J

EF

EF

?? ?EF ?

EF

KKK

K
KKKKKK

EF J

EF

W

KW

WW

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

KData Show

KW

EF

K
K

K
K

ESafetyFW

WIntroduction

(swf)ECTRLHF
W

EF

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

.swf

EF

EF

EF

EFW

KBench

KBoard

BridgesEF

KResistors

KDC Voltage Source

KMulti-meter
KCables

BenchW

WK

BenchE JF

BoardW

KEF
WK
-

EF

JEF JEF
BoardE JF

BridgesEFW

KLayout
W

JEF JEF
BridgesE JF

Electrical ComponentsW

EF

Electrical ComponentsE JF

DC Voltage SourceW

KDC

JEF JEF
DC Voltage SourceE JF

Multi-meterW

Ohm-meterOhm

VoltVoltageK

CurrentKVoltmeter
KA-meterAmpere

Multi-
-

EF

E JFKmeter

KE JF

EFEF
E JF

Common

KE A, mA F
KE J JFKKKKK V ,

E JF

EF

CablesW

K
W

NegativeE JFPositiveEHF

KE0 VoltFGround

CablesE JF

WEFW

KResistor

KVoltage

KCurrent

ResistorW

W K

Resistor

EF

EFEF
E JF

E JF
Color Coding K

Code

EF

E JF

10 K

E JF

5%

5%

10 K

R1

4 .7 K

R2

KE JF 4.7 K

VoltageW

EF

EFEFEF
E JF

K10V DC Voltage Source

E JF

10V

VS

DC Voltage
Source

CurrentW

E J JF A

KE J JF
KE J JF

EF

E JF

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF J

EF

W
KW

KW

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

KData Show

EF

K
K

WEFW
W

KEF

E JF
W

V K
KE JF

K
100V K

K25V K
KEF K

55V K
KE JF5V1V0V

K W
-

EF

5V10V10V K
JF1V10V
KE

20V15 V10 V20V K

KE JFK1V

EF
Power Supply

Multi-meter

V
V

E JF
Power Supply

10

Multi-meter

V
V

E JF
Power Supply

10

11

12

Multi-meter

13

14

15

V
V

WEFW
W

K30V

KEF

K100
-

EF

E JF
W

100 E JF K
K

K5V K

K
KE JF

EF

V1

V2

WEFW
W

K30V

KEF

K100

EF

E JF
W

100 E JF K
K

K
K

(Iout)4V K
KE JF(IBackF

EF
Iout
IBack

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF J

EF

W
KW

KW

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

W
K

EF

K
W

K30VED.CF
R1=1000

R2=2200

R3=3300

K1W W

100VMultimeter
K 250mA

EFSwitch

E JF
KE JF K

OFF
K

KE JF K

K K
-

EF

E15VF VS RL R1 1K K
E JFON

VS VS

RT R1

K K

KEF RL R2 2.2 K 1K K

K RL 2.2 K RL 1K K

KEFK RL R2 2.2 K R3 3.3K K

K
KE JF

10V VS R3 RL R2 2.2 K K
KE JF

15V VS K
KE JF

KEF20V VS K
K

KE JF K
K

EF

E JF

5%

5%

5%

1K

R1

2 .2 K

R2

3 .3 K

R3

E JF

15 V

1K

15 V

2 .2 K

15 V

3 .3 K

24 V

2 .2 K

10 V

2 .2 K

E JF

2 .2 K

10V

15V

2 .2 K

EF

20V

2 .2 K

EF

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF J

EF

W

KW

KW

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

EF

30VD.C Voltage Source

R1 680

R2 1K

K1W W

100VMultimeter
K 250mA

WW

E JF

K15 VE JF J
KE JFVI J
KE JF J

PL= V IWR1 J

KR2R1 J

EF

E JF
VI

R1

R2

WW
W

E JF

K15 VE JF J
KE JFVI J
KE JF J

PL= V IWR1, R2 J

W J
PL I 2 R1 I 2 R2

E JF
VI

I
-

EF

WW

E JF

K15 VE JF J

KVI J

KE JF J

PL= V IWR1, R2 J

W J
PL

V2 V2

R1 R2

K J

E JF
VI

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

 EF

EF

EF J
EF
EF

EF

EF
EF

W
K

W

KEFK

ENODEF
K

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

EF

ENODEF K
K

WEFW

K30VD.C Voltage Source

W

R1 100 R2 220

K1W W

100VMultimeter
K 250mA

EFSwitch

E JF

KE JF

K10 VVS
-

EF

R2R1V2V1

R2 R1 V1, 2

VS R1, R2 V1 V2

KEF15 VVS

KE JF

K E JF

KEF20 VVS
KEF25 VVS

R1, R2 V2 V1

KEF

E JF
V1, 2

V1 + V2

V2

V1

VS
10 V
15 V
20 V
25 V

WEFW
W

K30VD.C Voltage Source

W

R1 100 R2 220 R3 680 R3 150

K1W W

100VMultimeter
K 250mA
-

EF

EFSwitch

E JF

K10VE JF J

KI, I1, I2 J

KE JF J

II1, I2 J
KE JF

R1, R2 I2I1 J
KEF

KI1, I2 J

EFEFR3R2 J
KE JF

E JF
I

I1+I2

I2

I1

EF

E JF
I

I1+I3

I3

I1

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF J

EF

EFW

KEFW

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

EF

K
K

K30VD.C Voltage Source

W

R1 220 R2 680 R2 100 R3 1K

K1W W

100VMultimeter
K 250mA

E JF

KE JF .

15V .
KE JF

KI2, I3I1 .

R2I2V .
KE JF

EF

R3I3V .
KE JF

R2, R3I1V .
KE JF

R1, R2, R3I1VS .

KE JF

I1VSV

W R1

KE JF
KEFEF25VK
W

E JF
R1 // R3

R1
(VS-V)/ I1

RT

R3

V/I3

V/I1

VS/I1

R2

I3 + I 2

V/I2

I3
I2
I1

VS
15 V

25 V

E JF

R3

R2

R1

R1, R2 , R3 K
KE JF
-

EF

KE JF15VE JF R1, R2 , R3 K
K
W

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF

EF J

EF

EFW

KW

K
K

KW

KW

W
K
K

EF
K

EF
K

EF

Verification of Superposition TheoremW

Superposition Theorem

EF
K

30VD.C Voltage Source2

(10V, 20V)

R1 R2 R3 10 K

K1W W

100VMultimeter
250mA

E JF

EF

E JF

E JF

KE JF J

J
KK

J
KE JF

V2 J
KE JF

JF J
KE

V1V2 J
KE JF

KE JF J

EF

EF J
R3EFEF

KR1, R2

K J

E JFV2 J
K

E JF
I3

I2

I1

EV1 , V2F

V1

V2

E FV1+ V2

V2 E

I3

I2

I1

JF

EV1 , V2F

V1

V2

E FV1+ V2

EF

Verification of Thevenin's TheoremW

VTh

RTh
Short Circuit

Open CircuitK

K
W

K30VD.C Voltage Source

W

R1 R4 4.7 K R2 R3 10 K RL R5 1K

K1W W

100VMultimeter
250mA
K

EF

E JF

E JF

J
KE JF

R5EF J
KE JF

K J
KE JFmA J

KC, D J

VOC C, D J
KE JF

KShort J

EF

RSC C, D J
KE JF

KE JF J

KR5 J

K VOC R5 J

KEFEF J
K J

E JF

VTh

RTh

I5

VOC

RSC

I5

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF J

EF

W
W
K

WW

KW

KW

W
K

KOscilloscope

KMultimeterEF
KData Show

EF

WEFW

F
Et=0FEuc= 0

Euc=EFE

E JF

EF
KE uC E F

0.98E 98% K

KTs=4
W

(sec) RC 0.63Et= K 0.98Et=Ts=4 KR,C -

EF

R
K

E JF

K30V

KEF
K

FOscilloscope
KE

EFCapacitor

KEF
K

Variable Resistor
KEF

EF

E JF

E-F

EEFF

K
EF

KEF
EEFF

K
FF

K
E

KEF

KEEFF

I VC

KE JF

KR
-

EF

I VC E JF K

KE JF

K
K

I VC E JF

VC [Volts]

E JF

EF

WEFW

W

Et=0F

WKEIL= 0F

E JF

I 0

E
R

EF

K K

I098%

KEFTZ4

0.63 I0t= KE F0.98 I0t=4 RL -

EF

E JF

open circuit

KEF

K30V

KEF
K

FOscilloscope
KE

K50 mH

K
KSwitch

EF
F100M Variable Resistor
KE

EF

E JF

KE JF

ON

K
FF

K
E

I VL

KE JF
KR

I VL E JF

KE JF

EF

I VL E JF

VL [Volts]

E JF

EF

W
W K

EF

W K

EF

EF

EF

EReferencesF

[1] Thomas L. Floyed, Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Prentice, Inc, sixth

edition, 2000.
[2] B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, " Electrical Technology", published by Ninja
Construction development Co. Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 110055, 1995.
[3]
[4]

EF

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
-- .......................................W
-- ....................................................... W
-- .................................................................. W
-- ...................................................................W
-- .......................................EFWW
-- ..................................... EFWW
-- ........................EF W
-- ............... ( FW
-- .................................................... W

EF