The Line Bias Control :

Area control
Errors


Tieline Bias Control of two areas System :-









Steady State Response :-






1 1
f ACE
2
Ptie2 ACE
1 1 1
Ptie,1+b f ACE = A
2 2 2
Ptie,2+b f ACE = A
c1 1 1 1
P ( 1)
tie
KI P b f dt = A + A
}
c2 2 2 2 2
P ( )
tie
KI P b f dt = A + A
}
,1 1 1
P 0
tie
b f + A =
,2 2 2
P 0
tie
b f + A =
1 2
0 f f =
1 2 1 2
= P P 0
tie tie
f f f = = = =
1
1
m
ij i i
j
ACE P b f
=
= A + A

1
m
ij
j
P
=
A

The line Bias Control Formulti Area Systems :

Net Interchange =


Dynamic Response of Uncontrolled case :

Conditions, T
P1
>>T
F1
, T
G1
; T
P2
>>T
F2
, T
G2



1 2
0
c c
P P forUncontrolled case A = A =
| |
12 0 2 1
,1
12 0
2 ( ) ( )
( )
2 0 1
2 2 ( )
2
D D
tie
T f P S P S
P S
T f f
H S B S
H R H
t
t
A A
A =
(
+ + +
(

withreset control
without
reset Control
(sec) t >
(sec) t
f stat A
1 T
P Stat A
1
f A
1
f A
1
f A
2
f A
1 T
P A
Dynamic response of two area System
Static Response of Uncontrolled case :-



1 2
0
C c
P P A = A =
1 2 stat stat stat
f f f A = A = A
1
1
1
G stat stat
P f
R
= A
2
2
1
G stat stat
P f
R
= A
1, 1 2 ,1 G stat D stat tie stat
P P B f P A = A + A
2, 2 2 12 1 G stat D stat tie stat
P P B f a P A = A
2 tie stat
P
2 12 1
2 12 1
D D
stat
P a P
f
a | |
(
A + A
A =
(
+

For two identical areas,







a step load in area1,


1 2
1 2
1 2
R R R
B B B
| | | = =
= =
= =
r1
12
r 2
P
1
P
a = =
2 1
2
D D
stat
P P
f
|
( A + A
A =
(

2
0
D
P A =
1
,
2
D
stat
P
f Hz
|
A
A =
1
1,
2
D
tie stat
P
P
A
A =
1 2 0 0 0 0
,1 1 2 max 1 2
12
sin( ) ( )
tie
V V
P P Sin
X
o o o o = =
Two Area Load frequency Control :

Power,





Where,











0 0
,1( . ) 12 1 2
( )
tie p u
P T o o A =
0 0
1 2 1 2
12
r1 12
cos( )
P
V V
T
X
o o
=
SynchronisingPower Co-efficient
1
1 1 1 ,1
1
f (s)= ( ) ( ) ( )
1
ps
G D tie
ps
K
P s P s P S
ST
( A A A A

+
| |
12
,1 1 2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
tie
T
P S f S f S
S
t
A = A A



For the Control area 2,



| |
12
,2 2 1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
tie
T
P S f S f S
S
t
A = A A
| |
12 12
,2 1 2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
tie
a T
P S f S f S
S
t
A = A A

Black Diagram of Single Area ALFC loop as closed type
( )
D
P S A
F(S)
I
-K
S
1
(1 )(1 )
G t
ST ST + +
1
p
p
K
ST +
1
R
1
primary ALFCLoop
sec ondary ALFCLoop
frequency
sensor
ACE F = A
int egral
controller
( )
C
P S A
+

+
Steady State Response (Uncontrolled Case)


Area Control error = f

F(S)=




Time error =

Dynamic Response of uncontrolled case :-

T
G
=T
t
=0, K
G
K
t
=1.


















0
C
P A =
1
(1 ) ( )
(1 )(1 )
P D
I
p
G t
K P
K Kp
S
ST
S R ST ST
A

+ + +
+ +
0 ( ) 0
Lt
stat
f S S F S A = > A =
ACE dt
o
|
A
}
| |
( )
1
( ) ( )
1
1
1
P
P
D
P I
P
K
ST
F S P S
K K
ST S R
+
A = A
(
| |
+ +
| (
+
\ .






K
ICritical
=



Dynamic Analysis of Uncontrolled Case (single Area)

2
0
1
8
f
B
H R
(
+
(

2
1 1 1 1
/ ,
2 4
P I P P
P P P P
K K K K
S jw W
RT TP T RT T
o o
( (
= = + = +
( (

P (S)=0
C
| |
/ (1 )
( ) ( )
1
(1 )(1 )(1 )
P
D
P G t
G t P
KP ST
F S P S
K K K
R ST ST ST
+
A = A
+
+ + +
0, 1
G t G t
T T K K = = =
| |
( ) ( )
1
D
P
KP
F S P S
KP
ST
R
A = A
+ +

















For a step change P
D
(S) =
( )
D
P S A
( )
1
D
P
P
P P
P KP
F S
S
K
T S
T RT
A
| |
A =
|
(
\ .
+ +
(

( ) ( )
.
( ) 1 1
P P
p p
R K t R K t
RT RT
D P P
P P
P K R R K
F t e M e
R K R K
+ +
( (
A
( ( A = =
+ +
( (

,
G t
Responseif T T areneglected
,
G t
Responseif T T areincluded
Fin Hz A
s
f A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.01
0.02
0.03

Case (iii) If the Controlling force P

C
is applied to the Speed Changer
and the load demand changes by P
C
, the Static frequency change is
obtained by separation theorem




For f
stat
=0, we get P
C
=P
D

Thus by applying P
C
to the speed changer, the frequency of the
system can be adjusted. The system can be made faster by
reducing R ie by increasing the static loop gain.

f
stat
=


By reducing R
1
f
stat
can be reduce





( )
1 /
P
stat C D
P
K
f P P
K R
A = A A
+
1
D
P M
P
B
R
A
=
+
If T
t
and T
G
are not refused, the transient frequency dip is more .
Case (ii) Static Analysis of Controlled Case :
P
D
(S)=0
1
R
P (S)
C
G
G
K
1+ST
t
t
K
1+ST
P
P
K
1+ST
F(S)
( ) ( )
(1 )(1 )(1 )
G t P
C
G t P
G t P
K K K
F S P S
K K K
ST ST ST
R
A = A
+ + + +
1, 0
G t t G
K K T T = = =
( )
C
C
P
P S
S
A
A =
( )
(1 )(1 )(1 )
C P
p
G t P
P K
F S
K
S
ST ST ST
R
A
A =
+ + + +













:. Applying final value theorem
. ( )
0
1
P
stat C
P
K Lt
f F S P
K
S
R
o A = A = A
>
+
1
1 1
1
stat C C
YB
f P P
B
BR R
A = A = A
+ +
1
/ /
stat C
f P HZ MW
B YR
A A =
+


Load Frequency Control of single Area System :
1
R

G
G
K
1+ST
t
t
K
1+ST
P
P
K
1+ST
D
P (S)
F(S)
-
+
T G
P (S)= P (S) A

Let P
C
be the incremental Control Unit
Let P
C
be the incremental didturbance input
Steady state or static response.
Dynamic state response
P
C
=0




For a step load change, P
D
(S)=

/ (1 )
( ) [ ( )]
1
(1 ) (1 )(1 )
P P
D
G t P
P G t
K ST
F S P S
K K K
ST R ST ST
+
A = A
+
+ + +
( )
(1 )
(1 )(1 )
P D
P G t
P
G t
K P
F S
K K K
S
ST
R ST ST
A
A =
+ +
+ +
. ( )
0
1
P
stat D
P G t
K Lt
f F S P
K K K
S
R
o

A = A = A
>
+








Practically, K
G
K
t
=


:. f
stat
=





B=Load damping Constant [ A Value of B=2 means that 1.0% change in
frequency would cause a 2% Change in load]
P
D
=Increase in load .


1 /
P
D
P
K
P
K R

A
+
1
&
P D
K P M
B
= A =
1
1 1
1
M
M M
B
fstat
B
BR R
|

A = = =
+ +






=B+1/R, =Area frequency Response co efficient or
characteristics (AFRC) in p.u MW/HZ.
B<<1/R, neglecting B

f
stat
=-RP
D
Hz.



R=Speed regulation .
f
stat
=Change in steady state frequency.


/
stat
D
f
R Hz MW
P
A
=
A