012

firewalls

(domain name system)

Minicomputer
Computer

;
4

 (.)

(node / host)

: Bit
rate/bandwidth

 (.)

,
:
/ (client / server)

;
6

(file server)

(web server)

(web browsers)

(Local Area Network LAN)

()

;
15-10

(ring):

(star):
.
,

(bus):


10

(Wide rea etwork WAN)

.

,
(gateway). ,
.

(Internet)
.

11

WAN

Figure 15.1
12

 ;
, !


.
,
.
.

.
13

(Internet Backbone)

Internet service provider (ISP)

14

Modem:
. ,

(digital subscriber line - DSL):

. modem.

(cable modem):
.

15

Broadband:
128 bits
(bps)

DSL modem
broadband

(
)
( )

16

,
.

(routers) .
Figure 15.4

15-18

Proprietary system -

,
. :

(Interoperability)

.
:

(Open systems)

.
18


International
Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
:
Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model

Figure 15.5 OSI Reference Model

19

protocol
stack ( )

Figure 15.6
20

TCP/IP

TCP-Transmission Control Protocol

( )

TCP
IP .
,
.
IP (Internet Protocol)
IP

.

21

TCP/IP (.)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

TCP

, TCP
. .
, UDP

22


TCP/IP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

email

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Telnet

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)

23

Figure 15.7

24

 (Firewalls)

,
.

firewalls ,

25

Firewalls

Figure 15.8

26

(Hostname)
,
.
:
aias.cs.ucy.ac.cy

hostname
IP
:
205.39.145.18

27

www.simerini.com.cy 195.100.2.3
www.philipis.ac.cy
195.100.6.7
www.moec.gov.cy
www.prasini.org.cy
www.news.com.gr
www.moec.com.gr
www.prasini.com.gr
28

IP :

(network address),

(host number),

Figure 15.9
IP

4 bytes
29

Domain Name System

(domain name)
cs.ucy.ac.cy

30

Domain Name System

top-level
domain (TLD)

Figure 15.10 Top-level domains

31

Domain Name System

toplevel domain

Figure 15.11
op-level domain

32

Domain Name System

domain name system (DNS)

hostnames IP .

DNS

hostname IP

,
.
33