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1 2+measurement
1 2+measurement
1 2+measurement
Human parallax error (e.g not reading the scale exactly head on). A different person reading the instrument. Malfunction of a piece of apparatus.
Examples of systematic errors: Zero error, when the instrument cannot read zero when the quantity is zero. An observer consistently making the same mistake.
Apparatus calibrated incorrectly. Energy converted to heat due to friction on a pulley. Badly made instruments. The experimenters reaction time.