Hng dn

GeoGebra
Bn chnh thc 3.0

Markus Hohenwarter v Judith Preiner

www.geogebra.org, 06/2007

Tr gip GeoGebra
Hiu chnh ln cui: Ngy 17/07/2007
Trang Web GeoGebra: www.geogebra.org
Tc gi
Markus Hohenwarter, mhohen@math.fau.edu
Judith Preiner, jpreiner@math.fau.edu

Tm kim tr gip GeoGebra

Online: Tm kim tr gip GeoGebra

PDF: Nhn Ctrl + Shift + F trong Adobe Acrobat Reader

Mc lc
Tr gip GeoGebra .................................................................................................... 2
Tm kim tr gip GeoGebra ...................................................................................... 2
Mc lc ....................................................................................................................... 3
1. GeoGebra l g? ..................................................................................................... 6
2. Cc v d ................................................................................................................ 7
2.1. Tam gic theo cc gc ..................................................................................... 7
2.2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh y = m x + b ................................................................ 7
2.3. Trng tm ca tam gic ABC ........................................................................... 8
2.4. Chia on thng AB theo t l 7:3..................................................................... 8
2.5. H phng trnh tuyn tnh theo hai bin x, y .................................................. 9
2.6. Tip tuyn ca hm s f(x) ............................................................................... 9
2.7. Tnh ton vi hm a thc ............................................................................... 9
2.8. Tch phn ....................................................................................................... 10
3. Nhp i tng hnh hc ...................................................................................... 11
3.1. Tng quan ...................................................................................................... 11
3.1.1. Menu ng cnh ....................................................................................... 11
3.1.2. Hin v n ............................................................................................... 11
3.1.3. Du vt .................................................................................................... 11
3.1.4. Phng to / Thu nh .................................................................................. 12
3.1.5. T l trc................................................................................................... 12
3.1.6. Cch dng hnh ....................................................................................... 12
3.1.7. Thanh cng c dng hnh ....................................................................... 12
3.1.8. nh ngha li........................................................................................... 12
3.1.9. Hp thoi Thuc tnh ............................................................................... 13
3.2. Cng c.......................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1. Cc cng c c bn ................................................................................ 13
3.2.2. im ........................................................................................................ 15
3.2.3. Vec-t ...................................................................................................... 15
3.2.4. on thng .............................................................................................. 16
3.2.5. Tia ........................................................................................................... 16
3.2.6. a gic .................................................................................................... 16
3.2.7. ng thng ........................................................................................... 16
3.2.8. ng Conic ........................................................................................... 17
3.2.9. Cung trn v hnh qut ............................................................................ 18
3.2.10. S v Gc .............................................................................................. 18
3.2.11. Boolean ................................................................................................. 19
3.2.12. Qu tch ................................................................................................. 20
3.2.13. Cc php bin i hnh hc ................................................................... 21
3.2.14. Ch ....................................................................................................... 21
3.2.15. nh ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2.16. Cc thuc tnh ca nh.......................................................................... 22
4. Nhp i tng i s .......................................................................................... 24
4.1. Tng quan ...................................................................................................... 24
3

4.1.1. Thay i cc gi tr .................................................................................. 24

4.1.2. Minh ha.................................................................................................. 24
4.2. Nhp trc tip ................................................................................................ 25
4.2.1. S v Gc ................................................................................................ 25
4.2.2. im v Vec-t........................................................................................ 25
4.2.3. ng thng ........................................................................................... 26
4.2.4. ng Conic ........................................................................................... 26
4.2.5. Hm s f(x) .............................................................................................. 26
4.2.6. Danh sch cc i tng ........................................................................ 27
4.2.7. Cc ton t s hc .................................................................................. 27
4.2.8. Bin s Bool ............................................................................................ 28
4.2.9. Ton t Bool ............................................................................................ 28
4.3. Cc lnh ......................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1. Cc lnh c bn ...................................................................................... 29
4.3.2. Cc lnh logic (Boolean) ......................................................................... 30
4.3.3. Gi tr ....................................................................................................... 30
4.3.4. Gc .......................................................................................................... 32
4.3.5. im ........................................................................................................ 32
4.3.6. Vec-t ...................................................................................................... 33
4.3.7. on thng .............................................................................................. 34
4.3.8. Tia ........................................................................................................... 34
4.3.9. a gic .................................................................................................... 34
4.3.10. ng thng ......................................................................................... 35
4.3.11. ng Conic ......................................................................................... 36
4.3.12. Hm s .................................................................................................. 37
4.3.13. ng cong tham s ............................................................................. 37
4.3.14. Cung v Hnh qut................................................................................. 38
4.3.15. nh ........................................................................................................ 39
4.3.16. Qu tch ................................................................................................. 39
4.3.17. Dy s ................................................................................................... 39
4.3.18. Cc php bin i hnh hc ................................................................... 39
5. In n v xut thnh tp tin .................................................................................... 42
5.1. In n ............................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1. Vng Lm Vic ........................................................................................ 42
5.1.2. Cch dng hnh ....................................................................................... 42
5.2. Vng Lm Vic thnh dng nh..................................................................... 42
5.3. Sao chp Vng Lm Vic vo B nh ........................................................... 43
5.4. Cch dng hnh thnh dng trang web .......................................................... 43
5.5. Vng Lm Vic thnh dng Trang Web ......................................................... 44
6. Cc ty chn......................................................................................................... 45
6.1. Bt im ......................................................................................................... 45
6.2. n v ca gc ............................................................................................... 45
6.3. Hin th s thp phn ..................................................................................... 45
6.4. Lin tc .......................................................................................................... 45
6.5. Kiu im ....................................................................................................... 45
6.6. Kiu gc vung .............................................................................................. 45
6.7. Ta ............................................................................................................ 45
6.8. Tn ................................................................................................................. 46
6.9. C ch ........................................................................................................... 46
6.10. Ngn ng ..................................................................................................... 46
4

6.11. Vng lm vic............................................................................................... 46

6.12. Lu cc thit lp........................................................................................... 46
7. Cng c v thanh cng c .................................................................................... 47
7.1. Cng c do ngi s dng nh ngha .......................................................... 47
7.2. Ty chnh thanh cng c ................................................................................ 47
8. Giao din JavaScript............................................................................................. 48
Danh mc ................................................................................................................. 49

1. GeoGebra l g?
GeoGebra l mt phn mm ton hc kt hp hnh hc, i s v vi tch phn.
Chong trnh c pht trin cho vic dy ton trong cc trng hc bi Markus
Hohenwarter ti i hc Florida Atlantic.
Mt mt, GeoGebra l mt h thng hnh hc ng. Bn c th dng hnh theo im,
vec-t, on thng, ng thng, ng conic, cng nh th hm s, v c th
thay i chng v sau.
Mt khc, phong trnh v ta c th c nhp vo trc tip. Do , GeoGebra
c th lm vic vi nhiu loi bin s nh s, vec-t, v im, tm o hm, tch
phn ca hm s, v cung cp cc lnh nh Nghim or Cc tr.
C 2 ch hin th c trng trong GeoGebra: mt biu thc trong ca s i s
tng dng vi mt i tng trong trong ca s hnh hc v ngc li.

2. Cc v d
Chng ta s xem mt vi v d c th thy c cc kh nng ca GeoGebra.

2.1. Tam gic theo cc gc

Chn nt
im mi trn thanh cng c. Nhn tri chut 3 ln trn vng lm vic
to 3 gc A, B, C ca tam gic.
Sau , chn nt
a gic v nhn ln lt ln 3 im A, B, C. ng tam gic
poly1, nhn li ln im A ln na. Trong ca s i s, ta thy hin ln din tch
ca tam gic poly1.
bit c cc gc ca tam gic, chn nt
tam gic.

Gc trn thanh cng c v nhp ln

By gi, chn nt
Di chuyn v ko cc nh ca tam gic thay i tam gic.
Nu bn khng cn s dng ca s i s v h trc ta , bn c th n i bng
cch s dng menu View.

2.2. Phng trnh tuyn tnh y = m x + b

By gi chng ta s tm hiu ngha ca m v b trong phong trnh tuyn tnh y =
mx + b bng cch th cc gi tr khc nhau cho m v b. lm nh vy, chng ta c
th nhp cc dng di y vo Nhp pha di ca s v bm phm Enter sau
mi dng.
m = 1
b = 2
y = m x + b
By gi chng ta thay i m v b bng cch s dng Nhp hoc nhp trc tip vo
ca s i s bng cch nhp phi chut ti mi gi tr v chn
Th cc gi tr m v b sau:
m = 2
m = -3
b = 0
b = -1

nh ngha li.

Ngoi ra, bn c th thay i m v b mt cch d dng bng cch s dng

Cc phm mi (xem Minh ha)

Con trt: nhp phi chut ti m hoc b v chn

(xem
Con trt)

Hin / n i tng

Bng cch lm tng t, chng ta c th kim tra phong trnh cc ng conic:

7

E-lip: x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 = 1

Hyperbol:
b^2 x^2 a^2 y^2 = a^2 b^2
ng trn: (x - m)^2 + (y - n)^2 = r^2

2.3. Trng tm ca tam gic ABC

By gi chng ta s bt u dng im trung tm ca 3 im bng cch nhp cc
dng sau vo khung nhp lnh v bm phm Enter sau mi dng. Bn cng c th
s dng cc nt trn thanh cng c dng hnh.
A = (-2, 1)
B = (5, 0)
C = (0, 5)
M_a = TrungDiem[B, C]
M_b = TrungDiem[A, C]
s_a = DuongThang[A, M_a]
s_b = DuongThang[B, M_b]
S = GiaoDiem[s_a, s_b]
Mt cch khc, bn c th tnh ton trng tm trc tip theo cng thc S1 = (A +
B + C) / 3 v dng lnh QuanHe[S, S1] so snh kt qu.
Sau , chng ta c th th xem liu S = S1 c cn ng vi cc v tr A, B, C
khc. S dng nt

Di chuyn v dng chut ko cc im.

2.4. Chia on thng AB theo t l 7:3

V GeoGebra cho php chng ta tnh ton vi vec-t, cho nn y l mt vic d
dng. Nhp cc dng sau vo khung nhp lnh v bm phm Enter sau mi dng
A = (-2, 1)
B = (3, 3)
s = DoanThang[A, B]
T = A + 7/10 (B - A)
Cch khc:
A = (-2, 1)
B = (3, 3)
s = DoanThang[A, B]
v = Vecto[A, B]
T = A + 7/10 v
Trong bc k tip, chng ta s tm hiu v s t, vd: bng cch s dng

Con

trt v nh ngha li im T l T = A + t v (xem

nh ngha li). Vi vic
thay i t, bn c th thy im T di chuyn dc theo mt ng thng, ng
thng ny c biu din bng phng trnh tham s (xem ng thng): g: X =
T + s v
Trong bc k tip, chng ta s tm hiu v s t, v d, nh ngha im T l T = A
+ t v (xem nh ngha li) v s dng mt
Con trt. Vi vic thay i gi tr t
8

bn s thy im T di chuyn dc theo mt ng thng (ng thng ny c

phng trnh tham s (xem ng thng):: X = T + s v)

2.5. H phng trnh tuyn tnh theo hai bin x, y

Hai phng trnh tuyn tnh theo x v y c xem nh l hai ng thng. Nghim
ca h l giao im ca hai ng thng. Nhp cc dng sau vo khung nhp v n
Enter sau mi dng.
g: 3x + 4y = 12
h: y = 2x - 8
S = GiaoDiem[g, h]
thay i h phng trnh, nhp phi chut vo phng trnh v chn
nh
ngha li, Bn c th dng chut ko ng thng bng cng
Di chuyn hoc
xoay chng quanh mt im bng
Xoay i tng quanh 1 im.

2.6. Tip tuyn ca hm s f(x)

GeoGebra cung cp mt lnh tm tip tuyn ca hm f(x) ti x = a. Nhp cc dng
sau vo khung nhp lnh v bm Enter sau mi.
a = 3
f(x) = 2 sin(x)
t = TiepTuyen[a, f]
Khi ta cho s a thay i lin tc (xem Minh ha), ng tip tuyn s trt dc theo
th ca hm s f.
Mt cch khc tm tip tuyn ca hm f ti im T thuc hm f.
a = 3
f(x) = 2 sin(x)
T = (a, f(a))
t: X = T + s (1, f'(a))
Bn cnh , bn cng c th v tip tuyn ca hm s bng phng php hnh
hc:
Chn nt
im mi v nhp chut ln th ca hm s f v im A
thuc hm f.
Chn nt
Tip tuyn v nhp chut ln lt ln hm f v im A.
By gi, chn
Di chuyn v dng chut ko im A dc theo hm s. Theo cch
ny, bn c th quan st thy c tip tuyn cng chuyn ng theo.

2.7. Tnh ton vi hm a thc

Vi GeoGebra, bn c th tm nghim, cc tr, im un ca hm a thc. Nhp cc
dng sau vo khung nhp lnh v bm Enter sau mi dng.
f(x) = x^3 - 3 x^2 + 1
9

R = Nghiem[f]
E = CucTri[f]
I = DiemUon[f]
Chn nt
Di chuyn v dng chut ko hm s f. By gi, bn c th di chuyn
th hm s f vi chut. Trong phn ny, c th tnh o hm cp 1 v o hm
cp 2. Nhp cc dng sau vo khung nhp v n Enter sau mi dng.
DaoHam[f]
DaoHam[f, 2]

2.8. Tch phn

tnh tch phn, GeoGebra dng chc nng phn hoch hm s. Nhp cc dng
sau vo khung nhp v n Enter sau mi dng.
f(x) = x^2/4 + 2
a = 0
b = 2
n = 5
L = PhanHoachDuoi[f, a, b, n]
U = PhanHoachTren[f, a, b, n]
Thay i cc gi tr a, b, v n (xem Minh ha; xem
Con trt) bn c th thy
c nh hng ca cc tham s ny trong vic phn hoch. thay i n, bn c
th nhp phi chut vo s n v chn Thuc tnh.
C th tnh tch phn xc nh bng lnh TichPhan[f, a, b], v tm nguyn hm
F bng lnh F = TichPhan[f].

10

3. Nhp i tng hnh hc

Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu cch s dng chut to v sa i cc
i tng trong GeoGebra.

3.1. Tng quan

Ca s hnh hc ( bn phi) hin th dng hnh hc ca cc im, vec-t, on
thng, a gic, hm s, ng thng, ng conic. Mi khi ta tr chut ln cc i
tng ny, i tng s c t sng v xut hin mt ch thch k bn i tng.
Ghi ch: i khi, ca s hnh hc c gi l vng lm vic.
Ta c th dng chut v nhiu loi i tng trong vng lm vic (xem Cng c).
V d: nhp chut ln vng lm vic v im mi (xem
im mi), tm giao
im (xem
Giao im ca 2 i tng), hoc v hnh trn (xem
Hnh trn).
Ghi ch: Nhp p chut ln mt i tng trong ca s i s c th chnh sa
i tng .

3.1.1. Menu ng cnh

Khi nhp phi chut ln mt i tng s hin ra mt menu ng cnh bn c th:
chn cc thuc tnh i s (ta cc hoc ta -cc, n hoc hin cc
phng trnh),

i tn,

nh ngha li,

Xa.

Chn Thuc tnh trong menu ng cnh s hin ra mt ca s bn c th thay i

my sc, knh thc, dy ng thng, kiu ng thng, mu nn ca i
tng.

3.1.2. Hin v n
Cc i tng hnh hc c th c hin th (hin) hoc n i (n). S dng nt
Hin / n i tng hoc Menu ng cnh. Biu tng bn tri i tng trong ca
s i s cho chng ta bit c tnh trng ca i tng ( hin hoc
n).
Ghi ch: Bn cng c th s dng
mt hoc nhiu i tng.

Chn hin hoc n i tng hin / n

3.1.3. Du vt
Cc i tng hnh hc c th li vt ca chng trn mn hnh khi di chuyn. S
dng Menu ng cnh m hoc tt du vt.
Ghi ch: Chc nng Lm ti ch hin th trong menu Hin th s xa sch ht
cc du vt.
11

3.1.4. Phng to / Thu nh

Khi nhp chut phi ln vng lm vic, mt menu ng cnh s xut hin cho php
bn phng to (xem thm
Phng to) hoc thu nh (xem thm
Thu nh) vng lm
vic.
Ghi ch: phng to mt vng xc nh no , nhp phi chut ln vng lm vic
v ko chn vng .

3.1.5. T l trc
Nhp phi chut ln vng lm vic v chn Thuc tnh hin ra menu ng cnh v
bn c th:
Thay i t l gia truc x v trc y
n / hin tng h trc ring l
Thay i kiu hin th trc (kiu nh du khong chia, mu sc, kiu ng
thng)

3.1.6. Cch dng hnh

Cch dng hnh tng tc (Hin th, Cch dng hnh) l bng hin th cc bc
dng hnh. Bn c th s dng thanh cng c dng hnh nm pha di ca s
thc hin li tng bc dng hnh cng nh thm v thay i trnh t cc bc
dng hnh. Vui lng tm hiu chi tit trong phn tr gip ca Cch dng hnh.
Ghi ch: S dng im dng trong menu Hin th bn c th nh ngha chnh xc
cc bc dng hnh nh l im dng. Bn c th to im dng trong qu trnh
dng hnh qui nhm cc i tng. Khi xem qua qu trnh dng hnh bng thanh
cng c dng hnh, cc nhm hnh (i tng) cng c th hin cng lc.

3.1.7. Thanh cng c dng hnh

GeoGebra cung cp thanh cng c dng hnh bn c th xem qua cc bc
dng hnh. Chn Thanh cng c dng hnh trong Hin th hin th thanh cng c
dng hnh pha di vng lm vic.

3.1.8. nh ngha li
S dng menu ng cnh ca i tng nh ngha li i tng . y l mt
cch hu ch thay i hnh sau khi v. Bn c th chn nt
Di chuyn v nhp
p chut ln i tng ph thuc trong ca s i s m hp thoi nh ngha
li.

12

V d:
chuyn mt im A bt k vo ng thng h, chn nh ngha li cho im A v
nhp vo hp thoi Diem[h]. g b im A ra khi ng thng, nh ngha li
im A v nhp vo mt ta bt k.
Mt v d khc: Bin i ng thng h qua 2 im A, B thnh on thng AB. Chn
nh ngha li v nhp vo hp thoi DoanThang[A, B].
nh ngha li l mt cng c linh hot thay i hnh v. Nn nh rng n cng
ln thay i th t cc bc dng hnh trong Cch dng hnh.

3.1.9. Hp thoi Thuc tnh

Hp thoi thuc tnh cho php bn thay i thuc tnh ca i tng (mu sc, kiu
ng thng). Bn c th m hp thoi bng chc nhp phi chut ln i tng v
chn Thuc tnh, hoc chn Thuc tnh trong menu Chnh sa.
Trong hp thoi, cc i tng c xp theo loi (im, ng thng, ng trn)
bn c th thao tc d dng vi nhiu i tng. Bn c th thay i cc thuc
tnh ca i tng c chn trong cc th khung bn phi.

3.2. Cng c
Cc cng c di y nm trn thanh cng c. Nhn vo mi tn nh gc di
bn phi ca mt biu tng trn thanh cng c hin ra cc cng c khc.
Ghi ch: Vi tt c cc cng c dng hnh, bn u c th d dng to im mi
bng cch nhp chut ln vng lm vic.
Chn mt i tng
chn mt i tng,nhp chut ln i tng .
i tn i tng
i tn mt i tng, ch cn nhp tn mi vo hp thoi i tn ca i tng
.

3.2.1. Cc cng c c bn
Di chuyn
Bn c th s dng chut ko v th cc i tng t do. Khi bn nhp chn mt
i tng trong cng c
Di chuyn, bn c th:
Xa i tng bng nt Del
Di chuyn i tng bng cc phm mi tn (xem Minh ha)
Ghi ch: n phm Esc cng c th chuyn sang cng c Di chuyn.
n gi phm Ctrl chn nhiu i tng cng lc.
hoc
13

n gi nt tri chut v ko chn mt vng hnh ch nht i qua cc i tng cn

chn. Sau bn c th di chuuyn cc i tng ny bng cch dng chut ko
mt trong s .
Vng chn ny cng c dng ch nh mt phn ca hnh in, xut hnh (xem
In v Xut ra thnh tp tin khc).
Xoay i tng quanh 1 im
Chn tm xoay trc. Sau , dng chut chn i tng v xoay.
Quan h gia 2 i tng
Chn 2 i tng bit quan h ca 2 i tng (c th xem thm cu lnh
Quan h).
Di chuyn vng lm vic
Nhn gi nt tri chut v ko vng lm vic di chuyn h trc ta .
Ghi ch: Bn c th n gi phm Ctrl v ko chut di chuyn vng lm vic.

Vi cng c ny, bn c th dng chut ko gin tng trc ta .

Ghi ch: Khi ang s dng cc cng c khc, bn c th ko gin trc ta bng
cch n gi phm Shift (hoc Ctrl) v dng chut ko trc ta .
Phng to
Nhp chut ln vng lm vic phng to (xem thm Phng to / Thu nh)
Thu nh
Nhp chut ln vng lm vic thu nh (xem thm Phng to / Thu nh)
Hin / n i tng
Nhp chn i tng hin th hay n i tng .
Ghi ch: Cc i tng khi bn n s c t sng. Cc thay i s c p dng
ngay khi bn chuyn qua cng c khc.
Hin / n tn
Nhp chn i tng hin th hay n tn ca i tng .
Sao chp kiu hin th
Cng c ny cho php bn sao chp cc thuc tnh bn ngoi (mu sc, kch thc,
kiu ng thng) ca mt i tng cho nhiu i tng khc. Trc tin, chn
i tng ngun sao chp thuc tnh. Sau , nhn chn cc i tng ch
p dng cc thuc tnh ny vo.

14

Xa i tng
Nhn chn i tng m bn mun xa.

3.2.2. im
im mi
Nhn chut ln vng lm vic v mt im mi.
Ghi ch: Khi ta nh nt tri chut ra, ta im s c c nh.
Bng cch nhp chut ln on thng, ng thng, a gic, ng conic, th
hm s hoc ng cong, bn s to mt im trn i tng (xem thm lnh
im). Nhp ln ni giao nhau ca 2 i tng s to giao im ca 2 i tng ny
(xem thm lnh Giao im).
Giao im ca 2 i tng
Giao im ca hai i tng c th c xc nh theo 2 cch. Nu bn
nh du hai i tng: xc nh tt c cc giao im ca hai i tng (nu
c).
Nhp chut vo ni giao nhau ca hai i tng: ch xc nh mt giao im
ti .
i vi on thng, tia, cung trn, ch nh c ly giao im xa hay khng (xem
Hp thoi thuc tnh). Tnh nng ny c th dng ly giao im nm trn phn
ko di ca i tng. V d, phn ko di ca mt on thng hoc mt tia l mt
ng thng.
Trung im hoc tm im
Nhp chn...
Hai im xc nh trung im.
on thng xc nh trung im.
ng conic xc nh tm.

3.2.3. Vec-t
Vec-t qua 2 im
Xc nh im gc v im ngn ca vec-t.
Vec-t qua 1 im
Xc nh mt im A v mt vec-t v v im B = A + v v vec-t t A n B.

15

3.2.4. on thng
on thng
Xc nh 2 im A v B v on thng AB. Chiu di ca doni thng AB s c
hin th trong ca s i s.
on thng vi di cho trc
Nhp chn im A v nhp vo hp thoi hin ra chiu di on thng.
Ghi ch: on thng AB c di a v ch c th quay quanh im A vi cng c
Di chuyn

3.2.5. Tia
Tia i qua 2 im
Xc nh 2 im A v B v mt tia t im A v i qua im B. Phng trnh ca
ng thng ng vi tia AB s c hin th trong ca s i s.

3.2.6. a gic
a gic
Xc nh t nht 3 im nh ca a gic. Sau , nhp chn tr li im u tin
ng a gic li. Din tch ca a gic s c hin th trong ca s i s.
a gic u
Xc nh 2 im A, B v nhp vo hp thoi xut hin mt s n v mt a gic
u n nh (bao gm c A v B).

3.2.7. ng thng
ng thng
Xc nh 2 im A v B v ng thng qua A v B. Hng ca vec-t ch
phng l (B - A).
ng song song
Chn ng thng g v im A v ng thng qua A v song song g. Hng
ca ng thng l hng ca ng thng g.

16

ng vung gc
Xc nh ng thng g v mt im A v mt ng thng qua A v vung gc
vi g. Hng ca ng vung gc l hng ca vec-t php tuyn (xem thm lnh
VectoPhapTuyen) ca g.
ng trung trc
Xc nh on thng s hoc 2 im A, B v ng trung trc ca an thng AB.
Hng ca ng trung trc l hng ca vec-t php tuyn (xem thm lnh
VectoPhapTuyen) ca on thng s hoc AB.
ng phn gic
ng phn gic ca mt gc c th c xc nh theo 2 cch:
Xc nh 3 im A, B, C v ng phn gic ca gc ABC , B l nh.
Xc nh 2 cnh ca gc.
Ghi ch: Vec-t ch phng ca ng phn gic c di l 1.
Tip tuyn
Tip tuyn ca ng conic c th c xc nh theo 2 cch:
Xc nh im A v ng conic c v tt c cc tip tuyn qua A v tip
xc vi c.
Xc nh ng thng g v ng conic c v tt c cc tip tuyn ca c
song song vi g.
Chn im A v hm s f v tip tuyn ca hm f ti x = x(A).
ng i cc hoc ng knh ko di
Cng c ny s v ng i cc hoc ng knh ko di ca ng conic. Bn
c thThis mode creates the polar or diameter line of a conic section. You can either
Chn 1 im v 1 ng conic v ng i cc.
Chn 1 ng thng hoc 1 vec-t v 1 ng conic v ng knh ko
di.

3.2.8. ng Conic
ng trn khi bit tm v 1 im trn ng trn
Chn im M v im P v ng trn tm M v qua P. Bn knh ng trn l
MP.
ng trn khi bit tm v bn knh
Sau khi chn tm M, s xut hin mt hp thoi, hy nhp di bn knh vo.

17

ng trn qua 3 im
Chn 3 im A, B, and C v ng trn qua 3 im. Nu 3 im thng hang th
ng trn s suy bin thnh ng thng.
ng Conic qua 5 im
Chn 5 im v mt ng conic qua 5 im .
Ghi ch: Nu 4 trong 5 im thng hng, th s khng v c ng conic.

3.2.9. Cung trn v hnh qut

Ghi ch: Gi tr i s ca cung chnh l di ca cung. Gi tr ca hnh qut l
din tch ca hnh qut.
Hnh bn nguyt
Chn 2 im A v B v hnh bn nguyt qua on thng AB.
Cung trn khi bit tm v 2 im trn cung trn
Chn 3 im M, A, v B v mt cung trn c tm M, v 2 im u mt A, B.
Ghi ch: im B khng nm trn dy cung.
Hnh qut khi bit tm v 2 im trn hnh qut
Chn 3 im M, A, v B v mt hnh qut c tm M, v 2 im u mt A, B.
Ghi ch: im B khng nm trn dy cung.
Cung trn qua 3 im
Chn 3 im v mt cung trn qua 3 im.
Hnh qut qua 3 im
Chn 3 im v mt hnh qut qua 3 im.

3.2.10. S v Gc
Khong cch hay chiu di
Cng c ny s xc nh khong cch gia 2 im, 2 ng thng, hoc 1 im v 1
ng thng. Cng c ny cng cho ta bit c chiu di ca mt ng thng,
mt cung trn.
Din tch
Cng c ny cho php bn tnh din tch ca mt hnh a gic, hnh trn, e-lip.

18

H s gc
Cng c ny cho php bn tnh h s gc ca mt ng thng.
Con trt
Ghi ch: Trong GeoGebra, con trt l minh ha hnh hc ca mt gi tr (s) t do
hoc mt gc t do.
Nhp chut ti bt k ni no trn vng lm vic to mt con trt cho mt gi tr
(s) t do hoc mt gc t do. Mt ca s mi s xut hin cho bn bit tn, khong
[min, max] ca s hoc gc, cng nh canh l v b rng ca con trt (theo pixel).
Ghi ch: Bn c th d dng to mt con trt cho mt gi tr (s) t do hoc mt
gc t do c bng cch hin th i tng (xem Menu ng cnh; xem cng c
Hin / n i tng).
C th c nh v tr ca con trt trn mn hnh hoc vi tng quan vi h trc ta
(xem Hp thoi thuc tnh cho s v gc tng ng).
Gc
Cng c ny s v
Gc vi 3 im cho trc
Gc vi 2 on thng cho trc
Gc vi 2 ng thng cho trc
Gc vi 2 vec-t cho trc
Cc gc trong ca a gic
Tt c cc gc s c gii hn ln t 0 n 180. Nu bn mun hin th gc
i xng, chn Gc i xng trong Hp thoi thuc tnh.
Gc vi ln cho trc
Chn 2 im A, B v nhp vo hp thoi ln ca gc. Cng c ny s to mt
im C v mt gc , vi l gc ABC.

3.2.11. Boolean
Hp chn hin / n i tng
Nhn chut ln vng lm vic to mt hp chn hin hoc n nhiu i tng,
Trong ca s hin ra, bn c th ch nh i tng no s b tc ng bi hp chn.

19

3.2.12. Qu tch
Qu tch
Xc nh mt im mun v qu tch (B) ph thuc vo mt im khc (A). Sau do01
nhp chut vo im A.
Ghi ch: im B phi l mt im trn mt i tng (nh: ng thng, on
thng, ng trn).

20

V d:

Nhp f(x) = x^2 2 x 1 vo khung nhp lnh.

V mt im A trn trc x (xem
im mi; xem lnh im).
V im B = (x(A), f(x(A))), im B ph thuc vo im A.
Chn cng c
Qu tch v nhp chn ln lt ln im B v im A.
Ko im A dc theo trc x thy im B di chuyn theo ng qu tch ca
n.

3.2.13. Cc php bin i hnh hc

Cc php bin i hnh hc cho im, ng thng, ng conic, a gic, nh.
i xng qua tm
u tin, chn i tng cn ly i xng, Sau , nhp chn im s lm tm i
xng.
i xng qua trc
u tin, chn i tng cn ly i xng, Sau , nhp chn ng thng s lm
trc i xng.
Xoay i tng quanh tm theo mt gc
u tin, chn i tng cn xoay. K tip, nhp chn im s lm tm xoay mark
the object to be rotated. Sau , mt hp thoi s xut hin bn nhp gc quay
vo.
Tnh tin theo vec-t
u tin, chn i tng cn tnh tin. Sau , chn vec-t tnh tin.
Thay i hnh dng kch thc theo t l
u tin, chn i tng cn thay i hnh dng kch thc. K tip, chn im lm
tm co gin. Sau , mt hp thoi s xut hin bn nhp h s t l co gin vo.

3.2.14. Ch
Ch
Vi cng c ny bn c th to vn bn (nh: ghi ch, ch thch) hoc cc cng thc
LaTeX trong ca s hnh hc.
Nhp chut ln vng lm vic to mt khung nhp vn bn ti v tr ny.
Nhp chut ln mt im to mt khung nhp vn bn, v tr ca khung
nhp s ph thuc v tr ca im ny (khi di chuyn im th v tr ca khung
cng di chuyn theo).
Sau , mt hp thoi s xut hin bn nhp ni dung vn bn vo.
21

Ghi ch:: C th s dng cc gi tr ca i tng to vn bn ng.

Nhp vo
This is a text
im A = + A
a = + a + cm

M t
vn bn tnh
vn bn ng s dng gi tr ca im A
vn bn ng s dng gi tr ca on thng A

V tr ca vn bn s c c nh trn mn hnh hoc lin h vi h trc ta

(xem Thuc tnh ca vn bn).
Cng thc LaTeX
Vi GeoGebra bn c th vit cc cng thc ton hc. thc hin, bn nhn chn
ti hp chn Cng thc LaTeX trong hp thoi
Vn bn nhp cng thc ton
hc theo c php LaTeX.
Di y l mt vi c php LaTeX quan trnng. bit thm, vui lng xem qua cc
ti liu v LaTeX.
C php LaTeX
a \cdot b
\frac{a}{b}
\sqrt{x}

Kt qu
ab
a
b
x

\sqrt[n]{x}
\vec{v}
\overline{AB}
x^{2}
a_{1}
\sin\alpha + \cos\beta

v
AB
x2
a1
sin cos

\int_{a}^{b} x dx

xdx
i

\sum_{i=1}^{n} i^2

i 1

3.2.15. nh
Chn nh
Cng c ny cho php bn chn nh vo hnh v ca bn.
Nhp chut ln vng lm vic ch nh gc tri di ca nh. Clicking on
the drawing pad specifies the lower left corner of the image.
Nhp chut ln mt im ch nh im ny s trng vi v tr gc tri di
ca nh.
Sau , mt hp thoi s xut hin cho php bn chn tp tin nh chnvo.

3.2.16. Cc thuc tnh ca nh

V tr

22

V tr ca nh s c nh trn mn hnh hoc tng quan vi h trc ta (xem

Thuc tnh ca nh), c xc nh bng ba im ba gc ca hnh, Chc nng
ny cho bn s tin li thay i hnh dng, kch c, xoay, lm mo hnh.
1. gc th nht (gc tri bn di nh)
2. gc th hai (gc phi bn di nh)
Ghi ch: Gc ny ch c th chnh sa sau khi chnh gc th 1. Gc ny
chnh chiu rng ca nh.
4. gc th t (gc tri bn trn nh)
Ghi ch: Gc ny ch c th chnh sa sau khi chnh gc th 1. Gc ny
chnh chiu cao ca nh.
Ghi ch: Xem thm lnh Gc nh
V d:
To ba im A, B, v C tm hiu v chc nng ca cc im gc nh.
Chn im A l im gc nh th nht v B l im gc nh thc hai. Di
chuyn im A v B bng cng c
Di chuyn bn c th d dng thy
c nh hng ca chng i vi nh..
Chn im A l im gc nh th nht v im C l im gc nh th t v di
chuyn chng thy nh hng ca chng i vi nh.
Cui cng, bn c th xc nh 3 im gc nh v di chuyn chng thy
chng lm thay i nh ca bn.
Bn va thy c lm th no thay i v tr v kch thc ca nh. Nu bn
mun gn nh vo mt im A v chnh chiu rng bng 3 v chiu cao bng 4 n
v, bn lm theo cc bc sau::
1. Gc th nht: A
2. Gc th hai: A + (3, 0)
4. Gc th ba: A + (0, 4)
Ghi ch: Nu bn di chuyn im A bng cng c
Di chuyn, nh ca bn s
khng thay i kch thc.
nh nn
Bn c th cho mt nh tr thnh nh nn (Thuc tnh ca nh). nh nn s xp
ng sau h trc ta , v bn khng th dng chut chn n na.
Ghi ch: thay i thuc tnh ca nh nn, chn Thuc tnh t menu Chnh sa.
Trong sut
C th lm cho mt nh tr nn trong sut c th nhn thy cc i tng hoc
trc ta ng sau n. Bn c th thit lp trong sut ca nh bng cch chnh
gi tr t mu nn t 0 % n 100 % (xem Thuc tnh ca nh).

23

4. Nhp i tng i s
Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu cch s dng bn phm to v sa i
cc i tng trong GeoGebra.

4.1. Tng quan

Gi tr, ta , phng trnh ca cc i tng t do v i tng ph thuc c
hin th trong phn ca s i s (bn tri). Cc I tng t do khng ph thuc
vo bt k i tng no khc v c th c thay i trc tip.
Bn c th to v sa i cc i tng bng cch s dng khung nhp lnh pha
di mn hnh GeoGebra (xem Nhp trc tip; xem Lnh).
Ghi ch: Lun n phm Enter sau mi dng lnh nhp vo khung nhp lnh.

4.1.1. Thay i cc gi tr
Cc i tng t do c th c thay i trc tip; ngc li, cc i tng ph
thuc th khng. thay i gi tr ca i tng t do, ghi ln gi tr c bng
cch nhp gi tr mi vo khung nhp (xem Nhp trc tip).
V d: Nu bn mun thay i gi tr ca mt s c a = 3, nhp a = 5 vo khung
nhp v n phm Enter.
Ghi ch: Cch khc: trong ca s i s, chn nh ngha li trong Menu ng cnh;
hoc trong ca s hnh hc, nhp p chut ln i tng khi ang kch hot cng
c
Di chuyn.

4.1.2. Minh ha
thay i mt gi tr s hoc mt gi tr gc lin tc, chn cng c
Sau ,nhp chn con s hoc gc v n phm + hoc .

Di chuyn.

Nhn gi cc phm trn bn c th to mt minh ha.

V d: Nu ta ca mt im ph thuc vo mt s k nh P = (2 k, k), im s
di chuyn dc theo mt ng thng khi k c thay i lin tc..
Vi cc phm mi tn, bn c th di chun bt k i tng t do no vi cng c
Di chuyn (xem Minh ha; xem
Di chuyn).
Ghi ch: Bn c th iu chnh khong thay i gi tr (bc nhy) bng Hp thoi
thuc tnh ca i tng ny.
Phm tt:
Ctrl + phm mi tn cho bn bc nhy 10 n v
Alt + phm mi tn cho bn bc nhy 10 n v

24

Ghi ch: Mt im trn mt ng thng c th di chuyn dc theo ng thng

bng cc phm + hoc (xem Minh ha).

4.2. Nhp trc tip

GeoGebra c th lm vic vi s, gc, im, vec-t, on thng, ng thng,
ng conic, th hm s v ng cong tham s. By gi chng ta s tm hiu
cch nhp vo khung nhp cc i tng ny theo ta hoc phng trnh.
Ghi ch: Bn cng c th s dng cc ch s cho tn i tng, v d A1 hoc SAB c
th nhp vo l A_1 hoc s_{AB}.

4.2.1. S v Gc
S v gc s dng du . phn cch phn thp phn.
V d: Bn phi nhp s r l r = 5.32.
Ghi ch: Bn c th s dng hng s v s -le (Euler) e cho cc biu thc v
cng thc bng cch chn chng trong danh sch lit k k bn khung nhp.
Gc c tnh theo () hoc radian (rad). Hng s c th c nhp vo l pi
(s s gip bn thun tin hn khi nhp n v radian).
V d: Gc

c th c nhp theo ( = 60) hoc theo radian ( = pi/3).

Ghi ch: GeoGebra tnh ton theo n v radian. Biu tng l hng s /180
chuyn t sang radian.
Con trt v Cc phm mi tn
Cc gi tr ca cc con s v cc gc c lp c th c trnh by nh l con trt
trn ca s hnh hoc (xem cng c
Con trt). Bng cc phm mi tn, bn cng
c th thay i gi tr ca s hoc gc trong ca s i s (xem Minh ha).
Gi tr gii hn
Cc gi tr ca cc con s v cc gc c lp c th c gii hn trong mt khong
[min, max] (xem Hp thoi thuc tnh). Khong ny cng c s dng cho
Con
trt.
Cho mi gc ph thuc, bn c th chn n c th tr thnh gc phn x hay
khng (xem Hp thoi thuc tnh).

4.2.2. im v Vec-t
im v vec-t c th c nhp theo ta -cc hoc ta cc (xem S v
Gc).
Ghi ch: im c k hiu bng ch in hoa, vec-t c k hiu bng ch thng.
V d: v im P v vec-t v,
25

theo ta -cc: P = (1, 0) v v = (0, 5).

theo ta cc: P = (1; 0) v v = (5; 90).

4.2.3. ng thng
Mt ng thng c nhp di dng phng trnh tuyn tnh theo dng tng qut
x, y hoc theo dng tham s. Trong c hai dng, tt c cc n s c nh ngha
trc u c th s dng (v d: d, im, vec-t).
Ghi ch: Bn c th nhp tn ca ng thng vo trc phng trnh ca ng
thng v ngn cch chng bng du hai chm (:).
V d:
Nhp vo g : 3x + 4y = 2 v ng thng g.
nh ngha tham s t (t = 3) trc khi nhp vo phng trnh ng thng
g di dng tham s: g: X = (-5, 5) + t (4, -3).
Trc tin, nh ngha tham s m = 2 v b = -1. Sau , bn c th nhp
vo phng trnh g: y = m x + b v ng thng g tng ng vi m
v b trn (y = 2x 1).
Trc x v trc y
Hai trc ta c dng trong cc cu lnh vi ten gi Trc-x v Trc-y.
V d: Lnh DuongVuongGoc[A, Truc-x] s v ng thng qua A v vung gc
vi trc x.

4.2.4. ng Conic
Mt ng conic c th c nhp di dng phng trnh bc hai theo x, y. C th
s dng cc bin c nh ngha trc (nh: s, im, vec-t). Bn c th nhp
tn ca ng conic vo trc phng trnh ca ng conic v ngn cch chng
bng du hai chm (:).
V d:

Elip ell:
Hyperbol hyp:
Parabol par:
ng trn k1:
ng trn k2:

ell: 9 x^2 + 16
hyp: 9 x^2 16
par: y^2 = 4 x
k1: x^2 + y^2 =
k2: (x 5)^2 +

y^2 = 144
y^2 = 144
25
(y + 2)^2 = 25

Ghi ch: Nu bn nh ngha trc hai tham s a = 4 and b = 3, bn c th

nhp vo phng trnh ng elip l ell: b^2 x^2 + a^2 y^2 = a^2 b^2.

4.2.5. Hm s f(x)
nhp mt hm s, bn c th s dng cc bin nh ngha trc (nh: s,
im, vec-t) v cc hm s khc.
Examples:
Hm s f:

f(x) = 3 x^3 x^2

26

Hm s g:
Hm s:

g(x) = tan(f(x))
sin(3 x) + tan(x)

Tt c cc hm s c sn (nh: sin, cos, tan) c m t trong phn di v cc

ton t s hc (xem Cc ton t s hc).
Trong GeoGebra, bn c th s dng cu lnh tnh Tch phn v o hm ca
hm s.
Bn c th s dng cc gi tr f(x) hoc f(x), ly o hm ca mt hm
f(x) c xc nh.
V d: u tin, nh ngha hm s f l f(x) = 3 x^3 x^2. Sau , nhp vo
khung nhp g(x) = cos(f(x + 2)) xc nh hm s g.
Thm vo , bn c th tnh tin th ca mt hm s theo mt vec-t (xem lnh
Tnh tin) v c th dng chut di chuyn mt hm s t do bng cng c (xem
cng c
Di chuyn).
Khong gii hn hm s
gii hn mt hm s trong khong [a, b], ta s dng lnh HamSo (xem lnh Hm
s).

4.2.6. Danh sch cc i tng

S dng cp du ngoc mc to mt danh sch cc i tng (nh: im, on
thng, ng trn).
V d:
L = {A, B, C} s cho ta mt danh sch cha 3 im c xc nh l
A, B, v C.
L = {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)} s cho ta mt danh sch cha cc
im c nhp vo.

4.2.7. Cc ton t s hc
nhp cc s, ta , phng trnh (xem Nhp trc tip) bn c th s dng cc
biu thc s hc vi cc du ngoc n. Di y l cc ton t c dng trong
GeoGebra:
Ton t
cng
tr
nhn
tch v hng
chia
ly tha
giai tha
hm Gamma
du ngoc n

Nhp vo
+
* hoc phm space
* hoc phm space
/
^ hoc 2
!
gamma( )
( )
27

Ton t
ta x
ta y
gi tr tuyt i
du
cn bc 2
cn bc 3
s ngu nhin t 0 n 1
hm m
logarit (c s t nhin, c s e)
logarit c s 2
logarit c s 10
cos
sin
tan
arccos
arcsin
arctan
cos hypebolic
sin hypebolic
tan hypebolic
arcos hypebolic
arcsin hypebolic
arctan hypebolic
s nguyn ln nht nh hn hoc bng
s nguyn nh nht ln hn hoc bng
lm trn

Nhp vo
x( )
y( )
abs( )
sgn( )
sqrt( )
cbrt( )
random( )
exp( ) hoc x
ln( ) hoc log( )
ld( )
lg( )
cos( )
sin( )
tan( )
acos( )
asin( )
atan( )
cosh( )
sinh( )
tanh( )
acosh( )
asinh( )
atanh( )
floor( )
ceil( )
round( )

V d:
Trung im M ca on thng AB c th c nhp vo nh sau: M = (A +
B) / 2.
di vec-t v c tnh l: l = sqrt(v * v).
Ghi ch: Trong GeoGebra, bn c th thc hin cc php tnh vi im v vec-t.

4.2.8. Bin s Bool

Bn c th s dng cc bin Bool true v false trong GeoGebra.
V d: Nhp a = true hoc b = false vo khung nhp v n phm Enter.
Hp chn v Cc phm mi tn
Cc bin Bool t do c trnh by l mt hp chn trn vng lm vic (xem cng c
Hp chn hin / n i tng). Bng cc phm mi tn trn bn phm, bn cng
c th thay i cc bin Bool trong ca s i s (xem Minh ha).

4.2.9. Ton t Bool

Bn c th s dng cc ton t Bool trong GeoGebra:
28

Ton t

V d

bng

hoc ==

a b hoc a == b

khng bng

hoc !=

a b hoc a != b

<
>

a < b
a > b

nh hn
ln hn
nh hn hoc
bng
ln hn hoc bng
v
hoc
khng
song song
vung gc

Loi
s, im, ng thng,
ng conic a, b
s, im, ng thng,
ng conic a, b
s a, b
s a, b

hoc <=

a b hoc a <= b s a, b

hoc >=

hoc !

a b hoc a >= b s a, b
a b
bin logic a, b
a b
bin logic a, b
a hoc !a
bin logic a
a b
ng thng a, b
a b
ng thng a, b

4.3. Cc lnh
S dng cc cu lnh, chng ta c th to mi v sa i cc i tng c.
Chng ta c th t tn cho kt qu ca mt cu lnh bng cch nhp tn (v theo
sau l du =) vo pha trc cu lnh . Trong v d sau, im mi c t tn
l S.
V d: tm giao im ca hai ng thng g v h, bn c th nhp vo S =
GiaoDiem[g,h] (xem lnh Giao im).
Ghi ch: Bn cng c th s dng cc ch s cho tn i tng, v d A1 hoc SAB c
th nhp vo l A_1 hoc s_{AB}.

4.3.1. Cc lnh c bn
Quan h
QuanHe[i tng a, i tng b]: hin th mt hp thoi cho chng ta bit
mi quan h ca i tng a v i tng b. Ghi ch: lnh ny c th cho
chng ta bit hai i tng c bng nhau hay khng, im c nm trn ng
thng hoc ng conic hay khng, ng thng tip xc hay ct ng
conic.
Xa
Xoa[i tng a]: Xa i tng a v cc i tng lin quan vi n.
Yu t
YeuTo[Danh sch L, s n]: yu t th n trong danh sch L

29

4.3.2. Cc lnh logic (Boolean)

If[iu kin, a, b]: to mt bn sao ca i tng a nu iu kin l ng
(true), v i tng b nu iu kin l sai (false).
If[iu kin, a]: to mt bn sao ca i tng a nu iu kin l ng
(true), v i tng khng xc nh nu iu kin l sai (false).

4.3.3. Gi tr
di
DoDai[vect v]: di ca vec-t v
DoDai[im A]: di vec-t v tr ca A
DoDai[hm s f,s x1, s x2]: di th hm f gia x1 v x2
DoDai[hm s f, im A, im B]: di th hm f gia hai im A v B
trn th
DoDai[ng cong c, s t1, s t2]: di th ng cong c gia t1 v
and t2
DoDai[ng cong c, im A, im B]: di th ng cong c gia hai
im A v B trn ng cong
Dodai[danh sch L]: di ca danh sch L (s cc yu t c trong danh sch)
Din tch
DienTich[im A, im B, im C, ...]: Din tch ca hnh a gic xc
nh bi cc im A, B, C cho trc
DienTich[conic c]: Din tch ca conic c (hnh trn hoc hnh e-lip)
Khong cch
KhoangCach[im A, im B]: Khong cch gia hai im A v B
KhoangCach[im A, ng thng g]: Khong cch gia im A v ng
thng g
KhoangCach[ng thng g, ng thng h]: Khong cch gia ng
thng g v ng thng h. Ghi ch: Khong cch ca hai ng thng giao
nhau bng 0. Chc nng ny dng tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng
song song.
S d
SoDu[s a, s b]: S d ca php chia a : b
Phn nguyn
PhanNguyen[s a, s b]: Phn nguyn ca php chia a : b
H s gc
HeSoGoc[ng thng g]: H s gc ca ng thng g. Ghi ch: Lnh ny s
v mt tam gic m t dc v bn c th thay i kch thc ca tam gic
(xem thm Hp thoi thuc tnh).
cong
DoCong[im A, hm s f]: cong ca hm f ti im A
DoCong[im A, ng cong c]: cong ca ng cong c ti im A
30

Bn knh
BanKinh[ng trn c]: Bn knh ca ng trn c
Chu vi Conic
ChuViConic[conic c]: Tnh chu vi ng conic c (ng trn hoc e-lip)
Chu vi a gic
ChuViDaGiac[a gic poly]: Chu vi a gic poly
Tham s tiu
ThamSoTieu[parabol p]: Tham s tiu ca parabol p (khong cch gia ng
chun v tiu im)
di trc th nht
DoDaiTrucThuNhat[conic c]: di trc chnh ca ng conic c
di trc th hai
DoDaiTrucThuHai[conic c]: di trc th hai ca ng conic c
Tm sai
TamSai[conic c]:Tm sai ca ng conic c
Tch phn
TichPhan[hm s f, s a, s b]: Tnh tch phn ca hm f(x) t a n b.
Ghi ch: Lnh ny cng s v ra din tch ca vng b chn gia th hm s
f v trc x.
TichPhan[hm s f, hm s g, s a, s b]: Tnh tch phn ca hm f(x) g(x) t a n b. Ghi ch: Lnh ny cng s v ra din tch ca vng b chn
gia th hm s f v th hm s g.
Ghi ch: Xem Tch phn bt nh
Phn hoch di
PhanHoachTren[hm s f, s a, s b, s n]: Phn hoch di hm s f
trong an [a, b] thnh n hnh ch nht.
Phn hoch trn
PhanHoachTren[hm s f, s a, s b, s n]: Phn hoch trn hm s f
trong an [a, b] thnh n hnh ch nht..
Lp
Lap[hm s f, gi tr x0, s n]: Lp li hm s f n ln theo gi tr ban u
x0 cho trc.
V d: Cho hm s f(x) = x^2, lnh Lap[f, 3, 2] s cho ta kt qu l
(32)2 = 27
Min v Max
Min[s a, s b]: S nh nht trong hai s a v b
Max[s a, s b]: S ln nht trong hai s a v b
31

H s tng quan
HeSoTuongQuan[im A, im B, im C]: Tr v h s tng quan ca
ba im cng tuyn (ba im thng hng) A, B, and C, vi BA = * BC hoc A
= B + * BC
H s kp
HeSoKep[im A, im B, im C, im D]: H s kp ca bn im
cng tuyn (bn im thng hng) A, B, C, and D, vi = HeSoTuong
Quan[A, B, C] / HeSoTuongQuan[A, B, D]

4.3.4. Gc
Gc
Goc[vect v1, vect v2]: Gc to thnh bi vec-t v1 v v2 (t 0 n 360)
Goc[ng thng g, ng thng h]: Gc to thnh hai vec-t ch phng
ca hai ng thng g v (t 0 n 360)
Goc[im A, im B, im C]: Gc to thnh bi BA v BC (t 0 n 360).
im B l nh.
Goc[im A, im B, gc alpha]: Gc v t B, c nh l A v c ln
bng . Note: im Xoay[B, A, ] cng s c to.
Goc[conic c]: Gc xon ca trc chnh ca ng conic c (xem lnh Trc)
Goc[vect v]: Gc to thnh bi trc x v vec-t v
Goc[im A]: Gc to thnh bi trc x v vec-t v tr ca im A
Goc[s n]: i mt s n thnh gc (kt qu t 0 n 2pi)
Goc[a gic poly]: Tt c cc gc trong ca a gic poly

4.3.5. im
im
Diem[ng thng g]: im thuc ng thng g
Diem[conic c]: im thuc ng conic c (ng trn, e-lip, hyperbol)
Diem[hm s f]: im thuc hm f
Diem[a gic poly]: im thuc a gic poly
Diem[vec-t v]: im thuc vec-t v
Diem[im P, vec-t v]: im P cng vec-t v
Trung im v Tm
TrungDiem[im A, im B]: Trung im on thng AB
TrungDiem[on thng s]: Trung im on thng s
Tam[conic c]: Tm ca ng conic c (ng trn, e-lip, hyperbol)
Tiu im
TieuDiem[conic c]: (Tt c) cc tiu im ca ng conic c
nh
nh[conic c]: (Tt c) cc nh ca ng conic c

32

Trng tm
TrongTam[a gic poly]: Trng tm ca a gic poly
Giao im
GiaoDiem[line g, ng thng h]: Giao im ca hai ng thng g v h
GiaoDiem[ng thng g, conic c]: Tt c cc giao im ca ng thng g
v ng conic c (ti a l 2)
GiaoDiem[ng thng g, conic c, s n]: Giao im th n ca ng
thng g v ng conic c
GiaoDiem[conic c1, conic c2]: Tt c cc giao im ca hai ng conic c1
v c2 (ti a l 4)
GiaoDiem[conic c1, conic c2, s n]: Giao im th n ca hai ng conic
c1 v c2
GiaoDiem[hm a thc f1, hm a thc f2]: Tt c cc giao im ca hai
th hm s ca hm a thc f1 v f2
GiaoDiem[hm a thc f1, hm a thc f2, s n]: Giao im th n ca
hai th hm s ca hm a thc f1 v f2
GiaoDiem[hm a thc f, ng thng g]: Tt c cc giao im ca th
hm s hm a thc f v ng thng g
GiaoDiem[hm a thc f, ng thng g, s n]: Giao im th n ca
th hm s hm a thc f v ng thng g
GiaoDiem[hm s f, hm s g, im A]: Giao im ca hai hm f v g theo
mt gi tr im A ban u (phng php Newton)
GiaoDiem[hm s f, ng thng g, im A]: Giao im ca hm f v
ng thng g theo mt gi tr im A ban u (phng php Newton)
Ghi ch: xem thm

Giao im ca hai i tng

Nghim
Nghiem[hm a thc f]: Tm tt c cc nghim ca hm a thc f(x)=0 (cc gi
tr tm c s c biu din l cc im trn th)
Nghiem[hm s f, s a]: Tm mt nghim ca hm s f theo mt gi tr a ban
u (phng php Newton)
Nghiem[hm s f, s a, s b]: Tm mt nghim ca hm s f trong on [a,
b] (regula falsi)
Cc tr
CucTri[hm a thc f]: Tt c cc cc tr ca hm a thc f (cc gi tr tm
c s c biu din l cc im trn th)
im un
DiemUon[hm a thc f]: Tt c cc im un ca hm a thc f

4.3.6. Vec-t
Vect
Vecto[im A, im B]: Vec-t t im A n im B
Vecto[im A]: Vec-t v tr ca im A
33

Vect ch phng
VectoChiPhuong[ng thng g]: Vec-t ch phng ca ng thng g. Ghi
ch: Mt ng thng c phng trnh ax + by = c s c vec-t ch phng l
(b, - a).
Vect ch phng n v
VectoChiPhuongDonVi[ng thng g]: Vec-t ch phng n v (c ln
bng 1) ca ng thng g
VectoChiPhuongDonVi[vect v]: Vec-t c cng phng, chiu vi vec-t v
cho trc v c ln bng 1
Vect php tuyn
VectoPhapTuyen[ng thng g]: Vc-t php tuyn ca ng thng g. Ghi
ch: Mt ng thng c phng trnh ax + by = c s c vec-t php tuyn l
(a, b).
VectoPhapTuyen[vect v]: Vc-t php tuyn ca vec-t v. Ghi ch: Mt vec-t
c ta (a, b) s c vec-t php tuyn l vec-t (- b, a).
Vect php tuyn n v
VectoPhapTuyenDonVi[ng thng g]: Vec-t php tuyn n v (c ln
bng 1) ca ng thng g
VectoPhapTuyenDonVi[vect v]: Vec-t vung gc vi vec-t v v c ln
bng 1
Vect cong
VectoDoCong[im A, hm s f]: Vec-t cong ca hm s f ti im A
VectoDoCong[im A, ng cong c]: Vec-t cong ca ng cong c ti
im A

4.3.7. on thng
on thng
DoanThang[im A, im B]: on thng qua hai im A, B
DoanThang[im A, s a]: on thng qua A (im bt u) v c di l a.
Ghi ch: im kt thc on thng cng s c v.

4.3.8. Tia
Tia
Tia[im A, im B]: Tia bt u t im A v i qua im B
Tia[im A, vect v]: Tia bt u t im A v c cng hng vi v

4.3.9. a gic
a gic
DaGiac[im A, im B, im C,...]: a gic xc nh bi cc im A, B,
C, cho trc
34

DaGiac[im A, im B, s n]: a gic u n nh (gm c hai nh A, B)

4.3.10. ng thng
ng thng
DuongThang[im A, im B]: ng thng qua hai im A v B
DuongThang [im A, ng thng g]: ng thng qua A v song song vi
ng thng g
DuongThang [im A, vect v]: ng thng qua im A v c cng hng
vi vect v
ng vung gc
DuongVuongGoc[im A, ng thng g]: ng thng qua im A v vung
gc vi ng thng g
DuongVuongGoc[im A, vector v]: ng thng qua im A v vung gc
vi vector v
ng trung trc
DuongTrungTruc[im A, point B]: ng trung trc ca on thng AB
DuongTrungTruc[on thng s]: ng trung trc ca on thng s
ng phn gic
DuongPhanGiac[im A, im B, im C]: ng phn gic ca gc c
to bi 3 im A, B, v C. Ghi ch: im B l nh ca gc.
DuongPhanGiac[ng thng g, ng thng h]: Hai dng phn gic ca
gc to thnh bi hai ng thng g v h.
Tip tuyn
TiepTuyen[im A, conic c]: (Tt c) cc ng tip tuyn qua im A v
tip xc vi ng conic c
TiepTuyen[ng thng g, conic c]: (Tt c) cc ng tip tuyn vi
ng conic c v song song vi ng thng g
TiepTuyen[s a, hm s f]: ng tip tuyn vi hm f(x) ti x = a
TiepTuyen[im A, hm s f]: ng tip tuyn vi hm f(x) ti x = x(A)
TiepTuyen[im A, ng cong c]: ng tip tuyn vi ng cong c ti
im A
Tim cn
TiemCan[hyperbola h]: Hai ng tim cn ca hyperbol h
ng chun
DuongChuan[parabol p]: ng chun ca parabol p
Trc
Truc[conic c]: Hai trc ca conic c
Trc th nht
TrucThuNhat[conic c]: Trc th nht (Trc chnh) ca conic c
35

Trc th hai
TrucThuHai[conic c]: Trc th hai ca conic c
ng i cc
DuongDoiCuc[im A, conic c]: ng i cc ca im A tng quan vi
conic c
ng knh
DuongKinh[ng thng g , conic c]: ng knh ca ng conic c song
song vi ng thng g
DuongKinh[vect v, conic c]: ng knh ca ng conic c cng hng
vc vec-t v

4.3.11. ng Conic
ng trn
DuongTron[im
DuongTron[im
Dodai[s]
DuongTron[im
DuongTron[im

M, s r]: ng trn tm M v bn knh r

M, on thng s]: ng trn tm M v bn knh bng
M, im A]: ng trn c tm M v i qua im A
A, im B, im C]: ng trn qua ba im A, B v C

ng trn mt tip
DuongTronMatTiep[im A, hm s f]: ng trn mt tip ca hm s f ti
im A
DuongTronMatTiep[im A, curve c]: ng trn mt tip ca ng cong c
ti im A
E-lip
Elip[im F, im G, s a]: E-lip c tiu im l F v G v di trc chnh
l a. Ghi ch: iu kin: 2a > KhoanCach[F, G]
Elip[im F, im G, on thng s]: E-lip c tiu im l F v G v di
trc chnh bng di on thng s (a = DoDai[s]).
Hyperbol
Hyperbol[im F, im G, s a]: Hyperbol c tiu im l F v G v di
trc chnh l a. Ghi ch: iu kin: 2a > KhoangCach[F, G]
Hyperbol[im F, im G, on thng s]: Hyperbol c tiu im l F v G
v di trc chnh bng di on thng s (a = DoDai[s]).
Parabol
Parabol[im F, ng thng g]: Parabol c tiu im l F v ng chun
l g
Conic
Conic[im A, im B, im C, im D, im E]: ng conic qua nm
im A, B, C, D, v C. Ghi ch: Bn im khng c thng hng.

36

4.3.12. Hm s
o hm
DaoHam[hm s f]: o hm ca hm s f(x)
DaoHam[hm s f, s n]: o hm cp n ca hm s f(x)
Ghi ch: Bn c th s dng f(x) thay v DaoHam[f], cng nh l f(x) thay
v DaoHam[f, 2].
Tch phn
TichPhan[hm s f]: Tch phn bt nh ca hm s f(x)
Ghi ch: Xem Tch phn xc nh
Khai trin
KhaiTrien[hm s f]: Khai trin hm a thc f.
V d: KhaiTrien[(x - 3)^2] s l x2 - 6x + 9
Khai trin Taylor
KhaiTrienTaylor[hm s f, s a, s n]: Khai trin Taylor cho hm sf(x)
ti x = a n cp n
Hm s
HamSo[hm s f, s a, s b]: Hm s, bng f trong on [a, b] v khng xc
nh bn ngoi on [a, b]
Hm s c iu kin
Bn c th s dng cc cu lnh logic (Bool) If (xem lnh If) to mt hm s c
iu kin.
Ghi ch: Bn c th s dng o hm v tch phn cho cc hm ny nh cc hm
s khc.
V d:
= If[x < 3, sin(x), x^2] s cho ta mt hm s f(x) bng:
sin(x) nu x < 3 v
x2 nu x 3.

4.3.13. ng cong tham s

DuongCong[biu thc e1, biu thc e2, tham s t, s a, s b]:
ng cong tham s trong h ta -cc cho bi biu thc theo x l e1 v
biu thc theo y l e2 (theo tham s t) trong on [a, b]
V d: c = DuongCong[2 cos(t), 2 sin(t), t, 0, 2 pi]
DaoHam[ng cong c]: o hm ca ng cong c
Ghi ch: C th tnh ton vi ng cong tham s nh cc hm s trong cc biu
thc s hc khc.
V d: Nhp vo c(3) s cho ta im nm trn ng cong c ng vi tham s t=3
37

Ghi ch: Bn c th xc nh mt im mi trn ng cong bng cng c

im
mi (xem cng c im mi; xem thm lnh im). Nu cc gi tr a v b l cc gi
tr ng, bn c th s dng con trt (xem cng c Con trt).

4.3.14. Cung v Hnh qut

Ghi ch: Gi tr i s ca mt cung trn chnh l chiu di ca cung v ca mt hnh
qut chnh l din tch ca hnh qut.
Hnh bn nguyt
HinhBanNguyet[im A, im B]: Hnh bn nguyt qua on thng AB.
Cung trn
CungTron[im M, im A, im B]: Cung trn c tm M gia 2 im A, B.
Ghi ch: im B khng nm trn cung trn.
Cung trn qua 3 im
CungTronQua3Diem[im A, im B, im C]: Cung trn qua 3 im A, B,
v C
Cung
Cung[conic c, im A, im B]: Cung ca ng conic gia hai im A, B
trn ng conic (ng trn hoc e-lip)
Cung[conic c, s t1, s t2]: Cung ca ng conic gia hai gi tr ng vi
hai tham s t1 v t2 ca ng conic:
o ng trn: (r cos(t), r sin(t)) ; vi r l bn knh
o E-lip: (a cos(t), b sin(t)) ; vi a v b l di hai trc ca e-lip
Hnh qut
HinhQuat[im M, im A, im B]:Hnh qut c tm M giaCircular sector
with midpoint M between two points A and B. Note: point B does not have to
lie on the arc.
Hnh qut qua 3 im
HinhQuatQua3Diem[im A, im B, im C]: Hnh qut qua 3 im A, B,
v C
Sector
Sector[conci c, im A, im B]: Conic section sector between two points
A and B on the conic section c (circle or ellipse)
Sector[conic c, s t1, s t2]: Conic section sector between two parameter
values t1 and t2 on the conic section c for the following parameter forms:
o Circle: (r cos(t), r sin(t)) where r is the circle's radius
o Ellipse: (a cos(t), b sin(t)) where a and b are the lengths of the first and
second axis

38

4.3.15. nh
Gc nh
GocAnh[nh, s n]: Gc nh th n ca nh (ti a l 4 gc)

4.3.16. Qu tch
Qu tch
QuiTich[im Q, im P]: ng qu tch ca im Q (im Q ph thuc vo
im P).
Ghi ch: im P phi l im trn mt i tng (nh: ng thng, on
thng, ng trn).

4.3.17. Dy s
Dy s
DaySo[biu thc e, bin s i, s a, s b]: Danh sch cc i tng
c to bng biu thc e v c ch s i thay i t a n b.
Example: L = DaySo[(2, i), i, 1, 5] s to mt dy cc im c
honh y t 1 n 5
DaySo[Biu thc e, bin s i, s a, s b, s s]: Danh sch cc i
tng c to bng biu thc e v c ch s i thay i t a n b vi bc
nhy l s.
V d: L = Dayso[(2, i), i, 1, 5, 0.5] s to mt dy cc im c honh
y t 1 n 5 vi bc nhy l 0.5
Ghi ch: V cc tham s a v b l cc s thay i lin tc nn bn c th dng Con
trt cho bin s ny.
Cc lnh v dy s
YeuTo[danh sch L, s n]: yu t th n ca danh sch L
DoDai[danh sch L]: di ca danh sch L
Min[danh sch L]: Yu t c gi tr nh nht trong danh sch L
Max[danh sch L]: Yu t c gi tr ln nht trong danh sch L
Lp
DanhSachLap[hm s f, s x0, s n]: Danh sch L vi di n+1 vi cc
thnh phn l s lp li ca hm s f bt u t gi tr x0.
V d: Sau khi nh ngha hm s f(x) = x^2, lnh L = Danhsachlap[f,
3, 2] s cho bn mt danh sch L = {3, 32, (32)2} = {3, 9, 27}

4.3.18. Cc php bin i hnh hc

Nu bn to tn mi cho kt qu bin i ca mt trong cc lnh sau y, i tng
c s c gi li, ng thi mt i tng mi c to.

39

Ghi ch: Lnh DoiXung[A, g] s cho ta im l i xng ca im A qua ng

thng g v di chuyn im A n v tr mi. Nhp vo B = DoiXung[A, g] s to
mt im B v tr i xng ca im A nhng im A vn c gi li v tr c.
Tnh tin
TinhTien[im A, vect v]: Tnh tin im A theo vec-t v
TinhTien[ng thng g, vect v]: Tnh tin ng thng g theo vec-t v
TinhTien[conic c, vect v]: Tnh tin ng conic c theo vec-t v
TinhTien[hm s c, vect v]: Tnh tin th hm s f theo vec-t v
TinhTien[a gic poly, vect v]: Tnh tin a gic poly theo vec-t v. Ghi
ch: Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic mi cng s c to.
TinhTien[nh pic, vect v]: Tnh tin nh pic theo vec-t v
TinhTien[vect v, im P]: Tnh tin vec-t v n im P
Ghi ch: xem thm cng c

Tnh tin theo vec-t

Xoay
Xoay[im A, gc phi]: Xoay im A quanh trc ta mt gc
Xoay[vector v, gc phi]: Xoay vec-t v mt gc
Xoay[ng thng g, gc phi]: Xoay ng thng g quanh trc ta mt
gc
Xoay[conic c, gc phi]: Xoay conic c quanh trc to mt gc
Xoay[a gic poly, gc phi]: Xoay a gic poly quanh trc ta mt gc .
Ghi ch: Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic mi cng s c to.
Xoay[nh pic, gc phi]: Xoay nh pic quanh trc to mt gc
Xoay[im A, gc phi, im B]: Xoay im A quanh im B mt gc
Xoay[ng thng g, gc phi, im B]: Xoay ng thng g quanh im B
mt gc
Xoay[conic c, gc phi, im B]: Xoay conic c quanh im B mt gc
Xoay[a gic poly, gc phi, im B]: Xoay a gic poly quanh im B
mt gc . Ghi ch: Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic mi cng s c to.
Xoay[nh pic, gc phi, im B]: Rotates image pic by angle around point
B
Ghi ch: Xem thm cng c

Xoay i tng quanh tm theo mt gc

i xng
DoiXung[im A, im B]: i xng ca im A qua im B
DoiXung[ng thng g, im B]: i xng ca ng thng a qua im B
DoiXung[conic c, im B]: i xng ca conic c qua im B
DoiXung[a gic poly, im B]: i xng ca a gic poly qua im B. Ghi
ch: Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic mi cng s c to.
DoiXung[nh pic, im B]: i xng ca nh pic qua im B
DoiXung[im A, ng thng h]: i xng ca im A qua ng thng h
DoiXung[ng thng g, ng thng h]: i xng ca ng thng g qua
ng thng h
DoiXung[conic c, ng thng h]: i xng ca conic c qua ng thng h

40

DoiXung[a gic poly, ng thng h]: i xng ca a gic poly qua

ng thng h. Ghi ch: Cc nh v cc cnh ca a gic mi cng s c
to.
DoiXung[nh pic, ng thng h]: i xng ca nh pic qua ng thng h
Ghi ch: Xem thm cng c

i xng qua tm; v

i xng qua trc

Thay i hnh dng kch thc

ThayDoiHinhDangKichThuoc[im A, s f, im S]: Thay i khong
cch im A t gc S theo h s t l f
ThayDoiHinhDangKichThuoc[ng thng h, s f, im S]: Thay i
khong cch ng thng h t gc S theo h s t l f
ThayDoiHinhDangKichThuoc[conic c, s f, im S]: Thay i hnh dng
kch thc conic c t gc S theo h s t l f
ThayDoiHinhDangKichThuoc[polygon poly, s f, im S]: Thay i
hnh dng kch thc a gic poly t gc S theo h s t l f. Ghi ch: Cc
nh v cc cnh mi ca a gic mi cng s c to
ThayDoiHinhDangKichThuoc[nh pic, s f, im S]: Thay i hnh dng
kch thc nh pic t gc S theo h s t l f
Ghi ch: Xem thm cng c

Thay i hnh dng kch thc theo t l

41

5. In n v xut thnh tp tin

5.1. In n
5.1.1. Vng Lm Vic
Bn c th tm thy mc Xem trc khi in ca vng lm vic trong menu H s. Bn
c th ty chnh tiu , tc gi, ngy thng v t l bn in (theo cm).
Ghi ch: Bm phm Enter cp nht cc thay i vo bn xem trc khi in.

5.1.2. Cch dng hnh

m ca s xem trc khi in ca cch dng hnh, trc tin bn cn m Cch
dng hnh (menu Hin th). Bn s tm thy mc Xem trc khi in trong menu H s
ca ca s mi xut hin.
Ghi ch: Bn cng c th cho n hoc hin cc ct khc nhau: Tn, nh ngha,
Dng lnh, Dng i s v im dng ca cch dng hnh (xem menu Hin th ca
Cch dng hnh).
Trong ca s Xem trc khi in ca Cch dng hnh, bn c th nhp vo tiu , tc
gi v ngy thng trc khi in cch dng hnh.
Pha di ca s cch dng hnh c mt thanh cng c dng hnh. Thanh cng c
ny cho php bn xem tng bc dng hnh (xem Thanh cng c dng hnh).
Ghi ch: S dng ct im dng (menu Hin th) bn c th nh ngha tng bc
dng hnh c th bng cc im dng nhm cc i tng li. Khi th hin cc
bc dng hnh chnh l lc cc nhm i tng c hin th cng mt thi im.

5.2. Vng Lm Vic thnh dng nh

Bn c th tm thy mc Vng Lm Vic thnh dng nh trong menu H s, Xut.
Ti , bn c th nh t l (theo cm) v phn gii (theo dpi) cho tp tin kt xut.
Kch thc tht ca nh kt xut c hin th pha di ca s.
Khi xut vng lm vic thnh nh, bn c th xut thnh cc nh dng sau:
PNG Portable Network Graphics
y l nh dng nh theo im nh (pixel). phn gii cng cao cho cht lng
nh cng tt (thng th 300dpi l ). Khng nn thay i t l nh dng PNG
trnh gim cht lng nh.
Tp tin nh dng PNG thng c dng cho cc trang web (html) v chng trnh
Microsoft Word.

42

Ghi ch: Khi bn chn mt tp tin nh dng PNG vo mt ti liu Word (menu Insert,
Image from file), xc nh kch thc nh l 100%. Nu khng, t l nh (theo cm) s
b thay i.
EPS Encapsulated Postscript
y l mt nh dng nh theo vc-t. nh dng EPS c th thay i t l m khng
nh hng n cht lng nh. Cc tp tin nh dng EPS thng c dng trong
cc chng trnh x l nh vc-t nh Corel Draw v h thng x l vn bn chuyn
nghip nh LATEX.
phn gii ca nh dng EPS lun l 72dpi. Gi tr ny ch dng tnh ton kch
thc tht ca nh theo cm v khng nh hng n cht lng nh.
Ghi ch: Hiu ng trong sut khng c hiu qu i vi cc a gic v ng conic
c t mu khi s dng dng EPS.
SVG Scaleable Vector Graphic
(xem nh dng EPS pha trn)
EMF Enhanced Meta Format
(xem nh dng EPS pha trn)
PSTricks
dng cho LaTeX

5.3. Sao chp Vng Lm Vic vo B nh

Bn c thm tm thy mc Sao chp Vng Lm Vic vo B nh trong menu H s,
Xut. Tnh nng ny sao chp mn hnh vng lm vic vo b nh h thng di
dng nh PNG (xem nh dng PNG). nh ny c th dn vo cc chng trnh
khc (v d Microsoft Word).
Ghi ch: xut cch dng hnh theo mt t l nht nh (theo cm) bn hy dng
mc Vng Lm Vic thnh dng nh trong menu H s, Xut (xem Vng Lm Vic
thnh dng nh).

5.4. Cch dng hnh thnh dng trang web

m ca s Xut cch dng hnh, trc tin bn cn m Cch dng hnh t
menu Hin th. Ti bn c th tm thy mc Xut thnh dng trang web trong
menu H s.
Ghi ch: Bn c th n hoc hin cc ct ca cch dng hnh trc khi xut thnh
dng trang web (xem menu Hin th ca cch dng hnh).
Trong ca s xut ca cch dng hnh, bn c th nhp tiu , tc gi v ngy
thng ca cch dng hnh v bn c th ty chn xut nh vng lm vic cng vi
ca s dng i s ca cch dng hnh hay khng.
43

Ghi ch: Tp tin HTML xut ra c th c xem bng cc trnh duyt web (v d:
Mozilla, Internet Explorer) v c th chnh sa bng nhiu chng trnh x l vn
bn (v d: Frontpage, Word).

5.5. Vng Lm Vic thnh dng Trang Web

Trong menu H s, Xut, bn s tm thy mc Vng Lm Vic thnh dng Trang
Web (html).
Trong ca s xut, bn c th nhp tiu , tc gi v ngy thng cho Vng Lm
Vic.
Th Tng quan cho php bn thm vn bn vo pha trn v pha di hnh (v d:
mt ch thch cho cch dng hnh v cc bc dng hnh). Cch dng hnh c th
c tch hp vo trong trang web hoc c m bng cch bm mt nt.
Th Nng cao cho php bn thay i tnh nng ca cch dng hnh (v d: thay i
biu tng, nhp p nt chut m ca s chng trnh) cng nh thay i giao
din hin th (v d: hin th thanh cng c, thay i chiu cao, chiu rng).
Ghi ch: Khng nn nhp gi tr chiu cao v chiu rng vng dng hinh qu ln
c th hin th y trn trnh duyt web.
Mt vi tp tin c to thnh khi xut vng lm vic:
tp tin html (v d: cricle.html) tp tin ny cha vng lm vic
tp tin ggb (v d; circle_worksheet.ggb) tp tin ny cha cch dng hnh
theo GeoGebra
geogebra.jar (c vi tp tin) cc tp tin ny cha c chng trnh GeoGebra
v bn c th tng tc vi vng lm vic
Tt c cc tp tin (v d: tp tin circle.html, circle_worksheet.ggb v geogebra.jar)
phi t trong cng mt th mc (ng dn) th phn dng hnh mi lm vic. Bn
cng c th sao chp tt c cc tp tin n mt th mc khc.
Ghi ch: Tp tin HTML c xut ra (v d: circle.html) c th c m bng tt c
cc trnh duyt web (v d: Mozilla, Internet Explorer, Safari). phn dng hnh lm
vic, my tnh ca bn phi ci t chng trnh Java. Bn c th download min
ph Java t trang web: http://www.java.com. Nu bn mun ang s dng my ni
mng ca trng hc, hy yu cu ngi qun tr ci t Java ln my.
Ghi ch: Bn c th chnh sa cc vn bn trn phn dng hnh bng nhiu chng
trnh x l vn bn (v d: Frontpage, Word) bng cch m tp tin HTML.

44

6. Cc ty chn
Cc ty chn chung c th thay i bng menu Ty Chn. thay i cc ty chn
cho i tng, bn hy dng Menu ng cnh.

6.1. Bt im
Xc nh chc nng Bt im bt hay tt hoc c bt cc im vo li hay khng

6.2. n v ca gc
Xc nh cc gc c hin th di dng () hoc raian (rad).
Ghi ch: Lun c th nhp gi tr bng 2 cch ( v raian).

6.3. Hin th s thp phn

Cho php bn ty chnh cch hin th s ch s thp phn t 0 n 5 s.

6.4. Lin tc
GeoGebra cho php bn bt / tt chc nng tm lin tc trong menu Ty chn.
Chng trnh dng mt php truy tm theo hng lin tc gi cho cc giao im
(ng thng hnh nn, hnh nn hnh nn) lun gn vi v tr c ca chng v
trnh giao im nhy.
Ghi ch: Mc nh, php truy tm ny trng thi tt. i vi cng c do ngi dng
nh ngha (xem Cng c do ngi s dng nh ngha) th n cng trng thi tt.

6.5. Kiu im
Xc nh cc im c hin th di dng du chm hoc du cng.

6.6. Kiu gc vung

Xc nh gc vung s c hin th kiu hnh ch nht, du chm hoc ging vi
cc gc khc.

6.7. Ta
Xc nh ta im c hin th theo kiu A = (x, y) hoc A(x | y).
45

6.8. Tn
Bn c th cho hin th hoc n tn ca mt i tng mi c to.
Ghi ch: Mc T ng s hin th cc tn i tng khi khung danh sch cc i
tng c m lc to i tng mi.

6.9. C ch
Xc nh c ca cc nhn v ch theo n v pt.

6.10. Ngn ng
GeoGebra l chng trnh a ngn ng. Bn c th thay i ngn ng s dng.
Thay i ny c tc dng i vi tn lnh v tt c cc gi tr u ra.

6.11. Vng lm vic

M mt hp thoi thit lp cc thuc tnh ca Vng lm vic (v d: li v h trc
ta , mu nn).

6.12. Lu cc thit lp
Chng trnh GeoGebra s ghi nh cc thit lp bn thng s dng (cc thit lp
trong menu Ty chn, thanh cng c v vng lm vic hin ti) nu bn chn Lu
cc thit lp trong menu Ty chn.

46

7. Cng c v thanh cng c

7.1. Cng c do ngi s dng nh ngha
Da trn mt cu trc c sn, bn c th to mt b cng c ring cho GeoGebra.
Sau khi chun b cu trc cc cng c, chn To mi cng c trong menu Cng c.
Trong hp thoi mi xut hin, bn c th xc nh cc i tng u vo v u ra
cho cng c v chn tn cho biu tng cng c v lnh.
V d: Cng c v hnh ch nht
Dng hnh ch nht bt u bng hai im A v B. Dng cc nh khc v
lin kt chng li bng cng c
a gic c c hnh ch nht poly1.
Chn To mi cng c trong menu Cng c.
Xc nh i tng u ra: Nhn chut vo hnh ch nht hoc chn trn
menu x xung.
Xc nh i tng u vo: GeoGebra t ng xc nh cc i tng u
vo cho bn (trng hp ny: im A v im B). Bn cng c th chnh cc
i tng u vo bng cch s dng menu x xung hoc nhn chut vo
chng trong vng lm vic.
Xc nh tn cng c v tn hm cho cng c mi ca bn. Tn cng c s
xut hin trn thanh cng c ca GeoGebra, tn lnh c th c s dng
trong phn nhp lnh ca GeoGebra.
Bn cng c th chn hnh cho biu tng ca cng c. GeoGebra s t
ng thay i kch thc biu tng cho thch hp vi thanh cng c.
Ghi ch: Cng c ca bn c th c s dng bng chut hoc bng phn nhp
lnh. Tt c cc cng c c t ng lu li trong tp tin ggb.
Bn c th s dng hp thoi Qun l cng c (menu Cng c) xa mt cng c
hoc chnh sa tn v biu tng cho cng c. Bn cng c th lu cc cng c
c chn vo mt tp tin GeoGebra Tools (ggt). Tp tin ny c th dng np
cc cng c vo vng lm vic (menu H s, M).
Ghi ch: M mt tp tin ggt s khng thay i vng lm vic ca bn nhng tp tin
ggb th ngc li.

7.2. Ty chnh thanh cng c

Bn c th ty chnh thanh cng c trong GeoGebra bng cch chn Ty chnh
thanh cng c trong menu Cng c. iu ny c bit hu dng trong trng hp
xut Vng lm vic thnh dng trang web gim bt s cng c trn thanh cng
c.
Ghi ch: Cc ty chnh hin ti ca thanh cng c c lu cng vi tp tin ggb
ca vng lm vic.

47

8. Giao din JavaScript

Ghi ch: Giao din JavaScript ca GeoGebra rt hu ch cho nhng ai c kinh
nghim v HTML.
GeoGebra applets cung cp giao din JavaScript nng cao kh nng tng tc
ca Vng lm vic dng trang web. V d, bn c th to mt nt bm to ngu
nhin cc thng s cho vng lm vic.
Xin vui lng xem ti liu GeoGebra Applets and JavaScript bit thm cc v d v
thng tin v cch s dng JavaScript trong GeoGebra applets.

48

Danh mc

n 11

nh 22
chn nh 22
gc 39
v tr 22
nh nn 23

B
bn knh
cu lnh 31
Bool
bin s 28
cu lnh 30
ton t 29

C
cch dng hnh 12
cn bc ba 28
cn bc hai 28
ceil 28
chn
nh, cng c 22
ch 21
chia 27
chnh sa 11
ch 21
cng c 21
chu vi conic
cu lnh 31
chu vi a gic
cu lnh 31
c ch
ty chn 46
con trt
cng c 19
cng 27
cng c 13
ngi dng t nh ngha 47
qun l 47
ty chnh 47
cng thc 22
conic
cu lnh 37
cos 28
cc tr
cu lnh 33
cung trn
bit tm v hai im trn cung trn, cng c 18
cu lnh 38
qua ba im, cng c 18

D
a gic

cu lnh 35
cng c 16
u, cng c 16
a gic u
cng c 16
danh sch 27
o hm
cu lnh 37
du 28
du ngoc n 27
du vt 11
dy s 39
cc lnh khc 39
di chuyn 40
cng c 13
vng lm vic, cng c 14
im 25
bt im
ty chn 45
cu lnh 32
kiu, ty chn 45
ngoi ng thng, nh ngha li 12
trn ng thng, nh ngha li 12
im mi
cng c 15
im un
cu lnh 33
din tch
cng c 18
nh
cu lnh 33
nh dng
kiu hin th 14
nh ngha li 12
cong
cu lnh 31
vec-t
cu lnh 34
di trc th hai ca conic
cu lnh 31
di trc th nht ca conic
cu lnh 31
on thng
cu lnh 34
qua hai im, cng c 16
vi di cho trc, cng c 16
i cc
cu lnh 36
i cc hoc ng knh ko di
cng c 17
i tn 11
i xng
cu lnh 40
ng cong 38
ng cong tham s 38
ng conic 26
qua nm im, cng c 18
ng knh
cu lnh 36
ng song song
cng c 16
ng thng 26
bin i thnh on thng, nh ngha li 12

49

cu lnh 35
qua hai im, cng c 16
ng trn
bit tm v bn knh, cng c 17
bit tm v mt im trn ng trn, cng c 17
cu lnh 36
qua ba im, cng c 18
ng trn mt tip 36

hnh bn nguyt
cu lnh 38
cng c 18
hnh qut 38
bit tm v hai im trn hnh qut, cng c 18
cu lnh 38, 39
qua ba im, cng c 18
hp chn
hin / n i tng 19
hyperbol
cu lnh 36

floor 28

I
G
gi tr
thay i 24
gi tr tuyt i 28
giai tha 27
giao im
cu lnh 33
hai i tng, cng c 15
gii hn
hm s 27
gc 25
cu lnh 32
cng c 19
n v 45
vi ln cho trc, cng c 19
gc nh nh
cu lnh 39

H
hm Gamma 27
hm lng gic
arccos 28
arccos hyperbolic 28
arcsin 28
arcsin hyperbolic 28
arctan 28
arctan hyperbolic 28
cos 28
cos hyperbolic 28
sin 28
sin hyperbolic 28
tan 28
tan hyperbolic 28
hm lng gic 27
hm m 28
hm s 26
cu lnh 37
hm m 28
khong gii hn 27
hm s c iu kin
cu lnh 37
h s gc
cng c 19
h s kp
cu lnh 32
h s tng quan
cu lnh 32
h sgc
cu lnh 30
hin 11
hin / n
i tng, cng c 14
tn, cng c 14

if
cu lnh 37
in n
cch dng hnh 42
vng lm vic 42

J
JavaScript 48

K
khai trin
a thc 37
khai trin a thc
cu lnh 37
khai trin Taylor
cu lnh 37
khong cch
cu lnh 30
cng c 18
kiu gc vung
ty chn 45
kiu hin th
sao chp 14

L
lm trn 28
lp 39
cu lnh 31
lnh 29
lin tc
ty chn 45
logarit 28
lu cc thit lp
ty chn 46
ly tha 27

M
max
cu lnh 32
menu ng cnh 11
min
cu lnh 32
minh ha 24

N
nghim
cu lnh 33
ngn ng

50

ty chn 46
nhn 27
nhp trc tip 25

P
parabol
cu lnh 37
phn gic
cng c 17
phn hoch di
cu lnh 31
phn hoch trn
cu lnh 31
phn nguyn
cu lnh 30
phng to / thu nh 12
phng to, cng c 14
thu nh, cng c 14

Q
quan h
cu lnh 29
cng c 14
qun l cng c 47
qu tch 20
cu lnh 39
cng c 20

S
sao chp kiu hin th
cng c 14
sin 28
s d
cu lnh 30
s ngu nhin 28
s thp phn
ty chn 45

T
tm sai
cu lnh 31
tan 28
tham s tiu
cu lnh 31
thanh cng c dng hnh 12
thay i hnh dng kch thc
cu lnh 41
i tng t im, cng c 21
thuc tnh 13
hp thoi 13
tia
cu lnh 34
qua hai im, cng c 16
tch phn
cu lnh 31, 37
tch v hng 27
tip tuyn
cu lnh 35
cng c 17
tiu im
cu lnh 32
tnh tin 40
cu lnh 40

theo vec-t, cng c 21

ta
ta x 28
ta y 28
ta x 28
ta y 28
ton t s hc 27
trng tm
cu lnh 33
tr 27
trc
cu lnh 36
t l 12
trc-x, trc-y 26
trc th hai ca conic
cu lnh 36
trc th nht ca conic
cu lnh 36
trc-x 26
trung im
cu lnh 32
cng c 15
trung trc
cu lnh 35
cng c 17
ty chnh thanh cng c 47
ty chn 45

V
vec-t 25
cu lnh 34
qua hai im, cng c 15
t im, cng c 15
vec-t ch phng
cu lnh 34
vect ch phng n v
cu lnh 34
vect php tuyn
cu lnh 34
vect php tuyn n v
cu lnh 34
vng lm vic
thnh trang web 44
ty chn 46
vo b nh tm 43
xut 42
vung gc
cu lnh 35
cng c 17

X
xa 11
cu lnh 29
i tng, cng c 15
xoay
cu lnh 40
i tng quanh tm, cng c 21
quanh tm, cng c 14
xut 42, 43, 44

Y
yu t
cu lnh 30

51