkarshRbCaCati GnuBaat[mankarbegInCMnYymnusSFmdl;evotNam nigkm<Ca nwg
begItkmviFIfImYy edIm,ICYykm<Ca nigCnrgeRKaHedaysarsgam.
karERbRbldxaMgnneya)ayrbs;Gaemrik )anbBab;karcrca. cinkbnykarTamTarrbs;eK
Edl[rMsayrdaPi)al hun Esn Edr. tamBiteTA rdaPi)alPMeBj )anTTYlesIKaCamYyRkmtsU dUc
Edl r:UhaqUv )anesIsMu[. rNbTi )anrGUTaMgxwgfa karERbRblelIkenaH hak;bIdUcCa {smab;miRt
rbs;xngGIcwg. dMeNaHRsayenaH KWbnykmaMgExrRkhmenAeBleRkay minEmnenAeBlenHeT}.
650
m:ataMg CMTas;fa {minTmak;tmntYnaTIrbs;)araMgenAkm<CaeT b:uEn cinyl;c,as;fa Gaemrik

RbqaMgnwgcinkan;EtcMh ehIyBYkeKyl;fa eKnwgRtv)andak;edayELk[enACamYyExrRkhm ebIeK
minRbyt. cinEtgEtbnrbny cMeBaHerOgTMnak;TMngGnrCati edIm,IeCosvagminbnrbnyerOgpkg
CaBiess CMuvijerOgsiTimnusS}.
kareqIytbrbs; r:UhaqUv rwtEtcMEfmeTot. Kat;fa {sunrkfarbs; ebkW CH\TiBly:agxaMg
cMeBaHRbeTsGasan. BYkeKdwgfa PMeBjCakmaMgBitR)akd. ehIycb;}.
enAExbnab; KWExsIha kicRBmeRBgdMbUg )andl;dMeNaHRsayenAkm<Ca. RkmtsUrbs;km<Ca
)anCYbKaenAeb:kaMg ehIykTTYlyl;RBm. enAcugEx RbeTsTaMgR)aM k)anbegIteLIgnUvKeRmageBj
eljmYy. enAfTI9 ExkBaa hun Esn )anRBmTTYlyknUvKeRmag enAeBlRbCMuenAhSakarta.
fbnab;mk Rkmrbs;km<CaTaMgGs; kcuHhtelxayl;RBm.
mkdl;RtwmenaHkm<CaRtv)aneKbMePcecal. GuIr:ak; )ancUlQanBanKuyEv:t enAedImEx
ehIy)anbeBaHTMnas;GnrCati EdlbnrhUtdl;cugqaMehIybneTAqaMbnab;eTot.
enArdUvswkeQIRCHqaMenaH GgkarshRbCaCati )ane)aHeqat[RkmRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;km<Ca
EdlCalTplnkarcrcasniPaB[kan;kan;GsnenATIenaH. TIbMput Gaemrik kGeBaIjrdmnIkar
breTsrbs;evotNameTAv:asuInetan. enaHCaerOgmYyEdlKYreFVIyUrmkehIy eRBaHmnIevotNam
rUbenH )anxMBRgwgTMnak;TMngevotNamCamYyGaemrik taMgBImunCamYycinem:H. Kat;Rtvcaj; ehIykg
qaMenaH bkS)andkKat;ecjBItMENg.
edaymindwgxnGuIir:ak;)anCMrujdl;GkcrcaTaMgLay CaBiess ExrRkhm nigbkSBYkminEmn
kumynisrbs;eK. enAcugqaM Duym:as )anehA[PaKIExrTaMgGs;[mkbBab;karcrcarbs;BYkeKCa
bnan;. {sUmR)ab;[dwgfa BiPBelaksBVf )anERbRbl manbBaaepSgeTotRtvkar[eyIgyk
citTukdak;. shKmn_GnrCati minGacbnedaHRsaybBaakm<CarhUteT RbsinebIkm<Caxngmin
bgaj[eXIjBIbMNgneya)ay edIm,IrkdMeNaHRsayenaH}.
karRBmanenHTTYl)aneCaKCy.enAfTI22 ExF PaKIkm<CaTaMgGs; )anyl;RBmCalay
lkN_GkSrfa eK{TTYlyknUvKeRmagrbs;smaCikGciny_ RkmRbwkSasnisuxTaMgR)aM edIm,IedaH
RsayCemaHenAkm<Ca}.
kgryeBlb:unanExenH elIkenH CaelIkcugeRkayehIy EdlGnrCatiepatkarykcitTukdak;
elIbBaakm<Ca. rdaPi)alCMuvijBiPBelak )anxVayxVl;BIkarkarBarkMu[sgamrvagGaemrik nigGuIr:ak;
sniPaBGsarbg;
651
pHecjeLIg. b:uEnbnab;BIkarcrcaCaeRcInelIk eday[GuIr:ak;dkecjBIKuyEv:t min)anseRmc

Gaemrik nigTBsm<nmitrbs;eK kvayTBrbs;GuIr:ak;enAKuyEv:tnaExkum.
eqtkasRcbUkRcbl;EdlGarmN_epatelIGuIr:ak;enaHemTB)aneFVIrdRbharedIm,ITmak;nayk
rdmnI qaTIq. emTBTaMgenaH GacRTaMnwgneya)ayrbs; qaTIq elIbBaaBiPBelak)an EtminGac
RTaMnwgkarRbkaspas;bremTahan)aneT. BYkeKkykbBaaGMeBIBukrlYy mkeFVICaehtuplkgkareFVI
rdRbharenH.
enAkgGMLgrdUvparIk nigrdUvekAenaH km<Ca)an Qandl;kicRBmeRBgmYyeTot edayelIk[
semc RBHneratm sIhnu CaRbFan ehIy hun Esn CaGnuRbFanRkmRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;. enAGgRbCMu
enAExkkda PaKIkm<CaTaMgGs; nigGktMNagerobcMsnisITenA):arIs nigGgkarshRbCaCati )anTTYl
sal;rYmmYyfa {semc RBHneratm sIhnu CabuKlEtmYyKt;EdlGacpSHpSabRgbbRgmkm<Ca
)an}. enAExsIha karcrcaelIKeRmag)anbBab;enA):atay:a. EpkTIBIrnsnisIT):arIs)anRtveK
kMNt;ebIkenAcugExtula.
Rbtibtikar UNTAC CaRbtibtikardFMmYy nigfbMput EdlGgkarshRbCaCatiminFab;eFVI.
KWmantm BIrekadidular kgryeBl2qaM. KanRkm bRbeTsNa CaBiessExrRkhmGacmkbgak;
snisBaasniPaBenH)aneLIy. karCYbCMuKaelIkenH mankarht;ct;CagBIrqaMmunqayNas;. b:uEn
mantYGgsMxan;mYycMnYn)anGvtman. r:UhaqUv manvtman b:uEn esv:adNadehS )anlaElgedIm,I
RbqaMgnwgkaredaHRsayrbs; eha)aqUv EdleRkaymkkayCadMeNaHRsaybraCyrbs;sUevot.
Duym:as manvtman b:uEn m:ataMg Gvtman. Kat;Rtv)aneKelIk[eFVICakGKrdTUt ehIyRtvbBan
eTAeb:kaMg. evotNammanrdmnIkarbreTsfI. egVn kUfac; Rtv)aneKpat;[enAedayELkCakar
cMNaysRmab;edaHRsayTMnak;TMngCamYycin.
r:ULg; Duym:as )ansVaKmn_KNRbtiPURtLb;mkvij bnab;BIryeBl2qaM2ExnigR)aMf taMgBI
karRbCMuelIkdMbUg. Kat;)anGrKuNcMeBaHshRbFanrbs;Kat; GalIGaLatas fa CamitlCagmun
ehIykGrKuNsmaCikGciny_RkmRbwkSasnisuxrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatiEdl[kassniPaBdk
degImCaelIkTIBIr. enAeBlEdlRtvGrKuNcMeBaHkm<Ca Kat;dUcCaemdwknaMdTeTonaeBlenaH)an
GrKuNsemc RBHneratm sIhnu EdleFVICaGksRmHsRml. eRkaymkKat;kebIksnisITmYykg
ryeBl1f Rbkasfa {km<Ca)anRtLb;mkkgshKmn_GnrCativij}.
enAfbnab;kgsemkbMBak;GavTb;xl; nigexaKKIrbs;Kat; Kat;)anniyayfa {mitrbs;eyIg
652
enAPMeBjEtgKitfa vanwgeRbIeBlevlaeRcInedIm,IGacQandl;karpSHpSaCati. ehIykminc,as;fa

BYkeKFab;Kitfa ebImanExrRkhm karpSHpSaenaHnwgGaceFVIeLIgedaysniviFIEdrbeT}.
bMNgcm,gRtv)anseRmcmuneBlEdlTBrbs;GgkarshRbCaCati)anmkdl;em:H. enaHKW
karbBab;CMnYyrbs;breTskgkarKaMRTsgam. {KansgameToteLIy eRBaHKanRbeTsNaKaMRT
sgameToteT. eTaHbICaExreFVIGIcMeBaHExrkeday keyIgenAEtGacehaHpal;BI)agkkmkPMeBj
Edr. cb;RtwmenaHg}.
Gvsankfa
653
Gvsankfa
R)aMBIrqaMbnab;BIkarlukluyrbs;evotNam eKminGacsEmgecjnUvesckIsgwmfa dMeNaH

RsaymYyRtv)aneKKitKUreLIy. RbCaCnkm<CaR)aMBIrlannak;enAkgRbeTsenARtvrt;eKcxnrvag
stVxa nigRkeBIenAeLIy. sgamecHEtbneTAtamsgVak;nrdUvkal kgTBrbs;evotNam KWCamas;
smrPUmienArdUvR)aMg TBRBExrRkhm)anratt,atRbeTsenArdUvePgFak;.
sgam)annaM[eKdwgerOgehtusMxan;CaeRcIn b:uEn vaBuM)annaMmknUvkarERbRblFMduMeLIy.
kgTBnrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdExr )anBRgwgxnehIyecjmuxesIeFVIkaredaHRsayminEmn
kumynis EdlKYr[TukcitmYyrhUtdl;fEdlBYkevotNamvaykemcmUldannanarbs;xn kgTwkdI
RbeTskm<CaenAqaM1985 excxIGs; nigeBlEdlBYkemdwknaMrNsirSenH )anbMpajclnapal;rbs;
xnedaysarCemaHpkgEdlekItmanminecHcb;. RbeTsCaeRcIndUcCa RbeTs)araMg nigGUsalI
CaedIm )ansakl,gpcepImKMnitEpkkarTUtepSgEdr EtRtvbraCymuneBlcab;epImeTAeTot.
ebIKti [sBVeTA esckrI aykarN_GBM kI magM TBminsUvmankarERbRbleT. kgTBrbs;evotNam
mYyryhasibBan;nak; Edlkan;kab;RbeTskm<CamancMnYneRcInCagkgTBrbs;rdaPi)alPMeBj 3dg
EdlKansmtPaBkarBarRbeTsRbqaMgnwgBYkTBRBExrRkhmeLIy. fVIebI)anRbkas {cUlnivtn_}
Capvkarkeday k b:ul Bt enAEtbndwknaMbBaaelIkgTBrbs;Kat; nigTTYl)anCMnYyy:agsksmmYy
BIBYkcindEdl kgkarsakl,grbs;Kat;edIm,IdeNImykRbeTskm<CaCafI.
sgamkgnamnRbeTskm<CaenAEtCasgamkumynismYy. bNaRbeTsnsmaKmGasan
)anEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysRmab;eFVI[sankarN_ERbRblEdr edayeCosminrYcBIvileTArksemc
RBHneratm sIhnu vijeLIy. enAExmifuna qaM1982 semc RBHneratm sIhnu/ sWn san
nigBYkExrRkhm )anerobcMbegItrdaPi)alkm<CacRmHmYy EtminsUv)anseRmceCaKCyb:unan eT
KW)anRtwmEteFVIsanPaBTlRckGUsbnayeTAeTotb:ueNaH. eTaHCardaPi)alenHenArkSaTukeQaH
rbb]Rkidrbs; b:ul Bt keday kRtv)anTTYlsal;CardaPi)alpvkarrbs;RbeTskm<Ca enAGgkar
shRbCaCati nigGgkarGnrCatinanaEdr. mYycMENkFM KWedIm,IraMgramin[karkan;kab;rbs;evotNam
elIRbeTskm<Ca ERbkayeTACaRBwtikarN_mYyeBjlkNc,ab;. Rtg;cMNucenH Gasan)anTTYl
eCaKCyelIsmrPUmikarTUtmYy b:uEnenA\Ncin neya)ayEpkkarTUtkRmedaHRsay)anCemaH
epSgxagneya)ay bxageyaFaNas;. neya)ayrbs;RkghaNUykdUcneya)ayrbs;BYkExr
654
Rkhm nigRkgeb:kaMgEdr beBaj[eXIjpvEtmYyb:ueNaHsRmab;edaHRsaybBaa KWpvhigSaeq<aHeTA

rkkareRbIkmaMg)ay.
GVIEdlnaM[vinasGnrayenaH KWbkBYknImYyGYtxnfa xnmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInCageBlNa
TaMgGs;. CamYykarEbkExJknbNaRkmGkCatiniymminEmnkumyniseTACaBYkCaRkmbHe)ar Edl
RbeQaHEtKag BYkExrRkhm)aneFVI[eKTTYlsal;fa CakmaMgsMxan;bMput EdlRbyuTtsUnwgkar
kan;kab;rbs;evotNam. BYkeKsuTEtCamnusSeXareXA Edl)anTTYlGtRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar
minsb,aycit Edlkan;EtrIkFMeLIgenARbeTskm<CacMeBaHneya)aykan;kab;TwkdIrbs;BYkevot
Nam. KWkgTBrbs;eKEdleRCIserIsBIkgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<Ca EdlFujRTan;nwgkarRttRtaesIrEt
dUcGaNaniKmEdlRkghaNUyeFVITukeTaselIBYkeK.
eTaHbICaRbeTskm<CaplitRsUvBuM)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;ciBawmRbCaBlrdxnkeday keKRtv
bBanRsUveTARbeTsevotNamEdr. PasaevotNam )ankayeTACaPasaTIBIr EtRtv)aneRbIR)as;
enAkgkariyalyepSgrbs;rdaPi)al. cMnYnnniKmCnevotNamfI)anrIkFMeLIg Caerogral;qaM
eTAtamdMeNIrmYyEdlmantaMgBIrab;ryqaMmkehIy enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam)anTnankan;kab;TwkdI
Edl\LvenH CaPaKxagt,gRbeTsevotNam. dMbUg KWBYkQjtUctacevotNam)ancUlmktaMgenA
Edl\LvenH manrs;enAesIrEtRKb;sgat;kgRkgPMeBj bnab;mk KWksikr nigBYkGkensaTRtI.
BYkksikr)ancUlmkrs;enAelIEdndITaMgLay EdlkMBugmanvivaTenAtamRBMEdnevotNam -km<CaEdl
eFVI[rwgEtminc,as;las;EfmeTotdl;karkRmitRBMEdnrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. BYkGkensaT)aneLIg
tampvTwkBIeRkammk ehIyCRmleTAdl;PaKxaglicTensabeTot. ebIsinCadMeNIrenHmanskmPaB
bneTAeTot niKmCnEdlRtvmkdl;enAeBlxagmuxKWCaRkmkgTBevotNamrMsayecjBICYr Edlnwg
TTYl)andIFICafrnwgkareFVI[RbeTskm<CamansniPaB.
BYkevotNamk)anerIsRbCaCnkm<Carab;ryBan;nak; edIm,IsabnaTMnb;karBarEpnkar k-5
RbqaMgnwgsgamTBRBExrRkhmkgPaKxaglicRbeTs. BYkGkeFVIkarkgkariyaly nigBYkemdwknaM
neya)ayExrnrbbRkgPMeBj etagEteTAcUlrYm {kareronsURt} Edlr:ab;rgkarbeRgnRTwsI enA
RbeTsevotNamedayeTogTat;. tamc,ab;k,nneya)ay enHCaerOgcaM)ac;edIm,IERbkayRbeTs
km<CaeTACarNbmYyrbs;evotNam EdlgayRsYldwknaMmunkarksagRbeTseLIgvij.
RkghaNUyminGacGHGagfa kgTBrbs;xn)anrYmbgCadMeNaHRsaysRmab;pas;brBYkExr
RkhmEdlmantictYckeTEdr. karRsavRCavmYyenAqaM1985 sIBIkarrMelaPsiTimnusSenARbeTs
Gvsankfa
655
km<Ca )anbgaj[eXIjcMnYndKYr[PJak;epIlmYynkarcab;xnedaybMBan kareFVITaruNkm kardak;Kuk

cMeBaHbTelIsbeBajTsSn karvayeFVI)abenAkgKuknanarbskrbbRkgPMeBj EdlerOgTaMgGs;
enHsitenAeRkamkarRttRtaedaypal;rbs;BYkevotNam.
b:uEn etIGkNamYyEdlnwgbeBaH[RbCaCnkm<CaeRbIR)as;GMeBIhigSa edIm,IbeNjkgTB
evotNamecjBIRbeTs ebIsinRbkarenHbNal[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYkExRkhm?
sankarN_rwtEteFVI[eKTujTlKMnitEfmeTot ebIsinCaeKcat;TukGkkMBugdwknaMRbeTskm<Cafa
siteRkamGMNacevotNam BYkGtItyuTikCnrbs; b:ul Bt. tamTsSndCak;lak;mYy eKGac
sMKal;eXIjsgamkgnamnRbeTskm<CaCakartsUpkgbkSmYy. BYkkumyniskm<CamYyRkm
EdldwknaMedayGtItkmaPi)almak;rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa nigbNasmaCiknCatisasn_PaKticmYy )an
bgbegItbkSeLIgvijeRkameQaHfa bkSRbCaCnbdivt ehIy)anGHGagfa enHCabkSBitR)akd
EdlbegIteLIgkalBIqaM1951. b:ul Bt )anBiBNnaTukdUcCakarPnRcLMmYy EdlGMeBI]RkidepSg
manbsKl;taMgBIqaM1975.
kgskmPaBEdlmaneRKagTukCamunenH GMeBI]RkidFMbMputrbs;rdaPi)alkm<CaRbCaFibety
KWkarTmak;eTaskMhuseTAelIsmaCikmYycMnYnrbs;bkS dUcCaelak hun Esn rdmnIkarbreTsCaedIm
Edl)anRbkasR)ab; enAPMeBjkalBIqaM1983 \LvenHKat;CanaykrdmnI. ehtudUecHehIy
)anCaKankarlubbM)at;lkNpac;karnlTi{salInniym} nig{lTiNahSIniym} enARbeTskm<Ca
taMgBIkarlukluyrbs;evotNammk. saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<Cayl;eXIjfa ]RkidCn BIrnak;
CaGkTTYlxusRtvy:agsMxan;cMeBaHkarkab;smab;RbCaCngenH KW b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI. bkS
kumynisEdlGkTaMgBIrdwknaM Rtv)anbgajfaCaGkrgeRKaHmak; BuMEmnCaeBCXatsmab;RbCaCn
geT.
TnwmnwgenaH BYkkumynisEdlkMBugRbyuTtsUeRkambBaarbs; b:ul Bt )anrkSaPaBminc,as;
las;[enAsitesrCabneTot eday)anRbkasCasaFarNenAqaM1981 BIkarrMlaybkSkumynis
km<Ca{BitR)akd}ecal. dUckgryeBlsgamqaM1970-1975Edr b:ul Bt cUlcitlak;Tg;
Rkhmrbs;Kat;Cag.
eKBi)ak):an;sanBImenaseBatnarbs;RbCaCnkm<Ca EdlkMBugrs;enAkgRbeTsNas;. Gac
snidanfa BYkeKmincg;[BYkExrRkhmvilRtLb;mkeT. m:ageTot kyl;fakarbnkarkan;kab;rbs;
evotNam nwgeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgenaHrIkrayvijkeTEdr b:uEnnwgminR)afadwgBImtirbs;eKhYsGMBIkar
656
eBalGHGagc,as;las;TaMgBIrenHeT.
minRtvkarmnusSEdlniyayTukCamuneLIy. eTaHbICamanbBaaepSg eTaHCaRbvtisas
rbs;xnRbkbedaykarsab;RBat;R)asGnrayy:agNakeday kRbeTskm<Ca enAEtCaRbeTsn
esaPNPaB nigkartsUmincMNuHGkNadEdl. ehIyesckIbBab;EdlmanlkNsmRsbCageK
KWRbEhlCaesckIsegbmYy nerOgr:avrbs;mnusSxHkgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn Edl)anelIkeLIg
enAkgesovePAenH.
FnaKarik muI kumt
kumt )ankayeTACamnusSmak;kgcMeNamRbCaCncMnYn R)aMryBan;nak; Edlrt;ePosxnecjBI
RbeTsrbs;eK ehIyEbkExJkeTArs;enARbeTsepSgBaseBjBiPBelak. enAdMNac;qaM1985
kgcMnYnGkePosxnTaMgGs;enH manmnusSRbEhl BIrryBan;nak; )anecjeTAtaMglMenAenAbreTs
mYyrysamsibBan;nak;enAGaemrikxageCIg citsibBan;nak;enAGWr:ub. mBan;nak;eTotrs;enAtamCMrM
epSgrbs;GgkarshRbCaCatiEk,rRBMEdnf. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<CakgbrimaNx<s;bMput -BIrrysam
sibR)aMBan;nak; )anrs;enAtambeNayRBMEdnf-km<Ca edayKankarKaMBarBIGgkarshRbCaCati
eLIy KanTaMglknikCaCnePosxnEfmeTot ehIysitenARbeLaHkNalrvagBYkGtsUkm<Ca nig
kgTBrbs;f.
kumt CamnusSmanPBVsMNagmak;kgcMeNamGkTaMgenaH. Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTskm<Ca
cMeBlEdlmankarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anqgkat;RBMEdnfenAEx]sPa qaM1979
bnab;BI)anedIrqgkat;RbeTsGs;ryeBlbYnEx. Kat;niyayfa {karyl;RcLMrbs; KWmkBIeCO
fa eKc,as;CaTTYlrak;Tak; edayrak;Tak;minxan. Kitfa BiPBelakxageRkA nwgbgajsmancit
rbs;eKcMeBaHeyIg}.
edayPBVl sanTUtRbeTskaNada )anyl;RBmTTYlsal;CaCnePosxneBjc,ab; ehIyk
minRtveKrujRcaneTARBMEdnmageTotEdr. enAExmifuna qaM1979 kgTBrbs;f)anbgitbgMRbCaCn
km<Ca EssibBan;nak; [qgRBMEdneTAkan;kEngmYyEdlRbkbedayeRKaHfak;y:agxaMg. mnusSCa
eRcInnak;Rtvsab;. minyUrb:unaneRkaymk shKmn_GnrCati )anbBaHbBal[BYkfRbkan;\riyabf
mnusSFmCamunmYy cMeBaHGkePosxnkm<CaTaMgGs;.
Gvsankfa
657
edayenArg;caMedIm,IcakecjBICMrM kumt )anesI)ansuMbeRmIkarCaGkbkERbPasa[RbCaCn

km<Ca EdlesIsuMcUleTArs;enAshrdGaemrik. enAdMNac;qaM1976 Kat;)ancakecjdMeNIreTAkan;
RbeTskaNada Edlcab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)ancUleFVIkarCaFnaKarik mankeTsxagesdkicGnr
Cati. Kat;)anCYyRKsarxagbgbnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;[)aneTArs;enATIRkgLGg;hSWeLs Edr.
Kat;)anTTYlsBaatiCakaNadabIqaMmkehIy.
KUCIvitesaHsRK bu)aNa nig Edt
KUreshaTaMgBIr )ankayeTACanimitrUbnCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInenAkgrbbExrRkhm. muneBl
Edl bu)aNa Rtv)ansmab;enAmnIrXuMXaMg s-21 nag)ansresrCasMbuRtCaeRcIneTAkan;bIsmaj;
rbs;xn Edt ehIynag)anbneFVIy:agenHrhUtdl;TIbBab; BIeRBaHnagcg;eXIjkarBitnGVIEdls
nigGVIEdlexA nerOgr:agTaMgenH nigGMBIkarbBab;erOgenHedayrebobNa. esckIR)afarbs;nagRtv
)anpl;[edayelak riTI):an; EdlCaCnePosxnExrmak;rs;enARsuk)araMg ehIyEdl)ankayeTACa
GkftExSPaBynl,Il,ajmak;. elak)anykesovePArbs;CaPasa)araMgeFVICaExSPaBynmYy
EdlniyayGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)aNa. ExSPaBynl,Il,ajmYycMnYneTotrbs;elak riTI):an;
rYmman GkERs Edl)anTTYlrgVan;ExSPaBynenATIRkgkan RbeTsGIutalI. elak riTI):an; )anTak;Tg
ehIy)anpl;siT[elakedayTUlMTUlay kgkareRbIR)as;ksaresovePArbs; sRmab;ftCa
ExSPaBynGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)aNa. CalTpl ExSPaBynmYyRtv)anpliteLIgCaPasaExr
CaelIkdMbUgTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ EdlmaneQaHfa bu)aNa esadnakmkm<Ca. ExS
PaBynenHRtv)anbBaaMgenAmehaRsBPaBynTIRkg ev:nIs ehIy)anTTYlrgVan;x<s;bMput enAqaM
1996 enAmehaRsBPaBynGnrCati TIRkgm:aksI.
bBavn RTI em:ghYt
hYt CabBavnEdlTTYlkarGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg)anRtLb;mkRbeTskm<Cavij bnab;BICy
CmHrbs;ExrRkhm. Kat;CabBavnmak;kgcMeNambBavnCaeRcInEdl)ancakecjBIRbeTs bnab;BI
mankarlukluyrbs;breTs. dUckumtEdr Kat;)antaMgcitCYyBYkGkePosxndTeTot ehIy)an
658
kayeTACaRbFanCMrMeRkApvkar nigCaGkbkERbPasa. RbeTs)araMgCaGkpl;siTiRCkekandl;rUb

Kat;.
enATIRkg):arIs Kat;)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYysImak; ehIyrk)ankargarmYyxagEpkKImI.
b:uEnkgesovePAmYyEdle)aHBum<pSayenARbeTs)araMgedayCnrYmCatimak; hYt Rtv)anerobrab;
TaMgxusfa Kat;CasmaCikmak;rbs;bkSkumyniskm<CaEdlFab;e)aHbg;bBavndTeTot.
xagelIenHRbEhlCamUlehtumYykgcMeNammUlehtuCaeRcIn EdlKat;Rtv)aneKlYceFVI
Xad. enAExmIna qaM1985 hYt RbBnKat;nigsVamIPriyamYyKUeTot RtveKsmab;enAkgElVgbnb;n
GKarsak;enArbs;Kat;enATIRkg):arIs. enAelITVarbnb; eK)ansresrGkSrRkevmRkvamfa {BYkGk
enArs;BIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_rbs;km<Ca}. tamkarsnidanfa hYt CaCnCatiExrdMbUgeKEdlRtv
eFVIXat edIm,IeFVIeTasRbedAcMeBaHbT]RkidepSgExrRkhm.
BYkmnusSEdlRtvecaTRbkan;BIbTmnusSXatedayectnaelIrUbelak xadEv:l
y:agehacNas;mnusSBIrnak; )aneqIysarPaBeRkamkareFVITaruNkmenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgfa
BYkeK)ancUlrYmkgkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,Ismab;ePJvmak;kgcMeNamePJvbreTsbInak;. mnusSTaMg
BIrnak; enaHmaneQaH qn nigeBOn BYkeK)anRbkaskgcemIysarPaBrbs;xnfa karrYmKMnitk,t;enH
maneKaledAbgckitanuPaBrbs;bkS EdlRtvdwknaMCasmat;eday sun esn rdmnIkarBarRbeTs
rbs;km<CaRbCaFibety.
cemIysarPaBrbs; qn xICageKTaMgGs; y:agehac bMENkEdl)anTTYl EdlbkERbeday
esehVn ehdr. qn niyayfa RkmXubXitrbs;Kat; )anseRmcsmab;ePJvCnCatiGg;eKs edIm,I
{bMpaj}neya)ayrbs;bkS nig {raMgrabkSmin[manmitPkieRcInkgBiPBelak}. xadEv:l GkCati
niymCatieGkUs EdleKkMNt;TukCamuneRkamBakfa {ePJvCatiGg;eKs} enAkgksarenaH Rtv)an
eRCIserIsCamuxsBaaEdleKRtvsmab; BIeRBaHKat;Camitmak;rbs;rbbenH EdlepSgKaBIePJvCati
Gaemrik. mrNPaBrbs;Kat;nwgbgaj[eXIjfa bdivtn_KansmtPaByamkarBarbNamitPkirbs;
xn EdlCMruj[mankarRcbUkRcbl;EfmeToteLIy. CnCatiGaemrikaMgTaMgBIrRtveKTuk[enArs;CIvit
edIm,IGacBnl;BIXatkmenH.
eK)aneFVI[ qn nigeBOn sarPaBdUcKafa GkbeRmIkgpH qaMkarBar GkebIkLan CaeRcInnak; k
Gvsankfa
659
smKMnitkgerOgenHEdr. GkTaMgBIr)anRbkasfa Gksmab;maneQaHfa vuF ehIyGkrYmKMnitTaMgGs;

)anseRmccitRbharCIvit vuF eTot eRkayBIva)ansmab; xadEv:l rYc.
eBOn kRtvbgitbgM[eqIysarPaBfa Kat;CasmasPaBmak;kgkarYmKMnitk,t;mYy EdldwknaM
eday v:n ev:t EdlRtv)ankemcenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgrYcmkehIy munkareTAdl;RkgPMeBjrbs;BYk
eyIg. eBOn etagEtRbkasfa v:n ev:t Fab;mansmancitcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIyfaKat;)an
b:unb:gsmab; b:ul Bt enAqaM1977.
eBOn nig qn )an{eqIysarPaB}TaMgBIrnak;fa kareFVIXatePJvbreTs Rtv)anerobcMeLIgeday
smmit kn EdlCaRbFanxagBiFIkarrbs;km<CaRbCaFibety. kn KWCaGkEdleTATTYlBYkeyIgenA
Gakasyandan nig)anCUntamdMeNIreyIgCaeRcInelIk.
b:uEn eBOn )anEfg[dwgfa GtsBaaNrbs;ePJvEdlRtvsmab; minsUvCamanPaBsMxan;b:unan
eT. cemIysarPaBrbs;GkTaMgBIr mancuHkalbriecTfTI5 Exmkra qaM1979. mnusSmYycMnYnEdl
qn nigeBOn erobrab;bBalkg{cemIysarPaB}rbs;BYkeKsitenAEk,r b:ul Bt Canic eRkayBIman
karcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anbnRbyuTtsUeRkambTbBaaepSgrbs; b:ul Bt dEdl.
sun esn enAEtCaemdwknaMkgTBdsMxan;mak; kn enAEtTTYlxusRtvxagBiFIkardUckalBImun ehIyem
bBaakar BIn EdleyIgFab;)anCYbenAsmrPUmiPaKxagekIt ehIyEdlmanCab;eQaHkgcemIy
sarPaBrbs;GkTaMgBIrnak;enHEdrenaH )ansitenACamYy b:ul Bt dEdl.
ebIsinCacemIysarPaBTaMgenH RtveKRbDiteLIgedIm,Ibg[mankarrlMdYlrbs; sun esn Emn
enaH KWCaerOgy:ag\tRbeyaCn_esaH. RbEhl b:ul Bt bdiesF mineCO{Pstag}epSg Edl Duc
pl;mk[eT BIeRBaHEpnkareyaFarbs; sun esn )anbeBasmin[empac;kar nigbnrbs;Kat;Rtvcab;
CaeQIyswkedaykgTBevotNam EdlkMBugsRmkcUlTb;minQHmkkgRbeTskm<CaeLIy.
suIsUpa nigRKsarm:
suIsUpa RsICMnYyBa)alCMgW )anrkeXIjbnRsIBIrnak; nigbnRbsmak; EdlrYcputBIesckIsab;
eLIgvij. BYkeK)anePosxneTARbeTsf ehIyenAEx]sPa qaM1980 GkTaMgenH)aneFVIkarTak;Tg
CamYy GkniBn tamryGkkvIniBnmak; eQaH ehSm hVg;tun Camitmak; Edl)an{pl;Btman}
y:ageBjeljsIBIsgamenAkm<CadUcCarUbEdr. sUem:t bnRbsrbs;nag )aneFVIkarCaGkbkERb
660
PasasRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us kgryeBlsgam. RbFanEpkneya)aybreTsrbs;kaEst

)anbBanTUrelxmYyc,ab;eTA[GaCJaFrmansmtkicnana edIm,IsuMGnuBaat[RKsarm: )anecjeTA
rs;enAshrdGaemrik. enATIRkgv:asuInetan RKsarCaGkFanaxusRtvcMeBaHbgbnm:TaMgenH.
bu)a bnRsImak;kgcMeNambnRsITaMgBIr )anerobkarCamYy ram faj; ehIynagRbsURt)ankUn
RsImak;enATIRkgv:asuInetan Edlnag)andak;eQaHfa favI. Xun bgbbnrbs; faj; )anrYmdMeNIrmk
GaemrikCamYyBYkenHEdr ehIyBIfenHeTA smaCikRKsarenHmanmnusSeBjvyR)aMnak; CMTg;mak;
nigTarkmak;.
sUem:t eFVIkarenAkaEstv:asuInetanb:us kgbNaqaMdMbUgEdlBYkeKrs;enAshrdGaemrik
bnab;mk Kat;)antaMglMenAenARbeTsGg;eKsvij edayKat;eTArs;enACamYy hVg;tun ehIy)an
sresr{karcgcaMrbs;Kat;}enATIenaH.
smaCikdTeTotnRKsarenHsitenAshrdGaemrik. edayeFVIkarCaeRcInem:ag edaysnSM
R)ak;kaselIkarCYllMenAdan edayrs;enAkgbnb;tUcmYyTaMgGs;Ka BYkeK)aneFVI[seRmcnUvbMNg
xab;xnmYykgcMeNambMNgxab;xnTaMgLayEdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy. qaMmun BYkeK)anTijpHf
dFMlVwgelVIymYyxgenACayRkgv:asuInetan EdlmanR)aMbnb; nigsYnc,arFMmYy EdlBYkeKERb[eTACa
sYndaMbEn nigpaepSgeTAvij. RBHsgBuTsasna CaeRcInGgEtgnimnmkbiN)aRtdl;eKhdan
rbs;BYkeK. kgcenaHeBlenaH suIsUpa )anerobkarCamYyGkePosxnmak;eTotBIsgammYyepSg
eTotEdr eQaH hVg;suIs qaev: EdlmkBIRbeTssalv:aDr. BIrExbnab;BIkarmkrs;enAkgeKhdanfI
suIsUpa begIt)ankUnRbsmak;Edlnagdak;bktinamfa suRta mannyfa KtibNit.
GkkarTUt kt m:aTIn nig GuIhr rU:haqUv
m:aTIn nig rU:haqUv bnkargarkickarbreTsrbs;xn. m:aTIn KWCakGKrdTUt)araMgRbcaMenA
RbeTscin rhUtdl;TIbBab;nebskmsniPaBGgkarshRbCaCati nigkare)aHeqatenAkm<Ca.rU:haqUv
eRkaymk )anbMeBjkargarbreTsenATIRkgeb:kaMg CamYy m:aTIn Edr kgzanCakGKrdTUt r:UsuI RbcaM
enARbeTscin eRkayeBlkarEbk)ak;nshPaBsUerot. m:aTIn )anRtLb;mkTIRkg)arIsvij Edl
bcb,nenH Kat;KWCamnICan;x<s;lMdab;TI3 enARksYgkarbreTs)arMag EdlmankarTTYlxusRtv
BiesscMeBaHkickarGuWr:ub nwgeKalneya)ayesdkic. rU:haqUv enARbeTscinenAeLIy sBVfenH.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
661
kMNt;cMNaMxI
CMBUkTI1
esckIdkRsg;BI In a Notebook, in The Memory of War: Poems 1968-1982 (Edimbourg, Salamander Press, 1982).
2
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
3
sgamelIkTImYy)anRbRBwteTABIqaM1946 dl;qaM1954 rvagevotmij nigBYk)araMgEdll,g
deNmI karRttRtaelIbNaGaNaniKmrbs;BkY eKenA\Nc ni eLIgvij bnab;BsI gamelakelIkTIBrI .
4
eKRbEhlCamindwgBIcMnYnGkrgeRKaH EdlcUlrYmeFVIbdivtn_enAkm<Ca edaykarsmab;/ CMgW/ kar
briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; BitR)akdesaHeLIy. sasacarsaklviTaly elak Stephen Heder
nigelak Ben Kiernan )anGHGagfa mancMnYnmYylannak;. elak David Hawk GkTTYlxusRtvelIkar
GegtmYysIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xgrbs;bdivtn_km<Ca )anvaytmfa cMnYnBIrlannak; KWekokbMput
nwg cMnYnBitR)akd ehIyKWKat;enHgEdlFab;sIbenas ehIyvaBMumankarRsuHRsYlKasIBIcMnYn
RbCa BlrdenAqaM1975 EdlmanBIR)aMmYylaneTACagR)aMBIrlannak;keTEdr.
5
Rbvtirbs;FnaKarik KWsMGagelIkarTak;TgKa EdlGkniBn)ansmasn_CamYyKat;enAkgGMLg
eBlsgam nigkarsmasn_enAeBleRkaymkeTot EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAqaM1982
nigenAqaM1983.
6
FnaKarGnrCatiedIm,IkarsabnaeLIgvij nigkarGPivDn_ (BIRD) nigsmaKmGnrCatiedIm,IkarGPi
vDn_/ r)aykarN_rbs;KNebskkmesdkicenARbeTskm<Ca/ qaM1969/ ksarsmat;manbI
k,al/ fTI12 Extula qaM1970/ TMBr45.
7
Ibid., TMBr45-46.
8
elak Esk sg/ {TsSnrbs;km<CaGMBIbdivtn_}/ in Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays,
eRkamkarcat;EcgdwknaMrbs;elakedvId eqnlr nigelakebneXonin (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Studies, 1983).
9
r)aykarN_rbs;KNebskkmesdkic/ op. cit., TMBr46-47.
10
sUmGan Cambodi:a The Search for Security, rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1968) sRmab;
karviPaKeBjeljmYy.
11
semc RBHneratm sIhnu EdlTajehtusMGagkgsarTUrelxrbs;sanTUtshrdGaemrikenARkg
662
PMeBj bBaneTA[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ fTI12 Exemsa qaM1963. rkeXIjCafIeday

sarc,ab;sIBIesrIPaBsarBtman.
12
karBiBNna EpelIkarykBtmanEdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenACMnan;enaH.
13
tamr)aykarN_smat;mYyrbs;mUlniFirUbiyvtGnrCati/ karvivtn_EpkesdkicfIrbs;saFarN
rdExr/ fTI27 Exvicika qaM1974.
14
elak hVg;sr b:ugs/ {km<CaqaMsUn} Paris, Julliard, qaM1977.
1
CMBUkTI2
TsSnavdI {Tg;bdivtn_} elx8 ExsIha qaM1975. kareBalsresIrGMBIKuNsm,tikgTBTaMg
Gs;EdlmanteTAeTotnsunrkfa KWecjBIRbPBEtmYy.
EpksIBIRbvtisasburaNenH KWsMGagCasMxan;elIesovePAepSgdUcteTA
{bNaRbCaCnenA]bTVIb\Ncin} rbs;elak hSk sWeds/ Paris, Dunod, 1962.
{bNardEdlniymsasnahiN RBhBasasnaenA\Ncin nig\NensuI}/ Paris, De Boccard, 1964.
Ggr An Introduction, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963.
{Ggr/ mnusS nigf} rbs;elak EbNard_-hVIlIB hslIey:/ Paris, B. Arthaut, 1965.
A History of South-East rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall, New York, Sain Martins Press, 1980.
hSk sWeds
Georges Coeds, Angkor: An Introduction (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963), TMBr45.
X
X
X
3
4
5
Ibid.
er:suIdg; Can;x<s;enA Champeaux kgr)aykarN_TIBIrRbcaMRtImasrbs;Kat;enAqaM1888 enAPMeBj

EdlRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Milton Edgeworth Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction in Cambodia and
Cochinchina (1859-1905) niekbbTfak;bNit/ Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968 TMBr358.
Ibid., TMBr363 EdldkRsg;tamelak E. Aymonier CaGtItGktMNagRbeTs)araMgenARkgPMeBj.
Rbvtirbs;nagsuyhSankabWueLsKWdkRsg;BI French Indochina rbs;GkniBn Virginia Thompsom New York,
Octagon Books, 1968, esoePAe)aHBum<tamc,ab;edIm/ 1937 nigkarsnnamYyrbs;GkniBn CamYy
elak EbNard_ hVIlIB hslIey:.
Virginia Thompson, op. cit., TMBr358.
7
8
kMNt;cMNaMxI
10
663
elak V.M. Reddi, A History of the Cambodian Independance Movement 1863-1935 (Tirupati, Inde, Sri Venkateswara University
Press, 1970) TMBr33.
11
Rbvtirbs; sWgg:kfaj; nigkareFVI)atukmenARkgPMeBj KWBwgEpkCasMGagelIesovePArbs;elak
V.M. Reddy nig V. Thompson RBmTaMgniekbbTfak;bNitrbs;elak ebneXonin eRkamcMNgeCIgfa {etI
b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? RbvtinlTikumynisenAkm<Ca/ 1930-1975 (Monash
University, Victoria, Australia, 1983).
12
V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMBr84.
13
niekbbTrbs; ebn eXonin/ op. cit., TMBr60.
14
15
16
{bTsmasn_rbs;smmit b:ul Bt>>> cMeBaHKNRbtiPUGksarBtman yUehasavI}/ RkgPMeBj/
ExmIna qaM1978. CIvRbvitrbs;yuvCn saLt s KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmasn_enH/ elIesovePA
sikaKarik CMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg nigkareFVIsmasn_ Lt sYg CabnRbsrbs; s edayelak
esehVn ehdr.
17
18
kareFVIsmasn_ eGog FIriT CaRbBnrbs; sarI edayGkniBn.
19
niekbbTrbs;elak Milton Osborne, op. cit..
20
esovePA {GnusSavrIy_EpmElm nigCUrct;} rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette, 1981).
Rbvtirbs;RKsar CYn KWRtv)anbMeBjbEnmedaykareFVIsmasn_ mitrYmviTalymak;eQaH KirITit
nigkareFVIsmasn_ CYn m:um nig CYn RbsiT edayGkniBn.
21
karviPaKGMBIneya)ayrbs;)araMgenAsmyenaH KWsMGagelIesovePAepSgdUcteTA
Communism and the French Intellectuals rbs;elak David Caute, New York, Macmillan, 1964.
Les communistes franais dans leur premier demi-sicle (1920-1970), rbs;elak Annie Kriegel, Paris, Le seuil, nouvelle dition
1985.
smaCenATIRkgTYrs_ (Tours), karcab;kMeNItrbs;bkSkumynis)araMg/ Paris, R. Julliard, 1964.
French Communism 1920-1972 rbs;GkniBn Ronald Tiersky, New York, Colombia University Press, 1974.
22
smasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
X
X
X
X
664
23
Rbvtinkarrs;enArbs; sarI nig FIriT enATIRkg):arIs KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmasn_mYyCamYy FIriT

edayGkniBnpal;.
24
esovePA Communism and the Frends Intellectuals rbs;GkniBn David Caute, (New York, Macmillan, 1964), TMBr179.
25
Ibid., TMBr195.
26
esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {ExrRkhm} rbs;elak Esksg nig ebneXonin (Paris, J.E. Hallier-Albin
Michel, 1981), TMBr357-361.
1
2
CMBUkTI3
Im et Sivone Prom, Khmer Folk Tales GtbTvayGglIelx/ 1976.
esovePA{bNardEdlniymsasnahiNenA\Ncin nig\NensuI} rbs;elak hSk sWeds/ Paris,
De Boccard, 1964.
Ibid.
esovePA The Great Chinese Travelers: An Anthology rbs;elak Jeannette Mirsky, (New York, Pantheon, 1964),
TMBr218-219.
niekbbTrbs;elak ebneXonin {etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? RbvtinlTikumynis
enAkm<Ca 1930-1973/ (Monash University, Victoria, Australie, 1983).
{clnatsURbdab;GavuFExr}/ esovePAesIgrbs;KNkmaFikarsniPaBExr/ Extula qaM1952.
niekbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ opt. cit..
6
7
8
9
Ibid.
ksarrwbGUs)anBIsRtv {karENnaMsIBIlkxNnkarcUlCasmaCikbkSrbs;CnCaticin}/
fTI24ExmifunaqaM1952.TUrelxCapvkarrbs;GaemrikaMgelx749EdleKGacrkBtmanenA
Wasson-Echols Collection, Cornell University.
10
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr.
11
karsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
12
13
esckIeqIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlelIkmkniyayCasMGagkgniekbbTrbs;elak ebn
eXonin/ op. cit..
kMNt;cMNaMxI
665
14
Rbvtirbs; eGog lIm nigkarerobrab;BIerOgr:avTaMgGs;rbs;Kat; KWRsg;ecjBI{karsnnaCamYy

eGog lIm CaExrRkhmcuHcUl}/ TUrelxnsanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjbBaneTA[RksYgkar
breTsenARkgv:asuInetan/ fTI30 Exvicika qaM1971.
15
16
esckIsegbnRbvtisasbkSEdlman[eyabl;BIelI CaksarEdlrwbGUs)anBIEpkTTYl
bnkneya)aykgTBrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa.
17
TUrelxnsanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/ fTI8 ExsIha qaM1955.
18
cMnYnEdldkRsg;BIksarRbvtisasbkS.
19
ksarEdlbBanedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTs enAfTI8 Extula
qaM1956.
20
Ibid.
21
ksarEdlbBanedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTsenAqaM1957.
22
BIsanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjeTARksYgkarbreTs/ fTI9 Exmifuna qaM1956.
23
Ibid.
24
ksarEdlbBanedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI19 Extula

qaM1969.
25
Laura Summers, karnaM[sal; exov sMpn.
26
Ibid.
27
Ibid.
28
kEngGtbTmMenH nigkareBalsresIr sMGageTAelIkarsmasn_mYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.

29
RbvtisasbkSBlkrevotNam/ 1930-1975 haNUy/ esovePAEdle)aHBum<pSayCa
PasabreTs/ 1977/ TMBr105.
30
Rbvtirbs; bUpat BwgEpkCasMGagelIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. eKnwgrkeXIjesckI
erobrab;BisarmYynUvksar nigesckIBnl;epSgsIBImNlXMuXaMgGkeTas kgkMNt;ehtu
Biess GMBIksarTaMgLayenAsarmnIrTYlEsg EdlmanbnBIesckIkt;ehtuTaMgenH.
31
karvaytmEdlRsg;ecjBIkareFVICMerOnqaM1962.
32
karBiBNnaGMBImhasni)at nigkarelIkerobrab;BIksarbegItbkSRtv)andkRsg;BIsunrkfa
666
rbs; b:ul Bt {mhaeCaKCyrbs;bdivtn_>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1977.

33
Stephen Hedter, The Historial Basis of the Kampuchea-Vietnam Conflict: The Development of the Kampuchea Communist Movement
GtbTvayGglIelx/ Cornell University, 1978.

GVIEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; bUpat KWsMGagelIcemIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.
35
ksarEdlbBanedaysanTUtGaemrikaMgeTARksYgkarbreTs/ fTI11 Exemsa qaM1963.
36
RbvtisasbkS.
37
RbvtinkarbHe)artamGtbTrbs;elakebneXonin/ The Samlaut Rebellion and Its Aftermath: 1967-1970, The
Origins of Cambodias Liberation Movement (Melbourne, Monash University Center of Southeast Asian Studies, 1976).
38
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.).
39
eGog FIriT EdleFVIsmasn_edayGkniBn.
40
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.).
41
b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKCyrbs;bdivtn_>>>}/ sunrkfa/ ExkBaa qaM1977.
42
esovePA {kMNt;ehtusIBIdMeNIrkgkEngsMxan;enARbeTsesom/ km<Ca nigRbeTsLav/
1858-1861} rbs;elak hg;rI mUhUt.
43
niekbbTrbs;elak M.E. Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction In Cambodia and Cochinchina (1859-1905) (Cornell
University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968).
44
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbneRCagx<s;Tg;CyCmHrbs;bkSkumyniskm<CadCajCy edIm,Ikm<CaRbCaFib
ety/ bneFVIbdivtn_sgmniym nigksaglTisgmniymEfmeTot}/ sunrkfa/ PMeBj/ ExkBaa
qaM1978.
45
b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKCyrbs;bdivtn_>>>}/ sunrkfa/ ExkBaa qaM1977.
and Its Relations with Vietnamese Communism, 1930-1970
34
46
Ibid.
47
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.)
48
cemIysarPaBrbs; bUpat.
49
Ibid.
50
Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.)
.
51
Ben Kiernan, The Samlaut Rebellion... (op. cit.).
52
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbn>>>}/ sunrkfa/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
1
667
CMBUkTI4
karerobrab;BIrdRbharqaM1970 tamBtmanEdlcuHpSaykgkaEstenACMnan;enaH nigesovePA
epSgdUcteTA
Anatomy of a coup rbs;elak T.D. Allman.
Cambodi:a The Widening War In Indochina rbs;elak Jonathan Grant, Laurence Moss et Jonathan Unger (New York,
Washington Square Press, 1971).
The Khmer Republic at War and The Final Collapse, rbs;elak sak;sut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Milatary History, 1980).
sak;sut saxn/ op. cit..
tamelak William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxpal;xnrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenA
RkgPMeBjepJIreTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI25 Ex]sPa qaM1972.
X
X
2
3
Ibid.
kar[Gtnyrbs;
William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol,
sak;sut saxn/
12
Ibid.
13
Merriam-Webster Dictionary (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1974)
TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.
op. cit.
9
karBiBNnaBIclnabM)at;CatiCIhV edayelak Jonathan Grand et al. (op. cit.) RBmTaMgelak William Shawcross,
Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and The Destruction of Cambodia esaknadkmmYyEdlKan sarsMxan;/ Paris, Balland,
1979).
10
m: suIsupa Edlsmasn_edayGkniBn.
11
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI2 ExkBaa qaM
1970.
14
esovePA {nvexmrniym} rbs; ln; nl; PMeBj/ saFarNrdExr/ 1974.
15
enAmankarCab;dRbyuTeBjTMhwg manTahanGaemrikaMg BIrmWunR)aMBan;nak;enAkm<Ca enAfTI7
Ex]sPa qaM1970.
668
16
sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Showcross (op. cit.) sRmab;karviPaKeBjeljmYyGMBIneya)ay

rbs;GaemrikaMgkgkarTmak;RKab;EbkenARbeTskm<Ca.
17
18
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj EdlcuHhtelxaedayelakkGKrdTUt eGm:UrI sVaMg
enAfTI19 Exemsa qaM1971 ehIybBaneTA[RksYgkarbreTs.
19
karelIkkitiysenH nigkarerobrab;BIkarBiPakSakgpkgTBGMBIerOgRbtibtikarswkecnLaTI2 KW
Rsg;tamesovePArbs;elak sak;sut saxn/ op. cit..
20
karsnnaCasmat;rbs;elak Guin taM CamYykGKrdTUtGaemrikaMg tamTUrelxmYyrbs;sanTUt
GaemrikaMgepJIeTARksYgkarbreTs/ fTI13 Exvicika qaM1972.
21
GtbTvayGglIelxrbs;elak Timothy Carney: The Unexpected Victory.
22
TwkR)ak;mYyekadidularCaCMnYyeTA[RbeTsevotNam Rtv)an[dMNwgmkGkniBnedayGknaMBak
mak;rbs;rdaPi)alRkghaNUy nige)aHBum<pSaykgkaEstv:asuInetanb:us fTI27 Exkum
qaM1983. cMnYnTwkR)ak;srubnCMnYyGaemrikaMgpl;eTA[saFarNrdExr KWRsg;tamelak Tim
Carney.
23
karcuHykBtmanedayGkBinenAqaM1973 sRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us.
24
cMnYn KWdkRsg;BIr)aykarN_smat;mYyrbs;GgkarmUlniFirUbiyvtGnrCati.
25
esovePAexA ehtukarN_ nigPstagnGMeBIQanBan nigkarPab;EdndIrbs;RbeTsevotNam
RbqaMgnwgkm<CaRbCaFibety/ PMeBj/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
26
tamesovePArbs;elak Tim Carney, The Unexpected Victory (op. cit.) nigrbs;elak Richard Dudman, Forty Days
with the Ennemy (New York, Liveright, 1971).
27
esovePAexA (op. cit.) TMBr56.
28
Ehm samin Edlsmasedayelak esehVn ehdr.
29
30
Ibid.
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMg EdlRsg;ecjBIRbvtisasEdlmantmkeTot nigkareBal

sresIrTaMgGs;.
31
sgat;GtbTmMenH BwgEpkCasMGagelIesovePA Backward Toward Revolution : The Chines Revolutionary Party
rbs;elak Edward Friedman (Berkeley, University of California Presse, 1974), CaBiessenARtg;TMBr 213-215.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
32
669
tamesovePA Cambodia in the Southeast Asian War rbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell et Lek Hor Tan (New York, Monthly
Review Press, 1975).
33
bBaIeQaHbNalsmaCiknraCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<Ca nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca edayyk
tambBaIrbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell.
34
Ca suT Edlsmasedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExmifuna qaM1981.
35
karBiBNna nigkarelIkniyaysMGagTaMgenH KWsMGagelIesckIbkERbcMnYnBIr BIesovePA {Rs
eNaHRBlwgExr}rbs; Guit sarin.esckIbkERbmYyEdlvayGglIelxRtv)anesIedayGkniBn
nigelak GuIsIy:am:a kUKI. esckIdkRsg;xHRtv)ane)aHBum<pSaykgGtbT {etIExrRkhmCaGk
Na} edayGkniBn enAkgkaEstv:asuIetanb:usnaExmIna qaM1974. esckIbkERbTIBIrEdlman
lkNeBjeljCag Rtv)ane)aHBum<pSayedayelak Timothy Carney kgesovePA Communist Party
Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, Cornell University, 1977). karelIkniyayTaMgb:unantamesovePA{RseNaHRBlwg
Exr} KW)anmkBIkarbkERbrbs;elak Carney belak Koki.
36
Xa bGtbTmM nigkarBiBNnaEdlmanteTAeTot suTEtsMGagelIRbvtisasbkS.
37
cemIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas/ {cemIyrbs; X}/ fTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976/ enAsarmnIr
TYlEsg. GtbTbkERbrbs;elak esehVn ehdr.
38
BYkemdwknaMnclnatsUExr nigsmaCikraCrdaPi)alrYbrYmCati enAxagkgRbeTskm<Ca.
39
esovePAexA (op. cit.).
40
karerobrab;GMBIshkrN_TaMgLay KWykKMnittamGtbT {kmaPi)al/ bNasmaCik/ RbCaCn
nigkgTBbdivtn_RtvmUlmtiEtmYy}/ kgTsSnavdITg;bdivtn_ ExsIha qaM1975 nigtamGtbT The
Khmer Krahom Program to create a Communist Society in Southern Cambodia rbs;elak Kenneth Quinn, TUrelx
epJIeTARksYgkarbreTsenAfTI19 Exkum qaM1974.
41
sunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbneRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
42
CYn RbsiTi EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
43
esovePA Aftermath: The Struggle of Cambodia and Vietnam rbs;elak John Pilger nig Anthong Barnett (Londres,
New Statesman, 1982), TMBr52.
44
tamTUrelxrbs;elak Kenneth Quinn Edlmanerobrab;rYcmkehIy RBmTaMgkarelIkerobrab;TaMg
Gs;EdlmanCabnmkeTot.
670
45
karBiBNnaGMBITIRkgPMeBjkgryeBlsgam KWsMGagelIkarykBtmanepSgEdlseRmceFVI
eLIgenACMnan;enaH edayGkniBnpal; rYmTaMgr)aykarN_RbcaMfrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgeBjGMLg
eBlnsgam.
46
tamesovePA The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung rbs;elak Stuart Schram (New York, Frederick A. Praeger,
1963).
47
b:ul Bt/ kgTsSnavdITg;bdivtn_.
48
Ibid.
49
John Pilger et Anthony Barnett, op. cit.
50
kareFVIsmasn_rbs;GkniBn.
51
52
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI31 Exkkda qaM
1973.
53
Ehm samin EdleFVIsmasedayelak esehVn ehdr.
54
55
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkgPMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/fTI29ExmkraqaM1974.
56
karBiBNnaBIkarRbyuTpac;RBRt tamkarerobrab;rbs;elak sak;sut saxn/ op. cit., nigr)ay
karN_epSgRbcaMfrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMg.
57
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkgPMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI7 Exmkra
qaM1975.
58
CMBUkTI5
1
2

esovePA Staline (Staline: A Political Biography) rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher, bkERbBIesovePACaPa
sa)araMgrbs;elak J.P. Herbert (Paris, Julliard, 1953).
Franz Schurmann nig Orville Schell, GkTTYlxusRtvelIesovePArYmmancMNgfa Communist China Revolutionary
Reconstruction and International Confrontation (New York, Vintage, 1967).
kMNt;cMNaMxI
4
671
kareFVIsmasn_ eGog sarI edayGkniBn EdlkgenaHKWBwgEpkCasMGagelIesckIraykarN_

EdleFVIeLIgeday sarI enAfdMbUgnCyCmH.
5
GtbTvayGglIelx The Unexpected Vicotry rbs;elak Tim Carney.
6
karerobrab;BIkarpt;pg;PsParTIRkgRBnKr tam With Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977
haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qaM1978.
7
kaEstjvy:kEfms_/ fTI14 Exkkda qaM1975.
8
karvaytmGMBIkarxUcxatTaMgGs; tamsunrkfarbs; eGog sarI enAmhasni)atGgkarshRbCa
Cati naExtula qaM1976 nigtamr)aykarN_smat;rbs;GgkarmUlniFirUbiyvtGnrCati.
9
KMrUenA ram nigkMBg;esam KWdkRsg;BIkarcuHykBtmanmYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAqaM
1978.
10
karBiBNnatamkareFVIsmasn_ FIriT edayGkniBn nigesovePA{karvilRtLb;eTARkgPMeBj}
rbs;elak GuI pan;dara (Paris, A.M. Mtaill, 1982).
11
12
karvaytmTaMgenH sMGagelIkareRbbeFobmYynUvcMnYntYelxrbs;elak ebn eXonin nig elak
esehVn huIDr. Fab;snidanfa GtItPUmiPaK]tr)anpl;TBbIkgBlFMeTA[mCim. BIrkgBlFM
sitenAPMeBj/ kgBlFMTIbI RtvbBaneTARBMEdnPaK|san. PUmiPaKbUBa pl;eTA[RkgPMeBjEt
mYykgBlFMb:ueNaH EdlsitenAkgkgTBmCim nigrkSaTukBIrkgBlFM. PUmiPaKBiess )an
kayeTACaPUmiPaKrbs;mCim nig)anRbKl;kgTBrbs;xneTA[RkgPMeBjTaMgGs;. kgBlFMEt
mYyKt;rbs;PUmiPaKBayB EdlmancMnYnTBminRKb;RKan; Rtv)anGnuBaat[enAnwgkEng. PUmiPaK
nirtI )anpl;TB[RkgPMeBjmYykgBlFM b:uEnRtvdak;[RbcaMkarenAkMBg;esam kgPUmiPaKrbs;xn
dEdl ehIy)anrkSakgTBrbs;xnBIrkgBlFMeTot.
13
Rbvtirbs;PUmiPaKnirtI KWsMGagelIGtbT {BI b:ul Bt dl;Eb:nsuvN>>>} rbs;elak esehVn ehdr
EdlKat;)anEfgenAkgsnisITGnrCatisIBI\Ncin nigbBaasnisux nigsirPaBenAGasuIPaKGaeKy_
saklviTalyCULaLgkn/ )agkk/ qaM1980.
14
CIvRbvtirbs; tam:uk yktamcemIysarPaBrbs; ng sYn EdlsresrenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
enAfTI21 Exvicika qaM1976.
15
CIvRbvtirbs; esa Pwm yktamcemIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t enAsarmnIrTYlEsg/ GtbTbkERb
672
rbs;elak esehVn ehdr nigtamniekbbTfak;bNitrbs; ebn eXonin etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNac

EbbNa/ RbvtinlTikumynisenAkm<Ca 1930-1970 GtbTvayGglIelx/ sakl
viTaly xrENl/ qaM1978.
16
Ehm samin Rtv)ansmasn_edayelak esehVn ehdr.
17
sMLt CakarseRmccitedImdMbUgrbs;kumynis kgkarcab;epImkartsUedayGavuF ehIyfTI17
ExmkraqaM1968)ankayeTACafExnkarbegItkgTBbdivtn_. CYn RbsiTi EdleFVIsmaseday
GkniBn.
18
19
kgGtbT {sRmcstiGarmN_vNGFn>>>}/ TsSnavdITg;bdivtn_RbcaMExkBaa-tula qaM1976
EdlGtbTenHRtv)anbkERbedayelak kwm sus nig FImU:FI xarnI.
20
esovePA {RttsI/ BakarIRbdab;edayGavuF} rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 18791921), karbkERbBIesovePACaPasa)araMgrbs;elak eb: eb:hSy (Paris, Julliard, 1962).
21
b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbn>>>}/ sunrkfaenAExkBaa qaM1978.
22
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
24
esovePA {salIn} rbs;elak
25
Ibid.
26
Isaac Deutscher (op. cit.)
esovePA A History of Russia rbs;elak Sir Bernard Pares (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), TMBr 507.
Franz Schurmann et Orville Schell (op. cit.), TMBr409-410.
28
Ibid., TMBr211. bdivtn_TIBIrbs;salIn nigneya)aymhaelatepaHrbs;cin )anseRmcCMruj
EpkesdkiceTArk]sSahUbnIykm nigEkERbkarRbRBwtiepSg edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnkgRbeTs
eCOfa eKQancUlsmyTMenIbehIy. BYkExrRkhmminsal;BIeCaKCy EdlmankMNt;enH
pgeT.
29
elak haNah_ Gaer:n )anniyayBakrfa {kalNaRBHraCakan;Etpac;kar bdivtn_Edlnwgmk
CMnYskEngrbs;RBHGgkan;Etpac;karCagRBHGgeTAeTot}/ kgkarniBnl,gsIBIkarbdivtn_
(Gallimard, 1985). eTvraCanRbeTskm<Ca KWCaRBHraCakan;GMNacpac;karCageKmYyGgkgcMeNam
RBHraCa Edlkan;GMNacpac;karCageK ehIyBYkExrRkhmCaGkbdivtn_eRbIGMNacpac;karCageK
27
kMNt;cMNaMxI
673
kgcMeNamGkbdivtn_ EdleRbIGMNacpac;karCageK.
30
31
D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (New York, St. Martins Press, 1970).
esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {Ggr} rbs;elak hSk sWeds.

viTRkgPMeBj/ fTI12 Exmifuna qaM1975 kgRBwtibRtBtmanrbs;xnCaPasabreTs.
33
esovePA {Ggr} rbs;elak hSk sWeds EdlRsg;mMmanniyayCasMGagedayelak lVIs_
hVINUt.
34
smasn_rbs;emdwknaMcMeBaHBYkGkkaEstyUehasavI. Edward Conze dans Buddhism, Its Essence and
Development (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1959) EdlKU s bBa a k; f a eKaledArbs; R BHBu T s asnaKW
{eFVI[mnusS mancitsb;sat;}.
35
GkkarTUtcin Edlsmasn_edayGkniBn nigmanbMNg[rkSaGnamikPaB.
36
esovePA {KMnithYsvisyEdlbNal[manmnusSsab;Gs;CaeRcIn} rbs; Bin y:af/ GkrYcBI
eRKaHfak;nGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_km<Camak; niyaybgaj[eXIjerOgenaH (Paris, R. Laffont, 1979),
TMBr97-98.
37
A.L. Bashman, The Wonder That Was India (New York, Grove Press, 1954).
38
Bin y:af/ op. cit., TMBr35.
39
CYn RbsiTi EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
40
kaEstv:asuInetanb:us ecjfTI27 Exemsa qaM1975.
41
esovePA Origins of the conflict rbs;elak esehVn ehdr/ Southeast Asia Chronicle, ExkBaa-tula
qaM1978.
42
kardMNaleLIgvijGMBIvibtinavam:y:aeh KWBwgEpkCasMGagelI{karcab;navam:y:aeh}/svnakar
rbs;sPaGaemrikaMgenAqa1M 975 nigesckkI t;Tku xI EdlsresredayGkniBnkg kasnsnsi TI
kaEstEdleFVIeLIgeday eGog sarI sIBIerOgenH enATIRkgjvy:knafTI6 ExkBaa qaM1975.
43
esckIkt;TukxIrbs;GkniBn nigGtbTkgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usfTI8 ExkBaa qaM1975.
44
TsSnavdIEfm fTI26 Ex]sPa qaM1975.
45
esovePAesIgsIBIvimanrMBkviBaaNknGtItyuTCnenARbeTsevotNam/ Rkgv:asuInetan/ D.C..
46
TUrelxrbs;sanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkg)agkk epIJeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ fTI5 Ex]sPa qaM
1975.
32
674
47
sun esn )anRbkasfa Kat;Fab;)ansikSaBIsgamTaMgLayrbs;GWr:ub kgkareFVIsmasn_mYy

Edlpl;dl;elak esehVn ehdr enAqaM1979.
48
karerobrab;GMBIkariyaFibety GMNac/ Tmab;/ rebobcat;Ecgkickarrd nigkarRbRBwteTArbs;
rbbenH KWyktamkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;GkniBneTAkan;km<CaRbCaFibety enAqaM1978 nigkar
smasn_CaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIenACMnan;enaH.
49
EpksMxan;nCIvRbvtiTak;Tgnwg nYn Ca KWyktamniekbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..
50
enAxNenH kgTB)anTTYlbBaa[bBab;muxkarepSgrbs;xnCasnisux EdlrYmmankarsmab;
mnusSpg.elakLr:a sammr nigebneXonin )anbkRsayerOgenHfadUcCabBaamYy[bBab;kar
smab;TaMgGs;. b:uEn vahak;dUcCafa BMumankarpakCabeNaHGasnkgkarsmab;mnusSeT b:uEnfa
kickarcaM)ac;enH Rtv)anRbKl;[EpksnisuxenAmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgEdldwknaMeday Duc vij.
tamBit KWeRkaymanbBaaenHbnic EdlmnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgcab;epImdMeNIrkar.
1
2
3
5
6
CMBUkTI6
sMbuRtenH CacMENkmYynksarrbs; hYt bu)aNa enAsarmnIrTYlEsg EdlrkeXIjedayGk
niBnenAmCmNlenH ehIybkERbenAnwgkEngeday CMu bUrI CamKeTsk_rbs;rdaPi)al. kg
ksarenHmanmmYydMu esckIRbkasrbs;nagenAfEdlsnisuxnaMxnmkdak;Kuk/ CIvRbvtirbs;
nag/ karlatRtdagBIeQaHsmaCikEdleKGHGagfa CaExSbNajrbs;nagcMnYn 15c,ab; cemIy
sarPaBGMBIsMbuRtCaeRcIn EdlnagsresrepJI[sVamIrbs;nag/ CIvRbvtimYyrbs;bInag nigmti
ENnaMy:agEvgrbs; Duc epJIeTA[kmaPi)alEdlTTYlbnksYrcemIy. BYkGkEfrkSasarmnIr
TYlEsg)anniyayR)ab;fa enHCaksarRkas;CageKkgcMeNamksarenATIenaH.
RTI em:ghYt nig buin Nal; EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
tamc,ab;rdFmnuBa Edle)aHBum<pSay nigviPaKeday emon sg;KIm kg Southeast Asian Affairs,
qaM1977.
bTePgCatiRtv)ane)aHBum<pSay kgTsSnavdI {km<CaRbCaFibetye)aHCMhaneTAmux} EdlCa
TsSnavdIpvkarmYyrbs;rbbenH.
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBn.
Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), TMBr53. {BIkarPUtkuhk eTAGMeBIhigSa
kMNt;cMNaMxI
675
.
(Paris, Calmann - Lvy, 1972)
.
Ibid., p. 55.
9
Rbvtirbs; bu)aNa nig Edt KWsMGagelIksarrbs;nagenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. kareRbIR)as;
ksarenH nigksarepSgeTot EdleRbIsRmab;bBaak;GMBIsmyenH KWRtv)anjaMg[pusKMnit
edayelak Jonathan Spence, The Death of Woman Wang (New York, Penguin, 1982).
10
esovePA The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse rbs; sak;sut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center
for Military History, 1980).
11
karykBtmanEdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAsmyenaH.
12
sUmGanerOg {ramayN} ramekr edIm,IdwgBIerOgyuTkfaTaMgmUl.
13
karBiBNnaGMBImnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsgtamkareFVITsSnkicrbs;GkniBnenAqaM1983. lkNBitn
cemIysarPaBCaeRcInenAsarmnIrTYlEsg KWRtv)anGHGagbEnmeday eGog sarI kgkareFVI
smasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmnwgGkniBn ehIyRtve)aHBum<pSaykgGtbT {bnb;mrNrbs;BYkExr
Rkhm}rbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:us fTI2 ExsIha qaM1981.
14
bTsmasn_TaMgLayrbs;GkniBnenAsarmnIrTYlEsg nigkarBiPakSaCamYy edvId hk.
15
bTsmasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn edayBYkGkePosxnEdlcUlcitlak;GnamikPaB.
16
eGog sarI EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBn.
17
bNaemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenAExF qaM1978.
18
sUmGanGtbTvayGglIelx {shkrN_TaMgLaykgkm<CaRbCaFibety} rbs;elak Lr:a
sammr/ ExsIha qaM1981 nigkareFVIsmasn_ eGog sarI edayGkniBn.
19
tamGtbTrbs;elak Lr:a sammr/ op. cit..
20
Rbvtirbs;RKsarm: KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_EdlGnuBaatpl;dl;GkniBnedaysmaCikRKsar
Edlrs;ranmanCIvitcMnYn4rUbKW suIsupa/ bUpa/ sUem:t nig Pa.
21
22
Ibid., p. 55
23
Ibid.
24
676
25
kareroblitln;sIBIkarpas;brxagBaNiCkmrbs;BYkExrRkhm nigRkmhun er:nhVg (Ren Fung, Co.)

kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa (FEER) fTI20 Ex]sPa qaM1977.
26
r)aykarN_dMNac;qaM rbs;rdaPi)al KWelIkmkniyayCasMGagkgesovePArbs;elak David
Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December 1976 bTGnraKmn_
enAsnisITRBIns_tun sIBIRbeTskm<Ca/ Exvicika qaM1982.
27
Chandler, op. cit..
28
kareFVIsmasn_ nigTsSnkiicenAkm<CaRbCaFibetyrbs;GkniBnenAqaM1978.
29
kareFVIsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBnedayvisVkr r:UdulhV hSyGaer: EdlCYsCulRbBnFarasas
rbs;RbeTsenHBIExsIha qaM1980 dl;Exkkda qaM1982.
30
31
karBiPakSaCamYysasacar hVg; GuhVm:an Edl)anbMPWGMBIcMNucenH.
32
elIkmkniyayCasMGagkgesovePA The Norms and Standards International Human Rights and Khmer Rouge Rule
in Democratic Kampuchea 1975-1979 rbs;elak edvId hk EdlCitecjpSay.
33
Rbvtirbs; han tav sMGagelIbTsmasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBnenAqaM1979 nigRtv
)anbMeBjbEnm edaykareFVIsmasn_CnCaticinkat;Exr R)aMmYynak;epSgeTot.
34
sunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbneRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
35
karerobrab;BIkare)assmatfI KWyktambBaIeQaHCnrgeRKaHEdlCab;Kuk nigRtvsmab;enA
mnrI XMXu aMg s-21 eRkamrbb b:lu Bt/ eGog sarI. mnrI enHsti enAkg GtItviTalyTYlsVayRB
RkgPMeBj ksarvayGglIelx/ sarmnIrTYlEsg/ BMumancuHkalbriecTeT.
36
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr.
37
David Hawk, op. cit..
38
bTsmasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn edayelak qaMg sug/ GtItrdmnIRksYgBtmanrbs;
saFarNrdExr.
39
{BIkarPUtkuhkeTAGMeBIhigSa} rbs;elak Gaer:nd_.
40
David Hawk, op. cit..
41
Xa bGtbTmM KWdkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdIyuvCnbdivtn_ tamesovePA Communist Party Power in
Kampuchea (Cambodia): Documents and Discussion rbs;elak Timothy Carney, Conell University Southeast Asia Program,
kMNt;cMNaMxI
677
.
42
GtbT {GkNaxHCaBYkExrRkhm?} rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr cuHpSaykgkaEst
v:asuInetanb:us ExmIna qaM1974.
43
v:un EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenAqaM1978.
44
embBaakar BIn EdlsmasedayGkniBn.
45
karkt;smal;rbs;GkniBnkgryeBlnkareFVIdMeNIrenAqaM1978.
46
karsmasn_EdlseRmceFVIedayGkniBnenAqaM1979.
Data Paper No 106, Ithaca, 1977)
CMBUkTI7
1
tamcemIysarPaBrbs; bU pat sMuNMuksarenAsarmnIrTYlEsg.
2
karerobrab;BImnIrXuMXaMgTYlEsg nigsmareFVITaruNkm tamkareFVITsSnkicEdleFVIeLIgeday
GkniBnenAqaM1983.
3
edvId hk/ {mnIrsmab;mnusSTYlEsg Index on Censorship, Londres, Exmkra qaM1986.
4
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assmatenAPUmiPaK]tr nigBayB KWyktamksarepSgrbs;elak
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power in Democratic Kampuchea, ksarvayGglIelxEdlBiniteLIg
vijenAExsIha qaM1982.
5
6
Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power..., (op. cit.).
7
karcab;xn nigkarsmab; kuy FYn KWyktamesovePAexA/ ehtukarN_ nigPstagepSgnGMeBI
QanBan nigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca PMeBj/ 1978 nigbBaICn
rgeRKaH EdlCab;Kuk nigsmab;enAmnIrs-21 kgrbb b:ul Bt / eGog sarI/ GtItviTaly
TYlsVayRBenARkgPMeBj GtbTvayGglIelx/ sarmnIr]RkidkmRblyBUCsasn_enA
TYlEsg/ PMeBj/ KankalbriecT.
8
tambBaICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.).
9
karvaytmtambBaICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.) nigkarRsavRCavrbs;elakesehVn ehdr nigelakedvId
hk.
10
ksarcuHkalbriecTfTI30 ExkBaa qaM1976/ mancMNgeCIgfa {cemIyrbs; X. elIkTI mYy
678
karsnnaCacMhGMBIbdivaTkmnwgRkghaNUy sIBIkareRCIserIsfExqaMnkarbegItbkS/ 1951

b 1960 ksarenAsarmnIrTYlEsg/ GtbTbkERbrbs;elak esehVn ehdr. karerobrab;
TaMgGs; EdlmanCabn KW)anmkBIcemIysarPaBTaMgenH.
11
bBaanfxYbkMeNIt KWyktamelak David Chandler, Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuche:a When Was the
Birthday of the Party?, Pacific Affairs, rdUvePg qaM1983.
12
David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December, 1976, GtbT
vayGglIelx EdlbgajCUnenAsnisITRBIns_tun sIBIRbeTskm<Ca/ Exvicika qaM1982.
13
Ibid.
14
Rbvtirbs; RTI em:ghYt tamkarsmasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn.

15
smasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn.
16
Ibid.
17
David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate (op. cit.)
.
18
esckIdkRsg;BIcemIysarPaBrbs; hU nwm Edle)aHBum<pSaykgesovePA The Bureaucracy of Death:
Documents from Inside Pol Pots Torture Machine rbs;elak Anthony Barnett, Ben Kierman, Chantou Boua, New Statement
(Londres), fTI2 Ex]sPa qaM1980.
19
tambTsmasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAExkkda qaM1981.
20
elak hVg; hVaNug/ RKeBTxagcitviTa ekItenAekaHm:aTInik EdleFVIkarenARbeTsGal;ehSrI
nig)ankayeTACabkSBnnkarbdivtn_enATIenaH. esovePA {BYkGkrgTukxaMgenAelIEpndI} rbs;
Kat; EdlGYtGMBIksikr nigkarbdivtn_tamrykareRbIkmaMg )anCH\TiBleTAelImnusSniymeqVg
nigGkbdivtn_CaeRcIn kgTsvtSr_ 1960 CaBiessenAGahVik nigGaemrikxagt,g.
21
GVIEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; kumt KWyktamkarCYbsmasCaeRcInelIkEdleFVIeLIgedayGk
niBn.
22
GVIEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; pat KWyktamcemIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.
23
esovePAEdlrkeXIjenAsarmnIrTYlEsgedayelak edvId hk nigbkERbedayelak esehVn
ehdr.
24
Gk)aneXIj-)andwg-)anB enAPUmiPaKnirtI Edlsmasedayelak edvId hk nigGkniBn.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
1
2
5
6
679
CMBUkTI8
smasn_EdlRBmpl;[GkniBnenAExmkra qaM1979.
esovePA {savtarnsgam>>> nigesckIsgwm} rbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette - Stock,
1979).
cMnYntYelx KWyktamcemIyCalaylkN_GkSrrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHsMNYrepSgEdlecaTsYr
edayGkniBn nigelak rIqad Dudm:an enATIRkgPMeBj naExF qaM1978.
karerobrab;BIEpnkar 4qaM tamsunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnelIkeRCag>>>}/ PMeBjExkBaa
qaM1978.
bTsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn/ km<CaRbCaFibety/ enAExF qaM1978.
Ibid.
karviPaKGMBIPUmiPaKbUBa KWyktam
esckIsegbnkarkat;eTas edaykM)aMgmux b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI enAExsIha qaM1979
enAPMeBj EdlmanpSaytamviTCapvkar.
esovePA Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Cormorans rbs;elak Ben Kiernan, kgesovePA Revolution and Its
Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays rbs;elak David Chandler nig Ben Kiernan (New Haven, Yale University Southeast
Asia Chronicle, No 64 ExkBaa - Extula qaM1978.
karsmasn_nwg Ehm samin EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExkkda qaM1981.
karmasn_CamYy hun Esn nig Guk buneQOn EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAPMeBj/ qaM1983.
RbvtisasbkS.
8
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr enAExsIha qaM1980.
9
karviPaKGMBI\riyabfrbs;km<CacMeBaHRbeTsevotNam KWyktamesovePAdUcxageRkam
Cambodi:a The Search for Security rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1967).
Document on Border Issue haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTsevotNam/ fTI7 Exemsa qaM1978.
Origins of the conflict rbs;elak esehVn ehdr (op. cit.).
10
Stephen Heder, ibid..
11
smasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esehVn ehdr.
12
smasn_EdlGnuBaat[GkniBn.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
680
13
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
14
karelIksresIrenH nigGVIEdlmanbnmkeTot KWdkRsg;ecjBIsunrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {mha
CyCmHrbs;bdivtn_>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1977.
15
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
16
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
17
elak Nay:an; can;da kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa (FEER) Exkum qaM1978.
18
smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenAExvicika qaM1977.
19
tamTIPak;garBtmanevotNamfI.
20
tamviTkm<CaRbCaFibety.
21
karerobrab;GMBIkare)assmat nigkarsmab; esa Pwm KWyktamesovePA Wild Chicken... (op. cit.)
rbs;elak Ben Kiernan.
22
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenAExkkda qaM1979.
23
cMnYnEdlGHGagedayelak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..
24
elak Nay:an; can;da kgTsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa/ qaM1979.
25
sunrkfa b:ul Bt {eyIgbn>>>}/ ExkBaa qaM1978.
26
esckIdkRsg;BIlixitpvkarrbs;BYkGkkaEstkg Seven Days, fTI19 Ex]sPa qaM1978.
27
r)aykarN_eBjeljndMeNIrenHmankg Robert Brown, The New Face of Kampuchea (Chicago, Liberator Press,
1979).
28
karkt;smal;epSgrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHelak emor_dal; nigKNRbtiPUEblhSik KWyktam
karsmasn_Edlyl;RBmedayb:ul BtcMeBaHelakhSg;emor_dal;nig b:ul BtsnnaCamYyKN
RbtiPUsmaKmEblhSik-km<Ca/ PMeBj/ ExsIha qaM1978.
29
tamkarsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn dUckarelIkGVImkniyayCasMGagrbs; han tav Edr.
30
esovePA{qayhYseCIgemX/R)aMqaMCamYyBYkExrRkhm}rbs;GkRsI Lr:g;Bic (Paris, Barrautt, 1984).
31
32
Ibid.
erOgEdlmanbnBIRbvtirbs; suIsupa KWyktamkarsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.

33
esovePA {karRtLb;mkPMeBjvij/ RbeTskm<Ca BIGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_eTAkartaMgCaGaNa
niKm} rbs;elak GuI pan;dara. kareFVICasakSI Garmkfa edayelak Jean Lacouture, Paris, A : M. Mtaili,
kMNt;cMNaMxI
681
. karGHGagbEnmBIkarpas;brrebobcat;Ecgkargareday Lr:g;Bic (op. cit.) nig RTI em:ghYt

smasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenAExkkda qaM1979.
34
cemIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlbkERbeTACaPasaGg;eKs edayelak esehVn ehdr
ksaenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. tamkmviFIrbs;rNsirSsamKIsegaHCatikm<Ca/ qaM1978.
1982)
CMBUkTI9
sUmGanesovePA ehtukarN_epSg nigPstagnGMeBIQanBan nigkarPab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTs
evotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<Ca PMeBj/ qaM1978 edIm,I[dwgPaKlitln;EfmeTot.
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations ksarvayGglIelx/ fTI12 Exkum
qaM1978.
Rbvtisasrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePATaMgLaydUcxageRkam
Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. 1 : From Colonialism to the Viet-Minh rbs;elak Joseph Buttinger (New York,
Praeger, 1967).
bNaRbCaCnenA]bTVI\Ncinrbs;elak hSksWeds/ Paris, Dunod, qaM1962.
A History of South-East Asia rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall (New York, St. Martins Press, qaM1970.
Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations (op. cit).
Rbvtirbs; hU CImij/ lTiCatiniym nigkumynisniymrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePAdUc
xageRkam
{hU CImij} rbs;elak hSg; LaKUeTor/ ):arIs/ qaM1968.
Vietnamese Anticolonialism rbs;elak David Marc (Berkely, University of California Press, 1971).
{lTikumynisniym nigCatiniymrbs;evotNam} rbs;elak EBr rUest )arIs/ Galile,
qaM1978.
EBr rUest/ op. cit., TMBr200-202.
X
X
X
4
5
X
X
X
6
7
Ibid.
RbvtisasbkS.
TUrelxCapvkarcuHfTI24 Exmifuna qaM1952 rbs;KNkmkarkickarbreTs. Echols Collection,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
682
10
RbvtisasbkSkumyniskm<Ca/ op. cit..

11
kmviFIneya)ayrbs;rNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,g eqkUsv:aKI/ qaM1967.
12
esovePA Chinese foreign Policy in an Age of Transition: The Diplomacy of Cultural Despair rbs;elak Ishwer C. Ojha
(Boston, Beacon Press, 1971).
13
Elizabeth Becker, The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam: Changing Alliances, Indochina Issues, No. 1, ExmIna qaM1979.
14
Ishwer Ojha, op. cit..
15
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBnenARkghaNUy/ qaM1979.
16
hSg; LaKUeTor/ op. cit..
17
cMnYntYelx nigkarerobrab;BIkarxUcxat KWyktam
The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam rbs; James Harrison (New York, Free Press, 1982).
With Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977 haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCa PasabreTs/
qaM1979.
Alexandro Casella, Dateline Vietnam: Managing the Peace, Foreign Policy, niTaXrdUv qaM1978.
18
CemaHrvagevotNam-km<Ca haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qaM1979.
19
20
Harrison Salisbury, War between Russia and China (New York, W.W. Norton, 1969).
21
22
CemaHrvagevotNam-km<Ca (op. cit.).
X
X
23
Ibid.
24
RbCaCnevotNam 929>600nak; )anePosxneTAbreTsenAqaM1984 tamkar[dwgrbs;

GKsgkarGgkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnkCnePosxn. BIrryhasibBan;nak;eTot TMngCasab;
kgsmuRT.
25
Van Tien Dugn, Our Great Spring Victory, karbkERbCaPasaGaemrikaMgrbs;elak John Spragens Jr. (New York,
Monthly Review Press, 1977).
26
karBiBNnaBITIRkgRBnKr eRkaysmysgam KWyktamesovePAepSgdUcxageRkam
The Fall of Saigon rbs;elak James Fenton, Granta (Londres) No 15, 1985.
Giai Phong : The Fall and Liberation of Saigon rbs;elak Tiziano Terzani (New York, St. Martins Press, 1976).
X
X
kMNt;cMNaMxI
683
.
Van Tien Dung, op. cit..
The Myth of a Liberation rbs; Truong Nhu Tang, New York Review of Books, fTI21 Extula qaM1982.
27
sgat;GtbTmMenH nigGVITaMgGs;EdlmanteTAeTot EdlepateTAelI\riyabfrbs;RbeTs
evotNam eRkaysmysgam KWsMGagelIkarsmasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;dl;GkniBn eday
mnIpvkar)araMgmak;EdlR)afalak;GnamikPaBrbs;xn.
28
Troung Nhu Tang, op. cit..
29
Tiziano Terzani, op. cit..
X
With Firm Steps (op. cit.)
X
X
30
Ibid.
31
Hoang Nguyen
EdleFVIsmasedayGkniBnenARkghaNUy qaM1983.
karsmasn_Edlpl;[GkniBn.
33
smasn_Edlyl;RBmnwgGkniBn enARkghaNUy qaM1979.
34
cMnYntYelxnplitplRsUv/ GtiprNa nigkarxVHxatRsUv KWRsg;ecjBIGtbT {RbeTsevotNam
RbwgERbgbnkarGPivDn_ karsnaeFVIsgmniym/ vibtiPyBIeRKaHFmCati nigkarhat;eronCa
Gciny_}/ vb,Fm nigkarGPivDn_ saklviTalykatUliklUvuaMg/ EblhSik/ qaM1979.
35
Vietnam: A Socialist Economy in Transition, r)aykarN_smat;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/ fTI5 ExmIna
qaM1980/ PaKTI1/ TMBr15.
36
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBnenARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
37
esckIraykarN_GMBIrbskmenAsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNam/ GgkarelIkElgeTasGnr
Cati/ TIRkgLgRd_/ qaM1981.
38
Duyen Anh EdleFVIsmas_eday Lik ehatan; kg Index on Censorship, TIRkgLgRd_/ ExmIna qaM 1984.
39
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
40
karsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkghaNUy enAqaM1979.
41
karviPaKGMBIbBaaCnCatiPaKticcin nigkarRsavRCavkrNIenH KWyktam
ksarvayGglIelx The Chinese Community in North Vietnam : Comrades in Confrontation (1979) rbs;elak
Alexandro Casella nig Paul Quinn-Judge, kareFVIsmasn_GkePosxnCabnbnab;enATIRkghugkug BIfTI4
dl;fTI10 Exmifuna qaM1979/ kgnamnGgkar American Friends Service Committee ksarvay
32
684
GglIelx. karsikSaBIkrNIenH KWmYyEpkFMdkRsg;ecjBIGtbTrbs;elak

42
Alexandro Casella, The Chinese community in North Vietnam (op. cit.).
43
Elizabeth Baker, The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam (op. cit.).
Casella
CMBUkTI10
1
eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr/ kaEstv:asuInetanb:us/ qaM1975.
2
BImun/ GaharUbkrN_CaeRcInrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTs )anCMruj[mankarsikSaRsavRCavBI
\Ncin. sUmGanGtbT Cambodian Tragedy, Problems of Communism rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr/
Ex]sPa-mifuna qaM1984.
3
GtbTmMsIBIsmaKmGasan KWyktamkareFVIsmasn_GkkarTUtCaeRcInrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH nig
karykBtmanepSgenACMnan;enaH.
4
EpksIBIRbeTsLav KWdkRsg;tamGtbT Laos : The Widening Indochina Conflict rbs;GkRsI eGlIhSaEbt
ebkxr/ Indochina Issues, No 2 Exmifuna qaM1979.
5
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn.
6
karerobrab;GMBIclnasniPaBniymeRkayqaM1975 KWeFVItamkarkt;smal;epSgrbs;GkniBn
nigkarsnnaCamYyskmCnCaeRcInnak;.
7
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; xUr:a ev:s suTEtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFIVsmasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;
dl;GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1983.
8
karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; hSeGn)aeG KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_EdlRBmpl;dl;GkniBn
enAExtula qaM1982.
9
karerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk KWdkRsg;BIbTsmasn_ Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enAExF
qaM1981.
10
karbkRsayrbs; pan; ehon GMBIkarcrca KWyktambTsmasn_Edlpl;dl;GkniBn enARkg
haNUy enAqaM1983. karbkRsayrbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk tamkareFVIsmasn_ Edlyl;RBm
pl;[GkniBn.
11
karsmasn_smaCikmak;nRkmkargar EdlR)afa[lak;GnamikPaB.
12
karyl;eXIj nigkarerobrab;TaMgLayrbs; hUlRbk KWdkRsg;BIkarsmasn_EdleFVIeLIgCamYy
kMNt;cMNaMxI
685
GkniBnenAExF qaM1983.
13
hUlRbk nig pan; ehon)anGHGagbEnmeTAvij eTAmknUvkarbkRsayBIkarcrcarrbs;eKenATIRkg
):arIs kgkareFVIsmasn_CamYyGkniBndac;edayELkBIKa.
14
smasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn.
15
karbriyayerOgrbs; esehVn sULa nigkarerobrab;TaMgLay KWyktambT smasn_Edl
yl;RBmeFVICamYyGkniBn enAExsIha qaM1982.
16
karBiPakSatTl;rvag RbhSInsI - suIrusv:an;s_ sIBIneya)ayGaemrikaMgenAGasuI KWBwgEpkCa
sMGagelIBtmanepSgEdlpSayecjenACMnan;enaH RBmTaMgelIkareFVIsmasn_EdlRBmpl;[
GkniBn edaymnusSBIrnak; mak;enAExkkda nigmak;eTot enAExvicika qaM1981 nigedaybNa
shkarIrbs;Kat; rIqad hUlRbk enAExemsa qaM1981 nigExvicika qaM1983/ m:xWl
GUkesnbWk enAExvicika qaM1981 nig r:UbWtGUklI enAExF qaM1981pg. karerobrab;TaMgGs;
-elIkElgEtBtmanpy- suTEtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmasn_TaMgenH.
17
bTGnraKmn_rbs; suIrusv:an;s_ enA Asia Society enARkgjvy:k/ qaM1977.
18
TUrelxEdlGkniBnmanmeFa)ayyk)an edaysarRbPBBtmanepSg EdlecjBIrdaPi)al.
19
karykBtmanEdlbMeBjedayGkniBnenACMnan;enaH ehIyEdlmYyEpk)anecjpSaykg
kaEstv:asuInetanb:us enAfTI1 Exkum qaM1978.
20
sUmGansarNarbs;elak xaFr nig RbhSInsI
{GnusSavrIy_rbs;RbFanaFibtImak;} rbs;elak CImmIxaFr/ Paris, Plon, qaM1984.
Power and Principe : Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981 rbs;elak bkj RbhSInsI (New York,
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).
21
karerobrab;BIkarcrcatamkareFVIsmasn_nana EdlRBmpl;dl;GkniBneday egVn kUfac;/ rIqad
hUlRbk nig m:xWl GUkesnbWk.
22
karmasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGkniBnenAExF qaM1981.
23
tamcemIyCalaylkN_GkSrrbs;elak CImmI xaFr tbnwglixitsYrrbs;GkniBnEdleFVI[Bisar
kgsarNa nGtItRbFanaFibtI (op. cit.).
24
kalb,vtienH KWsMGagelIGtbTepSgEdlecjpSayenAsmyenaH CaBiesskgTsSnavdI
esdkiccugbUBa (Far Eastern Economic Review).
X
X
686
1
1
2
3
CMBUkTI11
CMBUkEdlmanbnmkeTot KWEpkelIkMNt;xI nigrUbftCaeRcInEdlftedayGkniBn enAkgry
eBlndMeNIrBIrs)ah_rbs;xnenAkm<CaRbCaFibety naExF qaM1978.
CMBUkTI12
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExtula qaM1980.
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExmkra qaM1979.
smasn_Edlyl;RBmpl;[GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1981.
CMBUkTI13
RksYgkarbreTsrbs;shPaBsUevot)ansYrsMNYreTA GuIhr rU:haqUv>>> enH nigksarrbs; rU:haqUv
TaMgGs; nigBaksmIdkRsg;pal;TaMgGs;KWEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy r:UhaqUv enATIRkg
):arIs enAfTI22 Extula qaM1991 nigenATIRkgjy:k enAfTI23 ExkBaa qaM1992.
PasacinEdlKat;niyayKW {BiessEmnETn ehIynigBieraHEmnETn}. bTsmasenATIRkg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> CamYy Yassen N. Zassoursky EdlCaRBwTbursrbs;mhaviTalysarBtmanviTa
enAsaklviTalym:Us .
r:y manGarmN_fagayRsYleFIVTMnak;TMngCamYy rU:haqUv Nas;>>> bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy
esbPWlfun r:y enATIRkgv:asIunetanDIsIu enAfTI1 Exkkda qaM1991.
{Kat;Rtv)ankt;smal;edaysarkarKitEbbminTak;TgeTAnwgsasna nigedaysarPaBTn;Pn;>>>>}.
bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy Yevgniy V. Afansyev enAfTI 17 ExkBaa qaM1991.
cab;taMgBIGayu16qaM enAeBlEdlKat;e)aHbg;kareronsURtenAfak;viTaly>>> luHRtaNaEt
niyaym:ageTot ral;BaksmIdkRsg;pal; nigksarRbvtirUbrbs; elaknaykrdmnI hun Esn
TaMgGs; KWsmageTAelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnenA TIRkgPMeBjenAfTI08 Exmkra qaM1983/
enATIRkgsssug rbs;RbeTs)araMg enAfTI10 Exvicikar qaM1988/ enATIRkgPMeBj enAfTI 20
ExmIna qaM1989/ enATIRkg):arIs enAfTI28 Exkkda qaM1989 nigfTI30 ExsIha qaM1989/
enATIRkgPMeBj enAfTI5 Ex]sPa qaM1992.
Kat;)anniyayfa {mansMNag}. bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAqaM1983.
kMNt;cMNaMxI
7
687
dUecH Kat;)aneLIgCiHynehaHenAvtnaKvn>>> bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAExmIna qaM1989.

8
{>>>eRKaHfak;minEmnRtwmEtenAkgTVIbGasIueTb:uEnBITIVbGasIueTAkan;BiPBelak}.semc RBHneratm
sIhnu/ GkniBn/ Sihanouk Center Stage, Washington Post fTI15 Exmkra qaM1979.
9
{qakCIvitrbs;KWCaerOgpyRsLH>>>} enAkgGtbTxagelIdEdl.
10
enAkgkayvikarqgxusBIFmta>>> Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy: The War After the War (San Diego: Harcourt,
Brace, Jovanovich, 1986), p. 365.
11
{eyIg)anR)ab;Kat;}. GkniBnsmasCamYy rIqad hUlRbk enAqaM1983.
12
{enAExmkra qaM1997 kgTIRkgjy:k TTYlsal;faxnKYr[GaNitdUc Job Edr >>>} Souvenirs doux
et amers.
13
{ebIBinitemIlGMBIkarRKb;RKgCamunrbs;rdaPi)alevotNamCamYybBaasuvtiPaB>>>}. bTsmas
rbs;GkniBnCamYy Robert B. Oakley enAfTI26 Exmifuna qaM1979.
14
{KanpvEdlelakGacTTYl)an>>>}. GkniBnsmasCamYy rIqad hUlRbk enAfTI29 Exvicika
qaM1983.
15
RbeTskm<CaenAEtenA)attaragdEdl>>>. sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, Punishing the Poor: The International
Isolation of Kampuchea (Oxford: Oxfam Publishers, 1988), p. 77.
16
{manyl;sbiGaRkk;mYy>>>}. GkniBnsmasCamYysemc RBHneratm sIhnu/ Washington Post
fTI27 Exkum qaM1980.
17
enAGayu35qaM kt m:aTIn enAekg>>>. enH nigral;BaksmIdkRsg;nigBtmanTaMgGs;EdlBak;Bnnwg
kt m:aTIn KWEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnEdleFIVenATIRkg ):arIs enAExvicikaqaM1989enAExkkda
qaM1990 nigenAExF qaM1991 ehIynigEpkelIlixit nigkarsnnatamTUrsBBITIRkgeb:kaMg enA
Exvicika qaM1990 nigExkkda qaM1992 nigBITIRkghugkug enAEx]sPa qaM1991.
18
EpkelIksarCasarBtman nigbTsmasrbs;GkniBnenAtamRBMEdn.
19
{enATIenH mankarcMNayRCl edayKankarsgSyeLIy}. bTsmasrbs; GkniBn Washington Post
enAfTI1 Exkum qaM1981.
20
karBiBNnaGMBITIRkgPMeBj edayEpkelI William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and
Modern Conscience (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
21
sUmemIl Report of the International Conference on Kampuchea, New York: United Nations, July 13-17, 1981.
688
22
{karTUtEbb esbPWlfun r:y}. bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAExtula qaM1984.

23
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anGeBaIjGkRbCaFibetymkBITIRkgRbkKIn>>> GkniBnsmasCamYy
Stephen Solarz enAExkkda qaM1991.
24
elakRsI Griffith )anniyayfa {eyIg)anniyayc,as;ehIy}. GkniBnsmas CamYy Ann Mills
Griffith enAEx]sPa 1991.
25
enAeBlEdl eha)aqUv kan;GMNac>>> ksarenHBwgEpkTaMgRsugelI Michael Dobbs, Down with Big
Brother, The Fall of the Soviet Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).
26
mIxaGuIl eha)aqUv eFIVdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkgkMBg;Ep Vladivostok... Vital Speeches of the Day, pp. 706-11.
27
kalb,vtiEdlEpkelIksarCasarBtmanBI New York Times, Washington Post, Bangkok Post, and Patrick
Raszelenberg and Peter Schier, The Cambodia Conflict: Search for a Settlement, 1979-1991, an Analytical Chronology
.
{eyIgviPaKedayesaHRtg; nigTTYlsal;y:agkahan>>>} Asia 1988 Yearbook, Far Eastern Economic Review,
p.252.
29
{elakr:UhaqUv KWsMxan;bMputsRmab;>>>}.enHnigBaksmIdkRsg;bnbnab;KW BwgEpkelIbTsmas
rbs;GkniBnenATIRkg):arIs enAqaM1989 nig1991/ enATIRkgPMeBj enAqaM1989 nigqaM
1991 nigenATIRkgv:asIunetan enAqaM1991.
30
manExSTMnak;TMngpal;xnpgEdr>>> ehtukarN_nerOgenHKWBwgEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy
Jean-Jacques nig Khek Galabru enATIRkg):arIs kgqaM1989 nig1990 nigksarcmgrbs;TUrelx
cMnYn14 rvagelaknaykrdmnI hun Esn nigsemc RBHneratm sIhnu.
31
EpkelIkarykBtmanrbs;GkniBnCMuvijkicRbCMuBIrrvagelaknaykrdmnI hun Esn nigsemc
RBHneratm sIhnu.
32
enAkgbTsmassresrdEvgmYy>>>. bTsmasrbs;GkniBn enAExkkda qaM1988.
33
elak qaTIq Qunhav:an )anR)ab;TIRbwkSaekgTaMgBIenH>>>. GkniBnsmasCamYyelak qaTIq
Qunhav:an, Kraisak Choonhaven, nig Pansak Vinyaratn, enATIRkg)agkk enAqaM1990/ ehIyBaksmI
dkRsg;epSgeTotBI Pansak KWBwgEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBnenAkgTIRkg):arIs enAqaM1989
enAkgTIRkg)agkk nigTIRkgv:asIunetan enAqaM1991.
34
dMeNIrTsSnkicrbs;elaknaykrdmnI hun Esn EpkelIesckIraykarN_ tamsarBtmanBI
(Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts fr Asienkunde, 1995)
28
kMNt;cMNaMxI
Bangkok Post
35
689
nig
The Nation (Bangkok)
ksarBI James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy, Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnams
Sons, 1995), pp. 72-83.
36
ksarCasarBtman nig Dobbs, Down with Big Brother.
37
ksarCasarBtmannig Donald Morrison, ed., Massacre in Beijing: Chinas Struggle for Democracy (New York: Times,
Inc., 1989).
38
EpkelIkaryksarBtmanrbs;GkniBnenAkgRBwtikarN_ nigksarpvkarrbs;snisITenATI
Rkg)arIs.
39
kicRbCMuCamYy Nguyen Co Thach nig General John W. Vessey, Jr. EdlEpkelI bTsmasrbs;GkniBn
CamYy Vessey enATIRkgva:sIunetanDIsIu enAqaM1991.
40
enAkicRbCMu sULm:Un )anR)ab; kt m:aTIn GMBIEpnkarrbs; ebkKr>>> ral;BaksmIdkRsg;TaMgGs;BI
rIqat sULm:Un nigr)aykarN_GMBIkicRbCMukarTUtrbs;Kat;EdlEpkelIbTsmasrbs;GkniBn enA
qaM1991 nigqaM1992.
41
enAfTI2 Exmkra qaM1990 rdmnIRksYgkarbreTs James Baker )anepJIrlixitmYy>>>. eday
EpkelIkMNt;ehtukCnrrbs;mnIGaemrikCan;x<s;mak;Edl)ancUlrYmenAkgkicccarTaMgenH.
42
KMnitkgkarekaHRbCMusmaCikGciny_rbs;RkmRbwkSasnisuxGgkarshRbCaCati. bTsmas
CamYy sULm:Un nig cn bUltun.
43
karerobrab;GMBIkicRbCMurbs;smaCikGciny_TaMg5 rbs;GgkarshRbCaCati EdlEpkelI
bTsmasCamYy sULm:Un/ rU:haqUv/ m:aTIn/ bUltun nigkMNt;ehturbs;mnImak;Edlminsal;eQaH.
44
{manmnusSmYyRkmenAkgCYrrd)al>>>}. bTsmasrbs;GkniBnCamYy Robert Kimmit, enATIRkg
v:asIunetan DI>sIu> enAExF qaM1990.
690
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg GtItmnIrs-21
kgCMBUkTIbI )anerobrab;BIRbvtirbs; bU pat; EdleKsal;eRkameQaHfa pat; ehA hgS

edaydkRsg;ecjBIksarTaMgmUlrbs;Kat; EdlmanenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. kEngenH )ankay
eTACasarmnIrmYy nigCabNalymYy Edlmantml;sMNuMksarGtItGkeTas cMnYndb;Ban;nak;
dUcCa bU pat; CaedIm RBmTaMgksarRbvtisasepSgeTotsIBIrbbExrRkhm.
sMNuMksarTaMgenaH rYmpSM)anCaRbPBBtmanmYy EdlminGackat;f)an sIBIRbvtisas
rbs;ExrRkhm. ksarTaMgGs;enH mancMNucsMxan;CaeRcInsRmab;pSMpMeLIgvij nUvkarCemaHTaMg
Lay EdlmanlkNbt;EbnsKsaj nigGafkM)aMgenApkgbkS munnigeRkaykarQaneLIgkan;
GMNacrbs;ExrRkhm edIm,Iyl;dwgBIRbkarEdlbkS)ankan;kab;GMNacenHtammeFa)ayNa nig
EvkEjkBIkarbMpicbMpajRbeTspg.
b:uEnsMNuMerOgsRmab;pMeLIgenH Rtv)anraykarN_edayRbgRbyt nigeRbbeFobeTAnwgk
sarRbvtsi asdTeTot. sMNeMu rOgrbs;Gk eTasmak; KWmanEpkxus nigEpkRtvpg. CIvRbvtdi bM gU
EdlsresredayGkeTasmak; CaTUeTA KWeRcInEtniyayRtg;Gs;BIdYgcit eRBaHenAeBlenaH GkeTas
enAEteCOfa xnGacmanPBVsMNagRtveKedaHElg[manesrIPaBvij. ehIyenAeBlEdleKniyay
erobrab;BICIvitpal;rbs;Kat; dUcEdleKsYrnaMenaH Kat;xMRbwgbgaj[eXIjBIPaBKaneTasBr_rbs;
Kat;Canic ehIybdiesFecalkarecaTRbkan;epSg EdlBYkGkRttRtaKuk)anecaTTmak;mkelIKat;
eTotpg. eRkaymk bnab;BIkareFVITaruNkm karKMramkMEhg RbqaMgnwgRKsar nigbNamitPkirbs;Kat;
GkeTaskRBmcuHcaj; ehIysarPaBBIGMeBI]RkidepSg EdlKat;BuMEdl)anRbRBwtTal;EtesaH.
cemIysarPaBTaMgGs;suTEtsresrCaPasaExr elIkElgEtcemIysarPaBrbs;GkeTas
breTsmYycMnYnecj EdlminsUvmanplRbeyaCn_xagRbvtisasb:unaneLIy. PasaEdlGkTaMg
enaHeRbIR)as; manlkNBi)akyl;Nas;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<CaFunmFm BIeRBaHvaTamTarnUvkarecH
dwgmYyxagEpkvaksB EdlbBaledayBYkExrRkhm nUveQaHmnusS Bak nigXaRbeyaKBiess
EdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;sRmab;EtKaeKb:ueNaH. dUecH karbkERbksarTaMgenH esIrEtminGaceFVI)an
eLIysRmab;RbCaCnkm<CaPaKeRcIn. )anehArkGkRsavRCavCatiGaemrikaMgmak;eQaH esehVn
ehdr edIm,ICYybkERbksarmYyPaKeRcInenAsarmnIrTYlEsg. EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;xn ehIy
RtvEtdwgKuNKat;CaerogrhUt. bEnmBIelIGkbkERbmak; )anrkmKeTsk_mak;eTot Edl)anBuH
]bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
691
TmayPaBsKsajnkarecaTRbkan;epSg nigGkSrsmat;rbs;BYkExrRkhm.
m:ageTot Kat;manTwkcitTUlMTUlaybMput Edlpl;[nUvksarepSg EdlrkeXIjenA
sarmnIrTYlEsg. ehdr pal; nig edvId hk Edl)anesuIbGegtBIbBaasiTimnusS )andak;[eRbI
R)as;nUvBtman nigksarCaeRcInEdlKat;RbmUl)anenATYlEsg ehIyEdlGnuBaat[)ansresr
esovePAenHeLIg.sUmEfgesckIdwgKuNcMeBaHelakFIm:UFI xaNI CaGkkeTsGaemrikaMgmak; eTot
xagbBaakm<CanigCasmaCikEpkkickarTUt Edlbgaj[eXIjnUvTwkcitTUlay eday)anpl;
ksarCaRbvtisasy:ageRcInmk[ EdlmanmYycMnYnFM KWKat;RbmUl)anmkBIKukTYlEsgEdr.
xaNI kCamnusSdkRmmak;kgcMeNammnusSdkRmCaeRcInnak; EdlmansmtPaBbkERbBIPasa
Gg;eKseTACaPasaExr EdlGac[eKyl;esckI)anBIerOgBYkkumyniskm<Ca.
CMnYyrbs; ehdr/ hk nigxaNI manlkNkMNt;seRmcBIerOgenH BIeRBaHeK)anraraMgCaeRcIn
elIkeRcInsa min[eFVIdMeNIreTARbeTskm<Ca nigTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIksarepSgenAsarmnIr
TYlEsg edayxnpal;eT. rbbrbs;elak ehg sMrin )anRttRtay:agRbytRbEyg min[GkNa
mak;cUleTArkksarTaMgenaHeLIy. sRmab;bBaaTaMgenH eKRtvEtTTYl)ankarGnuBaatBiessmYy.
GkGPirkSsarmnIrTYlEsg )anniyayR)ab;Casmat;enAqaM1983fa CaTUeTARbCaCnkm<CaBuMEdl
)anTTYlkarGnuBaat[cUlemIlksarTaMgenaHeT ehIyfa manEtCnbreTsmYycMnYnb:ueNaH EdleK
GnuBaat[ftcmgksarTaMgenaH)an. m:ageTot karcUleTARsavRCavksar KWRtv)_ ankRmitRBMEdn
edaysarPaBkRmecjTidkar EdleKyl;RBmpl;[BYkbreTsedIm,ITsSnaRbeTskm<CatictYceBk.
eRkayBIkardak;BaksucM lU rbs; 2qaM )anTTYlTida karmYyenAdMNac;qa 1M 980 b:Eu n rdaPi)al
rbs;evotNam)anraraMgkareFVdI eM NIrrbs;eTotedaybdiesFminRBm[qgkat;tamRbeTsevotNam
eLIy EdlenAeBlenaHvaCapvEtmYyKt;EdlGaceTAdl;RbeTskm<Ca)an. bnab;BI)anesIerIBaksuM
rbs;eLIgvij )anTTYlkarGnuBaateTAkan;RbeTsTaMgBIrenAqa1M 983 b:Eu ntaMgBIeBlenaHmkTida kar
epSg)anRtveKRcanecalCanic. b:uEn ksarCaeRcInEdlRbmUl)anenAqaM1983 )anGnuBaat
[bBab;esovePArbs;cb;sBVRKb;.
lkxNCak;lak;nksarTaMgLayenAsarmnIrTYlEsg KWKanGVIeFVI[eKegOgql;eLIy. bNa
GkkeTsl,I -ehdr nigxaNI- k)anbBaak;GHGagBIPaBTak;TgKay:agCitsiTCaRbvtisasrbs;
vaEdr. ehIykgbTsmasn_mYy EdlKat;)anGnuBaat[CYbenAqaM1981 eGog sarI mnusSTIBIr
rbs;bkS )anbBaak;bMPWBIlkNBitncemIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edl)andak;CUnKat;Binit Ca]TahrN_
692
nigkarTTYlxusRtvrbs;BYkExrRkhmkgkarRbRBwtGMeBIsahavyg;Xg enATYlEsgedIm,I[rwtEtc,as;
las;EfmeTot. )ane)aHBum<pSayesckIbBaak;bMPWenH kgGtbTmYyeRkamcMNgeCIgfa {bnb;
mrN rbs;BYkExrRkhm} kgkaEstv:asuInetanb:us ecjenAfTI2 ExsIha qaM1981.
sMNuMerOgrbs; bU pat CatYy:agKMrUmYy rYmman 8 cMENkEvg EdlmanCIvRbvtixusKabYn nig
ksarbYnepSgeTot sBI sI a nkarN_enAPaK\sanRbeTskm<C amunsmysgam {kMhsu xagsIlFm}
rbs; pat; CamYyRsI kareFVIXatemdwknaMbkSmak;enAPUmiPaK]tr kgryeBlsgam nigesckI
segbmYyncemIyrbs; pat; cMeBaHsMNYrepSg EdleKsYrbnKaminecHcb; edayGksYrcemIy
Gnamikmak;.
ehdr )anRbTHeXIjksarenHenAsarmnIrTYlEsgkgqaM1981 ehIyKat;)anbkERb
sRmab; enAqaM1982. )aneRCIserIsykksarenH BIeRBaHRbvtirbs; pat; kargarrbs;Kat;kg
pbkS )anpl;nUvrUbPaBmYy EdlswgEtsBVRKb;sIBIsmaCikbkSfak;mFmmak; BIeRBaHmuxgarEdl
Kat;)anbMeBjCabnbnab; suTEtmanCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;mYycMnYndUcCa exov
sMpn/eGogsarI nig b:ul Btpal;. m:ageTotGnaKtrbs;Kat;kqHbBaaMg[eXIjBIGnaKtrbs;clna
ExrRkhmEdr. CakUnkMRBaEdlmanmuxrbrkMbuikkMb:uk Kat;)ankayeTACaemdwknaMtMbn;dsMxan;mak;
bnab;mk)anGnrayCIvit enAkgkare)assmatdFMmYykgcMeNamkare)assmatFMrbs;bkS.
edIm,IerobpMeLIgvijnUvRbvtirbs; pat; )aneRbIR)as;BtmanCaeRcInEdlmanenAkgsMNuMk
sarrbs;Kat; ehIy)anykBtmanenHeTAeRbbeFobnwgksarepSgeTot KWBtmanEdleKrkeXIj
kgsMNuMerOgepSgeTotenAsarmnIrTYlEsg bmkBIRbPBCaeRcInminEmnkumynis kgCMnan; semc
RBHneratm sIhnu nig ln; nl;. kgsMNuMerOgpal;rbs;Kat; CIvRbvtidMbUgEdlsresredaydrbs;
pat; KWCaRbvtimYymansarsMxan;CaTIbMput.ehIyxageRkamenHKWCakarbkERbmYy Edlpl;cMeBaHmit
GkGannUvKMrUmYy nbNaCIvRbvti nigcemIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edlyk)anmkBITYlEsg. enHKWCa
karbkERbbRgjmYy GtbTeBjTaMgRsugmanesckIEvgeBk BuMGaccuHkgesovePAenH)aneLIy.
CIvRbvtimYy
eQaHedIm bU pat;/ eQaHbdivt hgS GayuEssibqaM ekItenAPUmiremj RsukekaHGENt
exttaEkv.
eQaHBuk bU ePaK/ eQaHmay nBV kUv. GkTaMgBIrrksuIciBawmCIvitedayeFVIERscmar.
693
Kat;TaMgBIr)ansab;taMgBIenAekgenAeLIy. minEdlnwkRsmeXIjBImuxmat;ragerArbs;Kat;y:ag
dUcemceT.
manbgbnRbsRsIR)aMBIrnak; bgRsIbgs;eQaH efg \LvenHKat;RbEhlCamanGayu 60
qaM ehIyKitRtwmqaM1978CakUneBAeKbgs;>>>.
bnab;BI)at;bg;Bukmay eyIg)anrksuIciBawmCIvitedayeFVIERsdEdl>>>.
BIqaM1950 dl;qaM1953 )aneronsURtenAkgsalamYyenAekaHGENt. enAqaM1954
cUleronenAsalavtKW vtemRBemlg>>>. )ansikSaenATIenaHrhUtdl;fak;GaTikdan. kalenaH
rs;enAkgvtCamYyRBHsgCaeRcInGg. enAqaM1955 nigqaM1956 )anmkbnkarsikSa fak;
GaTikdanTI2 enAsalaeBaFicintug RsukPMeBj. enAeBlenaH )anrs;enAeRkamGaNaBa)al rbs;
bgRbseQaH bU Tit CanayTahanBak;skimYynkgTBqRteyagRbcaMbnayeBaFicintug. BIqaM
1956 dl;qaM1959 )ansikSaenAviTalykCnkm<CbuRtRkgPMeBj>>>. sUmCRmabfa kar
bMBak;bMb:nGMBIbdivtrbs; )ancab;epImtaMgBIqaM1957mk enAviTalykCnkm<CbuRt. Fab;
)ancUlrYmkgskmPaBeXasnaepSg edIm,IBRgIk\TiBlkaEst{RbCaCn} kgcMeNamkUnsisS
viTalyCaeRcIn.
Fab;eTAkEngkariyalyrbs;kaEstenaHCaerOy. eKGacGHGagfa minEdleFVIkar
Tak;TgCamYymCdanGkceRmInniymrbs;kaEstTal;EtesaH>>>.
enAcugqaM1959 )anrt;ecjBIpHbgRbsrbs; bU Tit TaMgkNalGRFaRt edIm,IeTArs;enAkg
kariyalyrbs;kaEst {GksegtkarN_} EdlkgenaH )aneFVIkarxagkMENGtbTkaEst EdleK
e)aHBum<sakl,gdMbUg nigkargarxagEckkaEst>>>. minyUrb:unaneRkaymk )ancUleFVIkarCamYy
bgEhm eQaHbdivt exov sMpn. RtveKcab;xn nigdak;Kuk dMNalKanwgGkeFVIkarenAkaEst bYn
nak;epSgeTot edayrdaPi)alCMnan;enaH. eBlecjBIKku enAedImqa1M 960 )aneTAenAvtsaV yBEB
mYyryxI edayenAEteFVIkarTak;TgCamYy bgEhm Canic EdlenAEtCaemekayrbs;dEdl>>>.
)ankayeTACakmkrsg;pHf>>>> b:uEn Kij)antamdany:agRbkit>>> )aneKcxneTAenACa
mYynwgRBHsg ehIy)ancUlrYmkgkarsresresovePA>>> karviPaKxagGkSrsil,_CamYy {mitmak;}
eTot. eyIg)anlk;siTiniBnkgesovePAmYyk,alcMnYn bIBan;erol bnab;mk eyIgEbgEckluyKa
nigcayvayeTAelIrbs;eRbIR)as;epSg.
[karRsavRCavrbs;b:Ulissmat;)anbgM[Kat;pas;brTIlMenA nigmuxrbrCafImgeTot]. )an
694
CYlxmswkmYyenAEk,rXaMgpkes,gGahar nigRKab;rMesvrbs;kgTBexmrPUmin. RtveKnaMcUl[

eFVIkarCaCagsg;pHeQI>>>. enAqaM1962 kaEstRbCaCn)anecjpSayeLIgvij ehIy)aneTA
eFVIkarCaGkEkGtbTenATIenaHmgeTot. enAkasmhasni)atBiessrbs;bkSkumynis GkniBn
naykrbs; kaEst)anRtveKcab;dak;Kuk. bnab;BIecjpSay)anEtmYyelx {Ggkar})anpl;bT
bBaa[eyIgbBab;karecjpSay nigcab;eFVIskmPaBedaylYclak;vij.
fmYyEdlkMBugsitenAkgTIlak;xnmYy>>> CIm )anmkrkCYb ehIysYrfa {smmit Gkcg;
cUl bkSbeT?}>>>. enACMnan;enaH KandwgfamanbkSmYyenAeLIyeT>>>. ta CIm )anBnl;R)ab;BI
GtnynbkSCaGVIeTA ehIy)anesI[suMcUl. tmkeTot )ansresrRbvtirUbBisarmYy edIm,Iyk
eTACUnfak;elIBinit. fTI28 Exemsa qaM1962 )anRtveKeFVIBiFIbBalbkSenAkgpHmYy sitenA
xageRkaymnIreBTRBHsg CamYymnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay KWsmmit y:a nigvI EdlCaGkesI
ebkPaBrbs; nigGkFanamak;eTotKWsmmit Ekv mas. [{mnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay} CaBakEdl
bMBak;elIeQaHbNasmmitEdleCOCak;kgxnBIGMeBIk,t;. enAqaM1978 y:a nig Ekv mas )ankay
eTACaGkrgeRKaHBIkare)assmatmYy ehIy)anRtveKsmab;ecalTaMgGs;].
enABak;kNalqaM1962 smmit b:g; EdlmanbuNskiFM )annaMeTAeronRTwsICabneTot kg
pHEdlsitenAxageRkayeBTRBHsgdEdl edaymanbgTImYy b:ul Bt CaRK]eTsnam. GVIEdl
enAEtnwkeXIjkaleNaH KWmankUnsisSEtb:unannak;b:ueNaH>>>>.
[karrs;enAkgTIlak;xnmYyepSgeTot]. smmity:a )anmkCYbCajwkjab;edIm,IelIkkm<s;
CMhrvNrbs; kgeKalbMNgeFVIkuM[enOyNaykgkarrs;enArebob {lak;xn} enH Kat;)an
niyayR)ab;fa nwgRtvcakecjeTAkan;RBm:aKIkgeBlqab;enHehIy>>>. bnab;BIsitkgsPaB
lYclak;cMnYndb;Ex yb;mYy Ggkar)anykecjBITIenaHenAcugqaM1962. smmit y:a )anR)ab;
[enArg;caMLanmYy Edlmanelxsmal;mYyxuseKenAxageCIgvtTUlTMBUgtameBlem:agkMNt;Tuk.
rMeBcenaH Lan)anmkdl;Pam edaymindwgelcecjBIxagNa. ebIkTVarrfyn ehIy)aneXIjbgTI
mYy b:ul Bt GgyenAkgenaHEdr. edayebIkbrvilvg;kgRkgPMeBjbeNIr Kat;sYrbeNIrfa
etIGkgR)akdCacg;cakecjdac;xatEmnb.
bnab;mk Kat;)anebIktRmg;eTAsatcas; ehIybt;eTAkan;kEngmYyEdlmansuTEtKMnrRks
lit RksGacm_pay ehIyeyIg)anCYbbgTBIr eGog sarI b nYn Ca enATIenaHEdr. bgTIBIr
)anBRgwgkarseRmccitrbs; ehIynaMcakecjeTACamYynirsaryYnmak;>>>. enAeBlRBwk )an
695
eLIgCiHLanmYy ehIyeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkgsVayerogCamYymIgmak;. bnab;mk )ancakecjBI

sVayerog tamreTHeKamYyeRKg nigqgcUleTAkgRbeTsevotNamxagt,g. )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
TIsak;karEpkeXasnarbs;evotkugeTot.
)ansitenACamYyBYkevotkugkgryeBlRbEhlR)aMmYyEx ehIyCYyeFVIkarBYkenaHsRmab;
viTpSayCaPasaExr. bnab;mk RbEhlCaenAExkkda qaM1963 )anCYbbgTImYy nigbgTIBIr Edl
mkykecjBIBYkyYn ehIy)aneFVIdMeNIreTArs;enACamYy{Ggkar}eyIg EdlenAeBlenaHrYmman
smasPaBbgTImYy bgv:an; eGogsarI nigbgexovsun esn.enAqaM1964)anerobkarRbBn
CakUnRsIrbs;smmit sak;KI enAcMeBaHmuxbg Pwm esa Pwm emdwknaMPUmiPaKbUBa>>>. enAqaM1966
bkS)ancakecjBItMbn;valrabeTAtaMgenAextrtnKirIvij. bgv:an; )anecjdMeNIreTAmuneK>>> RbBn
rbs;EdlmankUnmYyeTAehIy )anTTYlbBaa[sitenACamYyBuknagkgTIsak;karcas;EdltaMg
enAEk,rRBMEdnsin.
enAExkkda bExsIha qaM1967 )ancakecjBItMbn;valrabeq<aHeTArtnKirICamYybgTImYy
nigsmmitmYycMnYnFMepSgeTot>>>. CaGnuRbFanmnIrTTYlbnkxagGkSrsmat; nigeragBum<>>>.
RbEhlenAExkum qaM1968 bgTImYy )anerobcMkmviFIeFVIkarhVwkhat;k,neyaFaCaelIkdMbUg
bgs;>>>. Kat;eTIbEtbgajCUnBIkmviFIsikSaRsab;EtkgTBrbs; ln; nl; eBlenaHCaembBaakar
kgTBrbs;semc RBHneratm sIhnu )ancab;eFVIskmPaBvayqk;mYy RbqaMgnwgeyIgkgcMeNamkar
vayqk;CaeRcInrbs;BYkeK.
[kgcemIysarPaB nigCIvRbvtienAsarmnIrTYlEsgTaMgGs; semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rtv)an
Ejkdac;minniyaydl;eLIy>>>. KW ln; nl; Canic EdleKsntfa CaGkeFVIkarRbyuTRbqaMgnwgBYkGk
bdivtBuMEmnsemceT.
eRkaymk bgTImYy )anbBaneTAvayRbyuTCamYysRtvenAvuWnsCamYynwg bgexov sun
esn EdlnwgkayeTACaembBaakarkgTBExrRkhm. BIqaM1969 rhUtmkdl;eBlmanrdRbhar
sitenAkgRsukvWuns dEdl extrtnKirIPaKxaglic. bnab;BIrdRbhar qaM1970 bkS)an
cat;taMg[TTYlbBaaeyaFa kgzanCasgkarneya)aykgGnuesnaFMmYy EdlkMBugvayRbyuTnwg
sRtvenARsuk)anlug extrtnKirI>>>. RbEhlCaenAExsIha qaM1970 bkS)anEtgtaMgCasmaCik
KNkmaFikartMbn;103 kgPUmiPaK]tr. enAfTI21 Exemsa qaM1974 bnab;BI bgm:n TTYl
mrNPaB bkS)anRbKl;tMbn;rbs;Kat; 103 mk[TTYlxusRtvrhUtmkdl;cugqaM bnab;mk
696
bkS)anbBanRbFanKNkmaFikartMbn;fImak;eTot edaymaneFVICaelxa>>>.
[mrNPaBrbs; bgm:n RtveKsIbenas[ pat; enAeBleRkaymkeTot. GVIEdlmkbnBIcemIy
sarPaBdMbUgTaMgenH )anqgBICIvRbvtiBitR)akdmYyeTAnwgkaresuIbGegtmYysIBIkMhusCayfaehtu
epSg karRbRBwtxusKngmaKa nigGMeBI]Rkidpal;rbs; pat;.
yb;mSil smmit Duc xagEpksnisuxBiess)anRbkasfa BYkyuvCn nigBYkcas; RbCaCn
RKb;PUmiPaKTaMgGs; )anbBaleQaHeTAkg cemIysarPaBrbs;BYkeKEdr.
bkSCaTIeKarBnigCaTIesha.munnwgxnRtvCab;Kuk KanPyxacfabkScab; edaysarmanTak;
TgCamYynwgGMeBIk,t;rbs;RkmepSgEdlCaExSry yYn/ es>GuI>Ga> b ka>ehS>eb> eLIy BIeRBaH
minEdlmaneKalbMNgk,t;nwgbkSbnicbncesaHeLIy sUms,f. mnusSk,t;TaMgGs; EdlFab;
sal; ehIyCamYyGkTaMgenaHEdlFab;eFVIkarTak;Tg kminEdlniyayR)ab;BIGMeBIk,t;Edr>>>.
dMbUg enAeBlEdlmitPkirbs;eyIgcUlmkrk minEdlnwkKitfa eKmkrkcab;rUbeT. eCO
fa KWBYkeKsuTEtCabgbnrYmCatig CamnusSEdlFab;sal;b:ueNaH ehIyBYkeK)ancab;Rkesab
edIm,Ibrwt b:uEn enAeBlEdlBYkeKrwtbnwgkarbrbs;eK ehIyenAeBlEdlcab;epImerIbRmH mit
eyIg)anniyayR)ab;[enAesmkuMkeRmIk BYkeKykexaHmkdak;d ehIyRKbEPkedayRkNat;
mYybnHeTot. manesckIPyxacdUcCasab;eRsceTAehIy>>>.
taMgEtBIkarcab;dak;XuMXaMg emIleXIjRckEtmYyKt;sRmab;. c,as;Casab; BIeRBaH
Fab;dwgBIRbtikmrbs;bkScMeBaHrUb dwgBIkarBwgelIviFankarcugeRkayepSgCaeRsc. TUnanxn
gfa RtvEtEfrkSasuxPaBmin[manGVImkb:HBal;eLIy edIm,IGacRsavRCavrk[eXIjBIbBaa
EdlnaM[mankarcab;xnedayEpksnisuxenH. bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesha bNaemdwknaMbkSCa
TIeKarB nigCaTIesha sUmsMNUmBr[bkS bNasmmitCaTIeKarB nigCaTIeshamanesckIGaNit
GasUrcMeBaHrUbpg>>>.
sUmTTUcGgVrbkS emtabgajnUvesckIGaNitRbNIcMeBaHkUnrbs; nigTukCIvitBYkva[
rs;enApg. BIeRBaHCasac;CaQamBitR)akdrbs;bkS.
eFVIenAmCmNlXuMXaMgrbs;Epksnisux
RBwkfTI5 Exmkra 1979
htelxa hgS
697
CakUnGtItnaykEpkkarsikSacin nsklriTalymUs GuIhr rUhaqUv )anRtvbNHbNal

ciBawmCakUndviessmYy kgEPkRbCaCnsUevotPaKeRcIn. RKsarrbs;Kat; CaRKsarmYyEdlman
GPyksiTi CagRbCaCnsUevotFmta. tamryBukrbs;Kat; Kat;)anRtvciBawmbI)ac;[mankar
RsLaj; nigsJb;EsJgcMeBaHvb,Fmcin nigGasuI EdleFVI[Kat;manlkNEbkBIGkeFVIkarCamYyKat;
kdUcCaCnCatisUevotPaKeRcIn EdlmankarRsLaj; nigsJb;EsJg EtcMeBaHvb,FmGWr:ubenaH. GPy
ksiTimYyeTot EdlKat;manCab;CamYyRtkUlrbs;Kat;KW tMENgmYyenAkgRksYgkarbreTs Edl
nwgFanadl;Kat; nUvCIritRbkbedaykareFIVdMeNIrdRbesIrmYy ehIyBiPBrbs;Kat; nwgBMumanEdnkMNt;
eLIy. RKan;Etcab;epImbeRmIkargarTUtPam CMnajPasarbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKsb;Esgy:agxaMgrYceTA
ehIy. GkeFIVkarCamYyKat;)anGFib,ayfa Kat;niyayPasacinBUEk ehIymanxl;beBajsMeLg
PasacinBieraH Rtvxab;xnNas; KuNsm,tiEpkPasarbs;Kat; )aneFVI[Kat;kayCaGkbkERbsMNBV
nigCMnitrbs;emdwknaMcin nigsUevotmYycMnYn. CagenHeTAeTotsmtPaBnkaryl; nigviPaKvinicy
rbs;Kat; kgkaryl; nigpt;KMnitdUcGasuI )anpl;dl;Kat;nUvtMENgdsMxan;mYy.
tMENgdMbUgrbs;Kat; KWeTAeb:kaMg kgGMLgBIqaM1956 dl;qaM1961 KWmuneBlEdlTMnak;
TMngrvagsUevot nigcin Rtv)ankat;pac;. eRkaymkeTot Kat;)ancMNayeBlbYnqaM enAv:asuInetan
edIm,IsikSatamdanGMBIcMNgmitPaBrvagshrdGaemrik nigcin EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugEtRbesIreLIg.
eRkaymk Kat;k)anyl;RCtRCabGMBIsm<nrPaBvagcin nigshrdGaemrik. Kat;)anmanRbsasn_
fa manemaTnPaBy:agxaMg eday)ankayCaCnCatisUevotdMbUgbgs; EdlRtvcat;taMg[eTAsikSaBI
cinenARkgv:asuInetan. eBlenaH KWCaeBlEdlGaemrik kMBugEtEccg;cin ehIyGkxHehAneya)ay
enaHfa Caneya)aykarTUt BIg b:ug sIeKenaH.
Kat;mankarcEmkkgcit kgnyrIkraycMeBaHcMnYnmitPkideRcIn nigmitPaBEdlKat;)anbegIt
enAkgGMLgeBlKat;enAeFVIkarnaTIRkgv:asuInetan. kgenaHrYmman esbPWlfun r:y (Stapleton Roy).
eRkaymk r:y (Roy) )ankayCakGKrdTUtGaemrikQanmuxmYyRbcaMenAGasuI. Kat;)anniyayfa
r:y CamitPkidCitsiTmak;rbs;Kat;. Kat;k)aneTAcUlrYmBiFIGaBah_BiBah_rbs; r:y. cMENk r:y
vijKitfa r:UhaqUv (Rogachev) CamnusSmak;RsYlrab;GanCagGkkarTUtbreTsdTeTot rYmTaMgGWr:ub
kdUcCasUevotEdr minfakmynis bminEmnkumyniseT. r:y )anniyaybnrfa {CaerOgmYyKYr[
Gs;sMeNIcNas; Edl[sal; nigyl;BIKat; rhUtdl;GacTay)anfa etIKat;nwgKitBIGVI. ehIyGVI
EdlTayeRcInEtRtv. Kat;CamnusSmak; EdlebIkcMhkgrUbPaBdsb;sat;rbs;Kat;.
698
PaBeCOcitcMeBaHxngrbs;Kat;enH )anCYy[Kat;GacEkERbsPaBkarN_sKsaj naTs

vtSr_qaM70)an. eFVICaGkCMnajEpkkarTUtcinrbs;sUevotnaeBlenaH KWmankarFujfb; Rbhak;
RbEhlKanwgeFVIkar[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrik naTsvtSr_qaM50Edr. KWfa tMENgTaMgBIrenH Rtv)an
cincat;TukCasRtv. bBavnEdlyl;GMBIsanPaBrbs;cin ehIyniyayBnl;GMBIsarsMxan;enaH
nwgRtvRbytcMeBaHkarRtvyl;RcLMfa kan;eCIgcin ehIyRbqaMgnwgrdaPi)anxng. b:uEn GkeFVIkar
CamYy)an[dwgfa r:UhaqUv min)ansEmg[eXIjfaKat;RtveT ehIykarKitenaH naMmknUvkarraMgsH
dMeNIrkarsRmbsRmlTMnak;TMngCamYycinrbs;Kat;EfmeTot. pyeTAvij Kat;hak;dUcCabgaj[
eXIjfaKat;maneBleBjmYyCIvit sRmab;CmHnUvkarriHKn;enHeTAvij. Yevgeniy V Afansyev GtItkug sul
sUevotRbcaMenAv:asuInetan )anGFib,ayBIKat;fa Kat;Rtv)aneKcab;GarmN_sal; edaysarkar
KitEbkrbs;Kat; nigedaysarPaBrYsrayEbbkarTUtrbs;Kat;.
eRkambBaarrbs;m:Us r:UhaqUv )anCiH]TmaKcRkBIRkgRBnKrmkPMeBj eday[]TmaKcRk
ehaHx<s;putcugeQIeTAeTot eRBaH)armxacfa ExrRkhm)aj;. CiHputRBMEdnevotNammin)anb:unan
pg Kat;kcab;mankar)armeTAehIy eRBaHfa sanPaBdIenAGasuI EdlKat;Fab;sal;tamrykareFVI
dMeNIrBImunrbs;Kat;eTARbeTscin nigRbeTsenAGasuITaMgLay EdlmanvalERs RkbI nigPUmiRsukenaH
KWmin)aneXIjenARbeTskm<CaeBlenaHeLIy. pyeTAvij TIenaHEbrhak;dUcCaBIPBRBHcneTAvij.
{BIelI]TmaKcRk emIlmineXIjmnusSbstVBahnesaH. PUmiKanCIvitrs;enA KanEpSg
ecjBIPUmidUcenARbeTsGasuIdTeToteLIy. KWeXIjeBareBjedayreNARKb;TisTITaMgGs;.
naGakasyandaneBaFicintug]TmaKcRkcuH Kat;Rsab;EtmanGarmN_minRsYlPam enAvinaTI
dMbUg Edl)anCan;TwkdIkm<Ca.eRkAGMBIevotNamKat;KWCaCnCatibreTsdMbUgbMput Edl)anmkdl;TwkdI
km<Ca bnab;BIkarbraCyrbs;ExrRkhm. ehIykCaCnbreTsdMbUg EdlmkemIleXIjnUvGVIEdl
karekobsgt;CiHCan;kgGMLgbYnqaM )annaMmkdl;km<Ca. Kat;k)anRtveKniyayR)ab;GMBIrbb
ExrRkhm. eRkaymkRbeTsrbs;Kat; k)anerobsMNMuerOgbwg b:ul Bt ecaTGMBIbT]Rkidkm
dRBpS. b:uEn BiPBelakenAminTan;)anRCtRCabGMBIGVIEdlExrRkhm)aneFVIdl;RbCaCn nig
RbeTskm<CaenAeLIy. Kat;kminGaceRtomcit)anenAeLIy edIm,ITTYlemIleXIjnUvkarexcxaM nig
esaknadkm EdlKat;)aneXIjenaHEdr.
dMbUgeLIy evotNam)anRKb;RKgRbeTskm<CaedaycMh. KWCakarRttRtamYyedayeBj
TMhwg. tamkareFVIdMeNIrBIGakasyandancUlmkkgTIRkg Kat;yl;fa PMeBj manrUbPaBCakEng
699
cm,aMgCagdUcTIRkg. sBaaNnsgammanenARKb;TIkEng TIRkgeBareBjeTAedayelNdan nigFUlI

EdlnaMmkCamYyBIkarRcbUkRcbl;nsgam nigkarsab;. eXIjfa KanGVIenAkgTIRkgEdlmandMeNIr
karenaHeT. Kat;)anniyaynwgxngfa {kEngenHCakEngGVIhwg? mindUcCaRbeTsenAGasuIGaeKy_
EdlFab;sal;enaHeLIy minEmnCaTIRkg)agkk ehIykmindUcRkgRBnKrEdr}.
evotNam)annaMKat;eTAsak;enAsNaKarmYy EdlmandMeNIrkarCasNaKarrUy:al;cas; bPM
EdlsBVfehAfa samKI. kMBugsitenAkgsPaBrnt;bnicbncenAeLIyenaH Kat;k)anbMeBjsMNMu
EbbbTdcEmk edIm,IcUlsak;enAsNaKardRTDeRTamenH eRkaymk Kat;kseRmccitcab;epImeFVI
kargartUcxH. RksYgkarbreTssUevot )an[Kat;eTARttBinitemIlsanTUtrbs;sUevot Edl)an
biTTVarkalBIbYnqaMmun. eK[Kat;):an;sanfa etInwgRtvkarkargarCYsCulb:unan edIm,IGac[sanTUtenaH
GacepImebIkeLIgvij)an. Kat;min)andwgfa ExrRkhm)aneRbIkEngenaHeFVICaTItaMgFM nbkSkumy
niseT. karedIrrksanTUtenaHBMumankarlM)akeLIy eRBaHfa GkkarBarKat;sal;pv. b:uEn Kat;BMu)an
eRtmcitcMeBaHGVIEdlKat;bRmgnwgeXIjenaHeT. Kat;)anGFib,ayeRkaymkfa {sanTUtrbs;eyIg
KWsitkgsPaBrej:rj:bMput bgcKankBak; RKb;y:agenAr):at;r):ayRKb;TIkEngTaMgGs;. enAkgbnb;
eFVIkarmYy mansamfkQameRkmkkmYyy:agFM ehIykmansamenACab;CBaaMg KWmanmnusS
Rtv)aneK)aj;smab;enATIenH}.
Kat;k)aneKcBIsPaBnkarsmab;RblyenaHehIyecjeTAeRkAsYnc,arrbs;sanTUt. b:uEn
enATIenaH Kat;)anCYbsPaBkarN_rwtEtrnt;CagmuneTAeTot KWvalkb;exac EdleTIbnwgkb;ehIyfI
mYy. {KYr[RBpSNas; TIenaHmankinGaRkk;rhUtdl;eyIgRtvxb;RcmuH. eyIgeXIjmansaksB
mYycMnYn Edlkb;dIminCit. KannrNadwgfa saksBTaMgenaHCanrNaeT}.
mnITUtsUevotrUbenaH )anCan;cMkEngsmab;mYy enAkgcMeNamkEngsmab;rab;ry Edlman
CMvu ji RbeTs. enAkg GMLg b:nu a nExcugeRkay eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; b:lu Bt sanTUtcas;rbs;seU vot
Rtv)aneKeRbIR)as;CakEngeFVITaruNkm nigsmab;CnNaEdlExrRkhmefaleTas[sab;. eRkay
mkeTot sUevot KWCaCnCatimYykgcMeNamCnbreTsdMbUg Edl)aneXIjsalaeron vtGaram nig
valEdlFab;eRbIR)as;sRmab;BiXatRbCaCnExr. b:uEnnaresolExkumenaH maneeOgr:avtictYc
Nas; EdlniyayGMBIkEngsmab;TaMgenaH dUecH r:UhaqUv eBlenaHksHecjBIsanTUtedayPaBrnt;.
naeBlyb;fenaH mankarerobcMGahareBllacmYy edIm,ICakitiysdl;ePJvsUevot. BiFI
lagGahareBllacenaH )anRtverobcMeLIgenAkgsYnc,arnsNaKar. tuRtv)aneKdak;erobcMenA
700
eRkamedImeQI. eRkayBI)aneXIjnUvsanPaBRsukeTs EdlRbkbedayeRKaHTurPikS nigCMgWmk Kat;

BMu)ansgwmfa nwgmankarCb;elogTTYlKat;eLIy. b:uEnmas;pH BMu)aneFVI[Kat;Gs;sgwmeT. RkeLk
eTAeXIjman can Ekv EdlEqbmat;dak;TTYlKat;. manruyrab;Ban;ehIrTuMelImb. enAcugtuCamas;
kmviFI KWrdmnIkarbreTs hun Esn. r:UhaqUv )ancab;dsVaKmn_CamYybursdekgenaH. r:UhaqUv )an
dwgCamunGMBIBUCBgSrbs;smPaKIneya)aymYyenH rYceTAehIy. hun Esn )anGHGagxnKat;fa Ca
GtItembBaakarExrRkhmfak;kNal Edl)aneKceTAevotNamenAqaM1977 eRBaHmineBjcit
cMeBaHkarcuHRTDeRTamnRbeTs EdlbNamkBIkarbMpicbMpajeRkamkardwknaMrbs; b:ul Bt ehIyk
edaysarkarPyxacfa Kat; nigRkmrbs;Kat;enAPUmPi aKbUBa RtveKdak;clU kg bBay
I keTAsmab;cal.
bursTaMgR)aM manTItaMgenACitRBMEdn EdlbglkNgayRsYldl;karrt;eKcGMBIkaredjcab;rbs;Exr
Rkhm. hun Esn )anR)ab;TahanevotNamfa Kat; nigKarbs;Kat; KWCaRkmRbqaMgnwgExrRkhm. enA
qaM1977 Kat; nigExrRkhmpac;xnmYycMnYneTot dUcCa ehg sMrin nig Ca suIm )ankayCaRkmRbqaMg
nwgExrRkhm. tamryRkmenH evotNam)anbegIteLIgnUvRkmsmrPUmimuxmYyehAfa RkmrNsirS
samKIsegaHCatikm<Ca. enAeBlenaH RkmenHkMBugRKb;RKgRbeTskm<Ca. RkmenH KWCaGkmanKuN
sm,ticMeBaHRbeTsCatipg nigkCaGay:gEdlRtv)aneKeRbIsRmab;karpas;brGnaKtkm<Ca.
kgcMeNamRkmGkpac;xnTaMgenaH evotNam)aneRCIserIsEtgtaMg[ hun Esn eFVICardmnI
RksYgkarbreTs. enAeBlenaH bursyuTCnkumynisGayu28qaMrUbenaH BMuTan;manKuNsm,tiRKb;
RKan;sRmab;muxtMENgenHenAeLIy. Kat;eskBak;ksNankgTBswgEtmYyCIvityuvvyrbs;Kat;
eTAehIy. Kat;)anQb;eronenAviTalyTIRkgPMeBj ehIycUlrYmclnaExrRkhm taMgEtBIKat;
GayueTIb 16qaMb:ueNaH. hun Esn )ancUlrYmkgkarRbyuTmYyehIymYyeTot. Kat;Fab;manrbYs
Fn;Frdl;eTAR)aMelIk kgbdivtn_dRcbUkRcbl; nigeBjeljedaykarbgrQam. Kat;minRtwmEtFM
eLIgFab;RbQmmuxkgkarRbyuTFMb:ueNaHeT Kat;EfmTaMgFab;naMmuxclnabdivtn_ edIm,IplrMlMGk
neya)ayExrRkhmsMxan;. Kat;)an)at;bg;EPkmagrbs;Kat; kgkarvayRbyuTdeNImkan;kab;
RkgPMeBj. kgeBlCemsRbCaCnecjBIPMeBjdrnt;enaH Kat;Rtv)aneKdak;[enAsRmakeRkAkar
gar. enaHCakasmYy EdleKTuk[Kat;Qb;sRmakBa)alCMgW. eBlenaH Kat;)ancgcMNgmitPaB
CamYyKilanubdayikaExrRkhmmak; ehIyeRkaymkKat;k)ansMunarIenaHerobkarCamYy. edaysar
Kat;CaTahanBikarmanKuNsm,ti ExrRkhmkGnuBaat[Kat;erobkarenAeBlenaH. Kat;CaKUTI13
nkarerobGaBah_BiBah_CaRkmrbs;ExrRkhm. hun Esn )anniyayfa {mansMNagNas; EdleK
bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
701
RBm[erobkar eRBaHfaCaFmta KWmanEtbursGayuelIsBI30qaM bBikareT eTIbeKRBm[erobkar}.

TaMgBIrGk)anrYmrs;enACamYyKa ehIyeRkaymkRbBnKat; )anbegItkUnmYy[Kat;. enAqaM
1977 b:unanfmuneKbRmgykKat;eTAsmab; Kat;k)anrt;eKc. Kat;)anCYbCMuCamYyRbBnrbs;Kat;
vij eRkayeBlevotNamcUlRsuk. enAeBlenaH Kat;)andwgfa kUndMbUgrbs;Kat;Rtvsab; enAeBl
EdlKat;minenA.
r:UhaqUv )ankt;smal;GMBIsPaBbBaarUbragrbs; hun Esn. karrgrbYsCaeRcIndg nigkarhUb
GaharminRKb;RKan;rbs;Kat; eFVI[Kat;manrUbragsaMgsm ehIyEPksib,nimitrbs;Kat; hak;dUcCadak;
minsubRsYlsRmab;Kat;esaH. b:uEn bnab;BI)anCECkKamYysnHmk CnCatirusSImak;enaH k)anePc
GMBIrUbragxageRkATaMgenHrbs;Kat;Gs; ehIykEbrmkepatGarmN_elIKMnit nigqnrbs;Kat;eTAvij.
Kat;CamnusSmanKMnitbBaa ehIymanKeRmagkar nigmhictaFM cMeBaHxng nigRbeTsrbs;Kat;.
pyGMBIPaBBitEdlKat;Fab;manCIvitqgkat;GMeBIRBpS nigkareRskXanxVHxat Gs;ryeBlyUr
qaMmkenaH Kat;KYrEtCamnusSEdlminyl;GVIesaH sUm,IEtkarsnnaFmta. pyeTAvij hun Esn
EbrCamnusSmak;KYr[cg;niyayCamYyeTAvij. Kat;CabuKlEdlmansuTidiniymcMeBaHkasenA
cMeBaHmuxKat;y:agxaMg. r:UhaqUv )anniyayfa {cab;GarmN_ nigcUlcitKat;PammYyrMeBc}.
bursTaMgBIrenaH k)anCECkKaGMBI faetIsUevotGacCYykm<Ca)anGVIxH? edayKankarFujRTan;
cMeBaHKaeTAvijeTAmk hun Esn )anecaTsYrnUvsMNYrCaeRcIn edIm,ICYy[Kat;dwgfa etInwgRtveFVIy:ag
em:ceTotenAfmux. eRkABIkarsak;enAdxIenARbeTsevotNameBlenaH hun Esn minFab;)aneFVI
dMeNIrecjeTAeRkARbeTseT. Kat;swgEtminsal;eQaHRbeTsPaKeRcInenAelIBiPBelakpg kMufa
eLIyBITItaMgrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH. karyl;eXIjGMBIRbeTsTaMgenaH KWrwtEtenAqayeTAeTot.
TaMgenH KWbNalmkBIRbvtinkarFMlUtlas;enARsukERscmar nigCIvitCakgTB kgdMeNIrbdivtn_
km<Carbs;Kat;. Kat;)anrYcputCIvitBIkarRbyuTenAExSeRtmCYrmuxnsgamEdlKanRBMEdn/ rYcCIvit
BIkarTmab;RKab;Ebk eb-52/ ehIyeRkaymkeTot rYcCIvitBIeRKagkarsmab;rbs;mitrYmGavuFrbs;
Kat;. Kat;epatGarmN_TaMgRsug eTAelIkargarcMeBaHmux edayminPJak;epIlrnt;BIkarRbRBwtpyBI]tm
KtieLIy.
hunEsn)ansab; r:UhaqUv niyayBnl;edayykcitTukdak;. r:UhaqUv )anGFib,ayBI hun Esn
fa {eXIjedaypal;EPkxngfa hun Esn CakUnsisSdl nigqab;ecHcaMmak;}.
hun Esn xMRbwgEsVgyl;GMBIGIVEdlBi)ak edIm,IbMeBjnUvcenaHnkarxVHxatrbs;Kat;. tamBit
702
eTA RbvtiCaGkERscmarrbs;Kat; )anpl;plleRcIndl;Kat;eTAvij. Kat;)anFMdwgkIeLIgenAkMBg;cam

CaextEtmYyEdlKat;RtvExrRkhm[enARbcaMkar. Kat;ekItenAqaM1951 ehIyCakUnRbsbnd
sMNBVmak; enAkgRKsarmYyEdlmansmaCikeRcIn. edaymanemaTnPaBcMeBaHxnKat; hun Esn
Rtv)anbBan[eTAeronviTalyenAPMeBj. edaysarfaBukmayrbs;Kat;manluykak;tictYc Kat;
)ansMusak;enAvtnaKvn Ek,rsala\TeTvI EdlKat;eron. nUv ekon EdlCabgbnsac;qayrbs;Kat;
)ancuHeQaH[Kat;cUlExrRkhm. dMbUgeLIy Kat;eFVICaGkrt;sMbuRtEckBIPMeBjeTAtamext. b:uEn
bgbnrbs;Kat;Rtv)aneKcab;xn ehIyehtukarN_enaH eFVI[ hun Esn Pyy:agxaMg. Kat;)anniyay
fa {RtvEtrt;eKcecjBIPMeBj ehIyrk[eXIjTItaMgbdivtn_}. eRkaymk Kat;)ancUlbkS nig
bdivtn_enAqaM1970.
rdmnIRksYgkarbreTsdekgxI nigRbEhlCaekgCageK nigmanbTBiesaFn_ticCageKenaH
)anGgysab; r:UhaqUv ehIyRsg;ykBtmandmantmEdl r:UhaqUv pl;[Kat;. Kat;ykKMnitenaH
mkviPaK edIm,IGacykeyabl;enaHmkeRbI)anenAkgsanPaBkm<Ca. hun Esn ecaTsYrsMNYrCaeRcIn
rhUtdl;Kat;Gacyl;GMBITMnak;TMngrvagevotNam nigsUevot nigyl;fa etITMnak;TMngenaH CH\TiBl
y:agNaxHdl;RbeTskm<Ca. tamrynkareronsURtenH r:UhaqUv GacemIleXIjGMBIkarbuinRbsb;
rbs;GkrYcBIsab;mak;enHfa Kat;BitCamnusSmaneTBekaslCageKmak;Emn.
eBlenaH KWCacMNuccab;epImdMbUgmYy nCMnYyrbs;breTsmYycMnYn ehIyk)ansesrRbvti
saskm<CaeLIgvij. r:UhaqUv )ankayCaGkKaMRT hun Esn dMbUgeK. eTaHbIkarbgaj[eXIjBIeTB
ekaslrbs; hun EsnKWCakarlM)akmYykedayk r:UhaqUv enAEteCOCak;cMeBaHkarbgajenaHCanic.
Kat;)anbBalkareFVVIdMeNIrmkemIlxusRtv hun Esn BIr bbIdg kgmYyqaM CaParkiccaM)ac;rbs;Kat;.
ehIyRKb;eBlEdlKat;mk KWKat;EtgEtmankareBjcitcMeBaHkarvivtin_rbs; hun Esn Canic. {)an
emIleXIjnUvkarrIkceRmInKMnitrbs;Kat; TaMgkargareRkARbeTs nigkargarkgRbeTs ehIyKat;)an
kayCaGkneya)aydBUEkmYyrUb}.
enATsvtSr_eRkaymkeTot hun Esn )anBwgEpky:agxaMg eTAelIGkCMnYykarsUevotrbs;
Kat;rUbenaH. enAvKcugeRkaynsgamRtCak; km<Ca)ankayeTACakarcab;GarmN_mYy rbs;Gnr
Cati. kgeBlsgamevotNam km<CaRKan;EtCaGkbnab;bnSMeRkAqakb:ueNaH.
karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAelITwkdIkm<Ca Rtv)anRbeTsnanadak;eFIVCacMNucsMxan; nbBaI
bBaaBiPBelakrbs;BYkeK. bBaakm<Ca kCabBaamYykgcMeNambBaaTaMgbI Edlkat;pac;sm<nPaB
bsm<nsIBIksarepSgenAsarmnIrTYlEsg
703
rvagcin nigsUevotEdr. bBaaBIreTotKWbBaaRBMEdn nigkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotelIRbeTsGahanI

san. erOgkm<CakRtv)andak;enAkgnItikalsMxan;enAGgkarshRbCaCati. bBaakm<Ca k)anCYy
BRgwgsamKIPaBevagcin nigshrdGaemrik nigRbeTsnana enAGasanEdr. erOgenaH kCaehtupl
cm,g EdlshrdGaemriminRBmmanTMnak;TMngFmtavijCamYyevotNamEdr. GVInwgmineTAmuxeT
RbsinebIerOgrbs;km<CaminGacedaHRsay)an.
704
kalb,vtisegb
stvtSr_TI9 dl;TI14 smyGgr cRkPBExr.

stvtSr_TI14 dl;TI19 karcuHGab;nnraCaNacRkGgr.
1863-1864 RBHmhakSRtneratm LayRBHhselxaelIsnisBaa[manGaNaBa
)almYyrbs;)araMg EdlmanfirevlarhUtdl;qaM1953.
1930 sICati)araMg suyhSn kabWueLs begItBuTsasnbNitEdlnwgbeRmICamCdanCYy
dl;karrIklUtlas;rbs;clnaTamTarkraCmYyrbs;km<Ca nigCamUldanmYyrbs; sWg
g:ukfaj; eFVIskmPaBEdr.
hU CImij begItbkSkumynis\Ncin EdlpSay\TiBlmkelIRbeTsevotNam km<Ca
nigLav.
1941 BYkTahanCb:uncUlRkgPMeBj.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu Rtv)anGPieskCaRBHmhakSRtedayrdPi)alRkgvIQI.
1942 sWg g:ukfaj; erobcM)atukmdMbUgRbqaMg)araMgenARkgPMeBj edIm,IKaMRTKMnitCatiniym
rbs;RBHsgTaMgLay.
enATIRkg)agkk BYkkm<Ca)anbegItKNkmaFikar\sSr esrIPaB edIm,ItsURbqaMgnwg
BYk)araMg.
1945 BYkTahanCb:un )ankmat;RkmGktMNagrdaPi)al vIQI ecjBIGMNacedaykareFVIBl
RbharmYyehIyyl;RBmpl; {kraC} [RbeTskm<Caedaymansemc RBHneratm
sIhnu CaRBHmhakSRtpg.
sgamputrlt; semc RBHneratm sIhnu cg;)ankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYk)araMgmkvij.
enATIRkghaNUy hU CImij RbkaskraCsRmab;RbeTsevotNam.
1946 sgam\NcinelIkTImYy )anpHeLIgrvagkgTBevotmijrbs; hU CImij nigBYk)araMg.
1949 saLt s GnaKt b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkg):arIs edIm,IeronsURt ehIy)ansit
enATIenaHrhUtdl;qaM1953. enAeBlKat;RtLb;mkRbeTskm<Cavij KWKat;)ankayeTA
CaCnkumynisrYceTAehIy.
1951 karbegItbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_Exr ecjBIbkSkumynis\Ncin.
X
X
X
kalb,vtisegb
705
1953 semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anTTYlBIRbeTs)araMgnUvkraCEdlmankMNt;mYy.

1954 kgTB hU CImij vayRbharBYk)araMgenA eDonebonPU.
snisITRkghSWENv edIm,IedaHRsayCemaHrbs;kUer: nig\Ncin.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu TTYlkan;kab;GMNacTaMgRsugmYyelIRbeTskm<CamYy Edl
mankraC.
emdwknaMkumynisExr sWg g:ukmij nigclnakumynisExrRbEhlBak;kNal)ancakecj
BIRbeTseTAevotNamxageCIg.
1955 kare)aHeqatenARbeTskm<Ca. semc RBHneratm sIhnu )andak;raCCaKuNRbeyaCn_
dl;RBHbitaRBHGg. semc)anbegItKNbkSCarbs;RBHGgpal; ehIy)anTTYlCy
CmHPkTwkPkdImYy.
1955-1960 BYkkumynis)ansakl,geRCtRCktaMgenAkgRkgPMeBjkdUcenACnbT.
1959 niBnnaykkaEstmYykgcMeNamkaEstBYkkumynis)anRtveFVIXad.
suIvehg emdwknaMkumynissRmab;EpkxagkgRbeTssuIvehg )ancuHcUlxagsemc
RBHneratm sIhnu CasaFarN.
1960 kgkasnmhasni)atmYyEdlebIkeFVIenARkgPMeBj BYkkumynis)anbegItbkS
m:akS-elnIn mYyrbs;km<Ca KWbkSBlkrkm<Ca EdlnwgRtvRbsiTnamfa bkSkumynis
km<CaenAqaM1966.
1963 enAmhasni)atelIkTI2 saLt s )ankayeTACaGKelxaFikarbkS.
PaKeRcInnemdwknaMbkS )ancakecjBIRkgPMeBj edIm,IbegItclnarbs;eKkgRBm:aKI.
1965 shrdGaemrik epImdak;kgTBRbyuTCaelIkdMbUgbgs;enARbeTsevotNam.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu kat;pac;TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;CamYyshrdGaemrik.
1966 semc RBHneratm sIhnu GnuBaat[BYkkumynisevotNameRbIR)as;tMbn;nana enAtam
RBMEdn nigkMBg;EpsmuRTrbs;RBHGg.
1967 karbHe)arrbs;RbCaksikrRbqaMgnwgkarRbmUlRsUvenAsMLt kgPaKBayBRbeTs.
karegIbbHe)arenH )annaM[BYkkumynisseRmccitepImkartsUedayGavuFRbqaMgnwg
semc RBHneratm sIhnu.
1967-1980 semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anr:ab;rgedaykarRbyuTnwgclnaExrRkhm
X
X
706
1969
1970
dtUcEdlman kmaMgeLIgdl; 5>000nak; - RbQmnwgkgTBCati 35>000nak;.
karTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgCasmat; nigedayxusc,ab;elIeKaledAnanarbs;
evotNam EdlsitenAkgTwkdIExr.
fTI18 ExmIna semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anRtvTmak;BIGMNaceday ln; nl;/ sirimt
nig ecg ehg.
fTI23 ExmIna semc RBHneratm sIhnu RbkasBIkarbegItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<Ca
EdlrYmmanBYkExrRkhmpg.
fTI9 Extula saFarNrdExr )anRtvRbkaseLIgenAkgPMeBj.
kgTBevotNamxageCIg bnkarvayRbyuTTl;nwgkgTB ln; nl; kgeBlEdlBYkExr
RkhmbegItkgTBrbs;xn. enAExF kgTBRkgPMeBj )anepImeFVIRbtibtikarswkecnLa
TI2 ehIy)anRtvrgkarvayRbhary:agxaMgedaykgTBevotNamxageCIg. Rbtibtikar
swkenH minEdlcab;epImCafIesaHeLIy.
ln; nl; Rtv)ane)aHeqatCab;CaRbFanaFibtI rbs;saFarNrdExr.
fTI27 Exmkra karcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBgRkg):arIssIBIkarbBab;sgamenA
evotNam. BYkkumyniskm<Ca)anbdiesFmincrca.
BYkExrRkhm r:ab;rgkarvayRbyuTPaKeRcInbMputenAkm<Ca enAeBlEdlBYkkumynis
evotNam dkfyeTAbNatMbn;Cab;RBMEdn.
shrdGaemrik )ancab;epImTmab;RKab;EbkelIRbeTskm<CaeLIgvij.
BYkExrRkhmbBaa[begItshkrN_kgtMbn;TaMgGs;EdlBYkeKkan;kab;.
smaCGaemrikaMg)antRmv[bBab;karTmak;RKab;EbkenAfTI15 ExsIha.
CaqaMcugeRkayEdleBareBjedaysgamenARbeTskm<Ca. BYkExrRkhmdeNImyk
karRKb;RKgclnabHe)aredaykmat;BYkkumynis EdlRtLb;mkBIevotNamxageCIg
bNasmaCiknCnCatiPaKticevotNam nigBYksemc RBHneratm sIhnu niym.
karvaylukpac;RBRtrbs;ExrRkhm )ancab;epImenAfcUlqaMskl 01-011975.
fTI17 Exemsa BYkExrRkhmedIrcUlkgRkgPMeBj nigbBaa[CemsRbCaCnecjBI
rdFanIPammYyrMeBc.
1971
1972
1973
X
X
X
1974
1975
kalb,vtisegb
707
fTI30 Exemsa BYkkumynisevotNamQHsgam nigdeNImkan;kab;TIRkgRBnKr.

fTI12 Ex]sPa karcab;navaCMnYjGaemrikaMgeQaH m:y:aeh edaykgTBeCIgTwkExr
Rkhm EdlnaM[mankarTmak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg nig]b,tiehtuFn;FrmYy.
bdivtn_ExrRkhmRbwgERbgerobcMRbCaCnTaMgGs;[rs;enAkgshkrN_nana tamCn
bT. enAExkkda BYkkumynis)ancab;epImdak;mnIrepSgrbs;bkS nigrdaPi)alenARkg
PMeBj. enAcugqaM BYkkumynis )anbBaa[eFVIkarCemsBYkGkTIRkgCaelIkTIBIrBIPUmiPaK
nirtIeTAPUmiPaKBayB nigPUmiPaKepSgeTot EdlenAPaKxageCIg.
1976 enAmhasni)atbkS/ BYkemdwknaM)anseRmcbegInel,nbdivtn_ nigBRgIkERscmarEfm
eTot.
karRbkas[eRbIrdFmnuBakm<CaRbCaFibety.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu sMulaElgBImuxgarTaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgCaRBHRbmuxrd.
karRbkasCapvkarnUvrdaPi)alkm<CaRbCaFibetyedayman {b:ul Bt} Canayk
rdmnI.
mrNPaBrbs; em:A esTug. b:ul Bt cakecjBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;CabeNaHGasn.
karepImeFVIkarsmab;BYkemdwknaMbkSkgRkbxNnbBaamanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs
evotNam.
BYkkumynisbBab;kare)assmatPUmiPaK]tr.
1977 bkS)anbBab;karkmat;ecalbNaemdwknaMnrbbcas;esIrEtTaMgRsug nigbegInkareFVI
visuTkmkgCYrrbs;xnpal;.
RbeTskm<Ca bg]b,tiehtuepSgtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsf nigevotNam. KWCamYy
RbeTsevotNamenHgEdlkarvivaTmanlkNFn;FrbMput.
karepImeFVIkare)assmatPUmiPaKBayB.
Exkkda RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTsLav cuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBmYy EdlBYk
kumy niskm<Ca cat;TukCatRmysMxan;mYyeq<aHeTArkeKaledArbs;evotNam kgkar
begItshBn\NcinmYy.
ExkBaa b:ul Bt enATIbMputkRbkasCasaFarNfa RbeTsrbs;Kat;CaRbeTskan;lTi
kumynis. Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIg edaylatRtdag[dwg
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
708
GafkM)aMgfa Kat;Ca saLt s.

sgamtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam)ancab;epIm.
fTI31 ExF RbeTskm<Cakat;pac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xnCamYyRbeTsevotNam.
1978 BYkevotNam dkfykgTBrbs;eK BIkgRbeTskm<Ca/ BYkExrRkhmERskRbkasBI
eCaKCy.
kgkasnkarRbCMuCasmat;mYyenAniTaXrdUv BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anseRmccitcUl
lukluyRbeTskm<Ca nigplrMlMrdaPi)al b:ul Bt.
kare)assmatPUmiPaKbUBa.
edayrYmRbCMuCamhasni)at bkSkm<Ca)anbgajEpnkar]sSahUbnIykmrbs;xn.
ExF viTrbs;evotNam)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN BIkarbegItrNsirSsamKI
segaHCatikm<Ca edIm,IRbqaMgnwgrdaPii)al b:ul Bt.
m:al;xUm xadEv:l Rtv)aneFVIXadenARkgPMeBj.
fTI22 ExF RbeTsevotNamcab;epImkarvaylukrbs;xn.
1979 fTI7 Exmkra kgTBevotNamdeNIm)anTIRkgPMeBj.
fTI8 Exmkra BYkevotNamRbkasCasaFarNBIkarbegItRkmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtn_
mYy edayman ehg sMrin GtItRbFankgBlFMelx4 CaGkdwknaM.
fTI16 Exkum rdaPi)al ehg sMrin cuHhtelxaelIsnisBaamitPaBmYyCamYyRbeTs
evotNam.
b:ul Bt nigBYkkumyniskum<Ca EdlenAEtesaHRtg;nwgKat;)anRbmUlpMKaeLIgvijenAtam
beNayRBMEdnrvagRbeTsf nigkm<Ca. edaymankarRKaMRTBIRbeTscin BYkExrRkhm
)anepImeFVIsgamTBRBmYyRbqaMgnwgkgTBkan;kab;evotNam.
eRKaHTurikSKMramkMEhgRbeTskm<Ca Edlnwgb:HBal;dl;mnusSBIrlannak;/ enHebItamkar
[dwgrbs;BYkemdwknaMfIenARkgPMeBj. kareFVIyuTnakarpl;CMnYyCaGnrCatidsem,Im
mk[RbCaCnkm<Ca.
karbegIt {rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdExr} edayGtItnaykrdmnI sWn san EdlCa
clnatsUminEmnkumynisRbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam.
kardak;TNkmesdkicrbs;GaemrikaMgRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
kalb,vtisegb
karkat;eTasb:ul Btnig eGogsarI edaykM)aMgmux enARkgPMeBjBIbTRblyBUCsasn_.

eRKaHTurikSFMmYyRtv)anbeBas.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu erobcMbegItclnatsUpal;RBHGg.
karRbwgERbgdMbUgkgkarsabnaRbeTseLIgvij karbBalRkdasR)ak;CafI/ karebIk
mhaviTalyevCsas nigkarerobcM[manRbBnGb;rMeLIgvij.
karelceFaeLIgnUvmenaseBatnaRbqaMgevotNam.
karbBab;nUvCMnYyes,gGahar.
rbbRkgPMeBjRbkasBIkarbegItbkSm:akS-elnIn fImYy KWbkSRbCaCnbdivtn_km<Ca.
kare)aHeqatsPa. manEtKNbkSkan;GMNacmYyb:ueNaH Gacdak;ebkCnrbs;xn[Qr
eQaHe)aHeqat.
clnatsUTaMgbI -ExrRkhm/ semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig sWn san- eRKagbegIt
rdaPi)alcRmHmYy. smaKmGasanCaGkpl;GavuF nigluykak;eTA[clnatsUminEmn
kumynis.
enARkgjvy:k/ snisITGnrCatisIBIRbeTskm<CaEdltMNagEtclnatsU nigsm<nmit
rbs;xnb:ueNaH.
karvayRbyuTenAtamRBMEdnf-km<Ca RbqaMgnwgkgTBExrRkhm. karvaylukrbs;
evotNam CaelIkdMbUgRbqaMgnwgclnatsU.
enAExmifuna/ clnatsUrYmKabegItrdaPi)alcRmHmYyCapvkar.
kardkkgTBrbs;evotNamCaelIkdMbUg. Eb:n suvN CaCnTI2rbs;rbbRkgPMeBj Rtv
)ankmat;ecj eday])ay BIGMNac.
karvaylukkan;EtekIneLIg/ BYkevotNam)anvayRbharCMrMCnePosxnnana rbs;clna
tsU ehIyedjtamTahanbHe)arrhUtdl;TwkdIf.
enARbeTsevotNam manebIksnisITkMBUlrbs;\NcinelIkTImYy taMgBIqaM1970 Edl
[scabndl;karRttRtarbs;evotNamelIRbeTsLav nigRbeTskm<Ca.
niKmCnevotNamCaeRcIn)ancUlmktaMgenARbeTskm<Ca. tamkar[dwgrbs;RkgRBnKrfa cMnYnrbs;niKmCnTaMgenaH manminelIsBIcMnYnshKmn_evotNam EdlFab;rs;enA
kgRbeTskm<CaBImuneT.
1980
X
X
1981
X
X
1982
X
X
1983
709
710
1984 enAExkkda/ rdaPi)alRkgPMeBjTTYlsal;fa sgamtamRBMEdn)anraldalmkkg

RbeTsehIyfa sankarN_mansPaB {tantwg}.
1985 BIExF qaM1984 dl;ExmIna qaM1985/ karvaylukCaTUeTArbs;evotNam enAtam
beNayRBMEdnf-km<Ca RbqaMgnwgmUldanTaMgLayrbs;clnatsU.
karRcbUkRcbl;kgpclnatsU. kareQaHTas;ETgpkgCMuvijxn sWn san. semc
RBHneratm sIhnu Rbkasfa RBHGgminR)akdkgRBHTyrkeXIjdMeNaHRsaymYy
enAeBlRBHGg enAmanRBHCnenAeLIyeT.
hun Esn )ankayeTACanaykrdmnIenAeBlKat;manGayu 34qaM.
GgkarGaemrikaMgmYy )anecaTRbkan;rdaPi)alRkgPMeBjBIbTrMelaPsiTimnusSFn;Fr.
1986 eCaKCyrbs;clnatsUkgsgamqk;rbs;xn. dMeNIrlM)akr:ab;rgrbs;BYkevotNam.
enATIRkgeb:kaMg rdaPi)alcRmHrbs;clnatsURbkasBIsMeNIsniPaBfI.
enATIRkgPMeBj karpas;brkgprdaPi)alEdlRtvecaTRbkan;fa BukrlYy.
1987 RkgmUs EsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysniPaBmYysRmab;RbeTskm<Ca edayrYmbBalPaKITaMg
Gs;enAkgkarcrca.
CyCmHfIrbs;BYkExrRkhm nigBYksemc RBHneratm sIhnu niymenARbeTskm<Ca.
enAEx]sPa semc RBHneratm sIhnu e)aHbg;muxtMENgCapvkarrbs;RBHGg.
RbeTsf biTCMrMCnePosxncugeRkayeRkamkar]btmrbs;GgshRbCaCati KW xav
GuIdag.
karCYbKaCakCnenARbeTs)araMgrvag semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn EdlRBm
eRBgKasIBIeKaledA EdlRtvQan[dl; kraCRbeTskm<Ca EdlFanaedaysnisIT
GnrCatimYy. tam hun Esn fa BYkevotNamnwgcakecjBIRbeTsenAqaM1990.
1988 karCYbsnnaelIkTIBIr rvag semc RBHneratm sIhnu nig hun Esn enAtMbn;CayRkg
):arIs. karbegItrdPi)alrYbrYmCatimYyRtv)aneRKagKit.
karvayRbyuT)anfycuHenARbeTskm<Ca EdlPaKITaMgGs;rg;caMkarrIkceRmInnkar
crcaCafI.
semc RBHneratm sIhnu )anesI[mankarCYbRbCMuedIm,Icrcaedaypal;CamYyBYk
evotNamsIBIkardkTB fyecjBIkm<Ca.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
esckIEfgGMNrKuN
sUmsMEdgnUgkardwgKuNrbs;cMeBaHGkTaMgLayNa Edl)anCYyeRCamERCg[eFVIkar
RsavRCav nigniBnesovePAenHeLIgtammeFa)ayepSg Gke)aHBum<pSayesovePArbs; Alice
Mayhew EdlmansTacMeBaHesovePAenH nigTTYlsal;PaBbt;EbnTaMgGs;tampvEdlKat;RtvEtedIr
tam. cMeBaH muI kumt nig qaMg sug EdleFVI[sal;RbeTsrbs;eKkgryeBlnsgam nigCYy[
yl;c,as;BIesaknadkmrbs;xnenAeBlenaH nigeRkaymkeTot. cMeBaHGkkeTsneya)ay Stephen
R. Heder Edl)anbkERbksarCaeRcI n ni g eq I y tbedayGt; F t ; c M e BaHsM N Y r epSgrbs; s I B I
neya)ayExrRkhmnigCYyGansMeNAedImrbs; nigcMeBaHGkkarTUt nigRbvtviTU Tim Carney EdlCYy
edaycitsb,rskgkarEsVgrkksarepSgrbs; nigCaGkGansMeNARBagrbs;mYyEpkEdr.
cMeBaHRKsarm: nig ram -suIsUpa/ bu)a/ faj;/ Xun/ favI/ sUem:t nig Pa- cMeBaHmitPaB nigkarsal;
rab;Ganrbs;eKRBmTaMg James Fenton Edl)anerobcM[eyIg)anCYbKapg.cMeBaHelaksasacar Edward
Friedman sRmab;karENnaMTaMgLayrbs;Kat;sIBIbNakarbdivtn_enAGasuI. cMeBaHelak Peter Pringle Etel
Adnan EdlCYypl;[nUvTRmg;epImnesovePAenH. cMeBaHelak Ben Kiernan Edl)anbBanniekbbTfak;
bNitrbs;Kat;mk[. cMeBaHkaEstv:asuInetanb:us EdlFab;eFVIkarCamYysRmab;mYyEpkFMnkar
RsavRCavrbs; ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHbNaGtItshkarIrbs; H.D.S. Greenway nig Laurence Stern sRmab;
karelIkTwkcitrbs;eKenARKadMbUg/ cMeBaH Lynn Darling nig John Burgess. cMeBaHshkarITaMgGs;rbs;kaEst
nigbNasmaCiknGgTUt Edl)anCYb nigelIkkmaMgcit edayKansMc CaBiesselak Sathiah, Kishore
Mahbubani, Alexandro Casella, Betsy Kenedy, Neil Davis, Dominique Gerard, Desaix Anderson, David Hawk, Christopher Hitchens nig
Nayan Chanda. William Goodfellow nigmCmNlneya)ayGnrCati Edl)anyl;RBmpl;GaharUbkrN_
mYy[sRmab;ryeBlmYyqaM. Bob Borosage nigviTasanRsavRCavneya)ay Edl)anpl;kariya
lyeFVIkarmYy[. Carol nig Ping Ferry Edl)anpl;GaharUbkrN_mYysRmab;kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;. J.R.
Reeder Edl)ansresrsMeNIsMu[BinitksarepSgeTAtam c,ab;sIBIesrIPaBkgkarpl;Btman.
cMeBaHbNit Marianne Faure nig Wendy Law-Yone sRmab;karRsLaj;ykcitTukdak;rbs;Kat;. cMeBaHelak
Steve Mendelson sRmab;KMnUrrbs;Kat;. enATIbBab; sUmbBannUvkarEfgGMNrKuNdkk;ekAcMeBaHRbCaCn
km<CaCaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIsmasn_enAkgRbeTsrbs;eK benAbreTs ehIyEdl)anerobrab;R)ab;
edaykahannUverOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCajwkjysitkgkaleTsminKYr[eCOeTAeTot. TIbMput KW
GkTaMgenHehIyEdlpl;CameFa)ay[sresresovePAenHeLIg
GMBIGkniBn
eGlIhSaEbt ebkxr KWCaGkeqIyqgsarBtmanrbs;sarBtman v:asuInetanb:usEdleRkay
mk )anTTYltMENgCaniBnnaykbreTsCan;x<s;rbs;viTCati ehIyfIenH CaCMnYykarniBnnayk
rbs; sarBtmanj:vy:kEfms_ TTYlbnksarBtmanbreTs nigsarBtmanhriBavt. Kat;)anray
karN_ nigsresrBtmanBIRbeTskm<Cacab;taMgBIqaM1973 [eTAj:vy:kEfms_, The London Review of
Books, TsSnavdIesdkiccugbUBa nig Die Tageszeitung. esovePA enAeBlEdlsgamrlt;eTA TTYl)anrgVan;
esovePArbs; Robert F. Kennedy nigRtv)aneRbIR)as;CamUldansRmab;karftExSPaBynksarrbs; riTI
):an; EdlmancMNgeCIgfa bu)aNa. Kat;kCaGkniBnesovePARbvtisas sgamevotNamrbs;
shrdGaemrik. Kat;TTYl)ansBabRtEpk karsikSaBIGasIuxagt,g BIsaklviTaly TIRkg
v:asIunetan ehIysBVf kMBugrs;enACamYykUnBIrnak;rbs;Kat;enATIRkgv:asIunetanDIsIu.

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km<Canigbdivtn_ExrRkhm

Translation Series No.5 X Documentation Center of Cambodia

Searching for the truth.

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