Bo co thc hnh mn: K thut thc phm. Thi gian thc hnh: th 7; tun 10,11.

Danh sch cc thnh vin trong nhm K55-BQCBA.

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 H v tn Nguyn Vn An Phm Thi Hng Anh Trn c Anh Trn Thy Anh on Th Bc Nguyn Th Chanh V Th Hng Hnh Nguyn Th Ngc Hn Nguyn Th Thy Nguyn Thi Thy Phan Vn Tun Phm Thanh Tng Trnh Th Tuyn MSV 550001 550004 550005 550006 550008 550012 550029 550031 550085 550086 550094 550095 550097 Lp K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA K55-BQCBA

BI 1

SY C RT

I. T VN . Rau qu l mt lnh vc rng ln v ang l mi quan tm ca nhiu nh khoa hc v ngi tiu dng trong vic la chn i tng nghin cu v sn phm tiu dng cho mnh. Rau qu v cc sn phm ca n khng ch p ng nhu cu v dinh dng m cn p ng nhu cu v mt thm m v cha tr bnh, v vy vic pht trin din tch trng rau qu l mt yu cu tt yu. Vit Nam, rau qu khng ch tiu dng trong nc m cn em xut khu mt lng kh ln sang cc nc bn nh: Nht Bn, Nga, Hn Quc,C rt l loi rau n v ng khu vc ng bng sng hng v l loi rau n ph bin hu ht cc tnh Ty Bc v trn ton chu m. Ngy nay nh s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut m c rt c bit n vi nhiu chc nng: S dng trong cng nghip lm m phm,trong y hc v cng c m rng trong cng ngh thc phm ngy nay. Chnh s phong ph v chc nng m c rt c nhiu nh nghin cu quan tm c bit l lnh vc thc phm v a ra hng lot cc sn phm thc phm: C rt sy, c rt ng lnh, nc c rt ng chai,c rt ng hp, V c rt sy vn cha p ng nhu cu c rt kh dng bn thnh phm m cn ch bin cc sn phm khc nh: lm mt, ph phm Cc phng php bo qun nng sn nh vy mc ch hn ch tn tht sau thu hoch. I. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU C RT 1. c im sinh thi ca cy c rt C rt c tn khoa hc l Daucuscarota. Thuc h hoa tn Apiaceae, tn thng gi Vit Nam l carrot, carotte, pastenade. Mc hoang Chu u, Chu , Bc Phi. Ngy nay cy c rt c trng hu ht cc vng Chu u, cc vng n i v nhit i trn th gii. Hai chng Nantes v Chantenay ca Php c trng ph bin trn th gii v tng i thch hp vi vng nhit i. Cc loi c rt l cc cy thn tho sng hai nm, t khi mt nm hay lu nm. Thn n c mc thng ng, rng rut, kha dc, phn cnh, c lng mc ngc. Cc l c cung; mc cch, phin l x lng chim 2-3 ln, cc cht l nh v hp. Cc tn hoa mc u cnh hay nch l, dng kp lng lo; nhiu l bc, hnh lng chim; nhiu tia, tri rng hay cong vo sau khi n; nhiu l bc con, kha rng ca hay nguyn mp; cc tn nhiu hoa. Cc hoa trung tm thng v sinh vi cc cnh hoa mu ta v ln. Cc rng nh ca i hoa b teo i. Hoa tp tnh, mu trng hay vng, hnh tim ngc, vi nh cp vo trong, cc cnh bn ngoi ca cc hoa pha ngoi trong tn hoa ln v ta ra. Gc tr hnh nn, vi nhy ngn. Hoa th phn nh cc loi cn trng.

 Vit Nam c rt c nhp vo v trng th im trong nhng nm cui th k XIX do ngi Php em t chu u sang. Vit nam c rt c trng nhiu cc vng ni nh :Lai chu, H Giang ,Tuyn Quang,..V mt s tnh ng bng sng hng. 2. Thnh phn dinh dng v cng dng 2.1. Gi tr dinh dng ca c rt C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau trng rng ri v lu i nht trn th gii. Trong c c rt c protein, lipid, carbonhydrat, mt s vitamin B, C, E, c bit l tin vitamin A; c 15 acid amin trong c 9 loi thit yu m c th ngi khng t sn xut c; giu mui khong Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu,... Trong 100g c rt ti thng cha 88,5% nc v cung cp gi tr nng lng l 48 calorie. Cc thnh phn quan trng khc bao gm: 1g cht m; 0,2g cht bo 9 g cht bt ng 24mg Phospho 2,4mg Natri 289mg Kali 80mg Canxi 24mg Magie 0,75mg St 0,45mg Mangan 12400UI carotene 0,05mg vitamin B1 0,04mg vitamin B2 1,1mg vitamin PP 13mg vitamin C 2.2 Cng dng ca c rt C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau qu nht c cc thy thuc trn th gii nh gi cao v gi tr dinh dng v cha bnh i vi con ngi. Ngi La M gi c rt l n hong ca cc loi rau. C rt giu ng v cc loi vitamin cng nh nng lng. Cc dng ng tp trung lp v v tht nc ca c, phn li rt t. ng trong c rt ch yu l ng n (nh fructose, glucose) chim ti 50% tng lng ng c trong c, l loi ng d oxy ha di tc dng ca enzyme trong c th; cc loi ng nh levulose v dextrose c hp th trc tip. Trong c rt c rt nhiu vitamin C, D, E v cc vitamin nhm B. Ngoi ra, n cn cha -carotene, sau khi vo c th, cht ny s chuyn ha .Tng t vitamin A nhng ngi n c d tr khp cc m cn vitamin A c d tr gan. So vi vitamin A th carotene t c hi hn, v n c chuyn dng theo nhu cu ca c th v t b ph hy hn. Mt s nh khoa hc khuyn co nn dng carotene hn l vitamin A. Ngi ta thng s dng c rt di dng ti n sng (lm gi, trn du gim) hay xo, nu canh, hm tht. Hoc dng c rt p ly dch, phi hp vi cc loi hoa qu khc lm nc gii kht hoc nc dinh dng. Tht c, dch (nc p c rt) v ht non cn c dng lm thuc. C rt c cc tnh cht: b, giu cht khong, lm tng lng hng cu, tng s min dch t nhin, l yu t sinh trng, kch thch s tit sa, lm cho cc m v da tr li. N cn gip lc mu, lm long mt, tr ho, li tiu, tr giun v lin so.

C rt cha nhiu pectin nn c tc dng iu ha nhu ng rut, ht cc cht c trong rut, to lp bng bo v nim mc rut. Cc carotenoid rt tt cho s tng trng ca tr t nh cho n khi dy th nu trong ch n c b sung c rt. Ngoi ra, c rt cn c tc dng phng chng bnh qung g, nht l chng kh mt dn n m la. C li khuyn ngi lm vic nhiu bng mt, nht l vo ban m nn n nhiu c rt. Vic dng c rt sng hay chn cng c kin tri ngc. Theo cc chuyn gia i hc tng hp Arkansas (M) n c rt chn hm lng dinh dng cao hn so vi c rt sng (tng 34%). Trong ch bin thc phm nn phi hp vi gan mt s ng vt (g, ln) c s phi hp 2 loi vitamin A: ng vt v thc vt, tc dng dc l tt hn (khi nu nn dng du thc vt v vitamin A tan trong du...). C rt qu nhng cng khng nn lm dng, dng ba bi, ty thch m nn cn c vo nhu cu ti thiu hng ngy ca beta carotene. 3. Phn b, thi v C rt cng c trng nhiu nc ta. Hin nay, cc vng trng rau ang trng ph bin 2 loi c rt: mt loi c c mu ti, mt loi c mu ng sang mu da cam. Thi v: - V sm: trn cc chn t cao, gieo ht t thng 7, thng 8; thu hoch thng 10, thng 12. - V chnh: gieo ht thng 9, thng 10 thu hoch vo thng 12, thng 1. y l thi v cho nng sut cao v iu kin nhit thch hp cho ton b thi gian sinh trng v pht trin ca c rt. Ngoi ra cng c th trng thm v mun: gieo ht vo thng 12, thng 1 thu hoch vo thng 3, thng 4. C rt c trng ph bin vi ging a phng (ch yu l ging Lt) c thi gian sinh trng 95-100 ngy, kch thc 18-22cm x 2,5-3cm, mu nht, nng sut trung bnh 20-25 tn/ha v cc ging ca Php nh Nantaise, Seamllienee, Tim-Tom c c to, kch thc 22-25 x 3-3,5cm, c tim nng tng mnh sn lng trong tng lai. Vn bo qun c rt cng nh cc loi rau c khc tng i kh v y l thc phm ti, rt d b thi ra, h hng, nm mc, vi khun d pht trin (do nc chim gn 90%). Trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm hin nay, ngi ta i hi cng cao v vic bo qun. C rt nhiu cch bo qun thc phm, y i vi c rt ta dng phng php sy. Vi phng php ny s bo qun c rt c lu hn, d dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ng dng nhiu trong qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm n lin. II. MC CH ,YU CU. 1. Mc ch - Tm hiu c im hnh thi ,gi tr dinh dng ,cng dng ca c rt v cc c im v thi v sn xut c rt nc ta. - Tm hiu cc phng php sy c rt. - Nhn bit v hiu r quy trnh sy c rt. - Hiu r nguyn l cu to , nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b sy c rt. 2. Yu c

- Nm r quy trnh cng nh thit b sy ,v s quy trnh sy, c hnh nh minh ha cho quy trnh, ri t a ra phng php tnh ton lng sn phm to thnh cng nh vn tc sy. - Lp ng cong tc sy v ng cong sy thi gian, a ra nhn xt v kt lun cho quy trnh nh nh gi cm quan v mu sc, trng thi ,mi v.T a ra tng kt,kt lun v quy trnh sy c rt.

IV .TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP SY C RT. 1. Bn cht ca qu trnh sy Sy l s bc hi nc ca sn phm bng nhit nhit thch hp, l qu trnh khuch tn do chnh lch m b mt v bn trong vt liu, hay ni cch khc do chnh lch p sut hi ring phn b mt vt liu v mi trng xung quanh. 2. Phn loi qu trnh sy * Ngi ta phn bit ra 2 loi: - Sy t nhin: nh tc nhn chnh l nng, gi... Phng php ny thi gian sy di, tn din tch sn phi, kh iu chnh v m cui cng ca vt liu cn kh ln, ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit kh hu. - Sy nhn to: qu trnh cn cung cp nhit, ngha l phi dng n tc nhn sy nh khi l, khng kh nng, hi qu nhitv n c ht ra khi thit b khi sy xong. Qu trnh sy nhanh, d iu khin v trit hn sy t nhin. * Nu phn loi phng php sy nhn to, ta c: - Phn loi theo phng thc truyn nhit: + Phng php sy i lu: ngun nhit cung cp cho qu trnh sy l nhit truyn t mi cht sy n vt liu sy bng cch truyn nhit i lu. y l phng php c dng rng ri hn c cho sy hoa qu v sy ht. + Phng php sy bc x: ngun nhit cung cp cho qu trnh sy l thc hin bng bc x t mt b mt no n vt sy, c th dng bc x thng, bc x hng ngoi. + Phng php sy tip xc: ngun cung cp nhit cho vt sy bng cch cho tip xc trc tip vt sy vi b mt ngun nhit. + Phng php sy bng in trng dng cao tng: ngun nhit cung cp cho vt sy nh dng in cao tn to nn in trng cao tn trong vt sy lm vt nng ln. + Phng php sy thng hoa: c thc hin bng lm lnh vt sy ng thi ht chn khng cho vt sy t n trng thi thng hoa ca nc, nc thot ra khi vt sy nh qu trnh thng hoa. + Phng php sy tng si: ngun nhit t khng kh nng nh qut thi vo bung sy mnh v lm si lp ht, sau mt thi gian nht nh, ht kh v c tho ra ngoi. + Phng php sy phun: c dng sy cc sn phm dng lng. - Bc x: s dn truyn nhit bc x t vt liu nng n vt liu m. - Phn loi theo tnh cht x l vt liu m qua bung sy: + Sy m: vt liu ng yn hoc chuyn ng qua bung sy nhiu ln, n khi hon tt s c tho ra.

+ Sy lin tc: vt liu c cung cp lin tc v s chuyn ng ca vt liu m qua bung sy cng xy ra lin tc. - Phn loi theo s chuyn ng tng i gia dng kh v vt liu m: + Loi thi qua b mt. + Loi thi xuyn vung gc vi vt liu. 3. Phng php sy Ta bit sy kh mt vt cn 2 tc ng c bn : mt l gia nhit cho vt lm cho m trong vt ha hi, hai l lm cho m thot ra khi vt v thi vo mi trng . lm cho m thot ra khi vt th ta phi chn phng php sy ph hp. Ch sy tt ty thuc vo tng loi sn phm sy c th m chn phng php sy ph hp nht. 3.1. Chn phng php sy Da vo c im ca vt liu sy l carot ta chn phng php sy i lu vi h thng sy bung . i vi phng php sy ny th sn phm ly ra theo m ,calorife t nng dng calorife kh hi. 3.1.1. nh ngha sy i lu Sy i lu l dng khng kh nng hoc khi l lm tc nhn sy c nhit , m, tc ph hp , chuyn ng chy chm ln vt sy lm cho m (nc)trong vt sy bay hi ri theo TNS sau thi gian sy ta c sn phm sy c m theo yu cu. 3.1.2. S nguyn l sy i lu bng khng kh nng. 3.1.2.1.Nguyn l cu to. Cng sut 2,7KW. Khong nhit 0oC 300oC. Gm c : Qut , calorife , bung sy ,ca ly vt liu ra vo, ca thi. Bn trong l sy c 3 ,4 tng ng cc khay sy. Phn i lu gi c iu khin bng cn ko bn ngoi 3.1.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic. Qut ( 1) ht khng kh ngoi tri y qua calorife ( 2) thc hin nung nng thnh tc nhn sy ri vo bung sy ( 3) chy chm qua VLS t trong bung lm m trong vt sy bay hi ri cun theo ra ca thi . i vi cng ngh sy carot ny th h thng sy lm vic gin on sy theo m 100kg/m.

. *u im: n gin, d ch to, d vn hnh, vic np nguyn liu v ly sn phm theo m, vt sy c phn b u v t tnh trong khng gian bung sy d dng, c th sy vt liu khc gi thnh h. *Nhc im: Nng sut thp, tn nhiu nng lng, mc c gii ha v t ng ha thp, qu trnh sy khng ng u. 3.2.Thao tc s dng Trc khi s dng phi bt my xem cng tc c b h hng hay s c g khng. Bt cng tc sy cho hot ng mt thi gian cho nhit kh sy n nh. Cho thit b sy vo v thit lp ch sy theo thi gian, nhit . Trong qu trnh sy lu nu c s c phi ngay lp tc ngt ngun in cho my sy. 3.3. S quy trnh cng ngh

3.4. Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.4.1 Chn nguyn liu : Chn 390g nguyn liu c rt, chn c to, mu sng, li nh. Sau khi thu mua v, phn cung khng s dng s c ct b trc khi a vo cc thit b lm sch nguyn liu. 3.4.2. Ra ln 1 Mc ch: nhm loi tr ht tp cht c hc nh: t, ct, bi v lm gim phn no vi sinh vt ngoi v nguyn liu cng nh lng thuc bo v thc vt. C rt sau khi ct cung c cho vo cc bn ra li cho sch ht t, bi cn bm li trn nguyn liu.

Nc ra cng nh nc dng trong khi ch bin (nh chn, pha ch) phi l nc s dng cho thc phm, m bo cc ch tiu theo qui nh. Nc phi trong, khng mu, khng mi v. 3.4.3. Co v v ra ln 2 Nguyn liu sau khi ra c em i co v sau c ra vi nc sch sau kh, khi lng lc ny cn 310 gam. 3.4.4. Ct lt to cm quan cho sn phm cng nh tng hiu qu cho qu trnh sy, c rt thng c ct thnh lt mng hay thnh si dy 2 mm bng cc my ct hoc bng tay. Yu cu ca sn phm sau qu trnh ct phi ng u v kch thc, khng b dp nt, gy, nt, 3.4.5. Chn (hp) Trc khi sy thng chn rau qu trong nc nng hoc hp bng hi nc nhm bo v phm cht sn phm v rt ngn thi gian sy. Khi chn, do tc dng ca nhit v m nn tnh cht ho l ca nguyn liu b bin i c li cho s thot m khi sy; cc vi sinh vt b tiu dit v h thng men (enzyme) trong nguyn liu b bt hot trnh gy h hng sn phm. i vi rau qu giu glucide (khoai ty, khoai lang): chn lm cho rau qu tng xp, do s thu phn cc cht pectin lm cho lin kt gia cc mng t bo b ph v. Tinh bt b h ho khi chn cng lm tng nhanh qu trnh sy. i vi rau qu c cha sc t (c rt, u ho lan, mn): chn c tc dng gi mu, hn ch c hin tng bin mu hoc bc mu. i vi rau qu c lp sp mng trn b mt (mn, vi): chn lm mt lp sp ny, to ra cc vt nc nh li ti trn b mt, do gia tng qu trnh trao i m gia qu vi mi trng xung quanh, dn n rt ngn thi gian sy. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian chn, hp, un nng: trong qu trnh chn, hp, un nng ngoi mc ch v hot enzyme, cn phi m bo cht lng sn phm, nn thc phm phi c gia nhit nhanh. Do , vic la chn nhit v thi gian ph hp cho mi loi nguyn liu c ngha rt quan trng v thi gian gia nhit ph thuc vo cc yu t: Loi nguyn liu Kch thc nguyn liu Nhit gia nhit Phng thc gia nhit Thng thng, c rt thng c chn nhit 900C trong thi gian 2 pht. Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lm ngui nhanh, khi lng sau khi lm kh l 160 gam. 3.4.6. Sy kh i vi cc nguyn liu rau qu, ngi ta thng p dng phng php sy i lu. Khng kh nng c dng lm tc nhn sy c nhit , m, tc ph hp, chuyn ng chy trm ln vt sy lm cho m trong vt sy bay hi ri i theo tc nhn sy ra ngoi. Khng kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngc chiu hoc ct ngang dng

chuyn ng ca sn phm. Sy i lu c th thc hin theo m (gin on) hay lin tc. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy: + Nhit sy + m khng kh + Lu thng ca khng kh + dy ca lp sy. Giai oan sy: + Bt cng tc kim tra va m may. + Bt cng tc cho may sy hoat ng mt thi gian cho nhit khi sy n inh 100oC. + Cai t ch va thi gian lam vic cho may. + Cho mu vao va theo doi s giam khi lng mu trong may sy theo thi gian cho n khi khi lng mu thay i khng ang k. + Khi qua trinh sy kt thuc, ngt in cho may ngng hoat ng, m ca bung sy lam ngui khay sy. 3.4.7. ng gi v bo qun thnh phm Sau khi sy xong, cn tin hnh phn loi loi b nhng c th khng t cht lng (do chy hoc cha t m yu cu). Loi kh tt c chung vo khay hoc chu ln iu ho m. Sau qut cho ngui hn ri mi ng gi trnh hin tng m hi. Ty tng mt hng, thi gian bo qun v i tng s dng m c quy cch ng gi khc nhau. Ngoi ra, iu kin vn chuyn v bo qun sn phm cng c ngha quan trng trong vic la chn bao b. Dng vt liu thng dng bo v rau qu kh l giy cctng v cht do (PE, PVC, xenlophan). Bao giy v hp cctng c c tnh nh, r, c th ti sinh, nhng thm hi thm kh, khng u di tc dng ca nc v c hc. Bao ti cht do c c tnh trong sut, n hi, d dng kn bng nhit, chi ph thp nhng c mt s b thm nc, thm kh (PE), chu nht km (PVC, PET). Bao ti cht do dng bo qun hoa qu kh c th ch gm mt mng cht do hoc kt hp nhiu mng. 3.5. C s l thuyt cho vic tnh ton. 3.5.1. Tnh ton cc thng s ca vt liu *Cn bng vt cht ca my sy: G1: khi lng sn phm trc khi sy.(kg/h) G2 : Khi lng sn phm sau khi sy. W: Khi lng m ca sn phm sy (kg/h). 1 : m vt liu trc khi sy (%) 2 : m vt liu sau khi sy (%) - Phng trnh cn bng chung: G1 = G2 + W - Lng vt kh tuyt i: Gk = G1.(100 - 1)/100 = G2.(100 2)/100 => G1 = G2.(100 2)/ (100 - 1) G2 = G1.(100 1)/ (100 2) - Lng m bay hi:

W = G2.(1-2 )/(100-1 ) (kg/h) - m vt liu sy : =( G1 - G2 ).100%/ G1 - Vn tc sy : l gim m ca vt liu sy d sau mt khong thi gian v cng b.(h-1) V = d/ dt * th sy L ng biu din quan h m ca vt liu sy theo thi gian, c biu din bng thc nghim. * th th hin vn tc sy. L ng biu din gim m ca vt liu trong khong thi gian v cng b. Qu trnh sy n m khng i thng tri qua 3 giai on sau. - Giai on hm nng: giai on ny, bay hi khng nhiu do hm m thay i rt chm v ch xy ra trong thi gian ngn. - Giai oan sy ng tc: trong giai on ny m trong vt liu cn rt nhiu nn c th xem m bc hi t mt thong vi hm m t vt liu thay i tuyn tnh theo thi gian, hay tc sy khng i nn gi l sy ng tc. - Giai oan sy gim tc: trong giai on ny tc sy cng gim n khi vt liu t cn bng th vn tc sy bng khng,qu trnh sy kt thc. 3.5.2.Bng s liu thu c t c s tnh ton trn Sau thi gian sy(h) 0h 1h 2h 3h 4h Khi lng vt liu sy(gam) 160 50 30 20 20 Khi lng m bay hi (gam) 0 110 130 140 140 Vn tc sy (h-1) 0 56,25 12,5 6,25 0 Nhit sy 100oC 100oC 100oC 100oC 100oC m ca vt liu sy (%) 87,5 31,25 18,75 12,5 12,5

 th th hin m vt liu sy (%)

100 90 80 70 m 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0h 1h 2h thi gian (h) 3h 4h m vt liu sy (%)

Hnh1. th th hin qu trnh sy c rt.

Hnh 2 . th th hin vn tc sy c rt.

Hnh nh c rt trc khi x l

Hnh nh c rt sau khi ct lt mng 2mm

Hnh nh c rt trong qu trnh chn bng nc si.

Hnh nh c rt sau khi chn , hong kh t nhin cho bay hi lp nc trn b mt.

Hnh nh c rt trc khi em vo sy.

Hnh nh sau khi kt thc qu trnh sy, c rt ng gi chn khng c bao gi bng thit b 3.6. Tng hp v nhn xt. 3.6.1. th. T th trn ta nhn thy qu trnh sy chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t ( m khng kh ra vo bung sy,thi gian ,nhit sy, mi trng,..) v th mun thit lp 2 th ny phi kt hp gia l thuyt v gii tch qua trnh sy. Vic lp th cho qu trnh sy v tc sy cho php ta nhn bit khi no dng qu trnh sy, khi no m cn s ph hp theo yu cu hay c th tnh c khi lng ca sn phm sy khi bit c m. 3.6.2. Mu sc sn phm, co sn phm, mi v sn phm. T nhng kt qu quan st thc t ca qu trnh sy v nhng hnh nh thu c ta thy cu trc, mu sc,kch thc ca vt liu sy ban u c s thay i khng ging ban u: Hnh thi: t vt liu kch thc b dy 2mm,vt liu tr nn bin dng b mt cng nh kch thc .Nhng bin i c hc bao gm s bin dng, nt, cong queo, bin i co li v khng c kch thc xc nh do nh hng ca nhit , m, tc sy theo tng giai on nht nh. Mu sc: t mu sc vng chuyn chuyn sang mu nu di tc dng ca nhit sy. Nhng bin i ha sinh trong qu trnh sy l nhng phn ng to thnh melanoidin, caramen, nhng phn ng xy ha v polime ha cc hp cht polifenol, phn hy vitamin v bin i cht mu Mi v: c rt sau qu trnh sy c mi thm ca ng do trong c rt c mt s loi ng glucoso, fructoso V. Kt lun Carot l thc phm rt quan trng giu gi tr dinh dng v nhiu cng dng. tuy nhin lng carot ti cung cp ra th trng l khng . V vy carot cn phi c bo qun s dung lu di, phng php sy l phng php c s dng nhiu. Sau khi sy kh carot c th bo qun trong mt khong thi gian. Trong qu trnh sy xy ra mt s bin i ha sinh, ha l, cu trc c hc v cc bin i bt li khc lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.V vy vic thc hin cc quy trnh sy c rt phi m bo tun th ng yu cu v nhit , thi gian sy ph hp cht lng sn phm l tt nht.

IV. Ti liu tham kho 1.hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdongy/C/CaRot.htm&key=&char=C 2.http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ca-rot-la-mot-trong-nhung-loai-rau-rat-quy.429286.html 3.http://luanvan.co/luan-van/do-an-qua-trinh-thiet-bi-say-ca-rot-bang-bang-tai-3086/ 4.http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ba-o-ca-o-thu-c-ta-p-cong-nghe-sa-y-ca-ro-t.1141651.html

BAI 2. EP DA
I. T VN Vi s pht trin kinh t ca nc ta, cht lng cuc sng ca ngi dn ngy cng tng. Do , trong khu phn n hng ngy, ngoi ngun dinh dng c bn l tinh bt, protein, lipid con ngi cn quan tm n nhng cht vi lng cn thit cho c th nh vitamin, cht khong c mt c th pht trin kho v mnh, chng ta cn c cung cp mt lng vitamin, cht khong cn thit. Mt khc nhu cu th trng v sn phm rau qu qua ch bin ngy cng tng. Trn th trng ung, sn phm nc gii kht c gas t t nhng ch cho cc loi nc p tri cy. Nc ung ch bin t tri da tt cho sc khe, l loi nc gii kht rt thch hp vi kh hu nhit i nc ta. Da l ngun nguyn liu tt cho sc khe, nhiu thnh phn dinh dng, cung cp nhiu nng lng. nhiu nc, ngi ta dng tri chanh dy ch bin thnh nhiu th bnh ngt khc nhau, kt hp hoc khng kt hp vi cc loi tri cy khc lm kem, yaourt Cn nc ta, da thng dng di dng nc gii kht, trong nhng nm li y nhiu loi sn phm chit xut t tri da ra i phc v nhu cu tiu th trong nc v xut khu. Sn phm nc da p cng c tin hnh sn xut nhiu nc trn th gii. Bn cnh kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng cho c th, sn phm ny cn mang li tnh tin li trong s dng, tit kim nhiu thi gian vi gi c thch hp. iu ny p ng nhu cu ca con ngi trong cuc sng hin nay, khi m qu thi gian hn hp. II. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU 1.c im sinh thi ca cy da Tri Da l mt loi tri cy nhit i tn khoa hc l Ananas comosus, thuc h tm gi Bromeliaceae, rt c a chung phng Ty, v cng vi xoi, da c mnh danh l vua hoa tri. Da c nhng c tnh ca mt loi tri ngon theo tiu chun

ca ngi phng Ty, mi da mnh, hp dn, ngt cao v lun i i vi mt chua. Ngun gc cy da l t Nam M, trong khu vc t gic gm vng pha Nam Brazil v Bc Argentina, Paragoay, ni ngi da bn x tuyn chn v trng trt da lu i. Ngy nay, da c trng ph bin tt c cc nc nhit i v mt s nc nhit i c ma ng m, tp trung nht l Hawai (33% sn lng th gii), Thi Lan (16%), Braxin (10%), v Mehico (9%). min Bc Vit Nam, da c nhiu Vnh Ph, H Bc, Tuyn Quang, Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Thanh Ha v Ngh An. Cy c thn ngn. L mc thnh hoa th, cng, di, mp c rng nh gai nhn (khm) c khi rt t (thm). Khi cy trng thnh, th t chm l mc ra mt thn di 20 -40 cm, mang 1 bng hoa, tn cng bng mt chm l bc mu tm, cc hoa ny dnh nhau. Khi hnh thnh qu th cc bc mng nc t hp vi trc ca bng hoa thnh mt qu mng kp c mu vng hay mu gch tm, cc qu tht th nm trong cc mt da. 2. Phn loi: Da c th chia thnh 3 ging: - Nhm Hong Hu (Queen): Qu tng i nh, mt li, chu vn chuyn, tht qu vng m, giu hng thm, v chua ngt m . Da hoa, da ty, da Victoria thuc loi nhm ny.Loi ny c trng nhiu nht trong 3 nhm Vit Nam. - Nhm Cayenne: Qu ln nht, mt phng v nng, tht qu km vng v nhiu nc, t ngt, km thm hn da Queen. Da c Bnh, da ty thuc loi ny. Do c tnh mt nng, ph hp vi ch bin cng nghip (d dng loi mt ng lot vi hiu sut thu hi cao) nn loi Cayenne c trng hu ht cc vng ln trn th gii (Thi Lan, Hawai, Philippine). - Nhm Ty Ban Nha (Spanish): tri ln hn da Queen, mt su, tht qu vng nht, c ch trng, v chua, t thm nhng nhiu nc hn da hoa. Da ta, da mt, thm thuc loi ny. 3. Tnh hnh sn xut da ti trong v ngoi nc: 3.1.Th gii: Nm 2007, sn xut da ca th gii t 18,9 triu tn (theo FAOSTAT 2009). So vi nm 2002, sn lng tng 19%.Thi Lan, Philippines v Indonesia l nhng nc sn xut chnh mt hng da ch bin (nh nc p da v da ng hp) cho th trng xut khu.Mt th trng xut khu thng bao gm 80% da ng hp v nc p v 20% mt hng da ti.n v Trung Quc l nhng nh xut khu ln nhng nhng nc ny c th trng ni a ln v khng cung cp nhiu hng cho xut khu. Nc xut khu ln nht mt hng da ti l Costa Rica vi 47% th phn xut khu ca c th gii. Nhng nc xut khu ln nht mt hng da ti l Philippines, b bin Ng, Ecuador, Panama, Ghana v Honduras. 3.2. Trong nc: - Da Cayenne v Queen trn cc vng min: + Trong thi gian va qua, da l mt trong 3 loi cy n qu ch o c khuyn khch u t pht trin nhm phc v xut khu. Cc ging c s dng chnh bao gm ging Queen v Cayene, nhm da Queen c trng ph bin, d thch nghi vi kh hu, t ai vng phn mn BSCL, chu hn v t ngho dinh dng vng i ni min Trung.

+ Nhm da Cayenne: Ging ny pht trin tt trn t c pH trung tnh, d t nng sut cao cn c bin php u t chm sc ng k thut. Ging Cayenne l loi cho nng sut cao, thch hp ch bin (nc qu c c, nc da t nhin..).Nu Vit Nam s dng ging da Cayenne, ci tin cng ngh, qun l th kh nng cnh tranh c vi Thi Lan v cng s dng mt ging da nh nhau. + Cc a phng c din tch da tp trung ln nht c nc l Tin Giang, Kin Giang min Nam, Thanh Ho,Ngh An Bc Trung B,Ninh Bnh min Bc, Qung Nam duyen hi Nam Trung B. Trong , nm 2005, sn lng da Kin Giang c xu hng gim,mc d din tch trng da tng.Do , theo B NN&PTNT, nm 2005, Tin Giang vt ln l tnh c sn lng da ln nht trong c nc (121nghn tn da ti), sau l Kin Giang (75 nghn tn da ti) v Ngh An (39000 tn). 4.Thnh phn dinh dng, ho hc ca da - Da c khong 72-88% nc, 8-18.5% ng, 0.3-0.8% acid, 0.25-0.5% protein, khong 0.25% mui khong. ng trong da ch yu l saccarose (70%), cn li l glucose. Acid ch yu l acid citric (65%), cn li l acid malic (20%) acid tatric (10%) acid succinic (3%). - c bit trong da c bromelin. Bromelin l mt enzyme thu phn protein c nhiu dc tnh qu, cha trong ton b cy da nhng phn b nhiu nht l trong li trng (gp 8 n 20 ln trong nc da) sau n v da. Da ty cha nhiu bromelin hn da ta. - Qu da c vitamin 15-55mg%, vitamin A 0.06mg%, vitamin B1 0.09mg%, vitamin B2 0.04 mg% Thnh phn ho hc trong da, cng nh nhng loi hoa qu khc, thay i theo ging, chn, thi v, a dim v iu kin trng trt. II.MC CH ,YU CU. 1. Mc ch. - Bit c c im hnh thi cng nh thnh phn ho hc cng nh cng dng ca da. - Tm hiu quy trnh p da v thit b p da. - Tm hiu v cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca my p da. - c quan st thc t vic p da theo quy m cng nghip . - Quan st v thc hnh p da bng my p chuyn dng . 2. Yu cu. - Nm c quy trnh vic p da - Nm c cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca my p da - Bit c phng php tnh ton lng sn phm to thnh v hiu sut ca qu trnh p III.TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP P. 1. Bn cht ca qu trnh p. Qu trnh p l tch dch bo ra khi nguyn liu. Lng dch dch bo tch ra nhiu hay t ph thuc vo phm cht nguyn liu, s ct nh trc khi p, cu to, chiu dy, v chc ca lp nguyn liu p. 2. Cc loai thit b p.

2.1. My p gi trc vt. p sut p to ra do s chuyn ng ca trc vt. Nguyn liu c xp vo gi p (lm bng gep hay bng thpc l) coa 0,6-1m. p sut nguyn liu p t gn 4.105 N/m2. My ny ch to n gin d s dng nhng lao ng nng nhc, hiu sut p thng thp ch t 40-50%do p sut p thp v lp nguyn liu dy. 2.2. My p thu lc. Khc vi my p trc vt, p sut p c to ra do s lm vic bm thu lc. Nguyn liu p c gi trong cc loi vi chc, chiu dy mi gi 5-10cm. Cc gi nguyn liu c xp chng ln nhau, xen gia chng l cc bn p bng g. u tin nguyn liu c p vi p lc 4,90-5,9.106 N/m2 (50-60at) ri tng ln dn 1,96-2,45.107 N/m2 (200260at). Khi p sut trn nguyn liu l 8,8-11,7.105 N/m2 (9-12at) do vy hiu sut p cao, thng t 55-65%. 2.3. My p trc xon. L loi my p lin tc, lc p sinh ra do s chuyn ng ca vt xon v khong cch bc vt nh dn v pha cui. Hiu sut my p ny cao ,thng t 83-85%. Nhng n c nhc im l do s ch xt vi nguyn liu nhiu nn nc p c ln nhiu cc phn t l lng. 2.4. My p kh nn. p lc ca my ny c to ra do bm nn kh lm vic Cu to ca my gm c thng c l hnh tr v sm cao s pha trong. Nguyn liu c xp vo khong cch gia thng v sm. Bm nn kh lm vic sm cng dn ra p cht nguyn liu v pha thnh thng v nc p c tch ra. p lc p ca loi my ny ph thuc vo p lc bm nn kh Loi my ny va chm vi nguyn liu t nn cc phn t trong nc p t,v vy loi my p ny hay dng trong sn xut nc qu cc loi qu thuc h xitrus, v p nh vy s han ch c cc cht ng tan vo nc p. 3. Loi my p c s dng l: My p trc xon Cu to my p trc xon Thit b dng trong sn xut nc da p l thit b p nc qu. Cng sut : 3 tn/h Chy in 3 pha mc hnh sao ng c: 4,5kW Trc quay c gi trn 7 gi , quay nh ai v buli. gn ca np liu th trc tha, gn ca tho liu th trc mau. Trong khi p phi kim tra b p, nu b qu t tc l cn nhiu tht qu, nu b qu kh tc l cn phn x ln theo nc p. C th iu chnh my p m bo nng sut, hiu sut p v cht lng nc p bng cch iu chnh khe h. Nu b kh qu th tng khong cch khe h, b t qu th gim khong cch khe h. 4. S quy trnh. Nguyn liu la chn v phn loi B hoa, ct cung, ct u Gt v Khut mt Ct li Ra Ct nh da p Sn phm. 5. Thuyt minh quy trnh. Chn 3 qu da ti tt, khng dp qu, khng chn qu, chn na qu tr ln, khng su bnh v khng khuyt tt.

5.1. La chon v phn loi. Mc ch: Chn v phn loi da tho chn v loi b nhng qu b h hng qu mc trc khi a vo sn xut l rt cn thit v n to iu kin cho sn xut d dng hn, cht lng sn phm c tt v n nh hn Cch thc hin: th cng 5.2. B hoa, ct cung, ct u. Mc ch: Loi b phn u v cung thun li cho qu trnh gt v v t li, loi b phn khng n c, h, thi, v trnh lm bm dp da. Cch thc hin: + B hoa: t l hoa cung chim tu thuc vo tng loi da thng thng t l chim 1126% trng lng qu. + Cht hai u: dng dao sc ct hai u da, mi u ct khong 1-1.5cm, ch l trnh da b dp v lm nhim bn mt ct 5.3. Gt v. - Mc ch:Nhm loi b phn v xanh ca qu, chun b cho cc qu trnh p tip theo. - Cch thc hin:Gt s b,gt ht lp v xanh bn ngoi ng thi loi b phn h thi khng nh hng n cht lng sn phn. Yu cu: da gt song khng c st v xanh v gt u n khng dp tht qu. 5.4. Khut mt. - Mc ch: Mt da c mu en l phn khng c gi tr dinh dng s lm nh hng nhiu n gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. Cng on ny cng ct b nhng phn dp ng cn st li .- Cch thc hin: V a s da nh, mt su nu gt v ht mt th ph liu nhiu v v t nn ch gt ht v v khut mt sau. Dng dao sc ct mt da, ng ct mt phi tun theo hnh xon c mt rnh, nhng vt ct phi nhn khng gn trong li. - Yu cu: Vt ct khng c qu su, ng ni gia cc mt khng b v, qu da khng b chy nc, dp v khng cn vt en. 5.5. Ct li. - Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo - Cch thc hin: dng dao sc ct. Khi ct phi ct ht li khng c xt li v mt tht da 5.6. Ra. - Mc ch: y l giai on khng th thiu trong sn xut nhm loi b bi bn, tp cht v mt phn vi sinh vt trn nguyn liu - Cch thc hin: nc dng ra phi dng nc trong ch bin thc phm, m bo v sinh theo quy nh: nc phi trong, khng mu, khnh mi v l.Ra xi di vi nc 5.7. Ct nh nguyn liu. - Mc ch: nhm s thun li cho qu trnh p v t hiu sut p cao - Cch lm: dng dao ct thnh tng ming nh, di khong 4-5cm 5.8. p.

- Mc ch: tch ti a dch bo ra khi nguyn liu - Hiu sut p ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: phm cht nguyn liu, cu to, chc ca nguyn liu v p sut p 5.9. Sn phm. - Sn phm nc da p song c nhng c trung sau + Mu: vng ti + Mi, v: c trng, khng ln mi v l + Trang thi: c phn t tht qu l lng

IV. KT QU. 1.X l s liu. - Khi lng ban u: 4 kg - Khi lng nguyn liu sau khi gt v, b mt, li: 2.2 kg - Khi lng dch p : 1,4kg Nh vy khi lng b l : 2.2 1,4 = 0.8 (kg) Hiu sut ca c qu trnh: H= (1.4/4)*100 = 35 % Qua cc giai on, ta thy c s hao ht khi lng ca nguyn liu: m0 m1 * 100% M= m0 Trong : m0 : Khi lng nguyn liu trc khi x l m1: Khi lng nguyn liu sau khi x l Khi lng (kg) Nguyn liu ban u Khi lng sau khi b v,li Khi lng dch p 4 2.2 1.4 45 36.4 st gim khi lng (%)

2. Nhn xt: Sau khi p xong, b khng qu t cng khng qu kh. Dch nc p thu c c mu vng ti hp dn, mi v: c v ngt, thm ngon c trng ca da. Thnh phm c bo qun lnh, trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh sng hoc nhit cao. Nc da p cng vi gi tr dinh dng ca n l th gii kht rt tt cho ma h ang n ny

My p nc

Trc p

Gt v, ct mt v li

Ct ming nh: Ct nh da a vo my p d dng hn. Ph ph phm sau khi s ch

Da sau khi ct nh Cho nguyn liu vo my p: Khi ng my v p, thu c b cho p 3 ln thu c dch nc p nhiu nht.

B p

V.TI LIU THAM KHO 1: TS. Nguyn Xun Phng TSKH. Nguyn Vn Thoa, C s l thuyt v k thut sn xut thc phm, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2006 2: http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/same/entry_id/8170401 3: http://luanvan.co/luan-van/thiet-ke-phan-xuong-san-xuat-nuoc-dua-ep-trong-nangsuat-2-trieu-lit-nam-2852/

BA 3. KHOAI TY CHIN
I. Tng quan v khoai ty. 1.Ngun gc lch s: Cy khoai ty tn khoa hc l Solanum tuberosum L. thuc h Solanaceae, Ngun gc t vng ni Andes ca Bolivia v Peru cch y hn 7000 nm. 1541, ngi Ty Ban Nha tnh c pht hin ra nhng iu th v v cy khoai ty-m theo cch gi ca th dn l cy pap-pa. Sau , n c em trng nhiu ni v nhanh chng tr thnh mt cy lng thc ch o nh nhng u im ca n. Khoai ty l loi cy nng nghip ngn ngy, trng ly c cha tinh bt, loi cy trng ly c rng ri nht th gii, v l loi cy trng ph bin th 4 v mt sn lng ti xp sau la, la m v ng. Nm 1890, mt ngi Php l Gim c Vn bch tho H Ni em ht khoai ty trng th nc ta. Do khoai ty d trng, c n ngon, n mau chng c trng nhiu a phng. Khoai ty do ngi Php mang n v ph bin cch trng nn nhn dn ta gi loi c l khoai ty. Hin nay, Vit Nam khoai ty c trng ch yu ng bng sng Hng, LtLm ng v mt vi tnh thnh khc. 2.c im sinh hc: i sng ca cy khoai ty c th chia thnh 4 thi k: ng, ny mm, hnh thnh cy v thn c pht trin. R khoai ty phn b ch yu tng t su 30cm.Thn cy khoai ty l loi thn b, c ging c thn ng. Thn di 50-60cm. Trn thn c th mc cc nhnh.L kp gm 1 s i l cht, thng l 3-4 i.Hoa mu trng, pht tm, c 5-7 cnh hoa lng tnh, t th phn.Qu khoai ty trn hoc hi dt, nh, mu xanh nht hay tm. Trong qu cha ht nh. Ht mu vng nht, trong ht c nhiu du.Cy con sau khi mc khi mt t 7-10 ngy th trn cc t on thn nm trong t xut hin nhng nhnh con. l ngng on thn a sinh. Cc thn a sinh ny pht trin c dn v tp trung u mt, y thn phnh to dn ln v pht trin thnh c. Trn thn c c nhiu mt. 3.Dinh dng: Khoai ty c cha cc vitamin, khong cht v phn loi ca cht phytichemical nh carotenoids v phenol t nhin. Chlorogenic axt cu thnh n 90% ca phenol trong khoai ty. Di y l bng thnh phn dinh dng ca khoai ty: Thnh phn Protein 2% Lipit Gluxit 21% Nc 75% Xenlulozo 1% Ca 10mg P 50mg Fe 1.2mg Vitamin C 20mg

K Mg Tro

421mg 23mg 0.8-1.6%

4.Phn b, sn lng. Hin nay khoai ty c mt trn 100 quc gia, l cy trng ng th 3 trn th gii vi sn lng v din tch khng ngng gia tng. Trong , Trung Quc v n l 2 quc gia c sn lng khoai ty cao nht th gii. Ni Din tch (triu ha) Nng sut (tn/ha) Sn lng (triu tn) trng 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 Th 18.78 19.61 20.02 15.9 15.3 16.4 299.76 299.55 328.36 gii 8 3 8 8 6 1 Chu 0.887 1.005 1.120 11.6 11.0 10.9 10.269 11.088 12.220 Phi Bc-T 0.814 0.799 0.807 34.2 35.3 37.5 27.870 28.199 30.273 M Nam 1.005 1.001 0.955 13.7 14.1 14.3 13.768 14.257 13.693 M Chu 6.920 7.590 7.945 15.6 14.4 15.2 108.25 109.22 120.70 3 4 9 Chu 0.057 0.053 0.054 32.8 34.1 33.5 1.874 1.830 1.703 i Dn g Chu 9.104 9.153 6.146 15.1 14.7 15.3 137.79 134.95 149.76 u 6 8 3 Vit 31.04 25.23 28.00 10.6 10.8 11.2 331.94 273.28 316.00 Nam 3 2 0 9 3 7 2 8 0 Bng din tch, phn b v sn lng khoai ty trn th gii v Vit Nam 5.Tc dng ca khoai ty. Dng lm nguyn liu, nhin liu cho cc ngnh sn xut v ch bin thc phm. Ngun b sung mui khong cho c th.C kh nng ngn nga qu trnh lo ha, hn ch s pht trin ca ung th v mt s bnh khc.Nc p c khoai ty ti c tc dng trung ha axit cao trong d dy, kch thch tiu ha v cha vim tuyn dch v. Gip tng cng h thng min dch II. Mc ch, yu cu. 1.Mc ch. - Tm hiu v ngun gc, c im, dinh dng, phn b, cng dng ca khoai ty. - Tm hiu v phng php chin. - Nhn bit v hiu v quy trnh lm khoai ty chin 2.Yu cu. - Nm r quy trnh lm khoai ty chin, hiu r v thit b chin v bit cch s dng, vn hnh my. - a ra nh gi, kt lun v sn phm khoai ty chin.

III.Tng quan v phng php chin. 1.Bn cht ca qu trnh chin Chin l qu trnh gia nhit m du hoc m va l cht ti nhit va l thnh phn ca sn phm cui cng. 2.Mc ch ca qu trnh chin - Lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm: gim lng m ca sn phm ng thi tng hm lng cht kh v du m cho sn phm. - Lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm: sn phm sau khi chin c mu sc p, sn chc, dn, c mi thm d chu. - Tiu dit cc enzim v vi sinh vt trong sn phm, v chin c thc hin nhit cao t 120- 170C nn chng b tiu dit hon ton. 3.Nhng bin i ca nguyn liu trong qu trnh chin. - i vi rau qu: + Protid trong rau qu b bin tnh ngay nhit 60- 65C nn mt kh nng gi m. + Di tc dng ca nhit cao gy tn tht cht kh v vitamin. + V bin i ha hc: ng trong nguyn liu b caramen ha lm cho sn phm c mu vng nu. Protopectin chuyn thnh pectin ha tan clorofin chuyn thnh fiofitin lm cho nguyn liu c mu vng. - i vi tht c: + Protid b bin tnh t nhit 60- 65C v n 90- 95C th n bin tnh hon ton lm mt kh nng gi nc lm tht c co li. + Phn ng caramen ha xy ra mnh c bit l tht c c tm bt trc khi chin lm cho sn phm c mu vng. 4.Nhng bn i ca du trong qu trnh chin 4.1. Bin i l hc. Du b thy phn lm cho ch s axit ca du tng. Glyxerin l sn phm thy phn ca du b oxy ha to thnh acrolein l cht c i vi c th ngi, v vy phi lm thot kh tt l chin. S bin i ca du nh hng ln n cht lng sn phm v vy khi du chin vt qu ch tiu cho php cn phi thay du trong cc thit b chin. Yu cu ca du chin: c mi c trng ca du, khng c mi i, kht, mu sc sang, khng c cn, m v cc cht bay hi 0,3%. axit trc khi chin 0,20,4%, trong khi chin m bo teong khong 13%, khi vt ln 4% th phi thay du. 4.2 V k thut chin , ty theo loi nguyn liu m ngi ta khng ch v nhit v thi gian chin khc nhau. i vi rau qu: giai on u 1200C v giai on cui 1250- 1400C. i vi tht c: giai on u 1500- 1600C, giai on cui 1600- 1700C Thi gian chin ph thuc vo nhit chin, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nguyn liu thi gian chin t 5- 20 pht. Cc giai on chin Giai on 1: t( vt liu) < t(du) : Du thm co, cha bin i hnh dng Giai on 2: Thay i cu trc, th tch tng,du thm mnh, th tch t bo gim nhng th tch khong trng t bo tng vo cui giai on. Giai on 3: Bay hi nc o t, sn phm teo li, cc t chc t bo b phn hy, du thm nhiu hn.

5 Quy trnh chin khoai ty. 5.1.Vt liu. Nguyn liu: 1kg khoai ty, bt chin gin, ht nm, du thc vt. Dng c: Cn Nhn ha, cn phn tch, dao, tht, r,... 5.2.Phng php Chin khoai ty bng my chin du chn khng nhit cao, nguyn liu t b bin i v hn ch c s oxy ha du trong khng kh. My chin chn khng: Thit b thng chin ( kch thc: 900I, 550W,1600H) Cylinder nng, h lng chin H thng gii nhit ngng t Thng cha lc du chin (dung tch 6l) Thng cha nc ngng Bm chn khng Thp gii nhit nc Thng cha nc tun hon (van cp nc, ca thot nc) Bm nc tun hon gii nhit Lp cch nhit Gi ng sn phm chin

My ly tm du: Khung dn chn my Thng ly tm Thng bao ngoi my Mt quay

c tnh k thut: Thit b c ch to bng inox, hp v sinh thc phm Thit b chin loi b c nc trong nguyn liu (nng sn) kh Do qu trnh lm vic nhit < 100C v p sut chn khng nn sn phm sau khi chin s gi c mu, mi, v nguyn thy nh lc ban u. H thng kim sot v cp hi hon ton t ng v iu khin theo nhit ci t cho tng loi sn phm. 5.3.Qui trnh sn xut khoai ty chin. Khoai ty -> ra, gt v, ct mt ->to hnh -> chn -> chin -> chit du -> sn phm.

Nguyn liu: chn khoai ty c t mt, sng mu, khng b su bnh, khng mc mm. Sau ra sch khoai ty loi b cht bn, loi b mt, gt v. Cho nguyn liu vo my, khoai ty s c ct thnh nhng lt nh c dy khong 2mm Khoai ty c chn qua nc nng (qu trnh ny nhm loi b lng ng c trong khoai ty) v c lm kh trong khong 1 pht hn ch m qu mc cho php Cho bt chin gin vo nhng ming khoai ty v thc hin qu trnh chin bng du thc vt. Tip theo l qu trnh chit du loi b lng du tha. Cui cng l thm gia v vo nhng lt khoai ty chin v ta c sn phm hon chnh. 5.4.Kt qu v kt lun. T 1kg khoai ty, gt v cn 0,88kg, sau khi chin c 0,34kg Yu cu v sn phm: khoai ty sau khi chin c mu vng ti, gin, mi v c trng. Ch : trong qu trnh chin du b i mu dn n sn phm chin c mu sc km vng ti. Nn hn ch vic dng du chin i chin li nhiu ln cho sn phm t cht lng tt nht. IV.TI LIU THAM KHO http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoai_t%C3%A2y http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show?entry_id=250040 http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/same/entry_id/8385147 http://mktech.com.vn/may-chien-chan-khong

BI 4. QUY TRNH SN XUT NUI

I.TNG QUAN V SN PHM 1. Khi nim - Nui c coi l mt sn phm ca m si,c dng ng(hay cc hnh dng phc tp). - M si l mt khi bt nho c nh hnh theo mt khun mu cho trc v c lm ch yu t bt m v nc.Mt s loi c b sung thm mt s thnh phn khc lm tng cht lng v thnh phn dinh dng ca m si. 2. Phn loi Theo hng ca bt m: - Hng c bit - Hng tt - Hng th nht. Theo hnh dng ca sn phm: - M thanh - M si - M hoa. Theo k thut ch bin: - M si p n - M si cun ct - M si cn ct. II. MC CH , YU CU. 1.Mc ch - Tm hiu v sn phm nui v cc quy trnh cng ngh to ra nui - Bit c cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc my mc sn xut nui - Bit c cc thng s k thut, thnh phn v t l pha trn ca nguyn liu 2.Yu cu - Chun b nguyn liu y , ng yu cu - Tin hnh cc thao tc s ch nguyn liu - Tm hiu nguyn tc s dng thit b, sau thc hin ng yu cu k thut to ra nui, ghi li cc cng thc cch tin hnh v cc hnh nh nh km cho mi cng on Sau khi to ra sn phm tin hnh nh gi cm quan v a ra kt lun III. THIT B 1.My trn bt m. Cu to: - Gm thng nho, phu nguyn liu, tm chn, cnh o, ca nguyn liu ra, np, trc quay, bulng. Nguyn l hot ng: - Ch yu hot ng l kiu gin on theo c ch trn ct l chnh, cng c th lm vic theo kiu lin tc. - Qu trnh trn nh chuyn ng ca trc cnh o,lm cho vt liu Trn ln vo nhau.My lm vic gin on,sau mi thi gian nht nh cn ra my. C th m np mt cch d dng nh cc bulng.

2.My n p

 Cu to: Cng sut hot ng 1,5KW chy trn dng in 3 pha.My ct c hiu in th 9V. Gm 2 rulo t song song v quay ngc chiu nhau. Khe h gia 2 rulo c iu chnh theo yu cu ca sn phm. Nguyn l hot ng: da trn nguyn l p n Bt nho sau khi trn c a iu vo thng cha sau a n my cn.Khi bt c p khi i qua khe h ca 2 rulo.

3.My sy.

Cu to: Gm: l sy, phn kt ni vi my tnh, phn i lu gi. L sy c cc tng sy (3 tng), c h thng le, c h thng si t in tr. L c cch nhit bng bng thu tinh c 2 lp v bc. Cng sut: 2.7 KW chy in mt pha. IV.QUY TRNH SN XUT 1.Chun b nguyn liu: Gm : bt m + trng + nc + mui Kim tra cht lng bt m,trng,mui x l nc chun b sn xut. 2.Lm sch nguyn liu: Loi b tp cht c kch thc khc nhau,ch yu l cc ht sn,bi,kim loi...

3.nh lng: Mi loi sn phm khc nhau lun c cng thc phi trn khc nhau.v th trong qu trnh sn xut cn nh lng: + Bt m: 1500g vi hm m 15% + Trng: 8 qu(trng g),b v,nh u. + Nc: tnh ton sao cho m ca khi bt sau khi nho khong 30- 32%(khong 250ml). + Mui: 20g. 4.Nho trn: to khi bt nho thch hp cho qu trnh to hnh tip theo. y l mt khu rt quan trng v n quyt nh tnh cht sn phm,to nh hng r rt ln khu tip theo trong quy trnh sn xut(to hnh,sy..) Nho trn s phn phi trng,nc vo bt m,to ra mt khi bt c ng nht. Cc bc tin hnh: + Ly mui va cn em ho trn vi nc chun b trc. + Ln lt bt m kh,trng,nc mui vo my trn. + Tin hnh trn cho n khi thu c khi bt ng nht. * Bt sau khi nho phi c do dai,nm nh khng b dnh tay,khng t,b mt n hi(dng nh m cao su) to c khung gluten tt. 5.p n: Qu trnh ny s to hnh dng v kch thc c trng cho nui theo nh yu cu. *Lu : Khi s dng my phi iu chnh my ch thch hp sao Cho nui c hnh dng v kch thc ng u nht. 6.Sy: Sau khi ro em sy nhit 85C Bo qun: sy n hm m bo qun,vi sinh vt kh pht trin gip bo quan sn phm lu hn.Nhit sy cng gip tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt. Hon thin: sy lm tng gin,gi c hnh dng sn phm,m bo mu sc, sng bng. *Lu : trong qu trnh sy phi kim sot nhit v thi gian sy: + Nu sy nhit thp s ko di thi gian sy,tn kinh ph. + Nu sy nhit qu cao s nh hng n mu sc ca sn phm. 7.Lm ngui: Chun b cho qu trnh ng gi v hon thin cu trc sn phm. 8.Phn loi v ng gi : y l khu hon thin sn phm,nui c cho vo ti ri mang i ht chn khng bo qun. V. NH GI KT QU * Yu cu chung ca sn phm: + Nui c mu vng trong,b mt mn mng,khng b nt v. + m bo qun nh hn 12.5%.

+ Khng c vi khun,nm men,nm mc gy c + khi nu: sn phm khng b thay i cu trc,c dai,khng nho hoc mm,b mt trn v nh sng.

VI. Kt lun V cm quan sn phm: +. Sn phm to ra c mi v ca trng +. C hnh dng ca nui rt p mt nhng vn cn b gy nt cha ng u +. chua t yu cu.

BI 5. SN XUT XC XCH.
I.Tng quan nguyn liu. 1.Ngui gc xut x: Xc xch l mt trong cc loi thc phm lu i nht. T 5000 nm trc Cng Nguyn, xc xch c v trn cc tranh nh xut x t Ai Cp, Syria, Trung Quc (c bit l mn lp xng). Tuy nhin vo th k th 8 trc cng nguyn nh th Homer nhc n xc xch trong Odyssey v cc cuc thi u xc xch ca ngi Hy Lp. Ngi can m nht s nhn phn thng l xc xch. Ngi La M cng chung xc xch. H khng n tng ci xc xch nng nh, m c con heo nng c nhi y xc xch trong bng. Ti c xc xch rt ni ting. Xc xch c nhc n vo th k 11 hoc 12. Vo thi im ngi ta bit n xc xch gan, xc xch nng. Vo thi Trung C xut hin cc l m gia sc, chuyn sn xut cho cc tim n v cch ch bin cng t t c ci tin v pht trin. Cng nh thi c i , trong thi gian ny h cng t chc cc cuc thi ua quanh xc xch. Cc cuc thi ua ny c t chc trong cc dp l, thng l thi xem ai c th ch c xc xch to v nng nht. Xc xch vo thi y c gi tr rt cao i vi con ngi. H thng ct v bo qun rt k trnh trm cp. V gi tr ca xc xch, nn ngi ta phi cho ra nhng qui lut r rng trong vic sn xut, nh sn xut nh th no, loi tht no c cho vo trong rut. 2.Phn loi. Thng thng xc xch c phn chia theo cch sn xut: loi luc, loi nu, loi sng.Xc xch luc c khong trn di 800 loi v l loi a dng nht. Trong bao gm cc loi xc xch tht, xc xch trng, xc xch dn. Nhn loi xc xch ny thng c xay rt mn, t tht heo, tht b, tht b. Loi xc xch nu c khong 350 loi. Loi ny c sn xut t cc loi nguyn liu c nu chn trc , ty theo loi c th thnh phn bao gm lng, huyt, da . Xc xch sng c khong 500 loi, gm tht heo sng, tht b sng, tht cu Tht c bo qun bng phng php hong khi, phi kh. Xc xch chin l mt dng ring bit trong cc loi xc xch. Cch sn xut tng t nh loi xc xch luc. Ngi ta lm t tht heo ti sng ri em chin hoc nng. II.Tng quan. 1. Thnh phn ,nguyn liu. 1.1 Thit heo: Tht v nhng sn phn ch bin t tht l mt trong nhng phn c bn trong khu phn thc n. l ngun quan trng cung cp lng ln protein v cc cht khong nh st (Fe), ng (Cu), magi (Mg), photpho (P)Ngoi ra tht cn cung cp nhiu vitamin nh: vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B6, PPv trong tht cha y cc acid amin khng thay th vi t l kh cn i. 1.2 M heo: M heo l ngun cung cp cht bo. Xc xch tit trng dng tt c cc loi m nh m lng, m i, m nngnhng khng dng m sa. M c tc dng lm tng dnh, bo, bng, lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm, gip tn dng ngun nguyn liu v lm gim gi thnh, tng hiu qu kinh t.

1.3. Da heo: Da heo c s dng trong ch bin xc xch nhm lm tng kh nng kt dnh, tng dai cho xc xch, ng thi lm gim gi thnh . 1.4 .Ph liu: 1.4.1. Protein u nnh: Protein u nnh l mt sn phm c ch bin bng cch trch ly protein t u nnh vi hm lng protein cao (>90%), cung cp cho cc nh ch bin cc sn phm tht. Protein u nnh c tnh nng ci thin cu trc hay to cu trc trong cc dng sn phm khc nhau (dng gel, nh tng...), c kh nng gi nc, lin kt cc thnh phn cht bo, protein...nhanh chng nn c a vo trc tip trong qu trnh to nh tng. to s cn bng gia ngun protein ng vt v protein thc vt, cng nh to cho sn phm xc xch tit trng c gi tr dinh dng cao, th vic b sung protein u nnh l thch hp v n c gi thnh r v c cc tnh nng cng ngh u vit khc. 1.4.2. Tinh bt: Trong ch bin cc sn phm t, tht tinh bt thng dng l tinh bt bp. Tinh bt to ra c, do, dai, dnh, xp, trongTrong sn xut xc xch, tinh bt s lin kt vi gel protein lm cho xc xch c n hi c trng. 1.5 . Gia v. 1.5.1. Mui tinh (NaCl): Mui c dng to v mn lm tng gi tr cm quan cho xc xch, lm tng kh nng kt dnh ca actin v myosin. Ngoi ra mui cn c tnh st khun nh, gp phn lm gim s pht tin vi sinh vt gy hi. 1.5.2. Bt ngt: (mono sodium glutamate). Bt ngt c vai tr quan trng trong ch bin thc phm, to ra v ngt ging nh tht. Do n c s dng lm tng v ngt cho xc xch. Liu lng ti a l 10g/1kg nguyn liu . 1.5.3. ng: ng c tc dng to v ngt cho sn phm, lm du v mui, lm mm tht. Ngoi ra ng cn l cht ph gia lm gim hot tnh ca nc. ng cn kt hp vi mui lm tng p sut thm thu, km hm hot ng ca mt s vi sinh vt khi bo qun. ng c kh nng lin kt vi nc bng lin kt hydro, bin nc t do thnh nc lin kt gp phn lm gim hot tnh ca nc, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. 1.5.4 Bt tiu: Bt tiu c s dng trong ch bin xc xch to vi cay nng, mi thm lm tng tnh cm quan. 1.5.5.Vitamin C: Vitamin C gip chng oxy ha tht trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun. N phn ng vi O2, ngn O2 tip xc phn ng vi cc thnh phn ca tht, vi nitrite nn gip nh mu cho sn phm, tng nhanh kh nng to mu cho sn phm.

Vitamin C lm gim lng nitrite d (nu c), ngn cn s to thnh nitrosamine, lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. N l loi vitamin rt cn thit i vi c th con ngi. Vitamin C chim ly O2 trong khng kh, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun hiu kh. 1.6.T l phi trn nguyn liu. Tn nguyn liu Nc heo M heo xay nhuyn Da heo xay nhuyn Protein u nnh Tinh bt Vitamin C % khi lng 35,63 22,68 19,44 1,94 1,30 0,10 Tn nguyn liu Mui Ti Tiu Bt ngt Gng % khi lng 1,68 0,13 0,29 0,10 0,06

2. Quy trnh ch bin xc xch

Nguyn liu

Treo ln gin

Xay th

Ti nc nng

Trn gia v

Lm lnh

Nghin mn

Tho v bc

Trn To hnh

Bao gi

Xc xch ti

2.1. Cp ng. Giai on cp ng: Nguyn liu u thng khng s dng lin m thng a vo cp ng, tr ng ri sau mi a vo ch bin. Mc ch: Bo qun ngun nguyn liu, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, c ch cc hot ng sinh ho, gip cho qu trnh bo qun tht c lu, gip cho vic sn xut din ra lin tc, n nh ngun nguyn liu 2.2. R ng. Qu trnh r ng nhm mc ch chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo: nng cao nhit ca tht n nhit theo yu cu trong qu trnh ch bin xc xch tit trng. Tht khi tr ng thng c nhit tm t -20 -180C. Lc ny tht ng li thnh mt khi rt cng nn kh khn khi a vo my xay v thc hin qu trnh xay. 2.3. Ra. Nguyn liu khi r ng thng c lp mng nhn bao ph bn ngoi, khi gp iu kin thch hp vi khun s pht trin mnh. V th ta phi ra v lm sch nguyn liu loi tr vi khun pht trin trong qu trnh ch bin. Qu trnh c thc hin trong phng chun b, ra bng vi nc p lc mnh. Tht sau khi ra c lm ro bng cch thng gi t nhin hay nhn to. 2.4 .Xay th. Qu trnh xay th nhm lm gim kch thc ca khi tht lnh ng to iu kin cho qu trnh xay nhuyn, phi trn v sau trn my cutter. 2.5 .Qu trnh xay nhuyn. Qu trnh xay nhuyn ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong quy trnh sn xut xc xch tit trng. Qu trnh ny nhm mc ch to nn mt h nh tng bn ca tt c cc thnh phn vt cht c trong xc xch nh: nguyn liu (tht nc, m heo, da heo), gia v, ph giato nn mt h ng nht. Qu trnh ny s nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh sau ny. Nu nh qu trnh xay nhuyn khng c tt, nguyn liu khng c xay nhuyn th s rt kh khn cho qu trnh nhi & ng clip sau ny (nu sn phm sau ng clip m cn gn th s b a v giai an ti ch). Hn na, nu khi xay nhuyn nguyn liu, h nh tng to thnh khng bn th cng s nh hng n qu trnh hp v tit trng sau ny v n s nh hng n kh nng to gel ca protein khi b bin tnh, lm cho sn phm cng khng u, lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm . 2.6. Qu trnh nhi v nh lng. Qu trnh nhi nhm to cho sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc n nh v ng nht. Ngoi ra, qu trnh nhi (chn khng) cng vi vic v bao b v ng clip cn c tc dng hn ch s xm nhp ca oxy v cc loi vi sinh vt gy hi cho sn phm. Hn na, qu trnh nhi & v bao cn ng vai tr nh mt qu trnh chun b cho qu trnh tit trng, lm cho sn phm c kt dnh cao, ng thi c nh gel v lm cho sn phm cng u, tng gi tr cm quan. Hn hp nh tng sau khi xay nhuyn s c chuyn qua my nhi. Ti y,

hn hp s c a qua mt h thng ng ng v c bao gi. Mt h thng cn in t s lp chng trnh sn iu khin li dao ct sn phm v nhng khong bng nhau (tc khi lng tng ng nhau) (Qui trnh ny c 2 loi sn phm: cy xc xch 40g & 70g). Sau , sn phm s c ng clip nhm 2 u v c a ra khi my nhi chun b cho qu trnh tit trng. Ton b qu trnh c thc hin ch chn khng nhm hn ch ti a s nhim khun cho sn phm. 2.7 .Tit trng. Mc ch : + Lm chn sn phm. + Tiu dit vi sinh vt. + Ci thin cu trc. 2.8 .Sy kh: Mc ch: Trong qu trnh tit trng, cy xc xch c trng n trong mi trng nc, nn khi a vo bo qun vi sinh vt s pht trin v xm nhp vo cy xc xch hai u clip, ni c m cao. Vy mc ch ca sy l lm kh nc hai u clip ca cy xc xch, hn ch s h hng ca sn phm, ko di thi gian bo qun. 2.9. Hon thin. y l giai on bao gm cc qu trnh: lm ngui, dn nhn, v thng, v cui cng l ta c sn phm a i tiu th. Tng cy xc xch s c lm p mt vi quy cch trnh by hp dn, nng cao gi tr s dng ca sn phm. Qu trnh hon thin sn phm c thc hin phng hon thin c nhit bnh thng. Sau khi thc hin qu trnh sy th nhit ca cy xc xch khong t 70oC n 80oC. thc hin vic dn nhn v v thng th phi lm ngui cy xc xch. V nu nhit qu cao th nhn d b bc ra v qu trnh hon thin gp nhiu kh khn. Do sn phm xc xch c a qua kho tr mt m h nhit . y l phng php lm ngui sn phm bng khng kh t nhin. Sau , sn phm ra bn v cng nhn dn nhn cho tng cy xc xch, ri xp vo thng carton. giai on ny th ta c th s dng cc bng chuyn t ng dn nhn v cc thit b m t ng vo thng carton. Thnh phm c bo qun nhit thng, trnh tip xc trc tip vi nh sng, nhit cao.

3. Mt s hnh nh v sn xut xc xch.

4.Thit b. 4.1.Thit b xay th. - Hot ng trn nguyn l p n v ct sn phm. - ng c hot ng cng sut 1,5 KW, chy trn dng in 3 pha. - Nguyn liu c xay 4 ln sau chuyn sang my bm nhuyn.

4.2. Thit b bm nhuyn. Ch tay khi cho my hot ng.

4.3. Thit b p n ra sn phm. - Hot ng trn nguyn l p, n. - ng c hot ng cng sut 1,5 KW .Chy trn dng in 1 pha.

IV.Kt lun. T nhng bc lm c th to ra sn phm xc xch thm ngon cn phi tun th ng quy trnh, phi chn la nguyn liu ph hp vi t l phi trn ca chng theo yu cu, ngoi ra vic s dng cc thit b my mc cn phi thc hin mt cch nghim tc v tt c cc quy trnh phi hp v m bo v sinh.Xc xch to ra phi c mi v thm ngon bo ngy ca tht v mu vng c trng , hp dn. V.Ti liu tham kho. 1. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BAc_x%C3%ADch 2..http://congnghethucpham1112.blogspot.com/2013/03/quy-trinh-san-xuat-xucxich.html 3. http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/7078863

BI 6. P DU LC
I. T VN . Do du, m ng vt nc ta hin nay ang dn dn c s dng t i. V trong du, m ng vt b pht hin c cc cht gy hi cho sc khe ca con ngi,cho nn thay bng vic s dng m ng vt th du thc vt ang dn tr nn ph bin nc ta. Du thc vt c ch bin t cc loi ht, cy c cha hm lng du cao nh: u nnh, ht c, ht lc, b. i vi cc loi tht nn dng vi du lc v trong du lc c mi thm gip kh mi hi, tanh ca tht. Vi mn c hp bn c th ri ln mnh c hp chn mt cht du lc un nng nh vy mn c s c mi thm v hp dn hoc vi mn tht b xo th khi p gia v xong bn nn trn thm t du lc trc khi nu Sau y em xin trnh by quy trnh ch bin du t ht lc( p du lc) II. TNG QUAN V LC. 1. Ngun gc lch s, c im sinh hc: Lc, cn c gi l u phng hay u phng (danh php khoa hc: Arachis hypogaea), l mt loi cy thc phm thuc h u c ngun gc ti Trung v Nam M. N l loi cy thn tho hng nm tng c th cao t 350 cm. L mc i, kp hnh lng chim vi bn l cht, kch thc l cht di 17 cm v rng 1 3 cm. Hoa dng hoa u in hnh mu vng c im gn , cung hoa di 24 cm. Sau khi th phn, qu pht trin thnh mt dng qu u di 37 cm, cha 1-4 ht (nh), v qu (c) thng du xung t pht trin. Trong danh php khoa hc ca loi cy ny th phn tn ch tnh cht loi c hypogaea ngha l "di t" ch c im qu c du di t. Trong cch gi tn ting Vit, t "lc" c ngun t ch Hn "lc hoa sinh" m c ngi cho rng ngi Hn phin m t "Arachis". Ht lc (nh lc) l loi thc phm rt giu nng lng v c cha nhiu lipit. Loi cy ny c khai hoang u tin bi c dn vng sng Paraguay v Parama vng Chaco ca Paraguay v Bolivia. Ht cha nc 3-5%, cht m 20-30% cht bo 40-50%; cht bt 20%, cht v c 2-4%. Trong thnh phn cht m (protein) c mt globulin l arachin (60-70%) v mt albumin l conarachin (25-40%) c hai cht ny u khng tan trong nc. C arachin v conarachin u cho cc acid amin nh methionin, tryptophan v d-threonin. Thnh phn ch yu trong nhn lc l du lc. N gm cc glycerid ca acid bo no v khng no, vi t l thay i rt nhiu tu theo loi lc, acid oleic 51-79%; acid linoleic 7,4-26%, acid palmitic 8,5% acid stearic 4,56,2%, acid hexaconic 0,1-0,4% v 2 acid ch thy trong du lc l acid arachidic v acid lignoceric. 2. Phn b, sn lng. - Lc l cy hoa mu c ngun gc t vng nhit i ( t Trung v Nam M) lc thuc cy b u , thn tho v hin nay Lc c trng kh ph bin Vit Nam v cho nng xut v hiu qu kinh t cao.Lc thch hp vi nhng loi t c thnh phn c gii nh v thot nc tt ,

nh t ct pha , t th nh v c trng ng bng Bc b ,Trung b ,Ty Nguyn v Nam b. Theo kt qu ca thng k ca tng cc thng k th tng din tch trng lc ca c nc t 269.600 ha v tng sn lng t c l 489.300 tn ( nm 2005) , v theo d kin n nm 2010 th tng din tch s ln ti 330.000 ha v tng sn lng c tnh s t c l 550.000- 560.000 tn 10 quc gia hng u sn xut u phng (tnh n 11 thng 6 nm 2008) Quc gia Cng ha nhn dn Trung Hoa n Nigeria Hoa K Indonesia Myanmar Argentina Vit Nam Sudan Chad Th gii Sn lng (tn) 13.090.000 6.600.000 3.835.600 1.696.728 1.475.000 1.000.000 714.286 490.000 460.000 450.000 34.856.007 F * * A F * F Cc ch

F = FAO c on, * = ngun bn chnh thc, C = ngun c tnh A = ngun tng hp (gm sn lng chnh thc, bn chnh thc v c on); Ngun: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision 2.2 Cng dng ca du lc Thanh phn chu yu trong nhn lc la cht beo chim ti 40-50%. Du lc gm cac glycerid cua nhiu acid beo bao hoa va cha bao hoa, vi ti l thay i tuy theo vung canh tac va cht lng chm bon. Du lc cha cac vitamin hoa tan trong du, trong o nhiu nht la vitamin E - mt yu t quan trong trong tng hp hormone sinh duc, chng lao hoa. Hai acid bao hoa co trong du u phng la acid arachidic (C20) va acid lignoxeric (C24) thy trong b ca cao va trong b sa bo. y la hai acid beo bao hoa dang cis nn khng gy nguy him cho tim mach... Ngoai nhng thanh phn trn, frampton va boudreaux con thy mt cht tan trong nc cua hat u phng co tac dung cm mau. Cac vitamin nh thiamine (vitamin B1) trong u phng a rang chim 0,23 mg %. No la mt phn cua coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate rt quan trong trong phan ng giai phong nng lng t carbohydrate, cht beo va alcool (ru, bia). Ngoai ra u phng con cha vitamin B2, vitamin B6. Nghin cu cua khoa iu tri thuc Trng ai hoc Purdue (My) cng b: u phng

cha magn, mangan, st, ng, phospho, kali, kem, selen, canxi va c bit la folate co tac dung b nao. III. Tng quan v p du 1. Bn cht ca qu trnh p du Ph v cu trc ca nguyn liu cha du( lc) du d dng thot ra khi phn protein khi p bng my p 2. Mc ch ca qu trnh p du - Tng li nhun t cy lc - Sn xut ra du thc vt khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi 3. yu cu ca qu trnh p du lc Dng c p du phi c v sinh sch s p du t 3 n 4 ln IV. p du lc S cng ngh p du lc

1. Bc tch v: Thnh phn ch yu ca v l xenlulo v hemixenlulo hu nh khng cha du hoc cha rt t, hn na v m nhim chc nng bo v c hc cho qu hoc ht du nn bn ca v ln hn nhn rt nhiu (nu v s gy kh khn cho qu trnh p). Mt khc, mun hiu sut tch du cao, cc t bo nhn cn phi c ph

v trit nhm gii phng du ra dng t do nn phi qua cng on nghin, chnh v vy bc v tch v trc khi nghin nhm vo cc mc ch sau: - To iu kin cho vic nghin nhn c d dng, t nh mong mun, - Gim tn tht du trong sn xut v v c tnh ht du cao. Ngoi ra, v l ni tp trung nhiu cht mu, nu khng bc v trc khi p, di nh hng ca nhit cao cht mu tan mnh vo du lm cho du c mu xu. 2. Chng sy: cho nguyn liu vo thit b chng sy cho ht lm tng hiu qu tch du

3. .p du: Hin nay, vic khai thc du qui m trung bnh v qui m ln thng s dng cc loi my p vt vi c cu khc nhau. lm sng t qu trnh khai thc du bng phng php p, ta nghin cu cc vn sau: C ch ca qu trnh p: Khi p, di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong khi bt xy ra s lin kt b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca cc phn t, ta c th chia ra lm hai qu trnh ch yu: * Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn lng: y l qu trnh lm du thot ra khi cc khe vch gia cc b mt bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca t bo. Khi bt u p, do lc nn cc phn t bt st li gn nhau, khi lc nn tng ln, cc phn t bt b bin dng. Cckhong trng cha du b thu hp li v n khi lp du c chiu dy nht nh, du bt u thot ra. Tc thot du ph thuc vo nht ca lp du v ph thuc vo p lc p, nht cng b, p lc cng ln th du thot ra cng nhanh. * Qu trnh xy ra i vi phn rn: khi lc nn tng ln, s bin dng xy ra cng mnh cho n khi cc phn t lin kt cht ch vi nhau th s bin dng khng xy ra na. Nu nh trong cc khe vch khng b gi li mt t du v p lc cn c th tip tc tng ln th t cc phn t bt ring bit s to thnh mt khi chc dnh lin nhau. Trn thc t, p lc p cng ch t n mt gii hn nht nh, c mt lng nh du cn nm li nhng ch tip gip nhau, cho nn kh du vn cn c tnh xp. c bit khi ra khi my p, tnh xp ca kh du li tng ln khi khng cn tc dng ca lc nn na. * Sau khi p ln mt ta thu c du I v kh I(b): Du I sau khi lm sch s thu c du th. Cn phn kh mt ta em i nghin nh v tip tc p thu trit du c trong lc. 4. Lm sch: Du thot ra sau khi p, mc d qua lp li lc nhng vn cn nhiu tp cht, ch yu l cc mnh nguyn liu. Do , bo qun du c lu hn cn phi tin hnh lng lc

5. Sau khi p du : ta cn phi tin hnh v sinh my mc v ni thc hin p du dm bo an ton thc phm.

Mt s hnh nh v p du.

V. Kt qu T 1kg lc nhn ban u sau khi p du ta thu c 380ml du lc nguyn cht. du lc thu c ny ta c th dng lun hay em i x l ri s dng VI. Kt lun Lc l mt loi thc phm rt c li cho sc khe ca con ngi. trong ht lc c rt nhiu loi protein cng nh cha hm lng du kh cao. Chnh v th ngoi vic s dng lc nh mt loi thc phm hng ngy th ta cn c th s dng lc sn xut cc loi du thc vt. khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi nh cc loi du m c xut s t ng vt mt khc va c th tng thu nhp t cy lc mang li.