Exact solution for light bending in Schwarzschild spacetime

Consider the equation, that describes the trajectory of light ray: d 1 = dr 1 r2 b1 1 2 r2 2

2M r

L where b = | E | is the impact parameter and L, E are angular momentum and energy invariants of the photon, respectively. After the substitution u = 1 r and squaring the (1), we have:

(1)

du d

= 2M u3 u2 +

1 b2

(2)

This cubic polynomial has a maximum of one negative root and two positive roots. Lets write (2) as B (u) = 2M (u u1 )(u u2 )(u u3 ) (3)

Then we introduce a new variable, Q, which allows us to distinct roots and to line up them in the order u1 < u2 < u3 . These roots are: u1 = r0 2M Q 1 r0 2M + Q , u2 = , u3 = 4M r0 r0 4M r0

r0 is the light rays distance of closest approach to black hole and its determined from
3 r0 b2 (r0 2M ) = 0

(4)

By comparing the coecients in (3) with those in (2), we obtain relation between Q, b, M, r0 Q2 (r0 2M )2 1 = 2 3 8M r0 b Q2 = (r0 2M )(r0 + 6M )
1 r0

The angle of deection is given by def = 2

du 2M (u u1 )(u u2 )(u u3 ) 1

(5)

def =

2 M

1 r0

Then we can split the integral above into two parts u 0 2 2 du du def = M (u u1 )(u2 u)(u3 u) (u u1 )(u2 u)(u3 u) u1 u1 These integrals can be re-written using elliptic integrals of the rst kind 2 2F (1 , k ) 2F (2 , k ) def = M u3 u1 u3 u1

du (u u1 )(u2 u)(u3 u)

(6)

(7)

(8)

F (i , k ) i s an incomplete elliptic integral of the rst kind with amplitudes u1 1 = , 2 = arcsin 2 u2 u1 and modulus k2 = Thus, u2 u1 u3 u1 Q + 2M r0 Q + 6M r0

2 = arcsin k2 = Finally, we have def

Q r0 + 6M 2Q

where K (k ) is a complete elliptic integral of the rst kind

r0 =4 [K (k ) F (2 , k )] Q

(9)