f,dj ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska b;d fmdfydi;a .

%S ,xldfú usßosh u;aiHh iñm; ffcj úúO;ajh flf¾

b;d jeo.;afú' ls ó 1600 fjr, ;Srhlska jgjqk .%S ,xldfú .x.d we< fod< ú,a¨ jeú fmdl=Kq
iD;=uh c,dY yd c,dY wdY%;j usßosh uiqka jHdma;j we;' b;d oS¾> b;sydihl isg mej; tk
ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;h osjhsk mqrd oel .; yels fú' j¾:udkh jk úg th ñßosh uiqka j.dj olajd
oshqKqù we;' th uiqkag muKla iSud fkdù c,c me,eà olajdo jHdma;j we;' fñ jk úg fuu
flaI;%fha iDcQ yd jl% l¾udka; wdY%;j úNj;djhlao mj;shs' kuq;a fuu iñm;a ;sridr
l<ukdlrKhlska f;drj wiajkq fk,d .ekSfuka ñßosh u;aiHh iñm; oeä wjodkulg ,laj we;'

Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a uq¨ u;aiHh mdÍfNdaPkfhka 10] l muK m%udKhla ioyd ñßosh u;aiHh
iñm; odhl fú' lrosh ëjr l¾udka;h yd iiok l, th b;d iq¨ m%udKhla jQjo ñßosh uiqka ioyd
mdÍfNda.slhkaf.ka b;d jeä b,a¨ula mj;shs' lrosh uiqkag jvd rij;a ùu" fmdIK .=Kfhka jeãùu"
ÿ,n ùu" yd lrosh uiqka rg wNHka;rhg meñfK;au l,a.; ùu;a ñßosh uiqka w¨;a mSg ,nd
,;yels ùu;a b,a¨u jeä ùug fya;= ù we;' ,xldfú muKla fkdj f,dj ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;fha
m%Odk wdldr 02 la yÿkd .; yels fú' tkñ
01 j.d lr wiajkq fk,Su
02 j.d fkdlr wiajkq fk,Su

fuu l%uhka 02 lu ;jÿrg;a j.d lrk fyda wiajkq fk,Sfï wruqK wkqj j¾. l<yel' tkñ
01 j.d lr wiajkq fk,Su
^w& wdydr ioyd uiqka j.dj
^wd& iqr;,a uiq;a j.dj

fufia ñßosh uiqka j.d lsÍu wdldr 03 lska fmkajdosh yel" tkñ úia;D; l%uh" w¾O iQlaIu
l%uh" iQlaIu l%uh f,ih
úia;D; l%ufhaoS jejla" uv fmdl=Kla" fyda c,dYhla fyda fhdod .kS' fuysoS c,fha .=Kd;auh
ms<snoj fyda u;aiHh wdydr mS<sno ie,ls,a,la j.d lrejd úiska fkdolajhs' tfiau frda. wdidok
fyda fi!nH ioyd m%;sldr lsÍu wmyiq jk w;r tall j¾. M,hlska wvq wiajekakla ,efí'

w¾O iqlaIu l%ufhaoS lD;Suj ieleiQ fmdl=Kq fyda c,dY j, .s,a,jQ l+vq ;=, we.s,a,la muK
u;aiH megú ;eusm;a lr j.d lrkq ,efí' ll=¨ ;r lsÍuo fuu l%ufha ,d ie,lsh yel' fuu l%ufhaoS
j.dlre úiska 50] muK wdydr imhk w;r 50] muK iajNdúl wdydr u; hefma' fuu l%ufhaoS
imhk wdydr f,i fndfyda úg bj; ,k n;a weg" yd,a ueiaika UM" uq¨;eka f.hska bj;,k wdydr
fldgia" mqkaklal=" l=vq l< i;aj fldgia wdosh ,nd osh yel" tfiau c,fha .=Kd;auh ms<sno
hñ;dla ÿrg ie,ls,a,la olajkq ,nhs' úia;D; l%uh yd w¾O iQlaIu l%uh hk fohdldrhgu tla uiqka
ùfYaIhla fyda úfYAI .kkdjla j.d l, yel" ksoiqkla f,i biaika muKla ;ksj j.d lsÍu;a" biaika"
idudkHh ldmhka yd ßoS ldmhka tlg j.d lsßSu;a fmkajd osh yel' fufia úfYAI .kkdjla tlg j.d
lsÍu nyq frdamKh f,i yeoska fú' nyq frdmKh u.ska jdis /ila we;s w;r f;drd .kakd úfYAI j,
fNdack rgdj ms<sno ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

iqlAIu l%uh hgf;a uiqqka j.d lsÍu fñjk úg Y%S ,xldfúkñ nyq,j m%p,s; ù we;af;a biaika j.dj
ioydh' kuq;a ;dhs,ka;h" cmdkh" fldßhdj" Ökh" rgj, fuu l%uh wdydr ioyd .kakd iy iqr;,a
uiqka iEu úfYaIhlau mdfya fuu l%uhg j.d lrkq ,efí' fuu l%uhg wkqj uiqka j.dfùoS c,fha
;;ajh md,kh" c,h jd;kh" frda. ldrlhka ms<sno oeã wjodkhla fhduq lr md,s; ;;aj hgf;a j.dj
mj;ajd.k hkq ,efì' 100] lD;Suj imhkq ,nk wdydr u; uiqka fmdAIKh lrk w;r ridhk øjH Ndú;ho
olakd ,efì' tksid fuu l%uh u.ska jeä ,dNhla Wmhd .; yels jQjo fufia c,c cSõka l=uK
wdldrhlg j.d l<;a ta wdY%; mdÍißl .eg¨ fndfyduhla mj;S'
c, ¥IKh" biaika fldgq j, we;s jk wdidok je,elaùug fhdok m%;scSjl j, fYaI fldgia fya;=fjka
Bg m%;sfrdaë nelaàßhd îcdkq ksmo fjk w;r tu îcdkq c,h iu.u wjg c,c mßir j,g tlaùu"
wiajkq fk,SfñoS ridhk øjH ñY% c,h wjg jQ l,mq$.x.d$we,fod< yd c,dY j,g uqod yeÍu;a tfia
uqod yeÍfuka ta iajNdúl mÍir j, cSj;a jk c,c cSjSka ;¾ckhg ,la ùu" iajNdúl c, ud¾. wjysr
ùfuka c, .e,Sñ we;sùu" ù j.d ìñ yd fmd,a j.d ìñ jeks lDISld¾ñl ìñ biaika fldgq iEoSug fhdod
.ekSfuka tu ìñ j, .=Kd;auh ydhkhg ,la fú" .jhka jeks i;=kag W,d lEug we;s ;DK ìñ wdosh
wysñ ùu" yd u;aiHh fldgq wdY%;j mj;sk wêl ÿ¾.kaOh ksid wjg mßirfha fi!kao¾Hh ydhkh
ùu' jeks oE c,c cSù j.dj wdY%; mdßißl .eg¨ f,i fmkajd osh yel'

02 j.d fkdlr wiajkq fk,Su

,xldj jeks ixj¾Okhjk jk rgj, nyq,u l%uh fuu l%uh fú' .x.d" we,fod," jeú wuqKq"
fmdl=Kq" l=vd osh myrj,a' ú,a¨" iD;=uh c,dY wdy%,;j fuu l%uh oel .;yelsfú' fuysoS wod,
c,c mßir moaO;shg ñksid úiska l=vd u;aiHh megjqka tla lsÍula fyda wNsckkhla fkdlrk w;r
uiqkaf.a meje;au ioyd jq lsisÿ fohla ñksid úiska fkdlrhs' fuu mßir moaO;s j, uiqka iajNdúlj
fnda ù iajNdúlj yeoS jefvk w;r lsisÿ ksIAmdok msßjehlska f;drj ëjrhska wiajkq fk,d .kS'
fufia j.d fkdlr w,ajd.kq ,nk uiqka w;r Æ,d" ldjhshd" fldr,shd" je,sf.dújd" u.=rd" yqka.d"
wdod wdoS uiqka fjhs'

j.d lsÍulska f;drj ñßosh uiqka w,ajd .ekSfñ fú.h l%u l%ufhka jeäfú' tu fú.h uiqkaf.a
fnda ùfñ fjs.hg jvd jeä fú.hla fõ' j¾:udkfha ëjrhka i;= wdñmkak b;d ld¾HhYu fú' tksid flá
ld,hla ;=,oS jeä uiqka m%udkhla ëjrhkag w,ajd .; yels fõ' th ëjrhkaf.a me;af;ka i;=gqodhl
jQjo mdrsißl me;af;ka flaojdplhls ukaoh;a ñksidf.a wjYH;d wiSñ; neúka Tjqka yels Wmßu
oe ,nd .ekSug wd;aud¾:ldó fú' Æ,d" ldjhshd" je,sf.dújd" u.=rd" yqka.d" wdod wdoS
uiqka lD;Suj wNsckkh lr iajNdúl mßir j,g uqod yeÍu ÿ,n lghq;a;lS' th fkdjk ;rñu hehs
mejiSu idOdrKh' fñ w;r fuu iajNdúl mßir moaO;s j,ska wdydr ioyd fukau iqr;,a uiqka f,i
wf,ú lsÍug Y%S ,xldjg wdfúKsl uiqka /ila w,ajd .kS' tu uiqka lD;Su wNsckkhlska f;drj
iajNdúl mßir j,ska w,ajd .ekSu ksid Tjqkaf.a meje;aug oeä ;¾ckhla t,a,j we;' fñ ioyd iqr;,a
uiqka jHdmdßlhkag yd wod, wdh;k j,g wdfúKsl uiqka gexls ;=, wNsckkh l< yel' kuq;a fuu
l%shdj,sh ioyd jeh jk ld,h ksid laIKsl <Nh ;ld uiqka iajNdúl mßir j,ska w,ajd .EkSug fm<fì'
Y%S ,xldjg wdfúKsl gexls ;=< wNsckkh l< yels uiqka .kkdjls' u,a fldiaid" m;srK id,hd"
fomq,a,shd" nq,;a ymhd" f,a ;s;a;hd" y,a u,a oKaãhd" u.=rd" .vhd" wfidal fm;shd" nkaÿ,
fm;shd" ÿñnr fm;shd" ox l=vq fm;shd" fld< lkhd" u,a mq¨ágd" ysß lkhd iy je,s f.dújd jeks
uiqka fñ ioyd fmkajdosh yel' Y%S ,xldjg wdfúKSl uiqka úfYAI 32 muK ñßosh c,dY j,ska
yuqjk w;r tA iEu u;aiHhl=u wmkhkh ioyd fhdod .ekSu kS;s úfrdaë fú' Y%S ,xldfú m%Odk
f,i ñßosh uiqka fndalrk m%foaY f,i moúh" onq,a," fmdf<dkakrej" rñfndv.,a," b.skshd.,"
kqjrM<sh" .sks.;afyak Unrlef,a" mkdmsáh" fnr.," Wvj,j"

ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;fha M<odhS:dj jeä lßug kñ ñßosh c,c iñm;a j, ;sridr meje;au
;yjqre l< hq;=h' ta ioyd wNsckkh l< u;aiHh megjqka iajNdúl mßir j,g uqod yeÍu"
wNHka;r c,c mßir j, wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu" wd.ka;=l uiqka yÿkajdoSfñoS Tjqka wmg
.e,fmkafkao hkak fojrla is;d ne,Su" c, uQ,dY% wjgska c,hg wmøjH tlaùu je,elaùu
^l¾udka; Yd,d" l=Kq ldKq" jeisls,s moaO;s" j.dìñ'''''''''''&" ydksodhl ëjr wdmkak Nú;fhka
je,lSu ^W"od äiafld oe,a&" hdka;%sl hd;%d Ndú;d fkdlsÍu" uiqka fndajk ld, j,oS
we,a,Sfuka je,lSu" megjqka yd iqyqnq,a wjosfha miqjk uiqka we,a,Sfuka je,lSu" c,hg úI
øjH fhdod uiqka we,a,Sfuka je,lSu" c,c Ydl /l .ekSu ^uiqka fndaùu ioyd jeo.;a fú&" f;;a ìñ
f.dvlsÍfuka je,lSu" fuu iñm;a /l.ekSfñ wjYH;dj yd flafI;% mS<snoj meyeos<s wjfndaohla
ëjrhkag fukau mdi,a <uqka we;=¨ ish¨ ck fldgia j,g ,nd oSu yd c,c iñm;a wY%;j mkjd
we;s kS;s Í;s oeä f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu ;a kj ks;s Í;s iñmdokh lsÍu;a l< hq;=j we;'

j¾;udkfha fmr ioyka l< oE md,kh lsÍug úêu;a kS;s flgqñm;a mkjd we;s w;r tajd
l%shd;aul lsÍfñoS fndfyda md%fhda.sl .eg¨ mek k.S' ,dxlsl êjrhka nyq;rh kq.;a fú tfiau
Tjqka i;= wdl,am" foaYmd,ksl n,mEñ" ks<OdÍkaf.a wl%ñl;d" úúO ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s" c, cSj
iñm;a ms<sno nyq;r ,dxlslhka i;= w,am oekqu" c, cSj iñm;a flf¾ we;s oeä b,a¨u" c, cSj
iñm;a wY%; cdjdrdñ ^ W"od uiqka iajNdúl mÍir j,ska w,ajd wmkhkh lsÍu&
ridhk øjH wêlj fhdod flfrk lDISld¾ñl lghq;= wdoS oE tu md%fhda.sl .eg¨ f,i fmkajd osh
yel' rgl ck;dj oekqfuka W!K ùu tu rg ;srir ixj¾Okhla lrd f.k hdfñoS m%Odk w¾nQohlafú'
wjdikdjlg fuka Y%S ,dxlsl ëjr m%cdj m%udKj;a wOHdmkhla ,enQ msßila fkdfõ' fndfyda
ëjrhska l=vd l, mdi,a úfhaoSu ëjr l¾udka;fha ksh¨k wh fõ' kuq;a ukd ixksfúok l%u ;=,ska
Tjqka ;=< jq wOHdmkh yd wdl,am ixj¾Okh l< yel' t;=,ska c, cSj iñm;a ixrlaIKh ioyd jvd
M<odHS m%;sm, ,.d lr .; yel' j.d fkdfldg uiqka we,a,Sug jvd j.dlsÍu jvd M,odhS hehs fmkS
hhs' tksid êjrhska c, cSj j.djg yqre lsÍu" wjYH oekqu ,ndoSu" Kh wdOdr ,ndoSu jeks oE
u.ska iajNdúl mßir j, jk c, cSùka hñ;dla oqrg /l .;yel' iqr;,a uiqka yd wdydr ioyd jk uiqka
jdKsc uágñka wNsckkh lsÍug ñßosh ëjr ckhd yqre lr ta ioyd Tjqkag w;aje,la iemhQjfyd;a
ta uiqkaf.a iq,N;djhla we;sjk neúka wdfùKsl uiqka wdrlaIdùu" ÿ¾,N uiqka iq,N ùu"
fj<ofmdf,a ñ, ia:djr uágulg mj;ajd.ekSfï yelshdj" wvq flaI;% t,hlska jeä wiajekakla ,nd
.;yels ùu" hd;%d yd wdñmkak ioyd jk úhou wvqùu fukau c,c mßir moaO;s ydhkh je,lSuo
fuu.ska isÿfõ'

Y%S ,xldfú ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;h ëjr l¾udka;h k.d isgqùug úfoaYSh uiqka úfYAI /ila
yÿksjd oS we; ^W"od" ;s,dmshd" leá,d" ld*a úfYaI" ñß.d,a& tfiau iqr;,a uiqka úfYaI
.kkdjlao yÿkajd oS we;' ^W"od" ukakhd" ùÿre msiskakd" ld*a" .=rdñ' Tiald" wrjdkd& fuf,i
ioaNdjfhka yÿkajdÿka wd.ka;=lhska wfma mßir moaO;s j, pKaVshka njg m;a ù we;' ëjr
l¾udka;h ioyd yÿkajdÿka we;eñ uiqka jeä iajNdúl j¾Ok fú.hla we;s ksid Y%S ,xldfõ
foaYSh uiqkag jvd jeä fú.hlska .ykh jevsfú' tfiau Tjqka wfma foaYSh uiqkaf.a ì;a;r
wdydrhg f.k úkdY lrouk neúka foaYSh uiqkaf.a iajNdúl j¾Okh iSud ù we;' iajNdúl c,c mßir
j,g wd.ka;=lhka yÿkajdÿka úg wdydr ioyd mj;sk ;r.fhka ch .ekSug foaYSh uiqkg wd.ka;=l
uiqka iu. oeä ;r.hla oSug isÿfú'^W"od ;s,dmshd&' iqr;,a uiqka f,i yÿkajdÿka uiqka
m%udKfhka ùYd, j;au yd fndaù .ykh jeä j;au Tjqka iajNdúl c,c mßir moaO;s j,g uqod
yßhs túg Tjqka foaYSh uiqkaf.a ì;a;r wdydrhg f.k foaYSh uiqkaf.a iajNdúl j¾Okh wjysr
lrhs' tfiau wdydr ioyd ;r.fhaoS ieuúg wd.ka;=l uiqka ch .kakd w;ru Tjqka foaYSh uiqkajo
wdydrhg .kS' fñ ioyd loSu ksoiqkla jkafka ukakhd yd ùÿre msiskakd jeks uiqkah'

j.d fkdlr uiqka iajNdúl mßir j,ska we,a,SfñoS fndfyda l%u ùoS fhdod .kS' tjd u;aiHh
úfYAIh" u;aiHhdf.a jákdlu" c,fha .eUqr" m;=f,a iajNdjh" ëjrhdf.a yelshdj" Ndù;d lrk l%ufha
jákdlu ^W"od khsf,daka oe,a j,ska w,a,k uiqka ñ, wvqh"& yd c,c mßirfha iajNdjh wkqj
úúOdldr fú' ëjr wdñmkak j¾.S lrKh lrosh" ñßosh yd lsjq,aos ëjr l¾udka;h ioyd fmdÿfú
j¾.lr we;' kuq;a o< wjfNdaohla msKsi ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;hg jeo.;a wdñmkak lSysmla fufia
j¾. lr oelaúh yel'
oe,a wdñmkak
oe,a wdñmkakhl m%Odk f,i oe,a j,ska ksujd we;'
W"od úis oe,a" Tijk oe,a"

je,a wdñmkak
fuys m%Odk fldgi ì,s fldl= fhdod.k ksujd we;' fuu l%ufhaoS icSù fyda wcSù weula
u;aiHhdg .s,Sug i,iajd w,ajd .kS'
W"od" ms;a; yd fhd;" w;afhd;a mkakh

fjk;a wdñmkak
fuu wdñmkak jvd mßir ys;ldó hehs mejiSu iOdrKh' ukao h;a oe,a wdñmkak j,oS oe,a
j, isÿre ^weia& j, m%udKh u; wkjYH iyd megjqka mjd yiqfú' th whym;a ;;ajhls' kuq;a fuu
l%u j,oS tu ydksh wju lr .; yels jQQjo Ndú; jkafka b;d iq¨ jYfhaka uiqka we,a,SfñoS muKS'
 W"od" weú¨ñ ì,sh ^wkaku,h&" lrla f.äh" fluk" l+vq" W.=,a" uiqkag úosk ;=jlal=j
fuu ir, wdñmkak u.ska uiqka cSj.%yfhka we,a,Sug yel' ^ W"od" lrla f.äh" l+vq"&

Y%S ,xldfú ñßosh ëjr l¾udka;fha Wkak;sh Wfoid fuf;la mej;s rchka u.ska fkdfhla
l%Shdud¾. /ila f.k we;' kuq;a fmdÿfú Y%S ,xldfú ëjr l¾udka;fha Wkak;sh Wfoid rch .;a
mshjr my; wdldrh'

• 1964 oS Y%S ,xld ëjr ixia:dj msysgqùu'

• 1970 oS ëjr wud;HxYhla msysgqùu'
• 1972 oS Y%S ,xld ëjr jrdh ixia:dj msysgqùu'
• ëjr iuqmdldr iñ;s msysgqùu ^fuu.ska Kh wdOdr ,ndfoa&'
• 1970 oYlfha oS wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j hgf;a fndaágq hdka;S% lrKh lsÍu ioyd
wruqo,a ,ndf.k ëjrhkag Kh ,ndoS we;'
• 1982 oS cd;sl c,c iñm;a ksfhdacs;dh;kh ^kdrd wdh;kh& msysgqjk ,oS'
• 1984 oS fjr< ixrCIK fomd¾;fñka;=j msysgqùu'
• nyqosk hd;%d yÿkajdoSu
• 2002 jif¾oS ëjr yd c,c iñm;a wud;HxYh hgf;a udM oe,a wdñmkak yd ëjr hd;%d
,ndoSu'
• ñßosh u;aiHh ixj¾Okh ioyd ,ndfok rdcHh wkq.%yh 1990 oS kj;ajkq ,enQjo 1994
isg h,s l%Shd;aul lf<ah'
• 1995 isg iS fkda¾ moku kej; l%shd;aul ùu' ^oe,a" ëjr hd;%d ksIAmdokh lrhs&
• cd;sl ëjr mqyqKq wdh;kh yd id.r úYAj úoHd,h msysgùu'
• 1991 oS ëjr úY%du jegqm yd iudc wdrCIK Wmldr fhdcs; l%shd;aul lsÍu'
• ëjr .ñudk yd ksjdi fhdackd l%u we;s lsÍu'
• 1994 oS tlai;a cd;Skf.a uqyqÿ iñuq;sh ms<s.kakd ,oS'
• 1959"1972"1979"1990" yd 1995 jir j, ëjr ixj¾Ok ie,iqñ we;slsÍu'
• whsia ksIAmdokd.dr mysgqùu
• yñnkaf;dg ëjr fl!;=ld.drh msysgqùu
• ó.uqj i;aiHh cdk nexl=j msysgqùu
• êjrhkag pkaøsld ikaksfúokh ms<sno mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu
• iqkdñ jHikfhka miqj úfoaY wdOdr we;sj ëjr jrdh wM;a jeVshd lsßu" hd;d% ,nd oSu
yd wM;a jeVshd lsßu'

ienE ëjrfhla kñ Tyq c, cSùkaf.a meje;au ms<sno is;d n,kafkla úhhq;=h' ukao h;a
Tjqkaf.a meje;au c, cSùkaf.a meje;au u; rod mj;sk ksid' êjrhs ienE mßmr ys;ldóka úh
hq;=h' th ;srir ixj¾Okhla lrd hk .ufka m%Odk rel=,la jkqwe;'