1990-2004

( )

( -)

( )

, , ,
,
, , ,

. , ,
,
, ,
( ) . o
()
. ,
,
.
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
, ,
1 , 2
.
1

,
,
.
2
,
.
-1-

 ,
, , , , . .,
(Checchi - Visser, 2001: 7-13).

, : )
, , )
, ,
, , , ,
, ) ,
,
(Checchi - Lucifora, 2002: 373.)
1.

.

.

. H
,
,
, ,

.

: ) ,
, )
,
- .
,
(Cohen, Haberfeld, Mundlak & Saporta, 2003: 692-693).

.
, .

. ,


(Checchi - Lucifora, 2002:
372).
( ) ,
; ,

,
. ( )
,
, , ,
(Checchi - Lucifora, 2002:
363-364).

.
,

. , .
,
,
,
() .

, , ( )
. ,
.

.
(.. ) ,
. , ,

, ,
(Booth, 1984, 1985, Booth - Chatterji, 1995, Burda, 1990, Naylor - Cripps, 1993, Naylor Raaum, 1993, Corneo, 1995, 1997, Jones - McKenna, 1994).

2.

. ,
,

(, 1985: 26). ,
.
.
.
,
(, 1998: 62).
1, 2 3 ,
.
1
, 1970-1990

1970
62,2
60,0

1980
56,2
76,0

1990
46,2
71,4

22,3

17,5

9,8

33,0
36,3

35,6
49,3

32,9
38,8

38,0
67,7
44,8

35,3
79,7
50,4

25,5
82,5
39,1

35,1
60,8 (1978)

22,3
31,1
36,7 (1980)
60,7 (1984)

15,6
25,4
34,1
31,8

: , 1997: 223

 2

1950-1995 (%)

1950
1955
1965
1970

61
64
63
62

37
40

33
21
19
21
*
36
38
38
38

53
59
63
64

36

44
45
43
49

37
53

45
43
29
38

43
41
40
40

59

67
71
68
73

34
33
42
51
* 1990 .

1975
56
53
23
37
67
52
55
30
43
38
52
75
67

1980
58
57
17
41
80
37
55
57
14
54
35
59
88
70

1985
58
54
15
39
73
37
49
56
14
51
29
52
92
69

1990
46
51
10
33
71
34
39
50
17
39
25
32
82
72

1995
43
53
9
30
82
32
38
15
39
26
32
83
81

: (1, 1998)
(2002: 111)
3

, 1985-2003

(1995)

1985-1995

1993-2003

41,2%

-19,2%

-12,9%

91,1%
80,1%
79,3%
28,9%
9,1%
24,3%
18,6%
25,6%
83,3%
44,1%
65,1%
25,6%
22,5%
32,9%

+8,7%
+2,3%
+16,15
-17,6%
-37,2%
-33,8%
+62,1%
-50,2%
+6,3%
-7,4%
-35,8%
-11,0%
+3,6%
-21,7%
-27,7%

-7,2%
+1,7%
+2,6%
-23,9%
-11,4%
+1,3%
+6,3%
+17,6%
+7,2%
+13,1%
-12%

*
. , ,
.
: (, 2002, . 112) Eironline (2004).

 ,
.

.
. ,

() ,
. 1992
, 25
.
1970-1992
4%. 7% ,
5%. , ,
2%, 5%,
3%, 1%, 5%,
1% (Ebbinghaus - Visser, 1998: 9).

1985-1995, 20%
48 92 . 1995 164
1,3 14 92

50% . ,
, ,

,
(, 2002: 109). ,
.
10% 1950-1975,
, , , , , ,
. , ,
10% (Ebbinghaus - Visser, 1998).
, ,
, ,

26 ( ) 2003 ,
, , . ,

 90% , 80% 89% , ,

, 70% 79% , 60% 69%
, 50% 59% , 40% 49% , 30% 39%
, , 20% 29% , , ,
, , , 10% 19% ,
, (Eironline, 2004).
,
. 1949
40% , , , . 1958-1978
25-28%
.
, 13 18 . ,
( , ,
, ..). ,
10 . 1945-1978

. 1978 . 2 .
( 400.000 )
8-10% (Andolfatto - Labb, 2000: 29-30).
,
(, , ,
..), .
: ,
, , .
,
15%, (Andolfatto - Labb, 2000: 73).

3. :

. ,
,

.


1970 .
.
,
, .
, , , ,
,
( ),
,
-
,
(, 1984).
1970 ( )
36%, ( )
1980 1985
. , 1980 37%,
1985,
, ,
1982-1984,
(, 1998).
, 2, 1980 1985
.
, ( )
.
, 1995,
37% 1985

.

 , ,
,
( )

.
.
(
),
, () .
.
, / , /
, (, , ,
..), ,
,
. , ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, (
)
.
, 1998
756.730 . , 516.267 (
29 1998) 240.463
( 30 1998). . (2002: 121)

1997 (3.159.347 ),
24%. ,
,
.
, ,
2004. 32
(2004) 448.754, , 32 (2004) 289.469.
13%, , ,
20% .
738.223, 1998.

 2%
1998 ( 24% 22%),

,
.
15%, ,
90% (.. ).
, ,

(, 1999: 260-261).

,
,
.
4. H :


.
VPRC 2003 2004. ,
, , ,
2000 1995.
, ,
,
.
, ( )
/ ,
( ) 3 .
,
,
,
.

:
; ,
, , , , , ,
.

10

 , /
(, ) ,
( ..
),
. ,


. , ..,
. ,
, .
, ,
. , (VPRC,
1998) - 12%.
(VPRC, 1999), - 9%, , 2001,
- 12% (
8.1%, 6% 9%) (VPRC, 1999). ,
:

;
VPRC
.
- 1995, - 2000.
35,5%, 31,4%.
,
. :
,
,
, . , ,
.
,
,
,
. , ,
, :
;
VPRC 2003 2004

11

 30%-35%
1995 2000. 2003
21,1%, 2004 17%.
, , 22%
2004.
2000 , ,
.
/ (, ,
, , ..),
(, , ,
). ,
, .., (
),

(,

2002),

(
) , ,
(
2000 55-70 ).

.
(18-24 ) 64,5%,
90%, 45 95%.
2000, , ,

. , ,
,
-
:

. 16%
, , ,
. 16%

.

12

17%
.
,
.

.
,
. 18% .

8%
.
, .

, (40%)
, ,
,
.
,
.

, . , ,

. ,
.
(
49,1% ,
24,5%).


.
,
:
49,2% ( 49,7% ),
56% ( 37% ), ,
, 68% ( 30%
).

13

 , 1995-2001
(
) . ,
,
2003-2004, . ,
, , ,
,
,
,
. ,
.
4
2000-2004
( %)
2000*

2003-4 (
)**

66,6

25

32,6

11

50

20

13,8

26,1

13

/ /

40,5

40

80

54

60,7

25

65

40

62,4

25

61,7

20

----

18

/ /

/
/ /

* , , , ,
**
: VPRC (2000, 2003, 2004)

, 2000
,
.
, , ,
, 20%.

14

5.
:
1.
/ . , , ,
.
, ,
,
.
/ ,
, .
2. .
,
. ,
,
, , .
3.
. .
, /
, ,
.
4. .

), .

,
,
,
.
5. , ,
,
. 5% ( )
. 5%
() .

15

2000 (, , , , )
16%. , 2003-2004,
.

Andolfatto, D. et Labb, D. (2000), Sociologie des syndicats, La Dcouverte-col. Repres,
Booth, A. (1984), A public choice model of trade union behaviour and membership, Economic
Journal, 94, . 883-898
Booth, A. (1985), The free rider problem and a social custom model of trade union membership,
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100, . 253-261
Booth, A. and Chatterji, M. (1995), Union membership and wage bargaining when membership is
not compulsory, Economic Journal, 105, . 345-360
Burda, M. (1990), Membership, seniority and wage-setting in democratic labour unions,
Economica, 57 (228), . 455-466
Checchi, D. and Lucifora, Cl. (2002), Union density. The economic roles of unions and institutions:
Unions and labour market institutions in Europe, Economic Policy, vol. 17 (35), . 363-408
Checchi, D. and Visser, J. (2001), Pattern persistence in European trade union density: a longitudinal
analysis 1950-1997, Amsterdam Institute For Advanced Labour Studies, Working paper nr 4
Cohen, Y., Haberfeld, Y., Mundlak, G. and Saporta, I. (2003), Unpacking Union Density:
Membership and Coverage in the Transformation of the Israeli IR System, Industrial Relations, 42
(4), . 692-711
Corneo, G. (1995), Social custom, management opposition, and trade union membership, European
Economic Review, 39, . 275-292
Corneo, G. (1997), The theory of the open shop trade union reconsidered, Labour Economics, 4, .
71-84
Ebbinghaus, B. and Visser, J. (1998), When Institutions Matter: Union Growth and Decline in
Western Europe, 1950-95, Arbeitsbereich, I/Nr. 30, Mannheimer Zentrum Fr Europische
Sozialforschung, Mannheim

16

EIROnline

(2004),

Evolution

de

la

syndicalisation

de

1993

2003,

http://www.eiro.eurofound.eu.int/2004/03/update/tn0403115u.html
Jones, S. and McKenna, C.J. (1994), A dynamic model of union membership and employment,
Economica, 61 (242), . 179-189
, . (1998), :
1980 1990, , . (.), : ,
, , ,
, . (1998), , , 12, . 61-66
, . (1985), , ., ,
, . (2002), , , 78, . 103-136
, . (1999),
, , . (), ,
, , . 253-310
, . (1984), : , 1938-84,
,
, . (2002), :
, , . (.), : - ,
V-PRC 2002, , , . 171-198
Naylor, R. and Cripps, M. (1993), An economic theory of the open shop trade union, European
Economic Review, 37, . 15991620
Naylor, R. and Raaum, O. (1993), The open shop union, wages and management opposition, Oxford
Economic Papers, 45, . 589604
, . (1997), :
2/3;, , . (.),
20 , -Gutenberg,
VPRC/ (1995), ,
-
VPRC/ (1998), , .

17

VPRC/OME- (1999), ()
, .
VPRC/ (2000), , .
VPRC/OTOE (2001), : , ,
, .
VPRC (2003), , .
VPRC (2004), , .

18