6 - Wireless LAN Technology

6.
WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY

Wireless Network & Mobile System Ahmad Rafie Pratama, ST., MIT
Informatika
Teknik
[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology
Preview
Last Lecture Group Discussion
GSM Evolution CDMA2000 Evolution Indonesian GSM & CDMA2000 Networks 4G Technology (LTE & WiMax)
This Lecture Wireless LAN

Application
Protocol Architecture
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard

Wi-Fi a/b/g/n
Informatika
Teknik
Wireless LAN Applications

LAN Extension
Cross-building interconnect
Nomadic Access Ad hoc networking
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LAN Extension
Wireless LAN linked into a wired LAN on same premises
Wired LAN Backbone Support servers and stationary workstations Wireless LAN Stations in large open areas Manufacturing plants, stock exchange trading floors, and warehouses
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Multiple-cell Wireless LAN
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Cross-Building Interconnect
Connect LANs in nearby buildings Wired or wireless LANs Point-to-point wireless link is used Devices connected are typically bridges or routers
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Nomadic Access
Wireless link between LAN hub and mobile data terminal
equipped with antenna

Laptop computer or notepad computer
Uses: Transfer data from portable computer to office server Extended environment such as campus
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Ad Hoc Networking
Temporary peer-to-peer network set up to meet
immediate need
Example: Group of employees with laptops convene for a meeting; employees link computers in a temporary network for duration of meeting
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Wireless LAN Requirements

Throughput Number of nodes Connection to backbone LAN Service area Battery power consumption Transmission robustness and security Collocated network operation License-free operation Handoff/roaming Dynamic configuration
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10
Wireless LAN Categories

Infrared (IR) LANs
Spread spectrum LANs

Narrowband microwave
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Strengths of Infrared Over Microwave Radio

Spectrum for infrared virtually unlimited Possibility of high data rates Infrared spectrum unregulated Equipment inexpensive and simple Reflected by light-colored objects Ceiling reflection for entire room coverage
Doesnt penetrate walls More easily secured against eavesdropping Less interference between different rooms
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Drawbacks of Infrared Medium

Indoor environments experience infrared background
radiation
Sunlight and indoor lighting Ambient radiation appears as noise in an infrared receiver Transmitters of higher power required Limited by concerns of eye safety and excessive power consumption Limits range
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IR Data Transmission Techniques

Directed Beam Infrared
Ominidirectional
Diffused
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Directed Beam Infrared

Used to create point-to-point links
Range depends on emitted power and degree of focusing

Focused IR data link can have range of kilometers Cross-building interconnect between bridges or routers
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Ominidirectional
Single base station within line of sight of all other stations
on LAN
Station typically mounted on ceiling Base station acts as a multiport repeater Ceiling transmitter broadcasts signal received by IR transceivers IR transceivers transmit with directional beam aimed at ceiling base unit
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Diffused
All IR transmitters focused and aimed at a point on
diffusely reflecting ceiling

IR radiation strikes ceiling Reradiated omnidirectionally Picked up by all receivers
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Spread Spectrum LAN Configuration

Multiple-cell arrangement
Within a cell, either peer-to-peer or hub

Peer-to-peer topology No hub Access controlled with MAC algorithm
CSMA
Appropriate for ad hoc LANs
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Spread Spectrum LAN Configuration

Hub topology Mounted on the ceiling and connected to backbone May control access May act as multiport repeater Automatic handoff of mobile stations Stations in cell either:
Transmit to / receive from hub only Broadcast using omnidirectional antenna
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Narrowband Microwave LANs

Use of a microwave radio frequency band for signal
transmission
Relatively narrow bandwidth Licensed
Unlicensed
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Licensed Narrowband RF
Licensed within specific geographic areas to avoid
potential interference
In the US: Motorola had 600 licenses in 18-GHz range Covers all metropolitan areas Can assure that independent LANs in nearby locations dont interfere Encrypted transmissions prevent eavesdropping
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Unlicensed Narrowband RF
RadioLAN introduced narrowband wireless LAN in 1995 Uses unlicensed ISM spectrum Used at low power (0.5 watts or less) Operates at 10 Mbps in the 5.8-GHz band Range = 50 m to 100 m
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IEEE 802.11 WLAN STANDARD (WI-FI)
Informatika
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IEEE 802 Protocol Layers
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Functions of physical layer: Encoding/decoding of signals Preamble generation/removal (for synchronization) Bit transmission/reception Includes specification of the transmission medium
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Functions of medium access control (MAC) layer:
On transmission, assemble data into a frame with address and
error detection fields On reception, disassemble frame and perform address recognition and error detection Govern access to the LAN transmission medium
Functions of logical link control (LLC) Layer:

Provide an interface to higher layers and perform flow and error
control
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Separation of LLC and MAC

The logic required to manage access to a shared-access
medium not found in traditional layer 2 data link control

For the same LLC, several MAC options may be provided
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MAC Frame Format

MAC control Contains Mac protocol information Destination MAC address Destination physical attachment point Source MAC address Source physical attachment point
CRC Cyclic redundancy check
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Logical Link Control

Characteristics of LLC not shared by other control
protocols:
Must support multiaccess, shared-medium nature of the link Relieved of some details of link access by MAC layer
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LLC Services
Unacknowledged connectionless service
No flow- and error-control mechanisms Data delivery not guaranteed
Connection-mode service
Logical connection set up between two users Flow- and error-control provided
Acknowledged connectionless service

Cross between previous two Datagrams acknowledged No prior logical setup
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Differences between LLC and HDLC

LLC uses asynchronous balanced mode of operation of
HDLC
type 2 operation
LLC supports unacknowledged connectionless service type 1 operation LLC supports acknowledged connectionless service type 3 operation
LLC permits multiplexing by the use of LLC service
access points
LSAPs
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IEEE 802.11 Architecture

Distribution system (DS) Access point (AP) Basic service set (BSS) Stations competing for access to shared wireless medium Isolated or connected to backbone DS through AP
Extended service set (ESS) Two or more basic service sets interconnected by DS
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IEEE 802.11 Services
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Distribution of Messages Within a DS

Distribution service Used to exchange MAC frames from station in one BSS to station in another BSS Integration service Transfer of data between station on IEEE 802.11 LAN and station on integrated IEEE 802.x LAN
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Transition Types Based On Mobility

No transition Stationary or moves only within BSS BSS transition Station moving from one BSS to another BSS in same ESS ESS transition Station moving from BSS in one ESS to BSS within another ESS
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Association-Related Services
Association Establishes initial association between station and AP Reassociation Enables transfer of association from one AP to another, allowing station to move from one BSS to another
Disassociation Association termination notice from station or AP

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Access and Privacy Services

Authentication Establishes identity of stations to each other Deathentication Invoked when existing authentication is terminated Privacy Prevents message contents from being read by unintended recipient
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IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control

MAC layer covers three functional areas: Reliable data delivery Access control Security
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Reliable Data Delivery

More efficient to deal with errors at the MAC level
than higher layer (such as TCP)
Frame exchange protocol Source station transmits data Destination responds with acknowledgment (ACK) If source doesnt receive ACK, it retransmits frame Four frame exchange Source issues request to send (RTS) Destination responds with clear to send (CTS) Source transmits data Destination responds with ACK
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Access Control
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Medium Access Control Logic
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Interframe Space (IFS) Values

Short IFS (SIFS) Shortest IFS Used for immediate response actions Point coordination function IFS (PIFS) Midlength IFS Used by centralized controller in PCF scheme when using polls
Distributed coordination function IFS (DIFS) Longest IFS Used as minimum delay of asynchronous frames contending for access
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IFS Usage
SIFS Acknowledgment (ACK) Clear to send (CTS) Poll response
PIFS Used by centralized controller in issuing polls Takes precedence over normal contention traffic DIFS Used for all ordinary asynchronous traffic
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MAC Frame Format
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MAC Frame Fields

Frame Control
frame type, control information
Duration/connection ID
Addresses
channel allocation time

context dependent, types include source and destination
Sequence control
Frame body Frame check sequence
numbering and reassembly

MSDU or fragment of MSDU 32-bit CRC
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Frame Control Fields

Protocol version
802.11 version
Type
Subtype To DS
control, management, or data

identifies function of frame 1 if destined for DS
From DS
More fragments Retry
1 if leaving DS
1 if fragments follow 1 if retransmission of previous frame
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Frame Control Fields

Power management More data WEP Order
1 if transmitting station is in sleep mode Indicates that station has more data to send 1 if wired equivalent protocol is implemented 1 if any data frame is sent using the Strictly Ordered service
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Control Frame Subtypes

Power save
poll (PS-Poll)
Request to send
Clear to send Acknowledgment
(RTS)
(CTS) (CF)-ack
Contention-free
CF-end + CF-ack
(CF)-end
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Data Frame Subtypes

Data-carrying frames Data Data + CF-Ack Data + CF-Poll Data + CF-Ack + CF-Poll Other subtypes (dont carry user data) Null Function CF-Ack CF-Poll CF-Ack + CF-Poll
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Management Frame Subtypes

Association request
Association response
Reassociation request Reassociation response
Probe request
Probe response Beacon
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Management Frame Subtypes

Announcement traffic indication message
Dissociation
Authentication Deauthentication
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Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
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Authentication
Open system authentication Exchange of identities, no security benefits Shared Key authentication Shared Key assures authentication
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Physical Media Defined by Original 802.11 Standard

Direct-sequence spread spectrum Operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band Data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps Frequency-hopping spread spectrum Operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band Data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps Infrared 1 and 2 Mbps Wavelength between 850 and 950 nm
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IEEE 802.11 Network Standards

IEEE 802.11
Jun 1997 (Legacy)
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11g
Sep 1999
Sep 1999 Jun 2003
IEEE 802.11n
IEEE 802.11ac
Oct 2009
Nov 2011 (DRAFT)
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IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b

IEEE 802.11a Ratified in 1999 Makes use of 5-GHz band Provides rates of 6, 9 , 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation Subcarrier modulated using BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM IEEE 802.11b Ratified in 1999 Operates in 2.4-GHz band Provides data rates of 1,2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps Complementary code keying (CCK) modulation scheme which is direct extension of Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
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IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n

IEEE 802.11g Third modulation standard (June 2003) Works in 2.4-GHz band (like 802.11b standard) Uses OFDM (like 802.11a standard) Provides maximum rates of 54 Mbps (like 802.11a standard) Fully backward compatible with 802.11b IEEE 802.11n Latest modulation standard (October 2009) Operates at both 2.4-GHz and 5-GHz band Partially backward compatible with 802.11b/g standard Adding Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna Theoritically, data rates up to 600 Mbps (4 spatial streams, 40-MHz channel width) In mixed (b/g/n) mode, data rates up to 150 Mbps
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Wi-Fi channels in 2.4-GHz band
Graphical representation of Wi-Fi channels in the 2.4-GHz band
Spectral mask for 802.11b/g in the 2.4-GHz band

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Non-Overlapping Channels (2.4-GHz band)

802.11b (DSSS)
22-MHz channel width
802.11g/n (OFDM)
20-MHz channel width

16.25-MHz used by sub-carriers
802.11n (OFDM)

40-MHz channel width 33.75-MHz used by sub-carriers

Teknik
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Summary
This Lecture Wireless LAN
Application Protocol Architecture
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard

Wi-Fi a/b/g/n
Next Lecture Bluetooth
Informatika
Teknik

6 - Wireless LAN Technology

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6.

WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

This Lecture Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Wireless LAN Applications

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Multiple-cell Wireless LAN

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

equipped with antenna

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Wireless LAN Requirements

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Wireless LAN Categories

Spread spectrum LANs

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Strengths of Infrared Over Microwave Radio

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Drawbacks of Infrared Medium

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

IR Data Transmission Techniques

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Directed Beam Infrared

Range depends on emitted power and degree of focusing

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

diffusely reflecting ceiling

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Spread Spectrum LAN Configuration

Within a cell, either peer-to-peer or hub

Appropriate for ad hoc LANs

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Spread Spectrum LAN Configuration

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Narrowband Microwave LANs

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

IEEE 802.11 WLAN STANDARD (WI-FI)

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

IEEE 802 Protocol Layers

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Functions of logical link control (LLC) Layer:

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Separation of LLC and MAC

medium not found in traditional layer 2 data link control

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

MAC Frame Format

CRC Cyclic redundancy check

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Logical Link Control

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Acknowledged connectionless service

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

Differences between LLC and HDLC

LLC permits multiplexing by the use of LLC service

[Jaringan Nirkabel & Sistem Bergerak] --- 6. Wireless LAN Technology

IEEE 802.11 Architecture