The bicycle is a relatively recent invention.

It is by far the most economical and environmentallyfriendly mechanical mode of transport yet invented. Describe how the illustrated two-wheeled bicycle below functions, and be sure to mention in your description the machine's environmentally-friendly feature.

A bicycle is a machine designed to transport a person by means of his or her own physical effort. It is, therefore, almost entirely environmentally-friendly. Since the amount of friction generated is much reduced, it is also extremely efficient. It consists of four main sections: the two spoked wheels, a set of handlebars, and a revolving cog, held together by a metal frame. The cyclist, who is balanced on top of a seat covered by a soft saddle, leans forwards and grips the handlebars, pushing down with his or her feet on the pedals which rotate up and down. They drive a central notched cog which is connected by a metal chain to the back wheel hub. Alternative gear positions are available by operating a gear lever at hand level. Also on the handlebars is the brake lever, which is linked by a cable to a set of brakes on the back wheel. Accessories include an air pump, with which the rubber tyres are filled periodically with air, a speedometer, and a headlamp for use at night. (177 words) The diagrams below give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend it underground.

The Eiffel Tower is situated close to the Seine River in Paris. It is a metal structure that is 1,063 feet high and weighs 7,417 tonnes. The tower has been a tourist attraction since 1889, when it was built, and there are 1,665 steps that can be climbed in order to reach the two viewing platforms. There are now plans to build below the foundations of the tower. These plans include the development of five underground levels that will incorporate the tower's ticket office, shopping facilities, a cinema and museum and two floors of underground parking. 2

Although details have yet to be finalized, the principle is that the five floors will be connected by two vertical passenger lifts on either side of the tower. In addition, the floor immediately below the tower, which is planned to house the ticket office, will also consist of a large atrium with a glass ceiling so that visitors can look directly up at the tower itself. (162 words)