Chng I:

KHI NIM CHUNG

1. KHNG KH V C TNH CA N. Khng kh l mt mi trng m con ngi sut cuc i sng, lm vic v ngh ngi trong . Sc kho, tui th v cm gic nhit ca con ngi ph thuc vo thnh phn hn hp ca khng kh, trong sch v c tnh l ho ca n. Ta c th khng nh rng mi trng khng kh v cng quan trng v khng th thiu c i vi s sng ca con ngi v cc h sinh thi khc. Nhim v ca k thut thng gi l phi to ra mi trng khng kh tht trong sch c y cc thng s: nhit , m, tc chuyn ng ca khng kh ph hp vi yu cu mong mun ca con ngi v p ng c yu cu cng ngh ca cc nh my.

1.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca khng kh.

Khng kh l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh m ch yu l kh nit, xy v mt t hi nc. Ngoi ra trong khng kh cn cha mt lng nh cc cht kh khc nh cacbonnic, cc cht kh tr: Acgon, Non, Hli, zon bi, hi nc v cc vi trng. Khng kh cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Ngc li l khng kh kh. Thnh phn ho hc ca khng kh kh tnh theo phn trm (%) th tch v trng lng cho bng1.1 Bng 1-1 thnh phn ho hc ca khng kh
Loi kh Ni-t - xy Argn Cc bnic Nn, Hli Krptn, xenon Hyr, zn K hiu N2 O2 Ar CO2 Ne, He Kr, Xe H2, O3 T l % theo th tch Th tch 78.08 20.95 0.93 0.03 Khng ng k Khng ng k Khng ng k Trng lng 75.6 23.1 1.286 0.046 Khng ng k Khng ng k Khng ang k

Thnh phn hi nc trong khng kh m thay i theo thi tit, theo vng a l v theo thi gian trong ngy, trong nm. Trn y l thnh phn t nhin ca khng kh sch. Trong thc t do hot ng sinh hot, hot ng cng nghip v hot dng giao thng vn ti ca con ngi cng nh do t nhin m trong khng kh cn c nhiu cht kh c: SO2, NO2, NH3, H2S, CH4 v hi lm nh hng ln n sc kho con ngi v sinh vt ni chung.

1.2. Cc thng s l hc ca khng kh m.

Chng ta coi khng kh m l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc. Trong phm vi sai s cho php ca k thut ta c th xem khng kh m l hn hp ca 2 cht kh l tng, do tun theo nh lut Bon Mariot v Gay Lutxac vit phng trnh trng thi ca chng nh sau: i vi 1 kg khng kh: PV = RT i vi G kg khng kh: PV = GRT Tron : (1-1) (1-2)

+ P: p sut ca cht kh [ mmHg; KG/m2] + V: Th tch n v ca cht kh. [m3 + T: Nhit tuyt i ca cht kh [0K]. T = t + 273

Nu ta ly mt khi khng kh m c th tch V(m3); di p sut kh quyn Pkq v cng nhit tuyt i T[0K] v trng lng G tch ra 2 thnh phn ring bit l khng kh kh v hi nc, theo s biu din sau y:
V,T V,T Gk Pk V,T Ghn Phn

G
Pa

Theo nguyn l bo ton trng lng G = Gk + Ghn (1-3) Theo inh lut anton: Pkq = Pk + Phn (1-4) Phng trnh trng thi vit cho tng khi kh ring bit nh sau: - i vi thnh phn khng kh kh:
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Pk.V = Gk.Rk.T (1-5). - i vi phn hi nc: Phn.V = Ghn.Rhn.T (1-6). Trong : + Pkq [mmHg]: p sut kh quyn. + Pk, Phn [mmHg]: p sut ring phn ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc. + G, Gk, Ghn [kg]: Trng lng khng kh m, trng lng khng kh kh v trng lng phn hi nc ca khng kh. + Rk = 2.153
mmHg.m 3 : Hng s ca khng kh kh. kg 0 K mmHg.m 3 : Hng s kh ca hi nc. kg 0 K

+ Rhn = 3.461

Da vo cc phng trnh t (1-1) (1-6) ta xc nh c cc thng s vt l ca khng kh m. 1.2.1. m ca khng kh: c 2 loi m khc nhau - l m tuyt i v m tng i. a) m tuyt i: k hiu D [kg/m3] + inh ngha: m tuyt i ca khng kh l i lng biu th lng hi nc cha trong 1 m3 khng kh m. + Cng thc tnh: D =
P G hn = hn (1-7) V R hn .T

Thay Rhn = 3.416

mmHg.m 3 vo (1-7) kg 0 K

ta c D = 0,289

Phn (1-7 a) T

p sut v nhit nht nh, nu khng kh bo ho hi nc th m tuyt i ca n n s c gi tr ln nht v gi l m tuyt i bo ho (Dbh): Dbh =
Pbh . (1-7 b) R hn

Khi t trng thi bo ho khng kh khng cn kh nng nhn thm c hi nc na. Nu cung cp thm hi nc vo khng kh th ngay lc lng hi

nc tha s ng li thnh nc, hin tng ny ta gi l hin tng ng sng. b) m tng i: [%]. + inh ngha: m tng i ca khng kh l i lng biu th bng t s gia m tuyt i D v m tuyt i bo ho (Dbh) cng nhit v p sut: + Cng thc: =
P D 100% = hn .100% (1-8) P bh D bh Phn .100% => Pbh = Phn (1-9) P bh

= Trong :

Phn : p sut hi nc bo ho.

m tng i ca khng kh biu th mc no hi nc ca khng kh. 1.2.2 Dung m: d [g/kg khng kh kh; kg/kg khng kh kh]. + nh ngha: Dung m l i lng biu th lng hi nc tnh bng gam (hay kilgam) cha trong mt khi khng kh m c trng lng phn kh l 1kg. + Cng thc: d =
G hn 103 (1-10 a) Gk

Thay Gbn v Gk t phng trnh (1-5) v (1-6) ta c: D=

R k Phn mmHg.m 3 103 m Rk = 2,153 ; Rk = 3.461 R hn Pk kg 0 K
Phn [g/kg khng kh kh] Pk

Vy d = 622

Thay Phn = Pbh vo ta c: D = 622

Pbh [g/kg khng kh kh] (1-10) Pkg Pbh

1.2.3 Trng lng n v ca khng kh m: [kg/m3]

+ nh ngha: Trng lng n v ca khng kh m l trng lng ca 1 m3 khng kh m: + Cng thc: =

G G k + Ghn = V V

Rt Gk v Ghn t (1-5) v (1-6) thay vo ta c:

Pk P + hn Phn R k R hn mmHg.m 3 1 Pk + = ( ) m Rhn = 3.461 T T R k R hn kg.0 K
1 1 (0,465 Pk + 0,289 Phn) = [0,465 (Pk + Phn) 0,176Phn] T T 1 (0,465 Pkq 0,176 Phn) T 1 (0,465 Pkq 0,176Pbh) (1-11). T

= => = = = Nhn xt:

Trng lng khng kh m () hon ton ph thuc vo p sut kh

quyn, nhit ca khng kh, m tng i ca khng kh v p sut hi nc c trong khng kh. Nu khng kh hon ton kh th Phn = 0 v do : k =
0,465 Pkq T

=> = k 0,176

P Phn = k 0,176 bh (1-12). T T

ta c th xc nh c trng lng n v ca khng kh nhit t theo cng thc sau: t =

0
1+ t 273

[kg/m3]

nu Pkq = 760 mmHg th 0 = 1,293 Kg/m3 nn. t =

1,293 [kg/m3] t 1+ 273

1.2.4. Nhit hm (nhit dung hay entanpi) ca khng kh m.K hiu I

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Nu khng kh c trng thi ban u biu din bng im 1(t1, 1) c sy nng trong thit b trao i nhit th qu trnh c biu din bng ng thng ng hng t di ln i qua im 1. Nu lm lnh th chiu ngc li (Hng xung di). Nu tip tc lm lnh khng kh n im 3. im 3 l nhit ng sng ca trng thi K (1). b) Qu trnh ho trn: Trong thng gi tit kim nhit v ma ng ngi ta ho trn hai trng thi khng kh c thng s khc nhau to thnh trng thi th 3 c thng s ph hp. Gi s khi khng kh A c khi lng GA(kg), nhit hm IA v dung m dA ho trn vi khi khng kh B c khi lng l GB(kg), nhit hm IB, dung m dB. Sau khi ho trn khi khng kh ho trn c trng thi C vi khi lng GC = GA+ GB. Khi cho A v B ho trn vi nhau, chng s trao i nhit v trao i m cho nhau. Ta vit c phng trnh cn bng nhit GAIA + GBIB = (GA+ GB)IC GA(IA IC) = GB(IC - IB)
GA GB

IC - IB =n IA - IC

(1-15)

Phng trnh cn bng m: GAdA + GBdB = (GA + GB) IC GA( d A - d C ) = GB( d c - d B )

GA GB

dC - dB =n dA - dC

(1-16)

T (1-15) v (1-16) ta c:
IC - IB d -d G = C B = A = n (1-17) IA - IC dA - dC GB

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Phng trnh (1-17) l phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng i qua 3 im: A(IA, dA); B (IB, dB) v C (IC, dC) hay ni cch khc im C c trng thi (IC,dC ) nm trn ng thng ni AB v chia on AB theo t s n =
GA . GB

By ta tm c dim ho trn C bng cch. t vct trng lng GA v GB song song v ngc chiu nhau. Ti A t vc t GB ,t i B t vc t GA. Ni 2 u mt ca vct ct AB ti C. im C l im ho trn, ti khng kh c thng s C(Ic,dc,) v khi lng Gc.

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