Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Li m u

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Tinh bt, cng vi protein v cht bo l mt thnh phn quan trng bc nht trong ch dinh dng ca loi ngi cng nh nhiu loi ng vt khc. Ngi La M gi tinh bt l amilum, mt t bt ngun t ting Hy Lp (amilon ). Trong qu trnh tiu ha chng b thy phn thnh ng glucose l cht to nn ngun nng lng chnh trong thc phm. Ngoi ra tinh bt cn gi vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip thc phm do nhng tnh cht ha l ca chng. Tinh bt thng c dng lm cht to nht snh cho cc thc phm dng lng, l tc nhn lm bn cho thc phm dng keo, l cc yu t kt dnh v lm c to cng, n hi cho nhiu loi thc phm. Bn cnh , tinh bt cn c dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nh sn xut giy, ru, .... Nhiu nc trn th gii s dng ngun tinh bt t khoai ty, la m, ng (sn), cn ring nc ta th s dng go v khoai m l ngun tinh bt ch yu. Trong ch bin tinh bt v ng, cng on quan trng nht l thu phn tinh bt v cc ng n gin. Sau , ch yu trn c s ng n nh ln men, ngi ta s nhn c rt nhiu sn phm quan trng nh: Ru cn, ru vang, bia, cc loi acid hu c, amino acid, Qu trnh thu phn tinh bt gm hai cng on ch yu l giai on h ho v giai on ng ho. thc hin hai cng on cng ngh ni trn, trong thc t sn xut ngi ta p dng hai cch: Thu phn tinh bt bng acid v bng enzym. thu phn tinh bt t lu ngi ta s dng acid v c nh HCl v H2SO4. Nhng kt qu cho thy, thu phn bng acid rt kh kim sot v thng to nhiu sn phm khng mong mun v khng p ng tiu chun an ton thc phm. Do vy, vic thay th v ng dng enzym thu phn tinh bt l mt kt qu tt yu ca lch s pht trin. Hin nay thy phn tinh bt thnh ng glucose ngi ta thng s dng enzyme amylase thu nhn t thc vt hoc cc loi vi sinh vt. Enzym amylase c tm ra gp phn quan trng cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm. Amylase cng ngy cng c thay th acid trong sn xut qui m cng nghip. Hin nay, cc nh sn xut c th s dng amylase c kh nng chu nhit cao m khng b mt hot tnh, chng hn amylase c tch chit t vi sinh vt, c th l cc chng vi khun chu nhit c phn lp t nhng sui nc nng. Ngoi ra, amylase

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

cn c nhiu u im hn khi s dng acid thu phn tinh bt: Nng lng xc tc thp, khng yu cu cao v thit b s dng, gim chi ph cho qu trnh tinh sch dch ng. Nhng nm 1960, glucose c sn xut bng phng php acid. Hiu sut glucose thu c ch t 88% bi cc sn phm thy phn do acid. Vic thng mi ha cc enzyme glucoamylase to iu kin pht trin cc qu trnh thy phn bng acid- enzyme, gip hiu sut thu glucose tng ln n 92-94% t dung dch sau ha c DE 10-20. Hiu sut thu glucose sau tng ln ti 95-97% vi qu trnh thu phn hon ton bng enzyme - amylase dch ha v glucoamylase trong qu trnh ng ha. Ngun amylase c th ly t mm thc, mm i mch ( malt ), ht bp ny mm, hay t nm mc, Trong amylase c thu nhn t malt vi s lng nhiu nht, ch yu dng trong sn xut bia. Nguyn liu cho sn xut enzyme thng l go, bp, khoai m, y l nhng ngun nguyn liu r tin c th tm thy d dng nc ta. Cho nn y l mt li th v l hng pht trin mnh c th lm c s cho nhiu ngnh khc pht trin.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Phn I. Tng quan v enzyme amylase. 1.1.Khi nim Enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Trong c th sng (cc t bo) lun lun xy ra qu trnh trao i cht. S trao i cht ngng th s sng khng cn tn ti. Qu trnh trao i ca mt cht l tp hp ca rt nhiu cc phn ng ha hc phc tp. Cc phn ng ny c lin quan cht ch vi nhau v iu chnh ln nhau. Enzyme l hp cht protein xc tc cho cc phn ng ha hc . Chng c kh nng xc tc c hiu cc phn ng ha hc nht nh v m bo cho cc phn ng xy ra theo mt chiu hng nht nh vi tc nhp nhng trong c th sng. Enzyme c trong hu ht cc loi t bo ca c th sng. Chnh do nhng tc nhn xc tc c ngun gc sinh hc nn enzyme cn c gi l cc cht xc tc sinh hc (biocatalysators) nhm phn bit vi cc cht xc tc ha hc. Chng l cht xc tc sinh hc khng ch c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca mi mi sinh vt m n cn gi vai tr rt quan trng trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm, trong y hc, trong k thut phn tch, trong cng ngh gen v bo v mi trng. 1.2. Enzyme amylase 1.2.1. Khi nim enzyme amylase Amylase l mt h enzyme rt ph bin trong th gii sinh vt . Cc enzyme ny thuc nhm enzyme thy phn, xc tc phn gii lin kt ni phn t trong nhm polysaccharide vi s tham gia ca nc. RR + H-OH -> RH + ROH Amylase thy phn tinh bt, glycogen v dextrin thnh glucose, maltose v dextrin hn ch. Cc enzyme amylase c trong nc bt (cn c gi l ptyalin), trong dch tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt, trong ht ny mm, nm si, x khun, nm men v vi khun. Trong nc bt ca ngi c ptyalin nhng mt s loi ng vt c v th khng c nh nga, ch, mo... Ptyalin bt u thy phn tinh bt t ming v qu trnh ny hon tt rut non nh amylase ca tuyn ty (cn c gi l amylopsin). Amylase ca malt thy phn tinh bt la mch thnh disaccharide lm c cht cho qu trnh ln men bi nm men.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Amylase l mt trong nhng loi enzyme c ng dng rng ri nht trong cng nghip, y t, v nhiu lnh vc kinh t khc, c bit l trong ngnh cng nghip thc phm. C cht s dng y l tinh bt: l nhm Carbohydrate thc vt, c ch yu trong cc loi c nh khoai lang, khoai ty, khoai m , trong cc ht ng cc, cc loi ht v c cng thc tng qut l (C6H12O6)n. Tinh bt t mi ngun khc nhau u c cu to t amylase v amylopectin ( Meyer, 1940 ). Cc loi tinh bt u c 20-30% amylase v 70-80% amylopectin. Trong thc vt, tinh bt c xem l cht d tr nng lng quan trng. - Amylase c trng lng phn t 50.000 160.000 Dal, c cu to t 2001000 phn t D-glucose ni vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glucoside to thnh mt mch xon di khng phn nhnh. - Amylopectin c trng lng phn t 400.000 n hng chc triu Dal, c cu to t 600-6000 phn t D-glucose, ni vi nhau bi lin kt -1,4-glucoside v -1,6-glucoside to thnh mch c nhiu nhnh. Tinh bt khng tan trong nc lnh nhng khi hn dch tinh bt b un nng ( 60-850C ) th tinh bt s b h ha v c gi l h tinh bt. Di tc dng ca enzyme amylase, tinh bt b thy phn do cc lin kt glucoside b phn ct. S thy phn tinh bt bi enzyme amylase xy ra theo 2 mc : Dch ha v ng ha. Kt qu ca s dch ha l to ra sn phm trung gian dextrin v khi dextrin tip tc b ng ha th sn phm l maltose v glucose. - Cabohydrate trong thc phm l ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng cho c th con ngi. Rau v qu cng l ngun cung cp tinh bt v tinh bt ny mt phn c chuyn ha thnh disaccharide v glucose. Carbohydrate c mt trong hu ht cc loi thc phm nhng ngun cung cp ch yu l ng v tinh bt. 1.2.2.Lch s pht hin Vo u th k XIX, cc nh nghin cu tch c cc cht gy ra qu trnh ln men. - Nm 1814, Kirchoff, Saint Petercburg chng minh ht la mch ny mm c tc dng chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng nhit t 400oC 600oC.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

- Nm 1833, Payen v Perso (Php) thm cn vo dch chit ny, thu c kt ta c kh nng phn gii tinh bt thnh ng, v t tn l diastase (xut pht t ting Hy Lp, diastatics, c ngha l phn gii, l amylase). Sau ny theo ngh ca Duclo, enzyme phn gii tinh bt c gi l amylase. - Nm 1851, Leuchs pht hin nc bt cng c kh nng phn gii tinh bt thnh ng. Sau , cc enzyme amylase trong nc bt, trong dch tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt, trong ht ny mm, nm mc, nm men v vi khun bt u c quan tm nghin cu. - Nm 1862, Danilevxki tch c amylase ca tuyn ty bng phng php hp th chn lc. - Nm 1949, Schwimmer xc nh c s chu chuyn ca -amylase l 19000. - Nm 1950, Englard v Singer cho bit s chu chuyn ca -amylase l 250000. - n nm 1952, ngi ta thu c 72 enzyme trng thi kt tinh trong c 4 enzyme -mylase. - Nm 1971, Uxtinilov v cng s bng phng php in di trn gel poliacrylamid xc nh c s c mt ca mt lng ln -amylase v glucoamylase trong canh trng nm mc v mt lng nh cc phn on c hot lc dextrinase v ransglucosilase. Hin nay cc nc trn th gii sn xut hng trm tn ch phm enzyme, trong Nht l nc c truyn thng lu i nht, sau n Anh, Php, M, an Mch, Thy in,... c bit hng Novo ca an Mch l 1 trong nhng hng sn xut enzyme ni ting trn th gii. Bn cnh trong nhng nm gn y cc nc ng u v Trung Quc cng bt u nghin cu v sn xut enzyme.Nu nh Ty u mch nha t la mch l ngun enzyme ch yu cho vic chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng, th Vin ng emylase thng c sn xut t nm mc trn mi trng nui cy l cc loi ng cc c cha tinh bt. Nh hng Novo c nhiu ch phm enzyme amylase ang c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh: cng nghip sn xut ru bia, cng nghip sn xut bt git, cng nghip giy

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme 1.2.3. Phn loi

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Hin nay, c su loi enzyme amylase c xp vo 2 nhm: endoamylase (enzyme ni bo) v exoamylase (enzyme ngoi bo). - Endoamylase : gm c -amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) v nhm enzyme kh nhnh. Nhm enzyme kh nhnh ny c chia thnh hai loi: kh trc tip l pullulanase ( hay dextrin 6-glucanohydrolase ) (EC 3.2.1.41); kh gin tip l transglucosylase (hay oligo-1,6-glucosidase) (EC 3.2.1.20) v amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.10). Cc enzyme ny thy phn cc lin kt bn trong ca chui polysaccharide. - Exoamylase: y l nhng enzyme thy phn tinh bt t u khng kh ca chui polysaccharide. Nhm ny gm c: + -amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) + Amyloglucosidase (glucoamylase hay -amylase) (EC 3.2.1.3) * S khc bit gia cc loi enzyme amylase: - Cc loi enzyme amylase khng ch khc nhau c tnh m cn khc nhau pH hot ng v tnh n nh vi nhit. - Tc phn ng ca amylase ph thuc vo pH, nhit , mc polyme ha ca c cht. Cc enzyme amylase c ngun gc khc nhau s c tnh cht, c ch tc dng v sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh thy phn khc nhau. - Amylase c ngun gc khc nhau s c thnh phn, tnh cht, nhit hot ng, pH ti u v cc c im thy phn khc nhau 1.2.4. H enzyme amylase 1.2.4.1. Enzyme -amylase (-1,4-glucanohydrolase) (EC 3.2.1.1) 1.2.4.1.1. Cu to Enzyme -amylase l protein c phn t lng thp, thng nm trong khong 50.000 n 60.000 Dal. C mt s trng hp c bit nh -amylase t loi vi khun Bacillus macerans c phn t lng ln n 130.000 Dal. n nay ngi ta bit rt r cc chui acid amin ca 18 loi -amylase nhng ch c 2 loi -amylase l taka-

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

amylase t Apergillus orysee v -amylase ca ty ln c nghin cu k v hnh th khng gian cu trc bc 3. Mi y cc nghin cu v tnh ng nht ca chui mch acid amin v v vng k nc cho thy cc chui mch acid amin ca tt c cc enzyme -amylase u c cu trc bc 3 tng t nhau. 1.2.4.1.2. C ch tc dng ca -amylase -amylase t cc ngun khc nhau c nhiu im rt ging nhau. -amylase c kh nng phn ct cc lin kt -1,4-glucoside nm pha bn trong phn t c cht ( tinh bt hoc glycogen ) mt cch ngu nhin, khng theo mt trt t no c. amylase khng ch thy phn h tinh bt m n thy phn c ht tinh bt nguyn song vi tc rt chm. Qu trnh thy phn tinh bt bi -amylase l qu trnh a giai on: + giai on u ( giai on dextrin ha ): Ch mt s phn t c cht b thy phn to thnh mt lng ln dextrin phn t thp (-dextrin ), nht ca h tinh bt gim nhanh ( cc amylose v amylopectin u b dch ha nhanh ). + Sang giai on 2 ( giai on ng ha ): Cc dextrin phn t thp to thnh b thy phn tip tc to ra cc tetra-trimaltose khng cho mu vi iodine. Cc cht ny b thy phn rt chm bi -amylase cho ti disaccharide v monosaccharide. Di tc dng ca -Amylase, amylose b phn gii kh nhanh thnh oligosaccharide gm 6 - 7 gc glucose ( v vy, ngi ta cho rng -amylase lun phn ct amylose thnh tng on 6 - 7 gc glucopiranose 1 ). + Sau , cc poliglucose ny b phn ct tip tc to nn cc mch polyglucose colagen c ngn dn v b phn gii chm n maltotetrose, maltotriose v maltose. Qua mt thi gian tc dng di, sn phm thy phn ca amylose cha 13% glucose v 87% maltose. Tc dng ca -amylase ln amylopectin cng xy ra tng t nhng v khng phn ct c lin kt -1,6-glycoside ch mch nhnh trong phn t amylopectin nn d c chu tc dng lu th sn phm cui cng, ngoi cc ng ni trn ( 72% maltose v 19% glucose ) cn c dextrin phn t thp v isomaltose 8%.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Tm li, di tc dng ca -amylase, tinh bt c th chuyn thnh maltotetrose, maltose, glucose v dextrin phn t thp. Tuy nhin, thng thng amylase ch thy phn tinh bt ch yu thnh dextrin phn t thp khng cho mu vi Iodine v mt t maltose. Kh nng dextrin ha cao ca -amylase l tnh cht c trng ca n. V vy, ngi ta thng gi loi amylase ny l amylase dextrin ha hay amylase dch ha. Cc giai on ca qu trnh thy phn tinh bt ca -amylase: + Giai on dextrin ha: Tinh bt dextrin phn t lng thp + Giai on ng ha: 1.2.4.1.3. c tnh -amylase -amylase t cc ngun khc nhau c thnh phn amino acid khc nhau, mi loi -amylase c mt t hp amino acid c hiu ring. -amylase l mt protein giu tyrosine, tryptophan, acid glutamic v aspartic. Cc glutamic acid v aspartic acid chim khong tng lng amino acid cu thnh nn phn t enzyme: + -amylase c t methionine v c khong 7-10 gc cysteine. + Trng lng phn t ca -amylase nm mc: 45.000-50.000 Dal ( Knir 1956; Fisher, Stein, 1960 ). + Amylase d tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui v ru long. + Protein ca cc -amylase c tnh acid yu v c tnh cht ca globuline. im ng in nm trong vng pH=4,2 - 5,7 ( Bernfeld P, 1951 ). -amylase l mt metaloenzyme. Mi phn t -amylase u c cha 1-30 nguyn t gam Ca/mol, nhng khng t hn 1 - 6 nguyn t gam/mol Ca tham gia vo s hnh thnh v n nh cu trc bc 3 ca enzyme, duy tr hot ng ca enzyme ( Modolova, 1965 ). Do , Ca cn c vai tr duy tr s tn ti ca enzyme khi b tc ng bi cc tc nhn gy bin tnh v tc ng ca cc enzyme phn gii protein. Nu phn t -amylase b loi b ht Ca th n s hon ton b mt ht kh nng thy phn c cht. -amylase bn vi nhit hn cc enzyme khc. c tnh ny c l lin quan n hm lng Ca trong phn t v nng Mg2+. Tt c cc amylase u

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

b kim hm bi cc kim loi nng nh Cu2+, Ag+, Hg2+. Mt s kim loi nh : Li+, Na+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Sn2+, Cr3+, khng c nh hng my n -amylase. Mt c im cn lu l hu ht -amylase kh bn vi tc ng ca protease nh pepsin, trypsin, papain... Thnh phn amino acid ca -amylase nm mc Aspergillus nh sau ( g/100 g protein ): alamine = 6,8 ; glycine = 6,6 ; valine = 6,9 ; leucine = 8,3 ; Isoleucine = 5,2 ; prolin = 4,2 ; phenylalanine = 4,2 ; tyrosine = 9,5 ; trytophan = 4,0; xetin = 6,5 ; trionin = 10,7 ; cystein + cystine = 1,6 ; glutamic acid = 6,9 ; amide = 1,5 ( Akabori et amilose 1954 ). Khng ging cc -amylase khc, amylase ca Asp.orysee c cha phn phi protein l polysaccharide. Polyose ny bao gm 8 mol maltose, 1 mol glucose, 2 mol hexosemin trn 1 mol enzyme ( Akabori et amilose, 1965 ). Vai tr ca polyose ny vn cha r, song bit c rng n khng tham gia vo thnh phn ca trung tm hot ng v nm pha trong phn t enzyme. -amylase ca nm mc hu nh ch tn cng nhng ht tinh bt b thng tn. Sn phm cui cng ca thy phn amylase l glucose v maltose. i vi nm si t l l 1:3,79 ( Hanrahan, Caldwell, 1953 ). Fenikxova v Eromsina (1991) cho bit rng cc maltopentose v maltohexose b thy phn theo s sau: G5( G4 + G1; G6 ( G2 + G4 hay 2G3 ( chnh ) hoc G5 + G1 ( t ) -amylase ca nm si khng tn cng lin kt -1,6 glucoside ca amylopectin, nn khi thy phn n s to thnh cc dextrin ti hn phn nhnh. y l mt cu trc phn t tinh bt do enzyme -amylase phn ct to thnh dextrin ti hn phn nhnh. Sn phm thy phn cui cng ca tinh bt di tc dng ca amylase nm si ch yu l maltose, th n l maltotriose. Nng -amylase ca vi sinh vt tng i ln c th chuyn ha 70 - 85% tinh bt thnh ng ln men. Cn cc -amylase ca nm mc th mc ng ha n glucose v maltose c th ln ti 84 - 87%. iu kin hot ng ca -amylase t cc ngun khc nhau thng khng ging nhau. pH ti thch cho hot ng ca -amylase t nm si l 4,0 - 4,8 ( c th hot ng tt trong vng pH t 4,5 - 5,8 ). Theo s liu ca Liphis, pH ti thch cho

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

hot ng dextrin ha v ng ha ca ch phm amylase t Asp.orysee trong vng 5,6 - 6,2. Cn theo s liu ca Fenixova th pH ti thch cho hot ng dextrin ha ca n l 6,0 - 7,0. bn i vi tc dng ca acid cng khc khc nhau. -amylase ca Asp.orysee bn vng i vi acid tt hn l -amylase ca malt v vi khun Bac.subtilis. pH= 3,6 v 0oC, -amylase ca malt b v hot hon ton sau 15 - 30 pht; -amylase vi khun b bt hot n 50%, trong khi hot lc ca -amylase ca nm si hnh nh khng gim bao nhiu ( Fenilxova, Rmoshinoi 1989 ). Trong dung dch -amylase nm si bo qun tt pH = 5,0 - 5,5 ; -amylase dextrin ha ca nm si en c th chu c pH t 2,5-2,8. 0oC v pH = 2,5 , n ch b bt hot hon ton sau 1 gi. Nhit ti thch cho hot ng xc tc ca -amylase t cc ngun khc nhau cng khng ng nht, -amylase ca nm si rt nhy cm i vi tc ng nhit. Nhit ti thch ca n l 50 oC v b v hot 70oC ( Kozmina, 1991 ). Trong dung dch m pH = 4,7, -amylase ca Asp.orysee rt nhy vi tc ng ca nhit cao, thm ch 40 oC trong 3 gi hot lc dextrin ha ca n ch cn 22 - 29%, hot lc ng ha cn 27 - 85%. 50 oC trong 2 gi, -amylase ca nm si ny b v hot hon ton ( Miller v cng s ). 1.2.4.2. Enzyme -amylase (-1,4-glucan-maltohydrolase) (EC 3.2.1.2) 1.2.4.2.1. Cu to -amylase hin din ph bin thc vt, c bit l ht ny mm. trong cc ht ng cc ny mm, -amylase xc tc s thu phn cc lin kt 1,4 -glucan trong tinh bt, glucogen v polysaccharide, phn ct tng nhm maltose t u khng kh ca mch. Maltose c to thnh do s xc tc ca -amylase c cu hnh . ng cc, -amylase tham gia vo s phn gii ca tinh bt trong qu trnh ny mm ca ht. la, -amylase c tng hp trong sut qu trnh ca ht v hu nh khng c tng hp ht kh. la mch, enzyme c mt trong ht kh, n c tch ly trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca ht, khi dng lin kt, enzyme ny l mt

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

phn t c trng lng phn t l 64.000 Dal v khi b phn ct bi mt protease s c phng thch di dng t dov c khi lng phn t l 59.000 Dal 1.2.4.2.2. C ch tc dng -amylase l mt enzyme ngoi bo (exoenzyme). Tin trnh phn gii bt u t ukhng kh ca cc nhnh ngoi cng c cht . -amylase phn ct cc lin kt -1,4glucoside nhng khi gp lin kt -1,4 glucoside ng k cn lin kt 1,6glucoside thn s ngng tc dng. Phn polysaccharide cn li l dextrin phn t ln c cha rt nhiulin kt -1,6 glucoside v c gi l -dextrin. Tinh bt b thu phn ng thi bi c v -amylase th lng tinh bt thu phn ti 95% 1.2.4.2.3. c tnh ca -amylase -amylase l mt albumin, tm xc tc c cha nhm SH, nhm X-COOH v vng imidazol ca cc gc histidine v l enzyme ngoi bo (exoenzyme). -amylase khng bn khi c Ca2+, -amylase b km hm bi Cu2+, Hg2+, urea, iodineoacetamide, iodine, ozon -amylase chu nhit km hn -amylase nhng bn hn vi acid. amylase b bt hot nhit 70 0C. Nhit ti thch ca -amylase l 55 0 C , pH 5,1 5,5. Tham gia vo c ch tc dng ca -amylase thng c mt nhm caboxyl th hin tnh cht i nhn v mt nhm imidazol th hin tnh cht i electron. S nghch o hnh th ca cacbon anome (C1) c thc hin nh vic to thnh hp cht ng ho tr trung gian kiu este axetal gia cacbon anome v nhm cacboxyl ca tm hot ng. Sau este ny b phn hu bi tc ng ca 1 phn t nc ln nhm cacboxyl gii phng ra -maltose v hon nguyn nhm cacbxyl ca enzyme. 1.2.4.3. Enzyme -amylase (glucoamylase) (EC 3.2.1.3) 1.2.4.3.1. Cu to

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

-amylase (glucoamylase hay -1,4-glucan-glucohydrolase) l nhng enzyme c th thu phn c c hai kiu lin kt ca cc mch -glucan gii phng ra dng . Glucoamylase hay -amylase ch yu c to ra bi cc vi sinh vt. c bit l kiu nm mc Aspergillus, Penicillium v Rhizopus. Amyloglucosidase t nm mc l cc protein c khi lng phn t lng dao ng rt ln t 27.000 n 112.000 Dal tu thuc vo ngun gc ca enzyme. Ni chung th cc amyloglucosidase u cha cc gc methioni, tritophan, v mt na gc cystein. Tuy nhin mi quan h gia chui acid amin, cu trc bc 3 v hot ng ca enzyme vn cha c lm sng t tt c cc amyloglucosidase t nm mc u l glucoprotein cha t 5 - 20% gluxit trong ch yu l cc mono saccharid glucose mannose, galactose v glucosamin. Cc amyloglucosidase ch yu c to nn t hai iso enzyme I v II khc nhau kh nng thu phn tinh bt trng thi rn v bi bn ca chng. amyloglucosidase I t hp th v thu phn tinh bt trng thi rn, ngc li amyloglucosidase II khng c c hai tinh cht ny. 1.2.4.3.2. C ch hot ng Amyloglucosidase c th gii phng ra -D-glucose bng cch thu phn lp li nhiu ln cc lin kt -1,4 ca mch -glucan t u khng kh, chng cng thu phn c cc lin kt -1,6 v -1,3 nhng rt chm (10 - 30 ln ). Tc thu phn cng ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc lin kt k cn vi cc lin kt glucozit c thu phn, cng nh kch thuc v cu trc ca c cht b thu phn. Nht l vi cc -glucan mch di (amylose v amylopectin) th b thu phn nhanh hn l vi cc maltodextrin v cc oligosaccharit. 1.2.4.3.3. Tnh cht Glucoamylase c kh nng thu phn cc lin kt -1,4 ln -1,6 glucoside. Khi thu phn lin kt -1,4-glucan trong chui polysaccharide, glucoamylase tch ln lt tng phn t glucose ra khi u khng kh ca mch to ra glucose.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Enzyme ny c nhiu tn gi khc nhau: -1,4; -1,6-glucan-4; glucohydrolase; glucoamylase; amyloglucosidase; taka- amylase B; -amylase l enzyme ni bo. Ngoi cc lin kt -1,4 v -1,6 glucoside , glucoamylase cn c kh nng thu phn cc lin kt -1,2 v -1,3 glucoside . Glucoamylase c kh nng thu phn hon ton tinh bt, glucogen, amylopectin, dextrin, panose, iso maltose v maltose thnh glucose, m khng cn c s tham gia ca cc loi enzyme khc. Glucoamylase thu gii cc polysaccharide c phn t ln nhanh hn sovi cc cht c phn t nh. Cc polisaccharide c nhnh nh amylopectin, glucogen, -dextrin b glucoamylase thy phn kh nhanh. a s glucoamylase c hot lc cao nht vng c pH 3,5 5,5 v nhit 500C . N bn vi acid hn -amylase nhng km bn hn trong ru, acetone v khng c bo v bi Ca2+. 1.2.4.4. Oligo 1,6-glucosidase (dextrinase ti hn) (EC 3.2.1.10) Enzyme ny c th thu phn lin kt -1,6 glucoside trong isomaltose, panose vcc dextrin ti hn thnh ng c th ln men c. Enzyme ny c vi sinh vt nhng ng thicng c trong cc ht ny mm (i mch, thc ny mm). Ngoi oligo1,6glucosidase, h dextrinase ca ht ng cc, ht ny mm cn c amylopectin-1,6-glucoside hay amylo-1,6-glucoside hay dextrin-1,6glucocanhydrolase. Hai loi enzyme ny u thy phn dextrin trit hn -amylase v - amylase trong trong dung dch thy phn c nhiu maltose hn. Nhit ti thch cho cc hot ng ca cc dextrinase l 400C v pH ti thch l 5,1. 1.2.4.5. Enzyme pullulanase (-dextrin6-glucosidase) (EC 3.2.1.41) - Enzyme ny c th thu phn cc lin kt -1,6 ca tinh bt, glucogen, pululan v ccdextrin ti hn. iu ng ch l s nh v ca cc lin kt -1,6 c nh hng ln n tc ng ca enzyme. c bit l s c mt ca hai lin kt -1,4 nm lin k bn lin kt -1,6 l iu kin cn thit cho enzyme phn ct lin kt ny

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

- Pullulanase phn gii cc lin kt -1,6 glucoside b bao quanh t pha bi cc lin kt -1,4. N cn c kh nng thy phn c nhng dextrin phn t thp ch gm c hai gc maltose ni nhau bng lin kt -1,6-glucoside. Tc dng hip ng ca - amylase v pullulanase lm n thy phn hon ton. 1.2.4.6. -glucosidase (-D, glucoside-glucohydrolase) (EC 3.2.1.20) Nhiu loi nm si sn sinh enzyme ny. Ging nh glucomylase, n thy phn thnh glucose nhng khng thy phn tinh bt. Maltase v glucozyltranferase l mt enzyme ng nht va c kh nng thy phn lin kt -1,4, trong cc glucopiranoside va c kh nng chuyn cc gc glucoside sang ng v ru

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Phn II. Quy trnh sn xut ng glucose t tinh bt 2.1. S quy trnh
Tinh bt

Ha bt

H ha Enzyme amylase Dch ha

Glucose amylase

Lm ngui

ng ha

Lm sch

C c

Lm ngui

Kt tinh

Ly tm

Sy

Phn loi

Glucose thnh phm

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh 2.2.1. Ha bt Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh h ha nhm tng phn tn ca huyn ph Cc bin i: * Bin i vt l: Tng th tch H s dn nhit tng S khuch tn ca cc ht tinh bt tng. Ht tinh bt hp thu mt lng nh nc mt cch thun nghch(25-50) nhng cha trng n. Trng thi ca nguyn liu sau khuy trn dng huyn ph. Bin i cm quan: S thay i trng thi ca dch tinh bt Thng ha bt hnh tr lm bng thp khng g, c cnh khuy. nhit : 45-500C Tc cnh khuy: 20 vng/pht thi gian: 30-40 pht Cc thit b: Cc thng s cng ngh: -

* Bin i ha l: -

2.2.2. H ha Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho qu trnh dch ha cc ht tinh bt ht nc trng n ti a to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh dch ha Cc bin i: * Bin i vt l: nht tng cc i Ht tinh bt trng n ti a Nhit ca dung dch tng Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Nng cht kh tng

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

* Bin i ha hc: Xy ra s hydrate ha cc nhm hydroxyl t do v hnh thnh lien kt hydro vi nc. * Bin i ha l: Ht tinh bt tip tc hp thu nc khi nhit cng tng th kh nng hp H chuyn t dng huyn ph xang dung dch nht ng nht. Tng kh nng ha tan. thu nc cng tng. -

* Bin i cm quan: mu sc t c chuyn xang trong hn. Cc thit b: Henze cooker: Thi gian x: 20 pht Nhit : 52- 640C Thng s cng ngh: -

2.2.3. Dch ha Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho qu trnh ng ha Cc bin i: * Bin i vt l: nht gim Kh nng truyn nhit tng Nng cht kh tng

* Bin i ha hc: tinh bt. c mu. Thy phn mt phn mch tinh bt to nhng mch dextrin c chiu di mch ngn hn. * Bin i ha l: S bc hi nc Phn ng maillard gia ng v cc acid amin to ra cc sn phm Ht tinh bt b ph tung ph v cc lin kt hydro gia nc v cc si

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Kh nng ha tan ca tinh bt

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

* Bin i ha sinh: enzyme -amylase hot ng ct cc mch amylose v amylopectin thnh cc dextrin mch ngn c kh nng ha tan * Bin i sinh hc: vi sinh vt b c ch hay b tiu dit Cc thit b : Henze cooker: Thng s cng ngh Nhit 1050C ph: 6-6.5 Hm lng ch phm enzyme -amylase: 0.25-0.3% hm lng tinh bt kh

2.2.4. Lm ngui Mc ch cng ngh: chun b cho qu trnh ng ha to iu kin ti thch cho enzyme glucoamylase trong qu trnh ng ha tip theo Cc bin i :Bin i vt l: Nhit gim Cc thit b: Thit b trao i nhit dng bn mng

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme -

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Thit b trao i nhit dng bn mng: B phn chnh ca thit b l nhng tm bng hnh ch nht vi dy rt mng v c lm bng thp khng r. Mi tm bng s c bn l ti bn gc v h thng cc ng rnh trn khp cc b mt to s chy ri v tng din tch truyn nhit. Khi ghp cc bng mng li vi nhau trn b khung ca thit b s hnh thnh trn nhng h thng ng vo v ra cho mu kho st v cht ti nhit

Thng s cng ngh: Nhit h xung: 55-600C 2.2.5. ng ha Mc ch cng ngh:to thnh syrup c thnh phn ch yu l glucose, cc ng n gin v cc dextrin mch ngn Cc bin i : * Bin i vt l: Gim nht Tng kh nng truyn nhit ca dung dch Tng hm lng cht kh

* Bin i ha hc: Phn ng phn ct dextrin mch di thnh cc sn phm chnh l Phn ng maillard to thnh cc cht mu lm sm mu dch thy

glucose, cc ng n gin khc v dextrin mch ngn, phn * Bin i ha l: Tng kh nng ha tan Nhit 55-600C ph: 5.0-5.5 Thi gian: 24-48h Lng enzyme: 2000Ukg-1hm lng cht kh

Thng s cng ngh: -

2.2.6. Lm sch

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh c c Cc bin i; * Bin i vt l: Gim khi lng dung dch T trng thay i H s truyn nhit tng.

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

* Bin i ha l: thay i pha, tch c pha rn v pha lng Thit b: My lc khung bn Thng s cng ngh: p sut 0.3Mpa Nhit : 550C

2.2.7. Trao i ion Mc ch: tch cc ion v hp ph nhng hp cht hu c khc Cc bin i: Bin i ha hc: cc anion v cation s khuch tn qua c l xp v trao

i ion vi cht rn in gii Thit b: H thng gm hai ct trao i ion c lm t vt liu polimer + mt ct c kh nng trao i anion + mt ct c kh nng trao i cation Gm nhng ng ng dn dng dung dch n ct trao i ion, dng hon lu, h thng dung dch ra gii v h thng ti sinh ion lm vic trn ct.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Thng s cng ngh: Thi gian: 20-25 pht Nhit : 70-750C Chiu cao v ng knh ct trao i ion s do mi hng sn xut qui nh

2.2.8. C c Mc ch: Tng hm lng cht kh, to iu kin cho qu trnh phn phi v vn

chuyn sn phm Nng cao c ch vi sinh vt pht trin

Cc bin i: * Bin i vt l: nht tng Khi lng gim do mt i mt lng nc Nng tng Th tch gim Nhit tng

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme * Bin i ha l: Bc hi nc

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Bay hi cht mi Thit b: Thit b c c chn khng Thng s cng ngh: Nng sau khi c c t t 30-50% p sut hi t <2kg/cm2 Nhit : 60-650C Thi gian c c: 2-3h p sut chn khng: 720mmHg

2.2.9. Lm ngui Mc ch: h nhit dung dch chun b cho qu trnh kt tinh Bin i xy ra tng t qu trnh lm ngui trn 2.2.10.Kt tinh Mc ch: to ra tinh th ng, chun b cho qu trnh ly tm tch tinh th tip theo Cc bin i: Bin i vt l: qu trnh kt tinh glucose l qu trnh ta nhit Bin i ha l: kt tinh to tinh th glucose c m cao Bin i cm quan: ty thuc vo iu kin kt tinh ta c th thu c tinh th t nhiu h thng khc nhau Thit b kt tinh Thng s cng ngh: Nng sau khi c c t t 30-50% Thi gian khuy trn vi mm l 12-24h Nhit kt tinh: 240C Thi gian kt tinh: 100-120h ng non m trc li l 1/3 th tch

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme 2.2.11. Ly tm Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh sy Cc bin i: Bin i vt l: khi lng dung dch gim T trng thay i Bin i ha l: tch lng nc ra khi hn hp Thit b:

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

2.2.12.Sy v phn loi Mc ch: tch m t do Cc bin i: Bin i vt l: khi lng gim Th tch gim Bin i ha hc: nng cht kh tng Bin i ha l: tch m t do cn m lin kt 8-9%

Cc thit b: thit b sy tng si Phn loi nhm thu c cc loai ng c phm cp khc nhau M t sn phm glucose: sn phm phi trng, tinh th u, kh, ri,khng c mi l, tinh khit cao. Bo qun trong bao b PE hay l thy tinh kn sch, ni mt m.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Phn 3. ng dng ca ng glucose 3.1. Khi qut chung v sn phm ng glucose. Glucose l monosaccaride tiu biu, c cng thc nguyn l C6H12O6, l loi ng kh, c nhiu ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc, l ng d tiu ha, hp th. ng glucose l sn phm qu trnh thy phn tinh bt bng acid hoc enzyme. C th dung tinh bt t c hoc cc loi ha tho. cc nc ch yu tinh bt bp v tinh bt khoai ty. nc ta ch yu dung tinh bt sn sn xut ng glucose. Dung dch ng glucose c nht thp v thng c bo qun pH 3.55.5 (thm acetate, citrate hoc lactate). Ngi ta dng dung dch ny ngt, ngn cn s kt tinh saccharose v lm gim nhit ng lnh ca dung dch (hn hp kem lnh). Ngoi ra dung dch ng glucose c kh nng ln men v c ht m cao. Glucose c kh nng ho nu, c tnh to khi, to vin. Ging nh cc ng n khc, glucose b ln men bi nm men v cc chng vi sinh vt khc nhanh hn so vi cc ngun c cht khc. Do phn t lng ch bng mt na so vi ng saccharose cng mt khi lng s dng. Khi phn ng vi cc hp cht cha nit, glucose to ra cc cht mu tu thuc vo iu kin phn ng nh pH, nhit , nng v bn cht cc hp cht cha nit. ng glucose cng tham gia cc phn ng nh isomer ho trong mi trng kim to thnh fructose v mantose, phn ng phn hu kim to thnh acid carboxylic, phn ng hydro ho to thnh sorbitol, phn ng phn hu kim v hydro ho to thnh glycol; 1,2- propanediol v glycerol, phn ng oxy ho to thnh acid gluconic v acid glucaric. Cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc v dinh dng hc ng glucose c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip thc phm nh cng nghip ln men (bia, ung c cn), sn xut bnh m, trong cng nghip bnh ko, hp, thc n nhanh v nhng lnh vc khc nh cng nghip ho cht v dc phm... Vic sn xut ng glucose l mt ng dng quan trong c bit ca amilase. Cc ng glucose thng thng c ch s ng kh (tnh theo glucose) l 20 n 65. Khoa cng ngh thc phm Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme 3.2. ng dng 3.2.1. Trong cng nghip thc phm Glucose l thc n gi tr dinh dng cho ngi Lnh vc cng nghip Cc loi bnh Ha cht, thuc, dc phm ung c cn, bia Sn xut ko Nhng lnh vc khc % trn tng s 23,4% 21,1% 16,6% 14,0% 24,6%

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

3.2.1.1. To dung mi bo v nc qu v tri cy fresh cut Glucose c tnh kh mnh lm gim pH, lm chm phn ng sm mu gip nc qu v sn phm qu ct lt khng b sm mu khi bo qun. Nhng ngp qu sau khi ct lt hoc sau khi gt v vo trong dung dch glucose hn ch oxi xm nhp vo qu, ngn cn qu hp th oxi. ng xm nhp vo m cn c tc dng lm qu chc li do p sut thm thu -> qu lnh thng c bao bng siro, ng va bo v lnh, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt va gi c hng thm cho qu. 3.2.1.2. Lm bao b cho sn phm Dung glucose lm ti kh oxi (gm mt t glucose, ch phm glucooxydasecatalase, dung dch m cho vo ti polyetylen) ch cho oxy v khng kh i qua, khng cho nc i qua -> bo qun v vn chuyn lu di cc vt liu b oxi ha trngj thi kh. 3.2.1.3. Trong cng nghip sn xut bia - Glucose l thnh phn tham gia chun b dung dch khi ln men khi un si dch ln men xy ra phn ng Mailard, caramel ha nn to ra hng v v mu sc cu dch ln men c trng cho bia. Glucose c s dng nh c cht c kh nng ln men b sung gim hm lng carbohydrate v lng calori trong cc loi bia nng lng thp. - Nhng nguyn liu sau c b sung trc tip vo dch ng giai on nu hoa houblon (hoa ny c tc dng lm cho bia c v ng du, hng thm rt c trng, Khoa cng ngh thc phm Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

lm tng kh nng to gi bt, tng bn keo v n nh thnh phn sinh hc ca sn phm, l nguyn liu khng th thay th c trong cng ngh ch bin bia. 3.2.1.4. Sn xut bnh ko, mt, siro To mu v mi cho thc phm: + glucose tham gia phn ng Caramel ha to mu sc cho cc sn phm giu ng nh bnh ko mt + glucose tham gia to v, mu sc , c cht ca men bnh m, (6% cht kh). Glucose kim sot ngt v v trong cc loi bnh qui, n c ph ln trong qu trnh nng to mu cho b mt v lm mm bnh. To ra cc c tnh tng cng gi tr sn phm. + dung ng nghch o, xiro glucose-fructose dung hiu chnh glucose to antoxian v antoxianozit la cc mono hay diglucozit c gc aglucon c mu l cc antoxianidin (antoxianidol). Vai tr to mu sc cho qu. + Chnh hm lng cht kh v v ngt ca sn phm, lm nguyn liu sn xut kem. + Trong sn xut ko, glucose cung cp ngt, mm mi cho sn phm ng thi do c tnh ha tan cao glucose c pha vo ko chng kt tinh ng (sn phm c mu vng). S kt hp gia glucose v saccharose gip tng v, ci thin mu sc, bong, tng cm gic mt lnh ming ng thi cn bng c ngt, dai, cng cho sn phm ko. + Glucose l ph gia l tng cho qu trnh kt dnh cng nh tch ri tt. Gluocse cng l cht to ngt, mm do v d ct trong cc sn phm ko do. Sn xut sorbitol: sorbitol l sn phm ca qu trnh kh glucose, l cht to ngt ngho nng lng thp, hp th chm qua thnh rut non dung trong sn xut kem, thc phm cho ngi b bnh tiu ng, bo ph. 3.2.1.5. Sn xut ru vang.

ng glucose c s dng tng kh nng ln men, v v ngt cho sn phm.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme -

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Trong cc loi ung, glucose cung cp ngt, p sut thm thu, n cng l cht n gip tng v, kim sot kh nng di ng v tng thi gian bo qun cho sn phm ung dng bt. glucose cng mang li cu trc mm mi, v du ngt v kh nng chy tt cho cc sn phm kem v trng ming lnh.

3.2.2.Trong cng nghip Nguyn liu cha glucose dung sn xut acid lactic trong cng nghip do glucose l ngun nng lng, ngun C ng ha, l mi trng lng thch hp cho s pht trin ca 1 s t chng vi sinh vt trong phng php nui cy b su thu ch phm enzyme. Glucose khi ln men to acid itaconic (C5H6O4) -> ng dng ch yu trong sn xut nha v cc cht ty ra. to acid furmaric c s dng tng hp nha, sn, mui ca n dng sn xut cht thm t

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Phn IV. Kt lun

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

Tm li, c th ni rng, vic nghin cu ng dng enzyme ngy cng c ch trng cc lnh vc khc nhau. Trong 20 nm cui th k XX v cc nm u ca th k XXI cc enzyme khc nhau c ng dng. Enzyme amylase l mt trong nhng enzyme c quan tm nghin cu sm v nhiu nht hin nay. Cc ng dng ca enzyme trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ngy cng c quan tm nghin cu. Ngoi nhng ng dng tiu biu c trnh by trn, enzyme amylase cn c ng dng trong sn xut gim, bt ngt, bnh ko, nc tri cy Ngy nay ngi ta ang nghin cu cc ngun amylase c cht lng cao v c th sn xut theo quy m cng nghip ng thi khc phc nhng hn ch ca cc phng php sn xut to enzyme amylase nng sut cao. Vit Nam bc u c nhiu nghin cu ng dng enzyme amylase trong ch bin nng sn, thc phm, nht l trong lnh vc sn xut bia, ru, ch bin tinh bt (Vin cng nghip thc phm, Vin cng ngh sinh hc cng ngh thc phm, i hc Bch khoa H Ni). Vic nghin cu cc enzyme ng dng trong vic bin i tinh bt thnh ng glucose trong cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip cng y hc cng c quan tm v c nhng kt qu ng khch l.

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni

Bi tiu lun mn cng ngh enzyme Phn V. Ti liu tham kho.

Nhm 2- lp BQCBAK55

1. Nguyn c Lng v mt s tc gi, Cng ngh enzym, NXB i hc quc gia Tp.HCM, 2004 2. Nguyn c Lng, Vi sinh vt cng nghip ( Cng ngh vi sinh Tp 2), NXB i hc quc gia Tp.HCM, 2006 3. Lng c Phm, Nm men cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni, 2006 4. Nguyn Th Hin ( ch bin), Cng ngh sn xut m chnh v cc sn phm ln men c truyn, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni, 2006 5. Nguyn Tin Thng, Gio trnh cng ngh enzym, Trng i hc K thut cng ngh Tp.HCM, 2008 6. www.bio-link.org/sharing_day/fungalamylase.pdf 7. http://luanvan.net.vn/luan-van/de-tai-ung-dung-enzyme-amylase-trong-cong-nghiepthuc-pham-va-nguon-thu-nhan-38611/

8. http://doan.edu.vn/do-an/de-tai-cong-nghe-che-bien-duong-glucose-25442/

Khoa cng ngh thc phm

Trng H Nng nghip H Ni