The Sounds of the World’s Languages Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson [BLACKWELL 2 aeCopyright © Peter Ladefoged end lan Maddieson, 1996 “The right of Peter Ladefoged and lan Maddieson tobe identified as authors ‘ofthis work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs ‘nd Patents Act 1988, First published 1996 ‘Reprinted 1996 Blackwell Publishers Led 108 Cowley Read Oxford OX4 JF, UK ‘Blackwell Publishers Inc, 238 Main Street (Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA ‘All rights reserve Except for the quotation of short passages forthe purposes ‘of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording o otherwise, without the prio permission ofthe publisher Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition ‘that it shall not by way of ade or otherwise, be leat, Sod, hited out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’ prior consent in any form of binding ‘or cover other then that in which it is published and without a similar condition inching this condition being imposed onthe subsequent purchaser. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ACCP catalog recor for this book is available fom the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ladefoged, Peter. ‘Teste he wos ngs) Pet Ladd nd ie Main cm. — (Phonological theory) Inches bibliographical efrences and ide. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 — ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk) 1. Phonetics, [ Maddieson, lan. IL Tite. I. Series. P2224 1995 94-4920 414—de20 cP ‘Typeset in 10 on 12pt Palatino and Laser IPA (Linguists Software) by Light Technology (Electronic Books) Ltd, Fife, Scotland Printed in Great Britain by T. J. Press Ltd, Padstow, Comoell ‘This book is printed on acd-ee paper Contents List of figures List of tables ‘Acknowledgments 1 The Sounds of the World's Languages 2 Places of Articulation 2.1 Places of Articulation by Target Region 2.2. Contrasting Places of Articulation 3 Stops 3.1 Laryngeal Setting 3.2 Airstream Mechanisms 3.3 Affricates 34 Length 3.5 Strength: Fortis vs Lenis Stops 3.6 Summary 4 Nasals and Nasalized Consonants 4.1 Nasals 4.2 Laryngeal Activity in Nasals 43 Partially Nasal Consonants 44. Nasalized Consonants 45 Conclusion » RSE . 15 a7 a7 7 90 1 95 98 102 102, 106 m8 131 134vi Contents Contents 5 Fricatives 137 103 Secondary Articulations 354 3.1 Non-sibilant Anterior Fricatives 139 52 Sibilants M5 oes 369 53 Posterior Nor-sibilant Fricatives 164 Appendix: List of Languages Cited 374 5:4 Acoustic Differences among Fricatives 173 535 Laryngeal Settings and other Modifications of Fricatives 176 References 383 5.6 Phonclogical Features for Fricatives 179 Index 408 6 Laterals 182 6.1 Voiced Lateral Approximants 183 62 Acoustic Characteristics of Voiced Lateral Approximants 193 63 Other Types of Laterals 197 6.4 The Feature Description of Laterals m2 7 Rhotics 215 71 Rhotics 25 72 Taills 217 73 Taps and Flaps 230 744 Fricative and Approximant /2/’s 232 7.5 Voicing and other Laryngeal Contrasts 236 7.6 Contrasts between Rhotic Types in the Same Language 237 727 Relationship to Laterals 243 78 Factors Underlying the Unity of Rhotics as a Class 24a 8 Clicks 246 8.1 Articulatory Properties of Click Types 27 82 Acoustic Properties of Click Types 257 83 Click Accompaniments 260 9 Vowels 281 9.1 Major Vowel Features 282 912. Additional Vowel Features 298 913 Vowel-like Consonants 322 10 Multiple Articulatory Gestures 328 10.1 Preliminary Considerations 329 10.2 Double Closures 332