The Flight Instruments

Airspeed Indicator Attitude Indicator (a.k.a Artificial Horizon) Altimeter

Turn Coordinator

Vertical Speed Indicator

Heading Indicator (a.k.a Directional Gyro)

Pitot/Static Instruments

Gyroscopic Instruments

Key Words and Considerations

Pressure differential: International Standard Atmosphere (ISA):

Standard Lapse Rate: temperature drops approx. 2 degrees Celsius (3.5o F) for each 1000-foot increase of altitude. pressure decreases approx. 1 Hg for each 1000-foot increase of altitude.

Pitot/Static System

Airspeed Indicator

Airspeed Indicator Indicated Calibrated

Equivalent True

Limitations and V Speeds

Altimeter

(Kollsman)

Altimeter
TYPES OF ALTITUDES:
Indicated Pressure Density Altitude True Absolute ALTIMETER SETTING:

1 Hg = 1,000 feet .1 Hg = 100 feet .01 Hg = 10 feet

Vertical Speed Indicator

Errors/Blockage of System
PITOT TUBE
200 180 160
AIRSPEED

40 60 80

140

120

100

ICE

Principles of Operation for Gyroscopic Instruments

Rigidity in Space Precession

Gyroscopic Instruments
Attitude Indicator

Heading Indicator

Battery

Turn Coordinator

Attitude Indicator

Heading Indicator

Turn Coordinator/ Turn & Bank Indicator

Inclinometer

CF = Centrifugal Force

HCL = Horizontal Component of Lift

Other Instruments
Angle of Attack Indicator Mach Indicator Radar Altimeter Outside Air Temperature Gauge

Magnetic Compass

Limitations and Errors

Variation

Deviation

Acceleration/Deceleration Turning Magnetic Dip Oscillation