Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban

e Cng Mon Hoc

LY THUYET TN HIEU
(45tiet : 30LT + 15BT)
I. Chng 1: Nhng khai niem c ban (6LT +
0BT)
1.1. Tin tc Tn hieu He thong
1.2. Phan loai tn hieu
1.3. Bieu dien toan hoc
II. Chng 2: Tn hieu xac nh (12LT +
9BT)
2.1. Phan tch thi gian
- Cac thong so ac trng
- Cac v du ve tn hieu xac nh
- Phan tch tn hieu ra cac thanh phan
2.2. Phan tch tng quan
- Khoang cach tn hieu
- He so tng quan cua tn hieu
- Ham tng quan cua tn hieu
2.3. Phan tch pho
- Pho cua tn hieu nang lng: nh ngha,
cac tnh chat
- Pho cua tn hieu cong suat
- Mat o pho
2.4. Truyen tn hieu qua mach truyen tin
- Quan he vao ra cua he thong truyen tin
trong mien thi gian
- Qua he vao ra cua he thong truyen tin
bat bien trong mien tan so.
III. Chng 3: Tn hieu ieu che (9LT +
6BT)
3.1. Nhng khai niem c ban
3.2. ieu che lien tuc
- Song mang
- ieu che bien o
- ieu che goc
3.3. Ri rac tn hieu
3.4. ieu che xung
- Song mang
- ieu bien xung
- ieu xung code
Trang: 1
Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
3.5. Phan kenh
Kiem tra gia ky, on tap cuoi ky
(3tiet)
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Pham Th C LY THUYET TN HIEU NXBGD
1996
2. Alan V.Oppenheim; Alan S.Willsky SIGNALS &
SYSTEMS
Prentice Hall Internatimal, INC.
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
CHNG 1: NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN(6LT)
1.1- TIN TC TN HIEU HE THONG:
ay la nhng thuat ng, ong thi la
nhng van e quan trong trong ly thuyet tn
hieu.
1. Tin tc : la nhng noi dung can thiet truyen
i t nguon tin en ni nhan tin. o la tieng
noi, am nhac, hnh anh, so lieu,. Tin tc co
tnh bat ng oi vi ngi nhan tin do khong
c biet trc.
2. Tn hieu : Tn hieu la bieu hien vat ly cua
tin tc ma no mang t nguon tin en ni
nhan tin.
3. He thong : He thong la nhng thiet b
(phan cng) hay nhng thuat toan (phan
mem), e thc hien nhng tac ong theo
mot quy tac nao o len tn hieu ( au vao
he thong), e tao ra mot tn hieu khac (
au ra he thong).
1.2 - PHAN LOAI TN HIEU:
Tn hieu la bieu hien vat ly cua tin tc, do
o no phai la mot qua trnh vat ly thc
hien c, ta goi o la tn hieu vat ly. Tn
hieu vat ly co cac ac iem sau:
- Co nang lng hu han.
- Bien o la ham lien tuc va co gia tr
lien tuc.
- Co pho hu han va tien ti khong kh
tan so tien ti vo cuung.
1. Mo hnh toan hoc :
Muc ch cua mon hoc Ly thuyet Tn hieu la
tm ra nhng mo hnh toan hoc e bieu dien
tn hieu vat ly va cac phng phap x ly tn
hieu trong nhieu lnh vc nh: thong tin, o
lng, ieu khien,. Tn hieu co ban chat
vat ly khac nhau, no co the la ham cua
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
nhieu bien, nhng noi chung eu la ham cua
thi gian. Do vay, ngi ta thng dung cac
ham thc hay phc theo thi gian e bieu
dien tn hieu. Mo hnh phai bao am tnh
chnh xac, nhng khong c qua phc tap
cho viec tnh toan.
e bieu dien tn hieu la cac ham cua thi
gian, ta dung cac ch cai thng. V du:
nguon ap e(t), nguon dong j(t), ien ap tren
cac phan t mach ien u(t), va dong ien
i(t) ,. Trong trng hp tong quat, khong
phai la tn hieu ien, ta se dung cac ky
hieu khac nh x(t), y(t), z(t),.
2. Phan loai tn hieu:
e tien cho viec phan tch va x ly tn hieu,
ngi ta co the phan loai chung theo cac
cach sau:
Tn hieu xac nh va ngau nhien:
Tn hieu xac nh la tn hieu ma qua trnh
thi gian cua no c bieu dien bang cac
ham thc hay phc theo thi gian. V du: Tn
hieu ien ap u(t) = 10 sin(300t + 45
0
). Tn hieu
ngau nhien la tn hieu ma qua trnh thi gian
cua no khong the bieu dien bang cac ham
thi gian nh tieng noi, am nhac, hnh anh,..
Tn hieu lien tuc va ri rac:
Co the tien hanh ri rac thang gia tr hoac
thang thi gian va tng ng ta se co cac tn
hieu sau:
- Tn hieu co gia tr lien tuc theo thi gian
lien tuc c goi la tn hieu tng t.
- Tn hieu co gia tr ri rac theo thi gian
lien tuc c goi la tn hieu lng t.
- Tn hieu co gia tr lien tuc theo thi gian
ri rac, c goi la tn hieu ri rac.
- Tn hieu co gia tr va thi gian eu ri
rac c goi la tn hieu so.
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
Cac tn hieu khac:
Da vao cac thong so ac trng cho tn hieu,
ngi ta con phan loai nh sau (se xet trong
chng 2).
- Tn hieu nang lng va cong suat.
- Tn hieu tan thap, tan cao, dai rong, dai
hep.
- Tn hieu co thi gian hu han va vo han.
- Tn hieu co gia tr hu han.
- Tn hieu nhan qua.
1.3- BIEU DIEN GIAI TCH TN HIEU:
Viec chon mo hnh toan hoc hp ly co y
ngha quan trong trong viec phan tch va x ly
tn hieu. Mo hnh toan hoc phai thoa man
cac yeu cau sau:
- De dang cho viec tnh toan va o lng
cac thong so cua tn hieu.
- Bieu dien chnh xac cac tnh chat vat ly
cua tn hieu.
Thong thng co hai cach bieu dien tn hieu
la bieu dien ri rac va bieu dien lien tuc
c trnh bay sau ay.
1. Bieu dien ri rac tn hieu:
Trong cach bieu dien nay, tn hieu c bieu
dien bang mot tap ham xac nh hoac
bang cac day so thc hoac phc. Cac tap
ham dc chon e bieu dien ri rac tn hieu
thng la cac tap ham trc giao.
a. nh ngha tn hieu trc giao :
Tnh vo hng gia hai tn hieu c xac nh
nh sau:
(x
1
(t),x
2
(t)) =

dt t x t x ) ( ) ( 2
*
1
(1.1)
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
Vi tn hieu co thi han hu han, tch vo
hng no c xac nh trong khoang thi
gian hu han.
Theo nh ngha, hai tn hieu c goi la trc
giao khi:
(x
1
(t), x
2
(t)) = 0 (1.2)
Va chuan hoa neu:
(x(t), x(t)) = 1 (1.3)
b. Bieu dien tn hieu bang chuoi ham
trc giao:
Bieu dien ri rac tn hieu la khai trien no
thanh to hp tuyen tnh cua cac ham lien
tuc
n
(t), vi n = 1,2,. nh sau:
xl(t) =

N
n
n n
t
1
) ( (1.4)
Trong o,
n
la he so khai trien chuoi can
phai xac nh. Chuoi (1.4) tuy thuoc vao tap
ham
n
(t), no c chon sao cho phu hp vi
muc ch phan tch tn hieu. Tap ham
n
(t)
thng c chon la tap ham trc chuan,
tc la:
(
i
(t),
n
(t)) =

'

1
0
n i
n i

(1.5)
Khi o, cac he so khai trien chuoi se c
xac nh bang cach lay tch vo hng hai ve
chuoi (1.4) vi tap ham
n
(t) nh sau:
(x(t),
i
(t)) =

N
n i
n n i
t t
1 ,
)) ( ), ( (
(1.5)
Co the bieu bien phng trnh (1.5) di dang
ma tran:
[a] = [A] [] (1.6)
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
Trong o [a] la ma tran cot cac tch vo
hng cua tn hieu x(t) va tap ham trc
chuan:
[a] =
1
1
1
1
]
1

)) ( ), ( (
...
)) ( ), ( (
)) ( ), ( (
2
1
t t
t t
t t
n



(1.7)
Con [A] la ma tran tch vo hng cua cac
ham ) t (
n
vi nhau, o la ma tran vuong
cap NxN.
1
1
1
1
]
1

) , ( ..... ) , ( ) , (
.... .... .... ....
) , ( ..... ) , ( ) , (
) , ( ..... ) , ( ) , (
] [
2 1
2 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 1
n n n n
n
n
A (1.8)
V [] la ma tran cot cac he so khai trien
can tm:
[ ]
1
1
1
1
]
1

n
2
1
..
(1.9)
Nghiem cua phng trnh (1.6):
] a [ ] A [ ] [
1

(1.10)
Bi v ) t (
n
la ham trc chuan, nen ma tran
[A] la ma tran n v, va do o ma tran nghch
ao cua no cung la ma tran n v,ta co:
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
] a [ ] [ (1.11)
c. Mot vai v du ve chuoi ham trc giao:
Nh a noi muc tren, tuy theo cac tap
ham ) t (
n
ma ta co cac bieu dien ri rac
khac nhau cua tn hieu c dung cho cac
muc ch phan tch khac nhau. Sau ay la hai
chuoi ham c dung trong viec phan tch
pho (chuoi Fourier) va ri rac tn hieu (chuoi
Shanon).
Chuoi Fourier lng giac:
Chuoi Fourier lng giac c tao nen bi tap
ham trc chuan cua cac ham ieu hoa:

'

,
_

,
_

,... 2 , 1 n ; t
T
2
n sin
T
2
; t
T
2
n cos
T
2
;
T
1
) t (
n
(1.12)
Mot tn hieu x(t) co thi han hu han c
bieu dien bang chuoi Fourier lng giac:

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
1 n
n n 0
t
T
2
n sin
T
2
t
T
2
n cos
T
2
T
1
) t ( x
(1.13)
Cac he so
n n 0
, ,
c xac nh theo (1.11):

,
_

T
0
0
dt ) t ( x
T
1
T
1
, x (1.14)

,
_

,
_

,
_

T
0
n
dt t
T
2
n cos ) t ( x
T
2
t
T
2
n cos
T
2
, x

(1.15)

,
_

,
_

,
_

T
0
n
dt t
T
2
n sin ) t ( x
T
2
t
T
2
n sin
T
2
, x
(1.16)
Thay cac he so (1.14), (1.15), (1.16) vao (1.13) va
ky hieu:
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban

T
0
0 0
dt ) t ( x
T
1
T
1
a (1.17)

,
_

T
0
n n
dt t
T
2
n cos ) t ( x
T
2
T
2
a (1.18)

,
_

T
0
n n
dt t
T
2
n sin ) t ( x
T
2
T
2
b
(1.19)
Ta se co chuoi Fourier lng giac thng c
dung e bieu dien tn hieu nang lng co
thi han T, hoac tn hieu tuan hoan vi chu
ky T. Vi tn hieu tuan hoan,
T
2
0

c
goi la tan so c ban.
( ) ( ) [ ]

+ +
1 n
0 n 0 n 0
t n sin b t n cos a a ) t ( x
(1.20)
Chuoi Fourier phc:
Tap ham ieu hoa phc trc chuan co dang:

'

t t

... 2 , 1 , 0 n ; e
T
1
) t (
t
T
2
jn
n

(1.21)
Mot tn hieu co thi han hu han, c bieu
dien bang chuoi Fourier phc nh sau:

n
t
T
2
jn
n
e
T
1
) t ( x (1.22)
He so khai trien chuoi
n
c xac nh theo
(1.11)
dt e t x
T
e
T
x
T
t
T
jn t
T
jn
n

,
_

0
2 2
) (
1 1
,

(1.23)
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
Thay (1.23) vao (1.22) ta co chuoi phc Fourier
cua tn hieu nang lng co thi han hu han
va tn hieu tuan hoan vi chu ky T:

n
t jn
n
0
e X ) t ( x
(1.24)
vi dt e t x
T
X
T
t jn
n

0
0
) (
1


(1.25)
Cac chuoi (1.20) va (1.24) co quan he vi
nhau:
0 0
X a
(1.25a)
2
jb a
X
n n
n

(1.25b)
Trong thc te ng dung, ac biet khi phan tch
mach vi nguon tac ong tuan hoan, ngi
ta thng s dung chuoi Fourier lng giac
ch mot ham sin hoac cosin nh sau:

+ +
1 n
n 0 n 0
) t n cos( C C ) t ( x
(1.26a)

+ +
1
0 0
)) ( sin( ) (
n
n n
t t n C C t x (1.26b)
Chuoi (1.26) c suy ra t cac chuoi (1.20),
(1.24) theo cac quan he sau:
2
a
b
arctg X arg
X 2 b a C
X a C
n n
n
n
n n
n
2
n
2
n n
0 0 0

+

(1.27)
Chuoi Shanon:
Chuoi Shanon c tao nen bi tap ham trc
chuan:
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban

'

,
_

... 1 , 0 n ;
f 2
n
t f 2 Sa f 2 ) t (
m
m m n

(1.28)
Mot phan t cua tap ham (1.28) co dang:

'

0 t 1
0 t
t
t sin
) t ( Sa
0
0
0
(1.29)
Tn hieu x(t) co pho tan so thap, co tan
so gii han f
m
, co the c bieu dien bang
chuoi ham sau:

n
m
) nT t ( f 2 Sa ) nT ( x ) t ( x
(1.30)
trong o
m
f 2
1
T
. Chuoi nay co ac iem
la, cac he so cua no chnh bang gia tr
cua tn hieu x(t) tai cac iem nT. Chuoi Shanon
c dung e bieu dien tn hieu b ri rac
theo thi gian, cach nhau mot khoang eu T.
2. Bieu dien lien tuc tn hieu:
a. Dang tong quat :
a so cac bieu dien lien tuc co dang bien
oi tch phan; trong o tn hieu x(t) c lam
tng ng vi mot ham X(S) co dang:
) , ( t ; dt ) S , t ( ) t ( x ) S ( X

(1.31)
Ham X(S) c goi la anh hay bien oi thuan
cua x(t). Khi co X(S) co the tm lai x(t) bang
phep bien oi ngc:
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
) , ( S ; dS ) t , S ( ) S ( X ) t ( x

(1.32)
Cap bien oi thuan ngc (1.31), (1.32) c
ky hieu:
x(t) X(S)
Ham
) t , S (
c goi la nhan bien oi, con
) S , t (
c goi la nhan lien hp. la
mien xac nh cua t, thng la bien thi
gian. Con

la mien xac nh cua S, co the

la thi gian, tan so hay mot bien phc.
b. V du ve bieu dien lien tuc
Bien oi Laplace:
La cong cu ac biet hu hieu e phan tch
tn hieu va he thong tuyen tnh (a c s
dung e phan tch mach tuyen tnh trong mien
thi gian trong mon hoc MACH IEN).
Bien oi Laplace cua mot tn hieu x(t) co
dang:
) (s X
[x(t)]=

0
st
dt e ) t ( x

(1.34)
Trong o t(0,) la bien thi gian, con s =
+ j
la bien phc vi va la cac so
thc.
Tn hieu x(t) co the c xac nh t cong
thc bien oi ngc:
) t ( x

-1
[X(s)]=

'

<
>

0 0
0 ) (
2
1
t
t ds e s X
j
j c
j c
st

(1.35)
Bien oi Fourier:
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Chng 1 Nhng khai mien c ban
c s dung e phan tch pho cua tn hieu
nang lng; pho cua no c xac nh theo
bien oi Fourier nh sau:
X() =

dt e t x
t j
) (
(1.36)
Trong o la tan so goc, co n v la rad/s.
Cong thc (1.36) c goi la bien oi thuan
Fourier, no c ky hieu:
X() = f [x(t)] (1.37)
X() cho biet s phan bo cua tn hieu trong
mien tan so. Bien oi ngc Fourier se cho ta
tn hieu x(t).
x(t) =

d e x
t j
) (
2
1
(1.38)
Hay la x(t) = f
-1
[X()] (1.39)
Tren ay ch la mot so t cac v du va
cach bieu dien giai tch tn hieu, c s
dung trong giao trnh nay.
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