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Utf-8 - 1chuong1 Toan Tai Chinh
Utf-8 - 1chuong1 Toan Tai Chinh
1.1. Li tc v li sut
1.2. Khi nim li n v cng thc tnh li n
1.3. Li sut ngang gi v li sut trung bnh
1.4. Li sut thc trong li n
1.5. Bng tnh ti chnh
1.6. ng dng li n
1.1. LI TC V LI SUT
1.1.1. Li tc (yield)
Li tc hay cn gi l tin li l s tin m ngi s dng vn (ngi vay) phi tr cho
ngi nhng quyn s dng vn (ngi cho vay) trong mt thi gian nht nh.
V d 1.1.: ng A gi tin tit kim vi s tin 100 triu ng vo ngn hng thng mi X,
sau 12 thng ngn hng X tr tin li cho ng A 10 triu ng.
- Ngi vay: Ngn hng thng mi X
- Ngi cho vay
: ng A
- S vn vay
: 100 triu ng
- Li tc
: 10 triu ng
- Thi gian
: 12 thng
1.1.2. Li sut (interest rate)
Li sut l t l phn trm gia tin li trn s vn vay m ngi vay phi tr cho ngi cho
vay trong mt thi gian nht nh.
Theo v d 1.1:
Tin li
S Li sut = * 100
vn vay
=
10
* 100 = 10%
100
Page 1
rk =
r
k
V d 1.3: Ngn hng thng mi X cho Cng ty M vay 100 triu ng trong thi gian 18
thng vi li n 13,2%/nm, li sut ngang gi hng thng:
Li sut tng ng mi thng: rk =
r 13,2
=
= 1,1%
k
12
rTB
nk*rk
=
nk
V d 1.4: Doanh nghip M vay ca ngn hng thng mi X s tin 100 triu ng, li n
v thi gian tng ng nh sau: 6 thng u vi li sut 12%/nm, 5 thng k tip vi li
Page 2
sut 13,2%/nm v 7 thng cui vi li sut 14,4%/nm. Tnh li sut trung bnh v tng s
tin doanh nghip M phi tr.
rTB =
rt =
I+ f
PV
V d 1.5: Doanh nghip N vay ca ngn hng thng mi Y, s vn 200 triu ng, li n
9,6%/nm. Ngoi ra, cn c ph h s: 200.000$ v cc khon chi ph khc: 0,2% vn gc.
Tnh li sut thc nu thi gian vay 12 thng v thi gian vay 4 thng? Nu trong hp ng,
doanh nghip N phi tr li trc th li sut thc l bao nhiu?
a. Vay tr cui k, k hn 12 thng:
- Li vay:
200.000.000$ * 9,6%
= 19.200.000$
- Ph h s:
= 200.000$
- Ph khc: 200.000.000$ * 0,2%
= 400.000$
Tng chi ph:
= 19.800.000$
- Vn thc s s dng:
200.000.000$ - 600.000$ = 199.400.000$
- Li sut thc: rt = 19.800.000$/199.400.000$ = 9,93%/nm
b. Vay tr cui k, k hn 12 thng:
- Li vay:
200.000.000$ * 4/12*9,6% = 6.400.000$
- Ph h s:
= 200.000$
- Ph khc: 200.000.000$ * 0,2%
= 400.000$
Tng chi ph:
= 7.000.000$
- Vn thc s s dng:
200.000.000$ - 600.000$ = 199.400.000$
- Li sut thc: rt = (7.000.000$/199.400.000$)12/4 = 10,53%/nm
c. Trng hp tr trc:
- Vay 12 thng:
Page 3
Page 4
FV = PV(1+r)n
Theo v d 2.1
Ta c FV = 100 (1+0,1)2 = 100 * 1,21 = 121 triu ng
b. Cng thc tnh li kp In :
In = FV PV = PV [(1+r)n 1]
In = 121 triu ng 100 triu ng = 21 triu ng
hoc In = 100[(1+0,1)2 1] = 21 triu ng
Page 5
FV
)
PV
n=
log(1 + r )
log(
Tnh
r=n
FV
1
PV
r
k
rTB = n
= PV(1+r)n
343.962.000
= 2,29308
150.000.00
= 9 2,29308 1 = 9,66%
rt = n
FV
1
PV f
V d 2.4: ng A vay ca ngn hng 400 triu ng, li kp 9%/nm, k ghp li 6 thng,
vn v li tr mt ln khi o hn. L ph vay 0,5% vn gc. Tnh li sut thc cho thi hn
vay 3 nm v k hn vay 1 nm?
a. Vi n = 3 nm = 6 k 6 thng
- S tin ng A phi tr : FV = 400.000.000(1+4,5%)6 = 509.904.000$
- Vn thc ng A nhn c: 400.000.000$ - (400.000.000 * 0,5%) = 398.000.000$
FV = 398.000.000$ (1+rt)6 = 509.904.000$
509.904.000
= 1,281166
398.000.000
rt = 6 1,281166 1 = 4,22% k 6 thng hoc 8,44%/nm
(1 + rt )6
b. Vi n = 1 nm = 2 k 6 thng
- S tin ng A phi tr: FV = 400.000.000(1+4,5%)2 = 436.810.000$
- Vn thc ng A nhn c: 400.000.000$ - (400.000.000 * 0,5%) = 398.000.000$
FV = 398.000.000$ (1+rt)2 = 436.810.000$
rt = 2
436.810.000
1 = 4,76% k 6 thng hoc 9,52%/nm
398.000.000
Thi gian
u t (n)
n = 1 nm
n = 3 nm
n = 6 thng
Gi tr t c theo li n
FVn = PV(1+n*r)
FVn = 100(1+1*12%)
= 112
= 12
ID
= 136
FVn = 100(1+3*12%)
= 36
ID
FVn = 100(1+6/12*12%) = 106
= 6
ID
2.5. NG DNG LI KP
- Gi tit kim
- Cho vay
- Bi tp ng dng
Page 8
Gi tr t c theo li kp
FVnK = PV(1+r)n
FVnK = 100(1+12%)1 = 112
= 12
IK
3
FVnK = 100(1+12%)
= 140,493
= 40,493
IK
1/2
FVnK = 100(1+12%)
= 105,83
= 5,83
IK
n
FV = dk (1 + r)n-k
k=1
V d 3.1: Tnh gi tr tng lai ca mt chui tin t cui k (3 nm) khng n nh: d1 =
1.000; d2 = 1.100 v d3 = 1.200 vi li sut 10%/nm.
FV = d1 (1+r)3-1 + d2 (1+r)3-2 + d3 (1+r)3-3
FV = 1.000(1+10%)3-1 + 1.100(1+10%)3-2 + 1.200(1+10%)3-3
FV = 1.000*1,21 + 1.100*1,1 + 1.200 = 1.210 + 1.210 + 1.200 = 3.620
Page 9
n
FV = dk (1 + r)n-k+1
k=1
V d 3.2: Tnh gi tr tng lai ca mt chui tin t u k (3 nm) bin i: d1 = 1.000; d2
= 1.100 v d3 = 1.200 vi li sut 10%/nm.
FV = d1 (1+r)3 + d2 (1+r)2 + d3 (1+r)1
FV = 1.000(1+10%)3 + 1.100(1+10%)2 + 1.200(1+10%)1
FV = 1.000*1,331 + 1.100*1,21 + 1.200*1,1 = 1.331 + 1.331 + 1.320 = 3.982
b. Chui tin t c nh: nin kim
n
FV = d (1 + r)n-k
k=1
hay FV =
(1 + r ) n 1
d
10 %
FV = 1 . 000
= 1.000*3,31 = 3.310
r m*n
[1 + ( m )] 1
FV = d
[1 + ( r )]m 1
m
V d 3.4: Tnh gi tr tng lai mt nin khon 3 nm, thanh ton 1.000/nm, nhp li
hng qu, li sut 10%/nm?
(1,025)12 1
FV = 1.000
= 3.322,22
4
(
)
1
,
025
1
Page 10
T: FV = PV (1 + r)
ta c:
PV =
FV
(1 + r) n
hay: PV = FV (1 + r)-n
trong :
V du 3.5: Tnh gia tr hien tai cua 1.000 se nhan c sau 3 nam vi ty suat chiet khau
10%/nam
PV = 1.000 (1 + 0,1)-3 = 751,31
b. Gi tr hin ti: Tn sut chit khu cao
r
PV = FV 1 +
m
m*n
n
PV = dk (1+r)-k
k=1
V d 3.6: Tnh gi tr hin ti ca mt chui tin t 3 nm vi d1 = 1.000; d2 = 1.100; d3 =
1.200 vi t sut chit khu 10%/nm.
PV = d1(1+r)-1 + d2(1+r)-2 + d3(1+r)-3
PV = 1.000(1+10%)-1 + 1.100(1+10%)-2 + 1.200(1+10%)-3
PV = 1.000*0,9091 + 1.100*0,8264 + 1.200*0,7513
PV = 909,09 + 909,09 + 901,58 = 2.719,76
b. Chui tin t c nh: nin kim
Page 11
1 (1 + r ) n
PV = d
r m*n
1 1 + ( m)
PV = d
m
1+ ( ) 1
m
V d 3.8: Tnh gi tr hin ti s tin s thu sau 3 nm l 3.3322,22, chit khu hng qu, t
sut chit khu 10%/nm?
10% 4*3
1 1 +
4
PV = 3.322,22
= 1.000
4
10
%
1 + 4 1
r
r r
b. Hin gi:
n
p
1(1+r) n* p
PV=d + +n* p
r
r r
Page 12
5 (1 + 6%)10 1 10 * 5
= 528,682
FV = 20 +
6%
6%
6%
10
5
1 (1 + 6%) 10 * 5
PV = 20 +
= 295,213
+ 10 * 5
6%
6%
6%
qn (1+ r)n
FV = d
q
(
1
+
r
)
b. Hin gi
qn (1+r)n
PV= d(1+r)
+
q
(
1
r
)
V d 3.10: Mt chui tin t pht sinh cui k gm 8 k khon, k khon u tin l 300,
cc k sau tng hn k trc 10%, li sut 12%/k. Tnh gi tr tng lai v gi tr hin ti
ca chui tin t?
1,18 (1 + 12%) 8
FV = 300
= 4.985,615
1,1 (1 + 12%)
1,18 (1 + 12%) 8
PV = 300(1 + 12%) 8
1,1 (1 + 12%)
8
8
8 1,1 1,12
= 2.013,606
= 300 * 1,12
1,1 1,12
n*r
log
n
1 (1 + r )
x=
log(1 + r )
V d 3.11: Tnh k hn trung bnh ca mt chui tin t c nh c 8 k khon vi li sut
8%/k?
8 * 8%
log
8
1 (1 + 8%) = log 1.392118 = 4,298621 = 4 nm 3 thng 18 ngy
x=
log(1 + 8%)
log 1.08
Page 14
Page 15
S d C
Gi tin mt
Pht hnh sc tr n
Nh thu thng phiu
Chit khu thng phiu
Hon li thng phiu
31/7
31/7
31/7
S d tnh li
Li tc ca khch hng
Cn i d c
Din gii
S d C
C
50.000
200.000
300.000
100.000
280.000
50.000
Ngy
Gi tr
S ngy
N
30/4
22/5
08/6
02/7
09/7
02/7
92
70
53
29
22
29
2.062
282.0622
632.062
632.062
282.062
Page 16
31/7
Tch s tnh li
N
C
4.600.000
14.000.000
15.900.000
2.900.000
6.160.000
1.450.000
17.350.000
10.310.000
27.660.000
Din gii
S d C
Gi tin mt
Pht hnh sc tr n
Nh thu thng phiu
Chit khu thng phiu
Hon li thng phiu
Li tc 30/4-31/7
Li tc tng NV N
Li tc tng NV C
S d li tc C
Cn i d C
N.v
N
N.v
C
50.000
200.000
300.000
100.000
280.000
50.000
350.000
630.000
2.062
282.062
632.062
S d C
632.062
282.062
Ngy
Gi tr
30/4
22/5
08/6
02/7
09/7
02/7
31/7
31/7
31/7
S ngy
N
Li tc
N
C
0
22
39
63
70
63
0
-880
-2.340
-1.260
-3.920
-630
-2.970
6.440
3.470
-6.060
11.592
5.532
31/7
- Li tc tnh theo bc 3 = Li tc bc 2 - Li tc bc 1
+ Li tc N = 6.440 2.970 = 3.470
+ Li tc C = 11.592 6.060 = 5.532
+ S d li tc C = 5.532 3.470 = 2.062
4.2.3. Phng php Hambourg
Phng php Hambourg tnh c li tc N hoc C sau mi nghip v. Phng php ny
c 2 cch trnh by:
a. Trnh by theo th t thi gian ngy pht sinh
Page 17
Din gii
S d C
Gi tin mt
Pht hnh sc tr n
N.v
N.v
S d
N
200.000
300.00
0
100.000
280.000
50.000
Gi tr
50.000
250.000
30/4
22/5
08/6
22
17
24
50.000
330.000
02/7
09/7
7
-7(*)
280.000
02/7
29
Li tc
N
C
220
850
240
70
462(*)
1.624
2.062
2.062
31/7
S
ngy
N
50.000
Ngy
282.062
282.062
S d C
31/7
S d C
Gi tin mt
Pht hnh sc tr n
Nh thu thng phiu
Hon li thng phiu
Chit khu thng phiu
Cn i li tc C
31/7
S d C
Din gii
N.v
N
N.v
C
S
N
50.000
250.000
200.000
300.000
d
C
50.000
100.000
50.000
0
280.000
50.000
0
280.000
Ngy
Gi tr
S ngy
N
30/4
22/5
08/6
02/7
02/7
9/7
22
17
24
0
7
22
Li tc
N
220
850
240
1.232
2.062
2.062
Page 18
282.062
282.062
31/7
Din gii
S d N
Gi tin mt
Tr n bng sc
Tr n thng phiu
Nh thu thng phiu
Gi tin mt
Thanh ton bng sc
N
55.000
C
185.000
200.000
100.000
300.000
120.000
150.000
Ngy gi tr
30/4
20/5
21/5
03/6
21/6
08/7
13/7
Cc nghip v trn c phn nh vo ti khon vng lai theo phng php Hambourg, trnh
by theo th t ngy pht sinh nh sau:
Page 19
Ngy
Pht
sinh
01/5
18/5
23/5
05/6
19/6
01/7
06/7
15/7
31/7
31/7
31/7
31/7
01/8
Din gii
S d N
Gi tin mt
Tr n bng sc
Tr n thng phiu
Nh thu thng phiu
Thay i li sut
Gi tin mt
Thanh ton bng sc
Li tc
Li tc N
L ph bi chi
L ph gi s
S d C
N.v
N
N.v
C
55.000
S d
N
55.000
185.000
200.000
100.000
130.000
70.000
170.000
300.000
120.000
150.000
130.000
130.000
250.000
100.000
Ngy
gi
tr
30/4
20/5
21/5
03/6
21/6
01/7
08/7
13/7
S
Ngy
n
20
1
13
18
10
7
5
18
Li tc
N
242,0
24,7
200,2
673,2
1.115,4
210,1
170
1.800
99.789,9
99.619,9
97.819,9
97.819,9
31/7
Page 20
247,0
145,6
200,0
288,0
905,3
Vn = V0 (1+r)n
: Vn vay
: Li sut
: k hn vay
V d: 5.1: Cng ty N vay ca Ngn hng thng mi Z s tin 500 triu ng, thi hn 5
nm vi li sut 14%/nm. Tnh s tin Cng ty N phi hon tr theo phng thc tr vn
vay v li vay 1 ln khi o hn?
Vn = 500(1+ 14%)5 = 500*1,9254 = 962,7 triu ng
5.2.2. Tr li vay nh k, tr vn vay khi o hn
Cng thc:
I = V0*r
- Tr li vay nh k:
- Vn vay tr khi o hn v li vay k cui: V0 + I = V0 (1+r)
Page 21
V d: 5.2: Cng ty N vay ca Ngn hng thng mi Z s tin 500 triu ng, thi hn 5
nm vi li sut 14%/nm. Tnh s tin Cng ty N phi hon tr theo phng thc tr vn
vay khi o hn v tr li vay hng nm?
- Cui nm th 1,2,3 v 4, Cng ty N tr li vay: I = 500*14% = 70 triu ng
- Cui nm th 5 (o hn), S tin Cng ty N tr = 500(1+0,14) = 570 triu ng
5.2.3. Tr n dn nh k (Amortization)
a. Cc cng thc
: s tin phi tr k th 1,2,3,,n
Gi d1, d2 , d3 , ., dn
: li vay phi tr k th 1,2,3,,n
I1, I2 , I2 , I3 , , In
: vn vay phi tr k th 1,2,3,,n
M1 , M2 , M3 ,, Mn
: d n u k th 1,2,3,,n
V0 , V1 , V2 ,, Vn-1
p
: k tr n bt k
Cng thc 1: S tin phi tr mi k bao gm phn tr li vay v phn tr vn vay
dp = Ip + Mp
(1)
Ip = Vp-1*r
(2)
Vp = Vp-1 - Mp
(3)
D n u k (Vp-1)
V0
V1 = V0 M1
K khon tr n (dp)
d1 = I1 + M1
d2 = I2 + M2
..
dn = In + Mn
V d: 5.3: Cng ty N vay ca Ngn hng thng mi Z s tin 500 triu ng, thi hn 5
nm vi li sut 14%/nm. Tnh s tin Cng ty N phi hon tr theo phng thc tr n dn
nh k?
- Vn vay tr u mi nm: M = 500/5 = 100 triu ng
- Li vay tnh theo s d n gim dn
Bng hon tr
K (p)
1
2
3
4
5
D n u k (Vp-1)
500
400
300
200
100
Page 22
K khon tr n (dp)
170
156
142
128
114
1 (1 + r ) n
Vo = d
r
T cng thc
d = V0
Ta c
r
1 (1 + r ) n
Trong : d: k khon c nh
V0 : vn vay
r : li sut
n : k hn
b. Lp bng hon tr
V d: 5.4: Cng ty N vay ca Ngn hng thng mi Z s tin 500 triu ng, thi hn 5
nm vi li sut 14%/nm. Tnh s tin Cng ty N phi hon tr theo phng thc k khon
c nh?
Tnh k khon c nh
d = V0
r
1 (1 + r ) n
14%
d = 500
1 (1 +14%)5
0,14
0,14
d = 500
= 500
= 145.651.000$
1 0,5194
0,4806
Bng hon tr (1.000$)
K
1
2
3
4
5
D n u
500.000
424.349
338.107
239.791
127.711
K khon
145.651
145.651
145.651
145.651
145.651
5.3. CC NG DNG
Page 23
Tr li vay
70.000
59.409
47.335
33.571
17.880
Tr vn vay
75.651
86.242
98.316
112.080
127.771
ec =
C *r*n
360
V0 = C ec = C
C *r *n
360 r * n
= C*
360
360
V d 6.1: Ngy 1/3, Cty N chit khu 1 thng phiu c mnh gi 80 triu ng, ngy o
hn ca thng phiu l 1/6, li sut chit khu 12%/nm. Tnh s tin chit khu v hin
gi ca thng phiu?
ec =
80*12% * 90
= 2,4 triu ng
360
V0 = 80 2,4
= 77,6 triu ng
b. Chit khu hp l
- Theo bn cht li n: tin li thnh ton vo ngy o hn, nhng thc t ngn hng tnh
li ngay khi chit khu
- Theo nguyn tc, li vay tnh trn vn vay, nhng thc t ngn hng tnh li vay trn mnh
gi
- m bo, tnh chit khu hp l
Chit khu hp l:
e=
V0 *r*n
360*e
360*e
C*r*n
360*C
V0 =
V0 =Ce =
e =
V0 =
360
r*n
r*n
360+r*n
360+r*n
V d 6.2: Ngy 1/3, Cty N chit khu 1 thng phiu c mnh gi 80 triu ng, ngy o
hn ca thng phiu l 1/6, li sut chit khu 12%/nm. Tnh s tin chit khu v hin
gi ca thng phiu theo phng php chit khu hp l?
e=
C *r *n
80 *12% * 90
=
= 2,33
360 + r * n 360 + 12% * 90
V0 = 80 2,33 = 77,67
Page 25
V0 = C *
360 r * n
360
C 2 (360 r * y ) 360C1
r ( C 2 C1 )
Mnh gi (1.000)
158,64
159,24
Ngy o hn
31/7
30/8
x=
Page 26
rh =
ec
360
*
V0
n
V d 6.4: Mt thng phiu c mnh gi 100 triu ng, li sut chit khu 9,6%/nm, k
hn 90 ngy. Nu chit khu ngay. Tnh li sut chit khu thc?
- Ph chit khu: (100*9,6%*90)/360 = 2,4 triu ng
- Hin gi ca thng phiu: 100 2,4 = 97,6 triu ng
rh =
Page 27
PV = FV (1+r)-n
6.3.2. Ph chit khu theo li kp
ek = PV[1-(1+r)-n]
C1(1+r)-n1 = C2(1+r)-n2
m=1
B (1+ r)
k =1
= Cm (1 + r) m
m=1
6.4. CC NG DNG
Page 28
CHNG 7: U T DI HN
7.1. Tng qut v hot ng u t
7.2. Phng php la chn d n u t
7.3. Cc ng dng
7.1. TNG QUT V HOT NG U T
7.1.1. Khi nim u t
- au t la hoat ong s dung cac nguon lc e san xuat kinh doanh trong mot thi gian
tng oi dai nham thu ve li ch tai chnh (li nhuan), li ch kinh te, li ch xa hoi.
Hot ng u t c 2 giai on:
- Giai on b vn ra u t
- Giai on thu hi vn
7.1.2. Phn loi u t
a. Cn c vo thi gian
- u t ngn hn: Thi hn u t di 1 nm
- u t di hn: Thi gian u t trn 1 nm
b. Cn c vo mc tiu
- u t ra bn ngoi doanh nghip: Gp vn lin doanh, mua c phiu, tri phiu ca cc
doanh nghip khc
- u t bn trong doanh nghip: u t chiu su, u t m rng, u t thay th hoc
duy tr
c. Cn c vo phng thc u t
- u t trc tip: Tham gia qun l
- u t gin tip: Khng tham gia qun l
7.1.3. Ngun vn u t
- Ngun vn ch s hu
- Ngun vn i vay
7.1.4. D n u t
D an au t la mot tap hp nhng e xuat co lien quan en viec bo von e tao mi, m
rong hoac cai tao nhng c s vat chat nhat nh nham at c s tang trng ve so
lng hoac duy tr, cai tien, nang cao chat lng cua san pham hoac dch vu trong
khoang thi gian xac nh (ch bao gom hoat ong au t trc tiep). C nhiu dng d n
u t khc nhau: Nhng da n u t xung khc (loi tr) nhau, nhng d n u t ph
thuc hoc b sung nhau v nhng d n u t hon ton c lp nhau
Page 29
P' v =
Pr =
Pr
Vdt
*100%
P1 + P2 + ... + Pn
n
V dt =
V1 +V2 + ...+Vn
n
Page 30
hn v ch th pht hnh tri phiu vn phi gnh chu mt khon chi ph ti tr cho vic
pht hnh loi tri phiu ny
V d 8.1: Cng ty A pht hnh tri phiu khng tnh li, mnh gi 1.000.000$ vi gi pht
hnh bng 60% mnh gi, chi ph pht hnh bng 2% mnh gi, thi hn tri phiu l 4 nm.
- Khi mua tri phiu tri ch ch tr : 1.000.000$ * 60% = 600.000$
- Cng ty A thc thu : 600.000$ - 1.000.000$ * 2% = 580.000$
- Sau 4 nm Cng ty A tr cho tri ch: 1.000.000$ (mnh gi)
8.2.2. Tri phiu tr li nh k, n gc tr khi o hn (coupon)
i vi loi tri phiu ny, hng nm tri ch nhn c mt khon li tc bng mnh gi
tri phiu nhn vi li sut. Khi tri phiu o hn, tri ch s c nhn li vn gc v li
tc ca nm cui cng
V d 8.2: Cty B pht hnh tri phiu tr li nh k, n gc tr khi o hn vi mnh gi
1.000.000$, gi pht hnh bng 90% mnh gi, chi ph pht l 2% mnh gi, li sut
10%/nm, thi hn 5 nm.
- Khi mua tri phiu tri ch chi tr: 1.000.000$ * 90% = 900.000$
- Cng ty B thc thu: 900.000$ - 1.000.000$ * 2% = 880.000$
- Trong 4 nm u: Sau mi nm Cty B tr li u chi tri ch: 1.000.000$ * 10% =
100.000$
- Cui nm th 5 Cng ty B tr li ln sau cng v mnh gi ca tri phiu: 1.000.000$ +
100.000$ = 1.100.000$
8.2.3. Tri phiu c thanh ton dn nh k
Vi loi tri phiu ny, hng nm ch th pht hnh tri phiu phi hon tr tin li v mt
phn vn gc
V d 8.3: Cty pht hnh 10 t ng tri phiu thanh ton dn nh k cui mi nm, trong 5
nm, mnh gi 1 triu ng/tri phiu, li sut 10%/nm. Lp bng hon tr tin li v vn
gc
Tr vn gc (triu ng)
S lng tri phiu cn li
Vn gc cn li (triu ng)
Tr li (triu ng)
Cng
1
1.000
9.000
9.000
1.000
2.000
Page 32
2
1.500
7.500
7.500
900
2.400
3
2.000
5.500
5.500
750
2.750
4
2.500
3.000
3.000
550
3.050
5
3.000
0
0
300
3.300
d = V0
r
1 (1 + r ) n
S n gc tr trong k u tin:
M 1 = V0
r
1 (1 + r ) n
r
(1 + r ) n 1
S n gc tr trong k p:
Mp = M1(1+r)p-1
S n gc tr sau p k:
R p = V0
K khon c nh: d = N * C *
(1 + r ) p 1
(1 + r ) n 1
m1 = N
r
(1 + r ) n 1
mj = N
j =1
(1 + r ) p 1
(1 + r ) n 1
S n cn sau khi tr p k:
(1 + r ) 1
V p = V0 1
n
(1 + r ) 1
p
(1 + r ) p 1
N p = N 1
n
(1 + r ) 1
Page 33
r'
r
1 (1 + r ' ) n
N *E = d
N * E = N *C
*
1 (1 + r ' ) n
1 (1 + r) n
r'
1 (1 + r ' ) n E 1 (1 + r) n
= *
C
r
r'
V d
b. Li sut sinh li ca tri phiu thanh ton vao cui nm th nht
Vo ngy pht hnh tri phiu, tri ch tr mt khon tin E. Cui nm th nht, tri ch
c nhn C(1+r)
Gi r1 l li sut sinh li ca tri phiu thanh ton vo cui nm th nht, ta c:
E = C(1 + r )(1 + r1 ) 1 (1 + r1 ) =
C
(1 + r )
E
V d
c. Li sut sinh li ca tri phiu thanh ton vo cui nm p
Gi rp l li sut sinh li ca tri phiu thanh ton vo cui nm p. T cui nm th nht cho
n nm p, mi nm tri ch nhn c mt khon li tc C*r. Hin gi ca nhng khon
li tc tnh vo thi im pht hnh l:
C *r *
Page 34
1 (1 + rp ) p
rp
E = C *r
1 (1 + rp ) p
rp
+ C(1 + rp ) p
V d
8.4.2. Li sut chi ph (Cost Rate) ca ngi i vay
Ngi i vay l ch th pht hnh tri phiu. Khi vay vn bng cch pht hnh tri phiu,
ngoi li tc, ch th pht hnh tri phiu cn phi chu nhng khon chi ph pht hnh, do
s tin m ch th pht hnh thc t s dng s ln hn N*E
Gi f chi ph tnh trn tri phiu, rf l li sut chi ph. hin ti ch th pht hnh N tri
phiu s nhn c s tin N*E nhng phi tn mt khon chi ph N*f. Cui mi nm,
ngi i vay phi hon tr mt khon tin c nh l:
d = N *C *
r
1 (1 + r ) n
Ta c phng trnh
1 (1 + r f ) n
r
N (E f ) = N * C *
*
rf
1 (1 + r ) n
1 (1 + r f ) n
rf
E f 1 (1 + r ) n
=
*
C
r
rf
hoc
1 (1+ rf )n
C
r
*
E f 1 (1+ r)n
V d
8.5. K KHON THC CHI
K khon tr n trong hnh thc vay tri phiu, tr dn nh k bng k khon c nh
khng ch bao gm phn tr li (I) v mt phn vn gc (V0) m cn bao gm mt s chi ph
khc nh: Cc khon chi ph v tr n gc v li; cc khon thu trn thu nhp v li tc tri
phiu cng nh khon thng khi R>C v cc khon chi ph khc
dp= Np-1*I+mp*T+G
K khon thc chi c xc nh:
vi dp
: k khon thc chi th p
: li thc chi cho 1 tri phiu, bao gm li tc tri phiu, thu tnh trn khon
I
li tc v chi ph tr li
Page 35
T
G
: phn vn thc chi cho 1 tri phiu, bao gm gi hon tr tri phiu (R hay C);
thu v cc khon chnh lch vn v chi ph tr n gc
: cc loi chi ph khc tnh cho 1 k thanh ton
V d
8.6. CC NG DNG
Page 36
Page 37
1 (1 + rd ) n
C
P0 = I *
+
rd
(1 + rd ) n
trong :
C
I
n
rd
1 (1 + 12%)5 100.000
+
P0 = 100.000*10%
12%
(1+12%)5
100.000
P0 = 10.000*3,6048+
= 36.048+ 56.744= 92.792$
1,7623
9.2.2. nh gi tri phiu c k hn khng hng li
Phng php nh gi loi tri phiu ny cng tng t nh cch nh gi loi tri phiu k
hn c hng li, ch khc l li sut y bng khng, nn ton b hin gi ca phn li
nh k bng khng. Do vy, gi c ca tri phiu khng hng li c nh gi nh l hin
gi ca mnh gi khi tri phiu o hn
P0 = C(1+rd)-n
I 2n
C
P0 = (1 + rd 2 ) j +
2 j =1
(1 + rd 2 ) 2n
Page 38
vi
rd 2 = 1 + rd 1
rd 2 = 1 + rd 1 = 1 + 12,36% 1 = 6%
10 *10% 1 (1 + 6%) 2*5
P0 =
*
+ 10(1 + 6%) 2*5 = 9,26
2
6%
9.2.4. Phn tch s bin ng gi tri phiu
Trong m hnh nh gi tri phiu, cc bin I v C khng thay i sau khi tri phiu c
pht hnh, nhng cc bin n v rd thng xuyn thay i theo thi gian v li sut th trng
a. V d 9.4: Tri phiu c mnh gi 10.000$, c k hn 15 nm, li sut r = 15%/nm.
- Gi tri phiu khi pht hnh: Li sut tri phiu (r) = Li sut k vng ca nh u t (rd) =
15%/nm
1 (1 +15%)15
P0 = 1.500*
+10.000(1 +15%)15 = 10.000
15%
- Gi tri phiu 1 nm sau khi pht hnh 15% = r > rd = 10%
P0 = 1.500 *
1 (1 + 10%)14
+ 10.000(1 + 10%)14 = 13.683
10%
1 (1 + 20%)14
P0 = 1.500*
+ 10.000(1 + 20%)14 = 7.695
20%
b. Nhn xt:
- Khi li sut th trng bng li sut tri phiu th gi tri phiu bng mnh gi.
- Khi li sut th trng thp hn li sut tri phiu th gi tri phiu cao hn mnh gi.
- Khi li sut th trng cao hn li sut tri phiu th gi tri phiu thp hn mnh gi.
- Li sut tng lm gi tri phiu gim, ngc li li sut gim lm gi tri phiu tng.
- Th gi tri phiu tin dn n mnh gi ca n khi thi gian dn n ngy o hn.
9.2.5. Nhng yu t nh hng n th gi tri phiu
Th gi tri phiu ph thuc vo:
- Mnh gi tri phiu
- Li sut danh ngha ca tri phiu
- Li sut k vng ca nh u t
- Thi hn ca tri phiu
- Phng thc thanh ton
- Loi tri phiu
Page 39
9.3. NH GI C PHIU
9.3.1. nh gi c phiu u i
C phiu u i (Preferred Stock) l mt loi chng khon lai tp gia c phiu thng v
tri phiu. Cng ty pht hnh cam kt tr t l c tc c nh hng nm v khng c ngy
o hn. C phiu ny ging nh tri phiu vnh vin. Do , gi c phiu u i c xc
nh:
P0 = Ip / rp
Trong :
Ip
: C tc hng nm ca c phiu u i
: Li sut k vng ca nh u t
rd
V d 9.5: Cty c phn XYZ pht hnh c phiu u i mnh gi 100.000$, c tc
10%/nm. nh gi c phiu, nu li sut k vng nh u t l 15%/nm.
P0 = 100.000*10%/0,15 = 66.667$
9.3.2. nh gi c phiu thng
a. M hnh chit khu c tc (Discounting Dividend Model)
Gi c phiu thng c xem nh hin gi dng tin thu nhp
In
Pn
I1
I2
+
+ .... +
+
P0 =
1
2
n
(1 + re )
(1 + re )
(1 + rn )
(1 + rn ) n
(1 + r
j =1
Trong :
Ij
re
Pn
)j
Pn
(1 + re ) n
: C tc c chia thi k j
: Li sut k vng ca nh u t
: Gi c phiu m nh u t d kin bn li vo thi im n
2.000 + 20.000
= 18.333$
1 + 20%
P0 =
2.000
2.800
3.700
55.000
+
+
+
(1 + 18%)1 (1 + 18%)2 (1 + 18%)3 (1 + 18%)3
Page 40
P0 = P/E*EPS
Trong : EPS: Earning Per Share: Thu nhp mi c phn
EPS = Thu nhp rng ca c ng thng/S lng c phn thng
Thu nhp rng ca c ng thng = Li nhun rng - Tin li c phn u i
P/E = Gi tr th trng mi c phn / EPS
V d 9.9: Li nhun rng ca cng ty Z l 5 t ng, tr c tc cho c phiu u i 1 t
ng. S lng c phiu thng 2 triu c phiu. Th gi c phiu 30.000$. nh gi c
phiu Z?
Thu nhp rng ca c ng thng = 5 t ng 1 t ng = 4 t ng
EPS = 4.000.000.000 / 2.000.000 = 2.000$/c phn
P/E = 30.000/2.000 = 15 ln
P0 = 15*2.000 = 30.000$
9.4. CC NG DNG
Page 41
Page 42