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02 Determinate Structures
02 Determinate Structures
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Application of the Equations of Equilibrium Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear Wall Systems Problems
Classification of Structures
Support Connections weld stiffeners weld typical pin-supported connection (metal) typical fixed-supported connection (metal)
pin support
pin-connected joint
fixed support
fixed-connected joint P A
A L/2 L/2
idealized beam
Reaction
Number of Unknowns One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts in the direction of the cable or link. One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.
(2)
rollers F rockers
(3) F (4) F
One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. One unknown. The reaction is a force that acts perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.
Idealized Symbol
Reaction
Number of Unknowns
(6) slider F M Two unknowns. The reactions are a force and moment.
Three unknowns. The reactions are the moment and the two force components.
Idealized Structure.
3m
3m
C B D joist slab
Tributary Loadings. slab girder girder floor beam deck girder pier floor beam veihicle slab stringer
stringer
spandrel beam
supported slab
beam
foundation wall
1st floor stairs landing slab on grade basement spread footing column
wall footing
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One-Way System.
A C E D 4m F 2m 2m E A 0.5 kN/m2 B C
4m B 1m D 1m 1m 1m F
1 kN
2 kN
1 kN B
2m
2m idealized girder
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column girder
beam
concrete slab is reinforced in two directions, poured on plane forms L1/2 L1/2
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Two-Way System.
A 4m C 4m D 0.5 kN/m2
L2/L1 = 1 4m A 2m
B
B 45o 45o 4m A
1 kN/m B 2m 2m
idealized framing plan L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2 6m A 2m 45o 45o 4m D C idealized framing plan A 2m 2m 2m B A 2m 2m B 1kN/m 1 kN/m C
idealized beam
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Principle of Superposition
P = P1 + P 2 Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of superposition to apply : d 1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, so that Hookes law is valid, and therefore the load will be proportional to displacement.
P1
= P/A = PL/AE
d 2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change when the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies. Large displacements will significantly change and orientation of the loads. An example would be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at its end.
P2
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Equations of Equilibrium
Fx = 0 Mx = 0
Fy = 0 My = 0
Fz = 0 Mz = 0
N V
V N
internal loadings
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Example 2-1 Classify each of the beams shown below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the beams. hinge
hinge
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SOLUTION
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1)
Statically determinate
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2)
Statically determinate
r = 10, n = 3, 10 - 3(3) = 1
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Example 2-2 Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.
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SOLUTION
r = 7, n = 2, 7 - 3(2) = 1
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)
Statically determinate
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r = 10, n = 2, 10 - 6 = 4 degree
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3)
Statically determinate
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Example 2-3 Classify each of the frames shown in figure below as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.
B A
C D
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SOLUTION B A C D
r = 9, n = 2, 9 - 6 = 3
r = 15, n = 3, 15 - 9 = 6
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Stability r < 3n, unstable r > 3n, unstable if member reactions are concurrent or parallel or some of the components form a collapsible mechanism Partial Constrains P P
A FA
MA
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Improper Constraints O O
A d P
A FA P d
C FC
FB
A FA
B FB
C FC
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Example 2-4 Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known. B A A B hinge A C B A A B C C B D
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SOLUTION
B A
The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel. It is also statically determinate. hinge A C B
The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.
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A C
The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.
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Bx By Dy
Dx
Dx P1 Ex
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3);
statically determinate
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P1 B A Bx By P2 C P1 B Bx
P1
Ay Ax
Ay Ax
P2 Cy
Cx
P2
Cx statically determinate
Cy r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2);
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0.3 m 3m
150 kN 60o 1m B 2m
70 kNm
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0.3 m 3m
70 kNm
265 sin 60o = 229.5 kN Ax Ay + F = 0: x + MA = 0: + Fy = 0: 0.3 m 3m 265 cos 60o = 132.5 kN 1 m By 70 kNm
Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN , By(4) - (229.5)(3) + (132.5)(0.3) -70 = 0 By = 179.69 kN, Ay - 229.5 + 179.69 = 0 Ay = 49.81 kN ,
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15 kN/m 5 kN/m A 12 m
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(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN (5)(12) = 60 kN
12 m 4m 6m
+ F = 0: x + Fy = 0:
+ MA = 0:
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Example 2-7 Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at B is a roller (smooth surface).
B 7 kN/m A 4m 2m 3m
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SOLUTION 7 kN/m A 4m 28 kN Ax Ay 2m 6m + MA = 0: + F = 0: x + Fy = 0: 2m
B 3m
3m
-28(2) + NBsin 33.7(6) + NBcos 33.7(3) = 0 NB = 9.61 kN Ax - NBcos 33.7 = 0; Ax = 9.61cos 33.7 = 8 kN , Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0 Ay = 22.67 kN ,
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Example 2-8 The compound beam in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A, B, and C. Assume that the connection at pin and C is a rooler.
6 kN/m A B 6m
hinge
8 kNm C
4m
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SOLUTION 6 kN/m A B 6m 36 kN Ax MA Ay By 3m 6m Member AB Cy(4) - 8 = 0 Cy = 2 kN , Bx = 0 Cy - By = 0; By = Cy = 2 kN , + + MA = 0: + F = 0: x Fy = 0: MA - 36(3) + 2(6) = 0 MA = 96 kNm Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0 Ay - 36 + 2 = 0 Ay = 34 kN , Bx Bx By Cy 8 kNm 4m hinge 8 kNm C
Member BC + MB = 0: + F = 0: x + Fy = 0:
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Example 2-9 The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The boats mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports. 1.6 m 4 kN 0.3 m 1.8 m 2m 6 kN/m C D G A roller B
pin
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SOLUTION 1.6 m 4 kN 0.3 m 1.8 m 2m 6 kN/m C D G A roller B + F = 0: x 4 - Bx = 0 Bx = 4 kN , + MB = 0: 6(3.8) = 22.8 kN 1.9 m 4 kN 0.3 m C D G Ay 23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN 5.4 m 2m By Bx + 22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4) -4(0.3) = 0 Ay = 630.2 kN , Fy = 0:
pin
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Example 2-10 Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame shown in the figure below. 8 kN
4 3 5
3 kN/m B 2m 1.5 m C
2m
A 2m
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SOLUTION 8 kN
4 3 5
Member BC 3 kN/m + MC = 0: -By(2) +6(1) = 0 By = 3 kN , Member AB 1.5 m + MA = 0: -8(2) - 3(2) +Bx(1.5) = 0 Bx = 14.7 kN , + F = 0:
x
B 2m
2m
1m
1m
Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN , 3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN ,
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Example 2-11-1 From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.
B 3m 15 kN 3m A 3m 3m C
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A 3m 3m
C Cy
Cx
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B 3m 15 kN 3m Ax A 7.5 kN 3m By
Bx 3.75 kN= Bx
B 3m 3m C 3m Cx 7.5 kN
7.5 kN = By
Member BC + F = 0: x
3.75 C x = 0
Cx = 3.75 kN
Bx = 3.75 kN , +
7.5 + By = 0
By = 7.5 kN
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Example 2-11-2 The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.
2m 2m B 3m 3m C 4m wind A 4m 3m 3m
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SOLUTION
2m 2m B 3m 3m C 4m wind A 4m 3m 3m
A uniform distributed load on the windward side is (1.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 6 kN/m A uniform distributed load on the leeward side is (0.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 2 kN/m
6 kN/m
B 2 kN/m 3m 3m
6 kN/m A 3m 3m C
2 kN/m
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25.46 sin 45 8.49 sin 45 25.46 kN B 8.49 kN 25.46 cos 45 18 kN Ax Ay Entire Frame + MA = 0: -(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0 Cy = 24.0 kN , Ay - 25.46 sin 45o + 8.49 sin 45o 3 + 24 = 0 Ay = -12.0 kN
1.5
45o 45o
8.49 cos 45 6 kN Cx
3m 1.5m 3m 1.5 Cy
Fy = 0:
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Bx
1.5 3 1.5
Bx By
By
8.49 cos 45 6 kN Cx
Cy = 24.0 kN
+ MB = 0: (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0 Ax = -28.5 kN + F = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x
Bx = 7.5 kN ,
Fy = 0:
Member CB + F = 0: x
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B B A
B A
F/8
F/2
F/8
A
F/8 F/8
A
F/8
A
F/8
A
F/8
F/8
F/8
floor diaphragm
F/8
F/2
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roof diaphragm
A C D C A D B B
F/16 F/16
F/4
A
F/16
roof
F/16
agm r h p dia
F/16 F/16
F/16
F/16 3F/16
2 st
floor
F/16
F/2
B
3F/16
3F/16
3F/16
1 st floor
3F/16 F/4
F/4
3F/16
F/4
F/4
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Example 2-12 Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors and the shear along the columns.
30 m
20 m
A
1.2 kPa
C D
C A D B
4m 4m
3m 0.8 kPa
3m
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SOLUTION 30 m 20 m
A
12 kN
1.2 kPa
C D
C A D B
4m 4m
12 kN
FR2 FR1
3m 0.8 kPa
3m
FR2 /2 = 48 kN
A
roof
12 kN
agm r h p dia
F/8 = 12 kN 12 kN
12 kN
32 kN 12 kN 12 kN s t 2 floor 32 kN 12 kN 32 kN
FR1 = 0.8(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 64 kN FR1 /2 = 32 FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN FR2 /2 = 48
32 + 48 kN
B
32 kN
32 kN
32 kN
32 kN 32 kN 1 st floor 40 kN 32 kN 40 kN 40 kN 32 kN 40 kN
FR1 /2 = 32 kN
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12 kN Fv 12 kN 3m Fv 4m + M = 0: Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0 Fv = 16 kN
32 kN Fv 32 kN 3m Fv 4m
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