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Kittel - Introduction To Solid State Physics Ed8 Solutions Manual
Kittel - Introduction To Solid State Physics Ed8 Solutions Manual
+y +z and x y +z are in the directions of two body diagonals of a 1. The vectors x cube. If is the angle between them, their scalar product gives cos = 1/3, whence = cos 1 1/ 3 = 90 + 19 28' = 109 28' . 2. The plane (100) is normal to the x axis. It intercepts the a' axis at 2a' and the c' axis at 2c' ; therefore the indices referred to the primitive axes are (101). Similarly, the plane (001) will have indices (011) when referred to primitive axes. 3. The central dot of the four is at distance cos 60 a = a ctn 60 = cos 30 3
from each of the other three dots, as projected onto the basal plane. If the (unprojected) dots are at the center of spheres in contact, then
a c a = + , 3 2
2 2 2
or
2 2 1 2 a = c ; 3 4 c 8 = 1.633. a 3
1-1
CHAPTER 2
hkA is a plane defined by the points a1/h, a2/k, and a3 / A . (a) Two vectors that lie in the plane may be taken as a1/h a2/k and a1 / h a3 / A . But each of these vectors gives zero as its scalar product with G = ha1 + ka 2 + Aa3 , so that G must be perpendicular to the plane is the unit normal to the plane, the interplanar spacing is n a1/h . But n =G/ |G|, hkA . (b) If n + ky + Az ) , whence d(hkA) = G a1 / h|G| = 2 / | G| . (c) For a simple cubic lattice G = (2 / a)(hx
1. The crystal plane with Miller indices whence
1 G 2 h 2 + k 2 + A2 = = . d 2 4 2 a2
1 3a 2 1 2. (a) Cell volume a1 a 2 a3 = 3a 2 0 1 a 0 2 1 a 0 2 0 c
1 3 a 2 c. 2
x (b) b1 = 2 4 1 a 2 a3 = 3a 2 | a1 a 2 a3 | 3a c 2 0
1 a 0 2 0 c
VBZ = (2)3
= (2)3 / VC .
For the vector identity, see G. A. Korn and T. M. Korn, Mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers, McGraw-Hill, 1961, p. 147. 4. (a) This follows by forming
2-1
|F|2 =
1 M occurs for = 2/M. That this is the correct consideration follows from 2
5. S (v1 v 2 v 3 ) = f e
2i(x j v1 +y j v 2 +z j v3 )
S (basis) = 1 + e
1 (v1 + v 2 + v3 ). 2
Now S(fcc) = 0 only if all indices are even or all indices are odd. If all indices are even the structure factor of the basis vanishes unless v1 + v2 + v3 = 4n, where n is an integer. For example, for the reflection (222) we have S(basis) = 1 + ei3 = 0, and this reflection is forbidden.
6.
= (4 G 3a 0 ) dx x sin x exp ( 2x Ga 0 )
3
= (4 G 3a 0 ) (4 Ga 0 ) (1 + r G 2 a 0 ) 2
3 2
16 (4 + G 2 a 0 ) 2 .
2
The integral is not difficult; it is given as Dwight 860.81. Observe that f = 1 for G = 0 and f 1/G4 for
Ga 0 >> 1.
7. (a) The basis has one atom A at the origin and one atom B at
a k = 2 (integer) defines a set of parallel planes in Fourier space. Intersections with a sphere are
a set of circles, so that the diffracted beams lie on a set of cones. (b) S(n) = fA + fB ein. For n odd, S = fA
2-2
fB; for n even, S = fA + fB. (c) If fA = fB the atoms diffract identically, as if the primitive translation vector were
2-3
CHAPTER 3
/ 1. E = (h
2. bcc:
U(R) = 2N[9.114( R )12 12.253( R)6 ]. At equilibrium R 0 = 1.4886 , and U(R 0 ) = 2N( 2.816). U(R) = 2N[12.132( R )12 14.454( R)6 ]. At equilibrium R 0 = 1.6796 , and U(R 0 ) = 2N( 4.305). Thus the cohesive energy ratio bcc/fcc = 0.956, so that the fcc structure is
6
fcc:
3.
| U | = 8.60 N = (8.60) (6.02 1023 ) (50 1016 ) = 25.9 109 erg mol = 2.59 kJ mol.
This will be decreased significantly by quantum corrections, so that it is quite reasonable to find the same melting points for H2 and Ne. 4. We have Na Na+ + e 5.14 eV; Na + e Na + 0.78 eV. The Madelung energy in the NaCl structure, with Na+ at the Na+ sites and Na at the Cl sites, is
nA q 2 U nA n = N n +1 + 2 = 0 ; R 0 = , R q 2 R0 R0
and
U(R 0 ) =
Nq 2 1 (1 ). R0 n
3-1
b.
U(R 0 -R 0 ) = U ( R 0 ) +
1 2U 2 R 0 ( R 0 ) + . . . , 2 2 R
0
= 0.
6. For KCl, = 0.34 108 ergs and = 0.326 108. For the imagined modification of KCl with the ZnS structure, z = 4 and = 1.638. Then from Eq. (23) with x R0/ we have
x 2 e x = 8.53 103.
By trial and error we find x 9.2, or R0 = 3.00 . The actual KCl structure has R0 (exp) = 3.15 . For the imagined structure the cohesive energy is
U=
-q 2 p U 1 , or 2 =-0.489 R0 R0 q
in units with R0 in . For the actual KCl structure, using the data of Table 7, we calculate
U = 0.495, q2
units as above. This is about 0.1% lower than calculated for the cubic ZnS structure. It is noteworthy that the difference is so slight. 7. The Madelung energy of Ba+ O is e2/R0 per ion pair, or 14.61 1012 erg = 9.12 eV, as compared with 4(9.12) = 36.48 eV for Ba++ O--. To form Ba+ and O from Ba and O requires 5.19 1.5 = 3.7 eV; to form Ba++ and O-- requires 5.19 + 9.96 1.5 + 9.0 = 22.65 eV. Thus at the specified value of R0 the binding of Ba+ O is 5.42 eV and the binding of Ba++ O-- is 13.83 eV; the latter is indeed the stable form. 8. From (37) we have eXX = S11XX, because all other stress components are zero. By (51),
Thus Y = (C11 + C12 C11 2C12 ) (C11 + C12 ); further, also from (37), eyy = S21Xx, whence
3-2
e in (43). Then
u (r, t) = u 0 ei[(K
3) (x + y + z) t]
2 = 2p + q = K 2 (C11 + 2C12 + 4C 44 ) / 3,
and the other two roots (shear waves) are
3-3
M11 = C11K x + C 44 (K y + K z ) 2 ;
2 2 2
is equal to the
for the sum of the (velocities)2 of the 3 elastic modes in any direction of K. 14. The criterion for stability of a cubic crystal is that all the principal minors of the quadratic form be positive. The matrix is: C11 C12 C12 C12 C11 C12 C12 C12 C11
C44
C44
C44
The principal minors are the minors along the diagonal. The first three minors from the bottom are C44, C442, C443; thus one criterion of stability is C44 > 0. The next minor is C11 C44 3, or C11 > 0. Next: C443 (C112 C122), whence |C12| < C11. Finally, (C11 + 2C12) (C11 C12)2 > 0, so that C11 + 2C12 > 0 for stability.
3-4
CHAPTER 4 1a. The kinetic energy is the sum of the individual kinetic energies each of the form
1 2 Mu S . The force 2
between atoms s and s+1 is C(us us+1); the potential energy associated with the stretching of this bond is
1 C(u s u s +1 ) 2 , and we sum over all bonds to obtain the total potential energy. 2
b. The time average of
u s +1 = u cos[t (s + 1)Ka] = u{cos(t sKa) cos Ka + sin (t sKa) sin Ka}. Then u s u s +1 = u {cos(t sKa) (1 cos Ka) sin (t sKa) sin Ka}.
We square and use the mean values over time:
2u 2u 2 2 = ( p a C ) , p p>0 t 2 x 2
4-1
v 2 = M 1
p >0
p 2a 2Cp .
4.
2 =
6. (a) The Coulomb force on an ion displaced a distance r from the center of a sphere of static or rigid conduction electron sea is e2 n(r)/r2, where the number of electrons within a sphere of radius r is (3/4 R3) (4r3/3). Thus the force is e2r/R2, and the
4-2
force constant is e2/R3. The oscillation frequency D is (force constant/mass)1/2, or (e2/MR3)1/2. (b) For sodium
M 4 1023 g and R 2 108 cm; thus D (5 1010 ) (3 1046 )1 2 3 1013 s 1 (c) The maximum phonon wavevector is of the order of 108 cm1. If we suppose that 0 is
associated with this maximum wavevector, the velocity defined by 0/Kmax 3 105 cm s1, generally a reasonable order of magnitude. 7. The result (a) is the force of a dipole ep up on a dipole e0 u0 at a distance pa. Eq. (16a) becomes = (2 / M)[ (1 cos Ka) + (1) (2e / p a )(1 cos pKa)] .
2 P 2 3 3 p>0
1 + (1) P [1 (1) P ]p 3 = 0 ,
p>0
= 1 . The summation is 2(1 + 33 + 53 + ) = 2.104 and this, by the properties of the zeta function, is also 7 (3)/4. The sign of the square of the speed of sound in the limit Ka << 1 is p 3 2 given by the sign of 1 = 2 ( 1) p p , which is zero when 1 21 + 31 41 + = 1/2. The series
p p>0
or if [1 ( 1) ]p
is just that for log 2, whence the root is = 1/(2 log 2) = 0.7213.
4-3
1 = m | sin Ka|. We solve this for K to obtain 2 2 1 K = (2/a) sin ( / m ) , whence dK/d = (2 / a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 and, from (15), D()
2
= (2L/a)(m 2 ) 1/ 2 . This is singular at = m. (b) The volume of a sphere of radius K in 3 3/2 Fourier space is = 4K / 3 = (4 / 3)[(0 ) / A] , and the density of orbitals near 0 is D()= (L/2)3 | d/d |= (L/2)3 (2 / A 3/2 )(0 )1/ 2 , provided < 0. It is apparent that
D() vanishes for above the minimum 0. 2. The potential energy associated with the dilation is
3 k BT , because the other degrees of freedom are to be associated with shear distortions of the lattice cell. 2 2 47 24 3 Thus < ( V) > = 1.5 10 ;(V) rms = 4.7 10 cm ; and ( V) rms / V = 0.125 . Now 3a/a V/V , whence (a) rms / a = 0.04 .
3. (a)
where
from
(20)
2
for
Debye
spectrum
/ D / 82 v3 . (b) In one dimension from = d D()1 = 3VD / 43 v3 , whence < R 2 > = 3h 1 (15) we have D() = L/v , whence d D() diverges at the lower limit. The mean square 1 2 / strain in one dimension is < (R/x) 2 > = K 2 u 0 = (h/2MNv) K 2 2 2 / / D / 4MNv3 . = (h/2MNv) (K D / 2) = h
4. (a) The motion is constrained to each layer and is therefore essentially two-dimensional. Consider one plane of area A. There is one allowed value of K per area (2/L)2 in K space, or (L/2)2 = A/42 allowed values of K per unit area of K space. The total number of modes with wavevector less than K is, with = vK,
N = (A/42 ) (K 2 ) = A2 / 4v 2 .
The density of modes of each polarization type is D() = dN/d = A/2v2. The thermal average phonon energy for the two polarization types is, for each layer,
U = 2
D() n(,) = d = 2
D A = d , 2 0 2v exp(h/) 1
where D is defined by N =
2A3 2v 2 = 2
x2 dx. ex 1
5-1
(b) If the layers are weakly bound together, the system behaves as a linear structure with each plane as a vibrating unit. By induction from the results for 2 and 3 dimensions, we expect C T . But this only holds at extremely low temperatures such that << =D =vN layer / L , where Nlayer/L is the number of layers per unit length. 5. (a) From the Planck distribution
1 1 x 1 = (e + 1) /(e x 1) = coth (x/2) , where 2 2 2 x/2 sx x/2 x / /k BT . The partition function Z = e e = e /(1 e ) = [2sinh (x/2)]1 and the x=h <n>+
free energy is F = kBT log Z = kBT log[2 sinh(x/2)]. (b) With () = (0) (1 ), the condition
1 / coth (h / /2k BT) on direct differentiation. The energy h 2 / is just the term to the right of the summation symbol, so that B = U (T) . (c) By definition <n>h of , we have / = V/V , or d log = d log V . But D , whence d log = d log V .
F/ = 0 becomes B =
5-2
CHAPTER 6
/2 2 h 1. The energy eigenvalues are k = k . The mean value over the volume of a sphere in k space is 2m
<> =
The total energy of N electrons is
/ 2 k 2 dk k 2 3 h /2 2 3 h = k F = F . 2m k 2 dk 5 2m 5
3 U0 = N F . 5
2a. In general p = U/V at constant entropy. At absolute zero all processes are at constant entropy (the
/ 2 32 N 3 h = N , whence 5 2m V
23
dp 2 dU 0 2 U 0 2 U 0 10 U 0 2 U0 B = V . = V + + = = 2 dV 9 V 3 V 3V dV 3 V 3 V
(c) For Li,
U0 3 = (4.7 1022 cm 3 ) (4.7 eV) (1.6 1012 erg eV) V 5 = 2.1 1011 erg cm 3 = 2.1 1011 dyne cm 2 ,
whence B = 2.3 1011 dyne cm2. By experiment (Table 3.3), B = 1.2 1011 dyne cm2. 3. The number of electrons is, per unit volume, n = of orbitals. In two dimensions
d D()
1 e
( )
+1
n=
m 1 d () 2 0 / h +1 e m = 2 ( + log (1 + e )), / h
where the definite integral is evaluated with the help of Dwight [569.1].
2 1033 1057 nucleons, and roughly an equal number of electrons. In a 4a. In the sun there are 24 1.7 10
white dwarf star of volume
6-1
/2 h 1 1 (32 n)2 3 1027 1020 107 ergs, or 3.104 eV. (b) The value of kF is not 2m 2 2 1/3 / F hc / 3 n. (c) A affected by relativity and is n , where n is the electron concentration. Thus F hck F =
change of radius to 10 km = 106 cm makes the volume 4 1018 cm3 and the concentration 3 1038 cm
3
. Thus F 10
27
5. The number of moles per cm3 is 81 103/3 = 27 103, so that the concentration is 16 1021 atoms cm . The mass of an atom of He3 is (3.017) (1.661) 1024 = 5.01 1024 g. Thus
v=
and the electric current density is
eE m eE 1 + i = , i + (1 ) m 1+ ()2
j = n( e)v =
7. (a) From the drift velocity equation
ne 2 1 + i E. m 1+ ()2
iv x = (e m)E x + c v y ; iv y = (e m)E y c v x .
We solve for vx, vy to find
(c 2 )v x = i( e m )E x + c ( e m )E y ;
2 2
(c 2 )v y = i( e m )E y + c ( e m )E x .
We neglect the terms in c2. Because j = n(e)v = E, the components of come out directly. (b) From the electromagnetic wave equation
c 2 2 E = 2 E t 2 ,
we have, for solutions of the form ei(kz t), the determinantal equation
xx 2 c 2 k 2 xy 2 = 0. yx 2 yy 2 c 2 k 2
6-2
r0
( r ) 4r 2dr = 3e2
2r0 ,
where the electron charge density is e(3/4r03). (b) The electron self-energy is
r0
dr 4r 3 3 4r 2 r 1 = 3e 2 5r0 .
3
)(
The average Fermi energy per electron is 3F/5, from Problem 6.1; because N V = 3 4r0 , the average is 3 ( 9 4 )
23
U=
which is a minimum at
1.80 2.21 + 2 rs rs
jy = yx E x =
For c >> 1, we have yx 0 c = ne m
2
1 + ( c )
0 E x .
) ( mc eB ) = neB c .
10. For a monatomic metal sheet one atom in thickness, n 1/d3, so that
R sq mv F nd 2 e 2 mv F d e 2 .
/ by the de Broglie relation and If the electron wavelength is d, then mv F d h / e 2 = 137 c R sq h
in Gaussian units. Now
6-3
6-4
CHAPTER 7 1a. The wavevector at the corner is longer than the wavevector at the midpoint of a side by the factor 2. As k2 for a free electron, the energy is higher by ( 2)2 = 2. b. In three dimensions the energy at a corner is higher by ( 3)2 than at the midpoint of a face. c. Unless the band gap at the midpoint of a face is larger than the kinetic energy difference between this point and a corner, the electrons will spill over into the second zone in preference to filling up the corner states in the first zone. Divalent elements under these conditions will be metals and not insulators.
/ k 2m , where the free electron wavevector k may be written as the sum of a vector K in the 2. = h reduced zone and of a reciprocal lattice vector G. We are interested in K along the [111] direction: from
2 2
+ (h + k A) y + G = ( 2 a ) [( h k + A ) x
Gs
of
the
reciprocal
], ( h + k + A ) z
2
are
given
by where
h, k, A
2
are
2
any
integers.
2
/ Then = h
2m
( 2 a ) [( u + h k + A ) + ( u + h + k A ) + ( u h + k + A )
6[3(1/2)2] or 9/2. These indices are (000);
]. We now
have to consider all combinations of indices h, k, A for which the term in brackets is smaller than
(001); (111); 1 10 , 10 1 , and 0 1 1 ; (110), (101), and (011). 3. (a) At k = 0 the determinantal equation is (P/Ka) sin Ka + cos Ka = 1. In the limit of small positive P this equation will have a solution only when Ka 1. Expand the sine and cosine to obtain in lowest order
) (
( 1 1 1 ) ; ( 100 ) , ( 0 10 ) ,
and
( 00 1 ) ;
1 2 The energy is = ( Ka ) . 2 / 2 K 2 2m h / 2 P ma 2 . (b) At k = /a the determinantal equation is (P/Ka) sin Ka + cos Ka = 1. In h the same limit this equation has solutions Ka = + , where 1 . We expand to obtain 1 2 ( P )( ) + 1 + = 1, which has the solution = 0 and = 2P/. The energy gap is 2 / 2 2ma 2 ( 2 ) h / 2 2ma 2 ( 4P ) . Eg = h P
4. (a) There are two atoms in the basis, and we label them a and b. Then the crystal potential may be written as U = U1 + U 2 = U1 ( r ) + U1 x + components U G = U1G + U 2G
1 1 1 a, y + a, z + a and the Fourier transform has 4 4 4 1 i( G x + G y + G z ) a 4 then the exponential is = U1G 1 + e . If G = 2Ax,
e2
1 i Aa
= ei = 1, and U G = 2A = 0, so that this Fourier component vanishes. Note that the quantity in
parentheses above is just the structure factor of the basis. (b) This follows directly from (44) with U set equal to zero. In a higher order approximation we would go back to Eq. (31) where any non-vanishing U G enters.
7-1
5. Let k = K + iH ; 1 =
2 / 2 1 h 2 G iGH H . 2m 2
1 U
U 1
2
= 0,
/2 1 h = G , 2m 2
/ 2 /2 h h 2 iG iG + H H = U1 ; 2m 2m h /2 2 GH = U1 ; 2m
2 2
/ 2 2 U1 h .. . H = 2 / h 2m 2 G 2m
2 .
6. U(x,y) = U[ei (2/a) (x+y) + other sign combinations of x y]. The potential energy contains the four reciprocal lattice vectors (2 /a) (1; 1). At the zone corner the wave function ei(/a) (x+y) is mixed with ei (/a) (x+y) . The central equations are
; UC ; = 0 ; a a a a ; UC ; = 0 , ( ) C a a a a
( ) C
/ where = 2 h
7-2
CHAPTER 8
1a. b.
E d = 13.60 eV r = aH
m* 1 6.3 104 eV m 2
m 6 106 cm m*
N=
4 3
1 1015 atoms cm 3 3 r
1/ 2
m*k B T n0 2 /2 2h
Ed 1.45 ; e 1.45 0.23 . 2k BT
4 1013 cm 3 ;
B jy (e) ne e e E x + E y ; c
for the holes jy (h) ne h Here we have used
n B Ex + Ey . c
ce e =
e B for electrons; c
ch h =
h B for holes. c
(*)
jx = (pe h + ne e )E x .
Because (*) gives
8-1
Ey = Ex B
we have for the Hall constant
p h ne 1 , p h + ne c
2 2
RH =
Ey jx B
1 p h n e . ec (p h + ne ) 2
2 2
/ dk/dt = (e/c) v B . Let B lie parallel to the kx axis; then h dk x / dt = 0; dk y / dt = A k z ; A eB/mA c; dk z / dt = t k y ; t eB/m t c . We differentiate
k space is
2 2
Q >> 1
the
0 0 . 1
We can write nec Qe/B for ne e / m e and pec Qh/B for pe h / m h . The strong field limit for yx follows directly. The Hall field is obtained when we set
jy = 0 =
The current density in the x direction is
n ec p + (n p) E x + Ey . H Qe Q h
jx =
ec n p + E x (n p) E y ; B Q e Q h
ec n p (n p) 2 jx = + + H Q e Q h n p + Qe Q h
Ex .
8-2
CHAPTER 9 1.
2a.
= 0.7 8 1 08 cm 1 a
= 0.78 108 cm 1 a
9-1
b.
N = 2
( 2 / k )
k 2 F
2 n = N/L2 = k F / 2
3a. In the hcp structure there is one atom whose z coordinate is 0 and one at the basis for G c =
2 is z c
SGc (basis) = 1 + e i = 1 1 = 0,
so that by the same argument as in Problem 9.4 the corresponding component UG c of the crystal potential is zero. b. But for U 2G c the structure factor is
c. The two valence electrons can just fill the first BZ. All we need is an adequate energy gap at the zone boundary and for simple hex. there is no reason against a gap. d. In hcp there will be no gap (at least in lowest order) on the top and bottom faces of the BZ, by the argument of part a.
9-2
4.
dk e / = v B; 5a. h dt c / hGc T= evB 1027 erg sec) (2 108 cm 1 ) (3 1010 cm s 1 ) (5 1010 esu) (108 cm d 1 ) (103 gauss) 1.2 1010 sec.
9-3
b. The electron moves in a direction normal to the Fermi surface -- more or less in a straight line if the Fermi surface is close to planar in the region of interest. The magnetic field puts a wiggle on the motion, but the field does not make the electron move in a helix, contrary to the behavior of a free electron. 6a.
Region I:
h / 2 d2 U 0 = 2 2m dx / 2k 2 h = A cos kx ; = U 0 (*) 2m
Region II:
/ 2 d2 h = 2m dx 2
= B e
1 d continuous. dx
qx
/ 2q 2 h ; = 2m
(*)
Boundary condition
k tan (ka / 2) = q ,
with k and q related to as above.
(**)
b. The lazy way here is to show that the s in the equations marked (*) above are equal when k and q are connected by (**), with = 0.45 as read off Fig. 20. This is indeed so. 7a. (
1 2e , where S = kF2, with kF = 0.75 108 cm1 from Table 6.1, for potassium. Thus )= / S H hc
9-4
b.
c R = vF ; R =
/ c v F mc hk = F eB eB
/ / m) k p . Then (18) is an eigenfunction of H 0 with H1 = (h / 2 k 2 / 2m . In this representation the diagonal matrix element of H1 is equal to the eigenvalue n (0) + h
/ / m) dV u 0 (r) k p U 0 (r). In a cubic crystal U 0 (r) will be even or odd with respect to the (h inversion operation r r , but p is an odd operator. It follows that the diagonal matrix element vanishes, and there is no first-order correction to the energy. The function U k (r) to first order in H1 is
dV
w*(r rn ) w (r rm )
k k'
dV
* k'
(r) k (r)
9-5
N 2
e
P
i2p (x x n ) Na
N 2
i2p (x x n ) Na dp
=
whence
i (x x n ) a
e i2( x x n ) Na
i (x x n ) a
sin [ ( x x n ) a ] , (x x n ) Na
w (x x n ) = N1 2 u 0 (x)
sin [ ( x x n ) a ] . (x x n ) a
10a. jy = 0 (Q1 Ex + sEy) = 0 in the Hall geometry, whence Ey = Ex/sQ. b. We have jx = 0 (Q2 Ex Q1 Ey), and with our result for Ey it follows that
jx = 0 (Q 2 + s 1Q 2 ) E x ,
whence = E x jx = (Q
2
0 )
s . s +1
9-6
CHAPTER 10 d2B 1 = B; this is the London equation. The proposed solution is seen directly to dx 2 2 1 satisfy this and to satisfy the boundary conditions B = Ba . (b) For < < L, 2 1a.
x 1 x cosh = 1 + + 2 L 1 cosh = 1+ + 2 2 2
2
therefore B ( x ) = Ba Ba 1 8 2 2 4x 2 .
)(
(
1 2 0
1 3 4 3 4x dx 2 3 8 = 2 2 , = 1 1 3 2 2
2 2
whence
1 2 F = Ba , for << . 96
2
10-1
where Baf is the critical field for the film and Bac is the bulk critical field. Then Baf = 12 3a. (CGS) curl H =
Bac .
4j 1 E 4 c 1 E + = A+ . 0 E 2 c c t c 4 c t 4 c 1 curl E B + . 0 curl E 2 t c 4 c
curl curl H = 2 H =
Now in CGS in nonmagnetic material B and H are identical. We use this and we use the Maxwell equation curl E = to obtain 1 1 2 B 40 B B 2 B 2 2 2 = 0. c t c t
2
1 B c t
If B ei ( k r t ) , then k 2
2
1 2 4i0 + + = 0. 2 c2 c2
Q.E.D.
Thus the normal electrons play no role in the dispersion relation in the low frequency range. 4. The magnetic influence of the core may be described by adding the two-dimensional delta function 0 ( ) , where 0 is the flux quantum. If the magnetic field is parallel to the z axis and div B = 0, then
B 2 2 B = 0 ( ) ,
or
10-2
2 B 1 B 2 2 + B = 0 ( ) .
This equation has the solution B ( ) = ( 0 2 2 ) K 0 ( ) , where K0 is a hyperbolic Bessel function* infinite at the origin and zero at infinity:
( ( >> ) B ( ) (
( << ) B ( )
The total flux is the flux quantum:
2 2 ) n ( ) ; 2 2 ) ( 2 ) exp ( ) .
12
2 d B ( ) = 0 dx x K 0 ( x ) = 0 .
0 0
5. It is a standard result of mechanics that E = grad c 1 A t. If grad = 0, when we differentiate the London equation we obtain j t = c 2 4 L E. Now j = nqv and
2
j t = nq v t = ( nq m ) E.
2
Compare
the
two
equations
for
j/t
to
find
c 2 4 L = nq 2 m.
2
Handbook of mathematical functions, U.S. National Bureau of Standards AMS 55, sec. 9.6.
6. Let x be the coordinate in the plane of the junction and normal to B, with w 2 x w 2. The flux through a rectangle of width 2x and thickness T is 2xTB = (x). The current through two elements at x and x, each of width dx is / / ) dx , dJ = ( J 0 w ) cos e ( x ) hc dx = ( J 0 w ) cos ( 2xTeB hc and the total current is
J = ( J0 w )
w 2
/ ) sin ( wTBe hc
7a. For a sphere H ( inside ) = Ba 4M 3; for the Meissner effect H ( inside ) = 4M, whence Ba = 8M 3. b. The external field due to the sphere is that of a dipole of moment = MV, when V is the volume. In the equatorial plane at the surface of the sphere the field of the sphere is a 3 = 4M 3 = Ba 2. The total field in this position is 3Ba/2.
10-3
10-4
The numerical result follows on using N = 6.02 1023 mol1. 2a. Eu++ has a half-filled f shell. Thus S = 7 1/2 = 7/2. The orbitals mL = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 have one spin orientation filled, so that L = mL = 0. Also J = L + S = 7/2. Hence the ground state is 8S7/2. b. Yb+++ has 13 electrons in the f shell, leaving one hole in the otherwise filled shell. Thus L = 3, S = 1/2, J = 7/2 -- we add S to L if the shell is more than half-filled. The ground state symbol is 2F7/2. c. Tb+++ has 8 f electrons, or one more than Eu++. Thus L = 3; S = 7/2 1/2 = 3; and J = 6. The ground state is 7F6. 3a. The relative occupancy probabilities are
______ e
( +B ) kT
( Here
stand s for k B )
e Z
( +B ) kT
where Z = 1 + e
( B ) kT
+ e kT + e
( +B ) kT
11-1
If the field is applied to take the system from a to b we increase the entropy of the spin system from 0 to N log 2. If the magnetization is carried out constant total entropy, it is necessary that the lattice entropy be reduced, which means the temperature .
4a. Z = 1 + e T ; k B e T k B E= = T T 1+ e e +1 T e E T2 = C= k . B 2 T e T + 1
b. For T << 1, e
1 1 and C k B . 4 T
5a. If the concentration in the spin-up band is N+ = 1/2 N (1 + ), the kinetic energy of all the electrons in that band is /2 3 + h N 32 N + 5 2m
23
= E 0 (1 + )
53
53
+ (1 )
53
} NB;
11-2
E tot 5 23 23 = E 0 (1 + ) (1 ) NB = 0 3
4 3
9NB 3B = 20E 0 2 F
( )
1 2 = N 2 (1 + ) , 8
53
+ (1 )
53
E tot
20 1 E 0 VN 2 NB = 0 ; 9 2 NB = 20 1 E 0 VN 2 9 2 NB = 2N F 1 VN 2 3 2
and 3N 2 M = N = B 3 2 F VN 2
11-3
c. For B = 0 and = 0.
2 E tot 2
20 1 40 E 0 4 F E 0 VN 2 < 0 if V > = 9 2 9 N2 3 N
U =
e e = tanh ; e + e
2
C = k B dU d = k B ( k BT ) sech 2 ( k BT ) , because d tanh x/dx = sech2x. b. The probability P() d that the upper energy level lies between and + d, referred to the midpoint as the zero of energy, is P() d = (d) / 0. Thus, from (a),
< U >= d ( 0 ) tanh ,
0
0
= ( k B 0 ) dx x 2 sech 2 x ,
0
x0
where x /. The integrand is dominated by contributions from 0 < < , because sech x decreases exponentially for large values of x. Thus
<C>
( k B 0 ) dx x 2 sech 2 x .
0
8.
11-4
CHAPTER 12
. Thus 1. We have S+ = S eik
dS
2JS y S 6 ei k = / dt h
dS
and
D( ) = 4 1 1 1 2 . = 83 A 2 A1 2 42 A 3/ 2
Then
U= At low temps, / h 1 d 3 2 h . / 32 4 A e 1
2
(h / )
52
dx
0
/32 / 2 A 3 2 h
32
/ ) . C = dU dT 0.113 k B ( k BT hA
12-1
3. M A T = C ( B M B M A ) ( B = applied field )
M BT = C ( B M B M A ) Non-trivial solution for B = 0 if C T + C = 0; TC = C ( ) C T + C Now find = ( M A + M B ) B at T > TC :
MT = 2CH CM ( + ) ; = TC = ( + ) ( ) . 2C T + C ( + )
4. The terms in U eA + U c + U K which involve exx are 1 2 2 C11e xx + C12 e xx ( e yy + e zz ) + B11 e xx . 2 Take /exx: C11e xx + C12 ( e yy + e zz ) + B11 = 0, for minimum.
2
Further:
C11e yy + C12 (e xx + e zz ) + B1 2 = 0 .
2
C11e zz + C12 ( e xx + e yy ) + B1 3 = 0 .
2
Solve this set of equations for exx: C 2 ( C11 + 2C12 ) e xx = B1 12 . ( C11 C12 )( C11 + 2C12 )
2
Similarly for eyy, ezz, and by identical method for exy, etc.
12-2
1 Ba M s . Thus at Ba = 2K/Ms the magnetization 2 reverses direction (we assume the magnetization reverses uniformly!).
For minimum near = 0 we need K >
b. If we neglect the magnetic energy of the bidomain particle, the energies of the single and bidomain particles will be roughly equal when
M s d 3 w d 2 ; or d c w M s .
2 2
For Co the wall energy will be higher than for iron roughly in the ratio of the (anisotropy 2 constant K1)1/2, or 10. Thus w 3 ergs cm . For Co, Ms = 1400 (at room temperature), so M s 2 106 erg cm . We have dc 3 2 106 1.106 cm, or 100 A, as the critical size. The estimate is very rough (the wall thickness is dc; the mag. en. is handled crudely).
2 3
6. Use the units of Eq. (9), and expand tanh m m 1 m3 = + " . [Dwight 657.3] t t 3 t3
m m3 +"; t 3t 3 3 ( t 3 t 2 ) m 2 ; m 2 3t 2 (1 t ) ,
but 1 t is proportional to Tc T, so that m Tc T for T just below Tc. 7. The maximum demagnetization field in a Nel wall is 4 Ms, and the maximum self1 energy density is ( 4M s ) M s . In a wall of thickness Na, where a is the lattice constant, 2 2 the demagnetization contribution to the surface energy is demag 2M s Na . The total
minimum is at
12-3
w N = 0 = 2 JS2 N 2 a 2 + 2M s a , or
2
12
12
10 erg cm 2 ,
which is larger than (59) for iron. (According to Table 8.1 of the book by R. M. White and T. H. Geballe, the Bloch wall thickness in Permalloy is 16 times that in iron; this large value of favors the changeover to Nel walls in thin films.) 8. (a) Consider the resistance of the up and down spins separately. Magnetizations parallel: 1 1 1 R (up ) = p ( L / A) + p ( L / A) = 2 p ( L / A)
1 1 1 ( L / A) + a ( L / A) = 2 a ( L / A) R (down) = a These resistances add in parallel: R = R (down) R (up) /[ R (down) + R (up)] = 2( L / A) /( a + p )
These (equal) resistances add in parallel : 1 1 R = R (up ) / 2 = ( L / A)( a + p )/2 The GMRR is then: 1 1 +p )( a + p ) / 4 1 GMRR = R / R 1 = ( a = ( a / p + p / a 2) / 4 (b) For the magnetization configuration, an electron of a given spin direction must always go through a region where it is antiparallel to the magnetization. If a 0, then the conductance is blocked and the resistance R is infinite.
12-4
CHAPTER 13 1. Consider a coil which when empty has resistance R0 and inductance L0. The impedance is Z0 = R0 iL0. When the coil is filled with material of permeability = 1 + 4 the impedance is Z = R 0 iL0 (1 + 4 ) = R 0 iL0 (1 + 4 + 4i ) , or
Z = R 0 + 4L0 iL0 (1 + 4 ) .
R L
2a.
dF dFx + Fx x = dt dt
dx +" . dt
dy dx + Fy + Fz dt dt dz . dt
dF = + Fx dt R
Now
dy dx dz ) ; = y ; = ( z ) . = ( x dt dt dt dx Fx + = F . dt b.
dM = M B dt
;
dM M = M B . + dt R
dM B + . = M dt R we have c. With = B0 z
dM , B1x = M dt R
with a frequency = B1. The time t1/2 to give t1/2 = is so that M precesses about x t1/2 = /B1. d. The field B1 rotates in the xy plane with frequency = B0 .
13-1
1 1 a 2 z z z z 3a. < Bi > = < I j I k > , where for I = we have < I j I k > = jk . Thus 2 4 N j k a2 a 1 . < Bi > = jk = 4N N 4 jk
2 2
b. Now
< I j I k IA I m >=
z z z z
1 [ jk kA Am + jk Am 16 + jA km + jm kA ], and
4 4
2 a 1 a 3N [N + 3N 2 ] . < Bi > = N 16 N 16 4
2 4. For small , we have U K K . Now the magnetic energy density U M = BM cos 1 BM + BM2 , so that with proper choice of the zero of energy the anisotropy energy is 2 equivalent to a field
BA = 2K M
along the z axis. This is valid for << 1 . For a sphere the demagnetizing field is parallel to M and exerts no torque on the spin system. Thus B0 + BA is the effective field. 5. We may rewrite (48) with appropriate changes in M, and with Banisotropy = 0. Thus
iM A = i A M A M B + M B M A ; i M B = i B M B M A + M A M B .
+ +
13-2
2 ( A M B B M A ) = 0 . One root is 0 = 0; this is the uniform mode. The other root is 0 = ( A M B B M A ) = 0; this is the exchange mode.
13-3
CHAPTER 14
= kA sin kx e kz , and at the boundary this is equal to Exi. The normal x component of D at the boundary, but outside the medium, is ()kA cos kx, where for a plasma () = 1 p2/2. The boundary condition is kA cos kx = ()kA cos kx, or () = 1, or p2 = 22. This frequency = p 2 is that of a surface plasmon.
1. E x0 =
2. A solution below the interface is of the form () = A cos kx e kz , and above the interface (+) = A cos kx e kz , just as for Prob. (1). The condition that the normal component of D be continuous across the interface reduces to 1() = 2(), or
1 2 p1
2
= 1 +
2 p2
, so that 2 =
1 2 (p1 + 2 p2 ) . 2
3. (a) The equation of motion of the electrons is 2 x e = (e/me )E x + ie ye ; 2 ye = (e/me )E y ie x e . For the holes,
2 x h = (e/m h )E x + ih y h ; 2 y h = (e/m h )E y ih x h .
The result follows on forming e = xe + iye and h = xh + iyh. (b) Expand 1 (e + ) 1 e (1 / e ) and (h ) h 1 (1 + / h ) . In this approximation
2 y = ic x o y .
2
14-1
equation for . 7. Eq. (53) becomes c 2 K 2 E = 2 [ ()E + 4P], where P is the ionic contribution to the polarization. Then (55) becomes
2 () c 2 K 2 42 = 0, 2 2 Nq 2 M T or
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 () 2 c K + () + 4 Nq M + c K T = 0.
One root at K = 0 is 2 = T + 4Nq 2 () M. For the root at low and K we neglect terms in 4 and in 2K2. Then
2
2 = c 2 K 2 T [ () + 4Nq 2 M]
2 2
= c 2 K 2 [ () + 4Nq 2 MT ] = c 2 K 2 (0) ,
2
where (0) is given by (58) with = 0. 8(a). = ne 2 T m = (p 4)T = 0.73 1015 s 1 = 800 ( cm) 1
2
9. The kinetic energy of a Fermi gas of N electrons in volume V is / 2 2m ) ( 32 N V ) 2 3 . Then dU/dV = (2/3)U/V and d2U/dV2 = (10/9)U/V2. U = N( 3 5) ( h The bulk modulus B = Vd 2 U dV 2 = (10 9) U V = (10 9) (3 5) n ( mv F 2 ) = nmv F 3. The velocity of sound v = (B )1 2 , where the density = n (m + M) nM, whence v ( m 3M )1 2 v F .
2 2
The conductivity does not enter this equation directly, although it may be written as = p2/4. For order of magnitude,
14-2
)(
) ( 4 10 ) 0.4 10
6
14
s 1 ;
12
12
1.5 1016 s 1 . The homogeneous equation has a solution of the form x ( t > 0 ) = Ae t sin ( t + ) ,
2 2 where = p + ( 2 ) and = /2. To this we add the particular solution x = ( 0 ) = 0. e/m and find A and to satisfy the initial conditions x(0) = 0 and x 12
11. The Laplacian 2 = 0, whence d 2f K 2f = 0 . 2 dz This has solutions f = AeKz for z < 0 f = Ae
K ( z d )
for z > d
f = B cosh K ( z d 2 ) for 0 < z < d . This solution assures that will be continuous across the boundaries if B = A/cosh(Kd/2). To arrange that the normal component of D is continuous, we need () /z continuous, or () = tanh(Kd/2).
14-3
1 ( ) e it d. 2
( ) e
iR t I t
because we may then complete a contour with a semicircle in the upper half-plane, over which semicircle the integral vanishes. The integral over the entire contour is zero because () is analytic in the upper half-plane. Therefore x(t) = 0 for t < 0. 1b. We want
1 e i t d x (t) = 02 2 i , 2
(A)
which is called the retarded Greens function of the problem. We can complete a contour integral by adding to x(t) the integral around an infinite semicircle in the upper halfplane. The complete contour integral vanishes because the integrand is analytic everywhere within the contour. But the integral over the infinite semicircle vanishes at t < 0, for then exp i ( R + iI ) ( t ) = exp ( I t ) exp ( iR t ) , which 0 as || . Thus the integral in (A) must also vanish. For t > 0 we can evaluate x(t) by carrying out a Cauchy integral in the lower half-plane. The residues at the poles are
1 2 1 2 0 4 2
1 2
2 1 2 exp ( 1 2 t ) exp i 0 4
1 2
t ,
so that
2 x ( t ) = 0 1 4 2
1 2
1 2 exp ( 1 2 t ) sin 0 4 2
1 2
t.
15-1
( )
2 s ( s ) ds . 2 0
where the sign of Ey has been reversed relative to Bz in order that the direction of energy flux (Poynting vector) be reversed in the reflected wave from that in the incident wave. For the transmitted wave in the dielectric medium we find E y ( trans ) = ck Bz ( trans ) = 1 2 Bz ( trans ) = A"e (
i kx t )
by use of the Maxwell equation c curl H = E/t and the dispersion relation 2 = c2k2 for electromagnetic waves. The boundary conditions at the interface at x = 0 are that Ey should be continuous: Ey (inc) + Ey (refl) = Ey (trans), or A A' = A''. Also Bz should be continuous, so that A + A' = 1/2 A''. We solve for the ratio A'/A to obtain 1/2 (A A') = A + A', whence A' 1 1 2 = , A 1 2 + 1 and
r E ( refl ) E ( inc ) = A' 1 2 1 n + ik 1 . = = A 1 2 + 1 n + ik + 1
In the limit the denominator comes out of the integrand and we have
15-2
lim
" ( ) =
2 ' ( s ) ds. 0
(b) A superconductor has infinite conductivity at zero frequency and zero conductivity at frequencies up to g at the energy gap. We can replace the lost portion of the integral (approximately 'ng) by a delta function 'ng () in 's() at the origin. Then the KK relation above gives ''s ( ) = 2 'n g .
(c) At very high frequencies the drift velocity of the conduction electrons satisfies the free electron equation of motion
mdv dt = eE ; imv = eE ,
and '' () = ne2/m in this limit. Then use (a) to obtain the desired result. 5. From (11a) we have
' ( ) 1 =
2 ( s g ) p 4ne 2 P 2 ds . = 2 2 2 m s 0 g
6. n2 K2 + 2inK = 1 + 4i0/. For normal metals at room temperature 0 1017 1018 sec1, so that in the infrared 0 . Thus n 2 K 2 , so that R 1 2 n and
n
( 20 ) , whence
R 1
7. The ground state of the line may be written g = A1B1A 2 B2 A N BN . Let the asterisk denote excited state; then if specific single atoms are excited the states are j = A1B1A 2 B2 A j B j A N BN ; j = A1B1A 2 B2 A jB j A N BN . The hamiltonian acts
thusly:
H j = A j + T1 j + T2 j1 ; H j = B j + T1 j + T2 j + 1.
15-3
form
H k = eijka [ A j + T1 j + T2 j1
j
+ T1 + B + eika T2 j ]
= E k = eijka [E j + E j ].
This is satisfied if
( A ) + ( T1 + eika T2 ) = 0; ( T1 + eika T2 ) + ( B E ) = 0.
The eigenvalues are the roots of
A E
T1 + e ika T2
T1 + eika T2 B E
= 0.
15-4
CHAPTER 16 1. e2 x 3 = eE; ex = r 3 E = p; = p E = r 3 = a H . r r
2. E i = E 0
3. Because the normal component of D is continuous across a boundary, Eair = Ediel, where Eair = 4Q/A, with Q the charge on the boundary. The potential drop between the 1 two plates is E air qd + E diel d = E air d q + . For a plate of area A, the capacitance is
C= A . 1 4d q +
It is useful to define an effective dielectric constant by 1 1 = +q . eff If = , then eff = 1/q. We cannot have a higher effective dielectric constant than 1/q. For q = 103, eff = 103. 4. The potential drop between the plates is E1 d + E2 qd. The charge density Q D1 E1 i = = = E2 , A 4 4 by comparison of the way and enter the Maxwell equation for curl H. Thus E1 + 4i 4i E 2 ; V = E 2d + q ; A , 1 i q 4d 4 (CGS)
Q=
Ai Q E 2 ; and thus C = V
and eff = (1 + q )
. 1 ( iq 4 )
16-1
5a. E int = E 0
4 4 E P = E0 int . 3 3
E int =
E0 . 4 1+ 3 E0 . 4 1+ 3 0 if 2 = a 3 ; = 1 3 a . 2
b. P = E int =
6. E = 2P1/a3. P2 = E = 2P1/a3. This has solution p1 = p2 7 (a). One condition is, from (43), ( TC T0 ) g 4 Ps + g 6 Ps = 0 .
2 4
1 1 2 4 g 4 Ps + g 6 Ps ; 2 3 2 1 3 g4 2 2 g 6 Ps = g 4 ; Ps = . 3 2 4 g6
8. In an electric field the equilibrium condition becomes E + ( T Tc ) P + g 4 P3 = 0 , where the term in g6 is neglected for a second-order transition. Now let P = Ps + P . If we retain only linear terms in P , then E + ( T Tc ) P + g 4 3Ps P = 0 , with use of
2
(40).
Further,
we
can
eliminate
Ps
because
Ps = ( g 4 )( Tc T ) .
2
Thus
P E = 1 2 ( Tc T ) .
16-2
9 a. a
i i i i i i
cos
( na ) a
b.
2a
i i i i i i
Deforms to new stable structure of dimers, with lattice constant 2 (former constant). c.
10. The induced dipole moment on the atom at the origin is p = E, where the electric 3 field is that of all other dipoles: E = 2 a 3 p n = 4p a 3 n ; the sum is over
)(
positive integers. We assume all dipole moments equal to p. The self-consistency condition is that p = (4p/a3) (n3), which has the solution p = 0 unless (a3/4) (1/n3). The value of the summation is 1.202; it is the zeta function (3).
16-3
CHAPTER 17 1. (a) The interference condition for a linear lattice is a cos = n. The values of that satisfy this condition each define a cone with axis parallel to the fiber axis and to the axis of the cylindrical film. Each cone intersects the film in a circle. When the film is flattened out, parallel lines result. (b) The intersection of a cone and a plane defines a conic section, here a hyperbola. (c) Let a, b be the primitive axes of a square lattice. The Laue equations (2.25) give a k = 2 q; b k = 2 r, where q, r are integers. Each equation defines a set of planes. The intersections of these planes gives a set of parallel lines, which play in diffraction from a two-dimensional structure the role played by reciprocal lattice points in diffraction from a three-dimensional structure. In the Ewald construction these lines intersect a sphere of radius k = 2 / in a set of points. In two dimensions any wavelength (below some maximum) will give points; in three dimensions only special values of give points of intersection because one more Laue equation must be satisfied. The points correspond to the directions k' of the diffraction maxima. If the photographic plate is flat the diffraction pattern (2 dim.) will appear distorted.
Points near the direction of the incident beam are shown. (d) The lattice of surface atoms in the (110) surface of an fcc crystal is simple rectangular. The long side of the rectangle in crystal (real) space is a short side in the reciprocal lattice. This explains the 90 rotation between (21a) and (21b). 2. With the trial function x exp (ax), the normalization integral is
dx x 2 exp ( 2ax ) = 1 4a 3 . The kinetic energy operator applied to the trial function
gives
/ 2 2m d 2 u dx 2 = h / 2 2m a 2 x 2a exp ( ax ) h while Vu = eEx2 exp (ax). The definite integrals that are needed have the form
+ ( 3eE 2a ) , which has an extremum with respect to the range parameter a when
)(
/ 2 2m a 2 dx x n exp( ax) = n! a n+1 . The expectation value of the energy is < > = h
/ 2 2m 2a 3eE 2a 2 = 0, or a 3 = 3eEm 2h / 2 . The value of < > is a d < > da = h minimum at this value of a, so that
/ 2 2m 3eEm h /2 < > min = h
2 13
( / = (h
/ )( ) + ( 3eE 2 ) ( 2h 2m ) ( 3eE 2 ) ( 2 + 2 ) ,
23 23 2 3 13
3eEm
13
17-1
where the last factor has the value 1.89 . The Airy function is treated in Sec. 10.4 of the NBS Handbook of mathematical functions. 3. (a) D( ) = where A = L2. Note: There are two flaws in the answer m / h 2 quoted in the text. First, the area A is missing, meaning the quoted answer is a density per unit area. This should not be a major issue. Second, the h should be replaced by = .
dN dk d (k 2 ) m m 2 = = 2A 2 2 dk d (2 / L) dk = k =
(b) N =
2 2 k F 2 (2 / L)
2 => ns = N / A = k F / 2
(c) Rs =
L m where ns is the 2D sheet density. For a square sample, W=L, so: W ns e 2 2 m Rs = 2 2 and using =k F / m = vF : kF e h 1 2= Rs = = 2 2 e kF A k F vF e
17-2
CHAPTER 18
),
b 2 = ( 2a ,
2 3a
).
(b) The angle between K and b1is 30o ; A right triangle is formed in the first BZ with two sides of length K and b1/2. Now b1 = 43 , so: a K = (b1/2)/cos(30o)= 4/3a . (c) Quantization of k along x: kx(na)=2j= kx =2 j/na. Assume n = 3i, where i is an integer. Then: kx = K(j/2i). For j = 2i, kx=K. Then K = k y j and there is a massless subband. (d) For n = 10, kx =2 j/10a =K(3j/20). The closest k comes to K is for j = 7, where kx = K/20. Then:
This is of the desired form, with m * = =K / 20v F . m * / m = =K / 20mvF = 0.12 . 2. Filling subbands
(nx , n y ) =
= 2 2 2 2 (nx + ny ) 2mW 2
= 2 2 (8) 2mW 2
(1,1) subband:
k1,1 =
k 2,1 =
18-1
= 1+
(b) 1D =
=>
1D =
2e 2 A B . h
2vF e 2 2e 2 (2vF ) = h =
But: A B = vF B = 2vF
5. Energies of a spherical quantum dot
=>
1D =
(a) E da = Qencl / o
A
=>
2
R+d
V=
qdr 4 o r
1 q d 1 = 4 o R R + d 4 o R( R + d )
18-2
C=
q R( R + d ) = 4 o V d C 4 o U= = e2
and therefore
R2 A = o . d d
U=
e2 e2 d = . C 4 o R( R + d )
4 o R
. Also 0, 0 =
= 2 2 2 m* R 2
=>
0,0
2m* R 2 4 o R = 2 2
e2
0,0
e2 2m* R 2 2m* R 2 R = = * 4 o R = 2 2 4 o = 2 2 2 aB
e2
6. Thermal properties in 1D
(a) D( ) =
D
2K 1 L = 2 / L v v
dD( )= =L =L k BT d U tot = = exp(= / k BT ) 1 v 0 exp(= / k BT ) 1 v = 0 Obtaining value from table of integrals: 2 2 2 2 Lk B T 2 T 2 Lk B U tot = = 3hv =v 6 2 T 2 2 Lk B CV = U tot / T V == 3hv (b) The heat flow to the right out of reservoir 1 is given by:
exp( x) 1
0
xdx
6h
Let T1 = T + T , T2 = T
(T T ) => (T T ) 2TT
2 1 2 2
2 1
2 2
for small T.
2 2 B
=>
JR JL =
k
3h
18-3
CHAPTER 20 1. U = nEI. The number of ways to pick n from N is N! / (N n) !n!. The number of ways to put n into N' = n'! / (N' n) !n!.
N! N ! Entropy S = k B log + log . N n !n! N n !n! ( ) ( ) N! N log N ( N n ) log ( N n ) n log n log ( N n )!n!
log N ! N log N ( N n ) log ( N n ) n log n ( N n )!n!
)(
b. From Vol. I of Atomic energy levels, Circular 467 of the Nat. Bur. of Standards, 3p-3s = 16960 cm1 = 2.1 eV.
20-1
CHAPTER 21 1. In fcc the nearest neighbors to a given atom lie in [110] and equivalent directions -thus these directions are lines of closest packing. In bcc the nearest neighbors lie in [111] and equivalent directions. There is a lively interest in the channeling of fast ions along open channel directions in crystals. 2a.
b.
3. When a dislocation moves a distance L through the crystal, the crystal advances by a distance b. The work L2b may be expressed as
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CHAPTER 22 1. Disordered state: S given by Eq. (2.48) with <f> as averaged over 3 Cu and 1 Au atom. Ordered state: i k + A i h +A i h + k S ( hkA ) = f Au + f Cu (e ( ) + e ( ) + e ( ) ) Consider the following reflections: (x refl. present) Indices 100 110 111 200 210 211 220 221 222 Disordered no no x x no no x no x Ordered x x x x x x x x x
2. C = E/T; now use E from Eq. (5): E = E0 + 2NUP2. Thus Cconfig = 4NUP(T) P/T, and we recall that U is negative, as otherwise an ordered state does not occur. From Fig. 7b, in this region a treatment based on P alone gives Cconfig = 0. We should look at the short range order!
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