Tong Quan Ve Mang NGN

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 1: Tong quan ve NGN
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CHNG 1:
TONG QUAN VE MANG
THE HE MI
----WX----

I. MANG VIEN THONG HIEN TAI
1. Khai niem ve mang vien thong
Mang vien thong la phng tien truyen a thong tin t au phat ti
au thu. Mang co nhiem vu cung cap cac dch vu cho khach hang.
Mang vien thong bao gom cac thanh phan chnh: thiet b chuyen mach,
thiet b truyen dan, moi trng truyen va thiet b au cuoi.
Thiet b chuyen
mach
Thiet b truyen
dan
Thiet b chuyen
mach
Thiet b truyen
dan
Moi trng
truyen dan

Hnh 1-1 Cac thanh phan chnh cua mang vien thong
Thiet b chuyen mach gom co tong ai noi hat va tong ai qua
giang. Cac thue bao c noi vao tong ai noi hat va tong ai noi
hat c noi vao tong ai qua giang. Nh cac thiet b chuyen mach
ma ng truyen dan c dung chung va mang co the c s dung
mot cach kinh te.

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Thiet b truyen dan dung e noi thiet b au cuoi vi tong ai, hay
gia cac tong ai e thc hien viec truyen a cac tn hieu ien.
Thiet b truyen dan chia lam hai loai: thiet b truyen dan pha thue
bao va thiet b truyen dan cap quang. Thiet b truyen dan pha thue
bao dung moi trng thng la cap kim loai, tuy nhien co mot so
trng hp moi trng truyen la cap quang hoac vo tuyen.
Moi trng truyen bao gom truyen hu tuyen va vo tuyen. Truyen
hu tuyen bao gom cap kim loai, cap quang. Truyen vo tuyen bao
gom vi ba, ve tinh.
Thiet b au cuoi cho mang thoai truyen thong gom may ien thoai,
may Fax, may tnh, tong ai PABX.
Mang vien thong cung co the c nh ngha nh sau: Mang vien
thong la mot he thong gom cac nut chuyen mach c noi vi nhau bang
cac ng truyen dan. Nut c phan thanh nhieu cap va ket hp vi cac
ng truyen dan tao thanh cac cap mang khac nhau.
Sub Sub
Sub Sub
Sub
Sub Sub
Sub
HLE
HLE
TE TE
RLE RLE
GW
GW : Gateway - Tong ai quoc te
TE : Transit Exchange - Tong ai chuyen tiep quoc gia
HLE : Host Local Exchange - Tong ai noi hat
RLE : Remote Local Exchange - Tong ai xa ( Tong ai ve tinh)
Sub : Subcriber - Thue bao

Hnh 1-2 Cau hnh mang c ban

Mang vien thong hien nay c chia thanh nhieu loai. o la mang mac
li, mang sao, mang tong hp, mang vong kn va mang thang. Cac loai
mang nay co u iem va nhc iem khac nhau e phu hp vi cac ac
iem cua tng vung a ly (trung tam, hai ao, bien gii,) hay vung lu
lng (lu thoai cao, thap,).

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Mang vien thong hien nay c phan cap nh sau:
Cap 1
Cap 5
Cap 4
Cap 3
Cap 2
Tong ai quoc te
Tong ai khu vc
Tong ai noi hat
Tong ai tandem noi hat
hoac noi tnh
Tong ai chuyen tiep
quoc gia

Hnh 1-3 Cau truc mang phan cap
Trong mang hien nay gom 5 nut:
Nut cap 1: trung tam chuyen mach qua giang quoc te.
Nut cap 2: trung tam chuyen mach qua giang ng dai.
Nut cap 3: trung tam chuyen mach qua giang noi hat.
Nut cap 4: trung tam chuyen mach noi hat.
Nut cap 5: trung tam chuyen mach t xa.
2. Cac ac iem cua mang vien thong hien nay
Cac mang vien thong hien tai co ac iem chung la ton tai mot cach
rieng le, ng vi moi loai dch vu thong tin lai co t nhat mot loai mang vien
thong rieng biet e phuc vu dch vu o.

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Mang Telex: dung e gi cac bc ien di dang ky t a c ma
hoa bang 5 bit (ma Baudot). Toc o truyen rat thap (t 75 ti 300
bit/s)
Mang ien thoai cong cong, con goi la mang POTS (Plain Old
Telephone Service): ay thong tin tieng noi c so hoa va
chuyen mach he thong chuyen mach ien thoai cong cong PSTN.
Mang truyen so lieu: bao gom cac mang chuyen mach goi e trao
oi so lieu gia cac may tnh da tren giao thc cua X.25 va he
thong truyen so lieu chuyen mach kenh da tren cac giao thc X.21.
Cac tn hieu truyen hnh co the c truyen theo ba cach: truyen
bang song vo tuyen, truyen qua he thong mang truyen hnh cap
CATV (Community Antenna Television) bang cap ong truc hoac
truyen qua he thong ve tinh, hay con goi la truyen hnh trc tiep
DBS (Direct Broadcast System).
Trong pham vi c quan, so lieu gia cac may tnh c trao oi
thong qua mang cuc bo LAN (Local Area Network) ma noi tieng
nhat la mang Ethernet, Token Bus va Token Ring.
Moi mang c thiet ke cho cac dch vu rieng biet va khong the s
dung cho cac muc ch khac. V du ta khong the truyen tieng noi qua mang
chuyen mach goi X.25 v tre qua mang nay qua ln.
Qua kh la ban ap cua tng lai. Do vay trc khi tm hieu mang
vien thong the he mi NGN, chung ta can rut kinh nghiem t lch s phat
trien cua cac mang hien tai ma tieu bieu la:
Xet ve goc o dch vu th gom cac mang sau: mang ien thoai co
nh, mang ien thoai di ong va mang truyen so lieu.
Xet ve goc o ky thuat bao gom cac mang chuyen mach, mang
truyen dan, mang truy nhap, mang bao hieu va mang ong bo.
PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) la mang chuyen mach
thoai cong cong. PSTN phuc vu thoai va bao gom hai loai tong ai: tong ai
noi hat (cap 5), va tong ai tandem (tong ai qua giang noi hat, cap 4). Tong
ai tandem c noi vao cac tong ai Toll e giam mc phan cap. Phng
phap nang cap cac tandem la bo sung cho moi nut mot ATM core. Cac ATM
core se cung cap dch vu bang rong cho thue bao, ong thi hp nhat cac
mang so lieu hien nay vao mang chung ISDN. Cac tong ai cap 4 va cap 5

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la cac tong ai loai ln. Cac tong ai nay co kien truc tap trung, cau truc
phan mem va phan cng oc quyen.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) la mang so tch hp dch
vu. ISDN cung cap nhieu loai ng dung thoai va phi thoai trong cung mot
mang va xay dng giao tiep ngi s dung mang a dch vu bang mot so
gii han cac ket noi ISDN cung cap nhieu ng dung khac nhau bao gom cac
ket noi chuyen mach va khong chuyen mach. Cac ket noi chuyen mach cua
ISDN bao gom nhieu chuyen mach thc, chuyen mach goi va s ket hp cua
chung. Cac dch vu mi phai tng hp vi cac ket noi chuyen mach so 64
kbit/s. ISDN phai cha s thong minh e cung cap cho cac dch vu, bao
dng va cac chc nang quan ly mang, tuy nhien tnh thong minh nay co the
khong u e cho mot vai dch vu mi va can c tang cng t mang hoac
t s thong minh thch ng trong cac thiet b au cuoi cua ngi s dung. S
dung kien truc phan lp lam ac trng cua truy xuat ISDN. Truy xuat cua
ngi s dung en nguon ISDN co the khac nhau tuy thuoc vao dch vu yeu
cau va tnh trang ISDN cua tng quoc gia. Can thay rang ISDN c s
dung vi nhieu cau hnh khac nhau tuy theo hien trang mang vien thong cua
tng quoc gia.
PSDN (Public Switching Data Network) la mang chuyen mach so lieu
cong cong. PSDN chu yeu cung cap cac dch vu so lieu. Mang PSDN bao
gom cac PoP (Point of Presence) va cac thiet b truy nhap t xa. Hien nay
PSDN ang phat trien vi toc o rat nhanh do s bung no cua dch vu
Internet va cac mang rieng ao (Virtual Private Network).
Mang di ong GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecom) la mang cung
cap dch vu thoai tng t nh PSTN nhng qua ng truy nhap vo tuyen.
Mang nay chuyen mach da tren cong nghe ghep kenh phan thi gian va
cong nghe ghep kenh phan tan so. Cac thanh phan c ban cua mang nay la:
BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transfer Station), HLR (Home
Location Register), VLR ( Visitor Location Register) va MS ( Mobile
Subscriber).
Hien nay cac nha cung cap dch vu thu c li nhuan phan ln t cac
dch vu nh leased line, Frame Relay, ATM, va cac dch vu ket noi c ban.
Tuy nhien xu hng giam li nhuan t cac dch vu nay bat buoc cac nha
khai thac phai tm dch vu mi da tren IP e am bao li nhuan lau dai.
VPN la mot hng i cua cac nha khai thac. Cac dch vu da tren nen IP
cung cap ket noi gia mot nhom cac user xuyen qua mang ha tang cong

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cong. VPN co the ap ng cac nhu cau cua khach hang bang cac ket noi
dang any-to-any, cac lp a dch vu, cac dch vu gia thanh quan ly thap,
rieng t, tch hp xuyen suot cung vi cac mang Intranet/Extranet. Mot
nhom cac user trong Intranet va Extranet co the hoat ong thong qua mang
co nh tuyen IP. Cac mang rieng ao co chi ph van hanh thap hn han so
vi mang rieng tren phng tien quan ly, bang thong va dung lng. Hieu
mot cach n gian, VPN la mot mang m rong t quan nh mot s la chon
c s ha tang cua mang WAN. VPN co the lien ket cac user thuoc mot nhom
kn hay gia cac nhom khac nhau. VPN c nh ngha bang mot che o
quan ly. Cac thue bao VPN co the di chuyen en mot ket noi mem deo trai
dai t mang cuc bo en mang hoan chnh. Cac thue bao nay co the dung
trong cung (Intranet) hoac khac (Extranet) to chc.
Tuy nhien can lu y rang hien nay mang PSTN/ISDN van ang la
mang cung cap cac dch vu d lieu.
3. S lc mang vien thong Viet Nam
Cau truc mang
e phuc vu cho cac dch vu thong tin nh thoai, so lieu, fax, telex va
cac dch vu khac nh ien thoai di ong , nhan tin, nen nc ta hien nay
ngoai mang chuyen mach cong cong con co cac mang cua mot so dch vu
khac. Rieng mang Telex khong ket noi vi mang thoai cua VNPT, con cac
mang khac eu c ket noi vao mang cua VNPT thong qua cac kenh trung
ke hoac cac bo MSU (Main Switch Unit), mot so khac lai truy nhap vao
mang PSTN qua cac kenh thue bao bnh thng, s dung ky thuat DLC
(Digital Loop Carrier), ky thuat truy nhap vo tuyen,
Ve cau truc mang, mang vien thong cua VNPT hien nay chia thanh 3
cap: cap quoc te, cap quoc gia, cap noi tnh/thanh pho.
Xet ve kha canh cac chc nang cua cac he thong thiet b tren mang th
mang vien thong bao gom: mang chuyen mach, mang truy nhap, mang
truyen dan va cac mang chc nang.
Mang chuyen mach
Mang chuyen mach co 4 cap (da tren cac cap tong ai chuyen mach):
qua giang quoc te, qua giang ng dai, noi tnh va noi hat. Rieng tai thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh co them cap qua giang noi hat.
Hien nay mang VNPT a co cac trung tam chuyen mach quoc te va
chuyen mach quoc gia Ha Noi, a Nang, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Mach

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cua cac bu ien tnh cung ang phat trien m rong. Nhieu tnh, thanh pho
xuat hien cac cau truc mang vi nhieu tong ai Host, cac thanh pho ln nh
Ha Noi, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh a va ang trien khai cac Tandem noi hat.
Mang vien thong cua VNPT hien tai c chia lam 5 cap, trong tng
lai se c giam t 5 cap xuong 4 cap.
Mang nay do cac thanh vien cua VNPT ieu hanh: o la VTI, VTN va
cac bu ien tnh. VTI quan ly cac tong ai chuyen mach qua giang quoc te,
VTN quan ly cac tong ai chuyen mach qua giang ng dai tai 3 trung tam
Ha Noi, a Nang va TpHCM. Phan con lai do cac bu ien tnh quan ly.
Cac loai tong ai co tren mang vien thong Viet Nam: A1000E cua
Alcatel, NEAX61 cua NEC, AXE10 cua Ericsson, EWSD cua Siemens.
Cac cong nghe chuyen mach c s dung: chuyen mach kenh
(PSTN), X.25 relay, ATM (so lieu).
Nhn chung mang chuyen mach tai Viet Nam con nhieu cap va viec
ieu khien b phan tan trong mang (ieu khien nam tai cac tong ai).
Mang truy nhap
Vi tng mang cung cap dch vu khac nhau ma co mang truy nhap
tng ng. Viec tm hieu mang truy nhap cua cac mang hien co tren mang
la phan SV t nghien cu.
Mang truyen dan
Cac he thong thiet b truyen dan tren mang vien thong VNPT hien nay
chu yeu s dung hai loai cong nghe la: cap quang SDH va vi ba PDH.
Cap quang SDH: Thiet b nay do nhieu hang khac nhau cung cap la:
Northern Telecom, Siemens, Fujitsu, Alcatel, Lucent, NEC, Nortel.
Cac thiet b co dung lng 155Mb/s, 622 Mb/s, 2.5 Gb/s.
Vi ba PDH: Thiet b nay cung co nguon goc t nhieu hang cung cap
khac nhau nh Siemens, Alcatel, Fujitsu, SIS, SAT, NOKIA, AWA.
Dung lng 140 Mb/s, 34 Mb/s va n*2 Mb/s. Cong nghe vi ba SDH
c s dung han che vi so lng t.
Mang truyen dan co 2 cap: mang truyen dan lien tnh va mang truyen
dan noi tnh.
* Mang truyen dan lien tnh
Bao gom cac he thong truyen dan bang cap quang, bang vo tuyen.

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Mang truyen dan lien tnh bang cap quang:
Mang truyen dan ng truc quoc gia noi gia Ha Noi va
TpHCM dai 4000km, s dung STM-16/2F-BSHR, c chia
thanh 4 vong ring tai Ha Tnh, a Nang, Qui Nhn va TpHCM.
Vong 1: Ha Noi Ha Tnh (884km)
Vong 2: Ha Tnh a Nang (834km)
Vong 3: a Nang Qui Nhn (817km)
Vong 4: Qui Nhn TpHCM (1424km)
Cac ng truyen dan khac: Ha Noi Hai Phong, Ha Noi
Hoa Bnh, TpHCM Vung Tau, Ha Noi Phu Ly Nam
nh, a Nang Tam Ky. Cac tuyen truyen dan lien tnh nay
dung STM-4. Rieng tuyen Ha Noi Nam nh, a Nang
Tam Ky van con s dung PDH, trong tng lai se thay the bang
SDH.
Mang truyen dan lien tnh bang vo tuyen:
Dung he thong vi ba SDH (STM-1, dung lng 155Mbps),
PDH (dung lng 4Mbps, 6Mbps, 140Mbps). Ch co tuyen Bai
Chay Hon Gai dung SDH, cac tuyen khac dung PDH.
* Mang truyen dan noi tnh
Khoang 88% cac tuyen truyen dan noi tnh s dung he thong vi ba.
Trong tng lai khi nhu cau tai tang th cac tuyen nay se c thay the
bi he thong truyen dan quang.
Mang bao hieu
Hien nay tren mang vien thong Viet Nam s dung ca hai loai bao hieu
R2 va SS7. Mang bao hieu so 7 (SS7) c a vao khai thac tai Viet Nam
theo chien lc trien khai t tren xuong di theo tieu chuan cua ITU (khai
thac th nghiem t nam 1995 tai VTN va VTI). Cho en nay, mang bao hieu
so 7 a hnh thanh vi mot cap STP (iem chuyen mach bao hieu) tai 3
trung tam (Ha Noi, a Nang, Ho Ch Minh) cua 3 khu vc (Bac, Trung,
Nam) va a phuc vu kha hieu qua.
Bao hieu cho PSTN ta co R2 va SS7, oi vi mang truyen so lieu qua
IP co H.323, oi vi ISDN co bao hieu kenh D, Q.931,

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STP
STP
STP
STP STP STP
STP STP
STP
STP
SP
SP
SP
SP
STP STP
Gateway
Mat A
Mat B
STP quoc gia
Khu vc cac tnh
pha Bac
Khu vc Ha Noi
STP
Khu vc cac tnh
mien Trung
Khu vc Thanh
pho Ch Minh
Khu vc cac tnh
pha Nam

Hnh 1-4 Mang bao hieu Viet Nam

Mang ong bo
Mang ong bo cua VNPT a thc hien xay dng giai oan 1 va giai
oan 2 vi ba ong ho chu PRC tai Ha Noi, a Nang, TP Ho Ch Minh va
mot so ong ho th cap SSU. Mang ong bo Viet Nam hoat ong theo
nguyen tac chu t co d phong, bao gom 4 cap, hai loai giao dien chuyen
giao tn hieu ong bo chu yeu la 2 MHz va 2 Mb/s. Pha 3 cua qua trnh phat
trien mang ong bo ang c trien khai nham nang cao hn na chat lng
mang va chat lng dch vu.
Cac cap cua mang ong bo c phan thanh 4 cap nh sau:
1. Cap 0: cap ong ho chu.
2. Cap 1: cap nut quoc te va nut quoc gia.
3. Cap 2: cap nut noi hat.
4. Cap 3: cap nut noi hat.
Mang c phan thanh 3 vung oc lap, moi vung co 2 ong ho mau,
mot ong ho chnh (Cesium) va mot ong ho d phong (GSP). Cac ong ho
nay c at tai trung tam cua 3 vung va c ieu chnh theo phng thc
can ong bo.
Cac tong ai quoc te va Toll trong vung c ieu khien bi ong ho
chu theo phng phap chu t.

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Cac tong ai Tandem va Host tai cac tnh hoat ong bam theo cac tong
ai Toll theo phng phap chu t. Cac tong ai huyen (RSS) cung hoat ong
bam theo cac Host theo phng phap chu t.
Mang quan ly
D an xay dng trung tam quan ly mang vien thong quoc gia ang
trong qua trnh chuan b e tien ti trien khai.
Cac nha cung cap dch vu
Tai nc ta co 2 dang nha cung cap dch vu: o la cac nha cung cap
dch vu truyen thong (chu yeu la thoai) va nha cung cap dch vu mi (cac
dch vu so lieu, Internet, ).
Cac nha khai thac dch vu truyen thong bao gom tong cong ty bu
chnh vien thong Viet Nam (VNPT), cong ty vien thong quan oi (Vietel),
cong ty co phan vien thong Sai Gon (SPT), cong ty vien thong ien lc
(ETC).
Cac nha khai thac dch vu mi bao gom FPT, SPT, Netnam,
4. Nhng han che cua mang Vien thong hien tai
Nh a phan tch tren, hien nay co rat nhieu loai mang khac nhau
cung song song ton tai. Moi mang lai yeu cau phng phap thiet ke, san
xuat, van hanh, bao dng khac nhau. Nh vay he thong mang vien thong
hien tai co rat nhieu nhc iem ma quan trong nhat la:
Ch truyen c cac dch vu oc lap tng ng vi tng mang.
Thieu mem deo: S ra i cua cac cong nghe mi anh hng manh
me ti toc o truyen tn hieu. Ngoai ra, se xuat hien nhieu dch vu
truyen thong trong tng lai ma hien nay cha d oan c, moi
loai dch vu se co toc o truyen khac nhau. Ta de dang nhan thay
mang hien tai se rat kho thch nghi vi nhng oi hoi nay.
Kem hieu qua trong viec bao dng, van hanh cung nh s dung
tai nguyen. Tai nguyen san co trong mot mang khong the chia se
cho cac mang khac cung s dung.
Mat khac, mang vien thong hien nay c thiet ke nham muc ch khai
thac dch vu thoai la chu yeu. Do o, ng goc o nay, mang a phat trien
ti mot mc gan nh gii han ve s cong kenh va mang ton tai mot so
khuyet iem can khac phuc.

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Kien truc tong ai oc quyen lam cho cac nha khai thac gan nh
phu thuoc hoan toan vao cac nha cung cap tong ai. ieu nay
khong nhng lam giam sc canh tranh cho cac nha khai thac, ac
biet la nhng nha khai thac nho, ma con ton nhieu thi gian va tien
bac khi muon nang cap va ng dung cac phan mem mi.
Cac tong ai chuyen mach kenh a khai thac het nang lc va tr
nen lac hau oi vi nhu cau cua khach hang. Cac chuyen mach
Class5 ang ton tai lam han che kha nang sang tao va trien khai
cac dch vu mi, t o dan en viec lam giam li nhuan cua cac
nha khai thac.
S bung no lu lng thong tin a kham pha s kem hieu qua cua
chuyen mach kenh TDM. Chuyen mach kenh truyen thong ch
dung e truyen cac lu lng thoai co the d oan trc, va no
khong ho tr lu lng d lieu tang ot bien mot cach hieu qua.
Khi lng d lieu tang vt lu lng thoai, ac biet oi vi dch
vu truy cap Internet quay so trc tiep, thng xay ra nghen mach
do nguon tai nguyen han hep. Trong khi o, chuyen mach kenh
lam lang ph bang thong khi cac mach eu roi trong mot khoang
thi gian ma khong co tn hieu nao c truyen i.
ng trc tnh hnh phat trien cua mang vien thong hien nay, cac nha
khai thac nhan thay rang s hoi tu gia mang PSTN va mang PSDN la
chac chan xay ra. Ho can co mot c s ha tang duy nhat cung cap cho moi
dch vu (tng t - so, bang hep - bang rong, c ban - a phng tien,) e
viec quan ly tap trung, giam chi ph bao dng va van hanh, ong thi ho tr
cac dch vu cua mang hien nay.
II. MANG VIEN THONG THE HE MI (Next Generation Network)
1. nh ngha
Mang vien thong the he mi co nhieu ten goi khac nhau, chang han
nh:
Mang a dch vu (cung cap nhieu loai dch vu khac nhau)
Mang hoi tu (ho tr cho ca lu lng thoai va d lieu, cau truc mang
hoi tu)
Mang phan phoi (phan phoi tnh thong minh cho moi phan t trong
mang)

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Mang nhieu lp (mang c phan phoi ra nhieu lp mang co chc
nang oc lap nhng ho tr nhau thay v mot khoi thong nhat nh
trong mang TDM).
Cho ti hien nay, mac du cac to chc vien thong quoc te va cung cac
nha cung cap thiet b vien thong tren the gii eu rat quan tam va nghien
cu ve chien lc phat trien NGN nhng van cha co mot nh ngha cu the
va chnh xac nao cho mang NGN. Do o nh ngha mang NGN neu ra ay
khong the bao ham het moi chi tiet ve mang the he mi, nhng no co the
tng oi la khai niem chung nhat khi e cap en NGN.
Bat nguon t s phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin, cong nghe chuyen
mach goi va cong nghe truyen dan bang rong, mang thong tin the he mi
(NGN) ra i la mang co c s ha tang thong tin duy nhat da tren cong
nghe chuyen mach goi, trien khai cac dch vu mot cach a dang va nhanh
chong, ap ng s hoi tu gia thoai va so lieu, gia co nh va di ong.
Nh vay, co the xem mang thong tin the he mi la s tch hp mang
thoai PSTN, chu yeu da tren ky thuat TDM, vi mang chuyen mach goi,
da tren ky thuat IP/ATM. No co the truyen tai tat ca cac dch vu von co
cua PSTN ong thi cung co the nhap mot lng d lieu rat ln vao mang
IP, nh o co the giam nhe ganh nang cua PSTN.
Tuy nhien, NGN khong ch n thuan la s hoi tu gia thoai va d lieu
ma con la s hoi tu gia truyen dan quang va cong nghe goi, gia mang co
nh va di ong. Van e chu ao ay la lam sao co the tan dung het li the
em en t qua trnh hoi tu nay. Mot van e quan trong khac la s bung no
nhu cau cua ngi s dung cho mot khoi lng ln dch vu va ng dung phc
tap bao gom ca a phng tien, phan ln trong o la khong c tru lieu khi
xay dng cac he thong mang hien nay.
2. ac iem cua mang NGN
Mang NGN co bon ac iem chnh:
1. Nen tang la he thong mang m.
2. Mang NGN la do mang dch vu thuc ay, nhng dch vu phai thc hien
oc lap vi mang li.
3. Mang NGN la mang chuyen mach goi, da tren mot giao thc thong
nhat.

- 13 -
4. La mang co dung lng ngay cang tang, co tnh thch ng cung ngay
cang tang, co u dung lng e ap ng nhu cau.
Trc het, do ap dung c cau m ma :
- Cac khoi chc nang cua tong ai truyen thong chia thanh cac phan
t mang oc lap, cac phan t c phan theo chc nang tng ng,
va phat trien mot cach oc lap.
- Giao dien va giao thc gia cac bo phan phai da tren cac tieu
chuan tng ng.
Viec phan tach lam cho mang vien thong von co dan dan i theo hng
mi, nha kinh doanh co the can c vao nhu cau dch vu e t to hp cac
phan t khi to chc mang li. Viec tieu chuan hoa giao thc gia cac phan
t co the thc hien noi thong gia cac mang co cau hnh khac nhau.
Tiep en, mang NGN la mang dch vu thuc ay, vi ac iem cua:
Chia tach dch vu vi ieu khien cuoc goi
Chia tach cuoc goi vi truyen tai
Muc tieu chnh cua chia tach la lam cho dch vu thc s oc lap vi
mang, thc hien mot cach linh hoat va co hieu qua viec cung cap dch vu.
Thue bao co the t bo tr va xac nh ac trng dch vu cua mnh, khong
quan tam en mang truyen tai dch vu va loai hnh au cuoi. ieu o lam
cho viec cung cap dch vu va ng dung co tnh linh hoat cao.
Th ba, NGN la mang chuyen mach goi, giao thc thong nhat. Mang
thong tin hien nay, du la mang vien thong, mang may tnh hay mang truyen
hnh cap, eu khong the lay mot trong cac mang o lam nen tang e xay
dng c s ha tang thong tin. Nhng may nam gan ay, cung vi s phat
trien cua cong nghe IP, ngi ta mi nhan thay ro rang la mang vien thong,
mang may tnh va mang truyen hnh cap cuoi cung roi cung tch hp trong
mot mang IP thong nhat, o la xu the ln ma ngi ta thng goi la dung
hp ba mang. Giao thc IP lam cho cac dch vu lay IP lam c s eu co the
thc hien noi thong cac mang khac nhau; con ngi lan au tien co c
giao thc thong nhat ma ba mang ln eu co the chap nhan c; at c s
vng chac ve mat ky thuat cho ha tang c s thong tin quoc gia (NII).
Giao thc IP thc te a tr thanh giao thc ng dung van nang va bat
au c s dung lam c s cho cac mang a dch vu, mac du hien tai van
con the bat li so vi cac chuyen mach kenh ve mat kha nang ho tr lu

- 14 -
lng thoai va cung cap chat lng dch vu am bao cho so lieu. Toc o oi
mi nhanh chong trong the gii Internet, ma no c tao ieu kien bi s
phat trien cua cac tieu chuan m se sm khac phuc nhng thieu sot nay.
GSM
Softswich
IP QoS
Network
Signaling
gateway
Media
gateway
PSTN
GPRS
WLAN
Bluetooth
Internet
Resident
gateway
Mobile Client
Direct Client
Internet
services
Application &
services
3G

Hnh 1-5 Topo mang the he sau
3. ong c xuat hien mang the he mi
Yeu to hang au la toc o phat trien theo ham so mu cua nhu cau
truyen dan d lieu va cac dch vu d lieu la ket qua cua tang trng Internet
manh me. Cac he thong mang cong cong hien nay chu yeu c xay dng
nham truyen dan lu lng thoai, truyen d lieu thong tin va video a c
van chuyen tren cac mang chong lan, tach ri c trien khai e ap ng
nhng yeu cau cua chung. Do vay, mot s chuyen oi sang he thong mang
chuyen mach goi tap trung la khong the tranh khoi khi ma d lieu thay the
v tr cua thoai va tr thanh nguon tao ra li nhuan chnh. Cung vi s bung
no Internet tren toan cau, rat nhieu kha nang mang the he mi se da tren
giao thc IP. Tuy nhien, thoai van la mot dch vu quan trong va do o,
nhng thay oi nay dan ti yeu cau truyen thoai chat lng cao qua IP.
Nhng ly do chnh dan ti s xuat hien cua mang the he mi :
3 Cai thien chi ph au t
Cong nghe can ban lien quan en chuyen mach kenh truyen thong
c cai tien cham tre va cham trien khai ket hp vi nen cong nghiep may
tnh. Cac chuyen mach kenh nay hien ang chiem phan ln trong c s ha
tang PSTN. Tuy nhien chung cha that s toi u cho mang truyen so lieu.

- 15 -
Ket qua la ngay cang co nhieu dong lu lng so lieu tren mang PSTN en
mang Internet va se xuat hien mot giai phap vi nh hng so lieu lam
trong tam e thiet ke mang chuyen mach tng lai, nen tang da tren cong
nghe chuyen mach goi cho ca thoai va d lieu.
Cac giao dien m tai tng lp mang cho phep nha khai thac la chon
nha cung cap co hieu qua nhat cho tng lp mang cua ho. Truyen tai da
tren goi cho phep phan bo bang tan linh hoat, loai bo nhu cau nhom trung ke
kch thc co nh cho thoai, nh o giup cac nha khai thac quan ly mang de
dang hn, nang cap mot cach hieu qua phan mem trong cac nut ieu khien
mang, giam chi ph khai thac he thong.
3 Xu the oi mi vien thong
Khac vi kha canh ky thuat, qua trnh giai the ang anh hng manh
me en cach thc hoat ong cua cac nha khai thac vien thong ln tren the
gii. Xuyen suot qua trnh c goi la mach vong noi hat khong tron goi,
cac luat le cua chnh phu tren toan the gii a ep buoc cac nha khai thac ln
phai m ca e cac cong ty mi tham gia th trng canh tranh. Tren quan
iem chuyen mach, cac nha cung cap thay the phai co kha nang gianh c
khach hang a phng nh au t trc tiep vao nhng dam cuoi cung
cua ng cap ong. ieu nay dan en viec gia tang canh tranh. Cac NGN
thc s phu hp e ho tr kien truc mang va cac mo hnh c luat phap cho
phep khai thac.


- 16 -
3 Cac nguon doanh thu mi
D bao hien nay cho thay mc suy giam tram trong cua doanh thu thoai
va xuat hien mc tang doanh thu ot bien do cac dch vu gia tr gia tang
mang lai. Ket qua la phan ln cac nha khai thac truyen thong se phai tai
nh mc mo hnh kinh doanh cua ho di anh sang cua cac d bao nay.
Cung luc o, cac nha khai thac mi se tm kiem mo hnh kinh doanh mi cho
phep ho nam lay th phan, mang lai li nhuan cao hn tren th trng vien
thong.
Cac c hoi kinh doanh mi bao gom cac ng dung a dang tch hp vi
cac dch vu cua mang vien thong hien tai, so lieu Internet, cac ng dung
video.
4. Nhng van e can quan tam khi phat trien NGN
Trc het cac nha cung cap dch vu chnh thong phai xem xet c s
TDM ma ho a lap at va do vay phai oi au vi quyet nh kho khan ve
viec nang cap he thong nay, nen au t von cho thiet b chuyen mach kenh
va xay dng mot mang NGN xep chong, hay tham ch nen thay the cac tong
ai truyen thong bang nhng chuyen mach cong nghe mi sau nay. Ho cung
phai xem xet anh hng cua s gia tang lu lng Internet quay so trc tiep
vi thi gian gi may ngan hn nhieu. e duy tr canh tranh cac nha khai
thac nay can tm ra phng phap cung cap cac dch vu mi cho cac khach
hang cua ho trong thi ky qua o trc khi cac mang cua ho tien trien sang
NGN mot cach ay u.
Van e ln nhat can can nhac khi sap ti can ho tr dch vu thoai qua
IP va hang loat cac dch vu gia tr gia tang khac la c che best effort phan
phoi cac goi tin khong con u ap ng na. Mot thach thc can ban nay la
m rong mang IP theo nhieu hng, kha nang cung cap a dch vu trong khi
van gi c u the cua mang IP. e am bao QoS can thiet, cac nha khai
thac se phai co kha nang cam ket cung cap cac thoa thuan ve mc dch vu
(SLA), cac yeu cau ve bang tan va cac tham so chat lng.
Mot kha canh khac bao am chat lng la quy mo mang phai u ln
e cung cap cho khach hang nham chong lai hien tng nghen co chai trong
lu lng cua mang loi. Mot trong nhng ac trng cua NGN chnh la kha
nang tang so lng cua cac giao dien m, nhng ieu o cung ham cha cac
nguy c e doa an ninh cua mang. Do o, am bao an toan thong tin tr
thanh van e song con cua cac nha khai thac nham bao ve mang chong lai

- 17 -
s tan cong t pha cac tin tac. Cac cong cu an ninh va mat ma hoa phai
luon luon san sang.
Trong vong hai thap ky va qua, cong nghe quang a chng minh c
la mot phng tien truyen tai thong tin hieu qua tren khoang cach ln, va
hien nay no la cong nghe chu ao trong truyen dan tren mang loi. Vi cac
cai tien hien nay, nh cong nghe ghep kenh phan chia theo mat o bc
song DWDM, nang cao ang ke hieu qua kinh te ve truyen tai tren mang
cap quang. Ngay nay, IP theo d kien se tr thanh giao dien hoan thien thc
s cho cac mang loi NGN. Van e quan trong ay la mang cap quang phai
toi u cho ieu khien lu lng IP. Mot giai phap co tnh thuyet phuc hien
nay la hoi tu cac lp d lieu va cac lp quang trong mang loi. Viec hoi tu
nay mang lai mot so li the nh cung cap cac dch vu toc o cao, bao ve
dong thong tin lien tuc cho mang quang vi chuyen mach nhan a giao thc
chung MPLS.
Mot van e khong kem phan quan trong la van e ve cac giai phap
quan ly thch hp cho mang NGN. Trong khi mong muon xay dng mot
mang quan ly phai lam viec trong mot moi trng a nha au t, a nha khai
thac, a dch vu con mang tnh logic, tuy vay no van boc lo nay la iem rat
can lu y. Mac du con phai mat nhieu thi gian va cong sc trc khi he
thong quan ly mang c trien khai, nhng muc tieu nay van co gia tr
thuyet phuc va se mang lai nhieu li ch nh giam chi ph khai thac, dch vu
a dang.
Tat ca nhng yeu to tren nay dng nh lam cho NGN mang am s
phc tap. Tuy nhien nen nhn mang NGN trong mang thong tin toan cau
ngay nay, trong o cac mang chuyen mach kenh truyen thong va chuyen
mach goi song song ton tai, cac mang di ong va co nh khong n gian
trong viec cung khai thac, va tham ch cac thanh phan mang khac nhau tren
mang cung yeu cau phan quan ly rieng biet. Tren quan iem o, NGN
hng ve mot cai g o het sc phc tap, nhng se cho phep tiet kiem chi
ph khai thac mot cach thch ang.
5. Tm hieu cac cong nghe
5.1. Cong nghe truyen dan
Trong cau truc mang the he mi, truyen dan la mot thanh phan
cua lp ket noi (bao gom chuyen tai va truy nhap). Cong nghe truyen
dan cua mang the he mi la SDH, WDM vi kha nang hoat ong
mem deo, linh hoat, thuan tien cho khai thac va ieu hanh quan ly.

- 18 -
Cac tuyen truyen dan SDH hien co va ang c tiep tuc trien
khai rong rai tren mang vien thong la s phat trien ung hng theo
cau truc mang mi. Can tiep tuc phat trien cac he thong truyen dan
cong nghe SDH va WDM, han che s dung cong nghe PDH.
Cap quang:
Hien nay tren 60% lu lng thong tin c truyen i tren
toan the gii c truyen tren mang quang.
Cong nghe truyen dan quang SDH cho phep tao tren ng
truyen dan toc oc cao (n* 155 Mb/s) vi kha nang bao ve
cua cac mach vong a c s dung rong rai nhieu nc
va Viet Nam.
WDM cho phep s dung o rong bang tan rat ln cua si
quang bang cach ket hp mot so tn hieu ghep kenh theo
thi gian vi o dai cac bc song khac nhau va ta co the s
dung c cac ca so khong gian, thi gian va o dai bc
song. Cong nghe WDM cho phep nang toc o truyen dan len
5Gb/s, 10Gb/s va 20Gb/s.
Vo tuyen:
Vi ba: Cong nghe truyen dan SDH cung phat trien trong lnh
vc vi ba, tuy nhien do nhng han che cua moi trng truyen
dan song vo tuyen nen toc o va chat lng truyen dan
khong cao so vi cong nghe truyen dan quang.
Ve tinh: Ve tinh quy ao thap (LEO Low Earth Orbit), ve
tinh quy ao trung bnh (MEO Medium Earth Orbit). Th
trng thong tin ve tin trong khu vc a co s phat trien
manh trong nhng nam gan ay va se con tiep tuc trong
nhng nam ti. Cac loai hnh dch vu ve tinh a rat phat
trien nh: DTH tng tac, truy nhap Internet, cac dch vu
bang rong, HDTV Ngoai cac ng dung pho bien oi vi
nhu cau thong tin quang ba, vien thong nong thon, vi s ket
hp s dung cac u iem cua cong nghe CDMA, thong tin
ve tin ngay cang co xu hng phat trien ac biet trong lnh
vc thong tin di ong, thong tin ca nhan,


- 19 -
5.2 Cong nghe mang truy nhap
Trong xu hng phat trien NGN se duy tr nhieu loai hnh mang
truy nhap vao mot moi truyen dan chung nh:
Mang truy nhap quang
Mang truy nhap vo tuyen
Cac phng thc truy nhap cap ong: HDSL, ADSL.
Xu hng phat trien mang truy nhap bang rong
5.3. Cong nghe chuyen mach
Chuyen mach cung la mot thanh phan trong lp mang chuyen tai
cua cau truc NGN nhng co nhng thay oi ln ve mat cong nghe so
vi cac thiet b chuyen mach TDM trc ay. Cong nghe chuyen mach
cua mang the he mi la IP, ATM, ATM/IP hay MPLS th hien nay van
cha xac nh ro, tuy nhien noi chung la da tren cong nghe chuyen
mach goi, cho phep hoat ong vi nhieu toc o va dch vu khac nhau.
Cong nghe chuyen mach quang: cac ket qua nghien cu mc
th nghiem ang hng ti viec che tao cac chuyen mach quang. Trong
tng lai se co cac chuyen mach quang phan loai theo nguyen ly sau:
chuyen mach quang phan chia theo khong gian, chuyen mach quang
phan chia theo thi gian, chuyen mach quang phan chia theo o dai
bc song.

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 2: Cau truc NGN

- 20 -
CHNG 2:
CAU TRUC MANG NGN
----WX----

I. S TIEN HOA T MANG HIEN CO LEN NGN
1. Chien lc tien hoa
Trong nhieu nam gan ay, nen cong nghiep Vien thong van ang tran
tr ve van e phat trien cong nghe can ban nao va dung mang g e ho tr
cac nha khai thac trong boi canh luat vien thong ang thay oi nhanh
chong, canh tranh ngay cang gia tang manh me. Khai niem mang the he
mi (hay con goi la mang the he tiep theo - NGN) ra i cung vi viec tai
kien truc mang, tan dung tat ca cac u the ve cong nghe tien tien nham
a ra nhieu dch vu mi, mang lai nguon thu mi, gop phan giam chi ph
khai thac va au t ban au cho cac nha kinh doanh.
Mot chien lc e phat trien nhp nhang t mang hien tai sang kien
truc mang mi la rat quan trong nham giam thieu yeu cau au t trong giai
oan chuyen tiep, trong khi sm tan dung c nhng pham chat cua mang
NGN. Tuy nhien bat ky bc i nao trong tien trnh chuyen tiep nay cung
can tao ieu kien de dang hn cho mang e rot cuoc van phat trien sang
kien truc NGN da tren chuyen mach goi. Bat c giai phap nao c chon
la th cac he thong chuyen mach truyen thong cung se phai ton tai ben
canh cac phan t mang cong nghe mi trong nhieu nam ti.
Mang the he sau c to chc da tren cac nguyen tac c ban sau :
- ap ng nhu cau cung cap cac loai hnh dch vu vien thong phong
phu, a dang, a dch vu, a phng tien.
- Mang co cau truc n gian.
- Nang cao hieu qua s dung, chat lng mang li va giam thieu
chi ph khai thac va bao dng.
- De dang m rong dung lng, phat trien cac dch vu mi.
- o linh hoat va tnh san sang cao, nang lc ton tai manh.

- 21 -
Viec to chc mang da tren so lng thue bao theo vung a ly va nhu
cau phat trien dch vu, khong to chc theo a ban hanh chnh ma to chc
theo vung mang hay vung lu lng.
ay, chu yeu chung ta xem xet qua trnh tien hoa ve cau truc t
mang hien co len cau truc mang NGN.
SONET
Transport
TDM Access
Circuit Switching
SONET
Transport
Frame/ Cell Access
ATM Switching
SONET
Transport
IP Access
IP Routing/Sw.
Internet
ATM, FR
PSTN
Transport
SONET
Optical
Access
IP ATM
FR TDM
Switching
ATM SVCs IP MPLS
SS7
Mang hien tai
Mang the he sau
(NGN)
..
Hnh 2-1 Nhu cau tien hoa mang
Nh hnh ve, chung ta nhan thay mang vien thong hien tai gom nhieu
mang rieng le ket hp lai vi nhau thanh mot mang hon tap, ch c
xay dng cap quoc gia, nham ap ng c nhieu loai dch vu khac
nhau. Xet en mang Internet, o la mot mang n ln, co tnh chat toan
cau, thng c e cap theo mot loat cac giao thc truyen dan hn la theo
mot kien truc ac trng. Internet hien tai khong ho tr QoS cung nh cac
dch vu co tnh thi gian thc ( nh thoai truyen thong).
Do o, viec xay dng mang the he mi NGN can tuan theo cac ch
tieu :
1. NGN phai co kha nang ho tr ca cho cac dch vu cua mang Internet va
cua mang hien hanh.
2. Mot kien truc NGN kha thi phai ho tr dch vu qua nhieu nha cung cap
khac nhau. Moi nha cung cap mang hay dch vu la mot thc the rieng le

- 22 -
vi muc tieu kinh doanh va cung cap dch vu khac nhau, va co the s
dung nhng ky thuat va giao thc khac nhau. Mot vai dch vu co the ch
do mot nha cung cap dch vu a ra, nhng tat ca cac dch vu eu phai
c truyen qua mang mot cach thong suot t au cuoi en au cuoi.
3. Mang tng lai phai ho tr tat ca cac loai ket noi (hay con goi la cuoc
goi), thiet lap ng truyen trong suot thi gian chuyen giao, ca cho
hu tuyen cung nh vo tuyen.
V vay, mang NGN se tien hoa len t mang truyen dan hien tai (phat
trien them chuyen mach goi) va t mang Internet cong cong ( ho tr them
chat lng dch vu QoS).
Tnh thong minh tap
trung
Tnh thong minh phan
tan en cac CPE
The gii Internet The gii ien thoai
Mang dch vu mi vi kien
truc thong minh phan tan
Chien lc phat trien
mi

Hnh 2-2 Chien lc phat trien
e thc hien viec chuyen dch mot cach thuan li t mang vien thong
hien co sang mang the he mi, viec chuyen dch phai phan ra lam ba mc
( hai lp : ket noi va chuyen mach)
Trc het la chuyen dch lp truy nhap va truyen dan. Hai lp nay
bao gom lp vat ly, lp 2 va lp 3 neu chon cong nghe IP lam nen cho
mang the he mi. Trong o :
3 Cong nghe ghep kenh bc song quang DWDM se chiem lnh lp vat
ly
3 IP/MPLS lam nen cho lp 3
3 Cong nghe lp 2 phai thoa man:
Cang n gian cang tot
Toi u trong truyen tai goi d lieu

- 23 -
Kha nang giam sat chat lng, giam sat loi va bao ve, khoi phuc
mang khi co s co phai tieu chuan hn cua cong nghe SDH/SONET
3 Hien tai cong nghe RPT (Resilient Packet Transport) ang phat trien
nham ap ng cac ch tieu nay.
Xay dng mang truy nhap bang rong (nh ADSL, LAN, modem
cap,) e co the cung cap phng thc truy nhap bang rong hng en
phan nhom cho thue bao, cho phep truy nhap vi toc o cao hn. Hien nay,
viec xay dng mang con thong minh ang c trien khai mot cach toan
dien, ieu o cung co ngha la viec chuyen dch sang mang NGN a bat
au.
Th hai la chuyen dch mang ng dai (mang truyen dan). S dung
cong mang trung ke tch hp hoac oc lap, chuyen en mang IP hoac
ATM, roi s dung chuyen mach mem e ieu khien luong va cung cap
dch vu. S dung phng thc nay co the giai quyet van e tat nghen trong
chuyen mach kenh.

Mang loi IP
Hien tai
Cac mang dch vu rieng le
Tng lai
Mang a dch vu
Dch vu
PSTN/ISDN
Cellular
PLMN
CATV
Lien mang tren c s IP
ieu khien va
quan ly cac dch
vu truy nhap
Content
Cac mang truy nhap, truyen dan,
chuyen mach rieng le
Media Gateway
Wireline
Access
Wireless
Access
Cable
Access
Data/IP
Network

Hnh 2-3 S hoi tu gia cac mang


- 24 -
]
So sanh cong nghe mang hien tai va tng lai :

Thanh phan mang Cong nghe hien tai Cong nghe tng lai
Mang truy nhap - Cap xoan bang hep
- Truyen hnh cap so va
tng t chuyen dung
- GSM khong day
- Cap quang
- Cap xoan bang hep
- GSM khong day
- Truyen hnh cap so va
tng t chuyen dung
- Cap quang
- Cap xoan bang rong
- Modem cap
- IP qua ve tinh
- Ethernet
Chuyen mach va nh
tuyen
- Tong ai PSTN
- Chuyen mach ATM
- Chuyen mach Frame
Relay
- nh tuyen IP
- nh tuyen IP
- Chuyen mach quang
Mang truyen dan ng
truc
- PDH
- SDH
- DWDM

Cung vi s tien hoa lp truy nhap va truyen dan, chc nang
chuyen mach cua tong ai lp ieu khien c thay the bang mot phan
mem chuyen mach thong minh goi la Softswitch (hay Call Agent) :

- 25 -
K
h
o
i

c
h
u
y
e
n

m
a
c
h
Dch vu, ng dung va cac ac tnh
(Trung tam quan ly, cung cap, d phong)
Chuyen mach mem
(Trung tam ieu khien cuoc goi)
Phan cng truyen dan
Chuyen mach mem Chuyen mach kenh
ng dung va
dch vu
ieu khien cuoc
goi va chuyen
mach
Phan cng
truyen dan
_ Nha cung cap a ra tat ca cac
giai phap trong mot khoi chuyen
mach duy nhat : Phan cng,
phan men ma cac trnh ng
dung
_ Khach hang phu thuoc nha
cung cap : khong co oi mi, chi
ph van hanh va bao dng cao
_ Cac giai phap a ra t nhieu nha
cung cap, nhieu mc o khac
nhau vi nhieu san pham nguon m
theo chuan .
_ Khach hang t do chon la nhng
san pham tot nhat e xay dng tng
lp mang trong he thong. Cac
chuan m cho phep m rong va
giam chi ph.
APIs Open Protocols
APIs Open Protocols

MGCP
ISUP/
SCTP
RTP
RTP
SIP
MGCP
MGCP
Internet

Hnh 2- 4 Hoat ong cua chuyen mach mem trong NGN

Th ba la mang chuyen dch mang noi hat. Tong ai ien thoai co rat
nhieu gia may va nhieu d lieu dch vu thoai noi hat, khong ch au t ln
ma viec cai tao cung se rat kho khan. Co the dung thiet b tong hp truy
nhap bang rong, co dung lng ln, thay the gia may thue bao hien co,
dung cong mang truy nhap toc o cao en mang IP, nham nang cap chuyen

- 26 -
mach mem va bo phuc vu ng dung, bao am cho dch vu thoai noi hat va
dch vu IP.
2. S tien hoa t cac mang hien co len NGN
Su phul lr|eu lu PSTN |eu NGN
Thoai luon la dch vu c xet en hang au trong qua trnh xay dng
mang. Do o, ay ta xem xet mot minh hoa ve s chuyen dch thoai t
PSTN sang NGN .
Mang PSTN hien tai :
PSTN
PBX
SS7
POTS
POTS
RDT
PRI/E1 /
T1
GR. 303
IMT
A- link
Class 4/5
Switch

Phat trien len NGN :

PSTN
PBX
SS7
POTS
RDT
PRI/E1 /
T1
GR. 303
IMT
Media
Server
Sinaling
gateway
Trunk
gateway
Access
gateway
Residental
gateway
MGC
A-link
VoPacket


- 27 -
Dn| v0| cuc muug Jjch vu khuc :

IP Network
Wireless
Network
SS7
Ca c Server dch
vu va qua n ly
S oftswitch
xDSL, modem
ca p, Ethernet
Internet
SGW
MG
MG
GE, MAN
MG

T nhng phan tch tren, chung ta xay dng s tien hoa bang s o
lp chc nang cua cac mang :
Mang hien tai :
IP/ MPLS
TDM
WDM/ DWDM/ Si quang
SDH/ SONET GE
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
T
h
o
a
i
D

l
i
e
u
D

l
i
e
u
ATM/FR IP
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
IP

GE : Gigabit Ethenet


- 28 -
Mang trong tng lai gan:

IP/ MPLS
TDM
DWDM
PDH,SDH/ SONET GE
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
T
h
o
a
i
D

l
i
e
u
D

l
i
e
u
ATM/FR IP
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
IP
SDH/ SONET, GE
IP/MPLS
RPT
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
V
i
d
e
o
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

m
i
D

l
i
e
u
G
i
a
i

t
r

Mang tng lai:

IP/ MPLS, ket noi da tren nen IP
(IP Internetworking)
DWDM
RPT
T
h
o
a
i
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
G
i
a
i

t
r

l
i
e
u
C
a
c

n
g

d
u
n
g

m
i
V
i
d
e
o
Lp ieu khien
Lp media


- 29 -
Su phul lr|eu cuu muug huu luyeu Juu lreu cnug ughe IP :

PBX
SS7
PBX
CO CO
Truyen thong
Sofswitch
SS7
Softswitch
VoPacket
CO
CO
PBX
PBX
Gateway
switch
Gateway
switch

Con ng phat trien cua cac mang hien tai la tao ra mot mang
chuyen mach goi ben canh mang PSTN e ho tr thoai cung nh so lieu,
va cau hnh e van hanh nh mot chuyen mach qua giang khac. e lam
c viec nay, ieu can thiet oi vi mang chuyen mach goi la phai truyen
thong c vi PSTN nh s dung bao hieu SS7. Truy cap toc o cao se
qua cac cong nghe DSL (Digital Subcriber Line), cac modem cap, cac au
cuoi di ong va vo tuyen bang rong. Tuy nhien truyen dan quang DWDM,
PON (Passive Optical Network) se la xu the phat trien cua tng lai.
Thoai la yeu to quyet nh trong s phat trien sang cac mang a dch
vu. Mot so lng ln cac thiet b ang xuat hien tren th trng e ho tr
ien thoai tren cac mang IP. Cac thiet b nay va phuc vu cho t gia khach
hang va cho cac mang hu tuyen. Co mot sc nang ang sau y kien cho la
IP la chon la tat yeu cho tng lai. Cac cong VoIP quy mo doanh nghiep
va mi c a vao hoat ong va cac nha khai thac a co cac mang IP
toan cau, trong o co ca nha khai thac cua Chau A.

- 30 -
Tap oan ITXC ( Internet Telephony Exchange Carrier) a co mot
thoa thuan vi Vien Thong Nhat Ban ( Telecom Japan) e ket cuoi lu
lng va cac nut quoc te cua ho tai nhieu nc Chau A. Cong ty VIP
Calling co nhieu nut tai Chau A, ke ca mot nut va c thong bao ai
Loan. Cong ty Singtel ang cung cap mot tuyen ket noi t Singapore ti
Trung Quoc va Trung Quoc a tien hanh th nghiem vi ien thoai
Internet, qua o thay rang no c s dung cho cac cuoc goi noi a nhieu
hn quoc te. VSNL An o cung ang tien hanh th nghiem vi ien
thoai Internet nhng thu c chat lng thoai kem v thieu dung lng
ng truc quoc te. Cac dch vu VoIP se bat au c s dung rong rai
Hong Kong t 1/1/2000 khi cham dt s oc quyen cua HongKong
Telecom. Nhieu nha khai thac ien thoai Internet khac ang chuan b dch
vu Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, ai Loan, Hong Kong va Thai Lan.
e cung cap truy nhap toc o cao, cac modem cap hien nay c trien
khai rong rai tai My, va ADSL ang c trien khai tai nhieu thanh pho
cua My. Nhng cong nghe nay cung bat au phat trien Chau Au, Chau
A, ac biet la Trung Quoc, ni mang truyen hnh cap a ti nhieu gia nh
hn ca PSTN. Trung Quoc a thong bao chuyen sang ien thoai IP, coi o
la c s mang tng lai cua ho. Cac he thong truy nhap vo tuyen bang rong
cung ang c hoach nh e cai at qua cac he thong cap vo tuyen
nhieu vung Chau A va hang Sony a cong bo ke hoach trien khai mot
mang vo tuyen bang rong Nhat Ban trong vong ba nam ti ay.
Viet Nam a co ke hoach xay dng mang the he mi. Theo cau hnh
va to chc khai thac mang da tren a ban hanh chnh hien nay cua mang
Vien thong Viet Nam, chat lng dch vu vien thong c cung cap se b
anh hng. V vay, viec cung cap cac dch vu Vien thong va to chc khai
mang da tren so lng thue bao theo vung a ly, nhu cau phat trien dch
vu va to chc theo cung lu lng a c e xuat . Tuy nhien, lo trnh van
cha the cong bo.
3. Ket luan
Xu hng phat trien mang Vien thong theo cau truc mang the he mi
la xu hng chung tren the gii. Moi quoc gia, moi nha khai thac phai chon
mot cach i, mot lo trnh phu hp vi tnh hnh thc te mang cua mnh.
Khong ch Viet Nam, nhieu nc tren the gii, do ac iem a ly,
kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi tng vung ma nhu cau phat trien dch vu vien
thong cac vung trong toan quoc la khac nhau. Co s chenh lech kha ln

- 31 -
gia nhu cau va kha nang phat trien dch vu, kha nang thu hoi von au t
mang vien thong gia cac vung trong ca nc, ac biet la gia cac o th
va cac cac vung nong thon mien nui. Mat khac, vi tnh chat truyen thong
khong ch la mot nganh kinh doanh n thuan ma con mang y ngha sau
sac ve chnh tr, xa hoi, an ninh quoc gia, ac biet trong nen kinh te tri thc
va xu the m ca hoi nhap.
Do nhng ac iem nay, nhieu quoc gia, viec to chc mang da tren
so lng thue bao theo vung a ly va nhu cau phat trien dch vu, khong to
chc theo a ban hanh chnh ma to chc theo vung lu lng. Trong qua
trnh xay dng va to chc mang pham vi gia cac lp, viec ket noi gia cac
thanh phan mang c xac nh va phan nh ro rang trach nhiem va
quyen li cua cac nha kinh doanh dch vu (cung cap dch vu) va cac nha
kinh doanh mang ( cung cap ket noi), nham am bao tnh canh tranh lanh
manh e cung phat trien, ong thi gi vng vai tro chu ao cua Nha nc
nham am bao an toan thong tin, gop phan gi vng an ninh chnh tr, xa
hoi va phat trien kinh te tren toan quoc.
Mang Vien thong Viet Nam ma nong cot la mang vien thong cua tong
cong ty BCVT VN a c so hoa hoan toan ve ca truyen dan lan chuyen
mach vi cac thiet b cong nghe mi, hien ai tren toan quoc, cung vi
mang thue bao rong ln va nhieu iem cung cap dch vu, la mot thuan li
ln trong qua trnh phat trien tien ti cau truc mang the he mi cung cap a
dch vu, a phng tien, chat lng cao.
II. CAU TRUC LUAN LY (CAU TRUC CHC NANG) CUA MANG
NGN
Cho en nay, mang the he sau van la xu hng phat trien mi me, cha
co mot khuyen ngh chnh thc nao cua Lien minh Vien thong the gii ITU
ve cau truc cua no. Nhieu hang vien thong ln a a ra mo hnh cau truc
mang the he mi nh Alcatel, Ericssion, Nortel, Siemens, Lucent, NEC,
Ben canh viec a ra nhieu mo hnh cau truc mang NGN khac nhau va kem
theo la cac giai phap mang cung nh nhng san pham thiet b mi khac
nhau. Cac hang a ra cac mo hnh cau truc tng oi ro rang va cac giai
phap mang kha cu the la Alcatel, Siemens, Ericsions.
Nhn chung t cac mo hnh nay, cau truc mang mi co ac iem chung
la bao gom cac lp chc nang sau :
- Lp net noi (Access + Transport/ Core)

- 32 -
- Lp trung gian hay lp truyen thong (Media)
- Lp ieu khien (Control)
- Lp quan ly (Management)
Trong cac lp tren, lp ieu khien hien nay ang rat phc tap vi nhieu
loai giao thc, kha nang tng thch gia cac thiet b cua hang la van e
ang c cac nha khai thac quan tam.
1. Mo hnh phan lp chc nang cua mang NGN

Lp truy nhap va
truyen dan
L
p

q
u
a
n

l
y
Lp ieu khien
Lp truyen thong

Hnh 2- 5 Cau truc mang the he sau (goc o mang)
Xem xet t goc o kinh doanh va cung cap dch vu th mo hnh cau
truc mang the he sau con co them lp ng dung dch vu.
Trong moi trng phat trien canh tranh th se co rat nhieu thanh phan
tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dung dch vu.
Lp truy nhap va
truyen dan
L
p

q
u
a
n

l
y
Lp ieu khien
Lp truyen thong
Lp ng dung
Giao dien m API
Giao dien m API
Giao dien m API

Hnh 2- 6 Cau truc mang va dch vu NGN (goc o dch vu)
Vi API : Application Program Interface.

- 33 -
2. Phan tch

Lp truy nhap va truyen dan
Lp truyen thong
Lp ieu khien
Lp ng dung
Router
Switch - Router
Media
Gateway
Softswitch hay
Media Gateway
Controller
Cac server
ng dung
Cac doanh
nghiep ln
Cac cong ty nho/
van phong tai
gia,...
Khach hang tai
nha/ Vung dan c
Thue bao di ong

Hnh 2-7 Cau truc luan ly cua mang NGN
Kien truc mang NGN s dung chuyen mach goi cho ca thoai va d
lieu. No phan chia cac khoi vng chac cua tong ai hien nay thanh cac lp
mang rieng le, cac lp nay lien ket vi nhau qua cac giao dien m tieu
chuan.
S thong minh cua x ly cuoc goi c ban trong chuyen mach cua
PSTN thc chat la a c tach ra t phan cng cua ma tran chuyen mach.
Bay gi, s thong minh ay nam trong mot thiet b tach ri goi la chuyen
mach mem (softswitch) cung c goi la mot bo ieu khien cong truyen
thong (Media Gateway Controller) hoac la mot tac nhan cuoc goi (Call
Agent), ong vai tro phan t ieu khien trong kien truc mang mi. Cac
giao dien m hng ti cac ng dung mang thong minh (IN- Intelligent
Network) va cac server ng dung mi tao ieu kien de dang cho viec
nhanh chong cung cap dch vu va am bao a ra th trng trong thi gian
ngan.
Tai lp truyen thong, cac cong c a vao s dung e lam thch
ng thoai va cac phng tien khac vi mang chuyen mach goi. Cac media
gateway nay c s dung e phoi ghep hoac vi thiet b au cuoi cua
khach hang (RGW- Residental Gateway), vi cac mang truy nhap (AGW-
Access Gateway) hoac vi mang PSTN (TGW- Trunk Access). Cac server
phng tien ac biet rat nhieu chc nang khac nhau, chang han nh cung

- 34 -
cap cac am quay so hoac thong bao. Ngoai ra, chung con co cac chc nang
tien tien hn nh : tra li bang tieng noi tng tac va bien oi van ban sang
tieng noi hoac tieng noi sang van ban.
Cac giao dien m cua kien truc mi nay cho phep cac dch vu mi
c gii thieu nhanh chong. ong thi chung cung tao thuan tien cho viec
gii thieu cac phng thc kinh doanh mi bang cach chia tach chuoi gia
tr truyen thong hien tai thanh nhieu dch vu co the do cac hang khac nhau
cung cap.
He thong chuyen mach NGN c phan thanh bon lp rieng biet thay
v tch hp thanh mot he thong nh cong nghe chuyen mach kenh hien nay
: lp ng dung, lp ieu khien, lp truyen thong, lp truy nhap va truyen
tai. Cac giao dien m co s tach biet gia dch vu va truyen dan cho phep
cac dch vu mi c a vao nhanh chong, de dang; nhng nha khai thac
co the chon la cac nha cung cap thiet b tot nhat cho tng lp trong mo
hnh mang NGN.
2.1 Lp truyen dan va truy nhap
Phan truyen dan
- Lp vat ly : Truyen dan quang vi ky thuat ghep kenh bc song
quang DWDM se c s dung.
- Lp 2 va lp 3 :
Truyen dan tren mang loi (core network) da vao ky thuat goi cho
tat ca cac dch vu vi chat lng dch vu QoS tuy yeu cau cho tng
loai dch vu.
ATM hay IP/MPLS co the c s dung lam nen cho truyen dan
tren mang loi e am bao QoS.
Mang loi co the thuoc mang MAN hay mang ng truc
Cac router s dung bien mang loi khi lu lng ln, ngc lai,
khi lu lng thap, switch router co the am nhan luon chc nang
cua nhng router nay.
- Thanh phan :
Cac nut chuyen mach/ Router (IP/ATM hay IP/MPLS), cac chuyen
mach kenh cua mang PSTN, cac khoi chuyen mach PLM nhng
mang ng truc, ky thuat truyen tai chnh la IP hay IP/ATM.
Co cac he thong chuyen mach, he thong nh tuyen cuoc goi.

- 35 -
- Chc nang :
Lp truyen tai trong cau truc mang NGN bao gom ca chc nang
truyen dan va chc nang chuyen mach.
Lp truyen dan co kha nang ho tr cac mc QoS khac nhau cho
cung mot dch vu va cho cac dch vu khac nhau. No co kha nang lu
tr lai cac s kien xay ra tren mang (kch thc goi, toc o goi, o tr
hoan, ty le mat goi va Jitter cho phep, oi vi mang chuyen mach
goi; bang thong, o tr hoan oi vi mang chuyen mach kenh TDM).
Lp ng dung se a ra cac yeu cau ve nang lc truyen tai va no se
thc hien cac yeu cau o.
Phan truy nhap :
- Lp vat ly :
Hu tuyen : Cap ong, xDSL hien ang s dung. Tuy nhien trong
tng lai truyen dan quang DWDM, PON (Passive Optical Network)
se dan dan chiem u the va th trng xDSL, modem cap dan dan thu
hep lai.
Vo tuyen : thong tin di ong - cong nghe GSM hoac CDMA, truy
nhap vo tuyen co nh, ve tinh.
- Lp 2 va lp 3 : Cong nghe IP se lam nen cho mang truy nhap.
- Thanh phan :
Phan truy nhap gom cac thiet b truy nhap ong vai tro giao dien e
ket noi cac thiet b au cuoi vao mang qua he thong mang ngoai vi
cap ong, cap quang hoac vo tuyen.
Cac thiet b truy nhap tch hp IAD.
Thue bao co the s dung moi ky thuat truy nhap (tng t, so,
TDM, ATM, IP,) e truy nhap vao mang dch vu NGN.
- Chc nang :
Nh ten goi, lp truy nhap cung cap cac ket noi gia thue bao
au cuoi va mang ng truc ( thuoc lp truyen dan) qua cong giao
tiep MGW thch hp.
Mang NGN ket noi vi hau het cac thiet b au cuoi chuan va
khong chuan nh cac thiet b truy xuat a dch vu, ien thoai IP,
may tnh PC, tong ai noi bo PBX, ien thoai POTS, ien thoai so

- 36 -
ISDN, di ong vo tuyen, di ong ve tinh, vo tuyen co nh, VoDSL,
VoIP,
2.2 Lp truyen thong
- Thanh phan : Thiet b lp truyen thong la cac cong truyen thong
(MG Media Gateway) bao gom :
Cac cong truy nhap : AG (Access Gateway) ket noi gia mang loi
vi mang truy nhap, RG (Residental gateway) ket noi mang loi vi
mang thue bao tai nha.
Cac cong giao tiep : TG (Trunking Gateway) ket noi gia mang loi
vi mang PSTN/ISDN, WG (Wireless Gateway) ket noi mang loi vi
mang di ong,...
- Chc nang :
Lp truyen thong co kha nang tng thch cac ky thuat truy nhap
khac vi ky thuat chuyen mach goi IP hay ATM mang ng truc.
Hay noi cach khac, lp nay chu trach nhiem chuyen oi cac loai moi
trng ( chang han nh PSTN, FramRelay, LAN, vo tuyen,) sang
moi trng truyen dan goi c ap dung tren mang loi va ngc lai.
Nh o, cac nut chuyen mach (ATM + IP) va cac he thong truyen
dan se thc hien chc nang chuyen mach, nh tuyen cuoc goi gia
cac thue bao cua lp truy nhap di s ieu khien cua cac thiet b
thuoc lp ieu khien.
2.3 Lp ieu khien
- Thanh phan
Lp ieu khien bao gom cac he thong ieu khien ma thanh phan
chnh la Softswitch con goi la Media Gateway Controller hay Call
Agent c ket noi vi cac thanh phan khac e ket noi cuoc goi hay
quan ly a ch IP nh : SGW ( Signaling Gateway), MS (Media
Sever), FS (Feature Server), AS (Application Server).

- 37 -
Mang IP
Mang khac
MGC / call
Agent
Media Server
Media gateway
Signaling
Gateway
Feature Server
Mang vien thong
SS7
Softswitch
IBM Compatible
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #

Hnh 2-8 Cac thanh phan cua Softswitch

Theo MSF (MutiService Switching Forum), lp ieu khien can
c to chc theo kieu module va co the bao gom mot so bo ieu
khien oc lap. V du co cac bo ieu khien rieng cho cac dch vu :
thoai / bao hieu so 7, ATM / SVC, IP/MPLS,


- 38 -
Bo ieu khien
IP/ MPLS
Bo ieu khien
ATM/ SVC
Bo ieu khien
Voice/SS7 ...
TCP/IP Voice Video TDM FR ATM ...
Lp media
Softswitch
Lp ng dung
Cac server ac tnh, Server ng dung,...
Cac giao thc, giao dien m, API bao hieu/ IN tieu chuan
Lp ieu
khien
Cac giao dien logic va vat ly tieu chuan

Hnh 2-9 Cau truc mang chuyen mach a dch vu.

- Chc nang
Lp ieu khien co nhiem vu ket noi e cung cap cac dch vu thong
suot t au cuoi en au cuoi vi bat ky loai giao thc va bao hieu nao.
Cu the , lp ieu khien thc hien :
nh tuyen lu lng gia cac khoi chuyen mach.
Thiet lap yeu cau, ieu chnh va thay oi cac ket noi hoac cac
luong, ieu khien sap xep nhan (label mapping) gia cac giao dien
cong.
Phan bo lu lng va cac ch tieu chat lng oi vi moi ket noi
(hay moi luong) va thc hien giam sat ieu khien e am bao QoS.
Bao hieu au cuoi t cac trung ke, cac cong trong ket noi vi lp
media. Thong ke va ghi lai cac thong so ve chi tiet cuoc goi, ong
thi thc hien cac canh bao.
Thu nhan thong tin bao hieu t cac cong va chuyen thong tin nay
en cac thanh phan thch hp trong lp ieu khien.

- 39 -
Quan ly va bao dng hoat ong cua cac tuyen ket noi thuoc pham
vi ieu khien. Thiet lap va quan ly hoat ong cua cac luong yeu cau
oi vi chc nang dch vu trong mang. Bao hieu vi cac thanh phan
ngang cap.
Cac chc nang quan ly, cham soc khach hang cung c tch hp
trong lp ieu khien. Nh cac giao dien m nen co s tach biet gia
dch vu va truyen dan, ieu nay cho phep cac dch vu mi c a
vao nhanh chong va de dang.
2.4 Lp ng dung
- Thanh phan :
Lp ng dung gom cac nut thc thi dch vu SEN (Service Excution
Node), thc chat la cac server dch vu cung cap cac ng dung cho
khach hang thong qua lp truyen tai.
- Chc nang :
Lp ng dung cung cap cac dch vu co bang thong khac nhau va
nhieu mc o. Mot so loai dch vu se thc hien lam chu viec thc hien
ieu khien logic cua chung va truy nha p trc tiep ti lp ng dung, con
mot so dch vu khac se c ieu khien t lp ieu khien nh dch vu
thoai truyen thong. Lp ng dung lien ket vi lp ieu khien thong qua
cac giao dien m API. Nh o ma cac nha cung cap dch vu co the phat
trien cac ng dung va trien khai nhanh chong tren cac dch vu mang.
Mot so v du ve cac loai ng dung dch vu c a ra sau ay:
Cac dch vu thoai
Cac dch vu thong tin va noi dung
VPN cho thoai va so lieu
Video theo yeu cau
Nhom cac dch vu a phng tien
Thng mai ien t
Cac tro chi tren mang thi gian thc.


- 40 -
2.5 Lp quan ly
Lp quan ly la mot lp ac biet xuyen suot cac lp t lp ket noi cho
en lp ng dung.
Tai lp quan ly, ngi ta co the trien khai ke hoach xay dng mang
giam sat vien thong TMN, nh mot mang rieng theo doi va ieu phoi cac
thanh phan mang vien thong ang hoat ong. Tuy nhien can phan biet
cac chc nang quan ly vi cac chc nang ieu khien. V can ban NGN se
da tren cac giao dien m va cung cap rat nhieu loai hnh dch vu trong
mot mang n, cho nen mang quan ly phai lam viec trong mot moi
trng a nha au t, a nha khai thac, a dch vu.
T nhng phan tch tren, ta xay dng s o cac thc the chc nang cua
mang NGN:

IP
(Transport & Transmission)
AS-F
R-F/A-F MGC-F/CA-F
MS-F
SG-F
Service &
Application
Call control
& Signaling
Media
IW-F
MG-F

Hnh 2-10 : Cac thc the chc nang trong NGN

AS-F: Application Server Function
MS-F: Media Server Function
MGC-F: Media Gateway Control Function
CA-F: Call Agent Function
IW-F: Interworking Function
R-F: Routing Function
A-F: Accounting Function
SG-F: Signaling Gateway Function
MG-F: Media Gateway Function


- 41 -
Nhiem vu cua tng thc the nh sau:
- AS-F: ay la thc the thi hanh cac ng dung nen nhiem vu chnh la
cung cap cac logic dch vu va thi hanh mot hay nhieu cac ng dung/dch
vu.
- MS-F: cung cap cac dch vu tang cng cho x ly cuoc goi. No hoat
ong nh mot server e x ly cac yeu cau t AS-F hoac MGC-F.
- MGC-F: cung cap logic cuoc goi va tn hieu bao hieu x ly cuoc goi
cho mot hay nhieu Media Gateway.
- CA-F: la mot phan chc nang cua MGS-F. Thc the nay c kch hoat
khi MGC-F thc hien viec ieu khien cuoc goi.
- IW-F: cung la mot phan chc nang cua MGC-F. No c kch hoat khi
MGC-F thc hien cac bao hieu gia cac mang bao hieu khac nhau.
- R-F: cung cap thong tin nh tuyen cho MGC-F.
- A-F: cung cap thong tin dung cho viec tnh cc.
- SG-F: dung e chuyen cac thong tin bao hieu cua mang PSTN qua
mang IP.
- MG-F: dung e chuyen thong tin t dang truyen dan nay sang dang
truyen dan khac.

Tren ay ch la nhng chc nang c ban nhat cua mang NGN. Va tuy
thuoc vao nhu cau thc te ma mang co them nhng chc nang khac na.


- 42 -

III. CAU TRUC VAT LY
NGN - Next Gerneration Network can c hieu ro la mang the he
sau hay mang the he ke tiep ma khong phai la mang hoan toan mi, nen khi
xay dng va phat trien mang theo xu hng NGN, ngi ta chu y en van e
ket noi mang the he sau vi mang hien hanh va tan dung cac thiet b vien
thong hien co tren mang nham at c hieu qua khai thac toi a.
1. Cau truc vat ly cua mang NGN
IP Network
(WDM/SDH/ATM)
MPLS, Mutticast
Resident
gateway
GPRS
UMTS
Wireless
Access
gateway
Wireless
gateway
DNS
Network
Management
AAA
Charging
Telephone
Users
Directory
Server
Wireless
RSVP, Mobile
IP, IP Sec
LAN
GE, MAN
PSTN
Wireless
Digi. TV
PC
xDSL
Trunk
gateway
MGC
Softswich
Business/
Residental Users
Business Users
Mobile Users
ISP
Appication
/ Feature
Server
SS7
Signaling
gateway

Hnh 2-11 - Cau truc vat ly mang NGN


- 43 -
2. Cac thanh phan mang va chc nang
SCP
AXE
DX
EWSD
...
SG
DSLAM
AGW
TGW
DSL
PBX
GSM
PBX
MGC
MGC
SG
SIP
Server
SIP
H323
3G
UMTS
SSG
MS
RGW
PSTN
Web
Directory
Server
AAA IVR
Charging
...
ISUP
E1
analog
IDSN 2B+D
IDSN
30B+D
WGW
SOFSWITCH
INAP
ISUP
MGCP/
H248
SIP
SIP
MGCP/
H248 L
D
A
P
R
A
D
I
U
S
RTP
RTP
RTP
RTP
I
S
U
P
IP/ATM
SIP
Terminals
IP Core (MPLS)
MGCP/
H248

Hnh 2-12 Cac thanh phan chnh cua mang NGN
Trong mang vien thong the he mi co rat nhieu thanh phan can quan
tam, nhng ay ta ch nghien cu nhng thanh phan chnh the hien ro net s
tien tien cua NGN so vi mang vien thong truyen thong. Cu the la :
1. Media Gateway (MG)
2. Media Gateway Controller (MGC - Call Agent - Softswitch)
3. Signaling Gateway (SG)
4. Media Server (MS)
5. Application Server (Feature Server)


- 44 -
2.1. Media Gateway (MG)

Hnh 2-13 Cau truc cua Media Gateway

Media Gateway cung cap phng tien e truyen tai thong tin thoai, d
lieu, fax va video gia mang goi IP va mang PSTN. Trong mang PSTN, d
lieu thoai c mang tren kenh DS0. e truyen d lieu nay vao mang goi,
mau thoai can c nen lai va ong goi. ac biet ay ngi ta s dung
mot bo x ly tn hieu so DSP (Digital Signal Processors) thc hien cac chc
nang : chuyen oi AD (analog to digital), nen ma thoai/ audio, triet tieng doi,
bo khoang lang, ma hoa, tai tao tnh hieu thoai, truyen cac tn hieu DTMF,
Cac chc nang cua mot Media Gateway :
- Truyen d lieu thoai s dung giao thc RTP (Real Time Protocol).
- Cung cap khe thi gian T1 hay tai nguyen x ly tn hieu so (DSP -
Digital Signal Processing) di s ieu khien cua Media Gateway
Controller (MGC). ong thi quan ly tai nguyen DSP cho dch vu nay.
- Ho tr cac giao thc a co nh loop-start, ground-start, E&M, CAS,
QSIG va ISDN qua T1.
- Quan ly tai nguyen va ket noi T1.
- Cung cap kha nang thay nong cac card T1 hay DSP.

- 45 -
- Co phan mem Media Gateway d phong.
- Cho phep kha nang m rong Media Gateway ve: cong(ports), cards, cac
nut ma khong lam thay oi cac thanh phan khac.
ac tnh he thong :
Mot Media Gateway co cac ac tnh sau :
- La mot thiet b vao/ra ac hieu (I/O)
- Dung lng bo nh phai luon am bao lu tr cac thong tin trang thai,
thong tin cau hnh, cac ban tin MGCP, th vien DSP,
- Dung lng a chu yeu s dung cho qua trnh ang nhap (logging)
- D phong ay u giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP), m rong mot vai
giao dien T1/E1 vi mang TDM.
- Mat o khoang 120 port (DSOs).
- S dung bus H.110 e am bao tnh linh ong cho he thong noi bo
2.2. Media Gateway Controller
MGC la n v chc nang chnh cua Softswitch. No a ra cac quy luat
x ly cuoc goi, con MG va SG se thc hien cac quy luat o. No ieu khien
SG thiet lap va ket thuc cuoc goi. Ngoai ra no con giao tiep vi he thong
OSS va BSS.
MGC chnh la chiec cau noi gia cac mang co ac tnh khac nhau, nh
PSTN, SS7, mang IP. No chu trach nhiem quan ly lu lng thoai va d lieu
qua cac mang khac nhau. No con c goi la Call Agent do chc nang ieu
khien cac ban tin .
Mot MGC ket hp vi MG, SG tao thanh cau hnh toi thieu cho
Softswitch.


- 46 -
Call
Agent
Call
Agent
Trunking
Gateway
Residental
Gateway
Sianalling
Gateway
Appl.
Server
CO
Swicth
SCP
SCP
STP STP
CO
Swicth
...
...
Signaling Layer
Transport Layer
Softphone
MGCP/
MEGACO
RTP
SIP
SIGTRAN
SS7 TCAP
ISUP/
TCAP
SIP-TSI

Hnh 2-14 Cau truc cua SoftSwitch

Cac chc nang cua Media Gateway Controller
- Quan ly cuoc goi
- Cac giao thc thiet lap cuoc goi thoai : H.323, SIP
- Giao thc ieu khien truyen thong : MGCP, Megaco, H.248
- Quan ly lp dch vu va chat lng dch vu
- Giao thc quan ly SS7 : SIGTRAN (SS7 over IP)
- X ly bao hieu SS7
- Quan ly cac ban tin lien quan QoS nh RTCP
- Thc hien nh tuyen cuoc goi
- Ghi lai cac thong tin chi tiet cua cuoc goi e tnh cc (CDR- Call Detail
Record)
- ieu khien quan ly bang thong
- oi vi Media Gateway :
Xac nh va cau hnh thi gian thc cho cac DSP
Phan bo kenh DS0
Truyen dan thoai ( ma hoa, nen, ong goi)

- 47 -
- oi vi Signaling Gateway, MGC cung cap :
Cac loai SS7
Cac bo x ly thi gian
Cau hnh ket noi
Ma cua nut mang hay thong tin cau hnh
- ang ky Gatekeeper

ac tnh he thong
- La mot CPU ac hieu, yeu cau la he thong a x ly, co kha nang m rong
theo chieu ngang
- Can bo nh ln e lu tr c s d lieu. ieu nay cung rat can thiet cho cac
qua trnh a x ly
- Chu yeu lam viec vi lu lng IP, do o yeu cau cac ket noi toc o cao
- Ho tr nhieu loai giao thc
- o san sang cao.

2.3 Signalling Gateway (SG)
Signaling Gateway tao ra mot chiec cau gia mang bao hieu SS7 vi
mang IP di s ieu khien cua Media Gateway Controller (MGC).
SG lam cho Softswitch giong nh mot nut SS7 trong mang bao hieu
SS7. Nhiem vu cua SG la x ly thong tin bao hieu.
Cac chc nang cua Signaling Gateway:
- Cung cap mot ket noi vat ly en mang bao hieu.
- Truyen thong tin bao hieu gia Media Gateway Controller va
Signaling Gateway thong qua mang IP.
- Cung cap ng dan truyen dan cho thoai, d lieu va cac dang d lieu
khac. (Thc hien truyen d lieu la nhiem vu cua Media Gateway).
- Cung cap cac hoat ong SS7 co s san sang cao cho cac dch vu vien
thong.
ac tnh he thong :
- La mot thiet b vao ra I/O
- Dung lng bo nh phai luon am bao lu tr cac thong tin trang thai,
thong tin cau hnh, cac lo trnh,

- 48 -
- Dung lng a chu yeu s dung cho qua trnh ang nhap (logging),
do o khong yeu cau dung lng ln.
- D phong ay u giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP)
- Giao gien vi mang SS7 bang cach s dung mot luong EE/T1, toi
thieu 2 kenh D, toi a 16 kenh D
- e tang hieu suat va tnh linh ong ngi ta s dung bus H.110 hay
H.100
- Yeu cau o san sang cao : nhieu SG, nhieu lien ket bao hieu,

2.4. Media Server
Media Server la thanh phan la chon cua Softswitch, c s dung e
x ly cac thong tin ac biet. Mot Media Server phai ho tr phan cng DSP
vi hieu suat cao nhat.
Cac chc nang cua mot Media Server:
- Chc nang voicemail c ban.
- Hop th fax tch hp hay cac thong bao co the s dung e-mail hay cac
ban tin ghi am trc (pre-recorded message).
- Kha nang nhan tieng noi (neu co).
- Kha nang hoi ngh truyen hnh (video conference).
- Kha nang chuyen thoai sang van ban (speech-to-text)
ac tnh he thong :
- La mot CPU, co kha nang quan ly lu lng ban tin MGCP
- Lu tr cac phng phap thc hien lien ket vi DSP noi bo hay lan
can
- Can dung lng bo nh ln e lu tr cac c s d lieu, bo nh em,
th vien,
- Dung lng a tng oi nho.
- Quan ly hau het lu lng IP neu tat ca tai nguyen IP c s dung
e x ly thoai.
- S dung bus H.110 e tng thch vi card DSP va MG.
- o san sang cao.


- 49 -
2.5. Application Server/Feature Server
Server ac tnh la mot server mc ng dung cha mot loat cac dch
vu cua doanh nghiep. Chnh v vay no con c goi la Server ng dung
thng mai. V hau het cac Server nay t quan ly cac dch vu va truyen
thong qua mang IP nen chung khong rang buoc nhieu vi Softswith ve viec
phan chia hay nhom cac thanh phan ng dung.

Hnh 2-15 Cau truc cua Server ng dung
Cac dch vu cong them co the trc thuoc Call Agent, hoac cung co the
thc hien mot cach oc lap. Nhng ng dung nay giao tiep vi Call Agent
thong qua cac giao thc nh SIP, H.323, Chung thng oc lap vi phan
cng nhng lai yeu cau truy nhap c s d lieu ac trng.
Chc nang cua Feature Server :
- Xac nh tnh hp le va ho tr cac thong so dch vu thong thng cho
he thong a chuyen mach.
Mot vai v du ve cac dch vu ac tnh :
- He thong tnh cc Call Agents s dung cac bo CDR (Call Detail
Record). Chng trnh CDR co rat nhieu ac tnh, chang han kha nang

- 50 -
ng dung toc o da tren loai ng truyen, thi iem trong ngay,..
Dch vu nay cho phep khach hang truy nhap vao ban tin tnh cc cua
ho thong qua cuoc goi thoai hay yeu cau trang Web.
- H.323 Gatekeeper- dch vu nay ho tr nh tuyen thong qua cac mien
khac nhau ( cac mang khac nhau). Moi mien co the ang ky so ien
thoai va so truy nhap trung ke vi Gatekeeper thong qua giao thc
H.323. Gatekeeper se cung cap dvh vu nh tuyen cuoc goi ( va
chuyen dch sang dang so) cho moi au cuoi H.323. Gatekeeper con
co the cung cap ieu khien tnh cc va quan ly bang thong cho
Softswitch.
- VPN- Dch vu nay se thiet lap mang rieng ao cho khach hang vi cac
ac tnh sau :
Bang thong xac nh ( thong qua mang thue rieng toc o cao)
am bao QoS
Nhieu tnh nang rieng theo chuan
Ke hoach quay so rieng
Bao mat cac ma thoai c truyen dan.
..
ac tnh he thong
- No ac biet yeu cau mot CPU tien ch cao. ieu nay cung con phu
thuoc vao cac ng dung ac biet khac nhau.
- Can bo nh ln vi o tre thap.
- CPU co kha nang m rong e ap ng cho viec nang cap dch vu va
lu lng.
- at mot vai c s d lieu trong Server.
- Dung lng a ln, tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua ng dung. Chang han
nh dung lng 100GB- 2TB cho ngan hang voice mail.
- Giao dien Ethernet (vi mang IP) c thc hien vi ay u kha nang
d phong.


- 51 -

IV. CAC CONG NGHE LAM NEN CHO MANG THE HE MI
Ngay nay, yeu cau ngay cang tang ve so lng va chat lng dch vu
a thuc ay s phat trien nhanh chong cua th trng cong nghe ien t - tin
hoc - vien thong. Nhng xu hng phat trien cong nghe a va ang tiep can
nhau, an xen lan nhau nham cho phep mang li thoa man tot hn cac nhu
cau cua khach hang trong tng lai.
Theo ITU, co hai xu hng to chc mang chnh :
- Hoat ong ket noi nh hng ( CO - Connection Oriented
Operation)
- Hoat ong khong ket noi (CL Connectionless Operation)
Trong hoat ong ket noi nh hng, cac cuoc goi c thc hien vi
trnh t : goi so xac lap ket noi gi va nhan thong tin ket thuc. Trong
kieu ket noi nay, cong nghe ATM phat trien cho phep ay manh cac dch vu
bang rong va nang cao chat lng dch vu. Hoat ong khong ket noi da tren
giao thc IP nh viec truy cap Internet khong yeu cau viec xac lap trc cac
ket noi , v vay chat lng dch vu co the khong hoan toan am bao nh
trng hp tren. Tuy nhien do tnh n gian, tien li vi chi ph thap, cac
dch vu thong tin theo phng thc CL phat trien rat manh me theo xu hng
nang cao chat lng dch vu va tien ti canh tranh vi cac dch vu thong tin
theo phng thc CO.
Tuy vay, hai phng thc phat trien nay dan tiem can va hoi tu dan en
s ra i cong nghe ATM/IP. S phat trien manh me cua cac dch vu va cac
cong nghe mi tac ong trc tiep en s phat trien cau truc mang.


- 52 -

Hnh 2-16 Cac xu hng phat trien trong cong nghe mang
1. IP
S phat trien ot bien cua IP, s tang trng theo cap so nhan cua
thue bao Internet a la mot thc te khong con ai co the phu nhan. Hien nay
lng dch vu ln nhat tren cac mang ng truc tren thc te eu la t IP.
Trong cong tac tieu chuan hoa cac loai ky thuat, viec bao am tot hn cho
IP a tr thanh trong iem cua cong tac nghien cu.
IP la giao thc chuyen tiep goi tin. Viec chuyen tiep goi tin thc hien
theo c che phi ket noi. IP nh ngha c cau anh so, c cau chuyen tin, c
cau nh tuyen va cac chc nang ieu khien mc thap (ICMP). Goi tin IP
gom a ch cua ben nhan, a ch la so duy nhat trong toan mang va mang
ay u thong tin can cho viec chuyen goi ti ch.
C cau nh tuyen co nhiem vu tnh toan ng i ti cac nut trong
mang. Do vay, c cau nh tuyen phai c cap nhat cac thong tin ve topo
mang, thong tin ve nguyen tac chuyen tin (nh trong BGP) va no phai co
kha nang hoat ong trong moi trng mang gom nhieu nut. Ket quan tnh
toan cua c cau nh tuyen c lu trong cac bang chuyen tin (forwarding
table) cha thong tin ve chang tiep theo e co the gi goi tin ti hng
ch.
Da tren cac ban chuyen tin, c cau chuyen tin chuyen mach cac goi
IP hng ti ch. Phng thc chuyen tin truyen thong la theo tng chang
mot. cach nay, moi nut mang tnh toan mang chuyen tin mot cach oc

- 53 -
lap. Phng thc nay, do vay, yeu cau ket qua tnh toan cua phan nh
tuyen tai tat ca cac nut phai nhat quan vi nhau. S khong thong nhat cua
ket qua se dan en viec chuyen goi tin sai hng, ieu nay ong ngha vi
viec mat goi tin.
Kieu chuyen tin theo tng chang han che kha nang cua mang. V du,
vi phng thc nay, neu cac goi tin chuyen ti cung mot a ch i qua
cung mot nut th chung se c truyen qua cung mot tuyen ti iem ch.
ieu nay khien cho mang khong the thc hien mot so chc nang khac nh
nh tuyen theo ch, theo dch vu.
Tuy nhien, ben canh o, phng thc nh tuyen va chuyen tin nay
nang cao o tin cay cung nh kha nang m rong cua mang. Giao thc nh
tuyen ong cho phep mang phan ng lai vi s co bang viec thay oi tuyen
khi router biet c s thay oi ve topo mang thong qua viec cap nhat
thong tin ve trang thai ket noi. Vi cac phng thc nh CDIR (Classless
Inter Domain Routing), kch thc cua ban tin c duy tr mc chap
nhan c, va do viec tnh toan nh tuyen eu do cac nut t thc hien,
mang co the m rong ma khong can bat c thay oi nao.
Tom lai, IP la mot giao thc chuyen mach goi co o tin cay va kha
nang m rong cao. Tuy nhien, viec ieu khien lu lng rat kho thc hien
do phng thc nh tuyen theo tng chang. Mat khac, IP cung khong ho
tr chat lng dch vu.

2. ATM
Cong nghe ATM da tren c s cua phng phap chuyen mach goi,
thong tin c nhom vao cac goi tin co chieu dai co nh, ngan; trong o v
tr cua goi khong phu thuoc vao ong ho ong bo va da tren nhu cau bat
ky cua kenh cho trc. Cac chuyen mach ATM cho phep hoat ong vi
nhieu toc o va dch vu khac nhau.
ATM co hai ac iem quan trong :
Th nhat ATM s dung cac goi co kch thc nho va co nh goi la
cac te bao ATM , cac te bao nho vi toc o truyen ln se lam cho
tre truyen va bien ong tre giam u nho oi vi cac dch vu thi
gian thc, cung se tao ieu kien cho viec hp kenh toc o cao
c de dang hn.

- 54 -
Th hai, ATM co kha nang nhom mot vai kenh ao thanh mot
ng ao nham giup cho viec nh tuyen c de dang.
ATM khac vi nh tuyen IP mot so iem. No la cong nghe chuyen
mach hng ket noi. Ket noi t iem au en iem cuoi phai c thiet
lap trc khi thong tin c gi i. ATM yeu cau ket noi phai c thiet
lap bang nhan cong hoac thiet lap mot cach t ong thong qua bao hieu.
Mat khac, ATM khong thc hien nh tuyen tai cac nut trung gian. Tuyen
ket noi xuyen suot c xac nh trc khi trao oi d lieu va c gi co
nh trong suot thi gian ket noi. Trong qua trnh thiet lap ket noi, cac tong
ai ATM trung gian cung cap cho ket noi mot nhan. Viec nay thc hien hai
ieu: danh cho ket noi mot so tai nguyen va xay dng bang chuyen te bao
tai moi tong ai. Bang chuyen te bao nay co tnh cuc bo va ch cha thong
tin ve cac ket noi ang hoat ong i qua tong ai. ieu nay khac vi thong
tin ve toan mang cha trong bang chuyen tin cua router dung IP.
Qua trnh chuyen te bao qua tong ai ATM cung tng t nh viec
chuyen goi tin qua router. Tuy nhien, ATM co the chuyen mach nhanh hn
v nhan gan tren cell co kch thc co nh (nho hn cua IP), kch thc
bang chuyen tin nho hn nhieu so vi cua IP router, va viec nay c thc
hen tren cac thiet b phan cng chuyen dung. Do vay, thong lng cua tong
ai ATM thng ln hn thong lng cua IP router truyen thong.
3. IP over ATM
Hien nay, trong xay dng mang IP, co en may loai ky thuat, nh IP
over SDH/ SONET, IP over WDM va IP over Fiber. Con ky thuat ATM, do
co cac tnh nang nh toc o cao, chat lng dch vu (QoS), ieu khien lu
lng, ma cac mang li dung bo nh tuyen truyen thong cha co, nen
a c s dung rong rai tren mang ng truc IP. Mat khac, do yeu cau
tnh thi gian thc con tng oi cao oi vi mang li, IP over ATM van
la ky thuat c chon trc tien hien nay. Cho nen viec nghien cu oi vi
IP over ATM van con rat quan trong. Ma MPLS chnh la s cai tien cua IP
over ATM kinh ien, cho nen ay chung ta can nhn lai mot chut ve hien
trang cua ky thuat IP over ATM.
IP over ATM truyen thong la mot loai ky thuat kieu xep chong, no
xep IP (ky thuat lp 3) len ATM (ky thuat lp 2); giao thc cua hai tang
hoan toan oc lap vi nhau; gia chung phai nh mot loat giao thc (nh
NHRP, ARP,) na mi am bao noi thong. ieu o hien nay tren thc te
a c ng dung rong rai. Nhng trong tnh trang mang li c m rong

- 55 -
nhanh chong, cach xep chong o cung gay ra nhieu van e can xem xet
lai.
Trc het, van e noi bat nhat la trong phng thc chong xep, phai
thiet lap cac lien ket PVC tai N iem nut, tc la can thiet lap mang lien
ket. Nh the co the se gay nen van e bnh phng N, rat phien phc, tc
la khi thiet lap, bao dng, g bo s lien ket gia cac iem nut, so viec
phai lam ( nh so VC, lng tin ieu khien) eu co cap so nhan bnh
phng cua N iem nut. Khi ma mang li ngay cang rong ln, chi phoi
kieu o se lam cho mang li qua tai.
Th hai la, phng thc xep chong se phan cat ca mang li IP over
ATM ra lam nhieu mang logic nho (LIS), cac LIS tren thc te eu la
trong mot mang vat ly. Gia cac LIS dung bo nh tuyen trung gian e lien
ket, ieu nay se co anh hng en viec truyen nhom goi tin gia cac LIS
khac nhau. Mat khac, khi lu lng rat ln, nhng bo nh tuyen nay se
gay hien tng nghen co chai oi vi bang rong.
Hai iem neu tren eu lam cho IP over ATM ch co the dung thch
hp cho mang tng oi nho, nh mang x nghiep,, nhng khong the ap
ng c nhu cau cua mang ng truc Internet trong tng lai.Tren thc
te, hai ky thuat nay ang ton tai van e yeu kem ve kha nang m rong
them.
Th ba la, trong phng thc chong xep, IP over ATM van khong co
cach nao am bao QoS thc s.
Th t, von khi thiet ke hai loai ky thuat IP va ATM eu lam rieng le,
khong xet g en ky thuat kia, ieu nay lam cho s noi thong gia hai ben
phai da vao mot loat giao thc phc tap, cung vi cac bo phuc vu x ly
cac giao thc nay. Cach lam nh the co the gay anh hng khong tot oi
vi o tin cay cua mang ng truc.
Cac ky thuat MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM a giao thc tren
ATM) LANE (LAN Emulation Mo phong LAN) cung chnh la ket qua
nghien cu e giai quyet cac van e o, nhng cac giai thuat nay eu ch
giai quyet c mot phan cac ton tai, nh van e QoS chang han. Phng
thc ma cac ky thuat nay dung van la phng thc chong xep, kha nang
m rong van khong u. Hien nay a xuat hien mot loai ky thuat IP over
ATM khong dung phng thc xep chong, ma dung phng thc chuyen
mach nhan, ap dung phng thc tch hp. Ky thuat nay chnh la c s cua
MPLS.

- 56 -
4. MPLS
oi vi cac nha thiet ke mang ma noi, s phat trien nhanh chong, s
m rong khong ngng cua mang Internet, s tang vot cua lng dch vu
cung nh s phc tap cua cac loai hnh dch vu , a dan dan lam cho mang
vien thong hien tai khong con kham noi. Mot mat, cac nha khai thac than
phien kho kiem c li nhuan, nhng mat khac th thue bao lai keu ca la
gia ca qua cao, toc o qua cham. Th trng bc bach oi hoi co mot mang
toc o cao hn, gia ca thap hn. ay la nguyen nhan can ban e ra i
mot loat cac ky thuat mi, trong o co MPLS.
Bat ke ky thuat ATM tng c coi la nen tang cua mang so a dch
vu bang rong (B-ISDN), hay la IP at thanh cong ln tren th trng hien
nay, eu ton tai nhc iem kho khac phuc c. S xuat hien cua MPLS
ky thuat chuyen mach nhan a giao thc a giup chung ta co c s
chon la tot ep cho cau truc mang thong tin tng lai. Phng phap nay
a dung hp mot cach hu hieu nang lc ieu khien lu lng cua thiet b
chuyen mach vi tnh linh hoat cua bo nh tuyen. Hien nay cang co nhieu
ngi tin tng mot cach chac chan rang MPLS se la phng an ly tng
cho mang ng truc trong tng lai.
MPLS tach cc nang cua IP router lam hai phan rieng biet : chc nang
chuyen goi tin va chc nang ieu khien. Phan chc nang chuyen goi tin,
vi nhiem vu gi goi tin gia cac router, s dung c che hoan oi nhan
tng t nh ATM. Trong MPLS, nhan la mot so co o dai co nh va
khong phu thuoc vao lp mang. Ky thuat hoan oi nhan ve ban chat la
viec tm nhan cua mot goi tin trong mot bang cac nhan e xac nh tuyen
cua goi va nhan mi cua no. Viec nay n gian hn nhieu so vi viec x ly
goi tin theo kieu thong thng, va do vay, caithien c kha nang cua thiet
b. Cac router s dung ky thuat nay c goi la LSR (Label Switch
Router). Phan chc nang ieu khien cua MPLS bao gom cac giao thc nh
tuyen lp mang vi nhiem vu phan phoi thong tin gia cac LSR, va thu tuc
gan nhan e chuyen thong tin nh tuyen thanh cac bang nh tuyen cho
viec chuyen mach. MPLS co the hoat ong c vi cac giao thc nh
tuyen Internet khac nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) va BGP (Border
Bateway Protocol). Do MPLS ho tr viec ieu khien lu lng va cho phep
thiet lap tuyen co nh, viec am bao chat lng dch vu cua cac tuyen la
hoan toan kha thi. ay la mot iem vt troi cua MPLS so vi cac nh
tuyen co ien.

- 57 -
Ngoai ra, MPLS con co c che chuyen tuyen (fast rerouting). Do
MPLS la cong nghe chuyen mach hng ket noi, kha nang b anh hng
bi loi ng truyen thng cao hn cac cong nghe khac. Trong khi o, cac
dch vu tch hp ma MPLS phai ho tr lai yeu cau dung lng cao. Do vay,
kha nang phuc hoi cua MPLS am bao kha nang cung cap dch vu cua
mang khong phu thuoc vao c cau khoi phuc loi cua lp vat ly ben di.
Ben canh o tin cay, cong nghe MPLS cung khien cho viec quan ly
mang c de dang hn. Do MPLS quan ly viec chuyen tin theo cac luong
thong tin, cac goi tin thuoc mot FEC co the c xac nh bi mot gia tr
cua nhan. Do vay, trong mien MPLS, cac thiet b o lu lng mang co the
da tren nhan e phan loai cac goi tin. Lu lng i qua cac tuyen chuyen
mach nhan (LSP) c giam sat mot cach de dang dung RTFM ( Real-
Time Flow Measurement). Bang cach giam sat lu lng tai cac LSR,
nghen lu lng se c phat hien va v tr xay ra nghen lu lng co the
c xac nh nhanh chong. Tuy nhien, giam sat lu lng theo phng
phap nay khong a ra c toan bo thong tin ve chat lng dch vu (v du
nh tre t iem au en iem cuoi cua mien MPLS).
Tom lai, MPLS la mot cong nghe chuyen mach IP co nhieu trien
vong. Vi tnh chat c cau nh tuyen cua mnh, MPLS co kha nang nang
cao chat lng dch vu cua mang IP truyen thong. Ben canh o, thong
lng cua mang se c cai thien mot cach ro ret. Tuy nhien, o tin cay la
mot van e thc tien co the khien viec trien khai MPLS tren mang Internet
b cham lai.


- 58 -
5. BANG SO SANH GIA CAC CONG NGHE
Cong nghe IP ATM MPLS
Ban chat
cong nghe
- La mot giao
thc chuyen
mach goi co o
tin cay va kha
nang m rong
cao.
- Do phng
thc nh tuyen
theo tng
chang nen ieu
khien lu
lng rat kho
thc hien.
- S dung goi tin co
chieu dai co nh
53 byte go la te
bao (cell).
- Nguyen tac nh
tuyen : chuyen oi
VPI/VCI
- Nen tang phan
cng toc o cao
- Tch hp ATM va IP.
- Chuyen goi tin tren c s nhan
qua cac ng chuyen mach nhan
LSP
- Co the ap dung tren nhieu moi
trng mang khac nhau nh IP,
ATM, Ethernet, FR
u iem - n gian,
hieu qua
- Toc o chuyen
mach cao, mem
deo, ho tr QoS
theo yeu cau
- Tch hp cac chc nang nh
tuyen, anh a ch, ieu khien
- Kha nang m rong tot
-T le gia chat lng va gia thanh
cao.
- Ket hp gia IP va ATM cho
phep tan dung toi a thiet b, nang
cao hieu qua au t.
- S phan tach gia ieu khien va
chuyen mach cho phep MPLS
c trien khai tren nhieu phng
tien.
Nhc iem - Khong ho tr
QoS
- Gia thanh cao,
khong mem deo
trong ho tr nhng
ng dung IP, VoA
- Ho tr a giao thc dan en phc
tap trong ket noi
- Kho thc thi QoS xuyen suot cho
en khi thiet b au cuoi thch hp
cho ngi s dung xuat hien tren
th trng.
- Viec hp nhat cac kenh ao con
ang tiep tuc nghien cu. Giai
quyet viec chen te bao se chiem
nhieu tai nguyen bo em hn, dan
en can phai nang cap cho cac
thiet b ATM hien tai.

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 3: Chuyen mach mem

- 59 -
CHNG 3:
CHUYEN MACH MEM
SOFTSWITCHING
----WX----

I. GII THIEU CHUNG
Ta a c tm hieu ve tong the cung nh cau truc cua mang NGN. Va
thanh phan cot loi trong mang NGN, thanh phan co kha nang lien ket cac
loai thong tin tren cung mot c s ha tang mang duy nhat, o chnh la MGC
(Media Gateway Controller). MGC co the thc hien c ieu nay nh s
dung phan mem ieu khien the he mi - chuyen mach mem (Softswitch).
Trong chng nay ta se i tm hieu ve chuyen mach mem.
Do thoai la mot trong nhng dch vu c ban cua bat ky mang vien
thong nao nen phan ln noi dung cua chng nay e cap en kha canh thoai
cua mang the he sau. Va trc het, hoat ong cua mang cung cap dch vu
thoai hien nay se c xet en.
1. Hoat ong cua PSTN
Trong mang PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), cong
nghe chuyen mach kenh c s dung e co the truyen thong tin t au
cuoi en au cuoi. oi vi chuyen mach kenh, ta s dung ky thuat ghep
kenh phan thi gian TDM (Time Division Multiplex). Qua trnh chuyen
mach thoai trong PSTN chnh la s chuyen mach cac khe thi gian
(timeslot).
Co 2 dang chuyen mach khe thi gian o la chuyen mach thi gian
(T) va chuyen mach khong gian (S). Moi dang chuyen mach eu co
nhng u va nhc iem rieng. Trong thc te, 2 dang nay c ket hp
e tao ra chuyen mach nhieu tang.
Ho tr hoat ong trong mang cung cap dch vu thoai la bao hieu R2
va bao hieu so 7. Hien nay, hau het tren mang PSTN cua ca nc eu s
dung bao hieu so 7 (SS7). SS7 la bao hieu s dung 1 kenh rieng e

- 60 -
truyen thong tin bao hieu cho moi cuoc goi, thng la khe thi gian 16
oi vi khung 24 khe thi gian (chuan Chau Au).
Thong thng bao hieu so 7 c tch hp san trong cac tong ai
tren mang. Do o cac tong ai chuyen mach con ong vai tro la cac iem
bao hieu STP (Signaling Transfer Point) trong mang SS7.
e ngh cac ban SV tm hieu lai ve chuyen mach thi gian, chuyen
mach khong gian, chuyen mach a tang cung nh bao hieu so 7 e nam
ro ky thuat chuyen mach kenh cung nh qua trnh bao hieu cuoc goi khi
s dung chuyen mach kenh.
Hnh sau minh hoa hoat ong cua PSTN cung vi bao hieu so 7:

Mang SS7
Trung ke
Chuyen
mach
lp 5
Chuyen
mach
lp 5
Chuyen
mach
lp 4
Telephone Telephone
Bao
hieu
Thoai
SCP

Hnh 3.1: Hoat ong cua mang PSTN
SCP: Service Control Point
Ghi chu: chuyen mach lp 5 chnh la chuyen mach tong ai noi
hat, chuyen mach lp 4 chnh la chuyen mach tong ai toll/tandem.
Trc khi qua trnh truyen thoai thc s xay ra, qua trnh bao hieu
se dien ra trc. Khi co 1 thue bao nhac may, qua trnh bao hieu se bat

- 61 -
au dien ra tren 1 kenh an nh trc. Cho en khi thue bao b goi nhac
may th qua trnh thiet lap cuoc goi se ket thuc, kenh thoai se c thiet
lap (thong qua cac khe thi gian con roi, tr khe 0 va khe 16) va qua trnh
am thoai bat au. Khi co mot ben gac may, qua trnh bao hieu ket thuc
cuoc goi bat au va kenh thoai cung nh qua trnh bao hieu danh cho
cuoc goi nay ch that s c giai phong khi ben con lai gac may. Tren
ay ch mo ta khai quat hoat ong cua PSTN oi vi 1 cuoc goi thong
thng. Cac bc thc hien mot cuoc goi se c xet chi tiet hn trong
nhng phan sau.
2. Nhc iem cua chuyen mach kenh
Trong qua trnh hoat ong, chuyen mach kenh a boc lo nhng yeu
iem cua mnh. Sau ay la nhng nhc iem chnh cua chuyen mach
kenh:
- Gia thanh chuyen mach cua tong ai noi hat:
Viec au t mot tong ai noi hat ln vi chi ph cao cho
vung co vai ngan thue bao la khong kinh te do o cac tong ai
thng c lap at cho vung co so lng thue bao ln. Ngoai ra
nha cung cap dch vu con phai xem xet en chi ph truyen dan va
chi ph tren mot ng day thue bao va viec lap at tong ai tai
ni o co kinh te, em lai li nhuan hay khong.
- Dch vu khong a dang, khong co s phan biet dch vu cho cac
khach hang khac nhau:
o la do cac tong ai chuyen mach truyen thong cung cap
cung mot tap cac tnh nang cua dch vu cho cac khach hang khac
nhau. Hn the na viec phat trien va trien khai mot dch vu mi
phu thuoc nhieu vao nha san xuat, rat ton kem va mat mot thi
gian dai.
- Han che ve kien truc mang, do o kho khan trong viec phat trien
mang:
o la do trong c cau chuyen mach, thong tin thoai eu ton
tai di dang cac dong 64kbps nen khong the ap ng cho cac
dch vu mi co dung lng ln hn. Va do trong chuyen mach
kenh au vao va au ra c noi co nh vi nhau nen viec nh
tuyen cuoc goi va x ly ac tnh cua cuoc goi co moi lien ket chat
che vi phan cng chuyen mach. Hay noi cach khac phan mem

- 62 -
ieu khien trong chuyen mach kenh phu thuoc rat nhieu vao phan
cng.
Ngoai ra khi mot tong ai c san xuat th dung lng cua
no la khong oi. Do o khi m rong dung lng nhieu khi oi hoi
en viec phai tang so cap chuyen mach, ieu nay se anh hng
en viec ong bo, bao hieu cung nhieu van e phc tap khac.
3. S ra i cua chuyen mach mem (Softswitch)
Trong tng lai, mang the he mi se hoan toan da tren c s ha
tang la mang goi. V the viec chuyen t mang vien thong hien tai len
mang the he mi phai trai qua nhieu giai oan. Do PSTN hien tai van
hoat ong tot va dch vu do no cung cap kha tin cay (99.999%) nen viec
chuyen ca mang truy nhap va mang loi cua PSTN thanh mang goi la rat
ton kem. e tan dung s hoat ong tot cua PSTN va u iem cua chuyen
mach goi, cau hnh mang NGN bao gom chuyen mach kenh va chuyen
mach goi c the hien nh trong hnh sau:

IP Network
(WDM/SDH/ATM)
MPLS, Mutticast
Resident
gateway
GPRS
UMTS
Wireless
Access
gateway
Wireless
gateway
DNS
Network
Management
AAA
Charging
Telephone
Users
Directory
Server
Wireless
RSVP, Mobile
IP, IP Sec
LAN
GE, MAN
PSTN
Wireless
Digi. TV
PC
xDSL
Trunk
gateway
MGC
Softswich
Business/
Residental Users
Business Users
Mobile Users
ISP
Application/
Feature
Server
SS7
Signaling
gateway

Hnh 3.2: Cau truc mang the he sau NGN


- 63 -

AAA: Accounting, Authentication, and Authorization
DNS: Domain Name Server
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
GE: Gigabit Ethernet
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
IP Sec: Internet Protocol Security
ISP: Internet Service Provider
LAN: Local Area Network
MAN: Metropolitan Access Network
MGC: Media Gateway Controller
MPLS: Multi Protocol Label Switching
RSVP: ReSerVation Protocol
SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications Network
WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplex
Theo hnh tren, tong ai lp 5 hay tong ai noi hat dung chuyen
mach kenh (circuit-switched local-exchange) (the hien qua phan mang
PSTN) van c s dung. Nh a biet, phan phc tap nhat trong nhng
tong ai nay chnh la phan mem dung e ieu khien qua trnh x ly cuoc
goi. Phan mem nay chay tren mot bo x ly chuyen dung c tch hp
san vi phan cng vat ly chuyen mach kenh. Hay noi cach khac phan
mem s dung trong cac tong ai noi hat phu thuoc vao phan cng cua
tong ai. ieu nay gay kho khan cho viec tch hp mang PSTN va mang
chuyen mach goi khi xay dng NGN la mang da tren c s mang goi.
Mot giai phap co the thc thi la tao ra mot thiet b lai (hybrid
device) co the chuyen mach thoai ca dang kenh va goi vi s tch hp
cua phan mem x ly cuoc goi. ieu nay c thc hien bang cach tach
rieng chc nang x ly cuoc goi khoi chc nang chuyen mach vat ly.
Thiet b o chnh la MGC s dung chuyen mach mem Softswitch.
Hay chuyen mach mem Softswitch chnh la thiet b thc hien viec x ly
cuoc goi trong mang NGN.


- 64 -

II. KHAI NIEM VE CHUYEN MACH MEM
Hien nay co nhieu khai niem ve chuyen mach mem, tuy thuoc vao
tng hang vien thong khac nhau.
Theo hang Mobile IN, Softswitch la y tng ve viec tach phan cng
mang ra khoi phan mem mang.
Theo hang Nortel, Softswitch chnh la thanh phan quan trong nhat cua
mang the he tiep sau. Softswitch la mot phan mem theo mo hnh m, co the
thc hien c nhng chc nang thong tin phan tan tren mot moi trng may
tnh m va co chc nang cua mang chuyen mach thoai TDM truyen thong.
Chuyen mach mem co the tch hp thong tin thoai, so lieu va video. Va no
co the phien dch giao thc gia cac mang khac nhau.
Theo CopperCom, Softswitch la ten goi dung cho mot phng phap
tiep can mi trong chuyen mach thoai co the giup giai quyet c cac thieu
sot cua cac chuyen mach trong cac tong ai noi hat truyen thong.
Thc chat cua khai niem chuyen mach mem chnh la phan mem thc
hien chc nang x ly cuoc goi trong he thong chuyen mach co kha nang
chuyen tai nhieu loai thong tin vi cac giao thc khac nhau. (Ghi chu: chc
nang x ly cuoc goi bao gom nh tuyen cuoc goi va quan ly, xac nh va
thc thi cac ac tnh cuoc goi).
Theo thuat ng chuyen mach mem th chc nang chuyen mach vat ly
c thc hien bi cong phng tien Media Gateway (MG), con x ly cuoc
goi la chc nang cua bo ieu khien cong phng tien Media Gateway
Controller (MGC).

Mot so ly do chnh cho thay viec tach 2 chc nang tren la mot giai
phap tot:
- Cho phep co mot giai phap phan mem chung oi vi viec x ly
cuoc goi. Va phan mem nay c cai at tren nhieu loai mang
khac nhau, bao gom ca mang chuyen mach kenh va mang goi (ap
dung c vi cac dang goi va moi trng truyen dan khac nhau).
- La ong lc cho cac he ieu hanh, cac moi trng may tnh chuan,
tiet kiem ang ke trong viec phat trien va ng dung cac phan mem
x ly cuoc goi.

- 65 -
- Cho phep cac phan mem thong minh cua cac nha cung cap dch vu
ieu khien t xa thiet b chuyen mach at tai tru s cua khach
hang, mot yeu to quan trong trong viec khai thac tiem nang cua
mang trong tng lai.

III. V TR CUA CHUYEN MACH MEM TRONG MO HNH PHAN
LP CHC NANG CUA NGN
Do co chc nang la x ly cuoc goi (Call control) nen v tr tng ng
cua Softswitch trong mo hnh phan lp chc nang cua NGN la lp ieu
khien cuoc goi va bao hieu (Call Control and Signaling Layer). Va cac thc
the chc nang cua Softswitch la MGC-F, CA-F, IW-F, R-F va A-F.

Lp truy nhap va truyen dan
Lp phng tien
Lp ieu khien
Lp dch vu
Softswitch

Hnh 3.3: V tr cua chuyen mach mem Softswitch trong mo hnh phan lp chc
nang cua NGN

IV. THANH PHAN CHNH CUA CHUYEN MACH MEM
Thanh phan chnh cua chuyen mach mem Softswitch la bo ieu khien
cong thiet b Media Gateway Controller (MGC). Ben canh o con co cac
thanh phan khac ho tr hoat ong nh: Signaling Gateway (SG), Media
Gateway (MG), Media Server (MS), Application Server (AS)/Feature Server
(FS).
Trong o Media Gateway la thanh phan nam tren lp Media Layer,
Signaling Gateway la thanh phan tren cung lp vi MGC; Media Server
va Application Server/Feature Server nam tren lp Application and Service
Layer.

- 66 -

Cach ket noi cac thanh phan tren c the hien hnh sau:

Application Server/
Feature Server
Media
Server
Media Gateway
Controller
Signaling
Gateway
Media
Gateway
Media Gateway
Controller
Media Gateway
Controller
SS7
Non IP
network
PSTN
TDM/ATM
IP network

Hnh 3.4: Ket noi MGC vi cac thanh phan khac cua mang the he sau NGN

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
IP: Internet Protocol
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
SS7: Signaling System 7
TDM: Time Division Network

Ghi chu: cac thiet b thuoc mang IP la cac router, cac chuyen mach
thuoc mang backbone e truyen tai cac goi tin i. Trong khi o mang khong
IP (non IP network) la mang co cac thiet b au cuoi khong phai thuoc mang
IP va cac mang vo tuyen khong day. V du ve cac thiet b au cuoi khong
thuoc mang IP: thiet b au cuoi ISDN, IAD (Integrated Access Device) cho
mang DSL,

- 67 -
Mot Media Gateway Controller co the quan ly nhieu Media Gateway.
Hnh tren ch minh hoa 1 MGC quan ly 1 MG. Va mot Media Gateway co
the noi en nhieu loai mang khac nhau.
Xin xem chi tiet trong phan 1, muc Cac thanh phan cua NGN e hieu ro cac chc nang cua
cac thanh phan.
1. Media Gateway Controller
MGC chnh la thanh phan chnh cua chuyen mach mem, va cung
thng c goi la Softswitch, hay Call Agent. Cac chc nang chnh cua
MGC c the hien trong hnh sau:

Interworking
IW-F
Call control &
Signaling
CA-F
Connection
session manager
MGC-F
Access session
manager
R-F/A-F
Application Server
AS-F
Media Server
MS-F
Signaling Gateway
SG-F
Media Gateway
MG-F
MGC-F
Media Gateway
Controller
Inter-Operator
Manager

Hnh 3.5: Chc nang cua Media Gateway Controller

Xin xem chi tiet phan Cau truc chc nang cua mang NGN, chng 2 e hieu ro chc
nang cua tng thc the chc nang.
Chu thch: CA-F va IW-F la 2 chc nang con cua MGC-F. CA-F
c kch hoat khi MGC-F thc hien viec ieu khien cuoc goi. Va IW-F
c kch hoat khi MGC-F thc hien cac bao hieu gia cac mang bao

- 68 -
hieu khac nhau. Rieng thc the chc nang Inter-operator Manager co
nhiem vu lien lac, trao oi thong tin gia cac MGC vi nhau.
Media Gateway Controller co nhiem vu tao cau noi gia cac mang
co ac tnh khac nhau bao gom PSTN, SS7, IP.
Cac chc nang chnh cua Media Gateway Controller:
- ieu khien cuoc goi, duy tr trang thai cua moi cuoc goi tren
mot Media Gateway.
- ieu khien va ho tr hoat ong cua Media Gateway, Signaling
Gateway.
- Trao oi cac ban tin c ban gia 2 MG-F.
- X ly ban tin SS7 (khi s dung SIGTRAN).
- X ly ban tin lien quan QoS.
- Phat hoac nhan ban tin bao hieu.
- nh tuyen (bao gom bang nh tuyen, phan tch so va dch so).
- Tng tac vi AS-F e cung cap dch vu hay ac tnh cho ngi
s dung.
- Co the quan ly cac tai nguyen mang (port, bang tan, ).
Cac giao thc Media Gateway Controller co the s dung:
- e thiet lap cuoc goi: H.323, SIP.
- ieu khien Media Gateway: MGCP, Megaco/H.248.
- ieu khien Signaling Gateway: SIGTRAN (SS7).
- e truyen thong tin: RTP, RTCP.

Cac thanh phan mang cua NGN lien lac vi nhau qua cac giao thc
c the hien trong hnh sau:


- 69 -

Application Server/
Feature Server
Media
Server
Media Gateway
Controller
Signaling
Gateway
Media
Gateway
Media Gateway
Controller
Media Gateway
Controller
SIGTRAN MGCP
Megaco
SIP SIP
SIP
MGCP
SIP
ENUM/TRIP
SS7
Non IP
network
PSTN
TDM/ATM
IP network

Hnh 3.6: Giao thc s dung gia cac thanh phan

SIP: Session Initiation Protocol
SIGTRAN: Signaling Transport Protocol
MGCP: Media Gateway Controller Protocol
Megaco: MEdia GAteway COntroller Protocol
ENUM: E.164 Number (IETF)
TRIP: Telephony Routing over IP (IETF)

Hnh sau trnh bay mot v du cua viec s dung MGC:


- 70 -

MG-F
TG
R-F
A-F
IW-F
CA-F
MGC-F
SG-F
SG
AS-F
AS
MS-F
MS
SIP/H.323
network
MGC khac
SIP/MGCP
ENUM
TRIP
AS
SIP
ENUM/TRIP
Access
Proxy
AGS-F
AG
MG-F
SS7
network
PSTN
MGC
SS7
TDM RTP/RTCP
SIGTRAN
MGCP/Megaco
RTP
RTCP
SIGTRAN
MGCP/Megaco
SIP/H.322
SIP
Access
network
IP
Phone
SIP/MGCP/
Megaco
RTP
RTCP
SIP/MGCP
SPS-F

Hnh 3.7: V du s dung Media Gateway Controller

RTP: Real Time Transport Protocol
RTCP: Real Time Control Protocol
SPS-F: SIP Proxy Server Function

Trong v du nay, v s dung giao thc SIP e khi tao ket noi nen
MGC se co them chc nang SPS-F (SIP Proxy Server - Function). SPS-F
ho tr cho R-F trong qua trnh nh tuyen.
Ta thay trong mang nay khong ch ho tr cac mang cung cap dch vu
truyen thong ma con co cac mang cung cap dch vu mi (H.323, SIP, IP
Phone, ).


- 71 -

2. Khai quat hoat ong cua chuyen mach mem Softswitch
ay ch xet trng hp thue bao goi i la mot thue bao thuoc
mang cung cap dch vu thoai truyen thong PSTN. Cac trng hp khac th
hoat ong cua chuyen mach mem Softswitch cung se tng t. Hoat ong
cua phan mem nay bao gom cac bc sau:
(1) Khi co mot thue bao nhac may (thuoc PSTN) va chuan b thc hien
cuoc goi th tong ai noi hat quan ly thue bao o se nhan biet trang
thai off-hook cua thue bao. Va Signaling Gateway (SG) noi vi
tong ai nay thong qua mang SS7 cung nhan biet c trang thai
mi cua thue bao.
(2) SG se bao cho Media Gateway Controller (MGC) trc tiep quan ly
mnh thong qua CA-F ong thi cung cap tn hieu dial-tone cho
thue bao. Ta goi MGC nay la caller-MGC.
(3) Caller-MGC gi yeu cau tao ket noi en Media Gateway (MG) noi
vi tong ai noi hat ban au nh MGC-F.
(4) Cac so do thue bao nhan se c SG thu thap va chuyen ti caller-
MGC.
(5) Caller-MGC s dung nhng so nay e quyet nh cong viec tiep
theo se thc hien. Cac so nay se c chuyen ti chc nang R-F
va R-F s dung thong tin lu tr cua cac server e co the nh
tuyen cuoc goi. Trng hp au cuoi ch cung loai vi au cuoi
goi i (ngha la cung la mot thue bao cua mang PSTN): neu thue
bao b goi cung thuoc s quan ly cua caller-MGC th thc hien
bc (7). Neu thue bao nay thuoc s quan ly cua mot MGC khac
th thc hien bc (6). Con neu thue bao nay la mot au cuoi khac
loai th MGC se ong thi kch hoat chc nang IW-F e khi ong
bo ieu khien tng ng va chuyen cuoc goi i. Luc nay thong tin
bao hieu se c mot loai Gateway khac x ly. Va qua trnh truyen
thong tin se dien ra tng t nh ket noi gia 2 thue bao thoai
thong thng.
(6) Caller-MGC se gi yeu cau thiet lap cuoc goi en mot MGC khac.
Neu cha en ung MGC cua thue bao b goi (ta goi la callee-
MGC) th MGC nay se tiep tuc chuyen yeu cau thiet lap cuoc goi
en MGC khac cho en khi en ung callee-MGC. Trong qua trnh

- 72 -
nay, cac MGC trung gian luon phan hoi lai MGC a gi yeu cau
en no. Cac cong viec nay c thc hien bi CA-F.
(7) Callee-MGC gi yeu cau tao ket noi vi MG noi vi tong ai noi
hat cua thue bao b goi (callee-MG).
(8) ong thi callee-MGC gi thong tin en callee-SG, thong qua
mang SS7 se lam rung chuong thue bao b goi.
(9) Khi callee-SG nhan c ban tin bao trang thai cua thue bao b goi
(gia s la roi) th no se gi ngc thong tin nay tr ve callee-MGC.
(10) Va callee-MGC se phan hoi ve caller-MGC e bao mnh ang lien
lac vi ngi c goi.
(12) Callee-MGC gi thong tin e cung cap tn hieu ring back tone cho
caller-MGC, qua caller-SG en ngi goi.
(13) Khi thue bao b goi nhac may th qua trnh thong bao tng t cac
bc tren xay ra: qua nut bao hieu so 7, thong tin nhac may qua
callee-SG en callee-MGC, roi en caller-MGC, qua caller-SG roi
en thue bao thc hien cuoc goi.
(14) Ket noi gia thue bao goi i va thue bao b goi c hnh thanh
thong qua caller-MG va callee-MG.
(15) Khi cham dt cuoc goi th qua trnh se dien ra tng t nh luc thiet
lap.

V. U IEM VA NG DUNG CUA CHUYEN MACH MEM
1. u iem
- Cho c hoi mi ve doanh thu:
Vi cong nghe mang cho phep hoi tu cac ng dung thoai, so
lieu, video cung cong nghe chuyen mach mi, nhieu dch vu gia tr
gia tang hoan toan mi c ra i. Cac dch vu nay ha hen se
em lai doanh thu cao hn so vi cac dch vu thoai truyen thong.
Do s dung cong nghe chuyen mach mem, co tnh chat phan
tan, cac nha cung cap dch vu co the cung cap dch vu cho mot nhom
nho khach hang, hay bat c ni nao va khi nao ma ho muon.


- 73 -

- Thi gian tiep can th trng ngan:
Do cong nghe chuyen mach mi da tren phan mem nen cac
dch vu mi ra i cung da tren phan mem. ieu nay lam cho viec
trien khai cac dch vu mi cung nh nang cap dch vu ang cung cap
tr nen nhanh chong hn.
Ngoai ra nha khai thac mang co the mua mot dch vu mi t
nha cung cap th ba e trien khai nhanh chong dch vu khach hang
yeu cau. ay chnh la mot trong nhng ac iem khac biet cua
mang the he sau NGN ma cac mang hien tai khong co.
- Kha nang thu hut khach hang:
Cung vi viec a vao s dung mang the he mi, viec a vao
s dung chuyen mach mem con gii thieu vi khach hang nhieu
dch vu mi hap dan ong thi cho phep ho t la chon va kiem soat
cac dch vu thong tin do mnh s dung.
- Giam chi ph xay dng mang:
Chi ph xay dng cho cac he thong s dung chuyen mach mem
la chi ph cho phan mem, khong theo kieu chi ph cho cac c cau
chuyen mach kenh trc ay. Do o khong oi hoi phai co von au
t ban au ln ma chi ph xay dng se tang tuyen tnh theo nhu cau
va so lng khach hang.
Cac nha khai thac co the khi au phuc vu cho mot so lng
nho khach hang nhng van cung cap ay u cac dch vu thong qua
cac nha khai thac ln hn. ay la iem khac biet v chuyen mach
truyen thong luon c thiet ke vi tap tnh nang va qui mo ln hn
nhieu so vi so lng khach hang va nhu cau dch vu thc te.
- Giam chi ph ieu hanh mang:
Do phan mem chuyen mach the he mi Softswitch cho phep
khach hang t la chon va kiem soat qua trnh s dung dch vu cua
mnh nen a giup cho cong viec cua cac nha ieu hanh mang c
giam i mot phan.
Hn the na, khi s dung chuyen mach mem se khong con cac
tong ai ln tap trung, tieu ton nang lng va nhan lc ieu hanh.
Cac chuyen mach gi ay se la cac may chu at phan tan trong

- 74 -
mang va c ieu khien bi cac giao dien than thien vi ngi
dung GUI.
- S dung bang thong mot cach hieu qua:
Vi mo hnh truyen thong, he thong chuyen mach se thiet lap
mot kenh danh rieng cho ngi goi va ngi c goi trong cuoc goi
thong thng. Va kenh nay se khong c s dung cho muc ch
nao khac trong suot qua trnh ket noi. Tuy TDM cho phep truyen
nhieu kenh tren mot trung ke nhng kenh danh rieng van s dung
tai nguyen mang nhieu hn mc yeu cau thc te v ton tai nhng
khoang lang trong qua trnh am thoai.
Khi a mang the he mi vao s dung, do mang IP c s
dung nen a tan dung c u iem s dung bang thong hieu qua.
- Quan ly mang hieu qua:
o la do Softswitch cho phep giam sat va ieu chnh hoat ong
mang theo thi gian thc ong thi co the nang cap hay thay oi cau
hnh mang t xa. ieu nay giup cho cac nha ieu hanh quan ly
mang hieu qua hn.
- Cai thien dch vu:
Vi kha nang cung cap dch vu mot cach de dang a giup cho
Softswitch nhanh chong c chap nhan. Bang cach lap at them
mot may chu ng dung rieng mi (con goi la nang cap phan mem
chuyen mach Softswitch) hay trien khai them mot module cua nha
cung cap th 3, cac nha khai thac co the cung cap cac dch vu mi
nhanh chong hn va gia thap hn so vi chuyen mach truyen thong.
Ngoai ra chuyen mach mem con ho tr nhieu tnh nang giup
nha khai thac phan biet dch vu cho tng khach hang rieng le.
- Tiet kiem khong gian at thiet b:
Softswitch cho phep cac ng dung c thi hanh tai bat c khu
vc nao tren mang. Mang co the c sap xep sao cho cac may chu
c bo tr gan nhng ni ma no that s la tai nguyen quan trong.
Cac ng dung va tai nguyen co nhiem vu cung cap cac dch vu va
tnh nang mi khong nhat thiet phai at tai cung mot ni tren mang.


- 75 -

Hn the na cac thanh phan cua mang NGN, ac biet la cac
MGC s dung chuyen mach mem Softswitch co kch thc nho va
co tnh phan tan nen khong gian at thiet b cung gon hn.
- Cung cap moi trng tao lap dch vu mem deo:
Do dch vu c tao ra nh phan mem nen moi trng tao lap
dch vu mi rat linh hoat.
- An toan von au t:
Do mang NGN hoat ong tren nen ha tang c s co san nen cac
nha khai thac van tiep tuc s dung mang truyen thong ong thi
trien khai nhng dch vu mi. ieu nay giup nha khai thac va thu
hoi von au t vao mang cu va thu li nhuan t dch vu do mang
mi cung cap.
2. ng dung
Chuyen mach mem Softswitch hien nay, khi van tan dung mang
PSTN, c s dung trong mang cong cong e thay the cho tong ai cap
4 (tandem switch) va trong mang rieng. Va phan mem ieu khien chuyen
mach luc nay ch co nhiem vu n gian la thiet lap va ket thuc cuoc goi.
Trong tng lai khi tien len mang NGN hoan toan th cac MGC s
dung Softswitch se thay the ca cac tong ai noi hat (lp 5). Khi o
chuyen mach mem Softswitch khong ch thiet lap va xoa cuoc goi ma se
thc hien ca cac chc nang phc tap khac cua mot tong ai lp 5.

VI. CAC GIAO THC HOAT ONG
Cac giao thc co the c s dung trong mang NGN:


- 76 -

M2UA M3UA SUA
MTP3
I
S
U
P
S
C
C
P
TCAP
SCTP
H.225.0 H.245
H.225
RAS
H.450 H.235
H.323
SIP
TCP UDP
MGCP
H.248
MEGACO
UDP
RTCP RTP
R
T
S
P
UDP
IP
Bao hieu cuoc goi Signaling Gateway Media Gateway Truyen thong tin

Hnh 3.8: Cac giao thc s dung trong NGN

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
SCTP: Stream Control Transport Protocol
ISUP: ISDN User Part
TCAP: Transaction Capability Application Part
M2UA: MTP2 User Adaptation
M3UA: MTP3 User Adaptation
MTP3: Message Transfer Part Layer 3
SCCP: Signaling Connection Control Part
SUA: SCCP User Adaptation
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol
RTP: Real Time Protocol
RTCP: Real Time Control Protocol
RTSP: Real Time Streaming Protocol
RAS: Remote Access Network

Cac thanh phan trong MGC co the s dung nhieu giao thc cho cac hoat
ong cua mnh. Trong khuon kho phan cac giao thc chuyen mach mem cua
bai giang nay ch e cap en cac giao thc sau: SIP (Session Initiation
Protocol), MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), va SIGTRAN
(Signaling Transport) va RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol). Ly do la

- 77 -
nhng giao thc trnh bay ay la nhng giao thc n gian, SV se co cai
nhn tong quat ve hoat ong cua phan mem chuyen mach. Nhng giao thc
khac se c trnh bay phan sau cua bai giang.
1. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
1.1 Tong quan ve SIP:
SIP, c xay dng bi IETF, la mot giao thc bao hieu ieu
khien thuoc lp ng dung dung e thiet lap, ieu chnh va ket thuc
phien lam viec cua mot hay nhieu ngi tham gia.
SIP la mot giao thc n gian, da tren van ban (text-based)
c s dung e ho tr trong viec cung cap cac dch vu thoai tang
cng qua mang Internet.
1.2 Cac chc nang cua SIP:
SIP co cac chc nang chnh sau:
Xac nh v tr cua ngi s dung (user location):
Hay con goi la chc nang dch ten (name translation) va
xac nh ngi c goi. Dung e am bao cuoc goi en c
ngi nhan du ho au.
Xac nh kha nang cua ngi s dung:
Con goi la chc nang thng lng ac tnh cuoc goi
(feature negotiation). Dung e xac nh loai thong tin va cac
loai thong so lien quan en thong tin se c s dung.
Xac nh s san sang cua ngi s dung:
Dung e xac nh ngi c goi co muon tham gia vao
ket noi hay khong.
Thiet lap cuoc goi:
Chc nang nay thc hien viec rung chuong, thiet lap cac
thong so cuoc goi cua cac ben tham gia ket noi.
X ly cuoc goi:
Bao gom chuyen va ket thuc cuoc goi, quan ly nhng
ngi tham gia cuoc goi, thay oi ac tnh cuoc goi.


- 78 -
1.3 Cac thanh phan cua SIP:
Cac thanh phan chnh cua SIP bao gom cac Agent va cac
Server:
User Agent Client (UAC):
Con c goi la Calling User Agent. La mot ng dung
khach (client) co chc nang khi tao mot yeu cau SIP.
User Agent Server (UAS):
Con c goi la Called User Agent. La mot ng dung chu
(server) dung e lien lac vi ngi dung khi nhan c yeu cau
SIP va sau o tra ap ng ve ngi s dung.
Proxy Server:
La chng trnh ng dung trung gian dung e tao yeu cau
SIP. Cac yeu cau nay co the c phuc vu ngay tai server hay
c chuyen sang server khac sau qua trnh chuyen oi ten.
Proxy server bien dch va co the tao lai ban tin yeu cau trc
khi chuyen tiep ban tin i.
Co 2 loai proxy server: proxy server co nh (stateful) va
khong nh (stateless). Trong o proxy server co nh la server
co kha nang lu tr thong tin ve mot yeu cau va ap ng cua
no.
Location/Registration Server:
La server c cac server con lai s dung e lay thong tin
ve v tr cua ngi c goi.
Redirect Server:
La server nhan yeu cau SIP, sau o tien hanh dch a ch
nhan t ngi dung sang a ch mi va gi tra ve ng dung
khach.
Mot yeu cau SIP thanh cong bao gom phng thc INVITE va theo sau o la
phng thc ACK (phng thc INVITE, ACK c nh ngha phan sau).


- 79 -
1.4 Cac phng thc s dung:
o la cac phng thc sau:
INVITE:
Dung e mi mot user hay mot dch vu tham gia vao
phien ket noi.
ACK:
Cho biet ng dung khach a nhan c yeu cau INVITE.
OPTIONS:
c s dung khi co yeu cau oi vi server ve viec xac
nh ac tnh cuoc goi.
BYE:
UAC thong bao cho server ket thuc cuoc goi.
CANCEL:
Huy bo yeu cau va gi.
REGISTER:
ng dung khach ang k a ch vi SIP server.
1.5 Cac ma ap ng cua SIP:
1xx:
Cho biet yeu cau a c nhan, ang x ly yeu cau gi
en.
2xx:
Thanh cong. Hanh ong a c nhan thanh cong va c
chap nhan.
3xx:
Yeu cau xac nh lai. Mot so hanh ong can c thc
hien e hoan tat yeu cau.
4xx:
Co loi client. ieu nay co ngha la trong yeu cau co loi
cu phap hay server khong the thi hanh yeu cau.


- 80 -
5xx:
Co loi server. ieu nay co ngha la server b qua tai e
thi hanh hay a ra yeu cau.
6xx:
Loi toan cuc. ieu nay co ngha la yeu cau khong the thi
hanh bat c server nao.
1.6 Cuoc goi SIP tieu bieu:
Cac hnh sau se minh hoa cac cuoc goi tieu bieu (ch phan
khi tao cuoc goi) s dung giao thc SIP.

Invite: admin@sip.ptithcm.vn
Lookup: admin@sip.ptithcm.vn
Internal name:
admin@mag.ptithcm.vn
Invite: admin@mag.ptithcm.vn
Trying: 100
Trying: 100
OK: 200
OK: 200
ACK
ACK
SITE 1
Endpoint 1
SITE 2
Endpoint 2
Proxy
Location
server
Ring!

Hnh 3.9: Minh hoa 1 ve cuoc goi s dung giao thc SIP


- 81 -

Invite: admin@sip.ptithn.vn
Lookup: admin@sip.ptithn.vn
Location 3
Invite: master@ins.ptithn.vn
Trying: 100
302: try master@ins.ptithn.vn
ACK
SITE 1
Endpoint 1
SITE 2
Endpoint 2
Proxy
Location
server
Ring!
SITE 3
OK: 200
am thoai
Bye
OK: 200

Hnh 3.10: Minh hoa 2 ve cuoc goi s dung giao thc SIP

2. MGCP (Media Gateway Controller Protocol)
2.1 Tong quan ve MGCP
MGCP la mot giao thc mc ng dung dung e ieu khien
hoat ong cua MG.
ay la mot giao thc s dung phng thc master/slave. Trong
o MGC ong vai tro la master, hay MGC la ngi quyet nh chnh
trong qua trnh lien lac vi MG; con MG la slave, la thc the thu
ong thc hien moi lenh do MGC yeu cau.
2.2 Cac thanh phan cua MGCP
Co 2 thanh phan c ban s dung giao thc MGCP la MGC va
MG. Moi MGC co mot so nhan dang rieng goi la Call Agent
Identifier.
Xin xem chi tiet chng 2, phan Cau truc vat ly cua mang NGN, muc Cac thanh
phan cua NGN.

- 82 -
2.3 Cac khai niem c ban
iem cuoi (Endpoint): la nhng ni thu va nhan d lieu. V du
ve mot so iem cuoi: cong kenh DS0, cong analog, giao dien
trung ke ATM OS3, iem truy nhap IVR (Interactive Voice
Response),
Ket noi (Connection): la s ket noi e truyen thong tin gia cac
iem cuoi. Moi ket noi co mot so nhan dang (connection
identifier) c tao bi MG. MGCP dung giao thc Session
Description Protocol (SDP) e mo ta mot ket noi.
Tn hieu (Signal): o la cac tn hieu s dung trong qua trnh bao
hieu e thc hien mot cuoc goi. V du: dial tone, ringing tone,
busy tone,
S kien (Event): o la cac s viec xay ra va lam thay oi trang
thai cua thue bao. V du: nhac may (off-hook), gac may (on-
hook), phat hien so DTMF hay cac so c nhan,
Goi (Package): la mot nhom cac tn hieu va s kien c s
dung trong qua trnh thc hien mot cuoc goi. Mot so goi c ban:
thong tin chung (generic media - G), so DTMF (D), handset
(H), ng day (line - L), trung ke (trunk - T), may chu truy
nhap mang (network access server - N), may chu thong bao
(announcement server - A),
Tuy nhien trong giao thc nay th tn hieu va s kien c oi
x nh nhau.
2.4 Cac lenh s dung trong MGCP
nh dang cua mot lenh bao gom 2 phan: header va tiep theo
sau la thong tin mo ta phien (session description). Trong o header
bao gom cac dong sau:
1 dong lenh: Action + TransID + Endpoint +
Version
Cac dong thong so: Parameter name: Value
Lu y: ten thong so phai viet hoa.
Mot so thong so c ban:
N: NotifyEntity

- 83 -
X: RequestIdentifier
R: RequestEvents
D: DigitMap
O: ObservedEvent
C: CallID
L: LocalConnectionOptions (p: packetize period (ms), a:
compression algorithm)
M: Mode
I: ConnectionIdentifier

Moi lenh eu co mot ap ng. Va nh dang cua ap ng cung
tng t nh lenh nhng cac thong so la tuy chon, co the co hoac
khong. nh dang header cua ap ng nh sau:
1 dong lenh: Response + TransID + Commentary
Cac dong thong so: Parameter name: Value
Ghi chu: mot lenh hay mot ap ng eu c goi chung la 1
tng tac (transaction, viet tat trong cau lenh la trans).

Va cac lenh c s dung trong MGCP la:
CRCX (Create Connection): la lenh MGC truyen en MG yeu
cau tao ket noi gia cac endpoint.
MDCX (Modify Connection): truyen t MGC en MG. Lenh
nay c s dung khi ac tnh cua ket noi can thay oi.
DLCX (Delete Connection): ca MGC va MG eu co the s
dung lenh nay e yeu cau xoa ket noi. MG s dung lenh nay
trong trng hp ng day b h hong.
EPCF (Endpoint Configuration): truyen t MGC sang MG.
c dung e cau hnh iem cuoi. V du nh quyet nh iem
cuoi DS0 s dung phng phap ma hoa nao.
RQNT (Request Notification): truyen t MGC en MG. MGC
yeu cau MG chu y en mot s kien nao o.

- 84 -
NTFY (Notify): truyen t MG en MGC nham thong bao cho
MGC khi co mot s kien xay ra.
AUCX (Audit Connection): ay la lenh MGC gi en MG e
lay cac thong so lien quan en ket noi.
AUEP (Audit Endpoint): MGC gi lenh nay en MG e xac
nh trang thai cua iem cuoi.
RSIP (Restart in Progress): ay la yeu cau cua MG gi en
MGC e bao hieu cho MGC biet iem cuoi a khong hoat
ong (out of service).
3. SIGTRAN (signaling Transport Protocol)
3.1 Tong quan ve SIGTRAN
Nhiem vu chnh cua giao thc SIGTRAN la dung e truyen
thong tin bao hieu cua mang PSTN qua mang IP. ay la mot giao
thc truyen tai mi (transport protocol) c xay dng e thay the
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) trong viec truyen tn hieu SS7.
Ly do viec ra i cua SIGTRAN la do mot so han che sau cua TCP:
- Cac c che truyen am bao s tin cay:
TCP la giao thc cung cap viec truyen d lieu tin
cay. Viec nay c thc hien thong qua c che xac nhan
(acknowledgments mechanism) va c che tuan t
(sequencing mechanism). Mot so ng dung can s truyen
tin cay nhng khong can s ho tr cua 2 c che tren nen
viec s dung TCP trong nhng trng hp nay se gay ra
tre.
- Yeu cau thi gian thc:
Vi viec gay ra tre khong can thiet do s dung cac
c che tren a lam cho TCP khong thch hp vi cac ng
dung thi gian thc.
- C che socket cua TCP:
C che nay lam phc tap viec cung cap kha nang
truyen tin cay cua multi-homed host.
- Van e an toan:

- 85 -
TCP de b s co vi cac tan cong t choi dch vu
(denial-of-service attack).
3.2 Mo hnh chc nang
Mo hnh chc nang cua SIGTRAN bao gom 3 thanh phan c
the hien trong hnh sau:

Adaptation Protocol
(xPA, xUA)
Common Signaling
Transport (SCTP)
Standard Internet
Protocol (IP)
SIGTRAN

Hnh 3.11: Mo hnh chc nang cua SIGTRAN

Theo thuat ng cua Softswitch, mo hnh nay the hien chc nang
chnh cua SIGTRAN la truyen ban tin bao hieu so 7 gia Signaling
Gateway va Media Gateway Controller qua mang IP.
Lu y: co nhieu giao thc thch ng (Adaptation protocol) c
nh ngha nhng tai 1 thi iem ch co duy nhat 1 giao thc c s
dung.
3.3 SCTP (Stream Control Transport Protocol)
SCTP la giao thc hng ket noi cung cap vi TCP co chc
nang cung cap viec truyen cac ban tin mot cach tin cay gia cac
ngi s dung SCTP ngang cap.
Chc nang cua SCTP c the hien hnh sau:


- 86 -

Sequenced delivery
within streams
User data
fragmentation
Acknowledgement
& congestion
avoidance
Chunk bundling
Packet validation
Path management
Association
startup &
teardown
SCTP user
(M3UA, SUA, ...)
Upper layers
IP
SCTP
Adaptation
protocol

Hnh 3.12: Chc nang cua SCTP

Trong o:
Association startup & teardown:
Association trong thuat ng SCTP c hieu la mot ket
noi c thiet lap gia 2 iem cuoi trc khi thc hien viec
truyen d lieu ngi dung (do SCTP la giao thc hng ket
noi). Moi iem cuoi SCTP c xac nh bi 1 a ch IP va so
th t cong.
Chc nang nay c kch hoat e tao ra mot ket noi khi
co yeu cau t ngi s dung SCTP.
Sequenced delivery within streams:
c s dung e xac nh tai thi iem khi tao tong so
dong va so th t dong d lieu (data stream) cua ngi dung
tren mot ket noi. Moi dong la mot kenh logic mot chieu.

- 87 -
User data fragmentation:
Nhiem vu cua chc nang nay la phan oan va tap hp ban
tin ngi dung .
Acknowledgement & congestion avoidance:
Moi ban tin ngi dung (a c phan oan hay cha)
eu c SCTP gan mot so th t truyen TSN (Transmission
sequence number). Ni nhan se xac nhan tat ca TSN nhan c
ke ca khi so th nhan khong lien tuc.
Chunk bundling:
Mot goi SCTP bao gom mot header chung va mot hay
nhieu chunk. Cac loai chunk bao gom tai d lieu, khoi tao, ket
thuc,
Packet validation:
Dung e kiem tra goi SCTP thong qua trng xac nhan va
32-bit checksum.
Path management:
Dung e chon a ch truyen ch cho moi goi SCTP
truyen i da tren lenh cua SCTP user va trang thai cua ch
en.

Cau truc cua goi SCTP:

Header chung
Chunk # 1
. . .
. . .
Chunk # n
32 bits

Hnh 3.13: Cau truc cua goi SCTP


- 88 -

Source port number Destination port number
Verification tag
Checksum
32 bits

Hnh 3.14: nh dang cua header chung cua goi SCTP

Vi:
Source/Destination port number: 16 bits nay dung e xac nh
cong cua ngi goi va ngi nhan SCTP.
Verification tag: ben nhan goi nay se dung trng nay e kiem
tra s hp le cua ngi goi.
Checksum: 32 bits nay dung e cha ket qua checksum cua goi
SCTP.
3.4 M2PA (Message Transfer Part 2 Peer-to-Peer Adaptation)
M2PA ho tr viec truyen ban tin bao hieu so 7 lp MTP3 qua
mang IP. Signaling Gateway s dung giao thc thch ng nay ong
vai tro nh mot nut trong mang SS7. M2PA co chc nang tng t
nh MTP2.
3.5 M2UA (MTP2 User Adaptation)
M2UA cung c s dung e truyen ban tin lp MTP3 nhng
Signaling Gateway s dung no khong phai la mot nut mang SS7.
3.6 M3UA (MTP3 User Adaptation)
M3UA dung e truyen ban tin cua ngi dung lp MTP3 (nh
ban tin ISUP, SCCP). Lp nay cung cap cho ISUP va SCCP cac dch
vu cua MTP3 tai Signaling Gateway xa.
3.7 SUA (SCCP User Adaptation)
SUA nh ngha giao thc truyen ban tin bao hieu cua ngi
dung lp SCCP (TCAP, RANAP). SUA cung cap cho TCAP cac dch
vu cua lp SCCP tai Signaling Gateway xa.
e hieu ro hn cac giao thc thch nghi tren, xin xem them phan so sanh M2PA vi
M2UA, M3UA vi SUA trong phan phu luc.

- 89 -
4. RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol)
RTP la giao thc dung e truyen cac thong tin yeu cau tnh thi gian
thc (real-time) nh thoai va hnh anh. RTP va giao thc ho tr RTCP
(Real Time Control Protocol) la cac giao thc hoat ong ngay tren lp
UDP.
Ban than RTP khong thc hien mot hoat ong nao lien quan en s
am bao chat lng cua thong tin can truyen tai co yeu cau ve thi gian
thc. No ch n gian cung cap ay u thong tin len ng dung lp cao hn
e lp nay a ra quyet nh hp ly e d lieu vi mc chat lng yeu
cau c x ly nh the nao.
Cac ban tin RTCP c trao oi gia cac ngi s dung phien nham
e trao oi thong tin phan hoi ve chat lng cua phien lam viec.
2 thanh phan chnh ma RTP a cho lp tren e lp nay quyet nh
chat lng truyen cua cac loai thong tin tren la: so th t cua goi truyen
(sequence number) va thi gian truyen toi a cua 1 goi (timestamp). 2
thanh phan nay se c trnh bay tiep sau ay.
Cau truc goi RTP c trnh bay trong hnh sau:

RTP header RTP payload

Hnh 3.15: Cau truc goi RTP

V Sequence number
Timestamp
Synchronising Source (SSRC) Identifier
Contributing Source (CSRC) Identifiers
(0 - 15 entries)
32 bits
P X CC PT M
0 1 3 8 16 31

Hnh 3.16: Mao au cua RTP


- 90 -
Trong o:
- V (version): cho biet phien ban RTP nao ang c s dung.
- P (padding): bit nay cho biet trong goi RTP co s dung chen bit
0 hay khong. Ta s dung chen bit nay sau phan payload khi
thong tin co trong phan tai khong lap ay phan RTP payload
cho trc.
- X (extension): cho biet header co c m rong ra them hay
khong. V trong mot so ng dung, phan header m rong c
them vao gia phan header co nh va phan tai (payload).
- CC (count of contributing sources): cho biet so lng dong d
lieu c ghep chung vao 1 goi. Thong thng viec ghep cac
dong thong tin c thc hien khi co nhieu user tham gia vao
mot phien lam viec (v du nh hoi ngh truyen hnh video
conference) va CC dung e xac nh so ngi tham gia hoi
ngh.
- M (marker): c s dung khi co ng dung yeu cau anh dau
tai 1 iem nao o trong dong d lieu.
- PT (payload type): cho biet kieu d lieu c truyen i.
- Sequence number: cho biet so th t c truyen i cua goi. So
th t cua goi au tien c truyen i trong mot phien hoat
ong la mot so ngau nhien bat ky. Nh vao so th nay ma ta se
xac nh c goi nao b mat va cac goi co en ung th t hay
khong.
- Timestamp: cho biet thi gian ma octet au tien c lay mau.
Ben nhan se dung thong so nay e xac nh mnh co the thc
hien c yeu cau phat thong tin a c gi co am bao thi
gian thc hay khong. Neu khong th no se phat lai thong tin
(playback).
- Synchronising Source (SSRC) Identifier: la so nhan dang cua
ni goc phat d lieu.
- Contributing Source (CCRC) Identifier: la so nhan dang cua
cac ni phat d lieu cung tham gia vao phien lam viec vi
SSRC.


- 91 -
VII. SO SANH HOAT ONG CUA CHUYEN MACH MEM VA
CHUYEN MACH KENH
Sau khi tm hieu cac thanh phan cung vi chc nang cua chung, cac
giao thc hoat ong trong chuyen mach mem, trong phan nay se so sanh
chuyen mach mem vi phan mem ieu khien x ly cuoc goi cua chuyen
mach kenh (noi ngan gon la chuyen mach kenh) e hieu ro hn ve chuyen
mach mem Softswitch va cac u iem cua no.
Viec so sanh se da vao cac tieu ch sau: ac tnh cua chuyen mach
(ve phan cng va phan mem), cau truc chuyen mach (cac thanh phan c ban
va s lien he gia chung) va cach thc hien cuoc goi.

1. Cac ac tnh cua chuyen mach

ac tnh Chuyen mach mem Chuyen mach kenh
Phng thc chuyen mach c
ban
Da tren phan mem Da tren kenh
S phu thuoc gia phan mem
va phan cng
Khong Chat che
Cau truc Co tnh module, da
tren cac chuan m
oc nhat
Tnh linh ong Cao Thap
Kha nang tch hp ng dung
cua thc the th 3
De dang Kho khan
Kha nang thay oi Co Kho khan
Gia thanh Khong qua mac, re hn
40% so vi chuyen
mach truyen thong ve
mat cau hnh
Mac
Kha nang m rong De dang vi so lng
ln
oi hoi phai them
thiet b
Tng thch vi au vao Co the xay dng mot
chuyen mach nho phuc
vu mot so t khach hang
Lap at 1 tong ai
e phuc vu mot so
lng ln khach
hang (v tnh kinh

- 92 -
te)
Kha nang s dung a phng
tien
De dang, nhieu loai Rat han che
Hoi ngh truyen hnh Cho chat lng tot hn Co ho tr
Cac loai d lieu ho tr Thoai, d lieu, video,
fax
Thng chu yeu la
thoai
o dai cuoc goi (thng do
chu quan ngi goi)
Khong gii han Thng ngan
Chat lng dch vu cung cap Tot Tot
Phan cng Nho gon Ln, chiem khong
gian

Bang 3.1: So sanh cac ac tnh cua chuyen mach kenh vi chuyen mach mem

2. Cau truc chuyen mach
Cau truc chuyen mach mem c the hien trong hnh sau:

SCP
Softswitch
Dch vu
He thong
tnh cc
Mang SS7
MG MG
Mang loi
goi
MGCP MGCP
T
D
M
T
D
M

Hnh 3.17: Cau truc chuyen mach mem

Con cau truc cua chuyen mach kenh th c mo ta trong hnh sau:


- 93 -

Bo trao
oi khe
thi gian
Bo ieu khien
chuyen mach
TDM
Dch vu
Mang
SS7
T
D
M
T
D
M
Card
ng day
Card
trung ke

Hnh 3.18: Cau truc chuyen mach kenh

Nhan xet: ca 2 dang chuyen mach eu s dung phng phap ghep
kenh trc khi thc s chuyen mach.
Nh tren hnh ve ta cung thay ro trong chuyen mach mem cac thanh
phan c ban cua he thong chuyen mach la cac module rieng biet nhau,
phan mem x ly ieu khien cuoc goi khong phu thuoc vao phan cng
chuyen mach vat ly cung nh moi trng loi truyen thong tin. Con oi vi
mang truyen thong th tat ca cac thanh phan eu tch hp trong 1 phan
cng.

3. Qua trnh thc hien chuyen mach
Trc het, qua trnh thc hien mot cuoc goi se c tm hieu. Qua
trnh nay gom nhng giai oan sau:
(1) Thue bao goi (caller-CR): nhac may.
(2) Tong ai goi (calling switch, goi la CRX): gi dial tone cho
CR e mi quay so.
(3) CR: nhan so.
(4) CRX: nhan so va xac nh tuyen e chuyen cuoc goi en ch.
Ban tin SS7 c chuyen en tong ai ch e rung chuong
thue bao b goi.

- 94 -
(5) Tong ai b goi (callee switch, goi la CEX): nhan biet ban tin
rung chuong, quan sat tnh trang cua thue bao (ban hay roi) va
cap tn hieu chuong neu CE roi. ong thi cung thong bao
cho CRX trang thai cua CE.
(6) Thue bao b goi (callee-CE): nhac may.
(7) CRX va CEX: bat au tnh cc va truyen thong tin thoai qua
kenh 64kbps.
(8) CR va CE: am thoai.
(9) CR hoac CE ap may: cuoc goi ket thuc.
(10) CRX va CEX: ngng tnh cc, ban tin cuoc goi ket thuc c
trao oi.

e tien so sanh ay, cuoc goi trong mang chuyen mach kenh s
dung bao hieu so 7. oi vi chuyen mach mem, cuoc goi c thc hien
gia 2 thue bao ien thoai (van s dung bao hieu so 7) trong mang PSTN
vi nhau thong qua mang loi cua mang the he sau NGN.
Ca 2 cach thc hien cuoc goi, bang chuyen mach mem hay chuyen
mach kenh, eu phai thiet lap ket noi trc khi thc hien am thoai.
Trong chuyen mach kenh, kenh bao hieu va kenh thoai la 2 kenh
khac nhau nhng cung truyen en 1 iem x ly tren cung ng day, hay
noi cach khac la tren cung ket noi vat ly. (Kenh bao hieu c thiet lap
trc, sau o kenh thoai mi c thiet lap ).
Trong khi o oi vi chuyen mach mem th 2 kenh nay khong ch la
2 kenh rieng biet ma chung con c truyen tren 2 ket noi khac nhau. Va
thong tin bao hieu c truyen qua SG, thong tin thoai c truyen qua
MG.
Cac hnh sau se trnh bay qua trnh thc hien mot cuoc goi:


- 95 -

Telephone Telephone
Local SW Local SW
Nhac may,
nhan so
Rung
chuong
Nhac may
Ringback
tone
am thoai am thoai
STP STP
IAM
ACM
CBK
SS7
ANC
CLF
RLG
Gac may
Gac may

Hnh 3.19: Qua trnh thc hien mot cuoc goi khi s dung chuyen mach kenh

Lu y: e ngh tham khao lai mang bao hieu so 7 e hieu ro cac ban
tin c s dung trong qua trnh thc hien cuoc goi.
ay ch trnh bay qua trnh thiet lap ban au, cac ban sinh vien t
hoan thien cac s o phan ket thuc cuoc goi.


- 96 -

Telephone
SG MG MGC SG MG MGC
Telephone
IAM
IAM
CRCX
OK
Invite
CRCX
OK
IAM
IAM
ACM
ACM
183
ACM
ACM
ANM
ANM
200
MDCX
OK
ACK
ANM
ANM
STP STP
SS7
SIGTRAN
MGCP
SIP
Thong tin thoai
IP network
Local SW
Local SW
SS7
SS7
Softswitch Softswitch
Caller
Callee
Nhac may,
nhan so
Chuong
rung
Ringback
tone
Nhac may
tra li
am
thoai
am
thoai

Hnh 3.19: Qua trnh thc hien mot cuoc goi khi s dung chuyen mach mem

IAM: Initial Address Message
ACM: Address Complete Message
CPG: Call Progress Message
ANM: Answer Message
CRCX: Create Connection
MDCX: Modify Connection


- 97 -
VIII. GIAI PHAP CHUYEN MACH MEM CUA CAC HANG
Trong phan nay ch gii thieu cac san pham Softswitch cua cac hang
khac nhau ma khong i sau tm hieu chung. ay la phan danh cho SV t
nghien cu.
Hang Alcatel co Alcatel 1000 Softswitch, Cisco co Cisco BTS 10200,
Lucent co Lucent Softswitch, Huges Software Systems co HSS Softswitch,
hang Open Telecommunications co openCallAgent, hang Telic co Multi-
protocol Call Control Server (MPCCS),

IX. KET LUAN
Vi s ra i cua chuyen mach mem a lam cho viec thc hien chuyen
mach c linh hoat, khong con phu thuoc vao phan cng cua tong ai. ay
la yeu to giup cho viec ket hp mang PSTN vi mang IP de dang va thuan
li, t o phat trien len NGN hoan toan.

BAI GIANG NGN Chng 4: Bao hieu

- 98 -

CHNG 4:
BAO HIEU TRONG
MANG THE HE SAU NGN
----WX----

I. GII THIEU VE BAO HIEU
Qua trnh bao hieu la mot qua trnh khong the thieu trong hoat ong
cua mang vien thong e giup cac thanh phan trong mang co the trao oi
thong tin vi nhau. Trong mang the he sau NGN co cac loai bao hieu sau:
Bao hieu cuoc goi: SIP, H.323
Bao hieu gia MGC MG hay gia MGC server: MGCP,
Megaco/ H.248
Bao hieu cho PSTN: SIGTRAN
Bao hieu QoS
Trong chng 3 ve chuyen mach mem ta a nghien cu cac giao thc
bao hieu SIP, MGCP va SIGTRAN. Rieng Megaco la giao thc phat trien t
MGCP nen ta se khong xet giao thc nay. Bao hieu QoS hien s dung giao
thc SIP e yeu cau chat lng dch vu yeu cau nen ta cung khong xem xet
bao hieu SIP. Bao hieu H.323 la thanh phan quan trong trong bao hieu cua
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) nen se c tm hieu trong phan tiep
sau.

II. BAO HIEU H.323
1. Tong quan ve H.323
H.32x la ho giao thc cua ITU-T nh ngha cac dch vu a phng
tien qua cac mang khac nhau va H.323 la mot phan trong ho nay.
H.323 la giao thc xac nh cac thanh phan, cac giao thc cung nh
cac bc thc hien e cung cap dch vu a phng tien qua mang goi.
Cac dch vu a phng tien ay co the la truyen tn hieu tieng, tn hieu
hnh thi gian thc va d lieu. Mang goi co the la Internet, EN

- 99 -
(Enterprise Network), LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan
Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network).
H.323 co the cung cap 1 trong 3 dch vu sau tieng, hnh hay d lieu
cung nh to hp cac dch vu tren nen no co the c ng dung nhieu
ni nh ng dung tai nha khach hang, doanh nghiep hay cong nghiep giai
tr. Ngoai ra no co the c s dung e cung cap dch vu a phng tien
a iem (multipoint multimedia communications).
2. Cac thanh phan cua H.323
Giao thc H.323 nh ngha 4 thanh phan sau: au cuoi (terminal
c ky hieu la T), cong (gateway - GW), bo gi cong (gatekeeper -
GK), va n v ieu khien a iem (multipoint control unit - MCU).
Rieng vi GK th ay la thanh phan la chon, co the co hoac khong co
trong mang. Va GW va MCU thng c coi la cac iem cuoi
(endpoint).
Cac thanh phan nay co the c tap trung trong mot he thong n
hay c lap at nhieu he thong khac nhau tai nhng v tr a ly cung
nh vat ly khac nhau.
Mo hnh mang H.323 c the hien trong hnh sau:

Mang goi
H.323
Gatekeeper
H.323
MCU
H.323
Terminal
H.323
Gateway
PSTN ISDN
Terminal
Terminal
V.70
Telephone
H.320
Telephone

Hnh 4.1: Mo hnh mang H.323 n gian


- 100 -

Data - T.120
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Video - H.320
IP Phone - H.324
Media Gateway
ISDN
Telephone
PSTN
Media Gateway
Data - T.120
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Video - H.320
IP Phone - H.324
Video - H.320
Multipoint
Control Unit
Gatekeeper Gatekeeper
Front end Front end
Terminal Terminal
M
a
n
g

I
P
M
a
n
g

I
P

Hnh 4.2: Mang H.323

Chong giao thc ma H.323 ho tr c trnh bay trong hnh sau:

H.323
IP
UDP
RTP
RTCP
TCP/UDP TCP UDP UDP TCP
Audio
Codecs
G.711
G.723.1
G.729
..
Video
Codecs
H.261
H.263
H.264
..
V.150 T.120
TCP/UDP
T.38
H.225.0
Call
Signaling
H.245
H.225.0
RAS
Terminal Control and Management
Data
Applications
Media Control
Multimedia Applications, User Interface

Hnh 4.3: Cac giao thc thuoc H.323


- 101 -
Phan trnh bay cac giao thc cung nh hoat ong cua cac giao thc
trong mang H.323 se c xem xet trong phan sau.

2.1 Terminal
La thanh phan dung trong truyen thong 2 chieu a phng tien
thi gian thc c dung trong viec ket noi cac cuoc goi.
au cuoi H.323 co the la mot may tnh, mot ien thoai, ien
thoai truyen hnh, he thong voicemail, thiet b IVR (Interactive
Voice Response) hay la 1 thiet b oc lap co cac ng dung a
phng tien H.323. Ngoai ra no con tng thch vi au cuoi H.324
cua mang chuyen mach kenh va mang di ong, au cuoi H.310 cua
B-ISDN, au cuoi H.320 cua ISDN, v.v.
Mot au cuoi H.323 phai ho tr cac ac tnh sau:
H.245 cho viec trao oi kha nang cua au cuoi va e tao
cac kenh thong tin.
H.225 cho qua trnh bao hieu va thiet lap cuoc goi.
RAS cho viec ang ky va ieu khien cac hoat ong quan
ly khac vi GK.
RTP/RTCP c s dung cho viec truyen cac goi thong tin
thoai va hnh.
G.711 cho qua trnh ma hoa va giai ma tieng noi, T.120
cho hoi thao d lieu va ho tr kha nang tng t cua
MCU.
Hnh sau minh hoa cac giao thc ma mot au cuoi H.323 phai
ho tr:

Audio
applications
Video
applications
Quan ly cuoc goi tai au cuoi
G.711
G.729
G.723.1
H.261
H.263
RTP
RTCP
H.225.0
RAS
H.225.0
Call
signaling
H.245
Control
signaling
T.120
Data
Cac giao thc truyen tai va giao dien mang

Hnh 4.4: Chong giao thc tai au cuoi H.323


- 102 -
2.2 Gateway
GW la thanh phan dung e ket noi 2 mang khac loai nhau.
Mot cong H.323 dung e lien ket mang H.323 vi mang khong phai
la mang chuan H.323. Viec ket noi gia 2 mang khac loai nhau thc
hien c nh viec dch cac giao thc (protocol translation) khac
nhau cho qua trnh thiet lap va giai toa cuoc goi, viec chuyen oi
dang thong tin gia cac mang khac nhau va viec truyen thong tin
gia cac mang ket noi vi GW. Tuy nhien mot GW se khong can
thiet cho viec lien lac gia cac au cuoi thuoc cung mang H.323.
Cau tao cua mot gateway bao gom mot Media Gateway
Controller (MGC), Media Gateway (MG) va Signaling Gateway
(SG) c minh hoa trong hnh ve sau:

SS7
PSTN
Media Gateway Media Gateway
Controller
SS7 link
TDM
Media Gateway
Gatekeeper
H.323
Terminal
SIGTRAN
MGCP/
Megaco
RTP
H.245
RAS

Hnh 4.5: Cau tao cua gateway

Chc nang cua MGC, MG, SG c trnh bay trong chng 1, phan Cau truc vat
ly cua mang NGN.
Cac ac tnh c ban cua mot gateway:
Mot GW phai ho tr cac giao thc hoat ong trong mang
H.323 va mang s dung chuyen mach kenh (SCN
Switched Circuit Network).
Ve pha H.323, GW phai ho tr bao hieu ieu khien H.245
cho qua trnh trao oi kha nang hoat ong cua terminal
cung nh cua GW, bao hieu cuoc goi H.225, bao hieu
RAS.

- 103 -
Ve pha SCN, GW phai ho tr cac giao thc hoat ong
trong mang chuyen mach kenh (nh SS7 s dung trong
PSTN).
Cac giao thc ma mot GW phai ho tr c minh hoa trong
hnh sau:

Dch vu
tnh cc
ieu khien cuoc goi lien mang
(2 mang khac loai)
Bo quan ly cuoc goi GW
H.245
Bao hieu
ieu
khien
H.225.0
Bao
hieu
cuoc goi
H.225.0
RAS
(client)
RTCP RTP
Lp ieu khien
cuoc goi bao hieu
SCN
Lp ieu khien
ket noi bao hieu
Giao dien vat ly
bao hieu SCN Cac giao thc lp truyen tai va giao dien mang

Hnh 4.6: Chong giao thc cua mot Gateway

2.3 Gatekeeper
Mot GK c xem la bo nao cua mang H.323, no chnh la
iem trung tam cho moi cuoc goi trong mang H.323. Mac du la
thanh phan tuy chon nhng GK cung cap cac dch vu quan trong nh
viec dch a ch, s ban quyen va nhan thc cho au cuoi terminal
va GW, quan ly bang thong, thu thap so lieu va tnh cc.
Ngoai ra no cung cung cap dch vu nh tuyen cuoc goi. ay la
mot chc nang co rat nhieu u iem v qua trnh giam sat cuoc goi
cung nh nh tuyen qua GK se cung cap hoat ong mang tot hn.
ieu nay la do viec GK a ra quyet nh nh tuyen da tren rat
nhieu yeu to, v du nh yeu to can bang tai gia cac GW.


- 104 -

Bo quan ly Gatekeeper
H.225.0
RAS
(server)
H.225.0
Bao hieu
cuoc goi
H.245
Bao hieu
ieu
khien
Dch vu tnh
cc
Dch vu th
muc
Dch vu bao
mat
Quan ly
cuoc goi/
chnh sach
Cac giao thc truyen tai va giao dien
mang

Hnh 4.7: Chc nang cua mot Gatekeeper

Cac chc nang can thiet cua mot GK:
Dch a ch (Address Translation): mot cuoc goi i trong
mang H.323 co the dung b danh (alias) e ch a ch cua
au cuoi ch (destination terminal). Do o ta can phai s
dung chc nang nay e dch b danh sang a ch H.323.
Quan ly viec thu nhan iem cuoi (Admission Control): GK
s dung bao hieu RAS e quan ly viec tham gia vao mang
H.323 e co the tham gia vao mot ket noi nao o cua cac
iem cuoi da vao mot so tieu chuan nh bang thong con
trong, s cho phep hay mot so tieu chuan khac ma mot so
yeu cau ac biet khac oi hoi ap ng.
ieu khien bang thong (Bandwidth Control): GK ieu
khien bang thong bang bao hieu RAS. V du neu ngi
ieu hanh mang a xac nh so cuoc goi toi a c thc
hien cung luc th mang co quyen t choi bat c cuoc goi
nao khi so cuoc goi tai thi iem o a at en ngng
nay.
Quan ly vung hoat ong (Zone management): GK ch co
the thc hien cac chc nang tren oi vi cac terminal, GW
va MCU thuoc vung quan ly cua no. Hay noi cach khac

- 105 -
GK nh ngha cac iem cuoi (endpoint) no quan ly. Vung
hoat ong se c nh ngha phan tiep sau.

Cac chc nang tuy chon cua GK:
Bao hieu ieu khien cuoc goi (Call Control Signaling).
Chap nhan cuoc goi (Call Authorization): GK co quyen
quyet nh cho mot iem cuoi (endpoint) co the thc hien
mot cuoc goi hay khong.
Quan ly cuoc goi (Call Management): chc nang nay cho
phep GK lu tr tat ca cac thong tin ve cac cuoc goi ma
no x ly (cac cuoc goi xuat phat t vung hoat ong cua
no).
2.4 Multipoint Control Unit
Multipoint Control Unit (MCU) la thanh phan ho tr trong dch
vu hoi ngh a iem co s tham gia cua t 2 terminal H.323 tr len.
Moi terminal tham gia vao hoi ngh eu phai thiet lap mot ket noi
vi MCU. Va MCU quan ly tai nguyen phuc vu cho hoi ngh,
thng lng gia cac terminal e xac nh loai codec (Coder/
Decoder) nao cho tieng va hnh c s dung ong thi x ly dong
thong tin truyen.
Mot MCU bao gom 2 thanh phan con: bo ieu khien a iem
(Multipoint Controller MC) va thanh phan tuy chon bo x ly a
iem (Multipoint Processor MP).


- 106 -

H.245
Bao hieu
cuoc goi
Multipoint Controller
Multipoint
Processor
Multipoint Control Unit
RTP
Cac giao thc truyen tai va giao dien mang

Hnh 4.8: Cau tao cua Multipoint Control Unit

MC co chc nang quan ly bao hieu cuoc goi. Trong luc o, MP
x ly viec tron va chuyen mach cac dong thong tin cung nh cac
qua trnh x ly thong tin khac.
3. Vung hoat ong
Mot vung hoat ong H.323 la tap hp tat ca cac au cuoi, cac GW
va cac MCU chu s quan ly duy nhat cua mot GK. Vung hoat ong nay
oc lap vi topo cua mang thc te va co the bao gom nhieu oan mang
(segment) noi vi nhau qua router hay cac thiet b khac.
Mo hnh ve mot vung hoat ong n gian c minh hoa trong hnh
sau:
MCU
GK
GW
T
Vung hoat
ong H.323

Hnh 4.9: Mot vung hoat ong


- 107 -
4. Cac giao thc thuoc H.323
4.1 Cac giao thc ma hoa, giai ma cho tn hieu thoai va hnh
Cac giao thc ma hoa va giai ma cho thoai gom co: G.711
(64kbps), G.722 (64, 56 va 48kbps), G.723.1 (5.3 va 6.3kbps) va
G.729 (8kbps).
Cac giao thc ma hoa va giai ma cho tn hieu hnh bao gom:
h.261 va H.263.
Cac giao thc nay e ngh SV t nghien cu va tm hieu them
(lu y ve cac ky thuat ma hoa va giai ma cung nh u nhc iem
cua tng loai).
4.2 Giao thc bao hieu RAS (H.225.0)
Giao thc RAS (Registration, Admission and Status) la giao
thc c s dung e thc hien viec ang ky, quan ly viec tham gia
cua cac iem cuoi, thay oi bang thong, trao oi trang thai va loai
bo ang ky gia cac iem cuoi vi GK. Cac ban tin RAS se c
trao oi qua kenh bao hieu RAS va kenh bao hieu nay se c thiet
lap au tien trc khi cac kenh khac c thiet lap. Ngoai ra, cac
ban tin RAS c truyen qua giao thc UDP khong tin cay nen viec
trao oi cac ban tin nay co the b timeout va dan en viec chung se
c phat lai. Cac ban tin RAS truyen qua UDP nh cac cong 1718
(cho multicast) va 1719 (cho unicast co ngha la ch truyen en 1
ni nhan).
Ghi chu: cac endpoint ay co the la GW hay terminal.
Phan ln cac ban tin RAS co 3 loai: yeu cau (request, thng
c viet tat xRQ), xac nhan (confirm, viet ngan gon la xCF) va t
choi (reject, viet gon la xRJ). Mot so trng hp ac biet se c
e cap sau.
Bao hieu RAS co cac chc nang c ban nh sau:
Kham pha GK hay xac nh GK (Gatekeeper discovery):
cho phep mot endpoint xac nh GK ieu khien no. Qua
trnh nay co the c thc hien ong hay tnh. oi vi qua
trnh xac nh tnh th iem cuoi a biet trc a ch
truyen tai (transport address) hay a ch mang cua GK
quan ly no. oi vi qua trnh xac nh ong th iem cuoi
se phat i ban tin multicast GRQ (Gatekeeper discovery

- 108 -
Request) e tm GK ieu khien mnh. Cac GK se phan hoi
bang ban tin GCF (confirm) e tra li cho ban tin tren neu
no chnh la GK ieu khien cua iem cuoi o. Ngc lai no
se ap ng bang ban tin GRJ (reject). Co the co 1 hay
nhieu GK la GK ieu khien cua iem cuoi a ra yeu cau.
ang ky iem cuoi (Endpoint Registration): qua trnh
ang ky c cac iem cuoi s dung e tham gia vao mot
vung hoat ong ong thi no thong bao cho GK quan ly no
a ch truyen tai cung nh b danh (alias) cua mnh. iem
cuoi muon ang ky en 1 GK nao o se gi ban tin RRQ
(Registration Request). Neu GK ong y cho iem cuoi
tham gia vao mang se ap ng cho iem cuoi bang ban tin
RCF (confirm). Neu khong th iem cuoi se nhan c
phan hoi RRJ (reject) va no se khong c GK cung cap
bat c mot dch vu nao.
Xac nh v tr cua iem cuoi (Endpoint Location): ay la
qua trnh xac nh a ch truyen tai cua mot endpoint
trong trng hp ch biet b danh cua no. Ca GK hay iem
cuoi co the thc hien chc nang nay. Ben co yeu cau xac
nh iem cuoi se phat ban tin LRQ (Location Request).
Ni nhan yeu cau co ap ng c hay khong the hien
qua ban tin phan hoi LCF (confirm) hay LRJ (reject).
ieu khien viec tham gia (Admission control): ay la qua
trnh xem xet s cho phep tham gia cua mot endpoint nao
o vao mot phien lam viec. au tien, endpoint muon tham
gia vao phien lam viec th no se gi yeu cau en GK quan
ly no bang mot ban tin ARQ (Admission Request). Neu
GK chap nhan th no se ap ng bang ban tin ACF
(confirm), ngc lai th ban tin ARJ (reject) se c tra
ve.
Thoat khoi ket noi (Disengage): khi co 1 iem cuoi muon
thoat khoi mot ket noi th no se gi en GK ban tin DRQ
(Disengage Request). Neu yeu cau tren c ong y no se

- 109 -
nhan c ap ng DCF (confirm), ngc lai se nhan
c DRJ (reject).
S thay oi bang thong (Bandwidth change): ay la chc
nang yeu cau thay oi bang thong cho mot ket noi nao o,
co the c yeu cau bi endpoint tham gia ket noi o hay
GK. Ben muon thay oi bang thong se phat ra ban tin
BRQ (Bandwidth Request). Ben nhan yeu cau nay neu
chap nhan se phan hoi bang ban tin BCF (confirm), ngc
lai se ap ng bang ban tin BRJ (reject).
Trao oi thong tin trang thai (Status hay con goi la
Information): la qua trnh c s dung bi GK va
endpoint e EP thong bao cho GK cac thong tin trang thai
cua mot ket noi nao o. Khi GK muon biet thong tin trang
thai ve cuoc goi nao o no se gi ban tin IRQ
(Information Request). Endpoint gi tra cac thong tin chi
tiet ve cuoc goi yeu cau bang ban tin phan hoi la IRR
(Information Response).
Ngoai ra trong bao hieu RAS con co mot so chc nang
sau: qua trnh loai bo ang ky cua mot iem cuoi ra khoi
vung hoat ong va s quan ly cua 1 GK (Unregistration).
Qua trnh nay la qua trnh ngc lai vi qua trnh ang ky,
va cac ban tin co the c trao oi khi thc hien chc
nang nay la URQ (Unregistration Request), UCF
(confirm), URJ (reject). Ngoai ra iem cuoi co the biet o
kha dung cua tai nguyen (xem tai nguyen no s dung a
en gii han cho phep hay cha) bang cach gi ban tin
RAI (Resource Availability Indicate). GK se phan hoi
bang ban tin RAC (Resource Availability Confirm). Mot
chc nang khac na la kch hoat mot so loai dch vu ac
biet bang ban tin SCI (Service Control Indication). Ban tin
phan hoi la SCR (Service Control Response). Chc nang
nay c s dung bi ca cac iem cuoi va GK. Mot so ban
tin chc nang khac c s dung trong cac trng hp ac

- 110 -
biet la Unknown Message Response va Non-standard
Message.
4.3 Giao thc bao hieu cuoc goi H.225
ay la giao thc ho trc cac chc nang bao hieu cho mot cuoc
goi, c s dung e thiet lap kenh ket noi gia cac endpoint. Qua
trnh trao oi cac ban tin bao hieu cuoc goi H.225 c thc hien
qua kenh bao hieu cuoc goi, la kenh truyen tin cay s dung giao
thc TCP.
Cac ban tin H.225 c trao oi trc tiep gia cac endpoint
neu khong co GK trong mang H.323. Neu trong mang co GK, cac
ban tin nay co the c truyen trc tiep gia cac endpoint hay c
truyen thong qua GK e ti cac endpoint. Cach thc truyen se c
xac nh trong qua trnh thc hien bao hieu RAS, qua ban tin tham
gia cuoc goi.

Cac ban tin c ban bao gom:
Ban tin SETUP: c s dung khi mot iem cuoi muon
thc hien mot ket noi vi mot iem cuoi khac. Neu no s
dung cach thc truyen thong qua GK th muon phat ban tin
nay i trc het no phai nhan c ban tin ACF cua GK.
Ban tin CALL PROCEEDING: ban tin nay cho biet ban
tin SETUP a c nhan va thu tuc thiet lap cuoc goi ang
c tien hanh.
Ban tin ALERTING: iem cuoi b goi se phat ban tin nay
cho biet no ang c canh bao co 1 cuoc goi en no.
Ban tin CONNECT: c phat i bi iem cuoi b goi,
nham thong bao no a chap nhan cuoc goi.
Ban tin RELEASE COMPLETE: ban tin nay dung e ket
thuc cuoc goi.
Ngoai ra con co cac ban tin sau: ban tin PROGRESS, ban
tin FACILITY, ban tin STATUS, ban tin STATUS
INQUIRY, ban tin SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE va ban tin
NOTIFY.
Hnh sau minh hoa mot bao hieu cuoc goi c ban s dung giao
thc bao hieu H.225:

- 111 -

Trao oi thong tin
G
W
G
W
SETUP
CALL PROCEEDING
RELEASE COMPLETE
PROGRESS
ALERTING
CONNECT

Hnh 4.10: Qua trnh bao hieu cuoc goi c ban s dung H.225

4.4 Giao thc bao hieu ieu khien H.245
Bao hieu ieu khien H.245 giong bao hieu ieu khien Q.931
nhng khong phai tat ca cac ban tin co trong Q.931 eu c s
dung trong H.245 ma co nhng khac biet nhat nh.
Bao hieu ieu khien H.245 dung e trao oi cac ban tin ieu
khien H.245 t au cuoi en au cuoi (end-to-end, khong phai la
terminal) gia cac iem cuoi H.323 (endpoint). Cac ban tin H.245
c truyen tren kenh ieu khien H.245. Kenh nay la kenh luan ly
so 0 va luon luon c m (m thng trc).
Cac ban tin H.245 dung e trao oi ve kha nang cua cac
terminal va dung e yeu cau m hay ong cac kenh luan ly. Lu y
cac kenh luan ly ay la cac kenh mot chieu.
Co 4 loai ban tin H.245 la ban tin yeu cau (Request), ban tin
ap ng (Response), ban tin lenh (Command) va ban tin ch nh
(Indication). Mot ban tin yeu cau can phai c i kem theo sau la
mot ban tin ap ng, trong khi o ban tin lenh th khong nhat thiet
can co ban tin ap ng.
Cac chc nang chnh cua H.245 la
Trao oi kha nang (Terminal Capability Exchange)
Bao hieu kenh luan ly (Logical Channel Signaling)
Xac nh Master/ Slave (Master/ Slave Determination)

- 112 -
ieu khien hoi ngh (Conference Control)
ay ch trnh bay 2 chc nang au tien nham e minh hoa
cho qua trnh thc hien cuoc goi c trnh bay phan sau, e ngh
cac ban SV t tm hieu them 2 chc nang con lai cua bao hieu
H.245 e hieu ro hn cac hoat ong cua bao hieu nay.
2 chc nang con lai c ng dung chu yeu trong dch vu hoi ngh a iem
(Multipoint Conference).

* Trao oi kha nang
Qua trnh trao oi kha nang s dung cac ban tin cua cac
terminal ang lien lac vi nhau e cung cap cho iem cuoi ngang
cap vi no thong tin ve kha nang truyen va nhan cua mnh. Kha
nang truyen la kha nang cua cac terminal truyen cac dong thong tin,
trong khi o kha nang nhan bao ham ca viec nhan va x ly dong
thong tin en cua terminal.
Viec trao oi kha nang gia 2 iem cuoi la can thiet e ca 2 co
the co cung phng thc CODEC trong qua trnh tham gia mot ket
noi.
Cac kha nang se c anh so trong mot bang goi la bang kha
nang (Capabiltity Table). Moi kha nang se co kem theo cac thuoc
tnh cua mnh va chung cung c lu tr trong bang tren.
Bao gom cac ban tin c ban sau:
TerminalCapabilitySet: la ban tin dang request c
iem cuoi chu goi gi cho iem cuoi b goi nham thong
bao cho ben b goi biet kha nang cua mnh.
TerminalCapabilitySetAck: khi iem cuoi b goi a nhan
c ban tin TerminalCapabilitySet va nhan biet c kha
nang cua ben goi th no se tra ap ng bang ban tin nay.
TerminalCapabilitySetReject: la ban tin t choi cua ban
tin TerminalCapabilitySet.
TerminalCapabilitySetRelease: la ban tin loai ch nh
nham thong bao no (ben chu goi) a phat i ban tin
TerminalCapabilitySet nhng cha nhan c ap ng
trong mot thi gian cho trc nao o.


- 113 -
* Bao hieu kenh luan ly
Mot iem cuoi co the yeu cau thiet lap mot kenh luan ly bang
cach gi ban tin openLogicalChannel. iem cuoi nhan yeu cau
nay co the chap nhan hoac t choi. Neu ong y, no se ap ng bang
ban tin openLogicalChannelAck, ngc lai no se gi ban tin phan
hoi openLogicalChannelReject.
Qua trnh ong kenh luan ly cung dien ra tng t nh tren vi
cac ban tin closeLogicalChannel, closeLogicalChannelAck.

e co the ong 1 kenh bao hieu ieu khien H.245 th iem
cuoi trc het phai ong tat ca cac kenh luan ly va ch tat ca ban
tin ap ng cho yeu cau ong cac kenh luan ly o. Sau o no se gi
mot lenh (command) endSession cho iem cuoi b goi va i en
luc nhan c ap ng endSession t pha ben kia th no mi co the
ong kenh bao hieu ieu khien H.245.

5. Qua trnh thc hien bao hieu
Qua trnh thc hien 1 cuoc goi tieu bieu trong H.323 bao gom cac
giai oan sau:
Kham pha GK va ang ky: s dung bao hieu RAS.
Thiet lap cuoc goi: lan lt s dung bao hieu RAS (co the
trong giai oan nay xay ra qua trnh xac nh iem cuoi thong
qua b danh alias) va H.225.
Qua trnh thng thao cac thong so cuoc goi va xac nh kha
nang cua iem cuoi: s dung bao hieu H.245.
Qua trnh trao oi thong tin: s dung giao thc RTP/ RTCP.
Ket thuc cuoc goi: lan lt s dung bao hieu H.245, H.225 va
RAS.
Cac hnh sau se minh hoa cac giai oan bao hieu cua qua trnh thc
hien 1 cuoc goi trong mang H.323. ay khong xet en qua trnh phat
hien Gatekeeper cung nh qua trnh ang ky (gia s cac qua trnh nay a
c thc hien trong giai oan au mi thiet lap mang).
Trong cac minh hoa sau ta se xet en qua trnh bao hieu gia 2
terminal co thong qua GK. Luc nay cac terminal a nhan biet c GK
quan ly mnh va gia s khong xay ra qua trnh xac nh iem cuoi.

- 114 -

ACF
ARQ
ACF
ARQ
SETUP
CALL PROCEEDING
ALERTING
CONNECT
Terminal Terminal Gatekeeper
RAS
H.225

Hnh 4.11: Qua trnh thiet lap cuoc goi

TerminalCapabilitySetAck
TerminalCapabilitySet
openLogicalChannel
openLogicalChannelAck
TerminalCapablitySetAck
TerminalCapabilitySet
openLogicalChannel
openLogicalChannelAck
H.245

Hnh 4.12: Qua trnh bao hieu ieu khien thiet lap cuoc goi (xac nh
kha nang gia cac iem cuoi va m kenh luan ly)


- 115 -
Dong thong tin RTP
Dong thong tin RTP
Ban tin RTCP
Ban tin RTCP
RTP
RTCP

Hnh 4.13: Qua trnh trao oi thong tin

closeLogicalChannel
closeLogicalChannelAck
closeLogicalChannel
closeLogicalChannelAck
H.245
endSession
endSession
RELEASE COMPLETE
DRQ
DRQ
DCF
DCF
H.225
RAS

Hnh 4.14: Qua trnh ket thuc cuoc goi

III. KET LUAN
Sau khi tm hieu bao hieu H.323 ta thay giao thc bao hieu nay phc
tap hn giao thc bao hieu SIP. Nhng giao thc H.323 cho phep quan ly cac
thanh phan tham gia vao mang mot cach kha chat che. V vay tuy thuoc vao
yeu cau cu the cua mang ta se co la chon giao thc bao hieu thch hp.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 5: Dch vu trong NGN

- 116 -
CHNG 5:
DCH VU TRONG MANG
NGN
----WX----

I. GII THIEU
S canh tranh gay gat trong lnh vc mang thong tin cung nh mang vien
thong ang dien ra trong nhng nam gan ay. Khi s canh tranh gia tang, ieu
ac biet quan trong oi vi cac cong ty la xac nh v tr thch hp e mang lai
thuan li cho ban than mnh, va e chuan b cho moi trng truyen thong mi
ang noi len. Trong moi trng nay, s hoa nhap, lien ket va canh tranh cua
cac thanh vien mi tham gia vao th trng phai hoat ong tch cc e tm ra
phng thc mi, nham gi va thu hut hau het cac khach hang co tiem nang.
Cac nha cung cap dch vu hien nay ang co gang tm ra loi i rieng cho mnh
e tao ra s khac biet vi cac nha cung cap khac, chang han nh tm kiem
phng thc mi e ong nhan va ong goi dch vu, thc hien giam cac chi
ph hoat ong,
Mang the he mi NGN la bc ke tiep cua the gii vien thong, co the
c hieu la mang da tren cong nghe chuyen mach goi, ni ma cac chuyen
mach va cac phan t truyen thong (nh cac bo nh tuyen, cac bo chuyen
mach va gateway) c phan biet mot cach luan ly va vat ly theo kha nang
ieu khien thong minh dch vu hoac cuoc goi. Kha nang ieu khien thong
minh nay thng ho tr cho tat ca cac loai dch vu tren mang truyen thong, t
dch vu thoai c ban (Basic Voice Telephony Services) cho en cac dch vu d
lieu, hnh anh, a phng tien, bang rong tien tien (Advanced Broadband), va
cac ng dung quan ly (Management Application).


- 117 -

Hnh 5-1 Mang a dch vu (goc o dch vu)

Nh a e cap cac phan trc, NGN la s tap trung cua ba loai mang
chnh: mang thoai PSTN, mang di ong va mang chuyen mach goi (mang
Internet). Cau truc nay phan phoi toan bo cac phng thc truy nhap, hau het
cac cong nghe va ng dung mi. T o tao ra nhieu dch vu mi.

Hnh 5-2 Cau truc NGN dang module

- 118 -
Co ba loai dch vu chu yeu trong NGN: dch vu thi gian thc va thi
gian khong thc, dch vu noi dung, dch vu quan ly. Cac dch vu nay giup cho
cac nha khai thac co s ieu khien, bao mat va o tin cay tot hn ong thi
giam chi ph van hanh. Nh o, cac nha cung cap dch vu co the nhanh chong
co nguon thu mi.
Xay dng tren cac thanh phan m va c module hoa, tren cac giao
thc chuan va cac giao dien m, NGN a tr thanh mot phng tien thc hien
muc ch la cho phep ket noi gia con ngi va may moc bat c khoang
cach nao. Noi cach khac, NGN co kha nang cung cap cac yeu cau ac biet cua
tat ca khach hang cong ty, van phong xa, van phong nho, nha rieng, No
hp nhat thoai hu tuyen va vo tuyen, d lieu, video, bang cach s dung
chung mot lp truyen tai goi. Cac lp dch vu cua NGN linh hoat, chi ph hieu
qua va co kha nang m rong hn oi vi cac dch vu trc ay.
II. NHU CAU NGN OI VI CAC NHA CUNG CAP DCH VU
Mang Internet ang x ly kha tot tat ca cac dch vu chung ta yeu cau.
Giai phap cua mang Internet n gian la s dung cac thiet b au cuoi thue
bao CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) tien tien nh PC, smart phone, set-
top-box, Dch vu c thc hien tai cac he thong au cuoi. Cac x nghiep,
cac cong ty phan mem va mot so trng ai hoc, trung hoc se phat trien cac
ng dung va tai chung t mang Internet en cac thiet b CPE. Cac yeu cau oi
vi mang truyen tai cong cong la tnh tin cay va bang thong truyen dan cao.
Nh vay tai sao cac nha cung cap dch vu lai quan tam en dch vu NGN?
Tai sao ho khong theo phng thc kinh doanh cu? Sau ay la mot so ly do
tieu bieu:
Nha cung cap co the ton tai vi phng thc cu (neu ho may man), tuy
nhien chac chan ho se khong thanh cong. Cac nha cung cap ang bat buoc
canh tranh ve gia e am bao thu nhap. Trong luc o, cac oi thu canh
tranh a ra cac dch vu hap dan e c cac khach hang beo b nhat.
Do o neu nha cung cap dch vu muon thanh cong trong thi ai mi, ho
buoc phai them gia tr vao cac dch vu truyen thong cua mnh. NGN ho tr
cac dch vu mi tien tien nen cho phep ho gi c cac khach hang quan
trong va m rong th trng trong nhieu khu vc mi.
Mang li hien nay khong the cung cap tat ca cac yeu cau cua khach hang.
Mot ieu khong the nghi ng la cac dch vu cua mot vai khach hang ang
chuyen dan ra bien mang. Nha cung cap mang cong cong khong the chong
lai khuynh hng nay. Tuy nhien ho khong chap nhan that bai. Kinh doanh

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cac dch vu thong tin mi tr thanh mot nganh cong nghiep co the thu ve
hang ty o la. Cuoi cung co mot thc te la mot so ngi muon s dung cac
dch vu mi tren nen CPE, trong khi so khac lai thch dch vu tren nen
mang.
Cac dch vu tren nen mang co nhieu u iem. Vi mot so nho cac dch vu
n gian khong yeu cau lam viec gia khach hang vi nhau, cac dch vu
tren nen CPE co the hieu qua. Tuy nhien, khi so lng khach hang lam
viec vi nhau tang, cac dch vu tren nen mang to ra co nhieu li the hn.
V du, cac ng dung tren nen mang linh hoat hn va co kha nang m rong
hn so vi cac dch vu tren nen CPE. Vi cac ng dung tren nen CPE, thiet
b CPE can phai tinh vi, phc tap hn (va do o, at tien hn) e am bao
cac yeu cau ve cac ng dung tien tien hn. Giai phap tren nen mang cho
phep chia se tai nguyen va de dang m rong e ap ng cac yeu cau o.
Th hai, dch vu tren nen CPE kho khan trong viec cung cap cac dch vu
oi vi thue bao di ong. Neu khach hang muon truy nhap vao cac dch vu
cua ho tai nhng a iem khac nhau, ho can phai mang thiet b CPE theo
hay tai phan mem t v tr mi, lang ph thi gian va tai nguyen mang. Vi
cac dch vu tren nen mang, khach hang co the truy nhap vao cac dch vu
cua ho bat ke t v tr nao. Cuoi cung, cac van e khach hang quan tam
nh tnh cc, quan ly cau hnh, d phong va cac dang quan ly khac c
x ly de dang hn oi vi cac dch vu tren nen mang.
NGN se cho phep cac nha khai thac cung cap vi chi ph hieu qua cua
cac dch vu mi phc tap hn bang cach xay dng mot loi lien he vi cac dch
vu truyen tai truyen thong. Them vao o, viec hp nhat cac ng dung NGN
lam giam chi ph bang cach loai bo cac nhc iem cua cac dch vu rieng le
hien nay. NGN con giam thi gian thng mai hoa va xoay vong von nhanh
hn khi cung cap cac dch vu mi. Va sau cung, NGN m rong cac dch vu
tien tien, tang kha nang canh tranh va m rong kha nang tham nhap th trng
cua ho.
III. YEU CAU CUA KHACH HANG
Sau ay la phan tch yeu cau cua mot so khach hang ac trng:
Cong ty ln:
- Dch vu VPN cho ket noi noi bo, va dch vu truyen dan (chang han nh
leased line) ket noi vi ben ngoai. Co nhu cau quan ly dch vu va
mang.

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- Dung lng bang thong ln, phan phoi bang thong linh hoat.
- Yeu cau QoS la bat buoc, co s d phong.
Cong ty trung bnh:
- Dch vu VPN cho ket noi noi bo va cac dch vu van phong ket noi vi
ben ngoai nh: thoai, Internet, fax,
- Dung lng bang thong trung bnh.
- QoS: quan trong
Cong ty nho, van phong at tai nha:
- Dch vu ket noi t xa, dch vu van phong nh thoai, fax, d lieu,
Internet,..
- Dung lng bang thong trung bnh.
- QoS: t quan trong.
Thue bao tai nha
- Dch vu ket noi t xa va cac dch vu tai nha nh thoai, Internet, di ong,
giai tr, ieu khien cac thiet b trong nha,
- Dung lng bang thong nho.
- QoS: t quan trong.
IV. DCH VU NGN
1. Xu hng cac dch vu trong tng lai
e xac nh c cac dch vu trong mang the he sau cung nh chien
lc au t cua cac cong ty, xu hng phat trien cac dch vu trong tng lai
la van e rat can xem xet.
Trc het chung ta can quan tam en xu hng cua dch vu thoai. ay
la dch vu pho bien, lau i va thu nhieu li nhuan nhat t nhng ngay
au cho en nay. Do o, dch vu thoai truyen thong se tiep tuc ton tai
trong thi gian dai. Sau o, mot phan dch vu truyen thong nay chuyen
sang thong tin di ong va thoai qua IP.
oi vi dch vu truyen thong a phng tien, hien nay H.323 a la moi
trng cho giai phap thoai qua giao thc IP va cac dch vu a phng
tien tng oi n gian. Tuy nhien, sau o SIP se thay the cho H.232 do
SIP co nhieu u iem hn va thch hp vi cac dch vu truyen thong a
phng tien phc tap.

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Trong tng lai, tnh cc dch vu theo noi dung va chat lng, khong
theo thi gian se chiem u the.
Nhieu dch vu va truy nhap ng dung thong qua cac nha cung cap dch
vu va truy nhap ng dung se phat trien manh. Cac dch vu leased line,
ATM, Frame Relay hien nay se tiep tuc ton tai them mot thi gian na
do cac to chc kinh doanh khong muon thay oi thiet b ch v thay oi
dch vu ket noi. Dch vu IP-VPN se tr thanh mot la chon hap dan.
Cuoi cung, phng thc truy nhap mang, ra lenh, nhan thong tin, bang
li noi (voice portal) se la mot chon la trong tng lai. Hien nay, ky
thuat chuyen oi t li noi sang file van ban va ngc lai ang phat
trien manh.
2. Cac ac trng cua dch vu NGN
Mac du that kho e d oan het cac ng dung trong tng lai, nhng
chung ta co the ch ra cac ac trng va cac kha nang quan trong cua dch
vu trong moi trng NGN bang cach xem xet cac xu hng cong nghiep
lien quan en dch vu hien nay. Mot ieu chac chan la chung ta ang dch
chuyen t mang chuyen mach kenh, tren nen TDM sang mang da tren
chuyen mach goi, da tren truyen tai te bao hay khung. Tuy nhien cac thay
oi nay la trong mang truyen tai va ay chung ta ch xem xet mc dch
vu.
Cac nha cung cap dch vu mang truyen thong a cung cap cac dch vu
vi khuynh hng thoai bang hep, bang mot ket noi n iem-iem trong
moi cuoc goi tren mot th trng rong ln gia cac thue bao au cuoi, vi
cac kha nang s dung cac dch vu gia tr gia tang khac nhau. Du sao, cac
dch vu nay a lam thay oi nhanh chong en nen kinh te the gii va thong
tin cung c xem nh mot nguon tai nguyen c s.
Trong khi cac dch vu hien tai van c cac nha cung cap gi lai, th
khach hang lai se hng en cac dch vu a phng tien bang rong va cac
dch vu mang nhieu thong tin. Khach hang co the tng tac vi nhau thong
qua mang nh cac thiet b CPE tinh vi va co the chon tren pham vi rong
chat lng dch vu (QoS) va dai tan. Trong tng lai, mang thong minh se
khong ch tao ra cac tuyen ket noi bang cach da tren c s d lieu n
gian ma con co the mang nhieu thong tin rong hn nh: quan ly session a
phng tien, cac ket noi a cong nghe, ieu khien/quan ly thong minh, bao
mat cao, cac dch vu ch dan trc tuyen, cac phan t giam sat,

- 122 -
S phat trien cua cac dch vu truyen thong hien nay se hng ti viec
cac nha cung cap dch vu phai co s mem deo, linh hoat e phuc vu c
ca th trng ln va nho. Cac quyet nh ve viec cung cap dch vu cua ho
co the gap nhieu van e phai giai quyet nh gia ca, viec ong goi, tiep th
cung nh s tien ch cua dch vu thc te khi cung cap. Khi co nhieu phng
tien truyen tin, nha cung cap dch vu, nha cung cap thiet b va cac doanh
nghiep thng mai lien quan en viec cung cap dch vu, lien mang va cac
he thong thng mai se tr nen cang quan trong.
Muc tieu chnh cua dch vu NGN la cho phep khach hang co the lay
thong tin ho muon bat ky dang nao, trong bat ky ieu kien nao, tai moi
ni va dung lng tuy y. Da tren cac khuynh hng c e cap tren,
sau ay la mot so ac tnh dch vu quan trong trong moi trng NGN:
Lien lac thong tin rong khap, thi gian thc, a phng tien, am bao
o tin cay, than thien trong viec lien ket cac thue bao, truy nhap toc o
cao va truyen tai thong tin vi bat ky phng tien nao, vao moi luc, tai
moi ni,
Nhieu thc the va cac phan t mang thong minh c phan bo tren toan
mang. No bao gom cac ng dung cho phep truy nhap va ieu khien cac
dch vu mang. No cung co the thc hien cac chc nang cu the thay the
cho nha cung cap dch vu hoac mang. Ta co the xem no nh mot tac t
quan ly co the thc hien giam sat tai nguyen mang, tap hp cac so
lieu,
De dang s dung. Khach hang khong b anh hng t cac qua trnh tap
trung, x ly va truyen dan thong tin phc tap cua he thong. No cho
phep khach hang truy xuat va s dung cac dch vu mang mot cach n
gian hn, bao gom cac giao dien ngi dung cho phep tng tac t
nhien gia khach hang va mang. Khach hang c cung cap cac thong
tin hng dan, cac tuy chon, cac tng tac quan ly xuyen suot cac dch
vu. Ngoai ra no con cung cap cac menu khac nhau cho nhng ngi
cha co kinh nghiem ngc lai vi nhng ngi a co kinh nghiem, va
cung cap mot moi trng thong nhat cho cac dang thong tin.
NGN cho phep khach hang quan ly ho s cac nhan, t d phong cac
dch vu mang, giam sat thong tin tnh cc, ca nhan hoa giao dien ngi
dung, tao ra va d phong cac ng dung mi

- 123 -
Vi viec quan ly thong tin thong minh, NGN giup ngi dung quan ly
s qua tai cua thong tin bang cach cung cap cho ho kha nang tm, sap
xep va loc cac ban tin hoac d lieu, quan ly chung cho moi phng tien.
3. Cac dch vu chnh trong mang NGN
Trong thi gian hoan thanh tai lieu nay, NGN van ang tren ng
trien khai. Do vay, chung ta se gap rat nhieu kho khan trong viec xac nh
het tat ca cac loai hnh dch vu ma NGN co kha nang cung cap trong thi
gian ti. Rat nhieu dch vu, mot so a san sang, mot so khac ch mc
khai niem trong giai oan au cua qua trnh trien khai NGN. Trong khi mot
so dch vu co the c cung cap t mat bang san co, mot so khac c
cung cap t kha nang bao hieu, quan ly va ieu khien cua NGN. Mac du
cac dch vu mi la ong lc chnh tao ra NGN, nhng li nhuan cua NGN
trong giai oan au van do cac dch vu truyen thong mang lai. Do o, cac
dch vu truyen thong c trang trai cho mang, trong khi cac dch vu mi
phuc vu cho s phat trien sau nay.
Hau het cac dch vu truyen thong la cac dch vu da tren c s truy
nhap/ truyen dan/ nh tuyen/ chuyen mach, da tren c s kha nang ket
noi/ tai nguyen va ieu khien phien, va cac dch vu gia tr gia tang khac.
NGN co kha nang cung cap pham vi rong cac loai hnh dch vu, bao gom:
- Cac dch vu tai nguyen chuyen dung nh: cung cap va quan ly cac bo
chuyen ma, cac cau noi hoi ngh a phng tien a iem, cac th vien
nhan dang tieng noi,
- Cac dch vu lu tr va x ly nh: cung cap va quan ly cac n v lu tr
thong tin ve thong bao, file servers, terminal servers, nen tang he ieu
hanh (OS platforms),
- Cac dch vu trung gian nh: moi gii, bao mat, ban quyen,
- Cac dch vu ng dung cu the nh: cac ng dung thng mai, cac ng
dung thng mai ien t,
- Cac dch vu cung cap noi dung ma no co the cung cap hoac moi gii noi
dung thong tin nh: ao tao, cac dch vu xuc tien thong tin,..
- Cac dch vu interworking dung e tng tac vi cac dch vu khac, cac
ng dung khac, cac mang khac, cac giao thc hoac cac nh dang khac
nh chuyen oi EDI (Electronic Data Interchange).
- Cac dch vu quan ly, bao dng, van hanh va quan ly cac dch vu va
mang truyen thong.

- 124 -
Sau ay la mot so dch vu ma chung ta tin rang no se chiem v tr
quan trong trong moi trng NGN, bao gom mot pham vi rong cac dch vu
t thoai thong thng en cac dch vu tch hp phc tap nh Thc te ao
phan tan (Distributed Virtual Reality) nham nhan manh rang kien truc dch
vu the he sau se cung cap rat nhieu loai hnh dch vu khac nhau.

Dch vu
thoai
Dch vu
d lieu
Dch vu a
phng tien
Mang
rieng ao
Tnh toan
mang cong
cong
Ban tin
hp nhat
Moi gii
thong tin
Thng mai
ien t
Dch vu
chuyen cuoc
goi
Tro chi
tng tac
Thc te ao
phan tan
Quan ly
tai gia

Hnh 5-3 Mot so dch vu NGN ien hnh

3.1 Dch vu thoai (Voice Telephony)
NGN van cung cap cac dch vu thoai khac nhau ang ton tai
nh ch cuoc goi, chuyen cuoc goi, goi ba ben, cac thuoc tnh AIN
khac nhau, Centrex, Class, Tuy nhien can lu y la NGN khong co
gang lap lai cac dch vu thoai truyen thong hien ang cung cap;
dch vu th van am bao nhng cong nghe th thay oi.
3.2 Dch vu d lieu ( Data Service)
Cho phep thiet lap ket noi thi gian thc gia cac au cuoi,
cung vi cac ac ta gia tr gia tang nh bang thong theo yeu cau,
tnh tin cay va phuc hoi nhanh ket noi, cac ket noi chuyen mach ao
(SVC- Switched Virtual Connection), va quan ly dai tan, ieu
khien cuoc goi, Tom lai cac dch vu d lieu co kha nang thiet lap
ket noi theo bang thong va chat lng dch vu QoS theo yeu cau.
3.3 Dch vu a phng tien (Multimedia Service)
Cho phep nhieu ngi tham gia tng tac vi nhau qua thoai,
video, d lieu. Cac dch vu nay cho phep khach hang va noi

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chuyen, va hien th thong tin. Ngoai ra, cac may tnh con co the
cong tac vi nhau.
3.4 Dch vu s dung mang rieng ao (VPN)
Thoai qua mang rieng ao cai thien kha nang mang, cho phep
cac to chc phan tan ve mat a ly, m rong hn va co the phoi
hp cac mang rieng ang ton tai vi cac phan t cua mang PSTN.
D lieu VPN cung cap them kha nang bao mat va cac thuoc
tnh khac mang cua mang cho phep khach hang chia se mang
Internet nh mot mang rieng ao, hay noi cach khac, s dung a
ch IP chia se nh mot VPN.

Hnh 5-4 Dch vu VPN tien tien cho SOHO

3.5 Tnh toan mang cong cong (PNC- Public Network Computing)
Cung cap cac dch vu tnh toan da tren c s mang cong cong
cho thng mai va cac khach hang. V du nha cung cap mang cong
cong co the cung cap kha nang lu tr va x ly rieng ( chang han
nh lam chu mot trang web, lu tr/ bao ve/ d phong cac file so
lieu hay chay mot ng dung tnh toan). Nh mot s la chon, cac
nha cung cap dch vu mang cong cong co the chung cap cac dch
vu thng mai cu the (nh hoach nh tai nguyen cong ty (ERP-

- 126 -
Enterprise Resource Planning), d bao thi gian, hoa n chng
thc,) vi tat ca hoac mot phan cac lu tr va x ly xay ra tren
mang. Nha cung cap dch vu co the tnh cc theo gi, ngay,
tuan, hay theo ph ban quyen oi vi dch vu.
3.6 Ban tin hp nhat (Unified Messaging)
Ho tr cung cap cac dch vu voice mail, email, fax mail, pages
qua cac giao dien chung. Thong qua cac giao dien nay, ngi s
dung se truy nhap (cung nh c thong bao) tat ca cac loai tin
nhan tren, khong phu thuoc vao hnh thc truy nhap (hu tuyen
hay vo tuyen, may tnh, thiet b d lieu vo tuyen). ac biet ky
thuat chuyen oi li noi sang file van ban va ngc lai c thc
hien server ng dung can phai c s dung dch vu nay.
3.7 Moi gii thong tin ( Information Brokering)
Bao gom quang cao, tm kiem va cung cap thong tin en khach
hang tng ng vi nha cung cap. V du nh khach hang co the
nhan thong tin tren c s cac tieu chuan cu the hay tren cac c s
tham chieu ca nhan,
3.8 Thng mai ien t (E-commerce)
Cho phep khach hang mua hang hoa, dch vu c x ly bang
ien t tren mang; co the bao gom ca viec x ly tien trnh, kiem
tra thong tin thanh toan tien, cung cap kha nang bao mat, Ngan
hang tai nha va i ch tai nha nam trong danh muc cac dch vu
nay; bao gom ca cac ng dung thng mai, v du nh quan ly day
chuyen cung cap va cac ng dung quan ly tri thc.
Dch vu thng mai ien t con c m rong sang lnh vc di
ong. o chnh la dch vu thng mai ien t di ong (m-
commerce Mobile Commerce). Co nhieu khai niem khac nhau
ve m-commerce, nhng ta co the hieu ay la dch vu cho phep
ngi s dung tham gia vao th trng thng mai ien t (mua va
ban) qua cac thiet b di ong cam tay.
3.9 Cac dch vu chuyen cuoc goi (Call Center Service)
Mot thue bao co the chuyen mot cuoc goi thong thng en
trung tam phan phoi cuoc goi bang cach kch chuot tren mot trang
web. Cuoc goi co the xac nh ng en mot agent thch hp, ma
no co the nam bat c au tham ch ca nha (nh trung tam cuoc

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goi ao Vitual Call Center). Cac cuoc goi thoai cung nh cac tin
nhan e-mail co the c xep hang giong nhau en cac agent. Cac
agent co cac truy nhap ien t en cac khach hang, danh muc,
nguon cung cap va thong tin yeu cau, co the c truyen qua lai
gia khach hang va agent.
3.10 Tro chi tng tac tren mang (Interactive Gaming)
Cung cap cho khach hang mot phng thc gap nhau trc tuyen
va tao ra cac tro chi tng tac (chang han nh video games)
3.11 Thc te ao phan tan (Distributed Virtual Reality)
Tham chieu en s thay oi c tao ra co tnh chat ky thuat
cua cac s kien, con ngi, a iem, kinh nghiem, cua the gii
thc, o nhng ngi tham d va cac nha cung cap kinh nghiem
ao la phan tan ve a ly. Cac dch vu nay la yeu cau s phoi hp
rat phc tap cua cac tai nguyen khac nhau.
3.12 Quan ly tai nha (Home Manager)
Vi s ra i cua ca thiet b mang thong minh, cac dch vu nay
co the giam sat va ieu khien cac he thong bao ve tai nha, cac he
thong ang hoat ong, cac he thong giai tr, va cac cong cu khac
tai nha. Gia s nh chung ta ang xem ti vi va co chuong ca,
khong van e g ca, ta ch viec s dung ieu khien ti vi t xa e
xem c tren man hnh ai ang ng trc ca nha mnh. Hoac
chang han nh chung ta co the quan sat c ngoi nha cua mnh
trong khi ang i xa, hoac quan sat c ngi trong tre ang
cham soc em be nh the nao khi ta ang lam viec tai c quan.
Ngoai cac dch vu a neu tren con co rat nhieu dch vu khac co the
trien khai trong moi trng NGN nh: cac dch vu ng dung trong y hoc,
chnh phu ien t, nghien cu nao tao t xa, nhan tin a phng tien, Nh
vay cac dch vu the he sau la rat a dang va phong phu, viec xay dng,
phat trien va trien khai chung la m va linh hoat. Chnh v vay no thuan
tien cho cac nha cung cap dch vu va ng dung trien khai dch vu en cho
khach hang trong moi trng NGN.


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V. KIEN TRUC DCH VU THE HE SAU

Hnh 5-5 Cau truc mang a dch vu (t goc o mang)
S hieu biet cau truc dch vu mang the he mi se giup lam sang to cac
yeu cau oi vi moi phat hanh ve cong nghe NGN.
Xet tren lp ng dung dch vu, co hai thanh phan chc nang c them
vao cau truc mang the he sau: chc nang server ng dung va chc nang media
server.

Hnh 5-6 Cau truc chc nang lp ng dung


- 129 -
Chc nang cua Server ng dung
Cung cap mot flatform phan phoi dch vu oi vi cac dch vu tien tien
SIP la giao thc c s dung gia cac bo ieu khien cuoc goi (MGC) va
cac server ng dung.
Co the cung cap cac giao dien m APIs cho viec tao va trien khai cac
dch vu (nh giao dien JAIN, Parlay,CLP,)

Hnh 5-7 Cac API at ben canh server ng dung
La nen tang cho viec thc thi va quan ly cac dch vu.
Trien khai cac dch vu nhanh chong va nang cap cac dch vu hien co.

Chc nang cua Media Server
Cung cap cac tai nguyen phng tien ac trng nh IVR, hoi thao, fax,
Cac tai nguyen nay thng la thu am thanh, phat hien nhan phm, hoi
thao, chuyen van ban thanh thoai, facsimile, nhan dang tieng noi,..
Giao tiep vi server ng dung bang giao thc MGCP va/hoac SIP
Ket cuoi mot dong RTP, ong vai tro nh mot au cuoi media.
Cau truc chc nang nay co the c at theo nhieu kieu cau truc vat ly
khac nhau, nh cac hnh sau:

- 130 -

Hnh 5-8 Mo hnh cau truc vat ly 1

Hnh 5-9 Mo hnh cau truc vat ly 2

Phan nay mieu ta ba ac trng quan trong nhat cua moi trng ieu
khien the he mi:
1. Kien truc phan lp
Khai niem cau truc phan lp la khai niem trung tam cua moi trng
NGN. NGN chia ieu khien dch vu/ session t cac phng thc truyen tai
c s. ieu nay cho phep cac nha cung cap la chon (cho tng trng hp
cu the) cac phng thc truyen tai thong tin khong phu thuoc vao phan
mem ieu khien. Nh mo ta trong hnh sau, ieu khien NGN co the c
phan tach thanh ieu khien ac tnh (feature), ieu khien dch vu/ phien,

- 131 -
ieu khien ket noi. S phan tach gia truy nhap, dch vu va ieu khien
phien trong lp dch vu cho phep moi phien c x ly oc lap vi cac
phien khac. Do o, nhieu phien dch vu co the c bat au t mot phien
truy nhap. Tng t, cac phien lien lac co the c x ly rieng le vi phien
dch vu noi chung ma chung la bo phan (bang cach o cho phep cho phep
ieu khien cuoc goi va ket noi mot cach rieng le). ieu quan trong nhat la
cac s phan tach nay cho phep cac dch vu c phat trien oc lap vi
truyen dan va ket noi. Do vay, cac nha phat trien dch vu co the khong can
hieu het cac dch vu ho ang phat trien.

Hnh 5-10 Cau truc ieu khien phan lp

2. Giao dien cac dch vu m API
Hnh tren cung ch ra mot so ac tnh quan trong cua kien truc dch vu
the he sau, nh tnh tin cay cua no tren cac giao dien va cau truc m. ac
biet, moi trng phat trien m da tren giao dien lap trnh ng dung (API)
se cho phep cac nha cung cap dch vu, cac nha phat trien ng dung va cac
khach hang tiem nang tao va gii thieu cac ng dung mot cach nhanh
chong. No cung m ra nhieu c hoi e tao ra va phan phoi cac dch vu cho
nhieu khach hang hn. Nh vay, kha nang cung cap cac dch vu mi va
sang tao se ch b gii han bi chnh s sang tao cua chung ta ma thoi.

- 132 -
Lp ac trng
Lp dch vu
Lp ket noi
L
i
e
n

k
e
t

m
a
n
g
ieu khien
tnh nang
Truy nhap, dch
vu va ieu khien
phien thong tin
ieu khien
ket noi
Giao dien
ng dung
Giao dien chung
X ly chung
Cac giao thc
chuan:
* TCAP
* ISUP
* SGCP/MGCP
* Q.901
* UNI4.0
* GSM
* H.323
* SIP
* DMS-CC
...

Hnh 5-11 Kien truc phan lp/ Giao dien dch vu m

3. Mang thong minh phan tan
Trong moi trng cac dch vu NGN, pham vi th trng cua cac dch
vu co the s dung c m rong mot cach ln manh gom cac loai hnh dch
vu khac nhau va mang lien ket thong minh. Moi trng x ly phan tan
NGN (DPE Distributed Processing Environment) se giai phong tnh thong
minh t cac phan t vat ly tren mang. Do vay, tnh thong minh cua mang
co the c phan tan en cac v tr thch hp trong mang hoac neu co the,
en CPE. V du, kha nang thong minh cua mang co the nam cac server
cho mot dch vu nao o, tren cac server nay thc hien cac chc nang cu the
( v du nh cac iem ieu khien dch vu SCP, cac node dch vu trong mot
moi trng AIN), hoac tren cac thiet b au cuoi gan khach hang. Cac kha
nang thc hien se khong b rang buoc trong cac thanh phan vat ly cua
mang.


- 133 -

Hnh 5-12 NGN vi cac nut truy nhap phan tan

VI. KET LUAN
Nhn t goc o ngi s dung, mang ngay nay a va ang tr thanh
phng tien cho phep con ngi va may moc co the ket noi vi nhau bat ky
khoang cach nao. Tuy nhien, nhan to quan trong c tap trung nhieu la nen
cong nghiep truyen thong da tren khai niem dch vu NGN c thc hien
trong moi trng NGN nh the nao t cac goc o mang khac nhau.

bAl ClASC SCS Cbaong 6. Cac van Jc |icn gaan dicb va

- 134 -
CHNG 6:
CAC VAN E LIEN
QUAN EN DCH VU
----WX----

I. BAO MAT
1. Gii thieu
Kha nang bao mat cua mot mang vien thong la mot trong nhng yeu to
hang au quyet nh chat lng cung nh tnh kha dung cua mang vien
thong o. Nhieu hng dan khac nhau cua lien minh Chau Au EU a c
a ra e bao ve d lieu va tnh rieng t cua ngi s dung, trong o bao
gom ca bao ve thong tin trong mang cong cong. Vien tieu chuan Chau Au
(ETSI) a thanh lap mot ban co van ve van e bao mat, va ban nay phuc vu
cho cac nha van hanh mang cong cong. Trong tng lai, cac yeu cau ve bao
mat khong ch at ra vi cac nha van hanh mang vien thong ma con cho
tng quoc gia rieng biet. ac biet, cac van e bao mat trong mang NGN la
mot van e quan trong can c chu y.
Co nhieu thanh phan yeu cau ve bao mat mc o cao trong mang
NGN:
Khach hang/ thue bao can phai co tnh rieng t trong mang va cac dch
vu c cung cap, bao gom ca viec tnh cc. Them vao o, ho yeu cau
dch vu phai co tnh san sang cao, canh tranh lanh manh va bao am s
rieng t cua ho.
Cac nha van hanh mang, cac nha cung cap dch vu, cac nha cung cap truy
nhap eu can phai bao mat e bao ve hoat ong , van hanh va kinh
doanh cua ho, ong thi co the giup ho phuc vu tot khach hang cung nh
cong ong.
Cac quoc gia khac nhau yeu cau va oi hoi tnh bao mat bang cach a
ra cac hng dan va tao ra cac bo luat e am bao tnh san sang cua dch
vu, canh tranh lanh manh va tnh rieng t.
S gia tang rui ro do s thay oi trong toan bo cac quy nh va cac moi
trng ky thuat cang nhan manh s can thiet ngay cang gia tang ve tnh
bao mat trong mang the he mi NGN.

- 135 -
Ngay nay cac toi pham trong lnh vc may tnh ang tang nhanh. Cac
tin tac nay khong ch dng lai mang Internet, chung tan cong ca nhng
chuyen mach cong cong. Cac hacker thng thu c nhng thong tin can
thiet qua mot cong truy nhap khong c bao ve, va nha cung cap dch vu
phai tra gia cho nhng dch vu vo ngha. Mot v du khac lien quan en cac
chuyen mach bao ve la s lam dung cua dch vu thoai mien ph (freephone).
Hnh sau ay mo ta mot so nguy hiem oi vi mot thanh phan
mang/dch vu. Mac du hau het khach hang eu ang tin cay, tuy nhien that
sai lam khi at niem tin vao tat ca khach hang. Thong thng, mot toi pham
thng c ho tr t mot trong nhng khach hang.

Hnh 6-1 Cac nguy c oi vi cac server va thanh phan mang

Tnh rieng t cung tr nen quan trong. S can thiet cua rieng t a
c trnh bay trong cac bo luat cua cac quoc gia va cac hng dan trong
pham vi toan quoc ve rieng t va bao mat.
Cac tien bo ve cong nghe cung lien quan en van e bao mat. Trong
thi gian gan ay, ngi ta hi vong rang cac giao dien va giao thc c s
dung trong cac thiet b vien thong khong the de dang giai ma va li dung.
Cac giao dien va giao thc nay khong c pho bien rong rai ben ngoai,
ngoai tr cac nha cung cap thiet b hay cac to chc vien thong. Tuy nhien
tnh hnh hien nay a thay oi. Cac he thong m van con cac giao dien phc
tap, nhng nh a nh ngha, no c trang b va nhieu khach hang tm
hieu. e am bao tnh bao mat cua cac he thong nay, cong nghe phai tr
nen co chi ph thap va de dang at c. V du, nhieu giao thc x ly cho

- 136 -
cac PC san sang mien ph cho cac phan mem cong cong. Do o, nhiem vu
chong hacker tr nen de dang hn.
Mot so dch vu cung yeu cau tnh bao mat cao hn. Cac dch vu nay
khong gii han trong cac khu vc xac nh nh trc ay, do o no chu
nhieu nguy hiem hn. Do o s bao mat tot hn la thc s can thiet do cac ly
do kinh te hay rieng t. V du ve cac dch vu nay la dch vu thoai chat lng
cao, video hoi ngh va cac dch vu a phng tien khac. Cac khach hang nay
ch i truy nhap vao d lieu cua ho, va toi thieu co the cung cap them cho
ho chc nang truy nhap vao he thong quan ly.
2. Cac yeu cau bao mat
Mot nha cung cap mang hay dch vu se quyet nh gii han thc hien
bao mat da vao ket qua cua phan tch nguy c va anh gia rui ro. Sau o
nha cung cap se tao ra mot chien lc bao mat. Hnh sau mo ta s tng
tac cua cac khoi lien quan en bao mat.

Hnh 6-2 Mo hnh bao mat
Phan tch nguy c va anh gia rui ro tren nguyen tac ch co the thc
hien trong mot trng hp cu the. Pham vi bao mat co the tuy thuoc vao cac
hoat ong khac nhau. Do o thach thc at ra cho cac nha cung cap thiet b
la xac nh mot chnh sach chung cho phan ln cac khach hang va khach
hang co the tao ra cach bao mat cua mnh trong mot so tuy chon san co.
Viec xac nh chnh xac cac yeu cau bao mat cua mang tng oi kho
khan. Sau ay la mot v du cu the ve cac yeu cau cua bao mat. Chang han
nh khach hang phai chu trach nhiem ve cac hanh ong cua ho, ay thng

- 137 -
la tieu ch so mot cua muc tieu bao mat. Do o viec tham tra ac tnh cua
khach hang la mot yeu cau c ban cua bao mat. S nhan thc cung la mot
cach dung cho bao mat dch vu. Ngoai ra con co mot so yeu cau khac, tuy
thuoc vao nguy c va rui ro. Da vao cac yeu cau bao mat co the xac nh
mc o u tien cua dch vu. V du tren khong phai chon tuy y, trach nhiem
cua khach hang thng la u tien chnh cua cac dch vu. Mc o u tien cao
nhat se quyet nh dch vu nao xep au trong cac dch vu u tien c cung
cap.
3. Cac van e can bao mat
Cac van e nay c thc hien trong moi dang cau hnh NGN, bao gom
cac dang truyen dan khac nhau va x ly cac nguy c sau ay:
T choi dch vu: Nguy c nay tan cong vao cac thanh phan mang truyen
dan bang cach lien tuc a don dap d lieu lam cho cac khach hang NGN
khac khong the s dung tai nguyen mang.
Nghe trom: Nguy c nay anh hng en tnh rieng t cua mot cuoc noi
chuyen bang cach chan ng day gia ngi gi va ngi nhan.
Gia dang: Thu pham s dung mot mat na e tao ra mot ac tnh gia. V
du anh ta co the thu c mot ac tnh gia bang cach theo doi mat ma va
ID cua khach hang, bang cach thao tac khi tao tin nhan hay thao tac a
ch vao/ra cua mang.
Truy nhap trai phep: Truy nhap vao cac thc the mang phai c han che
va phu hp vi chnh sach bao mat. Neu ke tan cong truy nhap trai phep
vao cac thc the mang th cac dang tan cong khac nh t choi dch vu,
nghe trom hay gia dang cung co the xay ra. Truy nh6ap trai phep cung la
ket qua cua cac nguy c ke tren.
Sa oi thong tin: Trong trng hp nay, d lieu b pha hong hay lam cho
khong the s dung c do thao tac cua hacker. Mot hau qua cua hanh
ong nay la nhng khach hang hp phap khong truy xuat vao tai nguyen
mang c. Tren nguyen tac khong the ngan can khach hang thao tac
tren d lieu hay pha huy mot c s d lieu trong pham vi truy nhap cho
phep cua ho.
T choi khach hang: Mot hay nhieu khach hang trong mang co the b t
choi tham gia vao mot phan hay toan bo mang vi cac khach hang/ dch
vu/server khac. Phng phap tan cong co the la tac ong len ng
truyen, truy nhap d lieu hay sa oi d lieu. Tren quan iem cua nha
van hanh mang hay nha cung cap dch vu, dang tan cong nay gay hau
qua la mat niem tin, mat khach hang va dan ti mat doanh thu.


- 138 -
4. Cac giai phap tam thi
Cac bien phap oi pho co the chia thanh hai loai sau: phong chong va
do tm. Sau ay la cac bien phap tieu bieu:
Nhan thc
Ch ky so
ieu khien truy nhap
Mang rieng ao
Phat hien xam nhap
Ghi nhat ky va kiem toan
Ma hoa
Trong moi trng hp can lu y rang cac he thong van hanh trong cac
thanh phan NGN can phai bao ve cau hnh nh mot bien phap oi pho c
ban:
Tat ca cac thanh phan khong quan trong (chang han nh cac cong
TCP/UDP) phai tnh trang thu ong.
Cac ac tnh truy nhap t xa cho truy nhap trong va truy nhap ngoai cung
phai thu ong. Neu cac ac tnh nay c ang nhap, tat ca cac hoat
ong can c kiem tra.
Bang ieu khien server e ieu khien tat ca cac ac tnh van hanh cua
he thong can c bao ve. Tat ca cac he thong van hanh co mot vai ac
tnh ac biet e bao ve bang ieu khien nay.
He thong hoan chnh co the ang nhap va kiem tra. Cac log file can phai
c giam sat thng xuyen.
Them vao o, can phai nhan manh rang mang t no phai co cach bao
ve cau hnh. V du nh nha van hanh phai thc hien cac cong viec sau:
Thay oi password a lo.
Lam cho cac port khong dung phai khong hoat ong c.
Duy tr mot nhat ky password.
S dung s nhan thc cac thc the.
Bao ve ieu khien cau hnh.


- 139 -

Hnh 6-3 Bien phap chong lai cac nguy c

5. Ket luan
Mot thach thc quan trong oi vi he thong mang NGN tren nen IP la
thc hien cac bao mat trong cac dang ng dung khac nhau. T khi bat au,
cau truc NGN a c phat trien vi s quan tam en cac van e bao mat,
da vao cac phan tch nguy c va che o IPSec t IETF. S linh hoat am
bao tnh bao mat co the at c yeu cau cua moi trng thc te. S dung
NGN trong mang da tren nen PacketCable a c kiem nh cac giai phap
bao mat. Cong viec con lai la tiep tuc bao ve mang chong lai cac cuoc tan
cong trong tng lai t cac nguon cha biet trc.
II. QoS (Quality of Service)
1. Gii thieu
Chat lng dch vu QoS chnh la yeu to thuc ay MPLS. So sanh vi
cac yeu to khac, nh quan ly lu lng va ho tr VPN th QoS khong phai la
ly do quan trong nhat e trien khai MPLS. Nh chung ta se thay di ay,
hau het cac cong viec c thc hien trong MPLS QoS tap trung vao viec ho
tr cac ac tnh cua IP QoS trong mang. Noi cach khac, muc tieu la thiet lap
iem tng ong gia cac ac tnh QoS cua IP va MPLS, ch khong phai la
lam cho MPLS QoS co chat lng cao hn IP QoS.
Mot ly do e khang nh MPLS khong giong nh IP la MPLS khong
phai la giao thc xuyen suot. MPLS khong van hanh trong cac may chu, va
trong tng lai nhieu mang IP khong s dung nhng MPLS van ton tai. QoS

- 140 -
mat khac la ac tnh thng trc cua lien lac gia cac LSR cung cap. V du
neu mot kenh ket noi trong tuyen xuyen suot co o tre cao, ton that ln,
bang thong thap se gii han QoS co the cung cap doc theo tuyen o. Mot
cach nhn nhan khac ve van e nay la MPLS khong thay oi ve can ban mo
hnh dch vu IP. Cac nha cung cap dch vu khong ban dch vu MPLS, ho cung
cap cac dch vu IP (hay Frame Relay va cac dch vu khac), va do o, neu ho
a ra QoS th ho phai da tren IP QoS (Frame Relay QoS,) ch khong
phai la MPLS QoS.
ieu nay khong co ngha la MPLS khong co vai tro trong IP QoS. Th
nhat, MPLS co the giup nha cung cap a ra cac dch vu IP QoS hieu qua
hn. Th hai, hien ang xuat hien mot so kha nang QoS mi ho tr qua
mang s dung MPLS, tuy khong thc s xuyen suot nhng co the chng to la
rat hu ch, mot so chung co the bao am bang thong cua LSP.
Do co moi quan he gan gui gia IP QoS va MPLS QoS, phan nay se
c xay dng xung quanh cac thanh phan chnh cua IP QoS. IP cung cap
hay mo hnh QoS: dch vu tch hp IntServ (s dung che o ong bo vi
RSVP) va dung cu Diffserv.
S thoa thuan mc dch vu theo:
Lp dch vu hay lp ng dung
Loai khach hang hay nhom khach hang (thc hien lp mang VPN)
Luong hay ket noi
e thc hien QoS, mang phai co:
Cac server hoach nh tuyen
Cac phan t mang thc hien hoach nh tuyen
Cac giao dien nhan biet hoach nh tuyen.


- 141 -

Mc QoS
toi thieu
Mang
Internet
ngay nay
Mc QoS
tng oi
Da vao
ToS
Mc QoS phai c
am bao
Khach hang
Internet
Cac cong ty ket
noi mang Internet
Mang VPN
Dch vu thi
gian thc
Y
e
u
c
a
u
d
a
n
h
r
i
e
n
g
t
a
u
c
u
o
i

e
n

a
u
c
u
o
i
Mc QoS

Hnh 6-4 S phat trien QoS

2. Cac ky thuat phuc vu QoS

Best Effort
IntServ
DiffServ
Controlled Load
Service
Traffic Type
M
e
d
i
a
K
y

t
h
u
a
t

Q
o
S
Guaranteed Service
Expedited Forwarding
Per Hop Behavior
Assured Forwarding
Per Hop Behavior
V
o
i
c
e
D
a
t
a
V
i
s
u
a
l
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
t
r
i
e
v
a
l
M
e
s
s
a
g
i
n
g
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
(
w
i
t
h

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
)
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
(
w
i
t
h
o
u
t

c
o
n
t
r
o
l
)

Hnh 6-5 Cac ky thuat QoS trong mang IP


- 142 -
2.1 Dch vu co gang toi a (Best Effort)
ay la dch vu pho bien tren mang Internet hay mang IP noi
chung. Cac goi thong tin c truyen i theo nguyen tac en trc
c phuc vu trc ma khong quan tam en ac tnh lu lng cua
dch vu la g. ieu nay dan en rat kho ho tr cac dch vu oi hoi o tre
thap nh cac dch vu thi gian thc hay video. Cho en thi iem nay,
a phan cac dch vu c cung cap bi mang Internet van s dung
nguyen tac Best Effort nay.
2.2 Dch vu tch hp (IntServ)
ng trc nhu cau ngay cang tang trong viec cung cap dch vu
thi gian thc (thoai, video) va bang thong cao (a phng tien), dch
vu tch hp IntServ a ra i. ay la s phat trien cua mang IP nham
ong thi cung cap dch vu truyen thong Best Effort va cac dch vu thi
gian thc. Sau ay la nhng ong lc thuc ay s ra i cua mo hnh
nay:
Dch vu co gang toi a khong con u ap ng na: ngay cang co
nhieu ng dung khac nhau, cac yeu cau khac nhau ve ac tnh lu
lng c trien khai, ong thi ngi s dung cung yeu cau chat
lng dch vu ngay cang cao hn.
Cac ng dung a phng tien ngay cang xuat hien nhieu: mang IP
phai co kha nang ho tr khong ch n dch vu ma con ho tr a
dch vu cua nhieu loai lu lng khac nhau t thoai, so lieu en
video.
Toi u hoa hieu suat s dung mang va tai nguyen mang: am bao
hieu qua s dung va au t. Tai nguyen mang se c d tr cho lu
lng co o u tien cao hn, phan con lai se danh cho so lieu best
effort.
Cung cap dch vu tot nhat: mo hnh IntServ cho phep nha cung cap
mang tung ra nhng dch vu tot nhat, khac biet vi cac oi thu canh
tranh khac.


- 143 -

Appl Setup
Classifier Sheduler
Cac giao thc nh
tuyen/ Database
Setup
Classifier Sheduler
ieu khien chap
nhan/cng bc
Cac ban tin setup at
trc
IP Data
Data

Hnh 6-6 Mo hnh dch vu IntServ

Mot so thanh phan chnh tham gia trong mo hnh nh:
Giao thc thiet lap setup: cho phep cac may chu va cac router d tr
ong tai nguyen mang e x ly cac yeu cau cua cac luong lu lng
rieng. RSVP, Q.2391 la mot trong nhng giao thc o.
ac tnh luong: xac nh chat lng dch vu QoS se cung cap cho
cac luong xac nh. Luong ay c nh ngha nh mot luong cac
goi t nguon en ch co cung yeu cau ve QoS. Ve nguyen tac co
the ac tnh luong nh bang tan toi thieu ma mang bat buoc phai
cung cap e am bao QoS cho cac luong yeu cau.
ieu khien lu lng: trong cac thiet b thiet b mang (may chu,
router, chuyen mach) co thanh phan ieu khien va quan ly tai
nguyen mang can thiet e ho tr QoS theo yeu cau. Cac thanh phan
ieu khien lu lng nay co the c khai bao bi giao thc bao
hieu RSVP hay nhan cong. Thanh phan ieu khien lu lng bao
gom:
? ieu khien chap nhan: xac nh cac thiet b mang co kha nang
ho tr QoS theo yeu cau hay khong.
? Thiet b phan loai (Classifier): nhan dang va chon la lp dch vu
tren noi dung cua mot so trng nhat nh trong mao au goi.
? Thiet b phan phoi(Scheduler): cung cap cac mc chat lng dch
vu QoS qua kenh ra cua thiet b mang.

Cac mc chat lng dch vu cung cap bi IntServ gom:
Dch vu am bao GS: bang tan danh rieng, tre co gii han va khong
b that thoat goi tin trong hang. Cac ng dung cung cap thuoc loai

- 144 -
nay co the ke en: hoi ngh truyen hnh chat lng cao, thanh toan
tai chnh thi gian thc,
Dch vu kiem soat tai: khong am bao ve bang tan hay tre, nhng
khac vi best effort iem khong giam chat lng mot cach ang
ke khi tai mang tang len. Dch vu nay phu hp cho cac ng dung
khong nhay cam lam vi o tre hay mat goi nh truyen hnh
multicast audio/video chat lng trung bnh.
Dch vu best effort
2.3 Dch vu Diffserv
Viec a ra mo hnh IntServ co ve nh giai quyet c nhieu van
e lien quan en QoS trong mang IP. Tuy nhien trong thc te mo hnh
nay a khong am bao c QoS xuyen suot (end to end). a co nhieu
co gang nham thay oi ieu nay nham at mot mc QoS cao hn cho
mang IP, va mot trong nhng co gang o la s ra i cua DiffServ.
Diffserv s dung viec anh dau goi va xep hang theo loai e ho tr
dch vu u tien qua mang IP. Hien tai IETF a co mot nhom lam viec
DiffServ e a ra cac tieu chuan RFC ve DiffServ.
Nguyen tac c ban cua Diffserv nh sau:
nh ngha mot so lng nho cac lp dch vu hay mc u tien. Mot
lp dch vu co the lien quan en ac tnh lu lng (bang tan min-
max, kch c burst, thi gian keo dai burst)
Phan loai va anh dau cac goi rieng biet tai bien cua mang vao cac
lp dch vu.
Cac thiet b chuyen mach, router trong mang loi se phuc vu cac goi
theo noi dung cua cac bit a c anh dau trong mao au cua goi.

Vi nguyen tac nay, Diffserv co nhieu li the hn so vi IntServ:
? Khong yeu cau bao hieu cho tng luong
? Dch vu u tien co the ap dung cho mot so luong rieng biet cung
mot lp dch vu. ieu nay cho phep nha cung cap dch vu de dang
phan phoi mot so mc dch vu khac nhau cho cac khach hang co nhu
cau.
? Khong yeu cau thay oi tai cac may chu hay cac ng dung e ho tr
dch vu u tien. ay la nhiem vu cua thiet b bien.
? Ho tr rat tot dch vu VPN.
Tuy nhien co the nhan thay DiffServ can vt qua mot so van e
nh:

- 145 -
Khong co kha nang cung cap bang tan va o tre am bao nh GS
cua IntServ hay ATM.
Thiet b bien van yeu cau bo Classifier chat lng cao cho tng goi
giong nh trong mo hnh IntServ.
Van e quan ly trang thai Classifier cua mot so lng ln cac thiet
b bien la mot van e khong nho can quan tam.
Chnh sach khuyen khch khach hang tren c s gia cc cho dch vu
cung cap cung anh hng en gia tr cua DiffServ.

Multi-byte
Classifier
Policier
Packet
Market
Queue
Mngt/Scheduler
DS-byte
Classifier
Queue
Mngt/Scheduler
Router bien
Router loi

Hnh 6-7 Mo hnh DiffServ tai bien va loi mang

Mo hnh bao gom cac thanh phan:
DS-byte: byte xac nh DiffServ la thanh phan TOS cua Ipv4 va
trng loai lu lng IPv6. Cac bit trong byte nay thong bao goi tin
c mong i nhan c thuoc loai dch vu nao.
Cac thiet b bien (router bien) nam tai loi vao hay loi ra cua mang
cung cap Diffserv
Cac thiet b trong mang DiffServ.
Quan ly cng bc: cac cong cu va nha quan tr mang giam sat va
o kiem am bao SLA gia mang va ngi dung.
2.4 Chat lng dch vu MPLS
Tng t nh DiffServ, MPLS cung ho tr chat lng dch vu tren
c s phan loai cac luong lu lng theo cac tieu ch nh o tre, bang
tan, au tien tai bien cua mang, luong lu lng cua ngi dung c
nhan dang (bang viec phan tch mot so trng trong mao au cua goi)
va chuyen cac luong lu lng o trong cac LSP rieng vi thuoc tnh
COS hay QoS cua no. MPLS co the ho tr cac dch vu khong nh trc
qua LSP bang viec s dung mot trong cac ky thuat sau:

- 146 -
Bo ch nh COS co the c truyen trong nhan gan lien vi tng
goi. Ben canh viec chuyen mach nhan tai tng nut LSR, moi goi co
the c chuyen sang ke6nhra da vao thuoc tnh COS. Mao au
em (Shim header) cua MPLS co cha trng COS.
Trong trng hp nhan khong cha ch th COS hien tai th gia tr
COS co the lien quan ngam nh vi mot LSP cu the. ieu o oi
hoi LDP hay RSVP gan gia tr COS khong danh nh cho LSP e cac
goi c x ly tng xng.
Chat lng dch vu QoS co the c cung cap bi mot LSP c
thiet lap tren c s bao hieu ATM (trong trng hp MPLS la mang
ATM-LSR).
3. Cac thong so QoS
o tre toan trnh Delay: tre qua mc t au cuoi en au cuoi khien
cuoc am thoai bat tien va ma16t t nhien. Moi thanh phan trong tuyen
truyen dan: may phat, mang li, may thu eu tham gia lam tang o tre.
ITU-TG.114 khuyen cao o tre toi a theo mot hng la 150 ms e am
bao thoai co chat lng cao.
o tre pha Jitter: nh lng o tre tren mang oi vi tng goi khi en
may thu. Cac goi c phat i mot cach eu an t Gateway ben trai en
c Gateway ben phai cac thi khoang khong eu. Jitter qua ln se
lam cho cuoc am thoai t quang va kho hieu. Jitter c tnh tren thi
gian en cua cac goi ke tiep nhau. Bo em Jitter c dung e giam tac
ong troi sut cua mang va tao ra dong goi en eu an hn may thu.
o mat goi Packet Loss: co the xay ra theo cum hoac theo chu ky do
mang b nghen lien tuc. Mat goi theo chu ky en 5-10% so goi phat ra co
the lam chat lng thoai xuong cap ang ke. Tng cum goi b mat khong
thng xuyen cung khien am thoai gap kho khan.
Mat trnh t goi Sequence Error: nghen tren mang chuyen mach goi co
the khien goi chon nhieu tuyen khac nhau e i en ch. Goi co the en
ch khong ung trnh t lam cho tieng noi b t khoang.
anh gia chat lng thoai la nhiem vu hang au cua cac cong ty phat
trien he thong hoac san pham thoai. e co mot thc o chnh xac va thong
nhat chat lng thoai, mot ch tieu Mean Opinion Score (MOS) a c phat
trien. MOS da tren thu tuc Absolute category Rating (ACR) e xac nh o
chap nhan tong quat, chat lng he thong hay san pham thoai. Thang o
MOS co 5 mc la: 5-Excellent, 4-Good, 3-Fair, 2-Poor, 1-Bad.
Mot phng phap khac e phan tch chat lng thoai la Perceptual
speech Quality Measurement (PSQM). ay la mot phng tien khach quan

- 147 -
e anh gia chat lng thoai khi no b xuong cap qua mang ien thoai. No
co s an cheo cao vi chat lng chu quan oi vi nhieu loai hnh meo tn
hieu va thch hp e o th cac mang li dung nhieu loai ma hoa khac
nhau va thng b loi truyen dan.
c ITU-T nh ngha trong khuyen cao P.816, PSQM c dung chu
yeu e o th cac mang co s dung nen thoai, chen thoai (digital speech
interpolation) va goi hoa (packetsation). Cac mang VoIP, VoFR, VoATM e
co cac ac tnh nay. Tuy nhien viec s dung PSQM con c m rong e th
cac he thong khong day va modem cap co mang am thoai.
BAI GIANG NGN Chng 7: Giai phap cua cac hang

- 148 -
CHNG 7:
GIAI PHAP NGN CUA
CAC HANG
----WX----
I. GII THIEU CHUNG
Trong cac phan trc ta a c tm hieu ve mang the he sau bao gom
cau truc, chuyen mach mem, bao hieu va dch vu cung nh cac van e lien
quan en dch vu cua mang NGN. Hien nay tren the gii, cac to chc vien
thong van con ang nghien cu ve NGN e a ra 1 chuan thong nhat
chung. Tuy nhien cac hang vien thong ln eu a a ra cac giai phap NGN
cua rieng mnh. o la cac hang Alcatel, Siemens, Cisco, Erickson,
Commworks, Lucent, Nortel, v.v. Ve c ban cua cac giai phap nay la giong
nhau nhng moi hang van co s khac biet nhat nh tuy thuoc vao quan iem
xay dng mang the he sau. Trong phan bai giang nay ta se xem xet giai
phap cua 2 hang Siemens va Alcatel v ay cung la 2 hang chnh se tham gia
xay dng mang the he sau NGN tai Viet Nam. SV t nghien cu cac giai
phap cua cac hang khac e co cai nhn rong hn ve quan iem xay dng
mang the he sau.

II. GIAI PHAP CUA SIEMENS
1. Gii thieu ve giai phap NGN cua SIEMENS
Giai phap xay dng mang the he sau cua SIEMENS co ten la
SURPASS. Theo quan iem cua SIEMENS, khi xay dng mang the he
sau NGN ta se xet da tren 4 kha canh sau:
Chuyen mach the he sau
Truy nhap the he sau
Truyen tai (quang) the he sau
Mang quan ly the he sau

- 149 -
Trong phan nay ta ch xet en 3 phan tr phan truyen tai quang the
he sau. Vi phan truyen tai quang the he sau th noi dung chnh cua no
ch la s dung cong nghe quang tien tien e truyen thong tin vi toc o
cao trong mang the he sau NGN.
Giai phap mang the he sau NGN cua SIEMENS c the hien trong
hnh sau:

IP (or ATM)
network
BICC
SIGTRAN
MGCP/H248
MEGACO
PSTN / ISDN
SS7
SS7
STP
PSTN
PSTN / ISDN
SS7
SS7
STP
PSTN
MGCP/H248 MEGACO
C7/IP
SIGTRAN
C7/IP
SIGTRAN
Management
ISP
Contend provider
Corba, SNMP, API, PINT
POTS
ISDN-BA
ISDN-PRA
V5.x/TR8/GR303
xDSL
ATM
FR
LL/CES
POTS
ISDN-BA
ISDN-PRA
V5.x/TR8/GR303
xDSL
ATM
FR
LL/CES
SURPASS hiS
SURPASS hiQ
SURPASS HiR
SURPASS hiG
SURPASS hiG
SURPASS hiQ
SURPASS HiR
Attane: hiA, FL, XP, WA Attane: hiA, FL, XP, WA
SURPASS hiS

Hnh 7.1: Giai phap NGN cua SIEMENS

2. Chuyen mach the he sau
Cau truc chuyen mach cua SURPASS da theo mo hnh do MSF
(Multiservice Switching Forum) a ra. Trong phan nay ta xet en cac
yeu to sau:
Trung ke ao (virtual trunking):
ay la giai phap ma SURPASS a ra cho cau truc va cac
ng dung cua mang truyen tai loi, ng truc (backbone). Giai
phap nay cho phep mang van hoat ong tot khi mang c m
rong va phuc vu cho mot lng lu lng ln hn.
Giai phap nay cho phep thoai va d lieu cung c tch
hp tren mot c s ha tang mang duy nhat.

- 150 -
ac iem noi bat cua giai phap trung ke ao la no co kha
nang tnh toan tat ca thong so quan trong cua mang. Nhng
thong so nay bao gom: so ket noi toi a co the phuc vu cung
luc, cung cap ac tnh cho tng thue bao, s linh hoat ve bang
thong (bang thong se c cung cap khac nhau tuy thuoc vao
dch vu), cac ket noi bao hieu, kha nang x ly va ac biet la
viec cung cap chat lng QoS toi u theo yeu cau.
ay la mot giai phap tot bi nhng ly do chnh sau: cung
cap tat ca dch vu cua cac mang PSTN va ISDN ong thi hoat
ong trong suot so vi cac mang nay; la cau noi cho mang loi
NGN vi cac mang hien tai bao gom mang PSTN, mang di
ong, ISDN, ; tiet kiem von au t va chi ph van hanh.
Cac thiet b chuyen mach lp loi: CRX-16000/ CRX-
32000. Cac thiet b chuyen mach lp bien: ERX-700/ ERX-
1400.
Chuyen mach goi noi hat (packet local switch):
ay la giai phap xay dng mang NGN cap o chuyen
mach lp 5 hay chuyen mach noi hat. iem noi bat cua giai
phap nay chnh la viec a chuyen mach noi hat nay vao bat c
topo mang nao eu cung co the hoat ong tot. Va no co the noi
tat ca cac dang thue bao khac nhau mot cach tiet kiem va hieu
qua ti NGN ong thi cung cap san nhieu giao dien m e co
the hoat ong vi cac tha nh phan khac cua mang.
SURPASS hiX
Access Gateway
SURPASS hiG
Media Gateway for Access
SURPASS hiG
Media Gateway for
Trunks
SURPASS hiS
Signaling Gateway
SURPASS
hiR
Server
SURPASS hiQ
Softswitch

Hnh 7.2: Giai phap chuyen mach noi hat cua SIEMENS

- 151 -
Truyen thoai qua mang bang rong:
SURPASS a ra giai phap nay nham cung cap dch vu
thoai va dch vu the he mi s dung truy nhap toc o cao ti
cac thue bao da tren goi (packet-based). Giai phap nay bao
gom tap ac tnh tot nhat cua PSTN, o tin cay cao vi bang
thong ln, s linh hoat va cac giao dien m e giao tiep vi
mang goi. No co the cung cap VoDSL, VoCable va ac biet la
VoAnyNet.
ac iem noi bat cua giai phap nay la cho phep s dung
nhieu dch vu tren 1 ng day truy nhap n, cho phep s
dung mot bo ieu khien a chc nang (chuyen mach mem
Softswitch) va co the c s dung vi bat ky phng tien
truyen tai nao.
Mot san pham cung cap dch vu VoCable la SURPASS
hiQ8000. Co the coi hiQ8000 la mot phan trong chuyen mach
mem.
Bao hieu:
Giai phap cua SURPASS a ra la Signaling Overlay
Network. Giai phap nay cho phep truyen nhieu loai bao hieu,
ac biet la bao hieu so 7 qua NGN. Ngoai ra no con cho phep
de dang nang cap kha nang va cac ac tnh hoat ong ma
khong can quan tam en qua trnh hoat ong bao hieu.
San pham nay co ten la hiS.
Cac ng dung the he mi:
ay chnh la cac server hay phan mem m ma SURPASS
cung cap cho nha van hanh e co the tao ra cac ac tnh mi
cho dch vu hay tao ra cac dch vu mi cho khach hang.
3. Truy nhap the he sau
SIEMENS a ra giai phap SURPASS Next Generation Access bao
gom cac thanh phan SURPASS Evolving Voice Access, SURPASS DSL
Broadband Access, SURPASS Multi-Service Access. Giai phap nay giup
cho ngi ieu hanh linh hoat trong viec lap at, thay the, sa cha cung
nh m rong/ nang cap thiet b truy nhap trong cac mang hien tai cung
nh thiet b truy nhap cua mang NGN.

- 152 -
SURPASS Evolving Voice Access cho phep ket noi tat ca cac loai
giao dien cua cac thue bao hien tai ti mang loi NGN, ho tr cac dch vu
chuyen mach lp 5 mot cach ay u thong qua cac giao dien m va cac
giao dien nay co the giao tiep vi mang hien tai TDM hay mang IP.
Quan trong nhat la giai phap nay cho phep viec tien len mang the he sau
co the thc hien nhanh chong tai bat ky thi iem nao.
SURPASS DSL Broadband Access cho phep s dung truy nhap bang
rong ( ay la cong nghe DSL).
SURPASS Multi-Service Access cho phep truy nhap tat ca cac dch
vu bang hep cung nh bang rong tren cung mot platform.
Cac san pham cua mang truy nhap the he mi la FastLink,
XpressLink, XpressPass, v.v. Trong o hiA la dong san pham truy nhap
a dch vu c bo sung them dch vu leased line, FastLink la dong thiet
b truy nhap cho bat c mang truc nao, XpressLink la dong thiet b truy
nhap bang rong a dch vu, XpressPass la dong thiet b tap trung bang
rong a dch vu.
Tuy nhien SIEMENS cung a ra mot giai phap cho qua trnh phat
trien qua o. Giai phap nay c ap dung trong thi ky chuyen tiep len
mang the he mi. Luc nay cac mang PSTN, ATM/ IP cung ton tai va
mang ATM/ IP cha x ly ng dung thoai. Giai phap nay ta con goi la
giai phap Attane qua o (con giai phap tren la giai phap Attane truy nhap
a dch vu cho mang NGN). Cac san pham tng ng cho giai phap nay
la hiA.

hiA7100, hiA7300
ATM/IP Network
hiA7100, hiA7300
TDM Network
VoDSL
ADSL/SDSL
POTS
ISDN-BA
ISDN-PRA
V5.1/TR8
V5.2/GR303
LL HDSL
LL Fiber
ATM/FR
LL/CES
VoDSL
ADSL/SDSL
POTS
ISDN-BA
ISDN-PRA
V5.1/TR8
V5.2/GR303
LL HDSL
LL Fiber
ATM/FR
LL/CES
Switch
ACP/V.93 ACP/V.93
Thoi Thoi
D
liu
D liu

Hnh 7.3: Giai phap cho mang truy nhap trong thi ky qua o cua
SIEMENS

- 153 -

4. Mang quan ly the he sau
Giai phap mang quan ly cho mang the he sau cua SURPASS la Next
Generation Network Management. No giup giam thieu loi, toi u cau
hnh cung nh s hoat ong, quan ly bao mat cho cac thanh phan tao
thanh NGN trong SURPASS. Nguyen ly cua giai phap nay la da tren
quan ly phan t, quan ly mien va cac ng dung.
Bao gom cac thanh phan con nh sau: NetManager la giai phap
quan ly cho chuyen mach the he sau, TNMS (Telecommunication
Network Management System) cho truyen tai quang the he sau va
AccessIntegrator cho truy nhap the he sau.
NetManager ho tr cac chc nang OAM (Operation, Administration,
Management), phat hien va x ly loi, nh dang cau hnh, tnh cc va
quan ly hoat ong cung nh s bao mat cua mang.
TNMS quan ly t cac phan t en cac mien hoat ong s dung cong
nghe quang. Cac mien hoat ong co the la PDH, SDH, DWDM, v.v.
AccessIntegrator co cau truc m theo mo hnh client/ server, co tnh
module va linh hoat giong nh mo hnh TMN.

III. GIAI PHAP CUA ALCATEL
Alcatel a ra giai phap tong the gom 6 bc phat trien t mang vien
thong hien tai tien ti mang NGN nh sau :
Bc 1: (iem xuat phat) Mang PSTN cho thoai va quay so e truy
nhap Internet.
Bc 2 : Cung co mang PSTN va hoi tu vi mang so lieu.
Bc 3 : Thoai tren cong nghe goi oi vi cac dch vu ng dai.
Bc 4 : Thoai tren cong nghe goi oi vi cac dch vu truy nhap noi
hat.
Bc 5 : Cac dch vu a phng tien c trien khai.
Bc 6 : Mang vien thong the he mi NGN hoat ong vi ay u
cac tnh nang.
Phan nay trnh bay mot giai phap ang tin cay e chuyen dch t mang
hien tai sang mang NGN, t kien truc mang chuyen mach kenh sang kien
truc mang chuyen mach goi. Cac giai phap a ra co tnh bo tr lan nhau va

- 154 -
co the cung cap phng an toi u e tien ti mo hnh mang hoan toan NGN.
Mot so giai phap c xem nh nhng bc trung gian mang lai li ch cho
ca ngi dung va nha khai thac nhng chung cung ong vai tro la nhng
bc khi au e dch chuyen he thong mang sang NGN.
Cai tien chuyen mach kenh
Cac nha cung cap dch vu ang trien khai cac tong ai kieu nh Alcatel-
1000 co the nang cap cac he thong hien co cua ho e chuyen sang NGN.
Bc au tien, cac tong ai E-1000 co the c m rong e hoat ong
thi trong moi trng NGN chuyen mach goi c trnh bay nh trong hnh
sau. Nhng s m rong nay bao gom cac cong thoai qua goi (VoPGW) ket
hp t ben ngoai- (cho giao thc IP hoac ATM) va ma tran chuyen mach
bang rong da tren goi. Viec kch hoat va bo kch hoat da tren Web do thue
bao ieu khien cung nh viec quan tr cac dch vu thoai tien tien cung cap
cho thue bao o linh hoat ang ke, trong khi van giam c chi ph van hanh
cua nha khai thac.

Hnh 7.4 Qua trnh chuyen tiep t chuyen mach kenh

Trong bc tiep theo, tong ai E-1000 c phat trien e tr thanh mot
khoi kien truc NGN c ban hoat ong hoac nh mot chuyen mach mem,
hoac nh mot cong truy nhap do mot Softswitch ben ngoai ieu khien. Muc
tieu la thc hien chuyen dch mot cach nhp nhang va toi thieu s ngng tre
kinh doanh cua cac nha khai thac.
Giai phap giam tai PSTN:
Lu lng quay so trc tiep qua Internet tang len a tao ra cac nut co
chai trong mang ien thoai. Cac nha khai thac chnh thc ang phai ng
au vi viec m rong mang ien thoai bang cac thiet b truyen thong e bu

- 155 -
ap cho lu lng da tren goi nay. Viec giam tai (offload) PSTN se chuyen
lu lng danh cho nha cung cap dch vu Internet (ISP Internet Service
Provider) ra khoi mang PSTN tai mot iem sm nhat sang mang goi truc
chnh e ti ISP. Giai phap giam tai PSTN cua Alcatel cho cac mang bang
hep da tren s ket hp Cong bao hieu cuoc goi (CSG Call Signaling
Gateway ) 5424 va Bo server truy nhap t xa (RAS) 7410. Cac cuoc goi
Internet t PSTN (qua giang) c nh tuyen qua mot RAS gan nhat ti
mang so lieu da tren ATM hoac IP s dung cac ng trung ke lien thiet b
gia re gia tong ai noi hat va RAS.
Trung tam Quan ly dch vu (SMC- Service Managenent Center) 5737
cung cap mot tap hp tnh nang quan ly cua mang rieng ao (VPN) m rong
cho nha cung cap dch vu, nhng ngi mong muon tan dung cac mang hien
co cua ho e m cac dch vu truy nhap thng mai tron goi. Cong nghe dan
en nen tang quan ly cac dch vu IP nay hien nay ang quan ly hn 10 trieu
thue bao Internet tren toan the gii.
Viec di chuyen t giam tai PSTN sang cac dch vu thoai NGN a at
c nh bo sung them nhng kha nang mi, bao gom tnh nang cua
Gatekeeper e bien oi so ien thoai sang mot a ch IP.

Hnh 7.5 Giai phap NGN s dung CGS va SMC

GK : Gatekeeper IMT : Inter Machine Trunk


- 156 -
Giam tai PSTN thong qua truy nhap bang rong
Mot cach khac e giam tai cho lu lng quay so Internet trc tiep
trong khi li nhuan t khach hang au cuoi van tang la cung cung cap truy
nhap Internet bang rong, chang han da tren cong nghe ADSL (ng day
thue bao so khong oi xng). Trong dang c ban cua no, ng day ien
thoai va day dan modem so lieu c ket hp lai tren mot truy nhap day
ong duy nhat tai nha khach hang va c phan tach vi nhau bi bo chia
tach tai Bo ghep kenh truy nhap ng day thue bao so (DSLAM Digital
Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer). Lu lng thoai c gi chuyen tiep
ti cac tong ai chuyen mach kenh truyen thong, trong khi o lu lng so
lieu c chuyen tiep ti mang goi. Giai phap nay tao ra them li nhuan
khong ch t truy nhap bang rong ma con t cac dch vu tien tien mi co the
c thc hien qua truy nhap nay. Di chuyen cuoi cung cua lu lng thoai
sang NGN co the at c bang viec trien khai mot softswitch ket hp vi
mot cong truy nhap.
Truy nhap a dch vu (Multi-service Access)
Nut truy nhap a dch vu cua Alcatel cho phep mot nha khai thac cung
cap bat ky mot s ket hp nao cua thoai bang hep va thoai bang rong DSL
va cac dch vu so lieu cho khach hang. Thong thng cac nut truy nhap a
dch vu can c trien khai ngay t bay gi, v xu hng tat yeu la cac thue
bao PSTN roi ay se di chuyen sang NGN. Mot giao dien V.5/GR.303 cung
cap mot ket noi ti cac mang ien thoai hien co; cac dch vu bang rong c
ho tr bi cac giao dien ngi dung tao ra ket noi ti cac mang SDH, PDH
va ATM. Khi c trien khai trong moi trng NGN, cong truy nhap
Litespan 1540 ket hp vi VoIP cho phep softswitch ieu khien cac dch
vu ien thoai qua mang IP/ATM nh c trnh bay trong hnh 7.6.

- 157 -

Hnh 7.6 Chuyen mach mem E.1000

Thoai qua ng day thue bao so toc o cao DSL (VoDSL)
Giai phap nay ac biet co li cho nhng khach hang doanh nghiep,
nhng ngi can dung nhieu ng day ket noi ISDN. He thong bao gom
Cong thoai ghep kenh truy nhap ASAM Alcatel 7300 (ATM Subcriber
Access Mutiplexer Bo ghep kenh truy nhap thue bao ATM) ket hp vi
IAD (Integrated Access Device) tai nha thue bao cung cap them cac ng
day thoai qua mot oi day ong duy nhat bang viec s dung Voice over DSL
(VoDSL), tiep en la mot cong ieu khien tng t mang truy nhap, sau o
en tong ai PSTN truyen thong. Giai phap nay tan dung c oi day cap
ong truyen thong ma khong phai nang cap len thanh ng truyen cap
quang trong khi van duy tr c dch vu chat lng cao nh ISDN.
Ngoai ra DSL oi xng do ASAM 7300 ho tr se cung cap cho cac
khach hang doanh nghiep mot s la chon hap dan thay the cho cac mach
dung rieng at tien.


- 158 -

Hnh 7.7 Giai phap thoai qua DSL

Giai phap NGN lp 4, lp 5
Cac chuyen mach E.1000, nh c trnh bay trong hnh 7.6, c thiet
ke e thch ng vi cac cong nghe truy nhap va cac au cuoi khac nhau,
c xem nh mot ng dung chuyen mach lp 5. iem quan trong la mot
chuyen mach mem co the thay the triet e va kha thi cho cac tong ai
chuyen mach kenh cap 4 va cap 5 ang ton tai, trong khi van ho tr mot
pham vi rong cac dch vu gia tang gia tang gia tr mi. No cho phep mot nha
khai thac trien khai mot mang NGN xep chong len mang chuyen mach kenh
cap 5 a cu e x ly lng thue bao rat ln trong cac khu vc ac biet trong
vung phuc vu. Mot chuyen mach mem co the ong thi phuc vu cho nhieu
khu vc noi tren, tao thuan li cho xep chong. Ve nguyen tac, cac chuyen
mach mem co the hoac trien khai tai bien cua mot mang ln hoac trong loi
cua mot mang nho. Ngc lai vi chuyen mach kenh, cac chuyen mach
mem co the phuc vu tat ca cac thiet b au cuoi cac may ien thoai tieu
chuan, cac may ien thoai IP, cac au cuoi a phng tien mi va cac may
tnh ca nhan PC hoac c ket noi tr c tiep vi mang so lieu, hoac qua cac
cong truyen thong.


- 159 -

Hnh 7.8 Giai phap Alcatel lp 4

Cac dch vu tien tien
Cac dch vu tien tien hau het eu la s ket hp cua thoai va d lieu.
Bang viec s dung cac he thong nhan dang tieng noi, bat ky au cuoi nao ke
ca chiec ien thoai truyen thong cung co the truy nhap cac dch vu tien tien.
Chang han truy nhap thoai ti Internet cho phep thue bao ien thoai co the
tm kiem mot ten goi tren so a ch trc tuyen. Sau khi a tm c ten,
thue bao co the yeu cau mot ket noi thoai c thiet lap ch n gian bang
cach noi mot t khoa call. Mot v du khac la kha nang bien tieng noi
thanh van ban hay van ban thanh tieng noi cua dch vu UMS (Unfield
Message Service); cac kha nang nay cho phep ngi s dung co the nghe
oc cac email va cac ban fax qua may ien thoai hoac ngc lai, ho co the
gi fax hay email t bat c ni nao tren the gii bang mot may ien thoai.
Tnh di ong la mot ong lc then chot cua cac dch vu tien tien. Se
khong co s han che nao oi vi cac au cuoi di ong. Tnh di ong ngi
dung cho phep mot thue bao s dung bat ky thiet b au cuoi nao e truy
nhap vao moi trng dch vu tai nha cua ho nham s dung c tat ca cac
dch vu a c ang ky. Mot tnh nang quan trong cua cac dch vu tien tien
nay la chung c cung cap mot cach thong suot qua cac kieu thiet b au
cuoi khac nhau ca di ong lan co nh.
Chang bao lau na, chung ta se thay rat nhieu dch vu a phng tien
mi (chang han nh cac cuoc goi co hien hnh gia ngi nay va ngi kia,
cung s dung chung tai lieu hay cac cuoc goi nhieu ben bang tieng noi va
hnh anh). Cac dch vu ien thoai chu ao va viec lam chu cac ng dung

- 160 -
cung em lai nhieu dch vu tien tien khac ma ban than chung lai ong vai
tro nh mot ong lc e tiep tuc m rong th trng cac dch vu ien thoai.
Tat ca cac dch vu nay ang tren ng phat trien da tren cac chuyen
mach mem, nham am bao cung mot o tin cay va tnh kha dung nh cac
dch vu PSTN hien nay.

IV. KET LUAN
Co kha nhieu hng e chuyen dch mang hien tai sang mang NGN.
Tren ay cung ch eu ra nhng giai phap nhat nh nh mot y tham khao
cho cac oc gia. Se khong co li khuyen chung nhat nao cho cac nha khai
thac trong viec la chon hng i nao e tien len NGN. ieu o con tuy
thuoc rat nhieu vao c s ha tang hien tai cua ho, hng phat trien mang
trong thi gian ti, va ieu khong kem phan quan trong la cac khoang au t
cho phep, c che chnh sach cua nha nc co tao ieu kien cho cac nha khai
thac trien khai cac dch vu mi, Tuy nhien, ch co mot ieu ma cac nha
khai thac eu nhan thc c o la mang NGN se la c hoi vang e ho vn
len trong viec canh tranh tren th trng vien thong ngay nay.
Cac giai phap xay dng mang the he sau do cac hang a ra eu da
tren nguyen tac la xay dng mot mang a dch vu da tren duy nhat mot c
s ha tang mang. Va cac hang a gii thieu c nhieu mo hnh cau truc
NGN cung vi cac giai phap mang kem theo cac san pham thiet b mi do
ho cung cap.
Viec ap dung theo mo hnh nao la tuy thuoc vao mang cu the cua tng
nc cung nh quan iem cua nha khai thac tai nc o.

bAl ClASC SCS Cbaong B. Cbicn |aoc gbat tricn caa nganb

- 161 -
CHNG 8:
CHIEN LC PHAT
TRIEN NGN CUA NGANH
----WX----

I. GII THIEU CHUNG
Trong cac chng trc ta a c tm hieu ve mang vien thong Viet
Nam cung nh ve mang vien thong the he sau NGN va hoat ong cua no.
Viec chuyen oi t mang vien thong hien tai len mang NGN la ieu tat yeu
cua xu hng phat trien. Chng nay se trnh bay chien lc phat trien mang
NGN cua chnh nganh vien thong Viet Nam. Viec xay dng tuy thuoc vao
tnh hnh mang cu the va quan iem cua nha khai thac. ay ta xet 2 quan
iem: xay dng tren c s mang hien tai va xay dng hoan toan mi.

II. NGUYEN TAC THC HIEN TRIEN KHAI MANG NGN
1. Yeu cau chung
Qua trnh chuyen oi t mang hien tai sang mang NGN can am
bao cac yeu cau sau:
Tranh lam anh hng en cac chc nang cung nh viec cung cap
dch vu cua mang hien tai. Tien ti cung cap dch vu thoai va so lieu
tren mot c s ha tang thong tin duy nhat. ong thi phai ho tr cac
thiet b khach hang ang s dung.
Mang phai co cau truc n gian, giam toi thieu so cap chuyen mach
va chuyen tiep truyen dan nham nang cao hieu qua s dung, chat
lng mang li va giam chi ph khai thac va bao dng. Cau truc to
chc mang khong phu thuoc vao a gii hanh chnh. Va cau truc
chuyen mach phai am bao an toan, da tren chuyen mach goi.
He thong quan ly mang, dch vu phai co tnh tap trung cao.

- 162 -
Viec chuyen oi phai thc hien tng bc va phai theo nhu cau cua
th trng.
Han che au t cac ky thuat phi NGN cung luc vi viec trien khai va
hoan thien cac cong nghe mi.
Phai bao toan von au t cua VNPT.
Xac nh cac giai oan can thiet e chuyen sang NGN. Co cac sach
lc thch hp cho tng giai oan chuyen hng e viec trien khai
mang NGN c on nh va an toan.
2. Muc tieu xay dng
Dch vu phai a dang, co gia thanh thap. Thi gian a dch vu mi
ra th trng c rut ngan.
Giam chi ph khai thac mang va dch vu.
Nang cao hieu qua au t.
Tao ra nhng nguon doanh thu mi, khong phu thuoc vao nguon
doanh thu t cac dch vu truyen thong.
3. Qua trnh chuyen oi tng bc
u tien giai quyet phan tai lu lng Internet cho cac tong ai
chuyen mach noi hat. am bao cung cap dch vu truy nhap bang
rong (bao gom ca truy nhap Internet toc o cao) tai cac thanh pho
ln trc.
Tao c s ha tang thong tin bang rong e phat trien cac dch vu a
phng tien, phuc vu chng trnh chnh phu ien t, cua quoc gia.
u tien thc hien tren mang lien tnh trc nham ap ng nhu cau
ve thoai va tang hieu qua s dung cac tuyen truyen dan ng truc.
Mang noi tnh thc hien co trong iem tai cac thanh pho co nhu cau
truyen so lieu, truy nhap Internet bang rong.
Lap at cac thiet b chuyen mach the he mi, cac may chu e phuc
vu cac dch vu a phng tien chat lng cao.

III. HNG PHAT TRIEN MANG NGN OI VI CAC NHA CUNG
CAP DCH VU KHAC NHAU
Co 2 hng e phat trien mang NGN: xay dng mot mang NGN hoan
toan mi va xay dng mang NGN da tren c s mang hien co. Tuy vao

- 163 -
hien trang cua mang hien tai va quan iem cua nha khai thac ma giai phap
thch hp se c ng dung.
Trc het se xet 2 quan iem tren da vao yeu to s phat trien mang va
phat trien dch vu qua cac hnh sau:
Cac dch vu phat
trien tiep theo cua
mang hien tai
Cac dch vu phat
trien tiep theo cua
mang the he sau
Cac dch vu hien nay
cua mang hien tai
S

p
h
a
t

t
r
i
e
n

d
c
h

v
u
S phat trien mang

Hnh 8.1: Xu hng phat trien mang va dch vu theo quan iem da tren c s
mang hien tai
Cac dch vu cua
mang the he sau
Cac dch vu phat
trien tiep theo cua
mang the he sau
Cac dch vu hien nay
cua mang hien tai
S

p
h
a
t

t
r
i
e
n

d
c
h

v
u
S phat trien mang

Hnh 8.2: Xu hng phat trien mang va dch vu theo quan iem xay dng mot
mang hoan toan mi

- 164 -

Viet Nam, viec xay dng mang NGN c nhn di 2 goc o cua 2
nha khai thac dch vu khac nhau: cac nha cung cap dch vu truyen thong (con
goi la cac nha cung cap dch vu co nh ESP Established Service Provider)
va cac nha cung cap dch vu mi (con co ten cac nha cung cap dch vu
Internet ISP Internet Service Provider hoac nha cung cap dch vu ng dung
ASP Application Service Provider).
1. Nha cung cap dch vu co nh ESP (Established Service Provider)
1.1 oi vi mang truy nhap
Giam so lng cac phan t mang xep chong, toi u hoa mang
PSTN.
To chc lai mang e co nang lc x ly dch vu bang rong.
Tng bc trien khai cac chuyen mach the he mi. Khi au
bang viec trien khai VoATM mc qua giang e x ly lu
lng Internet, ket noi lu lng mang di ong, va cac lu
lng khong the d bao trc (so lieu).
Xay dng mot mang ng truc duy nhat. Trien khai cac cong
tch hp VoATM-GW/ VoIP-GW, cac giao thc chuyen mach
mem (MeGaCo, MGCP, SIP, SIGTRAN, BICC,), nh hng
chuyen mach qua giang sang mang NGN. ong thi lap at cac
cong ieu khien phng tien MGC, thc hien chuyen oi mang
NGN cap qua giang.
1.2 oi vi mang truy nhap
au tien la bat au trien khai mot so dch vu a phng tien:
dch vu truy nhap bang rong ADSL, ong thi a vao s dung
chuyen mach mem va khoi tap trung thue bao the he mi co ho
tr bang rong.
Tiep theo se trien khai cac ng dung a phng tien cho ADSL,
UMTS va ien thoai IP. Khi gia thanh cua chuyen mach s
dung trong NGN a thap hn so vi chuyen mach kenh, QoS
trong mang NGN a c chuan hoa ta se trien khai them cac
ng day ien thoai hay chuyen ket noi khach hang t cac bo
tap trung thue bao truyen thong en mang truy nhap NGN.
ong thi ta se lap at chuyen mach mem cho tong ai noi hat

- 165 -
va lap at cac Access Gateway e noi mang hien tai vi mang
loi chuyen mach goi cua NGN.
1.3 Yeu cau oi vi mang
Phai ap ng yeu cau ve o tin cay va kha nang m rong.
ong thi cac dch trien khai mang phai c toi u hoa trong viec
s dung cac nguon tai nguyen mang.
2. Nha cung cap dch vu mi ISP/ ASP (Internet Service Provider/
Application Service Provider)
Do cac nha khai thac nay a co san ha tang chuyen mach goi nen ho
rat thuan li trong viec xay dng mang NGN.
Khi tien hanh xay dng mang the he sau ho co the lap at cac cong
ieu khien phng tien MGC, cac server truy nhap mang NAS (Network
Access Server) va server truy nhap bang rong t xa BRAS (Broadband
Remote Access Server), ong thi a vao s dung cac giao thc bao
hieu SIP, H.323, SIGTRAN, vao VoIP va cac giao thc mi bo sung
cho mang. Ve cau truc mang th phai giam cac cap chuyen mach ac biet
la cac tong ai noi hat, chuyen cac loai thue bao sang thanh thue bao
NGN.
Nh tren ta thay, cac ESP co xu hng xay dng mang the he sau theo
quan iem da tren c s mang hien tai va cac ISP/ ASP theo quan iem con
lai.

IV. CAC GIAI PHAP E XUAT CHO VIEC PHAT TRIEN MANG
NGN CUA NGANH
1. Giai phap xay dng NGN tren c s mang hien tai
1.1 Noi dung cua giai phap:
C s ha tang cua mang hien tai c to chc lai va phat trien
dan dan len. Nang cap cac thiet b chuyen mach hien co (cong nghe
TDM) e ho tr cac dch vu mi chat lng cao nh video, so lieu.
ong thi co the bo sung co han che mot so chuyen mach a dch
vu (chuyen mach mem) tai mot so nut mang chnh, ac biet la trung
tam ieu khien va ng dung cua cac vung lu lng.
Ngoai ra trong giai phap nay lai co 2 phng an con nh sau:


- 166 -
Phng an 1
Phng an ap dung cho nhng nha khai thac mang co yeu
cau hien ai hoa va m rong mang trong thi gian ngan.
Phng an nay bao gom 4 bc.
Bc 1: oi vi mang thoai TDM th trien khai mang
truyen dan SDH, mach chuyen mach ATM ong thi bo sung
thiet b telephony server e quan ly thoai. oi vi mang so lieu
th gi nguyen ky thuat IP/MPLS hoac ATM/FR va trang b
them cac cong gateway, thc hien ket noi gia mang thoai va
mang so lieu cac nut bien mang.
Bc 2: tiep tuc phat trien ky thuat SDH, ATM cho mang
thoai. Vi mang so lieu th phat trien thanh mang a dch vu
IP/MPLS va tang cng kha nang cua cac cong giao tiep cac
nut bien mang (chung co nhiem vu ket noi gia mang a dch
vu va mang thoai). Trang b them IP telephone server cho quan
ly mang a dch vu.
Bc 3: xay dng ch con mot mang thong nhat cho thoai
va d lieu nhng luc nay cha phai la mang tch hp a dch vu
hoan toan. Mang PSTN s dung TMD se khong con ton tai
rieng biet. Tiep tuc tch hp va phat trien mang a dch vu
IP/MPLS.
Bc 4: hnh thanh mang tch hp a dch vu hoan toan.
Luc nay ch con mang a dch vu IP/MPLS ton tai va phat
trien. Va telephony server va IP telephone server se quan ly
mang a dch vu.
Phng an 2
Phng an ap dung cho nhng nha khai thac mang co yeu
cau hien ai hoa va m rong mang trong thi gian dai. Phng
an nay cung bao gom 4 bc.
Bc 1: khong phat trien them mang thoai TDM t ay ve
sau. Vi mang so lieu th gi nguyen mang chuyen mach goi
IP/MPLS hoac ATM/FR va trang b them cac cong gateway.
Bc 2 en bc 4 giong cac bc 2, 3, 4 cua phng an 1.


- 167 -
1.2 u iem
Gia thanh au t ban au thap.
Co kha nang cung cap dch vu mi, dch vu truy nhap bang
rong.
Bao ve toi a nguon von a au t tren mang hien tai.
1.3 Nhc iem
Viec nang cap cac chuyen mach hien co t TDM sang IP/ATM
ch la bc em ma khong thay oi c ve c ban cong nghe
chuyen mach phuc vu cho cac dch vu mi. ieu nay co ngha
la khong giai quyet c van e c ban la kha nang tao dch vu
mi cung nh nguyen tac to chc mang the he mi. Va no se
lam phat sinh nhieu van e chuyen tiep va lam tang chi ph ve
sau.
Chi ph au t ban au thap nhng chi ph van hanh va khai
thac se cao hn so vi mang hien tai do khong co c s quan
ly thong nhat trong toan mang.
Kha nang canh tranh kem khi xuat hien cac nha khai thac the
he mi v ho co c s ha tang mang NGN hoan toan mi.
2. Giai phap xay dng NGN hoan toan mi
2.1 Noi dung cua giai phap
Giai phap nay chu trng gi nguyen mang hien tai va khong
au t tiep tuc phat trien. Tap trung nhan lc va tai lc vao viec
trien khai cac tong ai a dch vu the he sau.
Mang NGN c xay dng trc het phai co kha nang cung
cap cac nhu cau ve dch vu cua mang hien tai a quen thuoc vi
khach hang. Sau o trien khai mot so nhu cau dch vu mi. Ke tiep
trien khai nhieu dch vu mi tren nen mang NGN nhng phai can
bang gia cung va cau.
Cac nut chuyen mach cua hai mang nay se lien he nhau rat t
(chu yeu phuc vu cho cac dch vu thoai IP) thong qua cac cong giao
tiep Media Gateway.


- 168 -
2.2 u iem
Thay oi hoan toan cau truc mang, tang kha nang canh tranh.
Hoan toan san sang cung cap dch vu mi, dch vu truy nhap
bang rong.
Thi gian trien khai nhanh chong.
o tng thch cao.
Quan ly thong nhat, tap trung.
2.3 Nhc iem
Gia thanh au t ban au cao.
Rui ro do d bao nhu cau vt ngng dan en hau qua au t
thap, thi gian hoan von lau.
Tang chi ph do phai tang cng lc lng lao ong ky thuat
mi.
3. Nhan xet va anh gia
Co nhieu giai phap c a ra nham ap ng nhu cau cua cac nha
khai thac muon chuyen t mang truyen thong sang mang the he sau. Tuy
vao hien trang mang, quan iem cua chnh nha khai thac ma giai phap
thch hp c la chon. Va viec xay dng mang phai da vao nhu cau
mi cua khach hang e thu hut va gi khach hang. ieu nay cung co
ngha la cac nha khai thac se trien khai mang NGN theo hng e ap
ng cho nhu cau phat trien dch vu cua khach hang.

V. NGUYEN TAC TO CHC MANG NGN CUA VNPT
1. Phan vung lu lng
Cau truc mang the he sau c xay dng da tren phan bo thue bao
theo vung a ly, khong to chc theo a ban hanh chnh ma phan theo
vung lu lng. Trong mot vung co nhieu khu vc va trong mot khu vc
co nhieu tnh thanh. So lng cac tnh, thanh trong moi khu vc tuy thuoc
vao lu lng cua cac tnh thanh o (gia s cac thue bao cung loai eu co
thi gian s dung nh nhau th lu lng t le vi so thue bao). Can c
vao phan bo thue bao, mang NGN cua VNPT c phan thanh 5 vung lu
lng nh sau:


- 169 -
Vung 1: cac tnh pha Bac tr Ha Noi.
Vung 2: Ha Noi.
Vung 3: cac tnh mien Trung va Tay Nguyen.
Vung 4: Tp Ho Ch Minh.
Vung 5: cac tnh pha Nam tr Tp Ho Ch Minh.
2. To chc lp ng dung va dch vu
Lp ng dung va dch vu c to chc thanh mot cap cho toan mang
nham bao am cung cap dch vu en tan nha thue bao nhanh chong, ong
bo va viec cung cap cac dch vu mi cho khach hang cung de dang hn.
So lng nut ng dung/ dch vu phu thuoc vao lu lng dch vu
cung nh so lng va loai hnh dch vu hien co tren mang.
Nut ng dung/ dch vu c ket noi mc Gigabit Ethernet 1+1 vi
nut ieu khien va ca 2 loai nay eu c at tai cac trung tam mang
NGN Ha Noi va TpHCM.
3. To chc lp ieu khien
Lp ieu khien c to chc thanh mot cap cho toan mang, thay v 4
cap nh hien nay, va c phan bo theo vung lu lng. ieu nay giup
cho ta giam en mc toi thieu cac cap mang, tan dung nang lc x ly
cuoc goi cua cac thiet b ieu khien the he mi va giam chi ph au t
tren mang.
So lng nut ieu khien phu thuoc vao lu lng phat sinh cua tng
vung lu lng va c to chc thanh cap (2 mat phang A va B) nham
am bao tnh an toan cua mang.
Moi mot nut ieu khien c ket noi vi mot cap nut chuyen mach
ATM+IP ng truc. Trong giai oan au, moi vung c trang b t nhat
la 2 nut ieu khien.
Hnh sau trnh bay viec to chc lp ng dung/ dch vu va lp ieu
khien:


- 170 -

Ha Noi Tp HCM
H
a

N
o
i
T
p

H
C
M
M
i
e
n

T
r
u
n
g
M
i
e
n

B
a
c
M
i
e
n

N
a
m
Lp ng dung
va dch vu
Lp ieu
khien
Cac lp di

Hnh 8.3: To chc lp ng dung/ dch vu va lp ieu khien

4. To chc lp truyen tai
Lp truyen tai co chc nang truyen tai lu lng ca 2 dang ATM
va IP. Trong chien lc phat trien mang NGN cua nganh, lp nay c to
chc thanh 2 cap: cap ng truc (quoc gia) va cap vung.


- 171 -

Vong ring SDH
Ha Noi Tp HCM
ATM+IP ATM+IP ATM+IP
ATM+IP ATM+IP
ATM+IP ATM+IP ATM+IP
ATM+IP ATM+IP
ATM+IP
ATM+IP
ATM+IP
ATM+IP ATM+IP
Bo tap trung
ATM/IP
Bo tap trung
ATM/IP
Bo truy
nhap
Bo truy
nhap
Bo truy
nhap
Bo truy
nhap
Router
Lp ng dung
va dch vu
Lp ieu khien
Lp truyen tai
Mat A
Lp truy nhap
Mat B
Cap
ng
truc
Cap
vung
> 155Mbps
> 155Mbps
> 2.5 Gbps
> 2.5 Gbps
ien thoai truyen thong POTS, ATM, FR, X.25, VoIP, xDSL,

Hnh 8.4: To chc lp truyen tai


- 172 -

Cap ng truc (cap quoc gia)
Cap nay c to chc thanh 2 mat phang (e am bao o an
toan cua mang) va no co nhiem vu chuyen mach cuoc goi gia cac
vung lu lng. Cac thanh phan chnh cua cap nay la cac nut chuyen
mach ng truc ATM+IP va cac tuyen truyen dan. Cac tuyen nay
ket noi cheo gia cac nut ng truc va kha nang nho nhat cua
chung la 2.5 Gbps.
So lng va quy mo nut chuyen mach ng truc phu thuoc
vao lu lng phat sinh tren ng truc.
Trong giai oan au, cac nut chuyen mach ng truc c
trang b vi kha nang chuyen mach ATM < 20 Gbps va kha nang
nh tuyen toi a la 300 trieu goi/ giay. Cac nut nay c at tai
cac trung tam truyen dan lien tnh VTN.
Cap vung
Cac thanh phan cap vung la cac nut chuyen mach noi vung
ATM+IP va cac bo tap trung noi vung. Nhiem vu cua chung la am
bao cho viec chuyen mach cuoc goi trong cuoc goi va sang vung
khac.
Cac nut chuyen mach noi vung c ket noi mc toi thieu la
155 Mbps. Va chung c at tai v tr cac tong ai chu host hien
nay va c ket noi trc tiep vi nhau theo dang vong ring.
Hn the na, chung c noi en cac nut chuyen mach ng
truc ca 2 mat phang bang cac tuyen truyen dan noi vung (155
Mbps).
Mot ieu can lu y la cac nut chuyen mach noi vung phai tch
hp tnh nang may chu truy nhap bang rong t xa BRAS
(Broadband Remote Access Server) nham thc hien chc nang iem
truy nhap IP POP bang rong cho cac thue bao xDSL.
So lng va quy mo cac nut chuyen mach cua mot vung trong
giai oan au phu thuoc vao nhu cau dch vu tai vung o. Trong giai
oan ban au, cac nut chuyen mach co kha nang chuyen mach toi
a 2.5 Gbps va kha nang nh tuyen khong ln hn 500 ngan goi/
giay.

- 173 -
Cac bo tap trung ATM/ IP cung c ket noi vi cac nut
chuyen mach noi vung bang cac tuyen dan toi thieu 155 Mbps.
Ngoai ra cac bo tap trung nay c ket noi en cac bo truy nhap
lp truy nhap bang cac tuyen n*E1. nhiem vu cua cac bo tap trung
nay la tap trung cac luong E1 thanh luong ATM. Va chung c at
tai cac iem truyen dan noi tnh hien nay.
So lng va quy mo cac bo tap trung phu thuoc vao so nut truy
nhap va so thue bao cua cac nut truy nhap.
5. To chc lp truy nhap
Lp truy nhap gom cac nut truy nhap hu tuyen va vo tuyen c to
chc khong phu thuoc theo a gii hanh chnh.
Cac nut truy nhap cua cac vung lu lng se c noi ti cac nut
chuyen mach ng truc cua vung tng ng (thong qua nut chuyen
mach noi vung) ma khong ket noi ti cac nut chuyen mach ng truc
cua vung khac.
Nut truy nhap ket noi vi nut chuyen mach noi vung bang cac kenh
co toc o phu thuoc vao so lng thue bao tai nut truy nhap o (n*E1).
Cac thiet b truy nhap the he mi phai co kha nang cung cap cong
dch vu POTS, ATM, IP, FR, IP VPN, xDSL, VoIP, VoATM,
6. Lo trnh chuyen oi
Nganh bu chnh vien thong Viet Nam hien nay a co lo trnh
chuyen oi t mang hien tai sang mang NGN cho giai oan 2001 2010.
Lo trnh nay bao gom 3 giai oan nho nh sau:


- 174 -

IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS IP/MPLS IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
TGW
PSTN
TGW
PSTN
PoP-
Internet
IP/MPLS IP/MPLS
Dch vu-
ng dung
ieu khien
Truyen tai
Cap ng
truc
Mat A
Mat B
Cap vung
TP Ho Ch
MInh
Mien
Trung- Tay
Nguyen
Ha Noi Pha Bac Pha Nam
Ket noi vi
mang hien
thi
BRAS
Ve tinh
DLC,..
V 5.1
V5.2
Phan theo
cap tong ai
Chuyen
mach noi
hat
Chuyen
mach quoc
gia
Chuyen
mach
quoc te
Truy nhap
thue bao

Hnh 8.5: Lo trnh chuyen oi

Giai oan 2001 2003
Trong giai oan nay ta trien khai lap at cac nut ieu khien,
nut dch vu va mot phan mang ng truc.
au tien trang b 2 nut eu khien va 2 nut dch vu tai mien Bac
(tai Ha Noi) va tai mien Nam (Tp Ho Ch Minh). Nang lc x ly cua
moi nut phai tren 4 trieu BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempt) tng
ng vi 240 ngan kenh trung ke hay tren 400 ngan thue bao.
oi vi chuyen mach ng truc th lap at 3 nut (nut oi tai
moi iem do co 2 mat phang) lan lt tai mien Bac (Ha Noi), mien
Nam (Tp Ho Ch Minh), va mien Trung (a Nang).
Trang b cac cong trung ke Trunk Gateway va nut chuyen mach
noi vung cho 11 tnh, thanh pho co lu lng thong tin ln ong thi
thc hien ket noi gia chuyen mach NGN vi cac chuyen mach
truyen thong tai nhng ni nay. 11 tnh, thanh pho nay bao gom Ha
Noi, Tp Ho Ch Minh, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Hue, a Nang,
Khanh Hoa, Ba Ra Vung Tau, ong Nai, Bnh Dng, Can Th.

- 175 -
Lap at cac nut truy nhap NGN (giai phap tam thi la nut truy
nhap xDSL) nham cung cap dch vu truy nhap Internet toc o cao tai
cac tong ai Host trung tam cua cac tnh ke tren.
Nh vay vao giai oan nay se co mang chuyen mach lien vung
va noi vung tai ca 5 vung lu lng. Mot phan lu lng thoai cua
mang ng truc PSTN se c chuyen sang mang ng truc cua
NGN.
Giai oan 2004 2005
ay la giai oan hoan chnh mang cap ng truc.
Trc tien se trien khai dch vu truy nhap bang rong xDSL tai
tat ca cac tnh, thanh trong ca nc va lap at cac bo tap trung
chuyen mach goi thc hien chc nang BRAS (phuc vu cho dch vu
truy nah65p Internet qua xDSL). Tang so lng cac bo tap trung
bang rong, cac thiet b truy nhap NGN.
Tang so nut ieu khien va so nut chuyen mach nham m rong
vung phuc vu cua mang NGN. Hoan thien to chc 2 mat phang
chuyen mach cap ng truc va chuyen mach cap vung. oi vi
chuyen mach cap ng truc th lap at them 2 tong ai chuyen
mach loi tai Ha Noi va Tp Ho Ch Minh. Tai a Nang lap at them
1 trung tam ieu khien chuyen mach mem.
Giai oan 2006 2010
Trong giai oan nay se hoan thien lp ieu khien.
Cac nut chuyen mach cap ng truc, cac nut ieu khien c
bo sung them e tao thanh 2 mat phang chuyen mach A va B ay
u. Luc nay nhiem vu cua lp nay la chuyen tai lu lng cho 5
vung lu lng.
Luc nay lu lng cua PSTN mot phan c chuyen qua mang
truyen thong va phan ln c chuyen qua mang NGN.


- 176 -

VI. KET LUAN
Viec xay dng mang NGN la xu hng phat trien tat yeu cua nganh
vien thong the gii va Viet Nam cung khong nam ngoai xu hng ay. Tren
ay ch a ra giai phap cua nganh vien thong Viet Nam ve viec phat trien
mang the he sau NGN vi chi tiet cu the c a ra vao nam 2002. Trong
cac giai oan tiep theo se co the co nhng thay oi trong chien lc xay
dng NGN e phu hp vi tnh hnh thc te.

Tong Quan Ve Mang NGN

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Tong Quan Ve Mang NGN

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BAI GIANG NGN Chng 1: Tong quan ve NGN

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