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HVAC Load Calculations Guide PDF
HVAC Load Calculations Guide PDF
HVAC
Load Calculations
Perry Morrow & John Parker Brandt Engineering, Inc. Richmond, Virginia
Key Concepts to Consider as we look at Load Calculations Interior Design Criteria Exterior Design Criteria Kitchen Hoods and Make Up air Walls that arent as well insulated as they appear.
Where does the moisture come from? Infiltration Ventilation Makeup Air Miscellaneous Loads
Makeup Air
There have been many attempts at using tempered makeup air. This one appears the most successful; however, some of the humid air introduced here doesnt go out the hood.
Image Courtesy of Food Service Technology Center publication Design Guide 2 - Optimizing Makeup Air
As a given mass of moisture laden air is heated or cooled the air volume changes but the moisture does not. Thus there is a change in Relative Humidity, without a change in actual water content. The mass of both water and air remain unchanged, so the humidity ratio (Grains/Lb ) does not change. If the air continues to cool, the relative humidity will reach 100% and water will begin to condense on surfaces at 63oF so this is the Dew Point of the air.
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
40
42.3
50
48.5
60
53
70
57.2
80
$26,000 $24,000 $22,000 $20,000 $18,000 $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $10,000 $8,000 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 Store Dewpoint Setpoint
BALTIMORE MIAMI
In Miami $3,000 A/C energy COST if setpoint is 50 versus 58 dewpoint In Baltimore $400 A/C energy COST if setpoint is 50 versus 58 dewpoint In Miami: 90% of a year the store needs humidity control In Baltimore: 45% of a year the store needs humidity control
$120,000
$115,000
$105,000
$95,000
$90,000
$85,000
$80,000 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
Hours by City 7,000 to 9,000 6,000 to 6,999 5,000 to 5,999 4,000 to 4,999 3,000 to 3,999 2,000 to 2,999 1,000 to 1,999
0 to 999
0.4% 1.0%
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
Similar Calculation for 6 Metal Studs with R-19 insulation, No Insulated Sheathing
Simplified parallel Path calculation for Example purposes. See 2005 Ashrae Fundamentals, Chapter 25 Modified Zone Method for less conservative method.
Information describing the Roof, Windows, Doors and any overhangs (Canopies) are entered in the library so they will be available as we define spaces. When equipment will be operated, when the lights are programmed to be on, and estimated hourly occupancy rates are entered under schedules.
Ventilation Air
The minimum quantity of ventilation air required is set by the building code in most areas. In most spaces, this is defined as X cfm / person. In some spaces, usually ones that are sparsely populated, ventilation rates may be set on a cfm / sq. ft. (floor area) basis. In general, people exhale a predictable quantity of CO2 as they breathe. The CO2 level can be monitored and used to control outdoor air dampers to reduce the amount of Ventilation air during lightly occupied hours.
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
Internal Loads
Dry (Sensible Heat)
Lights Equipment:
Self Contained Display Cases Slicers, Registers, Computers
Mixed
(Contain Sensible & Latent Components)
Hooded Equipment
Broilers Ranges Ovens
HAP - Internal
Spreadsheets or pads of paper are good ways to total the various components that make up the Miscellaneous portion of the internal load.
Case Credits can be calculated a number of different ways that will be discussed in up coming slides.
We have seen this fairly simple method recommended by at least one refrigerated case manufacturer and more than one client. Although relatively simple, the results appear to be fairly accurate.
Ashrae publishes a table listing Sensible and Latent Case Credit values on a BTU/Foot basis for various case types. Some case manufacturers have this type of data available for their specific cases.
One client has taken the BTU/LF or Ashrae method a step further. This calculation bases the case credits on a btu/lf method and then assigns only a portion of this credit to the space. Where under case returns are utilized, the remainder of the credit is assigned to the unit cooling coil.
HAP - Wall
HAP Roof
HAP - Infiltration
Infiltration
From Carrier HAP 4.20a - Help File
Items in the CFM/sqft column define infiltration in terms of airflow per unit of exterior wall area. Because infiltration occurs through exterior walls - especially through windows and doors in these walls - rule of thumb infiltration rates are sometimes tabulated in this CFM/sqft format.
0.10, 0.30, and 0.60 cfm/ft2 for tight, average, and leaky walls, respectively.
HAP - Floor
Partitions are internal walls, ceilings or floors that separate conditioned spaces from un-conditioned or partially conditioned spaces. Machine rooms and Receiving Areas can be partition loads to the adjacent spaces. These walls should be insulated.
Use the built in Wall and Roof property calculation portions of the program to calculate the U-Value for any partitions. Manually transfer this data to the partition tab of the space input form.
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
5.
6.
Establish allowable Indoor Temperature and Humidity Range. Determine Outdoor Weather Conditions to use. Choices are 0.4%, 1% and 2% Ashrae data or Other. Determine mass and insulation value of all building envelope components (Walls, Roof, Glass, Doors). Determine all internal load components (Anything that consumes electricity, gas, solid fuel or food. Also anything that has energy piped to it or away from it.). Calculate heat flow into and out of each zone, at summer and winter outdoor weather conditions, varying temperature and sun location for each hour of the day and each day or month of the year. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for every zone (thermally similar space of interest) in the building.
Systems
After all spaces to be conditioned have been entered, we can begin grouping them together into zones and systems. Only spaces with similar thermal and occupancy characteristics should be grouped together as a zone. There will be one thermostat per zone generally The systems usually correspond to air handling units. These can be split systems, central station air handling units or rooftop units.. A typical rooftop unit or split system can only serve one zone, and is controlled by one thermostat. So in this case each system consists of only one zone. There are other system types that allow one unit to serve multiple zones, but in our experience, they are not often applied to supermarkets.
General
Systems
When we were describing spaces, we entered information that will give us the total outside air required for ventilation. In stores with cooking, this is only part of the outside air story. You need make-up air for hoods and other exhaust sources. The software is aware of this, so all you need to do is enter this value as an exhaust quantity as you describe the system. If the zones where the exhaust loads occur are open to the main sales area and each other you have a decision to make. Where to allocate the make up air. You can either design for one large semi-custom unit capable of handling most of the outside air or multiple semi-custom units. If the zones are not open to one another, you have no choice. Make Up air must be provided in the system where it is actually exhausted.
Notice Warning
Summary
Humid Climate
- Pie
Dry Climate
Summary
Stacked Bar
Credits
Presentation includes excerpts from:
ASHRAE 2003, 2005 and 2006 Handbooks Screen Outputs from Carrier Hourly Analysis Program HAP version 4.20a Humidity illustrations provided by Todd Smith of Munters Corporation. Rack Energy Cost vs. Store Dewpoint data provided by Lee Churchill of Seasons-4 Inc.
Software Resources
Load & Energy Simulation Software
Carrier Software - Hourly Analysis Program US Dept of Energy - EnergyPlus and DOE-2 Elite Software - Chvac - Commercial HVAC Trane - Trace Family of software