23

O LNG THU NHP QUC GIA

PRINCIPLES OF

ECONOMICS
FOURTH EDITION

N. G R E G O R Y M A N K I W
PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
2007 Thomson South-Western, all rights reserved

Trong chng ny, hy tm cu tr li cho nhng cu hi ny:

Tng sn phm quc ni l g? GDP lin quan ti tng thu nhp v chi tiu ca
quc gia nh th no?

Cc thnh t ca GDP l g? GDP iu chnh lm pht nh th no? Liu GDP c o lng s pht trin ca x hi
c khng?
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
1

Vi m v v m
Kinh t vi m
Nghin cu cc h gia nh v doanh nghip cng nh tc ng qua li ca th trng a ra quyt nh.

Kinh t v m
Nghin cu kinh t nh mt tng th

Chng ta bt u nghin cu kinh t v m vi

tng thu nhp v chi tiu ca quc gia

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

Thu nhp v tiu dng

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l tng thu
nhp ca tt c mi ngi trong phm vi mt nn kinh t

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) cng l tng

chi tiu mua sn phm v dich v ca nn kinh t

i vi nn kinh t tng th, thu nhp bng chi tiu, v mi la chi tiu bi mt ngi mua l mt ng la thu nhp cho ngi bn
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
3

S chu chuyn
L mt m t n gin ca kinh t v m

Minh ho GDP nh chi tiu, doanh thu, cc

khon thanh ton v thu nhp

u tin, mt s chun b:

Yu t sn xut l yu t u vo nh lao
ng, t, vn v ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc khon thanh ton l cc khon chi tr cho cc yu t sn xut. (v d: lng, tin thu)
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
4

Hnh 1: S chu chuyn

H gia nh: S hu cc yu t sn xut, bn/cho thu n cc doanh nghip to ra thu nhp Mua v tiu th sn phm v dch v
Doanh nghip H gia nh

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

Minh ha 1: S chu chuyn

Doanh nghip

H gia nh

Doanh nghip Mua/thu cc yu t sn xut, s dng chng sn xut sn phm & dch v Bn sn phm v dch v
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
6

Minh ha 1: S chu chuyn

Doanh thu (=GDP) Sn phm & dch v bn
Th trng sn phm & dch v

Tiu dng (=GDP) Sn phm v dch v

mua

Doanh nghip

H gia nh
Lao ng, t, vn Thu nhp(=GDP)
7

Cc yu t sn xut Lng, cho thu, li nhun(=GDP)

CHAPTER 23

Th trng cc yu t sn xut

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

Nhng g s b qua
Chnh ph:

Thu thu Mua sn phm v dch v H thng ti chnh Cung cp kinh ph cho khch hng c nhu cu vn vay Nc ngoi

Bun bn sn phm v dch v, ti chnh v tin t vi cc c dn ca t nc

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
8

CHAPTER 23

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b lng sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trn mt lnh th trong mt thi gian nht nh
Sn phm c tnh theo gi tr ca th trng, nn: GDP ca tt c cc sn phm c o lng cng mt n v ging nhau (v d: USD) hn l cng to vi cam Nhiu th khng c gi tr th trng c loi tr, v d nh vic nh mnh lm cho chnh mnh
9

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b lng sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trong mt lnh th gia trong mt thi gian nht nh Sn phm cui cng l hng ha m ngi s dng cui cng mua Sn phm trung gian c s dng nh thnh phn hoc phn hp thnh ca cc mt hng khc GDP ch bao gm sn phm cui cng, n th hin gi tr ca cc sn phm trung gian c s dng trong sn xut.
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
10

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b lng sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trong mt lnh th trong mt thi gian nht nh
GDP bao gm hng ha hu hnh (nh DVD, xe p ni, bia) V cc dch v v hnh (git kh, bui ha nhc, dch v in thoi di ng)

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

11

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trong mt lnh th trong mt thi gian nht nh
GDP ch bao gm gi tr cc sn phm c sn xut trong k, khng tnh gi tr cc sn phm c sn xut trong qu kh.
MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

CHAPTER 23

12

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b lng sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trong mt lnh th trong mt thi gian nht nh
GDP o lng gi tr sn xut din ra bn trong bin gii ca mt quc gia, c thc hin bi ngi dn ca h hoc ngi nc ngoi.

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

13

Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) l ...

gi tr th trng ca ton b lng sn phm v dch v cui cng c sn xut ra trong mt lnh th trong mt thi gian nht nh
Thng l mt nm hoc mt qu (3 thng).

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

14

Cc thnh t ca GDP
Nh li: GDP l tng chi tiu. Bn thnh phn:

Tiu dng(C) u t (I) Chi tiu ca chnh ph (G) Xut khu rng (NX) Cc thnh phn ny hp thnh GDP (k hiu Y):
Y = C + I + G + NX
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
15

Tiu dng (C)

L tng chi tiu ca h gia nh trn sn phm
v dch v.

Lu v chi ph nh : i vi ngi thu nh, tiu dng bao gm cc

khon thanh ton tin thu nh.

i vi nh t s hu, tiu dng bao gm gi tr

tin thu nh tng ng, nhng khng phi l gi mua hoc th chp.

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

16

u t (I)
L tng chi tiu v sn phm s c s dng sn
xut sn phm hay dch v khc.

Bao gm trong :
* Vn trang thit b (v d: my mc, cng c) * Cng trnh kin trc (cc nh my, cao c vn phng, nh ) * Hng tn kho (sn phm sn xut nhng cha bn)

Lu : "u t" khng c ngha l mua ti sn ti chnh nh c phiu v tri phiu

CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
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Chi tiu ca chnh ph (G)

Tt c cc chi tiu cho sn phm v dch v
ca chnh ph trung ng v a phng.

G khng bao gm cc khon chuyn nhng,

chng hn nh phc li x hi hoc tr cp bo him tht nghip.

Chuyn nhng l s dch chuyn ca thu nhp khng phi mua sn phm v dch v

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

18

Xut khu rng (NX)

NX = xut khu - nhp khu Xut khu l chi tiu ca nc ngoi mua
sn phm v dch v trong nc.

Nhp khu l chi tiu ca trong nc mua

sn phm v dch v c sn xut nc ngoi.
Y = C + I + G + NX

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

19

GDP ca M v cc thnh phn ca n nm 2005

T US$ % ca GDP
Theo u ngi US$

Y
C I

12.480
8.746 2.100

100,0
70,1 16,8

42.035
29.460 7.072

G
NX

2.360
726

18,9
5,8

7.950
2.444

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

20

Hot ng 1:
GDP v cc thnh t
Trong mi trng hp sau y, xc nh bao nhiu GDP v mi thnh phn ca n b nh hng (nu c).

A. Debbie chi $200 n ti vi chng ca c y ti nh hng tt

nht Boston

B. Sarah chi $1800 cho mt my tnh xch tay mi s dng

trong kinh doanh xut bn ca mnh. My tnh xch tay c sn xut Trung Quc

C. Jane chi $1200 trn mt my tnh s dng trong kinh doanh

xut bn ca mnh. C mua i my nm ngoi c bn vi mt mc gi tuyt vi t mt nh sn xut a phng

D. General Motors sn xut xe t c gi tr 500 triu, nhng

ngi tiu dng ch mua 470 triu USD
21

Hot ng 1:
Tr li
A. Debbie chi $200 n ti vi chng ca c y ti nh hng tt nht Boston
Tiu dng v GDP tng $ 200

B. Sarah chi $1800 cho mt my tnh xch tay mi s dng trong kinh doanh xut bn ca mnh. My tnh xch tay c sn xut Trung Quc u t tng $1800, xut khu rng gim $1800, GDP khng i

22

Hot ng 1:
Tr li
C. Jane chi $1200 trn mt my tnh s dng trong kinh doanh xut bn ca mnh. C mua i my nm ngoi c bn vi mt mc gi tuyt vi t mt nh sn xut a phng Hin ti GDP v u t khng thay i, bi v my tnh c sn xut nm ngoi. D. General Motors sn xut xe t c gi tr 500 triu, nhng ngi tiu dng ch mua 470 triu USD

Tiu dng tng 470 triu USD, u t hng tn kho tng 30 triu USD v GDP tng 500 triu USD

23

GDP thc & GDPdanh ngha

Lm pht c th bp mo cc bin kinh t nh GDP,
v vy c hai phin bn ca GDP: iu chnh theo lm pht hay khng iu chnh theo lm pht.

Gi tr GDP danh ngha c o lng bng cch s

dng gi hin hnh. GDP danh ngha cha loi tr yu t lm pht

Gi tr GDP thc c o lng bng cch s dng

gi ca mt nm no lm gc. GDP thc c iu chnh theo lm pht
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
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V d
Pizza nm 2002 2003 2004 P 10$ 11$ 12$ Q 400 500 600 P 2,00$ 2,50$ 3,00$ Latte Q 1000 1100 1200

Tnh GDP danh ngha mi nm

tng = $6.000
37,5% 30,9%
25

2002: $10 x 400 +

$2 x 1000

2003: $11 x 500 + $2,50 x 1100 = $8.250

2004: $12 x 600 +

CHAPTER 23

$3 x 1200

= $10.800

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

V d
Pizza nm 2002 2003 2004 P Q 400 500 600 P $2.00 $2,00 $2,50 $3,00 Latte Q 1000 1100 1200

$10 $11
$12

Tnh GDP thc trong mi nm, bng cch s dng nm 2002 l nm gc

tng
20,0% 16,7%
26

2002: $10 x 400 + $2 x 1000 = $6.000

2003: $10 x 500 + $2 x 1100 = $7.200

2004: $10 x 600 + $2 x 1200 = $8.400
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

V d
nm 2002 2003 2004 GDP danh ngha $6000 $8250 $10.800 GDP thc $6000 $7200 $8400

Trong mi nm:

GDP danh ngha c o bng cch s dng

vi gi hin hnh

GDP thc c o bng cch s dng lin

tc gi t nm gc (nm 2002 trong v d ny). CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
27

V d
nm 2002 2003 2004 GDP danh ngha $6000 $8250 $10.800
37,5%

GDP thc $6000 $7200 $8400

20,0% 16,7%

30,9%

S thay i trong GDP danh ngha phn nh s thay i ca c s lng v gi c. S thay i trong GDP thc l do sn lng hin vt thay i v gi c c nh theo gi nm gc (tc l, yu t lm pht c loi tr) Do , GDP thc c iu chnh theo lm pht
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
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GDP danh ngha v thc ca M, 1965 - 2005

Billions $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000

GDP thc theo gi nm 2000 GDP danh ngha

$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
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Ch s kh lm pht GDP
Ch s kh lm pht GDP l mt thc o mc tng th ca gi c
Ch s kh lm pht GDP = 100 x GDP Danh ngha GDP thc

Mt cch o lng t l lm pht ca nn kinh t l tnh s gia tng t l phn trm ch s iu chnh GDP nm k tip .
30

V d
Nm 2002 2003 2004 GDP danh ngha $6000 $8250 $10.800 GDP thc $6000 $7200 $8400 Ch s iu chnh 100,0 14,6% 114,6 128,6 12,2%

Tnh ch s iu chnh GDP mi nm

2002: 100 x (6000/6000) = 100,0

2003:
2004:

100 x (8250/7200) =
100 x (10.800/8400) =

114,6
128,6
31

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

Hot ng 2: tnh GDP

2004 (nm gc) P Q P 2005 Q P 2006 Q

Sn phm A
Sn phm B

$30
$100

900
192

$31
$102

1.000
200

$36
$100

1050
205

S dng d liu trn gii quyt nhng vn ny:

A. Tnh GDP danh ngha vo nm 2004. B. Tnh GDP thc trong nm 2005. C. Tnh ch s kh lm pht GDP trong nm 2006
32

Hot ng 2:

Tr li

2004 (nm gc) P Sn phm A Sn phm B $30 $100 Q 900 192 P

2005 Q 1.000 200 P

2006 Q 1050 205

$31 $102

$36 $100

A. Tnh GDP danh ngha nm 2004. $30 x 900 + $100 x 192 = $46.200 B. Tnh GDP thc nm 2005. $30 x 1000 + $100 x 200 = $50.000

33

Hot ng 2: Tr li
2004 (nm gc) P Q P 2005 Q P 2006 Q

Sn phm A
Sn phm B

$30
$100

900
192

$31
$102

1.000
200

$36
$100

1050
205

C. Tnh ch s kh lm pht GDP nm 2006. GDP danh ngha = $36 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $58.300 GDP thc = $30 x 1050 + $100 x 205 = $52.000 Tnh ch s kh lm pht GDP = 100 x (GDP dn)/(GDP t) = 100 x ($58.300)/($52.000) = 112,1
34

GDP v phc li kinh t

GDP thc trn u ngi l ch tiu chnh o
lng mc sng trung bnh

Nhng GDP khng phi l mt thc o hon

ho

Robert Kennedy ch trch rt hng hn v

khc nghit v thc o GDP:

CHAPTER 23

MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME

35

Tng sn phm quc ni

khng tnh n sc khe ca tr em chng ta, cht lng gio dc hoc nim vui chi ca chng. N khng bao gm v p ca th ca hoc sc mnh ca hn nhn trong chng ta, s thng minh khi tranh lun cng khai hoc tnh lim chnh ca cc cng chc. N khng o lng s can m ca chng ta, cng khng phi s hiu bit, s tn tm vi t nc. N o lng tt c mi th, ngoi tr lm cho cuc sng c gi tr, v n c th cho ta bit tt c mi th v nc M ngoi tr l do ti sao chng ta t ho rng chng ta l ngi M. Thng ngh s Robert Kennedy, nm 1968
36

GDP khng tnh gi tr:

Cht lng ca mi trng

Thi gian nhn ri Hot ng phi th trng, chng hn nh vic

chm sc tr em, cha m cung cp cho con ca mnh nh.

Cc tn tht S cng bng trong phn phi thu nhp

37

Ti sao chng ta quan tm GDP?

GDP cao cho php mt quc gia to ra trng
hc tt hn, mt mi trng sch hn, chm sc sc kho tt hn,

Nhiu ch s cht lng cuc sng c tng

quan tch cc vi GDP. V d

38

GDP v tui th trung bnh ca 12 quc gia

Tui th trung bnh 85 ( nm) 80
75
Indonesia China Mexico Brazil India Russia Germany

90
Japan U.S.

70 65 60 55 50 $0

Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000
39

GDP bnh qun theo u ngi nm 2002

GDP v ngi ln bit ch ca 12 quc gia

Ngi ln 100 bit ch
Russia

China

90 80 70 60 50 40

Mexico

Japan

U.S.

(% dn s)

Brazil Indonesia Nigeria India Pakistan Bangladesh

Germany

30 $0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000

40

GDP bnh qun theo u ngi nm 2002

GDP v ngi s dng Internet ca 12 quc gia 60

Ngi s dng 50 Internet
U.S. Japan Germany

(% dn s) 40
30 20
China Mexico Brazil Russia

10 0 $0

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000
41

GDP bnh qun theo u ngi nm 2002

Tm tt
Tng thu nhp quc ni o lng tng thu nhp v
chi tiu ca mt quc gia

4 thnh t chi tiu ca GDP bao gm: Tiu dng, u

t, chi tiu ca chnh ph v xut khu rng

GDP danh ngha c o bng cch s dng gi hin

hnh. GDP thc c o bng cch s dng gi ca nm gc v c hiu chnh theo lm pht

GDP l ch tiu chnh ca nn kinh t mt quc gia,

mc d n khng hon ho
CHAPTER 23 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME
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