1.

0 CALCULATION
Sample calculation
Pulse input
Using numerical method, formula of :

( )
For N+1 points, where n is even.

=1
( )

= area under the graph

( )

= 1/3 [ 1(0) + 4(0) +2(0.2) +4(1.4) +2(1.9) +4(1.4) +2(0.3) +4(0.1) +2(0.1) +1(0)]
=5.53 g. min/m3
From Eq (4-8)
E(t) =

( )

( )

( )

= 0.036166

E1(1) =
( ) = 0.976492

Mean residence time, tm =

( )

tm= 1/3 [1(0)+4(0)+2(0.036166)+4(0.379747)+2(0.687161)+4(0.632911)+2(0.162769)+

4(0.063291)+2(0.072333)+1(0)]
tm = 2.07355 min
Second moment, Variance,
=

( )

( )

( )

= 1/3 [1(0)+4(0)+2(0.036166)+4(0.56962)+2(1.374322)+4(1.582278)+

2(0.488246)+4(0.221519)+2(0.289331)+1(0)
( )

= 4.623252 min2
( )

= 4.623252-(2.07355)2 = 0.323642
= 0.568895
Third moment, Skewness , s3 =
s3 =

( )

= 1/3 [1(0) +4(0)+2(0.036166)+4(0.85443) +2(2.748644) + 4(3.955696)

+2(1.464738) + 4(0.775316)+2(1.157324) +1(0)]

= 11.052
s3 =

[(11.052)-(2.07355)3] = 4.979248

Step input
From Eq (4-15), E(t) can be derived as :
E(t) =
At t = 2.5
E(t) = [1.3x(2.5-0)/39.1] = 0.101881
Mean residence time,
tm =

( )

( )

( )

( )

tm = 3.714732 min
Second moment, Variance,

( )

= (

( )

= 0.614275
= 0.783757
Third moment, Skewness ,
s3 =
s3 =
s3 =

( )

( )

(-0.104336) = -0.150370

2.0 RECOMMENDATION
In order to get improved, accurate results, there are some ways that can be taken, such as :
2.1 Adjusting the flow rate throughout the experiment. The flow rate must be
maintained at 700 ml/min all the time to provide optimum flow for the reaction.
2.2 Perform the general start up and shut down procedure before and after an
experiment to make sure no left over in the chamber.
2.3 Make sure to open only required valve and closed all valves that are not required
to avoid error and leakage. If a certain valve needs to be open and closed rapidly,
make sure to make it quick.
2.4 The storage tank must be filled with solution desired to provide optimum
materials needed for the experiment.