Running head: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1

Anatomy and Physiology Assignment 1 Student Name: Dermot Connolly Stenberg College Anatomy and Physiology NURS 102-3 (A) Sherri Leon Torres March, 28th, 2012

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 2 The maintenance of body temperature and the birth of a baby are two functions that are regulated by feedback loops. Explain the different feedback loops that regulate each process. The maintenance of body temperature is controlled through a negative feedback loop. If we use the example of the body temperature becoming colder, the bodys sensors or nerve endings feed information to the brain to tell it that the body is getting colder. The brain responds by sending signals to the bodys muscles to shiver. Shivering increases the bodys temperature and the body will continue to shiver until normal temperature is restored. The brain also tells the connector muscles connected to your skin hair to stand on end. The hairs will trap air between them and as air is a poor heat conductor, it will help warm up the body.

When the body temperature is too warm, the sensors notify the brain and again will send signals to the sweat glands to produce sweat. As the sweat heats up and evaporates from your body, it takes a small about of heat energy with it, thus cooling down the body and regulating your body temperature.

The birth of a baby is regulated by a positive feedback loop. Positive feedback loops differ from negative feedback loops in that they accelerate the changes being experienced by the body. In this instance, as the baby is being born, sensors feed information to the brain which increases the body uterine contractions. This has the effect of pushing the baby out of the cervix. This process continues until the baby has being born. The bodys sensors then feed this information to the brain which in turn will reduce the bodies uterine contractions.

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If a person complained of pain in the epigastric region, what organs could be involved?

The epigastric region is part of the Upper Abdominopelvic Region of the body. The epigastric region is located above the abdomen that is level with the ninth ribs on the rib cage. The organs that could be involved in any pain detected here are the Liver, the pancreas, stomach and gall bladder.

Name a structure that is inferior to the heart, superior to the heart, anterior to the heart, posterior to the heart, and lateral to the heart

A structure that is inferior to the heart is the urinary bladder. A structure that is superior to the heart is the brain. A structure that is anterior to the heart is the ribcage. A structure that is posterior to the heart is the spinal column. A structure that is lateral to the heart is the left lung.

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Give the function of the following organelles: ribosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosome, and centrioles 1) The function of the Ribosome is to create proteins, they are also known as protein factories. 2) The function of the Golgi Apparatus is to chemically process molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum for either cell secretion of cell usage. 3) The function of the Mitochondria is to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Enzyme reactions within the Mitochondria breakdown nutrients. This produces energy in a process known as cellular respiration. 4) The function of the Lysosome is to digest food compounds such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates. They can digest obsolete cell components or degrade unwanted foreign components absorbed into the cell. 5) The function of the centrioles are to aid in cell division. During this process, the centriols replicate during the process of Mitosis interphase to form centrosomes. The centrosomes

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 5 then migrate to the cells poles and produce a spindle which pulls replicated chromosomes into the newly dived cells.

Give the function of the nucleus and nucleolus

1) The nucleus controls all the activities in the cell, including cell division. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm, the chromatin and the nucleolus. Because it controls all the cell activities, it also controls the activities of all the organelles with the cell. 2) The nucleolus is responsible for the creation of ribosomes which then travels into the cytoplasm of the cell where it produces proteins.

Compare and contrast tissue repair in epithelial connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

Connective and epithelial tissues have a greater capacity to repair themselves when compared to muscle and nervous tissue. If we look at the epithelial tissue cells for example, they have the ability to duplicate themselves quite quickly and cover the tissue damage. These duplicated cells are called daughter cells. A similar process exists for connective tissue. After an injury is sustained, a mass of dense collagen fibers are created to close the gap caused by the injury. If the collection of collagen fibers is small, normal tissue will replace them in time and no scar will be

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 6 visible. If the mass of collagen fibers is large as a result of a more severe injury causing cell damage, then a scar may develop. Larger scars that develop in the lower levels of the skin are called Keloids

In contrast, muscle and nervous tissue do not repair themselves so easily. When a muscle injury occurs it is often replaced with fibrous connective tissue instead of muscle tissue. As a result the muscle is no longer able to function as indented and typically the muscles functionally is negatively affected and in some cases lost. Nervous tissue also has the same limitations when it comes to repairing itself. This is why damage to the brain and spinal cord is often permanent. In some instances it is possible to achieve partial repair to the nervous tissue over time, but success is dependant on certain factors being in place such as the presence of neuroglia. Research is being carried out on the nerve repair produced by neuroglia in the hope that one day, we will be in a position to successfully treat all spinal injuries.

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References http://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/ Thibodeau, G.A. & Patton, K.T. (2010), The Human Body in Health & Disease (5th Edition), Mosby Elsevier.

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