GENERAL

Indices

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Length of a straight line, AB: ( ( [ ( ) ( )] ) ) ( )

Midpoint, M of straight line, AB:

Logarithms

Gradient, m of straight line, AB:

Finding the roots:

Circles General Equation: ( )

Sine rule:

Center of circle: ( Radius: )

Cosine rule: Length of Arc: Area of triangle: Area of Sector:

FUNCTIONS
Functions Exponential function Examples: ( ) , ( ) Logarithmic function Examples: , Natural logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function ( ) ( ) Modulus function | ( )| Examples: The graph is obtained from reflecting the graph ( ) in the the -axis for which ( ) is negative. The sections for which ( ) is positive is unchanged Even function A function is even, if ( ) Odd function A function is odd if, ( )

FUNCTIONS
Quadratic function

If If value

, [positive], ( ) has a minimum value , [negative], ( ) has a maximum

Transformation of curves ( ) is a translation of the graph ( ) by units in the direction parallel to [upward if positive] [downward if negative]

( ) is a translation of the graph ( ) by units in the direction of [towards left if positive] [towards right if negative] ( ) is a reflection of the graph ( ) in ( ) is a reflection of the graph ( ) in ( ) is an enlargement of the graph ( ) by a factor of parallel to ( ) is an enlargement of the graph

).

Periodic function A function that has a basic pattern, that repeats at regular intervals. The width of the interval is called period.

( ) by a factor of parallel to

FUNCTIONS
Transformations (Graphical) Example: Transformation 3 ( ) ( )

Transformation 1 ( ) ( ) (

Transformation 4 ( ) ( ) ( )

Transformation 2 ( )

Transformation 5 ( ) ( )

TRIGONOMETRY
Transformation 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) Reciprocal trig function

Pythagorean identities Transformation 7 | ( )| | |

[divided by

[divided by
Compound Angle Identities ( ( Transformation 8 (| |) | | | | ( ) ) )

TRIGONOMETRY
Double Angle Identities Special Angles

60 1

30 3 ( ( Expressing Express ( Where and ( ) or ), 30 is either or 45 60 3 as: ( ) 3 3 1 3 ) ) as a single term. 1 45 45 1

SERIES
Arithmetic progressions is the first term, is the common difference, is the number or terms, and is the last term. The sum of the first terms is: ( ( Geometric progressions is the first term, is the common ratio, and is the number of terms. The sum of the first term: ( ) )

The sum to infinity: When | | Binomial Expansion ( ) ( )( )( 3 ) )

( )

( )

( )(

( )

DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation

DIFFERENTIATION
Compound Function Product rule:

Num Basic Function 1 2 3 Trigonometric Function 1 2 3 4 5 6 Others 1 2 3 ( ) ( ) ) is ?? (not )

Quotient rule:

Chain rule:

Implicit Differentiation Differentiate each term with Example: 3 3 3 3

Why derivative of ( ( ) (

Logarithmic Differentiation ( ) )

Small Increment

Derivative of is 0, because it is a constant without the unknown . ( )

DIFFERENTIATION
Comparative Rates of Change Apply chain rule Area: Circle Triangle

VECTOR
General

Where is the position vector and is the direction of the vector. = = ( ) Vector can also be represented in form of: ( ) ( ) ( )

Surface Area: Sphere = Cylinder = Cone = , where is the slant height Volume: Sphere Cylinder Cone = = =

( Parallel Vectors

Two lines are parallel if the direction of a vector, d1 is a factor of the direction of the other vector, d2. Non-Parallel Lines @ Intersecting Lines If is the angle between vector then: | || | Where and in the formula represent the direction of the vector and ,

Perpendicular Lines If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, then:

Since

INTEGRATION
Integration Basic Function 1 2 3 Trigonometric Function 1 2 3 4 ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

INTEGRATION
Methods of integration Products a) Recognition a. ( ) b. c. d. b) Change of variable c) By parts via the formula Fractions a) Recognition a.
( ) ( )

Num

( )

( )

( )

b) Change of variable c) Using partial fractions Area & Volume

5 6 Others 1 2 3

Area : A= Volume : V=