ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘We would like to thank and acknowledge: For Diagram 9.1 Mr, Stuart Powney INTRODUCTION Diagram 9.1 Electra Taking Off ‘As seen from the previous chapters, hydraulic power enables pilots to remotely operate such services as the flying controls, flaps, undercarriage, and spoilers of large aircraft such as depicted in diagram 9.1. This is achieved by passing a virtually incompressible fluid through @ network of pipes to actuators that convert fluid pressure into mechanical force and motion. This chapter describes how hydraulic power is obtained, the different types of hydraulic systems, and the valves and components that make the system function. BASIC PHYSICS OF HYDRAULICS Before looking in some detail at how hydraulic power is generated, transmitted, and used, a review of basic hydraulic principles is required. > FLUIDS All fluids are considered incompressible. Airframes and Systems olChapter 9 Hydraulics ENERGY Diagram 9.2 Potential Eneray Potential energy Water in a reservoir, as per diagram 9.2, has potential energy through static pressure, Kinetic energy ‘Water flowing from the reservoir has kinetic energy through dynamic pressure. STATIC PRESSURE Diagram 9.3 Static Pressure Acts in a Vertical Column The depth of fluid creates static pressure. In diagram 9.3, four containers of various shapes that have an equal depth of fluid register the seme static pressure on the gauges at the base. This is due to the pressure acting as a vertical column. 92 Airframes and SystemsHydraulies Chapter 9 PASCAL’S LAW Applied Foree Diagram 9.4 Pascal's Law Pascal's Law states, “In an enclosed container, the pressure is equal throughout the fluid and acts equally in all directions and at right angles to the container’s walls.” Diagram 9.4 shows Pascal's Law in action. All the gauges show the same reading, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORCE, AREA, AND PRESSURE Pressure Diagram 9.6 Relationship between Force, Area, and Pressure Force, in hydraulics, is the energy that is applied to act on the fluid, or the energy that is exerted when a fluid acts on a piston. Therefore, force is considered to be either an input or an output. Area is the square surface area of a piston that is either used to transmit the input force into @ fluid, or transmit the output force from a fluid. Airframes and Systems 93