Extinct Birds

;
'</k
'I
'
t,'
h
.;>''',. '!l'
..
.V'/'A'
u, <5r,'
!'
m^k^^,
rrî'', !,-i'
til:,-, li/<.'.v
tlîViOs;/'' .,1
'eiVl',*'/,
'
,'l
vy'iW
ii
u\
''I
/.-
'.
-V
'1 ,.'''
'''
,
'
.
"
, /,''>,'.' ,,',.;
'*-j
'
;')^^ÂJr,
^5^,
M
-^^.
M^
Jj^'^R'
^-r^
->=V,
^M
i,i
V.'
^',rr^^.
iV^Bji
Kr-f'
'^^-'^
?! ^1
^\'-
EXTINCT BIRDS.
This copy
is
No.
'*-'^'
of the limited edition of
joo
sole,
copies
for the British Empire, of which 280 arc for

office.
the
names of Subscribers being registered at our
Signed
'^Z^^21l^tL-^:^ll^^
Paternoster Row,
London.
EXTINCT BIRDS.
An attempt
those
to
unite
in
one volume
a short
account
of
Birds which have become extinct
in historical
times
that
is,
within the last six or seven

years.
hundred
To
which
still
are
added a
exist,
few
but
which
are
of
on
the
verge
extinction.
BY
The
Hon.
WALTER ROTHSCHILD,
Ph. D.,
F.Z.S.
With 45 Coloured
Plates,
embracing 63 subjects, and
other illustrations.
LONDON.
HuTCHiNso.\
&
Co.,
Paternoster Row, E.C.

1907
LONDON
A.
CHRIS. FOWLER, PRINTER,
TENTER STREET, MOORFIELDS,

E.C.
ii tJil^y
PREFACE.
"1 "1
THEN
decided
to
read
paper
before
the
Ornithological
Congress of 1905 on Extinct and Vanishing Birds,

necessary
to
illustrate
found
it
my
special
paper
interest
by
number
of
drawings.
listened
These drawings roused
among those who

if
I
to to
my
lecture,
and
was asked by many

and
for
could
not see
my way
publish the
far
lecture
drawings,
in
book form, as these plates were

the Congress.
too
numerous
I
the proceedings of
to
After some
the persuasion
hesitation
of the
determined
Dr.
do
this,
greatly
owing to
of
late
Paul
Leverkiihn.
The preparation
a book required
considerably more research than

will
find,
the lecture, and therefore
my
readers
to
in
the
following
pages,
totally
different
account
that
in
the lecture, as well

itself
as corrections and
numerous
"
additions.
The
IVth
lecture
has
been
published
in
the
Proceedings
of
the
International
Ornithological
Congress."
wish
to
thank
kindly
very
heartily
all
those
the
of
my
of
ornithological
friends,
who have
and
helped
Dr.
me
O.
with
loan
Dr.
specimens or
Professor
otherwise,
especially
H.
Forbes,
Scharff,
Dr. K. Lampert, Dr. O.
Finsch,
Professor Dr. A.
Koenig, Dr. Kerbert,
Mr.
Fleming,
Dr. von
Lorenz, and others.
WALTER ROTHSCHILD.
INTRODUCTION.
THE
the
study of the forms of

scanty
life
no longer existing on the earth, from

to
us,
remains
preserved
has
provolied
very
great
interest almost
from the commencement of

I
historical times.
The very
small portion of this vast field
am
treating of in the following pages has

familiar in a
of
fall
a special attraction, as
living
it
deals to a great extent with forms
state to
I
our immediate forefathers and even to
some
ourselves.
into
Although
have here arranged the species systematically, they
two
and
distinct categories,
namely those known externally as well as
internally,
those of
which we know bones and egg-shells only.
Under the former
category might be included those merely
known from
descriptions or figures in
In the present
ancient books, as well as those of which specimens exist.
work
to
several plates have been reconstructed from such descriptions in order
give
some
of
idea
of
their
probable appearance.
of
There
is
considerable
difference
opinion as to the approximate date
the disappearance of
many
of the species
known from bones dug from

pleistocene and
deposits which have been

It
variously determined as
post-pleistocene.
seems
to
me
that this problem can never be entirely solved, but the significant fact remains, that while
in the
many bones
of these species in one locality have

in
been collected
kitchen-middens of the former inhabitants,

in
other localities the
same
bones occur
what seem
to be
much
older formations.
I
In view of this and kindred facts,
have mentioned
many
species
which some ornithologists

present treatise,
viz.,
will
probably consider outside the

in
range of the
birds
which have become extinct
the last seven- or
eight-hundred
exterior
is
years.
Taking
less
my
full
first
category,
viz.,
is
those species whose

in
more or
known, our knowledge
very variable
literature,
scope;
about some
we have
a very
and even redundant
such as the
Great Auk, the Labrador Duck, and

of the
"
Notornis, while of others, such as

Indies, the
forth,
most
extinct Parrots from the
West
so
"Giant"
of Mauritius, the
Blue
Bird
"
of
Bourbon,
in
and
we have
the
very
scantiest
knowledge.
Even
the times of Leguat and Labat there must have been

of
many
species,
now
extinct,
which no mention has ever been made, for
viii
INTRODUCTION
species which impressed themselves
these old writers only mentioned such
on their memories either from their

or excellence and
size, peculiar
shape, beauty of plumage,

culinary property of the
usefulness for food
in
fact
the
various birds seems to have been their principal interest.

interesting
One
of the
is
most
the
phenomena
connected
with
recently
extinct
birds
resemblance of the fauna of the Mascarene Islands and that of the Chatham
Islands in
the possession of a
number
of
large flightless
Rails,
though the
significance of this fact has been
much exaggerated.
confined to species actually
On
extinct,
exist,
the whole, this book
is
known
still
to
be
to
but a few are included of which a small

firstly
number
is
known
because
there seems no doubt that they will vanish soon, and
secondly, as in the
case of Notornis,
it
was necessary
some
to
clear
up certain
misconceptions and contradictory statements.

believed to be quite
exist
in
little
In the case of a
few species
extinct,
it
is
possible
that
individuals
may
hand
still
it
known
parts of
their
range, while on
the other
is
more than
Orn.
likely that several of the
species referred to in
my
lecture (Proc.
Congress
pp.
191-207,
live.
1907)
as
also
threatened
with
destruction,
birds
have
not
already ceased to
alluded to at
all.
This
may
be the case with some
In several instances
have treated of extinct

flight.
flightless
species
under
to be
genera including existing species capable of

inconsistent, seeing
This
may appear
that
maintain Notornis separate from Porphyria, but,

in itself
while not
considering flightlessness
generic
character, the great
development of the wing-coverts and the modification of the toes appear of

sufficient
generic
value
in
this
case.
know
that
several
of
the
most
eminent ornithologists of the day, among them Dr. Sharpe,
diffêr
from me,
and are convinced that the

modification,
loss
of
the power of flight

that
is
so profound a
it
that
it
is
imperative
we
should
treat
as
sufficient
for generic distinction.
While agreeing that many genera are founded on much

modifications,
I
less
striking
cannot concur
is
in
this
opinion, for,
unless
in
the loss of the
power
difficult
of
flight
also
accompanied by other changes,

sight
some cases
other
it
is
to
find
at
first
even
specific
diffêrences
than
the
aborted
wings.
of
The cause
recent
extinction
among
birds
is
in
most cases due

becoming
directly or indirectly to
man, but
we
also have instances of birds
extinct for no apparent reason whatever.
Man
has destroyed, and
is
continually destroying species directly, either for
INTRODUCTION
food or for sport, but also in
ix
many
other ways he contributes to their destruction.
Some
species have been exterminated by the introduction of animals of prey,

rats, cats,
such as
mongoose,
etc.,
etc.,
and we know that also the acclimatisation of

has proved to be harmful to the native birds.
of
other birds, such as the mynah,
Again we
find
that
the
introduction
domestic creatures or others kept

fatal
as pets has brought diseases which
may prove
to the indigenous fauna.

is
Another means by which man causes immense destruction,

natural habitat of various species.
prairies, or scrub,
off
by destroying the
By
cutting
down
or burning the forests,
and by bringing the land under
cultivation,
man
indirectly kills
a species through starvation, from extermination of certain insects or plants

it
on which
depends for food.
Many
species, such as the
Moas, were evidently
greatly reduced in
numbers by cataclysms of Nature, such as volcanic outbreaks,

fires, etc.,
earthquakes, floods, bush
and then died out from what appears only
explicable by the natural exhaustion of their vitality.
The
chief cause of the
extermination of the
Moas was undoubtedly
their slaughter by the
Maoris for
of
food, but in several inaccessible parts of the interior
large
numbers
Moa
remains have been found which undoubtedly had died for no apparent reason.
This cause also seems to be the only explanation of the dying out of such
birds as Aechmorhynchus, Chaetoptila,
Camptolaimus and others.

his satellites, cats,
The melancholy
rats,
fact
however remains that man and
dogs, and pigs are the worst and in fact the only important agents of
destruction of the native avifaunas wherever they go.

I
have not included
in
the body of this
work the
fossil species
I
from the
these
pleistocene of Europe, Asia, Australia and America, as
believe
that
belonged to an avifauna of an epoch considerably anterior to those attributed to

the pleistocene of
New
Zealand and the adjacent islands, as well as that of the

I,
Mascarenes and Madagascar.
however, give here the

I
list
of the
species
in
described from the above mentioned regions which
have been able to find

think
I
our literature, to serve as a guide to those

included them in the
who may
ought to have
work
itself.
.... .... ....
Sfrix melifensis Lydekker
Malta.
Vultur melitensis Lydekker
....
....
Malta.
Pelecanus proaviis
De
Vis....
....
....
Queensland.
Phalacrocorax
sp.
Lydekker
....
....
....
New
Zealand.
Aythya robusta De Vis

Alias elapsa
....
....
Queensland. Queensland.
Belgium.
Brazil.
De
Vis
....
....
....
Anas benedeni Sharpe

Alopochen pugil Winge
....
....
....
INTRODUCTION
Dendrocygna validipennis (De
Vis)
Queensland.
Branta hypsibata Cope Branta propinqua Schufeldt

Anser scaldii Van Beneden Anser
sp.
Oregon.
Oregon.
Belgium.
Lydekker
....
England.
Anser coudoni Schufeldt
Oregon.
Malta.
Cygnus
sp.
Lydekker
....
Cygniis falconeri Parker
Malta.
Palaeopelargus nob ills
De
Vis
Vis
Queensland.
Brazil.
Prociconia lydekkeri Ameghino

Platibis subienuis
De
....
Queensland.
Grus proavus Marsh Grus melitensis Lydekker

Grus turfa Portis Grus primigenia Milne Edwards
Fulica prior
....
....
New
Italy.
Jersey.
Malta.
France.
De
Vis
....
Queensland.
Italy.
Fulica pisana
Port'is
Porphyria mackintoshi
Gallinula strenuipes
De
Vis
Queensland.
Queensland.
De
Vis
GaUinula peralata DeVis....

Microtribonyx effluxus
Queensland. Queensland. Queensland.

Malta.
De
Vis
Progura gallinacea De Vis

Coliimba melitensis Lydekker
Lithophaps ulnaris
De
Vis
Queensland.
Gallus sp. Lydekker Gallus sp. Lydekker
New
....
Zealand.
Central Germany.
Phasianus
Perdix
sp.
sp.
Lydekker
Germany.
Italy.
Italy.
Issel
Tetrao sp. Issel
Metapteryx bifrons
De
Vis
....
Queensland.
Vis)....
Dromaius queenslandiae (De Dromaius

gracilipes (De Vis)
Vis)
Queensland. Queensland.
Dromaius patricius (De
East Australia.
Zeitz
Genyornis newtoni Sterling
&
South Australia.
Casuarius lydekkeri nom. nov.
"The
pit
distal
extremity of the tibio-tarsus
is
narrow, without a semilunar
on the lateral surface of the ectocondyle, and with a very deep e.xtensor
"
groove
(Lydekker, Cat. Fossil B. Brit. Mus.,
p. 353).
INTRODUCTION
Type, a caste of the distal portion
British
of
in
XI
the the
right
tibio-tarsus,
in
the
Museum.
The
original
is
preserved
Museum
at
Sydney and
was obtained from

in
the pleistocene cavern-deposits in the Wellington Valley
New South Wales. A bird usually stated

in
to be extinct
is
Monarcha dimidiata, from Rara-
Tonga, but
March, 1901, two specimens, male and female, were procured by

Doubtless this
it
the Earl of Ranfurly.

entirely, but at present
is
a species which will one day vanish
hardly comes within the scope of this work.
The
birds
known
to be
more or
in
less
on the verge of extinction which
have not thought advisable to give
the main part of this book might, for
convenience of reference and to avoid possible controversy as to

omitted any species, be given here, but
species
I
my
having
it
must be understood that of these
only
know
the fact that their numbers have been greatly reduced

I
and mostly almost
to vanishing point.
have already mentioned before that

in
some
of
them may already have disappeared, but

and
all,
many
they
cases recent
is
investigations are wanting,
therefore, that
can be said of them

if
that they are threatened and
may soon become
extinct,
still
exist.
Myadestes sibilans
....
St. Vincent.
Myadestes genibarbis
Cinclocerthia gutturalis
Martinique. Martinique.
Martinique.
Mauritius.
Rhamphocinclus brachyurus
Ixochicla olivacea
Phediiia borbonica
....
Mascarene
Mascarene
Mauritius.
Islands.
Trochocerciis borbonicus
Islands.
Oxynotns typicus
Foudia newioni
Bourbon.
Rodriguez.
Norfolk Island.
Drymoeca rodericana
Cyanorhaviphiis cooki
Cyanorhamphus
erythrotis
Antipodes Island. Antipodes Island.
Cyanorhamphtis unicolor
Ttirnagra fanagra
....
North
Island,
Sceloglaux
albifacies....
Middle Island,
Miro albifrons
North
Island,
Miro australis
Clitonyx albicilla
Middle Island,
North
North
Island, Island,
Pogonornis cincta
Hypotaeiiidia miilleri
Mergtis australis
New New New New New New
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand.
Zealand. Zealand.
Auckland Island. Auckland Island.
Xll
INTRODUCTION
Nesonetta aucklandica
Auckland
Island.
Ocydromus
? sylvestris
Lord Howe's
Island.
Puffinus newelli
Telespiza flaviceps
....
Hawaiian Islands.
Hawaii. Hawaii.
Nesocfien sandvicensis
Pareudiastes paciflcus
Samoa.
Charles? and Gardener
Island,
Nesomimus
trifasciatus
Galapagos Islands.
Phalacrocorax harrisi
Meleagris americana
Galapagos Islands.
United States.
Conurus carolinensis
Southern United States.

California.
St. Vincent.
Pseudgryphus californianus
Amazona
guildingi
Campephilus principalis
Pyrrhula pyrrhnla muritia
Stringops habroptilus
Southern United States.

Azores.
New
...
Zealand.
Islands. Islands. Islands.
Anthornis melanocephala
Gallinago pusilla
Thinornis novaezealandiae
Chatham Chatham Chatham

Dominica.
St.
Amazona augusta
Amazona
bouqueti
versicolor
....
....
Lucia.
Amazona
....
Dominica.
Lanai, Sandwich Islands.
I
Hemignathus
lanaiensis
Many
bones, or
of
my
readers
will,
fear, find fault
with
me
for having
bestowed
names on a number
of forms,
known only from fragments

Especially will
they,
I
of bones, single
two or three bones.
fear,
blame
doing this
when
these forms have been described by other authors
me for who have

in
refrained from giving names.
My
reasons for doing so are very simple:

are
fully
such cases as Dr.
Parker's species which

species
described,
but quoted
under the formula Pachyornis
or Anomalopteryx
species
B, the
other
danger
species.
lies
in
different
authors
using
the
same
formula
to
for
quite
In the case of others,

distinctive
where an author fears

and and
quotes
only
name a
form, but
species
gives
the
sp.,
characters
the
Casuarius
or
Emeus
arise,
unless
so
in
author
I
page
are
it
quoted,
easier
confusion
must
and
and
both
to
cases
have thought
these forms
for
reference
also
more concise
name
all
which have been described or

I
differentiated without a binomial or trinomial appellation.
have, however,
refrained from doing
so in the
foregoing
list
of
Pleistocene species in the
INTRODUCTION
following
eight
xiu
cases as
was not
able
to
decide
:
anything
about
them
with the material or literature at

Phalacrocorax
sp.
my
disposal, viz.
....
....
Lydekker
New
Zealand.
Anser
sp.
Lydekker
Lydekker
England.
Malta.
Cygnus
Gallus
sp.
sp.
Lydekker
New
Zealand.
Gallus sp. Lydekker
Central Germany.
Phasianus
Perdix
sp.
sp.
Lydekker
Germany.
Italy.
Issel Issel
Tetrao sp.
Italy.
LITERATURE
REFERRING TO
EXTINCT BIRDS.
No
attempt
has
been
made
;
to
quote
all
books
in
which extinct birds

a tedious, long work,
have been mentioned
not only would that
mean
and a book
have been of very
in
itself,
but, the repetitions being so
numerous,
it
would
little
use.
On
the other hand,

to
have tried to quote the most
important literature referring
Extinct
Birds,
and
have specially been
anxious to cite and verify the principal ancient literature.
Well known general

are,
works on birds
in
which extinct species have, of course, also been mentioned,

;
as a rule, not quoted
such as
The 27 volumes
of the Catalogue of Birds
Brisson's Ornithology; Daubenton's, Buffon's and Montbeillard's works; Latham's
Ornithological Writings
Linnaeus' Systema Naturae

;
in all its editions
Vieillot's
in its
writings; popular natural histories and school books
Brehm's Thierleben
;
various editions;
Finsch's Papageien
lists
Gray's and Sharpe's Hand-lists
Dubois'
Synopsis Avium,
of
specimens
in
Museums, and many
others, in
which
extinct birds are as a matter of course mentioned.
Three
"
most
complete
detailed
bibliographies
must
be
named:
The
Bibliography of the Didinae," forming Appendix
B. of Strickland's "
Dodo and
in
its
Kindred"
(1848), the Bibliography of
Alcu
iiiipettnis
by Wilhelm Blasius
the
new
Edition of
Naumann,
vol.
XII, pp. 169-176 (1903), and the Bibliography

in
referring to the
Moas by Hamilton,
the Trans.
New
Zealand Institute
XXVI
and XXVII
(1894, 1895).
Most
of the books
and pamphlets quoted hereafter are
in
my
library at
the Zoological
Museum
at Tring, in the ornithological part of
which Dr. Hartert
and
in
have been specially interested for

library are
many
years.
Those books that are not

I
my
marked with an
asterisk, but several of these
have been able
to consult in other libraries.
The chronological order appeared

subject treated
of.
to be best suited to the particular
XVI
LITERATURE REFERRING TO EXTINCT BIRDS.

Collaert, Adrian.
1580 or 90.
Avium
1625.
Castleton.
In five books.
Purchas
his
Pilgrimes.
mention
vivae icones, in aes incisae
&
editae
ab Adriano Collardo.
(On one
Indica."
of the plates
is
(On
figured the "Avis
of the
p.
331, in
chapter XV.,
first
Reunion Dodo.)
This figure seems to have been the original of the representations in Dubois' and Leguat's works.)
1626.
Sir Tho.mas Herbert.
relation of
some
1635.
years' Travaile.
mention of Aphanapteryx bonasia.)
(First
1601.
Jacob Cornelisz Neck.

oft
Het tweede
Niere.mberg. rembergii
Joannis Evsebii
Historia
Nie-
Boek, JoLirnael inhoudende een warachtig verhael, Middelburch, Anno 1601. etc., etc.
figured
Dagh-register,
Naturae,
distincta.
maxime peregrinae,librisXVI
etc., etc., etc.
(Clusius'
In quibus rarissima Naturae arcana,
(On picture No. 2, page 7, the Dodo is " Desen and described as follows Voghel de is soo groot als een Swaen, gaven hem de naem Watchvoghel, want doen wy de lecUere DuyfUens ende ande cleyn ghevoghelte ghenoech vinghen, doen taelden wy This appears niet meer naer desen Voghel." Dodo in to be the first mention of the
:
Antverpiae
MDCXXXV.
account and figure of the Dodo On p. 237 the reproduced on pp. 231, 232. Great Auk (" Goifugel ") mentioned).
*1638 and 1651. Cauche.

et curieuses de
Relations veritables
I'isle
de Madagascar.
literature.)
(Two
1640.
editions.)
(See Aphanapteryx bonasia.)
1605.
Clusius.
Carol! Clusii Atrebatis

libi-i
Pere Bouton.
des
Fran9ais
Martinique,
I'Amerique.
(Describes,
Relation de
dep.
1635,
I'etabl.
I'ile
Exoticorum Animalium,
historiae
decern
Quibus
en
Plantarum,
describuntur.
Aromatum Ex Officina
I'vne
des
antilles
de
Aras
Plantiniana Raphelengii, 1605.

(On on
p. p. 100 van Neck's Dodo is reproduced, 103 the Great Auk, sub nomine " Mergus
among other
birds,
the
and Parrots of the island

1646.
of Martinique.)
Americanus.")
Journ. of te gedenckw. BoNTEKOE. Reyse. beschr. van de Ost. Ind.
Haarlem
1606.
1646.
De
Bry.
Achter Theil der Oriental1655.
(On
p.
6 mention of the Reunion Dodo.)
ischen Indien, begreiffend erstiich ein

Histor. Beschr. d. Schiffahrt, so der
WoR.vi. (On
pp. of
Museum Wormianum.
300, 301,
lib.
Adm. Jacob von Neck ausz

etc., etc.
Ill,
description
Hollandt,
figure
Great
Auk
from
the
and Faroe
Frankf. 1606.
1658.
Islands.)
(Figure and mention of the Dodo.)
HisToiRE
Naturelle
Antilles
les
et
Morale
DES
1619.
Iles
de
l'Amerique.
considerables
Jacob
Cornelisz
Neck.
Historiale
Enrichie de pleusieurs belles figures
waerachtich
Inhoudende een vande veyse Schepen van ghedaen met acht Amsterdam, etc., etc. Amsterdam,
Beschryvinghe,
verhael
1619.
of
des
qui
Raretez
sont
plus
y vocabulaire caralbe.
according to " Le Sieur
d'ecrites.
Avec un Rotterdam 1658.
(Evidently another edition of Neck's voyage On page 5 and on Picture No. 2 i6oi.
7),
(page
which
of
editions
described.
of i5oi.)
is the same as in the other Neck's voyage, the Dodo is There is also a French edition
(The title-page has no author's name, but P6re du Tertre the author is Rochefort, Ministre de de Contains important notes on Rotterdam." former bird-life on the Antilles.)
1665.
The
same.
1665.
Second
Edition.
Rotterdam

1658.
xvii
BoNTius.
Gulielmi
Pisonis
Medici
1696.
Thevenot,M.Melchisedec.
point
Edition.
(A very
voyages,
II
is
Relations
Amstelaedamensis de Indiae Utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim. medici
de divers voyages curieux qui nont

este'
publie'es.
I,
Nouvelle
Third
civitatis
Part:
Jacobi
Bontii,
in
Vol.
II,
1696.
of
Bataviae
Historiae
Novae
Natur.
sex.
interesting
collection
ancient
In
Java Ordinarii,
(On Caput
p.
et
translated
into
French.
Vol.
Medici Indiae Orientalis

XVII.
libri
70 an excellent figure of the Dodo. Appendix: De Dronte, aliis Dod-aers.)
Bontekoe's travels to the " East Indies," with figures of the Dodo and other interesting notes.)
translation of
1667.
Du Tertre.
Antilles
Histoire generale des
1707.
habitees
par
les
Francois.
Tome
1,
contenantl' Histoire Naturelle.
Leguat, Francois. Voyages et Avantures de Fran9ois Leguat, et de ses Compagnos, en deux Isles desertes
des Indes Orientales.
Paris 1667.
(On p. 246. Traite V. Des aniniaux de I'air. Les Arras. II, Des Perroquets. 5 III, Des Perriques.)
I,
Londres 1707.
1708.
Leguat,
Francis.
A New Voyage
Leguat
islands.
to the East Indies by Francis

1668.
Beschreibung DER Antillen Inseln in America gelegen.

HisTORiscHE
sich In
and
his
companions.
in
Containing their
desert
adventures
two
begreiffend
deroselben
natiirl.
London
1708.
Rodriguez
Gelegenheit, darinnen
befindl.
(Valuable notes on the birds of
Sachen,
Sitten
sampt deren und Gebraiichen.
Einwohner
and Mauritius.)
Von dem
1707.
Herrn de Rochefort, zum zweiten mahl in Franzosischer sprach an den
Sloane,
islands
Hans.
Voyage
to
the
Madera,
Barbados,
Nieves,
Tag gegeben, nunmehr aber

Teutsche ubersetzet.
(Translation
of
in
die
S. Christofers
Frankfurt 1668.
second
edition
of
Natural
Trees,
History of
four-footed
and Jamaica, with the the Herbs and

Beasts,
Fishes,
Vol.
I,
the
Rochefort's book.)
Insects, Birds, Reptiles, etc.
*1668.
Carre, Voyage des Indes Orientates.

(Page
12
1707; vol.
including
Parrots.)
II,
1725.
the
" Solitaire."
Cf.
Did us
(Gives most valuable

the
solitariiis.)
notes on the birds, Goatsucker, Aestrelaia and
1668.
J.
Marshall.
Memorandums
con1722.
cerning India.
(In the article
on Mauritius occurs a mention
Labat,
of Geese.)
Voyage
contenant
pays.
In Vol.
Jean aux
Baptiste.
lies
Nouveau
I'Amerique
de
1674.
Les Voyages faits par le Sieur D.B. aux Isles Dauphine ou Madagascar, and Bourbon, ou Mascarenne, es annees 1669-70-71-72.
Dubois.
(Of this extremely rare work
beautiful
I
Pere
I'histoire
naturelle de ces
Paris 1722. 6 vols.

II,
chapter VIII, the different species
of Parrots are described,
and
it is
stated that
possess a
together Sanson belonging to it.)

copy,
with
the
map
of
each island had three kinds, viz., an " Aras," a " Perroquet " and a " Perrique," evidently meaning a Macaw, an Amazona and a Conurus.)
(On p. 168 we find " Description de quelques Oyseaux de I'lsle de Bourbon," with figures of the " Gânt " and " Solitaire.")
1742.
Nouvelle Edition.
8 vols.
JCVllI

MoEHRiNG.
(In
1752.
Avium Genera.
1789.
The Voyage of Governor Phillip

Botany Bay,
staiileyi
is
to
ominous work, which, through an by Poche in Zool. Anz. 1904, has recently caused so much quite unnecessary cf. nomenclatorists among disturbance Hartert, Zool. Anz. 1904, p. 154, and Proc. The 283. IV. Int. Orn. Congress, pp. 276 Dodo is mentioned under the name "Raphus.")
this
article
etc.
London
1789.
Notornis
p.
(Among other
interesting
birds
figured on the plate opposite
273.)
1790.
White. Journal of a Voyage to South Wales with sixty-five New

J.
Plates of Nondescript Animals, Birds,

1763.
L'Abbe de la Caille. Journal Historique du Voyage fait au Cap de
Lizards,
Serpents,
etc.
London
MDCCXC.
have a copy with black and white, and (1 another with coloured plates. Notornis alba.)
Bonne esperance.
(Some birds from Mauritius mentioned, but no descriptions.)
1804.
Hermann.
is
Observationes Zoolog.
1773.
de France, a I'isle de Bourbon, au Cap de Bonne Esperance, etc. Avec des observations nouvelles sur la nature and sur les hommes. Par un officier du roi. Neuchatel
l'isle
Voyage a
(On page 125 the extinct Bourbon Palacornis

described as Psittaciis seinirostris.)
1807.
1773.
M. F. Peron. Voyage de decouvertes aux terres australes, ex^cut^ par ordre de Sa Majeste I'Empereur et 1807 and 1816 Roi, etc., etc. 2 vols. and Atlas.
(On p. 467 is described the Little Emu from Kangaroo Island, which have named Dromaius peronii, in honour of its discoverer, Franjois P^ron. A memoir of this extraordinary and admirable man's short and brilliant life will be found in Vol. VI of the " Naturalist's
I
1775.
voyage to the island of Mauritius, etc. By a French Officer. (Translation of the above).
natural to the
(Lettre IX, page 67, treats of the isle of France.")
"Animals
Library," Edinburgh, 1843.)
1782.
Sonnerat.
(In
Voyage aus
iles
orientales
1810.
et k la Chine.
Two
volumes, 1782.
Andre Pierre Ledru.

iles
Voyage aux
Trinite,
Volume
II,
on plate loi, opposite page 176,
de
Teneriffe,
la
Saint-
the e-xtinct Alectroeiias tiituiissiina is figured, under the name of " Pigeon hollandais.")
Thomas, Sainte-Croi.x
etc., etc.
et Porto- Ricco,
execute par ordre du Gouvern. franâis,
Two
II,
volumes, 1810.
*1783
(?)
Callam.
(According
to
Voyage Botany Bay.

Gray
the
Notoniis
alba
"
is
mentioned
Gallinule.")
under
name
of
White
1786.
Sparrmann.
(On
pi.
Museum Carlsonianum
page 39, are mentioned various birds as occurring on the Danish West-Indian Islands, which are not found there at present. " Un todier, nomm6 vulgairement perroquet de terre " and seven species of HummingBirds !)
(In Vol.
I.
23 Poiiiarea nigra Sparrm.)
*1826.
Bloxam.
Voyage
of the Blonde.
1789.
G. Dixon.
(On
Voyage round the World.
Moho
p. 357 is note and figure of the extinct apical is, under the name of the "Yellowtufted Bee-eater.")
(See Phaeornis oahensis, Loxops coccinea interesting notes on other Also rufa. Sandwich-Islands Birds.)
1827.
Pallas.
305:
Zoogr. Rosso
Asiat.
11
p.
Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, the

e.xtinct
1789.
Browne,
Patrick.
The
Civil
and
now
Cormorant from Bering
Natural History of Jamaica.
Island.

1830.
XIX
QuoY
Zool.
I
ET Gaimard.
p.
Voy. Astrolabe,
1848.
242
pi.
24.
(Cotttrnix novaezealaiidiac described.)
1830.
KiTTLiTZ.
Memoires
I.
Acad.
Sc.
Petersburg
(Kittlitz
Strickland and Melville. The Dodo and its kindred; or the history, affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other extinct birds of the islands Mauritius, Rodriguez and Bourbon. London 1848.
(141 pages
describes
Turdus
terrestris
and
and
15 plates.)
Fringilla papa.)
*1848.
*1838.
Peale.
(On
p. 147,
PoLACK.
(First
New
Zealand.
U.S. Expl. Exp. Birds. pi. XL, is described and figured
mention of Moas.)
the extinct Chaetoptila aiigustipliima, under This the name of Eiitoiniza atigitstipliiina.
work
is
*1838.
Don de Navarette.
Christ.
Rel. Quat. voy.
exist of
it,
not available, as only 3 or 4 copies but see

:
Cassin.
U.S.
p. p.
Expl.
pi.
Exp.
Mamm.
and Orn.
1838.
148
XI
(1858).
LicHTENSTEiN.
d.
Abhandl. K. Akademie
p.
1851.
Is.
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire.
des
a
Notice
oeufs
les
Wissenschaften
(Heiiu'giiatlins
448, plate V.
obsciinis
ellisiantis
sur
ossements
et
des
sub
nomine
lucidus
and
Hemignathus
trouv^s
Madagascar
dans
described.)
alluvions modernes, et provenant d'un
oiseau gigantesque.
1843.
Dieffenbach's
Zealand,
J.
Travels
in
New
Ralltis
In
Annales des Scienc. Naturelles, 13

40.
is
s^rie,
Zoologie,
1843.
Appendix, Birds, by
E.
Gray.
On page
197
dieffenbachii described.
dated " 1850," but the above have been read before the Academy on January 27, 1851, therefore the date of publication must be rather 1851 than
article is said to
tome (This volume
1850.)
1843.
Owen. P.Z.S.
1843, p.
1.,
letter read
1854.
H. Schlegel.
In
Ook een woordje over

en
from Rev. \V. C. Cotton, mentioning remains of gigantic birds in New

Zealand,
p.
den Dodo en zijne verwanten.

:
Verslagen
Mededeelingen
der
8 the
name
to
Dinornis
the
first
novaezealandiae
given
der Wetenschappen, Afdeel. NaturUunde, Deel II, p. 254.

Koninglijke
Akademie
Moa-bones exhibited.
1857.
1846.
Japetus
In
Steenstrl'p.
Bidrag
til
Geirfuglens Naturhistorie, etc.

In
the
Terror,"
"Voyage of Erebus and Birds, Gray describes and
Naturh. Forening. Vidensk. Meddel. for

the
1855, Nos. 3-7.
figures Nesolimnas dieffenbachii.
(The first history and bibliography of Great Auk.)
1847.
GossE.
(Cf.
Birds of Jamaica.
1858.
Siphonorhis
birds.)
H.
Schlegel.
Over eenige
uitge-
Ara
erythrocephala,
storvene reusachtige
Vogels van de
americanus and other Jamaican
Mascarenhas-eilanden.
hanger
1848.
tot
zijne
geschiedenis
(Een tegender
Edm. DE Selys-Longchamps. Resume les Oiseaux brevipennes mentionnes dans I'ouvrage de M. Strickland sur le Dodo.
concern,
In Rev. Zool. 1848, pp. 292-295.
Dodo's.)
In
:
Verslagen
en
Koninglijke
Akademie
der Mededeelingen van Wetenschappen,
Afdeel. Naturkunde, Deel VII, pp. 116-128.
(Leguatia gigantea. Porphyria (Notornis ?)

cacrulescens.)
zx
1860.

A.
V.
Pelzeln.
Norfolk.
Zur Ornithologie der
1867.
Alfred
supposed Bird of
(Reunion).
In
Newton.
to
On
of
Picture
Insel
In
wiss.
:
represent
Island
the
Didine
CI.
Sitzungsberichte der Mathemat. NaturAkademie Wien Bd. XLl, No. 15,

(Mit
I
the
Bourbon
VI, pp. 373-
pp. 319-332.
Tafel.)
(Lengthy account qi Nestor iiorfolcensis, from Bauer's Manuscript, Notoniis alba, etc.)
376.
Trans. Zool. Soc. London Plate 62.
1867.
George Dawson Rowley.
On
the
1681.
Alfred
WoIIey's
Newton.
Abstract of Mr.
in
Egg
of Aepyoruis, the Colossal
Bird
Researches
Iceland
of Madagascar.
In Proc. Zool. Soc.
895.
respecting the Gare-fowl.

In Ibis, 1861, pp. 374-399.
London
1867, pp. 892-
1868.
1862.
W.
J.
Broderip.
Notice
of
an
Neu
Frauenfeld, George Ritter von. aufgefundene Abbildung des
Original Painting,
of the Dodo.
In Trans. Zool. Soc.
including a figure
Dronte
gligen
und eines
V'ogels,
zweiten
kurzfla-
wahrscheinlich
des
London
poule
IV, p.
197.
rouge au bee de becasse der
1862.
William
impennis.
In
Preyer.
Ueber Plautus
pp.
Maskarenen, in der Privatbibliothek S.M. des verstorbenen Kaisers Franz. Wien 1868. Mit 4 Tafeln.
1868.
Journ.
f.
Orn.
1862,
110-124,
337-
Schlegel & Pollen.

et
Mammif^res
et
356.
Oiseaux,
in
Pollen
la
von
de
Dam, Recherches sur

1865.
faune
Alfred Newton. and its Historians.

In
The Gare-fowl
(1865),
Madagascar Leyde 1868.

1868.
et
de ses dependances.
Natural
;
Hist.
in
Review XII
pp.
467-488) Vol. Ill
id.
Encylcl.
Britannica Ed. IX,
Owen, on Moas
London, VI.
in
Trans. Zool. Soc.
id.
Diet. Birds, p. 220-221.
(Diiionu's inaximus established.)
1866.
Owen. Psittacus matiritianus named,

in
Ibis
p.
168;
also
mentioned
1866.
1868.
in
H. C. Millies.
In
Over eene nieuw

d.
Trans. Zool. Soc. VI,

(See Lophopsittacus.)
ontdekte afbeelding van den Dodo.

:
p. 53,
Verhandlingen der Koningl. Akad.
Wetenschappen, Deel XI, Amsterdam 1868.
1866-1873.
Milne-Edwards. Recherches sur la Faune Ornithologique Eteinte des iles Mascareignes et de Madagascar. Paris 1866-1873.
Alph.
(With 37
in
1869.
Owen.
Dodo.
In
p.
:
On
the
osteology
of
the
Trans.
Zool.
Soc.
London VI,
1869,
70.
plates.
This volume consists of
1869.
Elliot.
sp.
New
II,
and heretofore
the
unfig.
reprints of the author's articles on the suhject

this
periodicals, though not a word of mentioned. To the plates originally issued with the articles, several new ones are
French
is
N. American Birds.
part 14, No.
3,
(In Vol.
now
extinct
Carbo
figured.)
perspicillatiis
from
Bering
Island
added.)

1872.
F.
XXI
W. HuTTON. On
&
the Microscopical
1875.
Rowley.
Porphyrio Stanleyi.
I,
structure of the Egg-shell of the Moa.

Proceed. New Zealand Inst. IV, pp. 166-167, with illustrations.
In Trans.
In Ornith. Miscell.
pp. 37-48, plate.
1875.
HuTTON.
Description
of
the
Moa
VII,
Swamp
1872.
F. W. HuTTON. Notes on some Birds from the Chatham Islands, collected by H. H. Travers, Esq.
In Ibis 1872, pp. 243-250.
at Hamilton.
In
Trans.
V.
&
Proc.
N. Zealand
Inst.
p. 123, pi.
1875.
(Miro traversi and Sphenoeacus rufescens

(Boii'dleria rufescens of this book) only found First description of " Rallus on Mangare.
of
HuTTON & Coughtrey. Description some Moa Remains from the Knobby Ranges.
In
modestus"
(Cabalus
iiiodestns),
"Rallus
Trans.
&
Proc.
N. Zealand
Inst.
VII,
p. 266, pi.
XIX.
dieffenbachi" already extinct.)
1875. 1872.
J.
Hector.
On Recent Moa Remains

Proc. N. Zealand
Inst.
in
New
In
Alfred Newton. P.Z.S. 1875,p.350: the name Lophopsittacus established.
Zealand.
IV,
Trans, and
p.
no.
1875.
HuTTON.
In
p.
On
&
the
Dimensions
Inst.
of
Dinornis bones.
1872.
Julius Haast.
Moorei.
In Trans,
p.
Notes on Harpagornis
Inst.
Trans.
Proc.
N. Zealand
VII,
274.
and Proc. N. Zealand
IV,
192.
1875.
1873.
A.
V.
Pelzeln.
On
the Birds in the
Researches and and near the Moabone Point Cave, Sumner Road, in
Julius von Haast.
in
Excavations on,
Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained
the year 1872.

In Trans,
from the Leverian Museum.

In Ibis 1873, pp. 14-54, I03"i24.
and Proceed.
pis.
I,
New Zealand
Institute
VII, pp. 54-85,
II.
(Most important notes on some of Latham's Cf. Drcpanis pacifica, Platycercus tilietanus, Notornis alba.)
types.
'1875.
Van
p. 267.
Beneden.
Anas
Journ.
Zool.
IV,
(Description of
finschi.)
1873.
Christmann und
Ozeanien.
Oberlander.
1876.
A.
&
E. Newton.
On
the Psittaci of
(On pages 138-144 a popular account and wood cuts from Brehm's Thierleben of Moas and other Gigantic Birds.)
the Mascarene Islands.

In Ibis 1876, pp. 281-288, plate VI.
1876.
1873.
To.vimaso
al
Salvadori.
variiis.
Nota intorno
delle Scienze
BuLLER.
The Birds
of
New Zealand.
Recherches
des
V,
iles
Fregilupus
In
:
Atti della Reale
Accademia
1874.
A.
Milne-Edwards.
la
di
Torino, Vol. XI, pp. 482-488.
sur
faune
ancienne
Mascareignes.
In
1877.
s6r.
G.
D.
Rowley.
II,
On
the
Extinct
Ann. Sciences naturelles
Tome
Birds of the Mascarene Islands.

In Orn. Miscell.
pp. 124-133, plates LII,
XIX, article 3 (Erythromachus, Strix miirivora,

Colittuba rodericaiia, etc.)
LIII.
xxu

Remarks on the Extinct Gigantic Birds of Madagascar
G.
D.
1878.
Rowley.
1897.
Id.:
Auk
Supplementary note on the Great in Trans. Edinburgh Field Nat.
and
In
New
Zealand.
Miscell.
Ill,
Soc. 1897, pp. 238-273.

pp.
Ornith.
237-247,
pis.
CXII-CXV.
1886.
December.
Megalapteryx
Julius von Haast.

hectori, a
On
new
Gigantic
1879.
Birds of the Dole. List of Hawaiian Islands. Corrected from the Hawaiian Almanack.
Reprint:
(Pcnniila
Species of Apterygian Bird.

In
pi.
Trans.
Zool.
Soc.
London
Xll, p. 161,
XXX.
Ibis 1881, p. 241.

iitilhi,
Ciridops anna.)
1887.
Henry Seebohm.
The Geographical
Distribution of the family Charidriidae.

1879.
Owen,
Extinct
Richard.
Memoirs
on
the
Wingless Birds of New with an Appendix on those England, Australia, Newfoundland, of Mauritius and Rodriguez.
Zealand
;
(Plates of Prosobonia leiicoptera and AechDwrhynchiis cancellata.)
1888.
BuLLER.
History of the Birds of
New
In
Zealand.
1873.)
two volumes. Second Edition. (See
(Memoirs on the Dinornithidae, their bones, integument and plumage, Notornis, eggs, Aptornis, Cnemiornis, Alca inipennis, Didus and Pezophaps. With many woodcuts and
plates.)
1889.
Sir
Edward Newton.
Trans.
Presidential
address.
In
Norfolk
and
Norwich
Natural.
(See also Owen's articles in Trans. Zool. Soc. London III, IV, VI, X, XI.)
Society IV, pp. 540-547.
1889.
1879.
A. DE Quatrefages.
Nouvelle Preuve
GUNTHER AND E. NeWTON, OH Aphanapteryx leguati in Philosophical

Transactions.
pi.
de I'Extinction recente des Moas.

In
:
Le Naturaliste
1889, p. 117.
Vol.
168, pp. 431-432,
XLin.
A.
1889.
F.
C.
Noll.
Die Vei-anderung
in
der Vogelwelt im Laufe der Zeit.

1879.
W.
Forbes.
On
the systemat.
In
position
and
scientific
name
of
"
Le
1890.
Gesellsch. in
142.
Bericht iiber die Senckenberg. Naturf. Frankf.-a.-M. 1887-1888, pp. 77-
Perroquet mascarin " of Brisson.

In Ibis 1879, p. 303.
Stejneger and Lucas.
Contributions
to the History of Pallas'
Cormorant.
pp. 83-94.
1884.
Wilhelm
In Journ.
f.
Blasius.
Zur Geschichte
With
plates
1-
IV.
Mus. Xll,
von Alca impennis.

Orn. 1884, pp. 58-176.
list
In Proc. U.S. Nat.
1884
(The most accurate and complete of specimens of Alca impennis.)
till
1890-99.
Scott B. Wilson
:
Hawaiienses
wich Islands.
1885.
& Evans. Aves The Birds of the SandWith numerous plates.

Catalogue of
the
British
A. B.
In
:
Meyer.
Notornis
11, p.
Itochstetteri.
1.
Zeitschr. ges Orn.
45, pi.
1891.
Richard
the
Fossil
Lydekker.
Birds
in
1885.
Symington Grieve.
Garefowl.
Its
The Great Auk or

1885.
Museum.
the text.)
London
1891.
History, Archaeology,
(Pages I-XXVII, 1-368.
With 75
figures in
and Remains.
London

1891.
XXUl
Frederic A. Lucas.
tion, as
Animals recently
in
1892.
HuTTON.
In
The Moas
and
of
New
New
Zealand.
Zealand
extinct or threatened with extermina-
Trans,
Proceed.
represented
the collection
1892.
Institute Vol.
XXIV,
pp. 93-172, pis.
XV-XVII.
of the U.S. National

In Report of the
Museum.
Inst. (U.S.
Hamilton.
stones,
t.c. p.
Smithson
Notes on
172.
Moa
Gizzard-
Nat.
Mus.) 1889 (1891
1),
pp. 609-649, pis.
XCV-CV.
1892.
(An account of some of the larger animals which have become extinct within historic times, or are threatened with extinction, with reasons suggested for their disappearance.)
Hamilton.
t.c.
On
the genus Aptornis,
pp. 175-184.
1892. 1891.
Hartlaub.
In
:
Vier seltene Rallen.

d.
Hartert. KatalogderVogelsammlung
Abhandl.
XII.
Naturwiss.
Vereins
zu.
im Museum der Senchenberg. Naturf.

Ges. Frankfurt-a-M.
(Alca impennis, Ttirdus terrestris, Chaunoproctus ferreorostris, Hemiphaga spadicea mentioned.)
Bremen
1893.
H. O. Forbes.
inhabiting the
List of the Birds

Islands.
Chatham
In Ibis 1893, pp. 521-546.
1891.
Will. DuTCHER.
The Labrador Duck.

historical
(Notes on the living and extinct forms. The Egg of genus Palaeoliiiinas established. Cabalus tiwdestus figured, etc.)
A
in
revised
list
of the extant specimens
North America, with some

In
1893.
W. W.
Smith.
Notes
on
certain
notes.
species of
1891, pp. 301-316,
pi. 2.
New
Zealand Birds.
Auk
In Ibis 1893, pp. 509-520.
(Methods of colonization and their disastrous
1894.
Will. DuTCHER.
The Labrador Duck.

1893.
results to the birds described.)
With
In
additional data respecting extant
Milne-Edwards & Oustalet.
Notice
specimens.
Auk
1894, PP- 4-12.
sur quelques especes d'oiseaux actuelle-
ment
eteintes qui se trouvent repre-
sentees dans les collections du

1892.
museum
Forbes, H. O.
of
Preliminary Notice
d'histoire naturelle.
In
Centenaire
d'histoire
of Additions to the Extinct Avifauna
New
de
la
fondation du
museum
Zealand (Abstract).
and Proceed.
pp. 185-189.
naturelle.
Inst.
Volume
pis. I-V.
:
In Trans, Vol.
New
Zealand
XXIV,
public par les
commemoratif professeurs du Museum.
(The editors say that the paper is published in abstract, as it had been impossible to prepare the drawings for its illustrations in time. It is a most pitiful and unscientific proceeding to publish such preliminary abstracts containing insufficiently founded names and complete " nomina nuda " without publishing a fuller account such, as far as I know, has never appeared.)
Pp. 189-252,
Mascarinus mascarinus, (Only 6 species Alca impennis, nitidissima, Alectroenas

Fregiliipus variiis,
Camptolaemus labradorius,
Droiiiaiiis " afer," but these beautifully figured
and masterly described and discussed.) 1893.
Newton and Gadow. On additional Bones of the Dodo and

Sir
E.
other
1892.
Extinct
Birds
of
Mauritius
H. O. Forbes.
In Nature, Vol.
Aphanapteryx and
other remains in the

XLVI,
Chatham
p.
Islands.
252.
obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier. In Trans. Zool. Soc. London XIII, pp. 281Pis. XXXIII-XXXVII. 302.
mauritianus,
inaiiritianus.
(Short notes on avian remains which, unfortunately, were never properly studied afterwards.)
(Strix sauzieri, Astiir alphotisi, Butorides Sarcidiornis nanus, Plotus
Anas
theodori, etc.)
XXIV

A. DE QuATREFAGES.
1893.
The Moas and

New
Zealand
Inst.
1893-1900.
Walter
Rothschild.
The
Moa-hunters.
In Trans,
and Proceed.
of
Avifauna of Laysan and the Neighbouring Islands: with a complete

history to date of the Birds of the
XXV,
pp. 17-49.
French article which appeared in the Nos. for June and July of the "Journal des Savants" by Laura BuUer.)
(Translation
the
Hawaiian Possessions. 1900. With numerous

birds of
London 1893plates.
(Account and coloured plates of the extinct
Oahu and
Hawaii.)
1893.
Parker. On the classification and mutual relations of the Dinornithidae.
1894.
Milne-Edwards
Observations
sur
et
les
Grandidier.
By
In
T. J. Parker.
Trans,
Aepyornis
de
and Proc.
New
Zealand
Inst.
Madagascar.
In
:
XXV,
pp. 1-6, pis. I-IIl.
Comptes Rendus hebd. des Stances de

CXVIII, Part
I,
I'Acad. d. Sciences, Paris, Vol.
1893.
F.W. HuTTON.
In Trans,
New Species of
New Zealand
pp. 122-127.
Moas.
1894.
J.
and Proc.
Inst. Vol.
XXV,
Parker.
pp. 6-13.
Notes on Three MoaInst.
(Diiioniis stremius, Anoiiialopteryx fortis, Eiiryapteryx compacta, Pachyornis inUabilis, P. valgus.)
Skulls.
In Trans,
p.
XXVI,
223.
1893.
F.
W. HuTTON.
On Anomalopteryx
1894.
Hamilton.
Southland.
In Trans,
p.
On
Avian
Remains
Inst.
in
antiqua.
T.c. p. 14, pi. IV.
XXVI,
226.
*1893.
R.
BuRCKHARDT,
VI,
in
2,
Palaontolog.
pp.
Abhandl.
Taf. 1-4.
Heft
127-145,
1894.
Hamilton.
In Trans,
pp. 229-257.
Materials for a Biblio-
graphy of the Dinornithidae.

list
(Aepyornis.)
Inst.
XXVI,
(A careful
to
which
refer
my
readers.)
1893.
H. O. Forbes.
Zealand.
In Natural Science
The Moas
II,
of
New
1895.
C.
of
W. Andrews.
Aepyornis
in
On some
the
remains
pp. 374-380.
Hon.
II,
Walter
Rothschild's
1893.
Museum
at Tring.
pp. 23-25.
A. Hamilton.
On
the Fissures and

1895.
In
Novitates Zoologicae
Caves at the Castle Rocks, Southland with a description of the remains of the Existing and Extinct Birds found
in
Hamilton. Further contributions towards a Bibliography of the Moas.

In Trans,
them.
(In Trans,
Inst.
XXVII,
and Proceed. New Zealand
p.
228-232.
Inst.
XXV,
pp. 88-106; with figures.)
1895.
Jefferv
Parker.
On
the Cranial
1893.
A.
Newton.
in
" Extermination."
Osteology, Classification, and

In
Phylo-
geny of the Dinornithidae.

In Trans. Zool. Soc.
Dictionary of Birds.
(See also
London
Vol. XllI, pp.
Encyclopaedia Britannica.)
373-431,
pis.
LVI-LXII.

1895.
XXV
Hamilton.
small Moa.
In Trans,
pp. 232-238.
On
the
Feathers of a
XXVIl,
1897.
Forbes and
Robinson.
Note
35.
on
Two
Inst.
Species of Pigeon,
is
t.c. p.
(On
(Hemiphaga spadicea.) pi. I of the same vol.

See
p. 5.)
figured Nestor
norfolceiisis.
*1895.
C.
\V.
Andrews.
in
On
Aepyornis
1900.
W. WoLTERSTORFF.
Riesenvogel.
Ausgestorbcnc
gehalten
bones,
1895.
etc.,
Geological
Magazine
Vortrag,
Naturwissenschaftlichen
Verein
im zu
Magdeburg.
1896.
Mit zwei Abbildungen.

Verlag von E. Nagele. Die Moas im
Natur-
HuTTON.
at
On
a deposit of Moa-bones
1900.
Stuttgart.
A.
Kapua.
In Trans,
Mertens.
p.
627.
645.
and Proc. N. Zealand Inst. XXVIII, Id. On the Moa-bones from Enfield,
wissenschaftl.
Museum
zu Magdeburg.
zu
t.c.p.
Mit 2 Abbildungen.
in
:
Jahresbericht
fiir
Naturwiss. Vereins
Magdeburg
1896.
1898- 1900. (Pp. 1-24 in separate
C.
W. Andrews.
On
the
Extinct
1901.
copy.)
Birds of the Chatham Islands

In Novit Zoolog. Ill, p. 73-84
( Diaphorapteryx
and 260-271.
Palaeolimnas
W.
A. Bryan.
Key
to the Birds of
hawkinsi,
the Hawaiian group.

1902.
chathciinensis, Nesoliinnas dieffeiibachii.)
1896.
G.
Hartlaub.
En
Beitrag
zur
Rothschild and Ernst Further notes on the fauna of the Galapagos Islands.
Hartert.
In Nov. Zool. 1902, pp. 381-418; cf. also Nov. Zool. 1899, pp. 154, 163. (Geospiza magnirostris and dentirostris.)
Walter
Geschichte der ausgestorbenen Vogel

der Neuzeit, sowie derjenigen, deren
Fortbestehen bedroht erscheint.

In
:
Abhandl.
d.
i
Naturwiss.
Heft.
Vereins
gn.
Bremen XIV Band,

(Also
:
1902.
H.
W. Henshaw.
Islands,
Birds
of
the
Second edition
a
as
manuscript, with
of the same, printed few alterations and
Hawaian
list
being a
notes
complete
of
the
Birds of the
Hawaiian
on
their
additions.)
Possessions,
habits.
with
(The most useful, comprehensive pamphlet on recently extinct birds.)
Honolulu 1902.
1903. 1897.
Graham Renshaw.
In
:
The Black Emu.
Andrews.
of
On some
Birds
fossil
remains
Central
1903.
Zoologist 1903, pp. 8i-88.
Carinate
from
Wilhelm
of
Blasius.
called "
Der Riesenalk,
Madagascar.
In Ibis 1897, pp. 343-359, pis. VIII
Alca impennis L.
and IX.
In the
New Edition
Naumann
vol.
Naumann, Natur169-208,
pis.
geschichte der Vogel Mitteleuropas

1897.
H. O. Forbes.
On
an apparently
(sic),
XII,
pp.
17,
new, and supposed to be
now
extinct,
17a-17d, 1903.
species of Bird from the
Mascarene
1903.
34,
pi.
(Among others the most complete graphy and very detailed descriptions.)
biblio-
Islands, provisionally referred to the
genus Necropsar.
In
With
plate.
I,
Fleming,
Pigeon. In Auk
J.
H.
On
the
Passenger
Bull.
I
Liverpool
Museums,
p.
Sturn.
(Necropsar leguati).
1903, p. 56.
XXVI

M. GuiLLAUME Grandidier.
bution
a
I'etude
1903.
Contri-
1905-1906.
Sir
Walter Buller.
SuppleZealand."
de
I'Epiornis
de
ment
to the " Birds of
New
Madagascar.
In Comptes Rendus des Stances de I'Acad. Sc, Paris 1903 (pp. 1-3 in separate copy.)
:
Two
volumes.
e.xtinct
(Though containing very interesting notes on and threatened birds, these two volumes
that
is
1903.
G.
Grandidier.
Note au sujet du
squelette de VAepyoniis ingens.

In Bull.
figures.
Mus. Paris 1903, pp. 318-323, with
1903.
Paul
Carie.
Observations
I'ile
sur
quelques oiseaux de
In Ornis XII, p. 121-128.
Maurice.
They contain very new, and are mainly composed of quotations from other people's writings or letters. Buller's former great book on the Birds of New Zealand was a most important and creditable work, though not without shortcomings. Our knowledge of New Zealand Birds might have been brought up to date in his supplement, but we cannot say that this has been done properly, and errors are
are rather disappointing.
little
frequent.)
(We
echo
sub nomine eqiies -nor Nesoeiias mayeri

H.
Auk
are informed that neither Palaeornis
1906.
are extinct.)
Baldwin Spencer.
The King
Island
Emu.
1905.
A.
Clark.
Extirpated
West
In
The Victorian
Naturalist XXIII
(1906),
pp. 139, 140.
Indian Birds.
In
(Dromaius miuor described.)
1905, pp. 259-266.
1905.
A. H. Clark.
The Lesser
Antillean
1907.
Macaws.
In
Auk
1905, pp. 266-273.
1905.
A.
H.
Auk
Clark.
The
West
Indian
Parrots.
In
1905, pp. 337-344-
Walter Rothschild. On Extinct and Vanishing Birds. A short Essay on the Birds which have presumably become extinct within the last 500 years, and also of those birds which are on the verge of extinction, including a few which, though not yet so
far gone, are threatened with extinc-
1905.
A. H. Clark.
The Greater
Antillean
tion in the near future.

In Proceed, of the IV Intern. Congress, London 1905, pp. I9:-2I7.
Macaws.
In
Ornith.
Auk
1905, pp. 345-348.
LIST OF PLATES.
1.
Fregilupus
varius.
Hist.
From
the
plate
in
the
"
Volume
Centenaire,"
Mus.
2.
1.
Naturelle, Paris.
Fottdia bruante.
From
the figure in Daubenton's work.
2. 3.
Necropsar rodericanus.
Necropsar leguati.
Made up from
description.
From
the type specimen in Liverpool.
3.
1.
Geospiza magnirosiris. Geospiza strenua.
From
the type specimen
in
London.
2.
Head.
From specimen
at Tring.
3.
4.
Nesoenas mayeri.
From specimen
3
!
.
in the British
Museum.
pair
in
Chaimoproctus
ferreorostris
From
the
the
British
Museum.
4.
1.
Hemigjiathus ellisianus.
After a drawing from the type in the Berlin
Museum.
2.
Heterorhynchus lucidus.
From
a specimen in the Paris
Museum. Museum.
3. Psittirostra
4.
psittacea deppei.
From
the type in the Tring
Ciridops anna.
From
a specimen in the Tring

in
Museum.
4a.
1.
Moho
apicalis.
From specimen
the Tring
in
Museum.
the Tring
2.
Chaetoptila angusiipluma.
From specimen
Museum.
5.
1.
Miro
traversi.
From
skin in the Tring

J
.
Museum.
type
2.
Traversia
lyalli 3
and
From
the
specimens
in
the
Tring
Museum.
3.
Bowdleria rufescens.
From From
a skin in the Tring

skin in the British
Museum.
5a.
6.
Siphonorhis americanus.
1.
Museum.
Liverpool
Nestor norfolcensis.
From
the plate in the Bulletin of the
Museum.
2.
Head
of Nestor prodiicttis.
From
From
a specimen in the Tring
Museum.
7.
Lophopsittacus mauritiantts.
Necropsitiacus borbonicus.
ancient drawing and description.
8.
From From
a description.
in
9.
Mascarinus mascarinus.
the drawing
the
Volume commemoratif,
Centenaire Mus. Paris.

10.
Ara
tricolor.
From specimen
in
the Liverpool
Museum.
xxviii
LIST OF PLATES
gossei.
H.
12.
Ara
From Gosse's
description.
Ara
erythrocephala.
From Gosse's From
description.
13.
Anadorhynchus purpurascens.
description.
14.
Ara Ara
martinicus.
From
description.
15.
erythrura.
From
From
description.
16.
Conurus
labati.
description.
17.
Amazona Amazona
violaceus.
From
description.
18.
tnartinicana.
From
description.
19.
Palaeornis exsul. Palaeornis wardi.
From
From
the plate in the " Ibis."

the plate in the " Ibis."
20.
21.
Hemiphaga
spadicea.
From
the specimen in the Tring
Museum.
22.
Alectroenas nitidissima.
From
Paris.
the plate in the
Volume commemoratif
du Centenaire, Mus.
23.
Pezophaps
solitaria.
Made up from From drawings.
descriptions and ancient drawings.
24.
Didus cucullatus.
Didus cucullatus. Didus cucullatus.
24a.
See explanation, page
172.
24b.
See explanation, page See explanation, page
172.
24c.
Didus cucullatus. Didus

solitarius.
172.
25.
From
a picture supposed to be taken from a living
specimen
25a.
in
Amsterdam, but beak and wing restored.

After Dubois' description.
Didus
1,
solitarius.
25b.
2,
3.
Pezophaps
177.
solitarius.
Reproduction
of
ancient
figures,
see
page
4,
5,
7,
8.
Didus
solitarius.
Reproduction
of
ancient
figures,
see
page 177.
LIST
Hypotaenidia pacifica.
British
2.
OF PLATES
Forster's
xxix
26.
I.
From
unpublished drawing
in
the
Museum.
Pennula sandwichensis.
From
the
unique specimen
in
the
Leyden
Museum.
3.
Pennula
millsi.
From
skin in the Tring
Museum.
specimen
in
27.
Nesolimnas
dieffenbachi.
From
the
unique
the
British
Museum.
28.
\.
Cabalus modestus.
From
skin in the Tring
Museum. Museum.
2.
Coturnix novaezealandiae.
From
skin in the Tring
29.
Aphanapteryx bonasia.
Erythromachus
leguati.
From
ancient drawing.
ancient
30.
Made up from
outUne
figure
and
description.
3L
32.
Leguatia gigantea.
Made up from
From
ancient figures and descriptions.
Apierornls coerulescens.
description.
33.
Notomis
Notomis
alba.
From
the plate
in
"Ibis," 1873.
plate
in
34.
hodistetteri.
From
the
the
Zeitschr.
f.d.
ges.
Ornithologie.
35.
1.
Aedwiorhynchtis
"
cancellatus.
From
the
plate
in
Seebohm's
Charadriidae."
2.
Prosobonia leucoptera.
After the unpublished drawings in the British

artist
Museum, but
shoulder.
36.
the
has
not
shown the white patch on the
Camptolainms
labradoriits.
From
the
two
specimens
in
the
Tring
Museum.
37.
Aestrelata caribbaea.
From
the type specimen in the Dublin
Museum.
38.
Alca impeiinis.
From
the stuffed specimen in the Tring
Museum.
39.
Carbo perspicillatus.
Droinaius peroni.
From
a specimen
in
the British
Museum. Museum.
40.
From
the type of the species in the Paris
41.
Megalapteryx huttoni.
Dinornis ingens.
Restored from osteological remains and feathers.
42.
Restoration from skeleton and some feathers.
PALAEOCORAX
THIS
genus
is
forbes.
:
founded on cranial ciiaracters
Basipterygoid processes
broad,
flat,
of parasphenoid present but rudimentary.
The vomer
and
three-pointed
in
front.
Maxillaries
anchylosed to the premaxillaries,

base
is
the latter anchylosed to the expanded
ossified
of
the
in
nasal septum.
The
ossified
mesethmoid stretches backward and

it
lodged
the
concavity
of the
upper surface of the vomer, so that

the
presents a form intermediate
between
complete
aegithognathous
forms,
such
as
in
Corviis,
and
the
compound aegithognathous forms, such as Gymnorhina,
which desmogna-
thism was superadded by "anchylosis of the inner edge of the maxillaries with
" (Parker). a highly ossified alinasal wall and nasal septum
PALAEOCORAX MORIORUM
Corvus moriorum Forbes, Nature
Palaeocorax morionan Forbes,
(forbes).
XLVI
p.
252 (1892).
I
Bull.
B.O.C.
p.
XXI
(1892).
FORBES says DR. comix. The

of the genus.
this bird is of
about half the size again of a Corvus
principal characters are cranial,
and the same as those
Habitat
Chatham
skulls
Islands,
and possibly the Middle

in
Island,
New
Zealand.
Many
and bones
the Tring
Museum.
PALAEOCORAX ANTIPODUM
Palaeocorax aiitipodum Forbes,
Ibis 1893, p. 544.
forbes.
HIS
is
said
to
be distinguished
from P. moriorum by
its
considerably
smaller size.
Habitat
North
Island,
New
Zealand.
FREGILUPUS
LESSON.
species, extinct.
UGE
crest,
bill
long and curved.
One
FREGILUPUS VARIA
(Plate
"
1.)
(bodd.)
Huppes oil Callcndrcs," Voyages du Sieur D.B. (Dubois) aux lies Dauphine on Madagascar, and Bourbon ou Mascarenne, etc., p. 172 (1674 Bourbon).
Hiippe du Cap de Bonne Espirance Daubenton, Hiippe noire

p.
PI. Enl. 697.
et
blanche du Cap de Bonne Espirance MontbeiUard, Hist. Nat. Ois. VI,
463 (1779).
B.
II
Madagascar Hoopoe Latham, Gen. Syn.
pt.
I,
p.
690 (1783).
Upupa varia Boddaert,
Tabl. PI. Enl.

I,
p. p.
43 (1783
Upiipa capensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
466
ex Daubenton). (1788 ex MontbeiUard).

Promerops
" p.
La Huppc
grise Audebert et Vieillot, Ois. Dor., "
15
pi.
iii (1802).
Le Mirops huppi
Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Promerops, etc., p. 43,
pi.
18 (i8o6).
Upupa madagascariensis Shaw, Gen.

Coracia cristata
Vieillot,
Zool. VIII,
pt.
I,
p.
p.
140 (1812).
3 (1817).
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. VIII,

sp.
Pastor upupa Wagler, Syst. Avium, Pastor,
13 (1827).
p.
Fregiliipus borboniciis Vinson, Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat 1868,

Fregiliipus varius Hartlaub, Vog. Madagasc.
p.
627.
194 (i8go)
Milne-Edwards
&
p. 203 (1877); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIII Oustalet, Centenaire Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 205, pi. II
(1893).
AS
of
long ago as 1674 a note about the "

i.e.,
Huppe"
exists,
by
"
Le Sieur D.B.,"
Dubois.
He
'
says,
when
describing the birds of Reunion (translated)
"
Hoopoes or
Callendres,' having a white tuft on the head, the rest

bill
the plumage white and grey, the

little
and the feet

;
like
a bird of prey
they are a
{i.e.,
larger than the

it is
young pigeons
this is
another good
game
the
to eat)
when
fat."
This
description
has
generally
bill
been
accepted
is
as
referring
to
Fregilupiis, though that of the
and feet
then due to an error of the
author, for Fregiliipus has
the
bill
and feet of a member of the Sturnidae
or family of Starlings.
Good
in
descriptions and representations of the
"Huppe" have been
given
many
places (see literature), but whether they were taUen from males or
is
females
generally not known.

is
The sexes seem
to be alike in colour, but

bill
the female
smaller, and has

is
a shorter and straighter

Hartert,
than the male.
At
in
least,
this
the conclusion of Dr.
who saw
the four examples

all
the
museum
at Troyes.
As
far as he could see through the glass
four
seemed
bills,
to be adult birds,
but two were larger with longer and more curved
two smaller and with shorter and straighter beaks, so that they are two
pairs.
evidently
This bird seems to have become extirpated about the middle of the
last
century.
The
late
Monsieur Pollen wrote

did
in
1868 (translated)
"This
species has
become so rare that one

It
not hear them
mentioned for a
dozen years.
has been destroyed
in all the littoral districts,
and even
in
the mountains near the coast.

that they must
old Creoles told
still
Trustworthy persons, however, have assured us
exist in the forests of the interior, near St. Joseph.

that, in their youth,
The
me
these birds were

kill
still
common, and
They
call this
that they
bird
were so stupid that one could

"
them with
sticks.
the
Hoopoe."
Reunion,
It
is,
therefore,
not
wrong what
about
this
distinguished
inhabitant
of
Mr. A.
Legras,
wrote
bird
with
the
following
words: "The Hoopoe has become so rare that we have hardly

in
seen a dozen
search for
it
our wanderings to discover birds; our museum."

still
we were even
on
a
grieved to
in vain in
We
are certain that Fregilupus existed

living
Reunion
in
1835, as
Monsieur Desjardins,
belonging to the late
on Mauritius, wrote
in
manuscript
formerly
Professor Milne-Edwards:
"My
it
friend, Marcelin Sauzier,
has sent
me
four alive from Bourbon in May,
1835.
They
eat everything.
Two
have escaped some months afterwards, and
might well happen that
they will stock our forests."

It
seems, indeed, that specimens were

did not originally exist.
killed
in
1837 on
Mauritius,
in
where they
in
Verreaux shot an example
Reunion
1832.
The names "La Huppe du Cap" and
"
Upupa madagascariensis"
or Bourbon.
IN
arose
out of the mistaken notions that this bird lived in South Africa or Madagascar, but
we know now
that
its real
home was Reunion
WE ARE AWARE
4 stuffed in Troyes.
1 1
OF THE FOLLOWING SPECIMENS PRESERVED

COLLECTIONS.
in
2 stuffed ones, one in good, one
bad condition, and two
in
spirits, in
the Paris
Museum.
stuffed,
in
from the Riocour
collection, in the British
Museum.
the Florence
Museum.
1
1
in Turin. in
Pisa.
1, 1 1 1
1
rather poor and old, in Leyden.

in
in
Stockholm.
the
Museum
at Port Louis,
on the island
of Mauritius.
in the collection of in
the late Baron de Selys Longchamps.
Genoa.
NECROPSAR
GiJNTHER & NEWTON.
HE
authors state that this genus was very closely allied to Fregilupus,
besides
and,
some minor
differences, give
bill.
as the principal difference
the shorter and less curved
NECROPSAR RODERICANUS
(Plate
Necropsar rodericanus Giinther
(1879).
gunth.&newt.
2,
Fig.
Phil.
2.)
& Newton,
Trans,
vol. i58, p. 427, pi.
XLII,
figs.
A-G
TH E
tail
original description given by the
anonymous author
of the " Relation

little
de rile
Rodrigue
" is
as
follows:
"These
Islet
birds
are a
larger
than a blackbird, and have white plumage, part of the wings and the
black, the
beak and the legs yellow, and make a wonderful warbling."

au Mat, and fed on seabirds'
Our author
The
lingered
also says they inhabited the

turtle.
eggs and dead
bird
little
evidently
became extinct on
outlying
islets.
Rodriguez
before
1730,
and
longer
on the
Only known from bones,
mostly collected by the Rev. H. H. Slater, and the above description.

Habitat
:
Rodriguez and neighbouring
islets.
There
is
one
is
tibia in
the Tring
Museum.
the shape
The
of the bird
figure
is
coloured according to the description, while

its
evident from
bones and
relation.
NECROPSAR LEGUATI
(Plate
Necropsar
legitati
forbes
2,
Fig. 3.)
I,
Forbes, Bull. Liverp. Rlus,
p. 34, pi.
Stuniidac
(1897-1898).
FORBES' description as follows DR. where, except on the outer webs

is
"
General colour white everythe primaries and
of distal half of
secondaries and the outer webs of the newly moulted and both webs
of
the
unmoulted
rectrices,
which
are
marked with
lighter
or
darker
ferruginous."
Dr.
Forbes then gives an exhaustive description of the structure, to
which
refer
my
readers, and the following

.... ....
measurements :
....
....
Culmen
....
....
32
109
mm.
Wing
Tail
98
Tarsus
I
31-5,,
should have been inclined to consider this bird an albinistic specimen

I'lle
of
the bird described in " Relation de

is
Rodrigue," but for the fact that
the tibia of Necropsar rodericanus
52-59
mm.
in
length, while this
is
only
46
mm.
in
length,
in
A'^.
while the metatarsus measures 31 "5

I
mm.
as opposed to
is
36-41
Islet
is
mm.
rodericanus.
cannot accept the theory that this

A'^.
the
islet
au Mat
bird,
and therefore different from had

a
rodericanus, as
starling.
1
the
too close to
Rodriguez to have
different
therefore
believe this bird to have been an albinistic specimen of the Mauritius species
of
Necropsar, for
there
is
can
be
little
doubt
that
it
is
albinistic,
as
;
the
I
ferruginous colour
much stronger on one wing than on

in
the other
and
conclude that
black
A'^.
the
colour
the wings and
tail
in
normal
specimens was
a
close
ally
like
the
Rodriguez
bird,
it
and that
A'^.
leguati
was
of
rodericanus, from which
differed principally in its
much
smaller size.
Habitat
doubtful.
The
type specimen
bears
Lord
Derby's
Museum
number, 1792, and a label of Verreaux giving Madagascar as the habitat,
which
is
certainly erroneous.
FOUDIA BRUANTE
(Plate
Bruant de
I'isle
(p.ls. mull.)
2,
Fig.
L)
de Bourbon Daubenton, PI. Enl. 321.

Hist. Nat. Ois.,
Miill.,
Le Mordori, Montbeillard,
Fringilla bruante
PI. enl).
Quarto Edition
Suppl.
p.
IV., p.
366 (1778
Bourbon).
Daubenton
Enl. 321
P.L.S.
Natursyst.,
164,
No. 51 (1776
ex
Emberiza fuscofulva Boddaert, Table Montbeillard's " Morder6 ").

Emberiza borbonica Gmelin,
PI.
Bnl. p. 20
(1783
based
IV., pp.
on
PI.
and
Syst. Nat.
p.
886 (1788
ex
Daubenton and Montbeillard).

543 and 548 (1889).
Foudia bruante Newton, Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc.

NesacaiUhis fusco-fulvus Sharpe, Cat. B.
Brit.
Mus. XIII
p.
484 (1890).
WE
know
absolutely nothing about this bird, except Daubenton's figure

In
and the description by Montbeillard.

including the
back,
is
the plate the whole body,

in
uniform red, about the same red as

tail
other
species of Foudia, while the
wings and
are dark
brown with yellowishis
brown borders.
In the description the
body plumage
tail
described as rufous
("mordere") and the wings, wing-coverts and

rufous ("d'un mordore plus ou moins clair
that of a Bunting, but the
tail
").
as more or less bright

size is
The
said to be about
shorter and the wings longer.

p.
According to Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. XIII,

considered identical with
484) "it has generally been

latter has the
Foudia madagascariensis," but the
back marked with longitudinal black spots, while both the figure and description
of F. bruante represent a uniform red upperside
latter is expressly stated,
;
moreover the
locality of the
and as we know other forms of Foudia from the
Seychelles, Mauritius, Comoros, Aldabra and Madagascar,

to doubt the statement.
we have no
to search the
reason
We
are not aware of any specimen existing of this

it
doubtless extinct bird, though
would be worth while
Paris
Museum
for this treasure.

:
Habitat
Reunion or Bourbon.
CHAUNOPROCTUS
Chaunoproctus Bonaparte, Consp. Av.
I
Bp.
p.
526 (1850).
is
THE
by
maxilla
maxilla.
is
genus Chaunoproctus contains only one species, which

its
characterized
enormous
bill,
the depth
of
the
mandible being greater than
the distance
between the nasal apertures.

is
The cutting-edge
in
of the
nearly straight, and there
no tooth
the posterior half of the
The
in
total length
is
about seven to eight inches.

is
The
adult male
has red
the plumage, the female

pal.
brown, above and below.

I,
Dr. Hartert (Vogel

is
Fauna
p.
115)
is
of
opinion
that
this
bird
connected with Carpodactis and
allies,
and not with the Greenfinches and

in
Hawfinches, among
British
which
it
is
placed
the
Catalogue of
Birds in the
Museum.
CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREOROSTRIS (vio

(Plate
Coccothraiisfes ferreorostris
(sic)
3,
Fig. 4.)
p.
Vigors, Zool. Journ. IV
354 (1828)
id.
in
Beechey's
Voy. Blossom,
Fringilla
p.
22, pi. 8 (1839).
papa
Kittlitz,
p.
M6in. Acad.
Imp. Sc.
Petersbourg
p.
239,
pi.
15 (1830);
id.
Kupfertaf. Vog.
24, pi. 32, 2 {1832).

I
Chaunoproctus papa Bonaparte, Consp.

p.
p.
526 (1850)
Bp. and Schlegel, Monogr. Loxiens
32
pis. 37,
38 (1850).
Brit.
Chaunoproctus ferreirostris Sharpe, Cat. B.
Mus. XII
p.
31 (iS
VIGORS'
original
description,
translated from
the
Latin,
is
as follows:
Bill
Dark brown;
head, breast and upper part of
abdomen
bill
J,
scarlet.
very strong, feet plumbeous.

height I
In
;
Length of body 8 J,
quill
at
gape
If^,
wings from the carpus to the third

the
4j
tail 3,
tarsus J inches."
"Catalogue
of
Birds,"
XII,
p.
31,
both
sexes
are
carefully
described.
It
appears
during
that
only
one
pair,
now
voyage.
in
the
British
Museum, was
enough.
Vigors
obtained
Captain
Beechey's
Curiously
suggested that the female
brilliantly
coloured adult male might be the young, the
the adult bird, " as is the case in the

Kittlitz,
Pine-Grosbeak
" {Sic !).

in
who
visited
the largest of the

of
Bonin Islands
May, 1828,
Petersburg,
in
obtained a number of
specimens,
which
in
some
are
and,
I
in
St.
two
in
Frankfurt-a.-M.,
one
or two
Leyden,
believe,
Paris.
10
These
seem
to
be
all
the
specimens
known
failed
in
European
it,
museums.
Mr. Seebohm's collector, the late Hoist,
to
obtain
and Mr. Alan

it,
Owston's men, who several who were promised good

therefore convinced that for
times went to the Bonin group to obtain

prices
for
and
specimens, did not get one.

this bird
am
some unknown reason
became
extinct,
though there
is
still
the possibility that the recent collectors did
not collect
on the main island of the group, which alone was visited by

Kittlitz tells us that
Kittlitz.
he found
it
in
the woods along the coast, but not

is
numerous.
that one
is
That
it
keeps concealed,
to
is
very phlegmatic, and
so
little
if
shy
obliged
go back for some distance, before shooting,

Kittlitz
one
wishes to preserve the specimen.

mostly on the ground.
In the
Its
saw
it
but seldom on high trees,

is
frequently heard note

fruit
a very fine piping sound.
crop and stomach small
and buds of one kind of tree were
found.
Habitat:
The
largest of the Bonin Islands, south of Japan.
11
GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS
(Plate
3,
gould.
Fig.
1.)
Geospiza magnirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1837, Rothschild & Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1899 p. 154, 1902 p. 388
XII, pp.
6,
p.
;
(Galapagos Islands)
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.

I,
7 (Fig.
Ridgway, B. North and Middle America
p.
495 (1901).
AS
explained in
Nov. Zool. 1899,
p.
154,
it
is
uncertain
where Darwin
obtained the type specimens of Gould's G. magnirostris, as "Unfortunately,
most
of
the specimens of the finch-tribe were mingled together," as
Darwin
tells
us in his "Journal of Researches" only " strong reasons to suspect that
(New
some
Edition 1890,
p.
420),
and he had
sub-group
of the species of the
Geospiza are confined to
separate
islands."
We
are,
however,
convinced that the types of G. magnirostris can only have come from Charles
Island,
where
it
is,
probably, the
representative of G. strenua strenua.

exists
It
seems, however, that

collectors
in
G. magnirostris
to
no longer, for
unless
(No.
all
subsequent
have
S.
failed
obtain
specimens,
an
immature specimen
is
the
U.
Nat.
Mus., from
Charles
p. 388).
Island
115,905),
young
magnirostris
(cf.
Nov. Zool. 1902,

of
The dimensions
are
as
91,
the three black specimens in the British

26-5,
27,
Museum
23-5-24;
follows:
91,
Culmen
tarsus
of 91
27;
height
of
bill
at
base
wing
95;
25
mm.
These
measurements
not occur
culmen of over
large series
is
26-5 and a
wing
mm. combined do
it
among our
of strenua, and therefore of
is
hardly possible that G. magnirostris
composed
huge examples
of strenua only. for
As Charles Island has been inhabited

unlikely that a bird
many
years
it
is is
not at
all
became extinct on that
place.
On
plate 3
figured G.
magnirostris and a head of G. strenua for comparison.
12
GEOSPIZA DENTIROSTRIS
Geospiza dentirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1837, Nov. Zool. 1899 p. 163, 1902 p. 396.
p.
gould.
&
Hartert,
6; Rothschild
THIS
bill,
curious form
differs
in
from G.
fortis fortis
(Charles Island!)
in
its
which
is
bowed
towards the end of the upper mandible, and

its
slightly
" toothed "
on
cutting edge.
The one specimen
in
the
British
Museum
certainly
came from Charles
Island,
and we may, therefore,

is
conclude that the other also came from there, and there
to
certainly no reason
think that
it
came from Chatham
Island.
is
As the
skins in
the
British
Museum
slightly differ
from each other, there

fortis.
some reason
it
to suspect that
they are both aberrations of G. fortis
Otherwise
must have become

none of the recent
extinct, as, in spite of special attention being paid to
it,
collectors
met with G.
dentirostris.
13
POMAREA NIGRA
Miiscicapa nigra Sparrmann, Mus. Carlson.
I,
(sparrm)
Islands).
etc.,
pi.
Pomarea nigra Sharpe,

" Society Islands,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IV,

").
p.
Society Full synonymy, description, 434 (1879

23 and text (1786
Marquesas group
IN Intern.
of bird
the
list
of birds
now
fully
I
extinct, in
the
Proceedings of the Fourth
Orn. Congress,
L.
enumerated Po7narea nigra, on the strength

P.Z.S.
1876,
p.
E.
Layard's
statement,
501,
who
says:
"This
by
has undoubtedly become
extinct.
Large
sums have been
offered
Messrs. Godeffroy's collectors for the acquisition of a single specimen, but

in vain
!
The
very old natives say they
remember the
that
this
bird
and
call it "
Moho."
I,
however, overlooked the fact
note of Layard's referred
to the Friendly Islands only, and that this bird has afterwards been obtained
in
numbers on
the
Marquesas
group.
It
would,
nevertheless,
:
be
very
interesting to
compare specimens from the various

if
islands, viz.
the Society
group, Marquesas and Tongatabu, to see
they are perfectly similar.
15
MIRO TRAVERSI
(Plate
Miro traversi
Buller, B.
duller.
5,
Fig.
I
1.)
New
Zealand, Ed.
p.
123 (1873
Chatham
Islands).
Petroeca traversi Hutton,
Ibis 1872, p. 245.
Myiomoira traversi Finsch,
Journ.-f.-Orn. 1874,
Brit.
p.
i8g.
Miro traversi Sharpe, Cat. B.

Miro traversi (partim)
Mus. IV
p.
236 (1879).
II
Buller, Suppl. B. N.
Zealand
p.
125
pi.
XII (October, 1906).
THE
late
Sir
Walter Buller described,
in
1873,
Miro traversi as follows:

black,
"Adult male.
The whole
of
the
plumage
the base of
the
feathers dark plumbeous;
wing-feathers and their coverts tinged with

tail-feathers
black, very
brown, the former greyish on their inner surface;

slightly tinged with
brown.
Irides dark
brown
bill
black
tarsi
and toes
blackish brown,
the soles of the feet dull yellow.

tail 2-6;
bill
Total length 6 inches;
wing, from flexure, 3-4;
0-5,
tarsus
middle toe and claw
O'l,
hind toe and claw 0-8 inch."

"
Female.
Slightly
tail."
smaller
than the
male,
and
without the brown
tinge on the wings and

It
may
be added
that
Miro
traversi
is
not
pure
black,
but
of a
somewhat brownish
Miro traversi
slaty black.
is
only
known from
introduced
to
the
Chatham
Islands,
where
it
was
formerly very common, but, according to a letter from the late

the cats,
W. Hawkins,
rabbits,
which have been

it.
to
destroy
rats
and
have
exterminated
island of the
It
seems
have disapppeared from Warekauri, the main

ago, for H. O. Forbes (Ibis 1893,
p.
Chatham group, long

it,
524)
and Henry Palmer found
in
1890 and 1892, only on the outlying
islets of
Mangare and
The
Little
Mangare.
is
bird
from the Snares
quite
first
diff'erent,
1
being deep glossy black
and having a shorter and narrower

It is to
primary.
named
it
it
M. dannefaerdi.
be feared that a similar fate will one day befall
as has, apparently,
already befallen its congener from the

Sir
Chatham
II,
Islands.
p.
Walter
Buller
(Suppl.
B.N.Z.
125)
has
his
confounded
looks so
M.
traversi
and dannefaerdi, and the figure he gave on

I
plate
black, that
do not doubt
it
represents rather the latter than the former.

Buller's traversi
1888,
Of course M. dannefaerdi alone occurs on the Snares, and

from the Snares were
p.
all
dannefaerdi.
Dr. Finsch's statement (Ibis
308) that Reischek's specimen from the Snares "agreed in every respect
Islands "
is
with specimens from the Chatham
entirely wrong, for, even
if
16
one prefers unscientifically to lump
allied
forms, one cannot say that a Miro
from
the
Chathams agrees
in
every
respect
with
one
from the Snares.
BuUer's doubts about the distinctness of the latter might easily have been
removed,
if
he had taken the trouble to compare them, for

I
it
does not require
any genius to see the differences.

geographical forms
I
admit that with
my
present views on
call
would regard the
two
Miro as sub-species, and

,
them M.
would
traversi traversi
and M. traversi dannefaerdi but most ornithologists
still
I
consider them to be "good species."

that
his
may add
in
Buller,
I.e.,
p.
125,
has not
quoted
my
description
in
correctly, for
rendering are several disturbing misprints, and
the
fourth line from the bottom occurs a " not " which ought not to be there, and
which makes the sentence incomprehensible.

incorrectly.
I
Also the
name
itself
is
spelt
have a series from Mangare and

in
Little
Mangare, taken by Henry
Palmer
1890.
:
The egg seems
to be
unknown.
Habitat
Chatham
Islands.
17
TURDUS TERRESTRIS
Turdus
terrestris Kittlitz,
kittl
pi.
M6m. Acad.
Kat.
Sc. Petersburg
I,
p.
245,
17 (1830
Boninsima).
Geocichla terrestris Bonaparte, Consp. Av.

p.
p.
183
(i88i)
I
Hartert,
107,
pi.
Vogels.
Senckenb,
268 (1850); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. V, Sharpe, Monograph p. 6 (1891)

;
Turdidae,
p.
33 (1902).
p.
Cichlopasser terrestris Bonaparte, C.R. XXXVIII,
6 (1854).
THE Leyden
the inside
lores dark
following
is
Dr.
:
Sharpe's
description
from
specimen
in
the
Museum
"General colour of
the
upper parts
olive-brown,
tail;
shading into chestnut-brown on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and
web
of each feather
;
much
darker, approaching black on the back;

;
brown
eye-stripe very obscure

;
lesser wing-coverts brown, darkest

tips
;
on the inside web
median coverts dark brown, with large olive-brown
greater coverts nearly black, broadly tipped, and narrowly margined towards
the base with olive-brown
primary coverts black, with a broad olive-brown
patch on the outer webs; tertials dark brown on the inner web, and olive-
brown on the outer web

the outer webs a spot where
:
secondaries brown, margined with olive-brown on
primaries brown, with the basal half of the outer webs, and
the
emargination
begins,
olive-brown
tail-feathers
chestnut-
brown
ear-coverts
brown
underparts olive-brown, shading into white on

;
the chin, throat, and centre of belly

irregular diamond-shaped
under tail-coverts dark brown, with

axillaries
white tips
brown
under wing-coverts
brown.
Geocichline markings on inner webs of quills dirty white.
Wing
3'8
inches, tail 2-6,
culmen 085, tarsus
1-07,
bastard primary 08."

this
The only person who ever
collected
short-tailed
is
Ground-Thrush
St. Petersburg,
was
one
Kittlitz,
in
who
obtained four specimens, one of which
in
Frankfurt, one in Vienna, and one in
Leyden.
Neither
Hoist, nor
Alan Owston's Japanese collectors obtained specimens, though their special

attention
was
called
to
it.
Therefore,
of
unless these
recent collectors
left
it
unvisited the most important island
the group,
we must
suppose that
became
extinct.
:
Habitat
Bonin Islands, south-east of Japan.
19
PHAEORNIS OAHENSIS
Phaeomis oahensis Wilson & Evans, Aves Hawaiienses,
Turdus
"
wilson & evans.

Introd. p. XIII
p.
(1899
Based
on
sandwichensis var. Bloxam, Voy. " Blonde " App.

"
250 (1826-Oahu)
and
Turdus woahensis
Bloxam M.S.)
NOTHING
existed
is
known about
this
evidently extinct bird, which
formerly
on the island of Oahu, except

is
Bloxam's
;
short
description,
which
as follows
"
Length 7J inches
lighter colour
;
upper parts olive-brown,
extremities of the feathers

bristled at the base."
much
tail
and wings brown
bill
The corresponding
notes
is
;
:
description of
;
Phaeomis obscura
;
in
Bloxam's M.S.
Length
is
8 inches
belly light ash
back,
tail
and wings an ash-
brown
bill
slender, f-in. long, bristled at the base.
beautiful songster."
It
thus evident that
Bloxam considered both forms

justified in
to
be
distinct,
and Messrs. Wilson and Evans were perfectly
naming the extinct
Oahu
form.
We
" All the labelled,
are not aware of any specimens being preserved in any

skin.
Museum,
write
:
though Bloxam obtained a
Messrs. Wilson and
Evans
(I.e.)
specimens obtained by Mr. Andrew Bloxam, properly prepared and
were placed
at the disposal of the
Lords of the Admiralty, as shewn

all
by a copy of the
sent, as
letter
he wrote to their Secretary, and probably

British
species,
were
some
certainly were, to the
Museum
but no other trace of
this
unique specimen of
oahensis,
is
a vanished
which may be properly called
Phaeomis
now
forthcoming."
21
BOWDLERIA RUFESCENS
(Plate
Sphenoeacus rufescens
5,
(buller).
Fig. 3.)
Buller, Ibis 1869, p. 38.

I,
Megaluriis rufescens Gray Hand-l. B.
p.
206.
No. 2913.
(1869.)
BULLER'S
tail
original description
is
as follows:
"Upper
parts,
sides,
;
and
the
dark rufous brown, brightest on the crown and hind-neck

of
feathers
the
shoulders
and
sides
centred
with
black.
Quills
throat,
dusky black, margined with rufous

breast and
brown.
Streak
over the
eye,
abdomen
black.
pale
fawn colour;
sides of
the head and
ear-coverts
marked with
Buller's
Bill light
brown with the ridge

preserved
in
black, feet dark
brown."
type probably had been

is
spirit,
as the colouration of
fresh specimens
very different to his description.
The general colour above
and on the flanks chestnut rufous, most feathers with darker or black centres;
chin, throat,
breast and
abdomen pure white
crissum and under tail-coverts
whity buff or buffy brown.

Habitat:
Cats,
Wing
2-6 inches, tail 3-9 inches,
culmen 0-65 inch."
Chatham
Islands.
this fine species,
rats
and weasels have exterminated

Messrs.
which
is
now
quite
extinct.
in
Travers
and
Dannefaerd
have
supplied
the
specimens
at Tring.
most colonial museums, while Henry Palmer collected the 14
few
in
in
Liverpool and two
in
the British
Museum
are
all
known
to
me
in
Europe,
addition to those at Tring.
23
TRAVERSIA
See description below.
rothsch.
Only one species known.
TRAVERSIA LYALLI
(Plate
5,
rothsch.
Fig. 3.)
p.
Traversia lyalU Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. IV

p.
X
.
(December
29th, 1894); Nov. Zool. 1895,
81.
Xenicus insularis
Buller, Ibis 1895, p. 236,

II
pi.
Traversia insularis Buller, Suppl. B.N.Z.
p.
109,
pi.
(1906).
IN nov.
shorter,
1894
described this remarkable

Differs
in
little
bird as follows
" Traversia,
gen.
Xenicidarum.
several
important
points
both
from
little
Xenicus and Acanthidositta.

if
Bill
much
larger and stouter,
very
at
all,
than the tarsus; the latter about as long as middle toe

in
without claw, or the hind toe and claw, while

it
Xenicus and Acanthidositta
is
about twice as long as the hind
toe.
The
principal difference, however,
is
the weakness of the wing, which suggests flightlessness, as does also the
very soft and loose character of the entire plumage, and the very Ralline
aspect of the bird.
the tarsus
in
is
There are only ten

Xenicus.
tail-feathers,
and the scutellation of

its
like that of
These two points determine
position
the Xenicidae at once

"
"
(cf.
Sclater, Cat. B.
lyalli, sp.
XIV,
p. 450).
The type
Male.
is
Traversia
nov.
olive-yellow,
Above
dark
brownish
each
feather
line.
with
brownish-black border.
narrow
distinct
yellow superciliary
Wings
Chin,
and
tail
umber-brown, the inner webs darker; wing-coverts
like back.
throat,
and breast chrome-yellow, each feather
slightly
edged with greyish
brown.
"
Flanks, abdomen, and vent pale brown, centre of feathers paler.
Female.
;
Upper surface umber-brown, each

wings and
tail
feather bordered with

grey,
very dark brown
similar.
Under surface huffy
the
feathers edged with pale brown.
Total length about 4 inches, culmen 06,

concealed, tarens 075, middle toe 0-65,
wing 18
to
19,
tail
0-8,
but
much
hind toe without claw 05.
24
Habitat
Stephens Island,
lighthouse-keeper, and sent to

I
New Zealand. Discovered by me by Mr. Henry H. Travers."

new
bird,
I
Mr. Dr. Lyall,
received nine specimens of this
and was not aware that

to
any others had been taken at that time.
As
was unable
attend the
I
December
meeting,
1894,
of
the
British
Ornithologists
Club,
asked
Dr. Hartert to exhibit the birds in
my
name.
When
he had done so and
had read the description, the Chairman, Dr. P. L. Sclater, said that the bird
had also been received for
illustration
and description
if
I
in
the
Ibis,
from Sir
Walter
Duller,
and he
asked
Dr.
Hartert
this
would
not
withdraw
my
description.
Dr.
Hartert said that
was unfortunate, but he had no
authority to withdraw
my
description,
and he and Dr. Sharpe thought that
the proceedings of
the
meeting should be printed without consideration of

to
it
any manuscripts which might refer

hard luck on Sir Walter Duller, but
the same bird.
No doubt
this
was
would have been equally hard luck for
me
I
if
he had forestalled
nine, of both
bird.
me
in
with the
I
new
and,
bird.
He had
only one specimen,
had
sexes, and
is
had paid a high price for them, as types of

as everybody knows, available for
Buller's type
sell
new
My
it
type
Tring,
study by any competent
ornithologist, while
to
was not
it
in
any
I
museum, and
suppose
it
was uncertain
in
whom
he would
afterwards.
is
now
the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,
to
which DuUer's
" third collection," 625 specimens,
was
II,
sold for a thousand pounds, as Duller

p.
himself tells us in his Supplement

wilsoni
!
167,
under the heading of Glaucopis
On
the
same page
Sir Walter Duller also tells us that his " second
collection "
was
sold to me,
but he makes a mistake about the price, as

it.
certainly did not pay a thousand pounds for

I
mentioned these unimportant
details,
because
Duller rather bitterly
and severely complained about

p.
my
has
describing the Stephens' Island
Wren, on
Ill
of
his supplement.
in
may
only add that of course

the
priority
my
name, being
published
December,
1894,
over
his,
which
was not
published before April, 1895.
The
history of
Traversia
lyalli
I
is
perhaps the most extraordinary of

of, viz.,
any bird known.
All the
specimens
am aware
in
in
the eight
now
in
my
collection, the type of

in
"Xenicus insularis"
Duller's former collection, one
the late Canon Tristram's collection, one
the Dritish
Museum
(ex Tring),
in
and two or more offered some years ago by Mr. Travers, were brought
by the lighthouse-keeper's
cat.
Evidently this feline discoverer has at the

of
same time been the exterminator

been digested by that unique
Traversia
in
lyalli,
and many may have

from Mr. Travers
I
cat, as
letters received
25
have been told that no more specimens could be obtained, and Buller
says: "Very diligent search has been
(I.e.)
made on Stephen
Island for further

is
specimens of the Island Wren, but without success, and there

reason to fear that this species has almost immediately after
too
much
its
discovery
become
extinct."
:
Habitat
Stephen
in
Island,
Strait.
a small, partly wooded

It
is
islet,
about a square
mile in extent,
Cook
almost impossible that this bird has
only existed on Stephen Island.

Island or
It
it
must have been overlooked on d'Urville

probably became extinct
the
" mainland,"
where
through
rats
and
cats,
and similar pests long ago.
27
MOHO
" Yellow-tufted Bee-eater" (non
APICALIS
(Plate
4a,
1.)
gould.
Latham !), Dixon, Voyage round the World,

London
i860, p. 381
pt.
(?
p.
357,plate (1789).
Moho
Moho
apicalis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Hawaii).
Acrulocercus apicalis Wilson
&
Evans, Av. Hawaii,

p.
text
and plate
(1894).
apicalis Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, etc.,
223 and plate (1900).
THIS
rarest species of the
Mohos formerly
in
inhabited the island of Oahu,
where specimens were obtained
1837, near Enero, by
Herr Deppe.
The
localities
of the specimens figured by
Dixon and that of the type

Since
of Gould are uncertain, but they must have been obtained on Oahu.
1837
we have no
in
further traces of
Moho
apicalis.
in
The only specimens known are those two

the British
I
Berlin, collected
at Tring.
is
by Deppe,
Museum, and one
in
my Museum
Capt.
The
latter,
which
obtained
the
in
exchange from the British Museum,

Islands
in
the one brought
home from
Sandwich
by
Lord
Byron.
There
is
no
specimen of Moho apicalis

Habitat: Oahu.
the Vienna
Museum.
29
CHAETOPTILA
Chaetoptila Sclater, Ibis 1871
p.
scl.
358.
DR. orSCLATER Molto

"
is sufficiently
justly proposed a
new
generic term for the " Entomyza."

authors.
"
angustipluma
of
former
This
bird
belongs
doubtless to the family of Meliphagidae or Honey-eaters, and the genus

distinct
from
all
others.
There are no fleshy wattles anywhere.

;
The
tail is
long and strongly graduated
all
is
the rectrices are obliquely pointed
at their tips.
The plumage
fluffy
;
of the
body
very
soft, that of
the head, throat
and chest almost

hair-like bristles.
the feathers of the chin, throat and forehead end in
We
know
only one species.
CHAETOPTILA ANGUSTIPLUMA
(Plate
Entomiza
4a,
(peale).
Fig.
2.)
aiigusfipliima Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds

Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855
Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp.,
p. p.
147
440.
pi.
XL
p.
fig.
(1848 Hawaii).
Mohoa angustipluma Moho angustipluma

Hawaii).
Mamm. &
Orn.
148
pi.
XI
fig
(1S3S
Wilson
&
Evans, Aves. Hawai.
pt. II
p.
and
plate
(1891 Hawaii).
Rothschild, Avif. Laysan, etc.,
215 and plate (1900).
THIS
remarkable
bird,
belonging to the family Meliphagidae, used to inhabit

It
the island of Hawaii in the Sandwich Archipelago.
has been said by
Mr. Dole to inhabit Molokai, but
this is
evidently an error.
its
At present
its
nobody on the island of Hawaii has any recollection of

former native name
is
presence, and
unknown the name

tahitiensis.
it
"
Kiowea
" erroneously
is
quoted by
Mr. Dole being that of Numenius

not
The
bird
extinct,
though we do
know
the reason
why
disappeared.
THE ONLY SPECIMENS WE KNOW OF ARE THE FOLLOWING:

1.
The type
in
the
Museum
at
Washington, U.S.A.
2.
3.
One
One
in
in
the Bernice Pauahi Bishop the
Museum
in
Honolulu.
Museum
of the University at Cambridge, obtained in
exchange from Honolulu
by Mr. Scott Wilson.

4.
One
in
my Museum
at Tring, obtained in
exchange from the Honolulu Museum.
The type was obtained by

the island of Hawaii.
Peale, the three others by the late Mr. Mills on
30
STRIGICEPS LEUCOPOGON
;
less.
;
Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 266 Suppl. aux (ruvres Strigiceps Icucopogon Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant 1840 (?) compl. de BuPfon, Descr. de Mammif. & Ois, r^cemm. d*icouverts, p. 277 {1847 Nouvelle HoIIande) Hartlaub, Beitrag Gesch ausgest Vogel, in Abhandl. Natunv. Ver. Bremen, 2te Ausgabe, als M.S. gedr.,
p. 40 (1896).
Nobody has
hitherto identified the curious bird described by Lesson,

it
c, under
the above name.
From
the
generic characters he gives
is
evident that
it
was
a bird with a long, curved
bill,
lanceolate feathers on the
head and throat, and long, strongly graduated

:
tail,
doubtless belonging to the McUphagidac.
The
description of
the colouration is as follows " Back, wings and tail bright greenisholive
;
quills
brown
inside
shafts of the
rectrices canarj-yellow
from below, glossy brown-red from above top of head and neck chestnut, each feather being narrow and streaked with white, then with fawn-colour on the top the feathers of the throat arc elongated and fringed out on their cheeks, sides of neck and chest ferruginous, edges, very narrow and lanceolate, grey at base, white at the tips some white streaks on the feathers of the chest and in the middle of the throat flanks and belly clear rufous,
; ; ;
passing into canary-yellow on the under tail-coverts.
Tail from
below greenish-yellow
tarsi
horn-colour,
bill
above brownish, below yellowish with brown

{Translated.)
tip.
Length about eight french inches and a half
(0.23 centim6tres)."
disappeared.
description
have made enquiries, but the type seems to have I This bird was said to have come from Australia. Unless the There is something in the description reminding us of ChactoptHa angustipluma.
is faulty,
this bird
came probably not from

is
Australia, but from one of the
Pacific
Islands.
It
has
not been observed since, and
possibly extinct.
31
DREPANIS

:
TEMM.
Drepanis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. Ed. II, I p. LXXXVl (1820 " Espfeces: Certhia pacifica obscura vestiaria et probablement falcata, que je n'ai pas vu." Type by
elimination
Drepanis pacifica.
THE
name Drepanis
is
now
restricted to the practically extinct

Islands.
;
"Mamo"
of the natives of the

striking
Sandwich
Drepanis pacifica has a very

the
black
and yellow
colouration
somewhat loose-webbed
tail.
under tail-coverts cover about three-quarters of the

curved, non-serrated, the
The
bill
is
long,
upper mandible a few millimetres longer than the

covered by an operculum.
First
lower jaw.
Nostrils
its
large,
primary rudipatch
mentary, hidden by
of feathers.
covert.
is
There
is
silky, soft
and
fluffy axillary
is
The
tail
slightly
rounded.
The metatarsus
covered with
large, partly fused scutes.
Only one species known.
DREPANIS PACIFICA
Great Hook-billed Creeper Latham, Gen. Synops.
Certhia pacifica Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
I I
(gm)
p.
703 (1782).
p.
470 (1788
ex
Latham).
BOTH
Mr. Scott Wilson and myself have at length discussed this beautiful
bird in our books on the

this bird in
Hawaiian Avifauna.
Of the
actual status of
it
former times
we know
nothing.
Latham described Museum.

late
first
(Gmelin named this species after

Leverian collection, which
half a century
is
Latham's description) from a pair

presei'ved in the Vienna
in
the
now
About
ago several specimens were collected by the

it
W.
Mills near
Hilo,
on the island of Hawaii, the only island where

of the
existed.
Nothing certain
was heard
a
fine
"Mamo"
until, in
1892,
my
collector
Henry Palmer obtained

In
male, which
was caught before
his eyes
by a native birdcatcher.
pair, possibly
July, 1898, Mr. H.

in
W. Henshaw saw
in
"at least a
a whole family,"
the
woods
of
Kaumana, and
1899 a native heard the, to him, well-known
call
near the same place.
This brings the existence of the
Mamo down
to the
year 1898 or 1899.
In view of the futile efforts of Messrs.
Henry Palmer,
32
Perkins,
Henshaw and
others to observe this rare bird again,

is
we may
if
well
suppose that this species

are
left.
either extinct, or will very
soon vanish
any
In
former times the
Mamo was
probably more or less common.
Its
golden yellow feathers were of great value, and, though the majority of the
famous war-cloaks are composed of the feathers of Moho

cloaks are
nobilis,
a few such
it
known
to consist of
Mamo
feathers.
It
is
supposed that
took
generations to complete such a cape.

I
only
know
of specimens of this bird in Vienna, Leyden, Paris, Honolulu,
Cambridge and Tring.
The two examples

the sale of the Leverian
portion of the
bill
in
the Vienna
collection.
Museum were obtained by One is perfect, the other has
Fichtel at
the upper
wanting.
33
HEMIGNATHUS OBSCURUS ELLISIANUS

(Plate
4,
Fig.
1.)
Hemignathus obscurus Lichtenstein (non Gmelin!), Abh. Akad. Wiss.

pi.
Berlin, 1838, p. 440
fig.
(Oahu).
Is.
Drepanis
(Hcniigiiathiis) ellisiaiia Gray, Cat. B. Trop.
Pac. Oc.
p.
g (1859
based
on
Lichtenstein's
H. obscurus from Oahu.
Hemignathus
lichtensteini Scott Wilson, Ann.
&
Mag. N. H.
ser. 6, vol. IV, p.
401 (1889
Oahu, based on the Berlin specimen).
Hemignathus
ellisianus Rothschild, Avif. of Laysan, etc., p. 87 (1893) p. 310 (1900).
WE
says,
if
know
and
the
only of one single specimen, the type of the
names
ellisianus
lichtensteini, figured
and described by Lichtenstein,

It
is
in 1838,
under
name
of
Hemignathus obscurus.
true that
Lichtenstein
is
that
Herr
Deppe procured several specimens, but there
only one
be,
in the Berlin
Museum, and we have no knowledge where the others may

in
they are
still
existence.
is
There can hardly be any doubt that H. obscurus ellisianus

Oahu, where
it
extinct on
was discovered by Deppe.

this day,
All recent collectors,

it.
from Wilson
and Palmer to
in
have
failed to find a trace of
Although collecting
difficult,
the dense forests and rugged mountains of
Oahu
is
most
we may
it,
suppose that at least one of these collectors would have come across
it
if
still
existed.
The
Berlin
:
following
is
the description
made by
Dr. Hartert of the type in
"Above greenish
the
feathers on
olive-brown,
more greenish on the back and rump,

;
and somewhat more greyish on the head and hind-neck

the
the dark bases of
head showing through, lores deep brown.

Chin, throat, and middle of
faded).
distinct
yellow superciliary stripe.
abdomen
dull
brownish
sides
white (apparently somewhat
Upper breast
olive-greenish,
of
breast and flanks dull olive-greenish, more olive-brown on the flanks.
Wings
dull
and
tail
deep brown, bordered with yellowish green.

Bill
Under-wing coverts
in
white.
brown, somewhat horn-brown, but not blackish, as
the other
forms of Hemignathus.
It
is
not probable that the
bill
and
feet are faded, as in
specimens of
side
Heterorhynchus lucidus collected and

side with H.
0.
stuffêd at
the
same time and kept
by
ellisianus, the
53,
bill
and feet are

56,
bill
still
blackish and not brown.

tip in
Wing
83-5, tail
culmen
from gape to
a straight line 475,
lower mandible from mental apex to
tip
40 mm."
35
HETERORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS
(Plate
Hemignathus
figs.
(licht)
4,
Fig.
2.)
liicidus Lichtenstein,
Abh.
d.
Kon. AUad. Wissensch. Berlin 1838
p.
451,
pi.
2^ 3? (1839 Oahu).
pi.
Heterorhynchus olivacens Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1839
X. and text (Oct. 1839).
THE Oahu form we

as far as
lucidtis),
of Heterorhynchus
is
now
extinct,
and specimens are only,

of
know, preserved
in
the
Museums
Berlin (types of
H.
Boston (type of H. olivaceus), Francfort, Paris, Leyden, London,
Cambridge, Liverpool.
In 1838 of the banana
Deppe saw
plantations.
this bird in great
numbers
flying
round the flowers

it
As the
bird
was apparently common,
is
it
quite
possible that specimens are preserved in several other collections, and
would
be most welcome
in
if
the
officials of
continental
Museums would
give information
case they should find specimens of this interesting extinct bird.
Habitat
Oahu.
37
PSITTIROSTRA PSITTACEA DEPPEI

(P..Te
ROTHSCH.
4,
F.G. 3.)
p.
Psittirostra olivacea Rothschild, Avifauna of Laysan
193
(1900 Oahu, ex Lichtenstein

(1905 new name
for the
nomen nudum &
M.S.)
Psittirostra psittacea deppei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. XV. p. 45 above, the name olivacea being preoccupied by Ranzani).
PSITTIROSTRA PSITTACEA PSITTACEA

birds
is still
one of the commoner

it
on
most
of
the
Hawaiian
Islands,
except Oahu, where
was
formerly replaced by a closely allied form,

slightly smaller dimensions,
P. p. deppei, distinguishable by
in
more whitish abdomen
the male, and
somewhat
more olivaceous upperside.
Specimens have been collected on Oahu by Prof.

pair in
Behn and Herr Deppe, and besides a

examples
in
my
collection,
only
know
left
of
of
the
museums
of
in
Berlin and Vienna.

spite of great efforts
it.
There
is
no trace
this species in
Oahu, and
Mr. Palmer and
all
other
recent collectors did not

of
come across
This form has thus shared the fate
Hemignathus
ellisianus, Heterorhynchiis lucidus,

all
Moho
apicalis and Phaeornis

ritfa
oahensis, which have

exist in a
disappeared from Oahu, while Loxops
may
still
few
pairs, or
has possibly followed suit already.
39
LOXOPS COCCINEA RUFA

Fringilla rufa Bloxam, Voy. " Blonde "
p.
bloxam.
250 (:826).
Loxops wolstenUolmei Rothschild,
Bull.
Brit.
Orn. Club
plate
I,
p,
LVI (i893-Oahu).
;
Loxops rufa Wilson, Aves Hawaiienses part VI,

of Laysan, etc., p. 177 (1900).
and text (1896)
Rothschild, Avif.
THIS
and
is
form of Loxops
if
is
only found on Oahu,
where
it
is
doubtless very
rare now,
not already extinct.

in
The
last
known specimen was shot
on April 20th, 1893,

in
the mountains of the Wailua district, on Oahu,

is
my
collection.
This
if
the only specimen obtained by the efforts

still
of recent collectors, and,

fate is sealed.
any should
exist,
we may suppose
Hawaii by
that their
L.
size
c.
rufa differs from L. coccinea coccinea of
its
smaller
and more brownish, somberer coloration.
We
know
of specimens in the
in
British
Museum,
including the type of
Bloxam's Fringilla rufa,
Liverpool, Philadelphia, Berlin, Berlepsch Castle,
Vienna and Tring.
41
CIRIDOPS
Ciridops Wilson, Nature 1892,
p.
WILSON
469.
THOUGH
Islands.
formerly supposed to belong to the
Fnngillidae,
it
is
now
generally acknowledged to belong to the family Drepanidae, a peculiar family of different
forms restricted
in its distribution to
the Hawaiian
The genus Ciridops seems

it
to stand nearest to Loxops,
from which,
however,
is
easily
distinguished
by the form of the

its
bill,
the pattern of
is
colouration, stronger feet, and the structure of

stiff
plumage, which
somewhat
of
and scanty, while
it
is
soft
and
rich in
Loxops.
The feathers
the
crown and throat are
pointed.
We
only
know one
species belonging to this genus.
CIRIDOPS ANNA
(Plate
Fringilla
4,
(dole).
Fig.
4.)
anna
Dole, Hawaiian
Almanac
1879,
p.
49 (Hawaii); reprint
IV, text
in
Ibis
;
1880.
Ciridops
anna Wilson & Evans, Aves

p.
Hawaienses, Part
and plate
Rothschild,
Avifauna of Laysan,
183.
Ulaaihawane THE known,

"
" of
the natives of Hawaii

being on
in
is
one of the rarest birds

type, in
only three specimens
record one, the
the
Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Museum
Honolulu, and two in
my
collection.
it
One
Mr.
of these
was brought home by Mr. Scott Wilson, who obtained

Honolulu, the other
from
Bishop
in
was shot by a
native
for
my
former
collector,
still
Mr. Palmer.
No
other examples have been obtained.

in
As there are
is,
a good
many hawane palms
elevated districts of Hawaii, there

still
of
course, a possibility that a few examples
exist there
but to
all
intents
and purposes Ciridops antui may be looked upon as
extinct.
43
SIPHONORHIS
Siphonorhis Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861,
p. 77.
scL.
Type: Caprimulgus ainericanus L.
" '
I
J.
"HE
bill
is
extremely
;
broad
tubular
at
base,
the
tip
strong
;
and
heavily
bristles
;
decurved
strongly
nostrils
and
very
prominent
third
rictal
developed.
Wing
pointed,
primary
longest
tail
rounded, almost graduated.

in coloration."
Tarsi long and naked.
The sexes
differ slightly
(Hartert.)
SIPHONORHIS AMERICANUS
(Plate
"Small Wood-Owle" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica
America calidiore
5a.)
296, pi. 255,
fig. i 11, p.
(l.)
(1725).
Capriiinilgiis ainericanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 193 (1758

in
").
I,
Ex Sloane.
p.
"Habitat
Chordeiles americanus Bonaparte, Consp. Av.
p.
63 (1850).
id.
Siphonorhis americanus Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861,

Indies, p. 139 (18S9); Hartert, Cat. B. Brit.
p.
77;
P.Z.S. i866,
p.
144; Cory, B.
W.
Mus. XVI,
592 (1892).
THE
whole
diagnosis
of
Linnaeus
is
"
Caprimulgus
narium
tubulis
eminentibus," but the prominent tubular nostrils are just the character
which distinguishes S. americanus most strikingly from

goatsuckers, and
indicate this bird.
"
1
all
the other
think that Sloane's figure and description are sufficient to
Sloane says as follows
This was seven Inches from the end of the

to
Bill to
that of the Tail,
and ten from the end of Wing

long crooked black
bill,
Wing expanded,
it
had a quarter of an Inch
with two Tubuli about one eight Part of an Inch
long for the Nostrills, along the upper Mandible were several bristly Hairs in
a Line,
like
those of
a Cat's Mustachoes of a black Colour, the Aperture of

large.
Chaps or Swallow was extraordinary
The Feathers on the Head and
under the Chaps were many, the Tail was four Inches long, the Head and
Back were cover'd with Feathers

and
black, the
of
mixt Colour of Feuille Morte, grey
Wings and
Tail
were
of the
same Colour only Lighter under

Legs and Feet were an
in
the Chaps, Breast and Belly
was
also of the same, the
Inch and half cover'd with brown Scales, the Toes four, three before, that
the middle three-quarters of an Inch long, and one behind.
44
" Its
Stomach was not very muscular,
it
was
fill'd
with Scarabei, &c.
The
rest of the Bowells agreed in everything with those of the greater Sort,
concerning which see the description above.

"
"
They feed on Scarabei and other Insects They are found with the former."
this
of that Kind.
Specimens of
Goatsucker are very rare
in
collections,
and
am
the
in
is
only aware of the existence of examples in American

pair obtained
museums and
procure
of
by Osburn
in
Jamaica about
half a century ago,

failed to
it
and now
it,
the British
Museum.
Recent collectors have
and
it
therefore to be feared that, like Aestrelata caribbaea,
has been exterminated
by the introduced mongoose and other animals.

Habitat
:
Jamaica.
45
NESTOR PRODUCTUS
(Plate
6,
(gould.)
head.)
II,
Wilsou's Parrakeet Latham, Gen. Hist. B. Plyctolophus productus Gould, P.Z.S. 1836,
p.
170 (1822).
p.
19.
Isl.
Nestor productus Gould, Syn. Austr. B. and

Ceiitrnrus productus Bp.,
adj.
pt.
I,
pi.
flg.
(183
?).
Naumannia
1856, Consp. Psitt. No. 265.
LATHAM'S
Bill
original
description
is
as follows
"
Length thirteen inches.
very long and hooked, and upper mandible measuring almost two
the
inches,
under three-quarters, colour dusky
plumage
in
general
greenish ash, inclining to brown, and clouded here and there with orange as
in
the
'
Crossbill,' but the
edges of the feathers of the back dun

;
colour
dull
all
;
the under parts of the body mixed yellow and dull orange
rump
red
under wing coverts
dull yellow
is
thighs
brown
the quills reach almost to the

;
end of the
tail
tail,
which
somewhat, but not greatly, cuneiform
both quills and

five
are
brown, the
bars
;
former
marked on
the inner
Inhabits
webs
with
or
six
I
whitish
legs
dusky, toes very long.

it
New
South Wales.
met with a
It
fine
specimen of
in
the collection of
Thomas Wilson, Esqre."
has long been a question whether Nestor productus of Gould and
Nestor norfolcensis of Pelzeln were really distinct or only individual varieties

of
one species.
had
I
for
long
time
considered them
to
be merely
individual varieties, for

Philip
Island,
could not persuade myself that a small island like
almost contiguous to Norfolk Island, could have
different
species of Nestor to that found on the larger island.
Since commencing to
write this book,
however,
have come to somewhat different conclusions.

is
In the first place no special locality
given for N. productus by the earlier
authors, in
Nestor,
the
same way as
in
the case of
S.
Notomis
alba, which, like

is
the
was
said to
come from N.
Wales.
This fact
easily explained,
in the early
as N. S.
days,
Wales and Norfolk Island were both penal settlements

there
and
was intercourse by regular

Howe's
Island.
vessels
plying
between
these
colonies and Lord
Now we
find in the case of several other birds
that distinct local forms occur on Norfolk and Lord

far as
I I
Howe's
Islands, while as
know
there
is
no other record of a distinct bird from Philip Island.
therefore believe that Nestor productus inhabited both Norfolk and Philip
Islands,
and that
all
specimens extant are from Philip Island, where

island, while the
it
lingered
some years longer than on the main
specimens of Ferdinand
A'^.
Bauer and Governor Hunter, and possibly the supposed
norfolcensis
of
46
Canon Tristram's
Howe's
collection,
now
in
Liverpool, had been brought from Lord

in
Island in cages and
were kept as pets
Norfolk Island; and then, as
the value of exact data in those early days of the references were
brought.
is
our science was unknown,
made
to the place
is
whence the specimens were seen or

bill
One
thing however
certain, the
in
Ferdinand Bauer's sketch
evidently a monstrous growth produced by captivity, for

bill
Latham expressly
describes the
of Governor Hunter's bird as ending in a long thin point.

norfolcensis are
The
differences of N.
;
the dull crimson
sides of face, chin,
and throat
the
tail.
dull
green head and hind neck, and the total absence of bars on
herewith
is
The
bill
plate given of
a reproduction of the
this is
Liverpool bird,
with the
bird,
Ferdinand Bauer's sketch added, as

corner a head of the specimen of
late
A'',
wanting
in
that
and
in the
productus, purchased for
the Tring
Museum, when the
Mr. Wallace's
Museum
at
Distington,
Cumberland, was dispersed.

I
have carefully examined the three
fine
I
specimens of Nestor productus
in the British
Museum, and the conclusion

as
in
have come to
productus
is
that the bird
described
by Gould
the
adult
of
his
A^.
was an abnormal
The
specimen, and was

called "superbus"
relation to
normal
A'',
productus what the aberrations

bills
and "esslingi" are to N. meridionalis.

are
bill,
of the
Bell
British
Museum specimens
has the long, thin
very
but
different.
it
The one from the

least
collection
is
at
half-an-inch
to
three-
quarters shorter than those
in
the Tring and Florence specimens.

Island.
Habitat
Philip Island
and probably Norfolk

London, one
in in
One
in Prague,
in
Tring, three in
in
Florence,
two
in
Vienna, one
two
Leyden, one
in
Amsterdam, are known to me.
The two specimens
the Vienna
bill,
Museum were
both bought
in
1839.
One from Ward,

bill
with a short
brown chest and
throat,
and a very wide
yellow breast-band.
The other from Baron von

chin.
Hilgel,
which has a long
and very red cheeks and
47
NESTOR NORFOLCENSIS
(Plate
6,
pelzeln
full
figure.)
Long-billed Parrakeet Latham, Gen. Hist.
II,
p.
171 (1822).
Nestor norfolcensis Pelzeln, Sitzb.
(i860 detailed AUad. Wiss. XLI, pp. 322-325, pi. description from the manuscript of the late botanist, Ferdinand Lucas Bauer, and The specimen was from figure of head with an evidently abnormally developed bill.
k.
Norfolk Island
it
had disappeared before Pelzeln's time).
LATHAM'S
Bill
is
as follows:
"Length above
12 inches.
very long and curved, thick halfway from the base, but tapering
tip,
quite to a point at the
and under mandible truncated at the end,

sides under the eyes, chin
tail
colour of both, dusky; head and neck dull green;
and throat pale crimson
upper parts of the body, wings and

tail
dusky
breast yellowish; belly, thighs and vent more or less crimson;

legs brown."
cuneiform;
"One
the
of these
Island;
was
in
possession of Governor Hunter,
who brought
the
other,
it
from Norfolk
tail is
from
a
the
bill
it
seems
related
to
but
it."
cuneiform
in
much
this
greater degree, without any bars across
The only
bird of
species
extant
is
the one in
Liverpool,
from
the Tristram collection.
Governor Hunter's specimen and Bauer's bird were both brought from
Norfolk
A'^.
Island,
I,
but as they were cage-birds, and differed so markedly from

for reasons given under
Island.
(?).
prodticttis,
A^.
product us, believe this bird came
from Lord Howe's

Habitat:
Lord Howe's Island
49
LOPHOPSITTACUS
n EWTON.
with the
HE
huge
if
bill
and peculiar shaped

is
crest, together
apparently,
of
i.e.,
the figure
correct
p.
very
350.)
short wings are characteristic
this genus.
(P.Z.S. 1875,
LOPHOPSITTACUS MAURITIANUS
(Plate
7.)
(owen).
Broad-billed Parrot Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VI,

Psittaciis mauritiaiius
p.
53 (1866).
Owen,
Ibis,
p.
168 (1866).
Psittacus (Lophopsittacus) mauritiaiius A. Newton, P.Z.S. (1875), pp. 349, 35-
Lophopsittacus mauritiaiius Newton, Enc. Brit.
(ed. 9)
III,
p.
732,
ff.
44, 46 (1875).
THIS
a
extraordinary parrot
was
1866.
first
described and described

the
it
made known
to science
by Professor
Owen
in
He
from 2 lower mandibles,
much damaged, which were dug up from

few further osseous
nothing more of importance
Schlegel discovered
in
Mare aux Songes.

by Sir
to
this
Except
remains, mostly collected
Edward
bird
till
Newton,
Professor
was found
relating
the
Library of Utrecht the manuscript journal kept

in
during the voyage to Mauritius
A.D. 1601-1602 of Wolphart Harmanszoon,

is
in
which among other items of natural history there

from
life,
a sketch of Lophopsittacus
and the statement that

is
it
was wholly
of a grey-blue colour.
From
the fact that this bird

in
not mentioned by the voyagers

it
who
visited Mauritius
it
the 2nd and 3rd decades of the 18th century, the

first
is
probable that
extinct.
was one
is
of
of
the
Mascarene birds to
consider that the bird
become
This
to
easily
understood when
we
was apparently unable

and
fly,
and
would
like all big
parrots prove excellent eating.
Only known
and notes.
35 tarsi and
from
osseous
remains
the
above-quoted
drawing
tibiae,
and 60 complete and incomplete lower mandibles

in
and fragments of palatine bones

Habitat
:
the Tring
Museum.
Mauritius.
51
ARA TRICOLOR
(Plate
Le
petit
bechst.
10.)
Ara D'Aubenton,
PI.
I
Enl. 641.
p.
L'Ara
tricolor Levaill., Perr.
17,
pi.
5 (1801)
64, pi.
I
Psittacus tricolor Bechst., Kurze Ueb.

Sittace ? lichtensteini Wagl., fide Bp.,
p.
(181
1).
Naumannia
1856, Consp. Psitt.
BECHSTEIN'S
" This Aras,
description, taken
from Levaillant,
is
(translated) as follows:
is
which others have held to be only a variety of Macao,

It
is
according to Vaillant a distinct species.

the red-fronted species, or
1
one third smaller than

tail
ft.
10
in. is
long, of
which the
takes 11 inches
and the
bill
18 lines.
The
latter
of a black
colour and has the upper
mandible less curved, and the sides of the lower mandible more swollen than
is
the case in the other
Ara
species.
The cheeks are naked and
white, with
three lines of red feathers.
Head, front and sides of the neck, breast, belly

;
and thighs red
back of the neck pale yellow
back, shoulders and

;
smaller
wing coverts brownish red bordered with yellow or green

primaries above dark
undertail coverts
pale
flanks yellowish,
violet
blue,
azure blue, below coppery red.

blue
Crissum
;
with green and brown-red borders
under-wing
tail
coverts red, the larger yellow, and brownish green.

all
Two
centre
feathers
red with blue
tips,
the outer ones blue on outer webs and
tips,
red on
the rest of the feather."
Of
Paris,
this
in
bird
know
in
only
of
two
in
the
British
in
Museum, one
the Paris
in
one
Leyden, one
Liverpool.
The specimen
Museum
Cuba.
other
in
bears the
inscription "
Macrocercus
tricolor (Bechst.)
M. E. Rosseau.
Menagerie 1842."
Probably, however, there
are
more specimens
museums.
Apparently the last specimen was shot
Americ. Nat.
Like
in
1864 at
La Vega (Bangs,
XXXIX,
p.
200).
all
the extinct
its
West
Indian
Macaws, Amazons and Conures,
it
became extinct through

Habitat
:
persecution by the inhabitants for food.

Isle of Pines.
Formerly Cuba and
52
ARA GOSSEI
(Plate
Yellow-headed
11.)
ROTHSCH.
Macaw
Gosse, Birds of Jamaica,

p.
p.
;
260 (1847).
Proc. IV, Orn. Congr.,
p.
Ara
Ara
gossei Rothsch., Bull. B.O.C.. XVI,

tricolor (non Bechstein) Clark,
14 (1905)
201 (1907).
Auk
1905, p.
348.
MR. GOSSE'S
black
;
description
half,
;
is
as follows
"
Basal half of upper mandible

mandible,
black, tip
;
apical
ash
coloured
lower
only
sides
ash coloured
of face,
fine
forehead, crown, and back of neck, bright yellow

anterior
around
;
eyes,
and
lateral
parts
of
the neck,
and back, a
winglet
scarlet
wing coverts and
breast
deep
sanguine
feet are
red
said
and
primaries an elegant light blue.

black
;
The
legs
and
to
have been
the
tail,
red and yellow intermixed (Rob.)"

" If
Mr. Gosse also remarks,
this is
not
the
tricolor
of
Le
Vaillant,
it
which
is
the only
Macaw
am aware
of
marked with a yellow
nape,
is
probably new."
In spite of the
evident
differences
in
the
description,
tricolor,
the Jamaican
lately
Ara has always been
united with the
Cuban
A.
even as
as
October, 1905, by Mr. Austin H. Clark (Auk,

it
1905, p. 348),
though he queries
in
a footnote.
The specimen described by Dr.

by Mr. Odell,
in
Robinson, here quoted by

the
Gosse, was shot about 1765,
mountains
of
Hanover
parish, about ten miles east of Lucea.
Habitat
Jamaica.
exists,
The specimen described no longer

collection
and there are none
in
any
known.
tricolor
There was a third member of the
group
of
Macaws found
tricolor,
on the large island of Haiti, which Mr. Clark has also united under A.
but
I
believe
it
must have been
different, just as the
Jamaica
bird.
53
ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(Plate
Ara
militaris Gosse,
rothsch.
12.)
Birds of Jamaica,
Rothsch.,
Bull.
p.
261
(1847).
p.
Ara erythroccphala
p.
B.O.C., XVI,
14 (1905)
Proc.
IV Orn. Congr.,
201 (1907).
GOSSE
Mr.
quills,
says the description given to him

Hill,
in
was
as
follows
a
;
letter, just
received from
"
Head
;
red
neck,
shoulders,
and and
underparts of a light and lively green

blue;
the greater wing coverts
and the
tail
scarlet
and blue on the upper surface, with the

tail,
under plumage, both of wings and

"
a mass of intense orange yellow."
The specimen here

St.
described
was
procured
in
the
mountains
of
Trelawny and
Anne's by Mr.
White,
proprietor of
the Oxford estate."
No specimen now known.

Habitat
:
Jamaica.
relates
Mr. Gosse also

large
St.
that the
Rev. Mr. Coward,

of
in in
1842,
saw two
parish
of
Macaws
flying
near
the
foot
the
mountains
the
James,
near the centre of the island.

;
These birds were said
to have
been blue and yellow

precise island
if
so,
probably they were
my Ara
erythrura,
whose
home
is
unknown.
ARA MARTINICUS
(Plate
Les
14.)
(rothsch.)
Aras
P6re
Bouton,
Rel.
de
I'^tab.
d.
Fran9ais
dep.
1635,
en
I'ile
Martinique
pp. 71.72 (1640)
Anadorhynchus martinicus Rothsch.

p.
Bull.
B.O.C. XVI,
p.
14 (1905); Proc.
IV Orn. Congr.,
202 (1907.)
PERE
les
bouton
j'ai
says,
"
Les Aras sont deux ou
trois
fois
gros
comme
Ceux
Perroquets et ont
un plumage bien different
en
couleur.
que
vus avaient
preserved.
:
les
plumes leleucs et orangees."
No specimen
Habitat
Martinique.
54
ARA GUADALOUPENSIS
Les Arras Du Tertre,
Hist. gen. des Antilles Vol.
PI.
II
clark.
p.
248 (1667).
Ara Rouge D'Aubenton, Ara
Enl. 12 (1779).
p.
gtcadaloupensis Clark, Auk, XXII,
272 (1905).
DU TERTRE
by one
third.
fire
;
gives the following description

all
" The
Arras
is
a sort of
Parrot bigger than
the others.
all
;
This
is
proved because those of
Guadaloupe are larger than
the other Parrots, both those from the
Islands as well as from the Mainland

It
while this Arras
is
larger than these
has the head, the neck, the belly and the back of the
colour of
its
wings are a mixture of yellow azure, and crimson feathers and a foot-and-a-half long."
while the
tail is
entirely red
Macaws
of this colouration are mentioned by
Du
Tertre,
De
Rochefort,
and others of the older authors as being found on
Guadaloupe,
Dominica
I
and Martinique, and Mr. Clark has united them under one name.
sure
of
is
This
feel
wrong, and
so
I
believe each of the three islands had a distinct species
Red Macaw,
Habitat
:
confine this
name
to the
Guadaloupe form.
Guadaloupe.
existing.
No specimen
ARA ERYTHRURA
(Plate
De
Rochefort, Histoire
Arras). 15.)
lies Antilles,
nom. nov.
&c. (1658),
p.
Nat.
&
Mor. des
154, Art.
IX (Des
Anadorhynchus coeruleus (non Gmelin) Rothsch.,
Bull. B.O.C.,
XVI,
p.
15 (1905).
IN
in
the Bull. B.O.C. XVI,
p.
15 (1905),
unfortunately described this bird
under the name of Anadorhynchus coeruleus (Gm.), having

description,
misread his
and also said

Series
8,
it
came from Jamaica.

VI,
Professor Salvadori,
Parrots,"
realise
the
Ibis
(1906)
Vol.
"Notes on
entirely to
p 451,
calls
I
attention
to
my
double
error,
but
failed
is
what
:
bird
really meant.
"
The
(translated) as follows
Among them
are some which
have the head, the upper side of the

;
neck, and the back of a satiny
sky blue
the
underside of
tail
the
neck,
the
belly, and undersurface of the wings, yellow, and the
entirely red."
No specimen existing. Habitat One of the West

:
Indian
Islands.
55
ANODORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS
(Plate
Le gros Perroquet de
pi.
II
13.)
ROTHSCH.
Rel. Quat. voy. Christ, p. 425
la
Guadaloupe Don de Navarette,
(1838).
Bull.
Anadorhynchns purpurascens Rothsch.

Congr.,
p.
B.O.C. XVI,
p.
13
(1905)
Proc. IV Orn.
202 (1907).
THE
colour.
original
description
of this
bird
says
it
was
entirely
I
deep
violet.
Native name
Ond
couli.
No specimen
extant.
have placed
its
this
species in the genus Anodorhynchiis on account of
uniform bluish
Habitat
Guadaloupe.
57
AMAZONA VIOLACEUS
(Plate
Perroquet de la Guadeloupe
Perroquets Labat, Voy. aux
17.)
(gm.)
Du
iles
Tertre, Hist. Nat. Antill.
11,
p. 250,
fig.
p.
246 (1667).
de TAmSr.,
I,
vol.
II
p.
214 (1742).
Psittacus violaceus Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p.
337 (1788).
LABAT'S
translated
original
little
description
is
as
follows
"
Those of
Guadaloupe are a
smaller than the Aras; they have the head, the
neck, and the belly slate colour with a
few green and black feathers,
the back
is
entirely green,
and the wings are yellow and red."
Gmelin's description reads thus

varius, dorso
: Ps.
violaceus viridi et nigro admisto

nigris, reliquis
ex fusco
viridi,
remigibus majoribus
follows
:
ex
luteo, viridi,
et rubro variis, tectricum macula rosea.
Rostrum
"
et orbitae incarnata."
is
Du
and
Tertre's description
is
as
He
about as big as a fowl,
has the beak and eyes bordered with red.

belly are of a violet colour, a little
All the feathers of the head,
neck
the
mixed with black and green, shot

is
like
throat of a pigeon.
All the
upper part of the back
green, strongly
washed
with brown.
Outer primaries
in
black, rest yellow, green
and red."
No specimens
Habitat
:
collections.
Guadaloupe.
AMAZONA MARTINICANA
(Plate
"Perroquets" Labat's Voy. aux
iles
clark.
18.)
de I'Am^r.
II
p.
214 (1742).
Atnazona
luartitiicana Clark, Auk. XXII, p. 343 (1905).
LABAT'S
is
description
reads thus
"
Those of Dominica have some red

tail
;
feathers on the wings, under the throat, and in the
all
the rest
green
(Amazona bouqueti,
last
w.r.).
Those of
Martinique
is
have
the
same plumage as the
mentioned, but the top of the head
slate colour
with a small amount of red."
No specimen now known.

Habitat
:
Martinique.
59
CONURUS LABATI
(Plate
Perriques Labat, Voy. aux
iles
rothsch.
16.)
de I'Am^r.
II
p. p.
218 (1742).
13 (1905)
;
Conunis labati Rothsch.

(1907).
Bull.
B.O.C. XVI,
Proc. IV Orn. Congr.,
p.
202
LABAT'S
translated description
of this bird
is
as
follows
" Those
Their
bill
of
Guadaloupe are about the
size of
a blackbird, entirely green, except a

their head.
easily."
is
few small red feathers, which they have on

white.
They are very
gentle, loving,
and learn to speak
No specimens known.
Habitat
:
Island of Guadaloupe.
61
NECROPSITTACUS
Necropsittacus Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sc. Nat.
(5)
milne-edw.
Art.
3, p.
XIX,
18 (1874).
MILNE-EDWARDS
Loriidae.
his opinion, to
considered
Necropsittacus
closely
allied
to
the
genus Palaeornis, and at the same time to show
affinities
with the
in
At the
same time the two mandibles were

little
sufficient,
show
that this bird belonged to a
generic group standing
near Palaeornis.
NECROPSITTACUS RODRICANUS
(MILNE-EDW.)
Psittacus Rodricaniis A. Milne-Edw., Ann. Sc. Nat.
(5) VIII, pp. 151-155,
pi. ?
^-
i.
2 (1867).
Necropsittacus rodericanus A. Newt., P.Z.S.
p.
41 (1875).
THIS
Dr.
parrot
was described from a

Milne- Edwards,
portion
of
the upper mandible by

fully
Professor
and
then
was more
described
by
Giinther
and
Sir
Edward
Newton, who
examined
nearly
complete skull and other bones.
A
in
manuscript discovered in the Archives of the Ministry of Marine

proves
it
Paris
that
this
bird
only
became
extinct
at
not
very
distant
date,
having
been
In
seen alive by the writer of
the
said
manuscript
to
about
the
year 1731.
this
manuscript the
bird
was
tail
have a
body considerably larger than a pigeon, with a very long

head and
that
bill.
and a very large
Unfortunately the writer does not mention the colour, but adds
the
smaller
;
green
and
blue
parrot
{Palaeornis
bird
exsid)
was
much
handsomer
It
so
we can
safely
assume that our
was
of
sombre colouration.
was undoubtedly
same genus.
Habitat
:
closely allied to the genus Palaeornis.
The two
following,
though much
to the
brighter coloured and but scantily described, apparently belong
Rodriguez.
62
NECROPSITTACUS
(P.ATB
(?)
8.)
BORBONICUS
NOM. NOV.
(Dubois)
in
;
THIS
parrot
:
is
described
terms
by the Sieur D.B.

of
the following
head,
tail
it
"
Body the
size
large
pigeon,
green
and
with
bird
upper part of wings the colour of

the other parrots which are true
fire."
it
As he compares
is
Palaeornis,
evident
that this
must have been a Necropsittacus.

This
this bird.
description
is
the
sole
evidence
we have
of
the
existence
of
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
NECROPSITTACUS (?) FRANCICUS

ROTHSCH.
Necropsittacus franciciis Rothsch., Proceedings
Int.
Ornith. Congress 1905,
p.
197 (1907).
ORIGINAL
various
description:
"Head
know
and
tail
fiery
red,
rest
of
body and
in
wings green."
We
only
this bird
from the descriptions
the
"Voyages"
to Mauritius in the 17th
and early 18th centuries.
Habitat
Mauritius.
63
MASCARINUS
Mascariiius Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn.
p.
lesson.
mixture of forms.
i88 (1831
By
elimination the
name Mascariiius has been
restricted to the Mascarine Parrot).
THE
E.
erithacus),
generic
affinities
of
this
bird
have
been
discussed
by
various
authors.
Wagler, Gray, Pelzehi, Hartlaub (1877) and Messrs. A. and

united
it
Newton
it,
with the Vaza Parrots
in
the genus Coracopsis,
Finsch included
in
together with the Vazas and the Grey Parrot {Psittacus

Psittacus.
(Cat.
the genus
Recent authors
B.
is
Oustalet
its
1893,
W.
and
A.
Forbes
separate
1879,
and Salvadori
Mascariiius.
A.
XX,
p.
421,
1891) have admitted a

proper course,
I
genus,
This
evidently
the
agree with
W.
Forbes, Oustalet and
Salvadori that
nearest affinities
appear to be the genus Taiiygnathus rather than Coracopsis, and that the
place of Mascariiius
is
among
the Palaeornithinae of Salvadori.
The
large red
bill,
with distinctly ridged gonys, concealed nostrils and

tail,
moderately long, strongly rounded

tion
is
are peculiar characters.
The
coloura-
unique.
Only one species
is
known.
64
MASCARINUS MASCARINUS
MASCARINE PARROT.
(Plate
" Perroqueis iin
lilt
(l.)
9.)
le
pen plus gros que pigeons, ayant
pliiinage dc coiileur de petit gris,
chaperon noir siir la teste, le becq fort gros, & couleitr de feu" Le Sieur D.B, (Dubois), Voyages aux lies Dauphine ou Madagascar, and Bourbon ou Mascarenne. "Bourbon ou Mascarenne"). p. 172 (1674 Psittacus Mascarinus Brisson, Orn. IV., p. 315 (1760); Hahn, Orn. Atlas, Papageien p. 54,
pi. 39 (1835). Psittacus iiiascarin. Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum, regni animalis appendix p. 524 (1771 " Habitat in Mascarina." Ex Brisson). Perroquet Mascarin Levaillant, Perroquets II, p. 171, pi. 189 (1805 "Madagascar,"
errore).
Mascarinus tnadagascariensis Lesson, Trait6

Levaillant).
d'Orn,
p.
189
(1831
"Madagascar,"
ex
Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Coracopsis mascarina Wagler, Mon. Psittac. p. 679 (1832) Ges. Wien 1863, p. 934. Mascarinus obscurus (non Psittacus obscurus L.) Bonaparte, Rev. & Mag. de Zool. 1854 Syst. Nat. Ed. X, p. 97, 1758, ex Hasselquist p. 154 (Linnaeus, Psittacus obscurus M.S. though identified by himself with the Marcarine Parrot in 1766 Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, I, p. 140 cannot be the same as P. mascarinus ; the description disagrees entirely, and the bird was described from a specimen probably seen alive by Hasselquist, What Linnaeus' P. obscurus was, is difficult to say if it with uncertain locality. was not for the long tail, one might consider it a variety of the Grey Parrot). Finsch was not Psittacus madagascarensis Finsch, Papageien II pp. 306, 955 (1868 acquainted with the history of this Parrot, as he still considered Madagascar to be its home, and wondered why it had not been found there by recent collectors). Psittacus tnadagascariensis Pelzeln, Ibis 1873, p. 32. Mascarinus duboisi W. A. Forbes, Ibis 1879, pp. 304, 305 (figures), 306; Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, Centenaire Mus. d'Hist. Nat. pp. 191-205, pi. I (1893 excellent lengthy
;
account).
Mascarinus mascarinus Salvadori, Cat. B.
Brit.
Mus. XX,
p.
421
(1891 Reunion).
IT this
scientific
has been mentioned above that " Le Sieur D. B."

Parrot clearly
in
(Dubois)
described
not on
1674, and that

in
it
lived
on
Reunion, and
first
Madagascar.
Linnaeus
it,
1771
(see
above)
was the
to
it
bestow a
in
name on
though Brisson had already again described
1760.
Linnaeus' diagnosis
is,
as usual, rather poor, and not quite correct*, but his
reference to Brisson leaves no doubt as to what he meant.
This parrot
is
one of the rarest of extinct
birds,
only two stuffed

is
specimens being known.

the
One normally
Paris,
coloured specimen
preserved in
Museum
figured
of Natural History in
and
it
is
evidently this which has

in
been
by
Daubenton
and
Levaillant,
and
the
"
Centenaire
du
Museum
d'Historie Naturelle."
in
From
is
the latter plate
my
figure has been taken.
The example
Vienna
unfortunately semi-albinistic,
tail.
there
being
some white feathers on the

however, lived formerly
depicted by
back, wings and
Another normal
individual,
it
in the
Menagerie of the King of Bavaria, where
was
Hahn
in 1835.
Unfortunately this specimen has not been preserved.

Habitat
in
" Psi/facMS brachyurus fuscus, facie nigra, Cauda albente.
.Mascarina.
Rostrum incarnatum.
Caput caerulescens."
65
PALAEORNIS EXSUL
(Plate
Palaconiis exsu! A. Newton,
Ibis
newton.
19.)
1872, p. 33.
LEGUAT
et
was the
and
first
to mention
these parrots as
"
Perroquets verds
eat
bleus,"
that
they were
wonderfully
good to
and
also
delightful pets.
Professor Newton's description
is
as follows
"
Female
Of moderate
size.
General appearance greyish-glaucous, darker above than beneath.

corner of
the
From
the
mouth proceeds an
as
it
ill-defined
dull
black chin
stripe,
which
becomes
broader
passes
backward
and
upward,
ceasing
somewhat
abruptly on reaching the level of the ears.

wing-coverts,
Head, nape and shoulders, upper

blue
tinge
in
and rectrices above
dull
is
greyish-glaucous, the
light,
which predominates when the bird
seen against the
and the green
when seen
blue.
in
the contrary aspect; the outer rectrices paler.
Rump
verditer
Primaries with their outer, and most part of their inner, webs deep
greenish blue, the former with narrow, lighter edges, and the latter broadly
bordered
with
pitch
black;
shafts
and
lower
surfaces
still
greyish
black.
Secondaries much the same as the primaries, but of a
deeper shade.
Breast dull greyish-glaucous, but lighter than the upper parts and passing
on the
belly into verditer,
which becomes lighter and greener on the vent.

grey,
Rectrices
feathers.
beneath yellowish
Bill black."
darker
toward
the
tips
of
the
longer
The specimen was sent The male
in
spirits
to
Sir
Edward Newton
in
1871 by
Mr. Jenner, the Magistrate of Rodriguez.

differs
from the female

tip.
in
having the upper mandible crimson,
fading into horn at the

nostril to eye.
Top
of head
more glaucous.
Black stripe from
Black chin stripe prolonged almost to meet on nape of neck.

Middle secondaries
Most
of primaries with dull black patch on inner webs.
dusky black.
The male was sent

Total length
to Sir
Edward Newton
in
1875 by Mr.
16
7-5
J.
Caldwell.
inches.

its
Wing
Tail
8-5
if
Probably almost
not quite extinct.
Recent investigations about
status are very desirable.
Habitat
Rodriguez Island.
66
PALAEORNIS WARDI
(Plate
Palaeornis wardi E. Newton, P.Z.S. 1867,
20.)
p.
e.
newton.
346 (Seychelles).
THE
"
translation
of
Sir
Edward Newton's
but
diagnosis
stouter
is
bill,
as
follows
Similar
to
P.
alexandri,
with
purple
red
shoulder patches, and the hind neck without a red band.
"Adult Male.
Crown
of
head and throat
bluish,
cheeks ochraceous green,

in
chin and line round base of
mandible black, continued
a stripe from the
gape to the hind neck; back and wings grass green; rump brighter; a single
wide band
(or patch)
on the shoulders purplish red;
remiges and rectrices
deep green washed with blue, the latter yellowish, the former dusky below;
belly
yellowish green
bill
vivid
tail
scarlet with
9."
duller,
paler tip
feet dusky.
Total
length
16 inches, wings 775,
Female
similar to the
male but
stripe.
and with the
bill all
black,
and
without the black mandibular
Formerly abundant on most of the islands
in
the Seychelles, especially
Mahe, but now confined to the

probability
vert."
little
islet
of Silhouette,
its
where
it
will in all
become
extinct.
According to E. Newton
name was
"
Cateau
Habitat
Seychelles Islands.
67
PALAEORNIS EQUES
Psittaca borbonica torquata Briss., Orn. IV
PsittacHS alexandri var. y Linnaeus, S.N.
p.
(bodd).
f. i
328,
pi.
XXVII
(1760).
(Bourbon.)
p.
142 (1766).
Perruche d
collier
de
I'Isle
de Bourbon Daubenton, PI. enl. 215.

Hist. Nat. Ois. VI, p. 143 (1779).
I
Perniche a double
collier Buff.,
Alexandrine Parrakeet var. C. Double Ringed Parrakeet Latham, Syn.

Psittacus eqiies Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl.
p. 13 p.
p.
326 (1781).
(1783).
Psittacus semirostris Hermann, Obs. Zool.

Psittacus bitorqiiatus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt.
125 (1804).
p.
92 (1820).
II
Rose Ringed Parrakeet
var. B.
Latham, Gen. Hist.

Ill
p.
161 (1822).
Psittacus bicollaris Vieillot, Enc. Meth.
p.
II
1385 (1823).
p.
Palaeornis bitorquatus Vigors, Zool. Journ.
51
(1825).
p.
Palaeornis borbonicus Bp., Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1854,
152.
No. 140.
THERE
It
has
been
considerable
that
confusion with regard

it
to
this
parrot.
was
first
asserted
occurred
on
both
Bourbon
bird
and
as
Mauritius.
Then Professor Newton separated the Mauritius
Pal. echo. the
Salvadori, however, in Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus.
XX,
p.
442, reunited
Bourbon
and
Mauritius birds, while quite
unaccountably stating
only
Mauritius as the habitat.
The Abbe Dubois describes
this bird
as follows
"
Green Parrots as
large as pigeons having a black collar."
Now
the species of Palaeornis from Rodriguez, the Seychelles, and the

all
mainland of Africa are
distinct,
and the other land birds of Mauritius are

I
and were different from those of Bourbon.

that
therefore feel quite certain
Professor
eqties,
Newton
is
right,
and that
his
Palaeornis
echo
is
distinct
from P.
forms
though, unfortunately,
we do
not
know
in
which way the two
differed.
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion, but now
extinct.
No specimens known.
68
PALAEORNIS ECHO
Palaeoniis echo Newton, Ibis 1876,
p.
new TON.
442 (1891).
284.
p.
Palaeornis eques Salvador!, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XX,
DESCRIPTION
narrow
black
of
Male
Green, the occiput

the
nostrils
tinged
with
bluish
stripe
from
to
the
eyes;
broad
black
mandibular stripes passing down and across the sides of the neck
where they meet a pink

wing-coverts
bluish
;
collar,
which
;
is
interrupted on the hind neck;

tail
under
with
yellowish
green
central
;
feathers
scarcely
tinged
tail
below dark yellowish grey
upper mandible red, under mandible

in places.
Iris yellow.
bill
almost black with only a brownish tinge
Naked
skin
round eyes orange.
Wing
7'5
inches,
tail
8'75
inches,
tint
9 inches.
The
female differs by the absence of the

bill
collar,
no bluish
on occiput, and the
entirely blackish.
It
differs
from
tail
P. torquatus
feathers.
in
the incomplete
is
still
collar,
in
darker green
the interior of
colour and broader the island, but

is
:
This bird
found
rare and apparently on the verge of extinction.
Habitat
Mauritius.
in
Three specimens at Tring, four
the
British
Museum.
69
CYANORHAMPHUS ZEALANDICUS
(LATHAM.)
Red Rumped Parrakeet Latham, Syn.
I,
p. 249,
No. 50 (1781).
I,
Psittacus novae seelandiae Gmelin (nee. Sparrm.), S.N. PsittacHS zealandictts Latham, Ind. Orn. Psittacus novae-zcalandiae Kuhl, Consp.
I,
p. 328,
No. 83 (1788).
p.
102, No. 58 (1790).

i
Psitt. p. 44, var.

p. 45,
(1820).
Psittacus erythronotus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. Psittacus pacificus var. No.

3, Vieillot,
No. 67 (1820).
p.
Enc. M6th.,
I,
1387 (1823).
Platycercus pacificus, part. Vigors, Zool. Journ.
p.
529 (1825).
p.
Platycercus erythronotus Stephens, Gen. Zool. ^XIV.,

Coiiurus phaeton Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845,
p.
129, No. 9 (1826).
449.
Platycercus phaeton Des Murs, Icon. Orn.
pi.
i5 (1845).
Cyanorhamphus pacificus Bonaparte,
Rev.
et.
Mag.
II, p.
1854, p. 153, No. 184.

140, No.
Cyaiiorhaniphus erythronotus Gray, Hand-list
8029 (1870).
Cyanorhamphus
forstcri Finsch, Papag.
II,
p.
270
(18
THIS
scarlet
;
bird has received a variety of
names owing
to the adult bird being
very different to the younger and quite young birds.

black
;
Adult, forehead
stripe
from lores
;
passing
through
green
;
eye
almost to
hind-neck
rump
scarlet
back and breast
dull
cheeks, head, neck, belly,

Flight-feathers blue on
tail
under-tail coverts
outer,
and wing coverts, bright green.

inner,
brown on
webs
bend of wing blue
feathers blue, edged
with green.
Young
differs
in
having a dull bluish-black forehead, brownish head,

stripe
back mixed brown and green, rump and eye

underside greyish green.
chestnut red, and the
This
species
was confined
to
the
Society
Islands,
where
it
was
obtained during Cook's Voyage by Ellis and by Forster, and lastly by Lieutenant
de Marolles
in
1844.
We
only
know
in
for certain at the present
day of the
collection,
existence of two specimens, one
the British
Museum, ex Massena
collected
whose
origin
is
doubtful,
and
one
in
Paris,
by
Lieutenant de
Marolles.
What became
of the other
two specimens of the

I
latter's collecting,
and of Forster's and

Habitat
:
Ellis'
specimens,
cannot say.
Society Islands.
Evidently extinct.
70
CYANORHAMPHUS ULIETANUS
Society Parrot Latham, Syn.
I
(gm)
p.
250 (1781).
I
Psittacus uliefanus Gmelln, S.N.

Platycercits iiUetaniis Vig., Zool.
p. 328,
p.
n.
85 (1788).
pi.
533, Suppl.
et
3 (1825).
p.
Cyanorhamphiis ulictanus Bonaparte, Rev.

Platycerciis fannaeiisis Finsch, Papag.
Mag. de Zool. 1854,
153, n. 188.
II, p.
272 (i858).
Psittacus fiiscatus Pelz., Ibis 1873,
p. 30.
A DULT
back
" Olive
brown, the head brown-black
rump and
basal upper
tail-
coverts brown-red, the longest upper tail-coverts olive

;
brown
like
the
underparts olive-yellow
;
quills,
primary-coverts, under wing coverts

;
and
tail-feathers grey
bill
black,
579).
base of upper mandible grey
feet brown."
(Salvadori, Cat. B.
inches,
tail
XX
p.
Wing
5-3 inches,
bill
08
inches, tarsus
08
5 inches.
:
Habitat
Ulietea, Society Islands (fide Latham).
The type from

Bullock's
collection
the Leverian
is
Museum
is in
Vienna, and a specimen from
in
it
the
is
British
Museum.
These are the
only two
specimens known, and as

has procured a specimen,
now more
than a hundred years since anyone

that this
is
we may suppose
I
an
e.xtinct
species.
The specimen
in
Vienna, which
tail
have recently been able to examine, has
the head, back, wings, and
deep umber-brown, the rump dark-crimson,
upper tail-coverts
olive,
underside brownish yellow.
CYANORHAMPHUS SUBFLAVESCENS
SALVADORI.
Parrot from Lord Hou-e Island
Phillips, Bot.
Bay,
p.
225 (1789).
(6)
Cyaitorhamphus
stibfiavesceiis Salvadori,
Ann.
& Mag.
VII, p. 68 (1891).
VERY
This
similar to C. cooki
and C.
C.
saisseti
and intermediate
in size.
tail
Above
shorter
more
than
yellowish
in either of
is
than
saisseti,
below more greenish,
the latter.
to
species
believed
be
extinct.
Last year
received
some
specimens of a Cyanorhamphiis from
an inhabitant of Lord Howe's Island,
but from subsequent letters these appear to have been collected on Norfolk
or Philip Island, and they certainly are
Habitat:
cooki.
Lord Howe's
Island.
pair in the British
Museum appear
to be the only
known specimens.
71
BUBO(?) LEGUATI
Stn'x sp. Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
(5)
nom. nov.
XIX
p.
13 (art. 3.) 1874.
MILNE-EDWARDS
described this
had
only a single
but refrained
tibio-tarsus
of
it
this
form and
bone,
it
from giving
a specific name,
in
though he stated
getting
was probably a small Bubo,
the hopes of
more
material.
As, however,
naming
it
after
we have no further specimens, think am justified in Leguat, who first mentions Owls on Rodriguez. MilneI 1
Edwards' description of
in
this tibio-tarsus is that
it
equals in length that bone

latter
Asio
accipitrinus,
but
was
distinguished
from the
in
by the strong
extremity.
inward curvature and the great development

Tibio-iarsiis.
width of
its distal
Total length
77
mm.
,,
Length from the pro.Kimal extremity to the

top of the peronial ridge
.... .... ....
25
Width
Width Width
Habitat
:
at distal extremity
at proximal extremity
....
....
lOS
9
,,
....
,,
of shaft
37
Rodriguez.
73
SCOPS COMMERSONI
Scops commersoni Oustatet, Ann.
Sci. Nat. (8)
III, p.
oust.
35
fig
3 (1896).
THIS
The
first
owl,
it
believe, is not a true Scops, being
much
too big, but
we must
leave
in
that genus for the present, as there are no specimens or bones
extant, and only Jossigny's drawing to guide
us as to
its
appearance.
Matlief
1837,
mention of owls on Mauritius was
in
the year 1606,
when Admiral
says that owls were
common
digits
in
the Island.
Monsieur Desjardins,
I
in
gave the
first
accurate description of the bird, of which
here reproduce
the translation.
"The
and even the
tarsi
are not feathered, only on

stiff
the front portion of these latter one sees some short,
feathers running
down
to
a point
nearly to
the
centre.
The
digits
are very strong, they
being armed with hooked
nails.
The beak
which
is
is
very stout,
arched
from
its
base;
it,
the upper mandible,

as
if
much longer than

The
which
the other and covering

bill
is
cut square at
the point.
nostrils pierce the

I
pretty high up in the horny portion.
The
in
eyes, of
could not see the colour, are round, and placed, like
the entire family, in front.

thread-like feathers, which
They are surrounded by a

is
circle
or disc of
stiff,
interrupted at the sides.

tufts, similar to
sort of collar
is
perceptible on the throat.
Two
those of the Eagle
Owls
and Eared Owls, and very apparent, are behind the eyes and towards the
top of the occiput.
The wings are a
little
longer
than
the
tail,
the fourth
and
fifth
primaries being the longest, the third and sixth are shorter, and the second
still
shorter, being equal to the eighth,
and the
it
first is
is
shortest
oif
all.
The
tail
reaches
:
to
all
the
end
of
the
digits;
rounded
and
not
much
brown,
lengthened
the retrices are equal in length.
The
ear-tufts are
with some slight buff shading, the discal plumes being white marked with
buff.
All the
upper side
is
of a dark
brown
colour, the feathers of the head,
the neck and the back are edged with rufous, but not very distinctly so;
this rufous colour is
more apparent on the
scapulars,
and some of these even
have on the outer web one or two whitish patches surrounded with brown.
The
The
centre,
large
tail
feathers are less
brown and more rufous
in colour,
with
lighter rufous marbling

tertials
mixed with brown.
and secondaries have a darker brown bar towards the

is
and their outer web
pleasantly
marked with somewhat square
ocelli
or irregular bands of white, pale buff, and brown.
The
large primaries or
74
flight feathers
present the same ornamentation, but more strongly developed,
and the blotches are buffy white on the inner web, which produces a regular
spotting on a brown ground colour
stippled with
;
the tip of these large feathers
is
finely
brown on a
fairly pale
ground
and there
is
large
patch of
white on the wings
in addition.
The throat and abdomen are
nicely adorned with
dark buff feathers,

spots.
which have a black brown centre and two to four large round white
The large feathers on the

marked with
buff.
flanks
are whitish, with a brown
shaft line
and
All the well feathered parts,
underneath the feathers are
covered by a very thick black down."
The colour = 365 mm.
of
bill
and
feet
is
reddish brown.
Total length, 13J inches

killed
Desjardins says the specimen

1836,
in
he described was
hills
at
the
end of October,
Creek."
killed
the
forest
still
crowning the
close to
"
Bamboo
was
is
In
1837 several were
seen near " La Savane," and one

of
at
Curepipe by Dr.
been one
Dobson
of,
if
the 99th
Regiment.
This latter
believed to have
to
not the last of this species, so
we have
was
like.
thank that excellent naturalist, Desjardins, and Monsieur Jossigny, the

this extinct species
companion of Commerson, that we know what

Habitat
:
Mauritius.
75
ATHENE MURIVORA
Strix (Athene) miirivora Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.
milneedwards
(5)
XIX
p.
13 (Art. 3.)
(1874).
PROFESSOR MILNE-EDWARDS
and a tarso-metatarsus collected and says that he considers
it
described this bird from a tibio-tarsus

in
Rodriguez by Sir Edward Newton,
to belong to the
genus Athene, because
the proportions of the tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus agree with those of

that genus.
The most remarkable

is
specific characters
is
appear to be that the
ridge to which the fibula
articulated
stout,
is
and extends very far along
the outer edge of the bone.

distal
The diaphysis
with
large and nearly straight; the
extremity
is
furnished
two
equal
condyles
separated
by
deep channel.
Tibio-tarsus.
Total length
71
Length from proximal extremity to end of

peronial ridge
Width
of distal extremity
....
Width
of proximal extremity
Width
of shaft
Tarso-metatarsus.
Total length
Width
at distal extremity
....
Width
Width
Habitat
:
of shaft
Rodriguez.
77
SCELOGLAUX RUFIFACIES
Sceloglaux nififacies Buller,
(1906).
Ibis 1904, p.
duller.
II, p.
639;
id.
Suppl. B.
New
Zealand
65, pi.
VII
ORIGINAL
with rufous
of rufous
description:
"Adult female: Similar

;
to Sceloglaux albifacies,
;
but appreciably smaller
face dull rufous brown, instead of being white

;
crown and nape blackish brown

;
entire upper surface strongly suffused
quills
;
marked with regular transverse bars and a terminal edging

tail-feathers uniform yellowish brown, obscurely barred with
;
brown
;
pale
brown
"
bill
lemon-yellow
district,
feet dull yellow."
Wairarapa
near
Wellington,
North
Island,
in
the
summer
1868-9."
This supposed " species "

in
is
a very doubtful one.
close examination
the Tring
I
Museum
of the type (which

in
was
offered
I
me
for such a high price

of possessing extinct
that
did not feel
justified
buying
it,
fond as
am
forms, types and varieties) by Messrs.
Hartert,
Hellmayr and myself proved
beyond doubt to
all
three of
us that the specimen

If
I
was not
fully adult, but

it
showed signs
"
of immaturity.
said to Sir
Walter Buller that
was an
extremely young, hardly fledged Sceloglaux" this was certainly incorrect,
and was perhaps just an exclamation after a hasty preliminary examination,

for the bird
is
of course fully fledged
and has passed,
at least partially,
through
one moult of the feathers.
On
the other hand, both Professor Newton's and

question
is
Dr. Sharpe's reputed statements that the owl in
fully adult are
not correct.
It
certainly
(cf.
shows unmistakable signs of immaturity, as noticed

Newton's
letter
at once by Dr.
Gadow
on
p. 66, I.e.),
by Hartert, Hellmayr
and myself.
it
Moreover Professor Newton
though
Buller says he " pronounced
" to be an adult bird
also
admits that the bird " had moulted, though not he continues that he thinks the
necessarily to
be
in
adult
plumage," and
" character of the
markings continues to be juvenile."

of
this
Having thus discussed the age

considered
is
if
it
owl,
the
question
must
be
is
different
from S. albifacies from the South

it
Island.
This
less
easily
done.
Buller described
(see
as a
"new
species,"
and mentions
tail.
among
tail,
the distinctive characters

is
above) the colour of

it,
the
The
however,
" skillfully "
(as
in,
Buller calls
though
should use a less
complimentary adverb) stuck
and does not belong to a Sceloglaux, but to
an Australian Ninox, and also some feathers on the neck are foreign.
The
wings
being
abraded,
its
slightly
smaller
in
length
is
is
not
very
significant.
Certainly, however, the
colouration
general
slightly
more rufous than
78
in S. albifacies,
though some of
my
specimens approach
Professor
it
almost completely,
and the face
is
more
rufescent.
Newton
cautiously
warned Sir
"
Walter
like
Buller, suggesting that S. albifacies

aluco,
I
might possibly have a red
phase,"
latter.
Symium
many
and
this
North Island specimen represented the

I
As
too
for myself,
do not think that S. albifacies has two phases, as

little.
I
have seen
in
I
specimens, and found them to vary but
have now
my
collection eight specimens
from the South

it
Island.
On
the other hand,
have
not seen juvenile examples; but

Island specimen
is
is
very likely that the rufous face of the North
a character peculiar to the North Island form, which would
then be a sub-species of S. albifacies from the South Island, and should be

called S. albifacies rufifacies.
killed in the
The type from Wairapara
is
said to have been
summer
I
of 1868-9, and, since no further evidence of its existence
has come
forth,
presume that the North Island race
of this owl
must be
extinct by this time.
79
STRIX
Strix sp.
NEWTON
XIII,
nom. nov.
287 (1893).
Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc.
p.
MESSRS. NEWTON AND GADOW

as they are fully adult bones,
to youth.
it is
give the
measurements
of,
and
describe a pair of metatarsi procured witii

Strix satizieri, and state that they do not
fit
tiie
remains described as
For,
in
with that species.
impossible to attribute their

of which this
is
much
smaller size
They then add a sentence

is
the
first
part: "Unless
we
assume, what
species of
unlikely, that the
Island of Mauritius possessed
two
different
Strix,
we have
to
conclude that the
short pair of metatarsals

."
belonged to a small individual of Strix sauzieri,
Evidently Messrs.
Gadow and Newton, when
they wrote
this, did
not remember the fact that

its
throughout a very large portion of the range of Strix flammea,
various
geographical races are found side by side with another species of the group
of Strix, namely, S. Candida and S. capensis, popularly called " Grass owls "
;
these
in
nearly every case have the legs considerably longer than in the true
{Strix
I
"Barn Owls"
Strix
flammea and
it
its
races).
Therefore
inhabited
of
consider
not
in
the least unlikely that two species of

Strix
sauzieri
Mauritius,
and
that
was
the
Mauritian
metatarsals
representative
the
"
Grass
Owls,"
"
while
these
two
I
short
belonged to the representative of the

pleasure
Sir
in
Barn Owls."
therefore have
bones,
much
naming
this
form after
the collector
of these
the late
Edward Newton.
Length of tarso-metatarsi, 56 mm.
Habitat
:
Mauritius.
80
STRIX SAUZIERI
Strix sauzieri
newt. & gad.

p.
Newton & Gadow, Trans.
Zool. Soc. XIII,
286,
pi.
XXXIII,
Hgs. Ii-i8 (1893).
MESSRS. NEWTON
of the
AND GADOW
describe
this
species from
four
metatarsi, three tibiae, and
two humeri.
is
They
state that the relative
length of the tibia to the metatarsus
very constant and characteristic

In
various families and genera of owls.
the present instance this
comparison indicates a species of Strix.
The longer and higher cnemial process

of the
of the tibia
and the shortness
humerus serve amply
to justify the specific separation of this Mauritian
owl.
The
following are the measurements
Humerus, length
Tibia-tarsus, length
71
mm.
9093
.... ....
Tarso-metatarsus, length
63
66
Habitat
Mauritius.
81
''CIRCUS HAMILTONI"
Circus hamiltoni Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
-no proper description).
XXIV,
p.
i85 (1892
VERY
large harrier,
much
larger than Circus gouldi, but not so big as
Harpagornis.
Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
''CIRCUS TEAUTEENSIS"
Circus teauteeiisis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
proper description).
XXIV,
p.
186 (1892
no
NOTHER
Habitat
very large harrier from Teaute, which has never yet been
properly described.
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
83
ASTUR ALPHONSI
Astur
sp.
newt &
II,
gad.
15 flg
pi. 2.
Milne-Edwards, Ann.
Sci.
Nat
(5)
XIX,
Art.
pp. 25, 26,

p.
pi.
(1874).
figs g,
Astur alphonsi Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII

(1893).
2S5,
XXXIII,
10

on a pair of
left
bestowed the name Astur alphonsi
tibiae,
a pair of metatarsals, and the metacarpals of the

of
side
of
goshawk apparently
of
the same size and
relative
proportions
description
as
of
A.
this
melanoleucus
South
Africa.
They
of
justified
all
their
goshawk as a
distinct
species,
first
;
by the
fact
that most of the Mascarene extinct species
were
distinct
and then because the
bony ridge for the M. flexor digitorum communis was more strongly developed,
the fibula reached further
down
the
tibia,
the peroneal crest
was
straighter
and longer, and the cnemial crest slanted more gradually

inner edge of the shaft of the
tibia.
into
the anterior
Milne-Edwards gives the measurements of the

of this bird
solitary tarso-metatarsus
which he had
Total length
for examination as follows
80
.... ....
mm.

,,
Width Width Width

Messrs.
at proximal extremity at distal
11
extremity
13
at smallest part of shaft
Gadow and Newton

Mauritius.
give the length of their tarso-metatarsi as
81 mm., of their tibiae as 117 mm., and of the metacarpals as 55
mm.
Habitat
Seven
tarsi in the
Tring Museum.
85
HARPAGORNIS
haast.
by the ulna being
LLIED
to
Aquila, from which
it
is
distinguished
relatively shorter and the tarso-metatarsus stouter.
HARPAGORNIS MOOREI
Harpagoniis inoorei Haast, Trans. N.Z.
Inst. IV, p. 192 (1872).
haast
DESCRIPTION
forward,
of
femur (from
distal
Haast):
extremity
The
it
cylindrical
is
shaft
bent
and above the
slightly
curved back.
The hollow on the top

42 inch across.
of
the
head
is
very
large
and measures
The trochanteric
ridge
is
well
developed and the outer side
is
very
rough, showing that muscles of great strength and thickness must have been
attached to
it.
The inter-muscular
linear
ridges are
well
raised
above the
shaft,
of
which the one extending from the fore and outer angle of the epitrochanteric
articular surface to the outer condyle
is
the most prominent.

inter-condyloid
The
pits
for
the attachment of
the
is
ligaments
in
the
fossa are
is
strongly
marked.
The femur
in
pneumatic, the
proximal
orifice
large
and
ear-
shaped, resembling
form most closely that of the Australian Sea Eagle.

6-66
Total length
Circumference at proximal end Circumference at

distal
end
....
Circumference at thinnest part of shaft
Ungual phalanx (probably of Length
left
hallux)
Circumference at articular end
Ungual phalanx (probably of right second

Length
Circumference
....
toe)
Type
locality:
:
Glenmark Swamp.
Zealand.
left
Habitat
New
1
Type bones:
femur, 2 ungual phalanges, and
rib.
For a more detailed description

actions of the
my
readers must refer to the Trans-
New
Zealand Institute VI, pp. 64-75 (1874).
87
CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
(Plate
39.)
II, p.
;
(pall.)
Phalacrocorax perspicillattis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. -Asiat.

Gould, Zool. Voy. Sulphur,
p.
49, pi.
XXXII
XXVI,
(1844)
305 (1827 Berings Island); Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.,

pis.
No.
29,
p.
iSo (1885)
id.
Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. XII, pp. 83-94,

p.
II-IV
(1889
Osteology); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
357 (1898).
Graculus perspicillatus
text
Elliot,
New and
heret. unfig. sp. N.
Amer. B.
II,
part 14, No.
3,
and
plate (i85g).
III, p.
Pallasicarbo perspicillattis Coues, Osprey
144 (1899).
PALLAS
it
gives
the
first
recognizable
is
description
:
of
this
bird,
which,
as translated from the Latin,

large goose.
as follows
"
Of the
size
of a very
Of the shape
of
the former
(sc.
Cormorants), which
also resembles in the white
patches on the flanks.
The body
is
entirely
in
black.
A few
bill
long,
white,
narrow pendant plumes round the neck, as

tuft,
Herons.
of
Occiput with a huge

bare,
red,
doubly crested.
as in
Skin
round the base
the
blue and
white, mixed,
a turkey.
Round the
like
eyes a thick, bare white patch of skin, about six lines wide,
spectacles. spectacles.
a pair of
crest
Weight
12 to
14
"
pounds.
Female
smaller, without
and
(From
Steller.)
Steller,
who was shipwrecked on Bering
Island
in
1741,
was the
discoverer of C. perspicillatus, and

notes.
Pallas took his diagnosis from Steller's
The Spectacled
It
is
or Pallas's
Cormorant
is
one of the rarest of
all
birds.
generally said that four specimens are known,
but five are really in

in
existence:
Two
One
in
the St.
Petersburg Museum, one

is
Leyden, and two
in
all
London.
five in
of these latter
perfect, while the other has
no
tail.
Probably
have been obtained by Kuprianoff, the Russian Governor at Sitka, who,
1839, gave
one to Captain Belcher, and sent some others to

researches
that this
of
St. Petersburg.
The
careful
Stejneger
and
others
on
Bering Island
it
have
clearly
shown
Cormorant
exists no longer.
Formerly
its
is
said to
have been numerous, but the natives were fond of

their principal
diet
flesh,
which formed
Probably
it
when other meat was

if
difficult
it
to
obtain.
would not so soon have become extinct
had not been that their rather
short wings resulted in a certain slowness of locomotion on land and in the

air.
good description
is
given
in
the Catalogue of
Birds,
and
86)
still
more
detailed
one by Stejneger (Proc.
U.S.
Nat. Mus.
1899, p.
from
Brandt's manuscript.
Habitat:
Bering Island.
88
CARBO MAJOR
"
(forbes).
Inst.
PhaJacrocorax novaezealandiae var. major

(1892
"
Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
XXIV,
p.
1S9
no proper description).
us
this
(a
that FORBES only informed DR. dimensions than Ph. novaezealandiae
shag
was
of
greater
very closely
allied
form of
it,
Ph. carbo).
especially,
if
It
would be interesting
to
know more about

flight,
and,
this extinct
form was incapable of
like
Pli.
harrisi of the
Galapagos Islands.
Habitat
:
New
Zealand.
89
PLOTUS NANUS
(1893).
newt. & gad.

p.
Plotus nanus Newton and Gadow, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII
288,
pi.
XXXIV
figs
1-5.
THE
as
to
humerus, the pelvis with sacrum, and the
tibia
were the materials
on which our authors founded this new species.
They
state that
all
the strongly developed characters in these bones leave no possible doubt

its
being
it
species
of
Plotus,
and
its
diminutive
size
at
once
distinguishes
from the three known species
P. anhinga, P. melanogaster,
and P. novaehollandiae.
The measurements are
as follows
Left humerus, length

Left
tibia,
89
61
mm.
length
Distance from acetabular axis to anterior end of sacrum 30
mm. mm.
Distance between ventral inner margins of the acetabula 145

Habitat
:
Mauritius.
(Also recorded from Madagascar.)
91
''CHENOPIS SUMNERENSIS"
Chenopis sumnereiisis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
(Nomen nudum).
XXIV,
p.
i88 (1892)
THIS
appears to have been a very large species, with not very great
flight,
:
powers of
Habitat
if
not flightless.
New
Zealand and Chatham Islands.

in
Bones from Chatham Islands
my
collection.
93
CHENALOPEX SIRABENSIS
Chenalopex
sirabeitsis
Andrews.
Andrews,
Ibis 1897, p. 355, pi. IX, figs 1-3.
THIS
species of which skull, sternum, pelvis, the bones of fore and hind
&c.,
limbs,
are preserved, appears to be closely allied to Chenalopex
aegyptiacus,
but
I
has
such
number
of
small
it
;
differences
I
that
Mr. Andrews
is,
think, quite
justified in separating
it
do
not,
however,
agree with him when he suggests that perhaps
is
the same as
Newton
and Gadow's Sarcidiornis mauritianus, although many of the bones agree.
Of
course, his line
of comparison
was strengthened by the

in
fact
of subfossil
;
bones of Plotus nanus occurring both
Mauritius
family
of
and Madagascar
birds
but
it
does
not
follow
in
that
because
in
one
the
same
species
occurred
two places the others must do
likewise, and, therefore,
one must
not necessarily regard a certain similarity of osteological characters as proof

of
identity.
I
must here again refer
my
readers to Mr. Andrews' very
full
description.
Habitat
Sirabe in C. Madagascar.
:

Coracoid
67
75
mm.

,,
Humerus
Radius
132147 126134
Ulna Metacarpus
.... ....
.... ....
129142
76
85
The smaller
male
individuals.
bones, undoubtedly, belonged to female, and the larger to
95
CENTRORNIS
ALLIED
form
to
Andrews.
differs
Chenalopex and Chenopis, but

its
from Chenalopex
all
in
the
and proportion of
metatarsus, and
from
other Anserine
tibioit
forms by the extreme length and slenderness of the shaft of the

tarsus and the
differs in
relative
shortness of the fibular crest.
From
Clienopis
several
respects,
and the very long
fibular
crest of the latter at
once separates them.
CENTRORNIS MAJORI
Cenironiis majori Andrews,
Ibis 1897, p. 344, pi. VIII.
Andrews.
THIS
in
species
in
was
the
discovered
by
Dr.
Forsyth
Major and
Central
to
Monsieur
Robert
bed
It
of
an old lake at Sirabe,

similar
its
Madagascar,
Sarcidiornis
its
1896-1897.
was
in
in
many
respects
and Chenalopex but

legs.
differed
large size
and the great length of

metatarsus and
tibia, it
Indeed,
judging from the slenderness of the
femur
and the
slight degree of inflection of the

ill
lower end of the long
seems
probable that this bird was
adapted for swimming, though a good runner.

spur.
I
The wings were long and powerful and armed with a long
refer
must
my
readers for a fuller description to Mr. Andrews, as quoted above.

:
Tibia.
Length (exclusive of cnemial
crest)
....
213-
Width Width
of upper articular surface

of middle of shaft
....
Thickness of shaft
Width
of distal extremity
....
Femur.
Length
Width
Width
of proximal extremity of distal extremity

....
Width
of shaft
96
Metatarsus.
Length
130
of shaft of middle trochlea
Width Width
Coracoid.
Length
Width
of glenoidal surface
Scapula.
Width
Radius.
Length
Ulna.
Width
at middle of shaft
Metacarpus.
Greatest width at proximal extremity
Length of spur
Width
Habitat
:
of second metacarpal
Madagascar.
97
CNEMIORNIS
SKULL
secondaries
third
;
OWEN.
stout.
short and
massive, with
beak
rounded and
Carina
of
sternum aborted.
Limb-bones short and
very stout, the ulna being
shorter than the humerus, and having very prominent tubercles for the
cnemial crest of
tibia
greatly developed.
No foramen between
tall.
and fourth trochleae of tarso-metatarsus.

of flight of
Spines of dorsal vertebrae
The power
the
was
absent.
pre-sacral
The
chief differences
from Cereopsis were
presence
extra
vertebrae,
;
so
that
two only instead
of
three ribs articulate with the sacrum
and an elevated pent-roof arrangement
of the ossa innominata, which indicate more decided cursorial habits.
CNEMIORNIS CALCITRANS
Cnemiontis
calcitraiis Osven, Trans. Zool. Soc. V, p. 396 (1865).
owen.
"
''
I
J.
"'HE type
species.
Very considerably larger than the existing Cereopsis
novaehollandiae, with the limbs relatively
much
stouter and shorter
"
(Lydekker).
Height of back from ground
....
....
26 inches. 34
,,
Length from beak

Habitat
:
to
tail....
....
....
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
N. Z. Inst. VI,
pp.
For
(1874).
full
description see Trans.
76-84,
pis.
X-XII
98
''CNEMIORNIS GRACILIS"
Cnemioniis gracilis Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
(Nomcn nudum).
XXIV,
p.
187 (1892)
MOST
elegantly moulded goose from the North Island."
Unfortunately
this is all that
has been published about this form!

Island,
Habitat
North
New
Zealand.
CNEMIORNIS MINOR
Cnemioniis minor Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst. VI, pp. 76-84 (Hector).
Inst.
forbes.
XXIV,
p.
187 (1892); vide also Trans. N.Z.
HIS
its
species appears to be distinguished from Cnemiornis calcitrans by
very small
Habitat
:
size,
being hardly bigger than Cereopsis novaehollandiae.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
99
CEREOPSIS NOVAEZEALANDIAE
Cereopsis novaezealaiidiae Forbes, Trans. N. Zealand
Inst.
forbes.
XXIV,
p.
i88 (1892).
THIS
species
was founded on an incomplete

its
skull,
and differed from
C. novaehollandiae by
slightly larger size.
Habitat
New
Zealand.
101
SARCIDIORNIS MAURITIANUS
Sarcidioniis maiiritiaitus Newton
figs.
newt. & gad.

p.
& Gadow,
Trans. Zool. Soc. XllI,
290, pi.
XXXIV,
9-10.
THE and
Habitat
:
evidence on which this species
is
founded
is
a single
left
metacarpal
is
an incomplete
left half
of the pelvis.
Its specific
character
the
very large size as compared to the two existing species.

Mauritius.
In
J.
an
old
work
in
entitled
"Memorandums concerning
Island of
India"
by
Marshall (1668)
the article on the

;
Mauritius, there occurs
this
passage
"
They are many Geese
the halfe of their wings towards the
end are black and the other halfe white;

good.
bill
they are not large, but fat and
Plenty of Ducks."
in
As there
is
no mention of the caruncle on the

in Mauritius,
I
here or
Other authors alluding to geese
Oustalet doubted
that these
geese were this Sarcidiornis, but
believe
this
merely to have
been an oversight of Marshall's and that his description goes far to prove
the distinctness of
Newton and Gadow's

L'Abbe Dubois
"
species.
The
allusion to the small size also points to the geese of Marshall being
in
the Sarcidioniis. the fact that
Les Voyages du Sieur D. B." records

slightly smaller
bill
on
Bourbon were some wild geese
than the
red.
is
geese of Europe but having the same plumage.

It
is
Their
and feet were
also
probable that
wild
geese were found on
Rodriguez.
There
nothing to show what these Bourbon geese were, and as no osseous remains
of
such birds
have been
found as yet
it
is
impossible
to
do more than
mention the fact of such birds having been recorded.
103
ANAS FINSCHI
Alias fiiischi
p.
van beneden.
267(1875); Ann. de
la
Van Beneden,
Journ. Zool. IV,
p.
Soc. Geol. Belg.
II,
123
(1876).
THIS
duck
is
most
peculiar, as
in
it
stands intermediate between Querquedtda
and Dendrocygna
structure,
and
its
nearest
known
ally
seems to
be the extinct A. blanchardi of Europe, and of living forms apparently
Clangula clangula.
Skull
nearest to that of Clangula clangula but wider, nostrils more
elongated, eye-sockets smaller, and the whole skull
more regularly rounded
off.
Sternum
behind
differs
from that of C. clangula by having the notch lower, more

in
faint
and
shorter
front.
Clavicle
and
coracoid
resemble
in
those
of
FuUgula
marila.
Humerus
larger
and
stronger
than
F.
marila
and
C. clangula, as are the
femur, tibio-tarsus and tarso-metatarsus, which are
almost double as long and thick.
Judging from the shape of
its
leg-bones this bird must have been a

flyer.
strong runner, and probably at the same time was a poor

Habitat:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
ANAS THEODORI
Anas
theodori
(1893
newt. & gad.

p.
Mauritius).
Newton & Gadow, Trans.
Zool.
Soc. XIII,
291,
pi.
XXXIV,
figs
11-17

metatarsi.
founded
this species
on a fragment
of a sternum, a pair of coracoids, eight humeri, and a pair of tarso-
These are referable to a duck of larger
size than Nettion

melleri.
bemieri, and
somewhat intermediate between N. punctata and Anas

differs
The sternum
from that of A. melleri by the lesser height of the

latter.
keel and by the shape
and direction of the anterior margin of the

A^.
The
coracoid
in
is
longer and larger than in
bemieri, but
is
much
shorter than
A. melleri, though agreeing with that of the latter

ridgeless ventral surface of the shaft.
in
in
shape, and
by the
plain almost
in length
The seven humeri vary

A'^.
from 70-78 mm., and agree
size with those of
punctata, thus
proving our species to be smaller than A. melleri.
The two tarso-metatarsi are

42 mm.
in length,
in
poor condition
the right one measuring
thus indicating that A. theodori was a bird with a shorter
foot than A. melleri.
Habitat
Mauritius.
105
CAMPTOLAIMUS LABRADORIA
(Plate
Anas
labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
I,
(gm)
36.)
p.
2,
537
(1788
"Habitat
2,
gregaria in America,
boreali."
Ex Pennant and Latham.)

Ind. Orn.
in
II, p.
Anas labradora Latham,
859 (1790).
p.
Rhynchaspis labradora Stephens,
Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII,

II,
121 (1824).
Fnligula labradora Bonaparte, Ann. Lyceum N.Y.
p.
391 (1826).
Somateria labradora Boie,
Isis
1828, p. 329.
p. 151
p.
2,
Kamptorhynchiis labradorus Eyton, Mon. Anat.
(1838).
Fuligiila grisea Leib, Journ. Acad. Sc. Philad. VIII,
170 (1840
p.
young
;
bird).
Dutcher, Auk. 1891, 95 (1841) p. 201, pi. II; 1894, pp. 4-12; Hartl. Abh. naturw. Ver. Bremen XVI, p. 23 (1895). Campfolaemus labradorius Baird, B.N. Amer. p. 803 (1858) Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water B. N. Amer. II, p. 63 (1884); Milne-Edw. and Oustalet, Centen. Mus. d'Hist.
Camptolaimus labradorus Gray,
List.
Gen. B. ed.
Nat., Notice
p.
Ois. 6teint. p. 51, pi.
IV (1893)
Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit.
Mus. XXVII,
416 (1895).
THE
first
adult male and a
young male, both
in
my museum,
are represented
on plate 36, but the young bird became too rufous, through the colour
type reproduction, and should be somewhat more mouse-gray.
technically
Though
named by Gmelin
in
1788,
II,
this
p.
duck was
first
described in
1785 by Pennant, in the Arctic Zoology

"
559, as follows:
bill
;
Pied Duck.
With the lower part

is
of the
black, the upper yellow,
on the summit of the head

the head and neck, white
coverts
of
;
an oblong black spot
forehead, cheeks, rest of

;
the lower part encircled with black

;
scapulars and
black
;
wings
white
;
back,
breast,
belly,
bill
and
of
primaries,
tail
?
cuneiform,
and
dusky
legs
black.
The
the
supposed
female
resembles that of the male, head and neck mottled with cinereous brown and
dirty white; primaries dusky; speculum white; back, breast,
and
belly clouded
;
with different shades of ash-colour

Size of a
tail
dusky and cuneiform
legs
black.
common Wild Duck.

to Mrs. Blackburn.
"Sent from Connecticut,

of pretty Pied
Possibly the great flocks

fed,
Ducks, which whistled as they flew, or as they

the western branch of Cape Fear
is
seen by
Mr. Lawson
in
inlet,
were
of this kind."
The Labrador-Duck
is
one of those
birds, the
disappearance of which
not easily explained.

its
As Mr. Dutcher
truly said,
"we
can speculate as to
the cause of
disappearance, but
we have no
facts to
warrant a conclusion."
Formerly Camptolaimus was of regular occurrence along the northern Atlantic

shores of North America, in winter south to
New
Jersey and
New
York.
It
has often been sold on the markets of

anticipated even
fifty
New York
and Baltimore, and nobody
years ago that they might become extinct, but they
106
appear never to have been very numerous, at least

It is
we have no
proof of this.
true that Professor
Newton
tells
us that this duck used to breed on rocky

since "
islets,
and that
" its fate is easily understood,"

in
man began
its
yearly to
visit its
breeding haunts, and, not content

This, however,
plundering
nests, mercilessly
to shoot the birds."
seems
to be
mere conjecture, as we do
not
that
know
for certain
where the breeding haunts

visited
of this
Duck have
been, and
anyone
has
ever
is
them.
All
information
known about the

was shown
breeding of this bird
that of Audubon,
of bushes,
who
says that his son
empty nests on the top

told
which a clerk of the fishing establishment

This information
is
him were those of the Labrador Duck.
certainly too
just
uncertain to
draw any conclusions from, but the breeding places might
as well have been
much
further to the north, and probably were.

is
The number
Amiens,
Berlin
of specimens extant
\
48.
Town Museum:
1,
ad. (Auk.
1897, p. 87),
p. 23).
Museum:
(J
bought from Salmin (Hartl.
Paris:
adult, presented 1810 by

:
M. Hyde de Neuville.
ad.
London, British Museum

date.
2,
,J
and a ?
ad.,
neither of
them with exact
locality or
Liverpool
2 3 ad.,
:
1 <7
jun.
Cambridge
Dublin
:
^
mounted J (Dr. Scharff
l^jun.
(See below.)
in litt.)
fine
ad.,
1
Tring
1 3"
Brussels
St.
ad.
:
Petersburg
ad.,
purchased from Salmin.

:
Heine Museum
in
Germany
poor specimen.
collection of the
Munich
The Museum possesses a male from the

:
Duke
of Leuchtenberg.
Dresden
1 <?
and two doubtful eggs

ad.,
the
latter doubtless
wrong
in
should say.
Locality
I
Vienna
1
,?
exchanged from Baron von Lederer
1830.
New York
J ad., bought from Brandt in
Hamburg
in
1846, for 4
Gulden
Leiden
Museum
from the Prince of Wied.

7,
American Museum, New York:
three of which formerly belonged to George N. Lawrence.

:
Long
Island Historical Society, Brooklyn

:
ad.
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. York
ad.
New York
Cory
State Museum, Albany

:
J ad.
collection
,J
J ad.
University of Vermont, Burlington,
Vermont
ad.
Philadelphia
2 3 jun.,
J
:
U.S. National
Museum, Washington
:
2
1
^ 3
J jun.
Collection of Mr. William Brewster
jun.,
Boston Society of Natural History
<?
jun.
:
Collection of Dalhousie College, Halifax
This makes a total of 48 known specimens.
107
The
last
specimens
the
killed
were those shot

is
in
May, 1871,
and
at
Grand
Manan
Island,
date of
J.
which
absolutely certain,
the specimen
bought from a Mr.

is
G. Bell in 1879, for the Smithsonian Institution, which
said to have been shot in 1875, but this date

p. 9).
seems not quite certain
(Cf.
is
Auk, 1894,
That several other specimens were shot
later than 1852

is
perfectly certain.
As the specimen
question
of 1875, or thereabouts,
a young male,
justified.
Mr. Lawrence's
about
the
old
birds
is
certainly
As,
however, no Labrador Duck has been recorded later than 1871 or 1875
we
may suppose
that
it
is
now
extinct.
in
My
1860,
young male was bought
the
Fulton Market,
It
New
York, about
Bell,
and probably came from Long
Island.
was mounted by John
a
is
bird-stuffer,
through whose hands several Labrador Ducks have gone, and

I
in the finest possible condition.
bought this bird from the

died at his
late
Gordon
Plummer, shortly before

in
his death.
He
home
in Brookline, Mass.,
November,
1893.
(Cf.
is
Auk, 1891,
p. 206.)
is
:
My
p.
adult male
is
the one of which the history
given in Auk, 1894,

"
176.
It
described there in detail and then added
Shot
in
the bay
of Laprairie this spring (1862) by a habitant, and purchased by Mr.

of
this
city,
Thompson
who has
kindly placed
it
at
my
disposal
for
examination."
Mr. William Dutcher of

of the
New York
City bought this specimen from the

in
widow
Mr. Thompson, mentioned

purchased
it
the above note as the original owner,
and
from Mr. William Dutcher, who informs

is
me
that " the
Bay
maps
of Laprairie "
simply a
name
given to a wide part of the River St.
Lawrence, just south of

of Quebec.
Montreal, Quebec.
The name
is
found on good
109
''BIZIURA LAUTOURI"
Biziura lautouri Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
nudum).
XXIV,
p.
i88 (1892
nomen
DR.
in so
FORBES,
It
its
unfortunately, gives no description whatever of this bird.

it,
would be interesting to know something about

powers of
flight
and especially
if
were impaired, as
it
seems
to have been
the case
many
extinct birds.
Ill
ARDEA MEGACEPHALA
"Biitors" Leguat, Relation du Voyage (1708).
milneedwards.
XIX, 1874,
P-
Ardea megacephala Milne-Edwards, Ann.
Sci. Nat. (5)
''
LEGUAT'S
than the
description, here translated, is as follows
"
We
had Bitterns
easily
as big and as fat as capons.

'
They are tamer and more
caught
gelinotes.' "
He
also says, "
The
lizards often serve as prey
for the birds, especially for the
Bitterns.
When we
shook them down from
the branches with a pole, these birds ran up and gobbled them
of us, in spite of
to do so they
all
down
in front
we
could do to prevent them
and even
if
we
only pretended
came
in the
same manner and always followed us about."

" This bird is not
it
Milne-Edwards remarks, among other notes, that

true Bittern, but
its
head
is
so large and
it
its
feet so short that
is
easy to
understand that Leguat should have called
so.
its
The bony structure

and thick proportions
;
of the head
is
is
remarkable on account of
massive
the skull itself
strongly enlarged posteriorly, and the
temporal fossae are bordered by very pronounced ridges, especially those on

the occipital region.
interorbital region
is
The upper
side of the skull
is
hardly convex, and the

its
large, but only slightly depressed along
middle
line.
The
bill is
stout, almost straight, a
good deal enlarged
at its base
and rounded
beneath.
The
nostrils are large

tip.
and preceded by a large groove, which extends
very far towards the

It is
impossible to confound this skull with that of any Bittern, the latter
in length.
having the beak relatively slender and only barely exceeding the skull
These
skull
also
have the skull much constricted at the temporal region.

therefore presents
all
The
fossil
from Rodriguez
characters essentially those

its
of
Heron, but differs from
known
species in
massive appearance.
in
In the
is
Grey, Purple and Goliath
Herons, as well as
bill
the Egrettes, the head

less
narrower, more elongated, the

atricollis,
less
conical
and
strong.
In
Ardea
now
inhabiting Madagascar, the

it
beak much resembles that of our
extinct species, but
is
longer and less enlarged at the base.
The
interorbital
area
is
is
much
wider, while on the other hand the hinder portion of the skull
skull a totally different
narrower and more elongated, which gives to the
aspect.
The
feet
relatively to the
head are e.xtremely short, and from
this
conclude that
of Rodriguez.
we know no
species of
Heron which can be compared

all
to that
Nevertheless, the tarso-metatarsus presents
the characters
112
of Ardea, and
is
far
in
removed from that of Botaurus.
The
tibia is
big
is
and
usual
short
in
it
surpasses
;
length the tarso-metatarsus by about a third, as

is
the
Herons
but the femur on the contrary
strongly developed, being

this
quite as large as in the
Ardea cinerea ; which shows us that the body of
creature
was
of large size, and that the reduction in size of the feet had only
taken place at their extremities.
The sternum
It
is
is
puny and small as compared with the creature's

powerful wings, and
is
size.
clearly that of
a bird not furnished with

in
even
much
less elongated than
the
also
Bittern, but the coracoidal
bones are very
long and slender.

hardly as big as
shorter than
in in
The wings
were short and

It
is
feeble, the
humerus being
Butorides atricapilla.
conspicuously slenderer and

is
the Bittern.
The main body
of the bone
is
slightly
curved
I
on the
outside,
and the lower articular condyle
large and flattened.
have
not been able to examine any bone of the " manus," but the metacarpal bone
shows exactly the same proportions
for the
wing as does the humerus, as
it
also barely reaches the size of that of Butorides atricapilla.
The measurements
are as follows
Skull.
Total length
154
....
mm.
Length of upper mandible
....
....
94 22 22 40 40
147
Width
of upper mandible at base
....
....
Width
of interorbital region
....
....
....
Space between the mastoid apophyses
....
....
Width of skull at level of postorbital apophyses

Length of lower mandible
....
....
....
Tarso-metatarsus.
Total length
95162 mm.
....
Width Width Width
14
at distal extremity....
013514
of shaft
00627
Tibio-tarsus.
Total length
140210 mm.
Width Width Width
at distal extremity at proximal extremity
12-13
1314
of shaft
60065
113
Femur.
Total length
Width Width
Width
of distal extremity
9092 mm. 1516

14-16

of proximal extremity
of shaft
00627
Sternum.
Total length
Width
in
front
costal facets
6488 mm. 3548

2636
Width behind Width
at posterior border
27-35
Comcoidals.
Total length
59
67
mm.
Width
at lower extremity
17-18
Humerus.
Total length
118180 mm.
Width
of proximal extremity of distal extremity of shaft
2027
016524
Width
Width
711
Metacarpals.
Total length
6298 mm.
....
....
Width
of proximal extremity of distal extremity
12
17

I'ile
Width
711
"
The anonymous author

(see Ann. Sci. Nat. (6)
this bird as
11
of the manuscript " Relation de
Rodrigue "
p.
133 et seq. 1875) about the year 1830 mentions are not a few Bitterns which are birds which
follows
" There
only
fly
a very
little,
and run uncommonly well when they are chased.
They
are of the size of an Egret and something like them."
Habitat
Rodriguez Island.
2 Humeri, 2
Femora, 2 Tibiae, and 2 Metatarsi
in
the Tring
Museum.
114
ARDEA DUBOISI
Butors ou Grands Gauziers Dubois, Les Voyages
faits
nom. nov.
par
le
Sieur D.B. (1674)
p. 169.
'ABBE DUBOIS
is
the only author
who
has, as far as
can ascertain,
flightless
it,
*-^
told us that the Island of
Reunion also had a large almost

;
Heron as well as Mauritius and Rodriguez

like
and so feeling sure that

it
most other birds of
this island,
was
distinct
name
is
after him.
:
The
translation of his original description

fat
as follows
" Bitterns
or
Great Egrets, large as capons, but very
and good.
They have grey plumage,

like
each feather spotted with white, the neck and beak

green,
lives
a Heron, and the feet

w.r.).
made
fish."
like
the feet of
PouUets d'Inde (Porphyria,
This bird
on
Habitat
Reunion or Bourbon.
115
ARDEA MAURITIANA
Butorides mauritianus Newton
(newt. & gad.)

vol.
& Gadow,
Trans. Zool. Soc.
XIII,
p.
289 (1893).
THE
bones on which this species
is
founded are a pair of ulnae, one radius,
four metatarsi, and one coracoid.
The
description
is
as follows
" The
every
bones
in
question are
all
considerably shorter than the corresponding
bones of A. {Nycticorax) megacephala.

detail with those of the latter species
The metatarsi agree otherwise

;
in
this relative stoutness indicates that

like
they belonged to
a Night-Heron or Bittern
A. megacephala.
The two
ulnae cannot, unfortunately, be compared with those of A. megacephala; their

length, 110 mm.,
compared with the length
of the
humerus
of A. megacephala,
119 mm., shows, however, likewise that they were those of a considerably
smaller bird.
The
single left coracoid agrees in all the features of its dorsal

its
or scapular half with A. megacephala, but

considerably,
first
ventral or sternal half differs
by the much more
strongly
marked
ridge of
the
linea
intenituscularis on its ventral surface, secondly by the almost straight instead

of
inwardly curved margin
between the processus
lateralis
and the
lateral
distal
corner of the sternal articulation, thirdly by a very low but very distinct
ridge,
and sharp
above
its
which arises from the median margin of the coracoid, a
little
is
median articulating corner.

in
This roughness or prominent ridge

in
all
entirely
absent
A. megacephala and
other
Herons which we have

it
been able to examine, but at least a slight indication of

individually varying degree in
occurs
this
in
an
Nycticorax and Botaurus.

is
That
coracoid
its
bone belonged, however, to an Ardeine bird

configuration,
clearly indicated
by
whole
notably by the shape and position of the precoracoid process,

lip
the various articulating facets at the dorsal end, and the prominent
visceral or internal surface of the
facet."
on the
median portion of the sternal articulating
The following are the measurements

Length of ulna
....
....
Ill
Length of metatarsus
....
112 81 87
....
mm.
Length of coracoid
Habitat
:
....
....
48
Mauritius.
in
Although megacephala and mauritiana have been placed

Butorides respectively, from the short, stout
inclined to think that
all
Ardea and
build,
I
legs
and general
am
three of these Herons belong to the genus Nycticorax.
117
PROSOBONIA
THIS
genus
is,
BR
placed longer
in
in
the
Catalogue of
the
to
latter
Birds,
section
with
somewhat
containing
long
in
tarsus,
being
than
the
culmen,
addition
Prosobonia
the
genera
Tringites,
latter
and
its
Aechmorhynchus
long hind toe,
singular
bird
in
(see
afterwards),
and
its
it
differs
from
the
by
of
from the former

is,
by
quite
square
tail.
The
late
position
this
however,
not
certain.
The
Henry Seebohm
placed
it
the genus Phegornis, though the latter has no hind toe whatever,
and
it
has even
but
Dr.
doubtless wrongly
been
suggested that
it
belonged to
the RalUdae, rather than to the Charadriidae.

It
is
We
know
only one species.

Ellis,
true that
is
Sharpe bestowed a new name on the figure of from an Eimeo-specimen, but

it
which
said to have been taken

it
is
hardly
creditable that
belongs to a different species.

all
Latham appears
to
have
had three specimens, which were

Forster and
Ellis,
three different from each other.
Both
in
their unpublished
all
drawings
in
the
British
Museum, as
same
species,
well as Latham, evidently considered
three to belong to the

their
verdict,
and
it
is
not
advisable
now
to
over-rule
given
with
the
specimens before them, merely on account of the different plumages, since
we
all
know
that most waders,
and especially brightly-coloured ones,
differ
considerably in
that "P.
ellisi"
plumage, according to age and seasons.
We
are convinced
has been a younger

is
bird.
Sharpe attaches importance to

in this instance,
the different habitat, but this

is,
no argument
because Eimeo
at the nearest point, not

it
more than seven and a
half miles
from Tahiti,*
all
and
is
quite against
all
precedents
closely
among Charadriidae and beyond

have closely
allied
plausibility that
two such
situated islands
forms
of a
Wader.
"See Findlay's South Pacific Ocean Directory,
p. 642.
118
PROSOBONIA LEUCOPTERA
(Plate
White-winged Sandpiper Latham, Gen. Syn. and Eimeo).
Tringa leucoptera Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
Dierk.
\, I,
(gm.)
35.)
Ill, pt. i, p. 172, pi.
LXXXII
(1785
Otaheite
Bijdr.
p.
678 (1788
ex
Latham!); Westermann,
p. 51, pi.
15 (1854
Figure
of the type).
II)
Totanus leucoptenis
Vieillot,
Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. (Ed.

I,
VI, p. 396 (1817).
Calidris leucoptenis Cuvier, R^gne Anim.
p.
526 (1829).
p.
Tringa pyrrhetraea Lichtenstein, Forster's descr. anim.

Prosobonia leucoptera Bonaparte, Compt.
Brit.
174 (1844
p.
Otaheiti).
;
Rend. XXXI,
562 (1850)
Sharpe, Cat. B.
Mus. XXIV,
p.
525 (1896).
Ill,
p.
Tringoides leucopterus Gray, Handl. B.
46 (1871).
p.
Phegornis leucoptenis Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charad.
452
pi.
18 (1888).
Prosobonia
ellisi
Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. XVI,
p.
85
(1906 "Eimeo").
DR.
SHARPE'S
is
description,
:
made from
the type in the Leyden
Museum,
as
follows
;
" Adult.
General colour of
upper surface blackish

;
brown
the lower back and
rump ferruginous
centre tail-feathers
blackish, the rest rufous,
banded
with black, less distinctly
on the two next
the middle pair
wing-coverts blackish, with a white spot near the carpal

;
bend of the wing, formed by some of the lesser coverts

blackish, the hind-neck browner,
crown
of
head
mixed with black
sides of face brown, the

little
lores
and
;
ear-coverts
slightly
more
reddish,
behind the eye a
white
spot
cheeks and under surface of body ferruginous red, the throat buffy
white.
Length 67 inches, culmen 09, wing 445,
tail 2- 15,
tarsus
IS (Mus.
Lugd.)"
We
know nothing
is
of this
bird,
but the one specimen in the

of
Leyden
Museum, which
the type, or at least one
the
types.
As no other
is
specimens have been obtained for nearly a century and a quarter, there
every reason to fear that this bird
is
extinct.
My
plate has been

Ellis
made up
in
by Mr. Lodge from the unpublished drawings of

British
and Forster
the
Museum.
Habitat
:
Tahiti,
and the adjacent
islet of
Eimeo.
119
AECHMORHYNCHUS
THIS
genus appears to be closely
Its
coues.
has a
allied to Prosobonia, but

is
much
shorter hind toe.
colouration
very different, and quite that of

is
a Sandpiper, while the pattern of Prosobonia
most
singular.
Seebohm
placed Aechmorhynchus, together with Prosobonia, in the genus Phegornis.
We
know
only one species.
AECHMORHYNCHUS CANCELLATA
(Plate
Barred Phalaropc Latham, Gen. Syn.
Pacific Ocean).
III.
(gm.)
35.)
pt.
i,
p.
274 (1785
Christmas
Island in the
Tringa cancellata Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
I,
p.
675 (1788
ex
Latham).
pi.
Tringa parvirostris Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds

Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp.
p.
p.
235,
LXVI,
2 (1848
321,
pi.
38, 2 (1858
Paumotu).
p.
Paumotu)
51 (1859).
Totanus (Tryngites?) cancellaius Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Islands Pac. Ocean,

Phegornis cancellatus Seebohm, Geogr. Distrib. Charadr.
451,
pi.
p.
17 (1888J.
Aechmorhynchus cancellatus Sharpe, Cat.
B. Brit.
Mus. XXIV,
p.
525 (1896).
"
I
1
3 ILL short, straight, J quills very nearly

secondaries
;
and slender; wings

equal
;
long, first, second,

little
and third
tertiaries
but very
;
longer than the

long, the
distinct
tail
rather long, wide, rounded
legs
its
and toes
length.
former robust
stripe over
tibia
feathered for
more than
half
and behind the eye ashy-white.
Entire upper parts umber-brown,
unspotted on the top of the head, but on the other upper parts edged and
tipped with ashy-white and reddish fulvous.
irregular and
Tail-feathers umber-brown, with

of ashy
imperfect transverse
tipped
narrow bands
Underparts
and pale reddishwith

breast,
white,
and
with
middle
the
the
of
same.
the
white,
;
tinge
sides,
of
ashy
throat and
of
abdomen
unspotted
and
under coverts
brown,
coverts.
Bill
tail
spotted,
and with
on
the
irregular transverse
flanks,
bars of
tail-
the
latter
most
apparent
sides,
and
under
with
Under wing-coverts ashy-white,
irregularly
spotted
brown.
alike,
greenish, darker at the tip; legs dark green.

(Cassin.)
Sexes very nearly
female slightly paler."
120
have here given the synonymy of
this
bird,
as
it
has
now been
generally accepted by Seebohm, Sharpe, and others.

of
An
actual comparison
the types would,
however,
of
be very desirable,
but,
it
unfortunately,
exists.
we do
not
know where the type

lies
Latham
the
is,
and
if
still
Christmas
Island
much
to
the north of
since
Paumotu group
As no specimens
have been obtained
the
U.S.
Exploring
Expedition,
we may
safely
suppose that the species has ceased to exist for some reason.
Habitat
Islands."
:
"
Christmas
Island
in
the
Pacific
Ocean and
Paumotu
121
GALLINAGO CHATHAMICA
Gallinago chathamica Forbes,
Ibis
forbes.
1893,
P-
545-
EVIDENTLY
Bill
species
allied
to
G.
ptistlla,
but
very
much
larger.
three inches long.

:
Habitat
Chatham
a
Islands.
in
Several skulls and

only a
little
few bones
the
Tring
Museum.
This
is
a snipe
larger than the existing Gallinago aiicklandica.
123
HYPOTAENIDIA(?) PACIFICUS
(Plate
Pacific rail Latham, Gen. Syn.
Ill,
(gm)
26.)
pt.
I,
i,
p.
255 (1785).
Rallus pacificus Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p.
717 (1788).
FORSTER'S
ferruginous
description
;
is
as
follows,
in
translation
"
Black
;
with
white spots or bars

;
abdomen, throat, and eyebrow white

grey
;
hind neck
straight,
breast
bill
blood-red
iris
red.
Bill
compressed, narrowed at the top, thicker at the base, and blood-red.

mandibles subequal, pointed
fuscous
; ;
The
the
upper
slightlv
curved, with
bill,
the tip pale

linear.
gape medium.
Nostrils
almost at the base of

Iris
Eyes
split,
placed above the gape of the mouth.

built
blood-red.
Feet four-toed,
slender,
for
running,
flesh
coloured.
Femora
semi-bare,
of
medium
length.
"Tibiae slightly compressed, shorter than the femora.

of
Four
toes, slender,
which three point forward (are front

'of
toes).
The middle one almost as
long as the Tibia, the side ones

raised from
light
equal length shorter, the back one short,

small,
slightly
the ground.
Nails
short,
incurved,
pointed, and
coloured.
bill
Head
oval,
slightly
depressed, fuscous.
superciliary line
from
to occiput
whitish.
Throat white.
black,
Hindneck ferruginous.
Neck
very short.
Breast
Back and rump

grey.
sparsely dotted with minute white dots.

loins
bluish
Abdomen, crissum, and
white.
Wings
short.
short,
wholly black, variegated with broken white bands.
Remiges
Rectrices
extremely short, black spotted with white, hardly to be distinguished from

the coverts.
Total length from
bill
to tail
....
....
inches.
Total length to middle toe

Bill
12|
\^
.... .... .... .... .... ....
,,
Tibiae
Middle toe
1^
in
Mr. Keulemans' plate was done from Forster's unpublished drawing

the
British
Museum, and no specimen
is
in
existence.
The
legs
should,
however, be less bright red, more flesh-colour.

Habitat
:
Tahiti, but evidently long extinct.
This bird, according to Forster,
was
called "
Oomnaa
"
or " Eboonaa,"
on Otaheite, and the neighbouring
islands.
125
NESOLIMNAS
DIFFERS
whole
with
a
Andrews.
shorter
bill
;
from Cabalus by the culmen

convex with
relatively
by having the
the
tip
sharply decurved, by having a
close instead of a loose plumage, and a much less reduced sternum,
well-developed
instead
of
almost
obsolete
keel.
Type
of
genus
Nesolimnas diejfenbachi (Gray).
NESOLIMNAS DIEFFENBACHII
(Plate
27.)
gray.
Rallus Dieffenbachii Gray, Dieffenb., Trav. N.Z.
II
App.
p.
197 (1843).
14, pi.
Ocydromus diejfenbachi Gray, Voy. Ereb. and
Terr., Birds p.
p.
15 (1846).
Hypotaenidia dieffenbachi Bonaparte, C.R. XLIII,
599 (1856).
pl.
Cabalus dieffenbachi Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. and B. Brit. Mus. XXIII p. 47 (1894).
Terr., Birds p. 29,
15 (1875),
id..
Cat.
Nesolimnas dieffenbachi Andrews, Novit. Zool.
III.
p.
266,
pl.
X,
flgs
3-15 (1896).
ADULT:
the mantle
"General colour above, brown, banded on the mantle and scapulars,

buff,
and spotted on the upper back with ochreous
these buff markings
being margined with black, which takes the form of broad bars on
;
lower back and rump uniform brown

;
upper
tail
coverts brown,
barred across with light rufous and black
lesser
wing
coveiiis like the
back
median and greater coverts, as well as the primary coverts and

chestnut, barred with
black, the
;
quills, light
inner secondaries spotted and barred with

feathers brown, mottled with chestnut near
indistinct
ochre and black,

the base
;
like
the back
tail
crown
of the head
and nape uniform brown, followed by an

;
patch of chestnut on the hindneck

line of bluish grey,
lores dull rufous,
surmounted by a broad
extending from the base of the nostrils to the sides of the
nape; rest of the sides of the face bluish grey, extending on to the lower
throat
;
this
grey area of
the face
separated from the grey eyebrow by a

the lores through the eye
broad band
along
the
of dark chestnut, which extends from
upper part
black,
of
the
ear-coverts
chin
and upper throat white

;
lower
throat
buff,
barred
across
with
white
fore
neck
and
chest
ochreous
banded rather narrowly with black,
this pattern of colouration
126
extending up the sides of the neck to the chestnut on the ear coverts
breast and
lower
abdomen
black,
banded with white, the

;
light bars
on the flanks
broadly
blackish,
and vent feathers being tinged with ochreous

banded with
black
;
under-tail
coverts
and ochre
under-wing
coverts and
axillaries
barred with white
under surface of
quills chestnut,
with broad black bars.
Wing
4-8 inches,
:
culmen
1-35, tail
27"
is
(Sharpe).
Habitat
Chatham
Islands.
The type and only known specimen
that in the British
Museum.
127
CABALUS
Cabalus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Cabahis modestus).
Inst. Vol.
HUTTON.
XX
(1874
VI
p. io8, pi.
Type
and unique species
CAPTAIN HUTTON
a
characterized his
new genus
as follows: "Bill longer

in
than the head, moderately slender and slightly curved, compressed

the middle and slightly expanding towards the tip
;
nostrils placed
bill,
in
membranous groove which extends beyond the middle

webs as
of the
openings
exposed, oval, near the middle of the groove.

quills
first
Wings very
and
short,
rounded
soft,
the outer
soft as the inner, fourth

;
fifth
the longest,
nearly as long as the second

Tail very short
a short, compressed claw at the end of
the thumb.
and
soft,
hidden by the coverts.
Tarsi moderate,
shorter than the middle toe, flattened in front, and covered with transverse
scales
;
toes long and
slender, inner
nearly as long as the outer, hind toe

;
short, very slender,
and placed on the inner side of the tarsus
claws short,
compressed, blunt.
"The
bird
is
incapable of
flight,
and the stomach of the specimen,
dissected by Dr. Knox, contained only the legs and elytra of beetles."
Captain Hutton also adds,
I.e.,
a valuable description of the skeleton.
One
species known.
CABALUS MODESTUS
(Plate
Rallus modestus Hutton,
Ibis 1872, p. 247.
(hutton).
28.)
(Mangare, Chatham Islands.)

Inst.
Cabalus modestus
established.)
Hutton, Trans.
New New
Zeal.
VI
p.
108.
(The genus Cabahis
"Rallus dieffcnbachii
luw." BuUer, B.
(part., juv.
I)
Zealand, Ed.
pp. 179, 180; Ed. II p. 121 (1888).

p.
Cabalus dieffenbachii
p.
Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII
47 (1894)
corr.
331.
Bull. Brit.
Cabalus modestus Forbes,

op.
cit.
Orn. Club. No. IV.
p.
XX
(Dec. 1892)
Salvador!,
Sharpe,
(lyos)-
(Jan., 1893); Forbes, Ibis 1893, PP- 532. 544, pi. XIV, fig. 4, egg; Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII p. 331 (1893); Buller, Suppl. B.N.Z. I p. 45, pi. Ill
p.
XXIII
Ocydromus pygmaeus Forbes, Nature XLVI,

P-
p.
252 (1892
nomen
nudum
cf.
Ibis
1893,
544)-
CAPTAIN hutton
species
(Ibis
:
1872,
p.
247)
described
this
interesting
as
;
follows
"
Olivaceous
brown,
bases
of
the
pale
feathers
fulvous,
plumbeous
feathers of the
breast slightly tipped with
those of the abdomen and flanks with two narrow bars of the same colour;
128
throat dark grey, each feather slightly tipped with brown.
Quills soft brown,
the
first
three
faintly
barred
with
reddish
I
fulvous,
fourth
and
bill
fifth
the
longest.
light
Tail very soft
and
short, brown.
rides light brown,

bill
and legs
tarsus
1,
brown.
Length 875 inches, wing 315,

1'4.
from gape
1-4,
middle toe and claw
Young.
Uniform brownish
black.
;
single specimen
and young from Mangare

perfectly well
Sir Walter
also a specimen in spirits."
The author knew

this excellent species.
what he was doing when he described

(B.
BuUer afterwards
it
New
Zealand, Ed.
I,
pp. 179, 180)

dieffenbachii,
declared "after carefully comparing
with the type of Rallus
and submitting the matter to the judgment of other competent

I
ornithologists,
have no hesitation
of
in
!)
considering
it
the same species,
in
an
the
immature
state
plumage."
{Sic
Unfortunately, Dr.
Sharpe,
in
Catalogue of Birds XXIII, repeated BuUer's error, and, on Plate VI, figured
Cabalus modestus under the name of Cabalus dieênbachii, though the

is
latter
not congeneric with C. modestus, and must be called Nesolimnas dieffenbachii,

in
while the third form included
Cabalus by Dr. Sharpe,
viz. sylvestris of
Lord
Howe's
Island,
must
also be separated generically
from Cabalus.
Formerly
Cabalus
modestus
inhabited
Great
Chatham
Island,
as
Dr. Forbes proved by bones found by himself at Warekauri, but
when
the species
little
was discovered
now,
it
existed there no more, though being plentiful on the
outlying island of Mangare.

this island being
Unfortunately even there
it
is
evidently extinct
overrun with cats and
rats, besides
which, according to
BuUer, the original vegetation has been ruthlessly burnt down for the purpose
of sowing grass-seed, as even this bleak
little
island has been claimed by an
enterprising
sheep-farmer.
Fortunately a good
I
many specimens have been
secured by the late
W. Hawkins.
British
have
in
fifteen in
my museum,
and
one
and there are

in
specimens
in
the
Museum,
Liverpool,
Cambridge.
Henry Palmer
I
failed to get
specimens when he visited Mangare.

in
have also the egg described and figured

is
the Ibis by Dr. Forbes.

faint
It
measures 40 by 21-4 mm., and

spots.
creamy white, with
pale reddish
and purplish roundish

Habitat
:
Chatham
Islands, east of
New
Zealand.
129
OCYDROMUS MINOR
Ocydromits
sp.
Hamilton.
Hamilton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXV,
I.e.
p.
103 (1893).
Ocydromus minor Hamilton
(nee. Forbes)
THIS
to
I
species
is
nearest allied to sylvestris Scl., which has quite erroneously

in
been placed
the genus Cabalus by Dr. Sharpe
sylvestris will
have
form the type of a new genus, but
until the skull of
minor
is
known
prefer to leave the latter temporarily in Ocydromus.
The present
tibiae,
species
is
known from two

minor
pelves,
seven
femora,
six
and
five
metatarsi, as well as the front

all
portion of a sternum.
slightly
The
than
measurements
sylvestris,
show
to
that
was
larger
it
form
but
owing
having a much
shorter
tibio-tarsus
must have
been a much stumpier
bird.
131
APHANAPTERYX
BILL
and situated
at the base of the
bill.
frauenfeld.
The
nostrils are
produced, not cut short, rather curved.
exposed
Halluces of the naked fowl-like
legs of moderate length.

abortive, no rectrices apparent.
Front of legs apparently scutellated.
Wings
APHANAPTERYX BONASIA
(Plate
29.)
selys.
A Hen
Sir
Thomas
Herbert,
relation of
some
years' Travaile (1626).

(1646).
Veli-lweiiders Reyer Cornelisr,
Van der Hagen's voyage

Cauche, Relations
Ponies rottgcs an bee de Becasse
vfiritables et
curieuses de
I'lsle
de
Madagascar (165 1).

Apterornis bonasia Edm. de S6Iys-Longchamps, Revue Zoologique,
p.
292 (1848).
Didus herberti Schlegel, Vers. Med. Ak. Wetensch.,

Didiis broecki Schlegel,
I.e.
II,
p.
256 (1854).
Aphaiiapteryx imperialis Frauenfeld, Neu aufgef. Abbild. Dronte,
p.
6 (1868).
Aphanapteryx
(1868).
broeckii
Milne-Edwards,
Ann.
Sci.
Nat.
(5),
X,
pp.
325-346,
pis.
15-18
Pezophaps broeckii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Struthiones,
p.
4 (1873).
HERE
I
size of
Iris
give
translation
of
Frauenfeld's
original
all
diagnosis:
Bill
"Of
the
a fowl, of a
uniform
brown red
over.
in
and legs dark,
yellowish.
Feathers
decomposed, as
the
Apteryx,
somewhat
lengthened on the nape."

This
G.
description
in
was
made
by
Frauenfeld
Vienna,
from
drawing
by
Hoefnagels,
the
Imperial
Library,
executed
about the year

life
1610, and, together with that of the
Dodo, apparently drawn from

This
to
in
the
Imperial
Menagerie and
at
Ebersdorf.
drawing
have
in
proves Van den Broecke,

correct,
Herbert,
Cauche's
descriptions
been
though
their
drawings are somewhat startlingly different

four drawings and osseous remains.
1
shape.
Only known from these
18 fragments of beaks, 5 pelves, 35 tibiae,

in
sacrum and fragments, and

Habitat
:
vertebra
the Tring
Museum.
Mauritius.
133
DIAPHORAPTERYX
THIS genus
whole,
is is
forbes.
but,
closely allied to
Aphanapteryx and Erythromachus,

It
on the
nearer to Aplianapteryx.
in
differs
from both these genera
and Ocydromus
the large protuberances on the basi-temporal region
of the skull, and the tarso-metatarsus
was much shorter than

in
in
Aphanapteryx.
For complete diagnosis of

Vol. Ill, pp. 73-76 (1896).
this
genus see Andrews
Novitates Zoologicae,
DIAPHORAPTERYX HAWKINSI
Aphanapteryx hawkinsi Forbes, Nature XLVI,
Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi Forbes,
p.
(forbes).
252.
Bull. B.O.C.I. p.
XXI, 1893.
THE
remains of this bird were
first
sent to Dr. H. O. Forbes in 1892 by
the late
W. Hawkins, from
It
the
to
Chatham
have been
Islands, 500 miles
E.S.E. of
Island of
New
Wharekauri.
Zealand.
Dr.
appears
confined to
the
Forbes subsequently went to
the Chathams himself and
collected a large
number
In
of bones of various extinct birds, including those of

I
Diapliorapteryx.
1895
received a consignment of
bones through the

as has never
agency of
Mr.
Dannefaerd, from
the Chathams, such
been
equalled from any deposit elsewhere, for literally there were

of
many hundreds
of
birds.
thousands
of
bones of
Mr. C.
considerable
number
able to
of
species
From
this collection
W. Andrews was
skulls,
draw up a most minute
description of the skeleton of Diaplwrapteryx, founded on several practically
complete skeletons, some thirty or more
and several thousand individual

This
description,
bones of various
portions
of
the
skeleton.
is
published
in
"Novitates Zoologicae," Vol. Ill, pp. 73-84,
too long for reproduction here,
and so
must refer my readers
to
it.
This
bird, as well as the
Palaeolimnas, shows an apparent relationship

;
between the Chatham Islands and the Mascarene Islands
but
believe that
134
this is not a real
relationship,
as has been asserted, due to a

of
parallel
former landto
connection,
but
merely
case
development
owing
similar
conditions of existence.
Habitat
In
Wharekauri
Tring
Island,
Chatham
two
Islands.
the
Museum
are
complete
skeletons,
more than a
thousand bones, and about
fifteen skulls.
skull,
One
almost complete skeleton, and the type,
and bones, are
in
the British Museum.
135
ERYTHROMACHUS
"
milneedwards.
one-fifth shorter than
T
I
EGS
V
in
stout,
made
for running,
and from a quarter to
Ocydromtis, the three anterior digits well developed and the hallux
very small.
slightly
Body
less
massive than
in
Ocydromus, with the wings
more developed, but not serviceable

and about 60 mm.
for flight.
Head
small
bill
red,
straight, pointed,
= 24
inches.
red naked patch round
the eye
plumage pale grey."
ERYTHROMACHUS LEGUATI
MILNE-EDWARDS.
Gelinote Leguat,
t.
II
p.
71
(1708).
Sci. Nat. (5)
Erythromachus leguati Milne-Edwards, Ann.

Aphanopteryx leguati Giinther
(1879).
XIX,
pp. 6, 7, pis. XI,
XII (1874).
pi.
&
E. Newton, Phil. Trans. Vol. i58, pp. 431-432,
XLIII
OF
the older writers only Leguat appears to have described the Rodriguez
flightless rail.
There are several references to "Hens,"
"
Veld Hoenders,"
&c., but all
appear to refer to the Mauritius bird Aphanapteryx bonasia.

is
'
Leguat's description
"
as follows
are fat
all
Our
'
gelinotes
is
the year round and of a most delicate taste.

is
Their colour
always of a bright grey, and there
very
little
difference in
plumage between the two sexes.
They hide
their nests so well that
we
could
not find them out, and consequently did not taste their eggs.
They have a
red naked area round their eyes, their beaks are straight and pointed, near
two and
two-fifths inches long,

for
it.
and red
offêr
also.
They cannot
fly,
their fat
makes
them too heavy

will
fly at
If
it
you
them anything
red, they are so

in
angry they
you to catch
out of your hand, and
the heat of the combat
we had an
opportunity to take them with ease."

extinct.
Quite
Only known from descriptions and osseous remains.
One
tibia in the
Tring Museum.
Habitat
Rodriguez Island.
137
PENNULA
Penniila Dole, Hawaiian Alman. 1879
p.
DOLE.
p.
54 (Reprint in Ibis 1880
241).
BELIEVE
I
its
that the genus Pennula should be placed near Porzanula, but

softer, the rectrices are next to invisible, but
wings are
can be
felt,
as
they have
stiff
shafts and are about 13
mm.
long,
though being entirely
hidden by the soft tail-coverts.
The
tibia is
bare for about 7 mm., the meta-
tarsus covered in front with nearly a dozen transverse, very distinct scales, and
distinctly reticulated behind.
The
bill
:
much
as in Poliolitnnas and Porzanula.

millsi,
Two
surface, and
species can be recognized
Pennula
with a uniform upper
Pennula sandwichensis, with a
distinctly spotted
upper
side.
Both
forms are now extinct.
PENNULA MILLSI
MOHO OF THE
(Plate
Pennula
p.
dole.
NATIVES.
3.)
26,
Fig.
millet (misprint for millsi)
Dole, Hawaiian
in
Almanac 1879
p.
54 (reprint
in Ibis
1880
241.
"Uplands
;
ofj
Hawaii
named
honour of Mr.
241
pi.
Mills, spec, in Mills's Coll., nearly
extinct")
Rothsch., Avif. Laysan,

"
etc., p.
LXXVI.
"Pennula ecaudata
apud Wilson
&
Evans, Aves. Hawaii., part V, text and plate.
ALL we know
bird-catcher
of this bird are the five specimens caught by an old native
named Hawelu
in
for the late Mr. Mills of Hawaii.

in
Two
is
of
these are
now
in
my Museum, one
There
Cambridge, and two
in
the Bishop-
Pauahi
extinct.
Museum
Honolulu.
can be no doubt that this bird

futile.
now
All recent
I
attempts to find specimens have been
Mr. Palmer,
it.
whom
sent a specially trained dog, also failed to find even traces of
It
lived formerly in the counti-y
between Hilo and the volcano Kilauea,
in
places
where thick
grass,
Vaccinium and Dianella, forms the thickest cover
possible.
In former times the "
Moho
is
"
was a dainty on the
tables of the Hawaiian kings,
but
its
disappearance
to
probably due to the introduction of the obnoxious
mongoose and
bush
fires.
138
PENNULA SANDWICHENSIS
(Plate 26, Fig.
Rallus Sandwichensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
insulis
1
(gm.)
2.)
p.
717 (1788
ex
Latham
" Habitat exilis in
Sandwich
").
Pennula Wilsoni Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus. XX specimen in the Leyden Museum is not the type name and therefore renames it).
p.
77 (1898
Finsch
p.
explains that the

of Gmelin's
of
Latham
and therefore
For
full
synonymy and explanations
of
name,
etc., cf.
Avifauna of Laysan,
239, 240
and
243,
also plate
LXXVI.
LATHAM'S description from which

Ornith. " supra maculis obscuris."
Ellis,
Gmelin's diagnosis was taken
distinctly
says that the feathers were "darkest in the middle," and in the Index
Moreover, the unpublished drawing of
well reproduced in Mr.
Scott Wilson's book, shows beyond doubt the
identity of the bird of the old authors with the
specimen
in
the Leyden
Museum.
The Leyden specimen

this bird
"
is all
we
are acquainted with, and of the history of

that
it
we know nothing but Latham's statement

Islands."
came from the
Sandwich
139
TRIBONYX ROBERTI
Tribonyx roberti Andrews, Ibis iSgy,
p.
Andrews.
356,
pi.
IX, figs 4-7.
THIS
bird
is
described from an imperfect pelvis, a perfect
left tibio-tarsus
in
and a femur.
The
pelvis differs
in
from that of T. mortieri

in
not having
the deep depression the pectineal process.

It
the
ilia
front of the acetabulum and above
also differs in having a rather wider pelvic escutcheon

ilia
and wider renal

than
in
fossal,
and the supra-acetabular ridges of the
are smaller
differs
the Australian bird.

T.
The beautifully-preserved
left tibia
from
that of
mortieri in having the
intercondylar groove wider and shallower,
the inner condyle less massive, thus making the difference between the inner
and outer condyle more marked

above
the
e.xtensor
T. roberti also
has the shaft immediately

less
bridge
wider,
the
bridge
itself
oblique,
and the
fibular crest is longer.
Pelvis.
Length of Ilium
Least width of acetabular region of Pelvis
82
mm.
Width Width Width
at Antitrochanter
....
at anterior angle of Pelvic
Escutcheon
at Posterior angle of Pelvic Escutcheon.

....
Length of Sacrum
Tibia.
Length
Width Width
at distal extremity....
at middle of shaft
....
Femur.
Length
Width Width
Habitat
:
at distal extremity.... at middle of shaft

in
....
Sirabe
C. Madagascar.
141
NOTORNIS
DIFFERS
Type
the primaries, and the wing-coverts
nearly hiding the
:
OWEN.
less elongated,
from Porphyria by the secondaries being nearly as long as
more or
sometimes
quills.
Notornis mantelli.
NOTORNIS MANTELLI
Notornis mantelli Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill, p.
owen.
7-11 (1848).
377,
pi.
LVl,
figs.
THIS
species
was founded on a nearly
entire
skull,
collected
by Walter
is
Mantell at Waingongoro, North
Island,
New
Zealand.
This skull
more
than
twice
the
size
is
of
that
of
Porphyria
melanotus.
The
basisphenoidal surface, however,
flatter,
is
the anterior angle projects below
the base of the presphenoid, and there
a slender ridge continued from each
paroccipital to the lateral angles of the platform, the posterior angles being
hemispheric tubercles as in Palapteryx.
The
more
occipital
in
region
inclines
forwards as
is
is,
it
rises,
while the same

in
is
vertical
Porphyria.
The
post-frontal
broader than
Porphyria.
The
chief distinction
from that of Porphyria
however, the almost regular

is
four-sided figure of the skull.
The breadth
of the anterior part

is
almost exactly
that of the occipital region, and the extent of the sides
not
much more than

is
that of the front and
back part.
The
parieto-frontal region of the skull
very unlike that of Porphyria, being convex and oblong, and Notornis also lacks
cerebral or hemispheric convexities.
differences, but
I,
I
Owen
gives a large
number
of other
refer
my
readers to the original article as above, pp. 366-371.

is
however, must state here, as
already mentioned by Mr. Hamilton, Trans.
N.Z. Inst.
XXIV,
p.
176,
1892, that the Dinornis skull, with
which Professor
is
Owen compared
Aptornis defossar
it
Notornis, referred by
(v/cfe
him
to
D. casuarinus
pi.
really that of
Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill,
52, figs.
1-7),
and, therefore,
in
is
quite natural that Professor

skull
Owen
it
found a great likeness to Dinornis
Notornis, as the
he compared
with was really that of the Ralline

all.
Aptornis, and not the Struthious Dinornis at
Habitat
North
Island,
New
Zealand.
Inst.,
Dr. H. O. Forbes, Trans.

of
tibiae
N.Z.
discusses at length measurements
and
femora
of
Notornis,
provisionally
naming
I
the
skeleton
in
the Otago
Museum
Natarnis parkeri, as a
till
new
species, but
consider
we must
wait for confirmation
we
get an associated skeleton of N. mantelli.
142
NOTORNIS HOCHSTETTERI
(Plate
34.)
a.b.m.
Notornis Hochstetteri A. B. Meyer, Abbild. Vogelskelett, Lief. IV
&
V,
p.
28,
II,
pi.
XXXIV45,
pi.
I
XXXVII (1883 South

(1885
Island,
New
1)
Zealand)
Zeitschr.
ges.
Orn.
p.
figures
IV,
pi.
of the bird).
Notornis maiitelli (non
Owen
1848
Gould, P.Z.S. London, 1850,

B.
pi.
21
Trans. Zool. Soc.

B.
London
Zealand,
pi.
25
(1850); Gould,
Austr.
Suppl.,
p.
pi.
76 (1869); BuUer,
New
(1873); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII,
208 (1894).
THE
justified
A^.
name Notornis
mantelli having been
based on a cranium and some
leg-bones from the North Island, and the bones of a specimen from the
South
in
Island,
showing marked differences. Dr. A. B. Meyer was

the
latter
fully
describing
form
as
different,
under
the
name
of
hochstetteri.
According to the describer there are considerable differences

cranial bones,
in
the
but the comparison of the leg-bones shows such differences in
size that these alone
would be
of
A'',
sufficient to separate the
North and South Island

mantelli 122,
forms.
The femur
hochstetteri
measures
109, that of A^.
the tibia of the former 165, the tarso-metatarsus 109, the tibia of the latter
200,
the tarso-metatarsus
129
I,
mm.
p.
For further measurements
see A.
B.
Meyer, Abbild. Vogelskelett
30.
The upper surface

quills are
is
olive-green
with
some
;
slaty-blue
shading,
the
black with purplish blue outer
webs
rectrices blackish, green on

blue,
the outer webs.

blackish.
Head, neck, and under surface purplish

tail-coverts white,
thighs
more
Under
tip of
frontal plate
and
bill
bright red, yellow
towards the
both mandibles.
bird
is
it
Feet red.
a specimen having been
live at
Although
this
evidently not extinct,
captured as late as 1898,
seems that not many examples
present in
New
Zealand, as they have been sought after a good deal, and yet only four
have been
taken so
far,
i.e.,
the
two
in
the
British
Museum, one
in
the
Dresden Museum, and the last-mentioned one.

Full accounts of the capture of this last specimen have been given in
the Trans.
Buller's
New
Zealand
Institute,
XXXI,
pp.
146-150,
I,
and
in
Sir
Walter
Supplement to the Birds of

the capture
is
New
Zealand,
pp. 66-74, where, however,
the
year of
not mentioned, though

articles
one can guess

it
that
it
must have taken place shortly before the

Habitat
extinct.
:
on
appeared.
Middle Island, usually called South Island, apparently nearly
143
NOTORNIS STANLEYI
White
gallinule, Voy. of Gov. Phillip to N.S.W.,
I,
(rowley)
tab. (1789).
p.
273,
cum
Porphyria stanleyi Rowley, Orn. Misc.

Porphyria melanotiis
(part.)
p.
36, pi.
IX
(1875).
p.
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XXIII,

Ibis 1862, p. 214.
205 (1894).
Porphyria alba G. R. Gray, List Birds N.Z., &c.,
THE
Voyage
is
first
to
point
out the
differences
between the
in
bird
now
in
the
Liverpool
Museum and
The
the
specimen
Vienna
was Mr.
Dawson
Rowley.
original description of the
anonymous author
of Phillip's
as follows :
beautiful
is
" This
bird
greatly
resembles the purple Gallinule
in
shape
and make, but
much
of
superior in size, being as large as a dunghill fowl.

bill
The length from end The

bill is
to
that of the claws

it,
is
two
feet three inches.
very stout, and the colour of

irides red
;
the
whole of the top of the
head and the
the sides of the head round the eyes are reddish,

feathers
;
very thinly sprinkled with white

without exception, white.
pretty
is
the
whole
of
bill.
the
plumage
is,
The
legs the colour of the

Island, Norfolk
This species
is
common on Lord Howe
Island,
and other places, and

is
a very tame species.
The other
sex,
supposed to be the male,
said to
have some blue on the wings."
Gray
states under Porphyria alba, in Ibis
1862, p. 214:
"It
is
stated
of
that a similar kind

flight.
was found on Lord Howe

of the male
Island which
was incapable
The wings
were
beautifully mottled with blue."
Dr. H. O. Forbes, in the Bulletin of the Liverpool
Museums,
Vol. Ill,
in
No.
2,
pp.
62-68 (1901), gives an exhaustive account of Rowley's type,

is
which he comes to the conclusion that the bird

Notornis, and that
is
it
not a Porphyria but a
is
also probably a specimen of

;
Notornis alba.
That
it
a Notornis
the type of
equally believe
A^.
but
think the length of the wing-coverts
in
alba, puts
it
out of the question that the
two birds could
be the same.
this
Moreover, the two original pictures of Phillip and White show

of
1
difference
the
wings
if
very well.
have therefore
kept the
two
separate,
and
feel
sure
parallel
we had
case to
other specimens with exact data

that of
we
the
should
find
this
Nesonetta aucklatidica of
Auckland Islands and Anas

of
chlarotis of
still
New
Zealand, and that Notornis alba
Norfolk
A'^.
Island
was a
further
degenerate
form
to
the
already
flightless
stanleyi of
:
Lord
Howe
Island.
Wing
nine inches.
Habitat
Lord
Howe
Island.
144
NOTORNIS ALBA
(Plate
?
(white)
33.)
White
galliniilc
Callam, Voy. Botany Bay (1783?) (teste Gray).

p.
Fulica alba White, Journ. Voy. N.S.W.,

Gallinula alba Latham, Ind. Orn.
I,
238 and plate (1790).
p.
768 (1790).
Porphyria albiis Temminck, Man. d'Orn. II, p. 701 (1820). Porphyria melanotus var. alba Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, Birds, Porphyria melanotus Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, Ed. II (1846), p.
p.
19 (1144).
14.
Notoniis? alba Pelzeln,
Sitz. k.
Akad. Wiss. Wien. XLI,

p. 295, pi.
p.
328 (i860).
Notoriiis alba Salvin, Ibis 1873,
X.
in
THERE
specimen
of the
has been
considerable confusion
species,
connection with
fact of
this
bird
and the following

given any
owing
to
the
White not having
locality for
is
the
specimen on which
in
Gallinula alba, and which

is
now
is
Latham founded his the Vienna Museum. That the Vienna

it
really
White's bird
proved because
was bought
all
at
the sale
Leverian Museum, and White expressly states that

in
is
his birds
were
deposited
It
the Leverian
quite
Museum.
certainty
impossible to say with

A'^.
which of the two forms,

Island,
Notomis alba or
indication
of
stanleyi,
came from Norfolk

Liverpool
as
we have no
in
the origin
of
the
specimen.
But seeing that
anonymous work, "The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay," the first mentioned habitat is Lord Howe Island, and the figure shows a
the
bird with the shorter wing-coverts
of
A'^.
stanleyi,
think
am
justified
in
taking the
bird with longer wing-coverts
viz.,
Notomis
alba, to be the bird
from Norfolk Island.

White's description
red, shoulders
is
as follows
" White
is
Fulica, with
bill
and front
spined,
legs
and
feet
yellow."
White's figure clearly shows
the long wing coverts characteristic of

says
102,
in his
the genus Notornis.

a label on
Island,
it
Von
Pelzeln
account of this bird that there

giving as
this.
bearing the number
and
place
of
origin
Norfolk
but
White makes no
mention of
There are traces of a bluish shade, and two or three dark
spots on the plumage, which has led
many
ornithologists to consider N. alba
an
albino.
Gray,
in
"A
List
of Birds
from
New
Zealand,
&c.,"* remarked
that
some Norfolk
to
Island specimens had blue between
the shoulders, and
the back spotted with the same colour.

said
He
also states that the
young are
not here
be
black,
then
become
bluish
grey,
and afterwards pure white.

I
From
these and other authors' similar remarks

in
believe
we have
a case of albinism, but a bird which was
a stage of evolution towards

in
becoming a
fixed white species.
Wing
inches (measured by myself
the
Vienna Museum).
Habitat
:
Norfolk Island.
Ibis 1862, p. 214.
145
APTERORNIS
DIFFERED
birds
selys.
in
its
widely from Didus and Pezophaps

little
long beak, which

stronger.
resembles a
that of a woodcock, but

leg,
is
much
These
were high on the

the
ran swiftly, and were far removed from
pigeons
like
Dodo and the
Solitaire,
but to which they had a certain

tail,
resemblance, owing to their rudimentary wings, apology for a

disposition of their digits."
and the
The above
is
a translation of de Selys- Longchamps' diagnosis of the

solitariiis
genus, but owing to his inclusion therein of Didus

bonasia,
it
and Aphanapteryx
" of
does not
fit
when
restricted
:
to the "
Oyseau bleu
Le Sieur
bill
D.B.
It
might be described as
Resembling Aptornis, but with shorter
and
feet,
thus more approaching Notornis.

species.
One
APTERORNIS COERULESCENS
(Plate
"Oyseaiix
bleus"
32.)
selys.
Le
Sieur
D.B.,
Les
Voyages
aux
Isles
Dauphine and Bourbon,
pp. 170, 171
(1674).
p.
Aptercrnis coenilescens Selys-Longchamps, Rev. Zool. 1848,
294.
THE
original
description
of
the
:
Sieur
D.B.
(Dubois)
is
as
;
follows
(translated)
: " Oyseaux
bleus
As
big
as the
Solitaires
they have
like
the plumage entirely blue,
the beak and the feet red and made

at
all,
those of fowls; they do not
fly
but run extremely quickly, so that a
dog can hardly catch them; they are very good."

Habitat
:
Bourbon or Reunion.
the size
of
Dubois gives
goose
these
birds as
the same as that of a big

I
and the feet as being
like
those of a fowl:
it
have,
therefore, in
in
reconstructing the plate of this bird, had
made intermediate
structure
its
between the
nearest
allies.
New
Zealand Notornis
and Aptornis, which were evidently
147
APTORNIS
DIFFERS
shorter and
process,
OWEN.
in
from Dinornis, Palapteryx and Notomis
having an articular
of
surface for a very strong hind toe, and the tarso-metatarsus
conformation
more
nearly resembling that found in the

in
Dodo, but
calcaneal
thicker than
the latter.
In
addition, the
strong
perforated by a complete bony canal for the tendon at the back

;
part of the proximal end of the tarso-metatarsus
the perforation above the
interspace between the condyles for the middle and outer toes; and the
posterior position for the condyle for the inner toe
of this genus.
all
more
prove the distinctness
Type: Aptornis otidiformis.
APTORNIS OTIDIFORMIS
Diiioniis otidiformis
(OWEN).
and XXVI,
fig.
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.

p.
Ill, p.
247, pis.
XXV
5 (1844).
Aptornis otidiformis Owen, ibidem
347 (1848).
THIS
all
is
the
North
Island
form,
and
must
Mr.
refer
my
readers
to
Owen's
Inst.
description,
p.
only remarking
that
Hamilton, Trans.
N.Z.
XXIV,
of
179, says the vertebrae assigned
by
Owen
to Cnemiornis
belong to Aptornis.
Locality
type tibia
Poverty
in
Bay,
North
Island,
New
Zealand
collected by Rev.
Wm.
Williams
1842.
148
APTORNIS DEFOSSOR
Aptornis dcfossor Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
V'll,
OWEN.
pp. 353 to 366, pis. 40-44 (1871).
THE
skull differs
from that
of
A. otidifonnis by the vertical surface of

being less
the
descending part of
the occiput
deeply
concave, the
occipital
foramen
relatively smaller.
The hind
part of the base of the
alisphenoid
is
more
produced and tuberous outside the

in
end of
the
hyoid
process of the paroccipital
A. defossor.
in
The
follows
:
chief
other
differences
size,
according
to
Owen, are as
Skull.
Length
149
PALAEOLIMNAS
forbes.
skull,
IFFERS
from Fiilica by the much more curved shape of the

impressions over the
eyes,
the
deeply marked glandular
and the great
pneumaticity of the frontal bones.
PALAEOLIMNAS CHATHAMENSIS
FuUca chathamensis H.
Fulica
iiexctoni
(forbes).
O. Forbes, Nature, vol.

I.e.
XLVI
p.
252 (1892).
H. O. Forbes,
(non Milne-Eclwards).
p.
Palacoliiiinas newtoni H. O. Forbes, Ibis 1893,
544.
2,
Palaeolimiias chathaiiicnsis Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (VIII)
1896
p. 130.
FORBES says DR. contained Aphanapteryx

in
Nature "I procured from the same beds which

a
certain
number
of
bones
;
of
Fulica
of
which much
resemble those of
Fulica newtoni
w.r.)
like
the
in
bones
size,
Aphanapteryx (should be Diaphorapteryx,

being equal
to,
they vary
much
some
while others were considerably larger than similar bones of
FuUca
newtoni.
This variation
is
so great that
am
inclined
to
consider
I
them as belonging
given the
to different species, or at
least
different
races.
have
name Fulica chathamensis"

the
Ibis,
to the larger species.
Later, in
Dr.
Forbes
says,
" Tlie
I
limb-bones
and
pelvis
correspond so closely to those of F. newtoni that

them.
am
not able to separate
The head
of the type
is,
however, unknown."
however, points out numerous
is
Professor Milne-Edwards,
In the
differences.
humerus the sub-trochanterial groove

Fulica.
is
bigger,
and particularly wider

in
than
in typical
The
iliac
grooves are larger than

sciatic
Fulica newtoni,
is
the pelvic
first
knob
more extended, and the

stunted
foramen
sinus,
larger.
The
the
first
sacral
vertebrae are
below the
median
while
in
Mauritius species one

vertebrae of the pelvis.
latter.
observes a very stout one, occupying the four
The
feet
were
also larger
and stronger than
in
the
Habitat:
Chatham
Islands.
An almost
complete
skeleton
and
numerous
bones
in
the
Tring
Museum, and an almost complete
skeleton in the British
Museum.
150
PALAEOLIMNAS NEWTON
Ponies d'eau Sieur D.B., Voyages 1674.
(milne.edwards).
Fiilica iiewtoni Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Kat. (5) VIII pp. 194-220, pis. 10-13 ('^'^y).
THE
translation
:
of
the
Sieur
D.B.'s
(Abbe Dubois) description
is
as
follows
black,
" Waterhens
Bourbon.
which are as large as fowls.
They are always

For the anatomical
and have a large white crest on the head."
description
must refer my readers

:
to Professor Milne-Edwards.
Habitat
Milne-Edwards gives so many

with Palaeolimnas chathamensis that
a
I
details in
I
which Fulica newtoni agrees

is
feel
convinced that the former
not
true
Fulica,
it
and,
until
we know
it
its
skull
and
can
decide for
16
certain,
tibiae,
think
is
best
to
include
in
the
genus
Palaeolimnas.
30 metatarsi, 8 humeri, 2 sternums, 4 fragments and an entire pelvis and

sacrum, and 3 cervical vertebrae
in
the Tring
Museum.
PALAEOLIMNAS PRISCA
Fulica prisca Hamilton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
(Hamilton).
XXV,
p.
98 (1893).
THIS
not
bird
was nearly
a frontal
as
as large as Notornis,
shield.
It
but with a very small head
and with
was
probably a
poor
flier,
though
flightless,
Fulica
chathamensis
to
was.
:
It
was smaller than

chathamensis.
....
the latter.
Measurements, according
78
....
Hamilton
prisca.
newtoni.
Femur: Length
Tibio-tarsus
:
93 mm

....
144
85
mm.

Length
:
143162
mm
....
152163
96
Tarso-metatarsus
Habitat:
Length
8198
....
88
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
151
LEGUATIA
BODY
fitted
SCHLEGEL.
;
not larger than that of a goose

for
flight
;
wings rather
short but
to
still
feathers of the legs reaching

;
down almost
the
top of the tarso-metatarsus
toes
long and completely free,

Bill
middle
toe almost as long as tarso-metatarsus.
with a naked shield reaching
back beyond the eye.
Height about 6
feet.
LEGUATIA GIGANTEA
(Plate
Le Giant Leguat, Voyages
(170S), p.
171,
schlegel.
31.)
English edition.
p.
Leguatia gigantea Schlegel, Versl.
Med. AUad. Wetensch. Amst. Vll,
142 (1858).
LEGUAT'S
description
is
as follows
"
and many
of
those birds
called giants, because they are six feet high.
They are extremely high
mounted, and have very long necks.

that of a goose.
Their bodies are not bigger than

little
They are
all
white, except a
bill,
place under their wings,
which
is
reddish.
They have a goose's
only a
little
sharper; their claws
are very long and divided."

of Mauritius.
This bird was apparently confined to the island
Professor Newton
principally
asserts
that
Leguat's "Geants " were

in
Flamingos,
because bones of Flamingos have been found
Mauritius and
is,
not a single bone has ever been got of the "geant."

opinion, insufficient,
This argument
in
my
I
and no evidence at
all.
We
know
that a Didine bird and
a gigantic
think,
like
rail
existed on
Reunion, but no bones are yet known of these.

that
Professor
Schlegel,
Leguat's figure and description cannot
be meant for a Flamingo and that they prove the former existence of a
gigantic ralline bird in Mauritius.
The
figure is
made up from Leguat's
description.
feet.
The
bill
is
drawn
like that of a gigantic
moorhen, and so are the
Habitat
Mauritius.
153
ALCA IMPENNIS
THE GREAT AUK.
(Plate
"Penguin" Hore,
301 (1655
in
38.) 129 (Ed. 1600
Hakluyfs
s.
Coll.
Voyages
III
p.
ex
Hore).
Anser Magelanicus
Figured
"
Pinguinus Worm, Museum Wormianum, Lib. from a specimen from the Faroe Islands).
Lib. Ill p. 242
pi.
Ill,
Cap.
19, p. 300,
"Penguin" Willoughby, Orn.

"
65 (1676).
B.
etc..
Northern Penguin
Edwards, Nat. Hist.
Uncommon
Ill
p.
147
pi.
147 (1750
First good coloured plate, from a specimen from Newfoundland).
" Geyervogel" Linnaeus,
Fauna Suecica
p.
43 no. 119 (1746).

p.
Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed.
130 (1758 Ex fauna Sueciva no. iig, Mus.

I.e.)
;
Worm.
(1766);
I.e.,
Willoughby
I.e.,
and Edwards
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. XII,
I,
p.
210
Naumann,
563,
pi.
Nat. Voy. Deutschl. XII
p.
630
pi.
337 (1844); Dresser, B. Europe

p.
VllI
p.
620 (1880); Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. HI

Brit. B. p. 29
371 (1885).
Alca borealis Forster, Syn. Cat.
(1817 nomen nudum).

p.
Plautus impennis Briinnich, Zool. Fundamenta
78 (1772); Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, B.

Brit.
Water Birds N. Amer.,

(1898).
II
p.
467 (1884)
Grant. Cat.
Mus.
XXVI
p.
563
FOR FULL DESCRIPTIONS, LITERATURE, HISTORY, LIST OF REMAINS, SEE :

Japetus Sleenstrup : Bidrag til Geirfuglens Naturhistorie etc., Kjobenhavn (Copenhagen) 1857 (In Naturh-Forening. VidensU. Meddel. 1855, nos. 3-7).
Alfred Newton
fowl.
(In
:
Abstract of Mr. Wolley's Researches

1861, pp. 374-399)(In Journal
in
Iceland
respecting
the Gare-
Ibis,
:
William Preyer
Alfred
Ueber Plautus impennis.
f.
Orn. 1862 pp.
10-124, 337-356.
Newton
The Gare-fowl and

id.
its
Historians.
(In
Natural History Review XII,

id.
1865 pp. 467-488); Wilhelin

Bltisiiis
:
in
Encycl. Britannica Ed. IX vol. Ill;
Diet. B. p. 220-221.
Zur Geschichte von Alca impennis.

:
Journ.
f.
Orn. 1884 pp. 58-176.
Symington Grieve London 1885

Soc. (1897)
p.
The Great AuU,

238-273.
or Garefowl.
Its
History, Archaeology,
;
and Remains.
Field
Supplem. note on the Great Auk
in
Trans. Edinburgh
Nat.
Wilhelm Blasius
Der Riesenalk, Alca impennis

d.
L.
In the
New
Edition
of
Naumann
"Naumann,
(1903).
Naturg.
Vogel Mitteleuropas
") Vol.
XII
p.
169-208, plates 17, I7a-I7d
PROBABLY
book
1558,
"
the
first
mention of Great Auks

la
is
that in Andre Thevet's

. .
.
Les singularitez de
bird
France antarctique
,"
Anvers
where a large
was mentioned under the name

this
of " Aponars,"
"Apponatz" or "Aponath."
sea-birds,
But evidently
doubtful
if
name covered
solely
several other
and
it
is
at
least
it
was
applied to the
Great
Auk.
R.
The same
applies to the remarks by Jacques Cartier, as translated in

of
Hakluyfs
collection
voyages.
On
the other hand there

in
is
no doubt
that the
of
"Penguin" mentioned by Robert Hore

III,
p.
1536 (Hakluyt, Collection
Voyages
1291600, and other Editions) was actually the Great

usually applied to the Great
Auk.
In fact
"Penguin" has been the name
Auk
154
and
is
even now used for
it
by the French, while
in
most other languages
it
has been transferred, from an early date, to the Antarctic flightless birds,
the SpJteniscidae.
All the first reports are
from Newfoundland and thereabout, and even

Lib.
Clusius (Exoticorum
libri
decern,
V,
p.
103
1605),
it
who
(p.
gives a rather
poor but perfectly recognizable figure, describes

of America, under the
in the
first
103) as a native
name
p.
of
"
Mergus Americanus."
it,
Later on, however,
"Auctarium," on
as
367, he mentions
on the authority of Henricus

the
in
Hojerus,
found
in
the
Faroe
Islands,
under
name
" Goirfugel."
Hojerus was also the authority for the account given

Nat.,
in
etc.,
p.
Nieremberg, Hist.
215 (1635).
The
first
comparatively good figure was published
1655, in the
"Museum Wormianum,"
on
p.
301, from a specimen brought
alive
from the Faroe Islands.
Curiously enough the figure shows a white
ring round the neck, which no Great Auk, of course, possesses.
Linnaeus,
in
when
first
bestowing a
scientific
name on
utrinque
the Great Auk,
1758,
I.e.,
gave the following short diagnosis and references:

compresso
" AIca
rostro
ancipiti
t.
sulcato,
macula
ovata
ante
oculos.
Fn.
Svec. Iig.
Anser magellanicus. Worm. mus. 300

Penguin. Will, ornith. 244
t.
301.
t.
65 Edw. av. 147
147.
Habitat in Europa arctica."
From
referring to the
literature
refers.
he quotes,
there
can, of course,
be
no doubt as to what species he
The most
Edition of
is
detailed
descriptions
are probably those given

also a
list
in
the
New
the
Naumann
seven
(see above),
folio
where
of literature
and figures
in
given,
fully
pages long!
As regards the
difference
sexes
little is
known, because very few specimens exist of which the sex has been
ascertained.
We
find,
however, some with the grooves and ridges on the
bill
more marked, and the grooves purer white, while others have the grooves
a dirtier white and less strongly developed
mostly smaller,
case
I
;
of
as these latter are apparently

In this
think they
must be females, the former males

in
my two
specimens would be females, and the one now

an
in
Professor
seasonal
Koenig's
possession
adult
male.
Probably
somewhat
similar
changes took place as

them.
It
Alca tarda, and Professor Blasius
(I.e.)
has described
is
must, however, be remembered, that the date of capture
known
of but a
few examples, and that by far the majority of

have been
killed
in spring,
all
those that exist
in collections
on their breeding-places.
Nobody can doubt

were obtained on
Eldey,
that the Great
Auk
in
is
extinct.
The
last
specimens
near
Iceland,
1844,
and the seas and islands
155
where the great

is
bird used to live are frequented by vessels every year.
It
true that a certain Lorenz Brodtkorb told that in April, 1848, he
saw four
Great Auks, of which he shot one, near the Varanger Fjord, east of the
North-Cape, but Professor Newton and Wolley have,
in
1855,
had an inter-
view with Brodtkorb, and came to the conclusion that he saw and shot the
Great
Northern
Diver.
This
is
the more
is
likely
to
be the case, as the

finding of
occurrence north of
the Arctic Circle
as yet
uncertain, the
Great Auks both on the island of Disco (west-coast of Greenland) and on
Grimsey and Mevenklint on the north coast
of Iceland being
open to doubt.
the Great
From
Havno,
the
sub-fossil
and prehistoric
finds,
we know
in
that
Auk
formerly inhabited
Norway and Sweden, Denmark, with

Islands
Seeland, Sejero and
British
(Cleadon
Hills
County
Durham, Scotland,
Ireland), the east coast of
North America from Labrador to Florida.

of
In
historic
times
we know
it
the occurrence on
to
the
islands
near
Labrador,
Greenland
where
certainly used
breed on the east coast,
but was probably only of rare and exceptional occurrence on the west coast
Iceland,
the
Faroe Islands, Fair Island between the Orkney and Shetland
Islands
(doubtful),
in
Orkneys (Papa Westra),
St.
Kilda,
Skye, and Waterford

historic
Harbour
Ireland.
But as breeding
:
stations
within
times the
following only are absolutely certain

1.
Funk
Islands near Newfoundland.
2.
Iceland (Geirfuglasker, Grimsey, Eldey).
3.
4. 5.
Faroe Islands.
St. Kilda.
Orkney
Islands.
While we know of regular occurrence and may assume that the bird
has been breeding on the north and west side of Newfoundland, and
in east
Greenland (opposite Iceland).
The remains
of the
Great Auk and
its
eggs
in
collections are
more
numerous than one would
think, considering
the enormous prices paid for
mounted specimens and eggs.
There are
at present
known 79
or 80 skins,
26 or 27 skeletons, a great quantity of detached bones, and about 73 eggs.

I
HAVE
I
IN
MY MUSEUM:
1.
One
Comte de Riocour at Vitrybought this specimen from the late Alphonse Boucard, together with the bulk of the birds of the Riocour collection. It is evidently an adult
adult
le-Fran9ois, in
female, formerly in the collection of the late
France.
female, having the white lines on the

distinct grey tinge
bill
not very
is
much
in
developed, and showing a
on the
flanks.
This shade
present
both
my
Great Auks; the
feathers of the flanks, just under the wing, are nearly white, with a conspicuous, very
light
in
grey border.
This grey tinge
is
present in
in
all
females, but appears to be absent

it
adult males.
My
bird
is
apparently
very well mounted and the feet slightly
worn breeding plumage. As damaged, I had it reduced to a "
was not
skin."
156
2.
Another adult female.

Mr. Leopold Field
as follows:
in
purchased this from Mr. Rowland Ward, who had

in 1897.
it
from
London,
According to a
sold
in
it
letter,
dated Paris
le
20 Jan.,
1890, written by the late A. Boucard,

is
who
in that
year to Mr. Field, the history

first
"This bird was captured
Iceland in 1837, did
belong to Mr.
EimbecU of Brunswick and afterwards in the collection of Mr. Bruch from Mayence." We must accept this information by the late A. Boucard as correct, though it is difficult to understand that in the most painstaking and exact list of remains of the Great Auk, by Prof. Wilhelm Blasius of Braunschweig, or anywhere else, no mention is made
of a specimen in the possession of the late
Eimbeck, or the
late
Bruch.
Moreover,
we have no
explanation where this

sold
it
Auk has been between

London.
is
the time of Bruch's death
and 1890, when Boucard
to Mr. Field in
This specimen has been described as " immature," but this
a mistake.
Evidently
it
arose
from some white speckles being visible on the neck in the photograph (see Symington Grieve, Trans. Edinburgh Field Nat. and Micros. Society, explanation to plate III, on
page 269).
The specimen
which the
itself,
however, shows no white speckles, but only worn

arose in the photograph.
feathers, out of
illusion
This error has also been

in
transferred to
the admirable
treatise
on the Great Auk
the
New
all
Edition
of
Naumann.
though
it
The grey shade

is is
"
on the
body lower than the wing," mentioned by

in
Mr. Symington Grieve,
not a sign of immaturity, but appears
adult females,
said to be absent in males.
Some
years ago an extraordinary rumour was

in
current
said
in
Germany
have
been
about the Great Auk
the
Brehm
collection
L.
it
was
to
exchanged by the widow of Pastor C.

that
its
Brehm
I
for a rare
Dresden cup, and
present resting-place was unknown.
do not know
who
invented
in
this story, or
how
it
arose, but suffice
it
to say, that the
Auk which was

1868 or 1869.
the
Brehm
collection
was
sold to the late
King of
Italy,
in
The
business
was
concluded by Dr. Otto Finsch, and the
money was used

it
for the
benefit of a
of
his
brother of the late Dr. A. E. Brehm, as
had been the wish

by the
professor
late
in
father,
Pastor
Brehm.
in
The specimen was
re-stuffed
taxidermist
Florence.
It
Schwerdtfeger
Bremen and forwarded

was placed
to
was kept
for years at the
"Veneria Reale," and recently, when

in
the collection at that castle
was
dissolved,
the
Museum
at
Rome.
It is
one of the
finest
Great Auks known.
157
AESTRELATA CARIBBAEA
(Plate
37.)
p.
(carte).
Procellaria jamaiceiisis Bancroft, Zoological Journal V,
8i
(1835 Nomen nudum

Blue
1).
Pterodroma caribbaea Jamaica ").
Carte,
P.Z.S.
1866,
p.
93,
pi.
10
("
Mountains
in
insula
Aestrelata caribbaea Giglioli
&
Salvadori, Ibis 1869,

Ill, p.
p. 66.
Fulmarus
(1892).
caribbaeiis Gray, Handlist B.
107 (1871).
B., p.
Aestrelata jamaiceiisis Ridgway, Man. N.
Am.
67
Cory, Cat. West-Indian B.,
p.
84
Oestrelata jamaiceiisis Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus,

is
p.
403 (1896).
IT this
surprising that the

species,
is
name
jamaiceiisis has
generally been adopted for
as
Bancroft
gave
no
description
is
;
whatever.
The
first
description
that of Carte, in 1866, which
as follows
: " Head,
neck,
back, and wings of a

of the
uniform dark sooty brown

;
vertex and external
webs
tail-
primaries a shade or so darker
abdominal feathers and under

;
coverts a shade or two lighter than those of the back

basal
upper tail-coverts and
portion
of
tail-feathers
of
is
light
grey or
dirty white.
The
light-
coloured patch on the
rump
conspicuous
when
I
the wings are expanded,

rides
but completely concealed

toes,
when they
are closed.
dark hazel.
Tarsi,
webs, and nails jet-black.
"Length about
carpal joint to tip of
12| inches;
first
expanse of wings 34 inches; length from

;
primary lOf inches
length of
bill,
measured from
gape. If
nostrils
inches; length of nasal tubes -^
inch; length
of
interval
between
and commencement of apical curve of upper mandible i inch; length
of
tarsi
lA inches;
inner toe
length of toes, outer and middle,

If
sub-equal 2 inches;
length of
inches.
First
and second primaries sub-equal, and
about I inch longer than the third. Tail about 4 J inches long and round at Hallux extremity. The closed wings extend about IJ inches beyond the tail.
small,
and
in
shape triangular."
respect to the
habits of the bird, Mr.
:
"With
furnished
" It
March has most

marly clefts
kindly
me
is
with the following interesting details

a
night-bird,
living
in
burrows
in
the
island.
of
the
mountains at the east and north-east end of the

a gallery 6 to 10 feet long, terminating in a
to
The burrows form

commodious
chamber
sufficiently
accommodate the
in
pair
from
this they sally forth
at night, flying over the

It
is
sea
search of food
(fishes),
returning before dawn.
often seen on
its
moonlight nights
domicile, and
to their work.
and at
sunrise
running about
the
neighbourhood of
sometimes crossing the road, regardless of the labourers going

I
know nothing
of its nidification."
158
The type
and
of " Pterodrotna caribbaea"

in
is
preserved
in
the Dublin
Museum,
in
and three specimens are

collections,
all
the British
Museum. This
bird
is
one of the rarest
modern
collectors have failed to obtain specimens.
Quite
recently (1906) Mr. B. Hyatt Verrill published a pamphlet entitled "Additions

to the Avifauna of Dominica."
In this unpaginated essay he said under the

:
heading
"Aestrelata
j'amaicensis"
"Not uncommon
Scott's
is
(on
Dominica),
but
seldom seen during the day.
Breeds at La Bime, Pointe Guignarde, and
Lance Bateaux, as well as
at
Morne Rouge and
Head.
In
many
of
the above localities the musky odour of these birds

passing the
cliffs,
very pronounced
when
wherein they breed, on a calm evening.

cliffs
At dusk they may

of bats that
difficult
often be seen flying about the
in
company with myriads

They are very
specimens
spend
the
day
in
the
fissures
and
crevices.
to
procure, and
obtained."
although
shot at repeatedly only two
have
been
From
exterminated.
all
former evidence we might have well considered

if
this species
to be extinct, but
I
Mr.
Verrill's
statement
if
is
correct
it
would be
far
from
do not, however, know
the
if
Dominica specimens have

Mr.
Verrill's
been
compared with Jamaica examples, and
determination
(apparently
made on Dominica)
:
is
therefore correct.
Habitat
Jamaica.
159
AESTRELATA HASITATA
Procellaria hasitata
Australia VII,
pi.
(kuhl).
B
(sic)
Kuhl, Beitr.
z.
Zool.
Temminck,
PI.
Col. 416 (1826); Gould,
47 (1845).
p. 168.
Procellaria diabolica Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1844,
Procellaria meridioiialis Lawrence, Ann.
Lyceum N.Y.
IV, p. 475 (1848
),
V,
pi. 15, p.
220 (1852).
p.
Procellaria rubritarsi Newton, Zoologist 1852,
3692 (ex Gould's MS., descr. nulla).

II.
Aestrelata haesitata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. XLII,

pi.
60,
fig.
(1868)
Rothsch.
&
Hart,
New
II, p,
p. 768 (1856), Elliot, B. N. America Edition of " Naumann " XII, p. 20 (1903).
Aestrelata diabolica Bonap., Consp. Av.

Oestrelata haesitata Newton, Ibis 1870,
(1880); Stevens, B. of Norfolk,
p.
III, p.
189 (1855).
p.
p.
277; Dresser, B. Europe VIII,

pi.
545,
pi.
618
361,
4 (1890)
Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
XXV,
403 (1896).
SAUNDERS MR. crown and nape

greyish
tail-feathers
;
describes this bird as follows:
"The
adult has the
dark brown, hind-neck white, cheeks and ear-coverts
mantle dark
brown
upper
rest
tail-coverts
less
white
central
their
chiefly
brownish-black, the
more or
;
white on
basal
portions
bill
but
broadly edged with

legs
brown
forehead
and
16
under-parts
inches,
white;
black;
and
feet
dusky-yellow.
believed to
Length
wing
113
inches.
The immature
bird
is
be mottled with brown on
the forehead and to be duller in tint on the upper parts."
Though evidently not

this bird is sealed.
quite
extinct,
it
it
seems certain that the

in
fate of
In former
times
used to breed
great numbers on
Its
several of the
West
Indian Islands:
Hayti,
Guadeloupe, and Dominica.
last breeding place
was the Morne au Diable or Morne

for in vain by
it
Diablotin on Dominica.
1889,
There
it
was searched
Colonel
Feilden, in
who wrote
a lengthy article about

V.
p.
in
the "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Society

later,
24-39.
Mr. Selwyn Branch again, ten years

found the old
ascended La Morne
au Diable, and
evidently an
breeding places deserted.
The
"
Manicou,"
introduced
North-American Opossum, Mongoose and rats had
entirely extirpated the " Diable."
Two-and-a-half centuries ago Pere du Tertre found this Petrel breeding
on Guadeloupe, and Pere Labat, about forty years

numbers, and gave a long, graphic description of
it
later,
in
found
"
it
in
great
his
Nouveau Voyage
aux
isles
de I'Am^rique"
as the
(Edit.
I,
Vol.
II,
pp. 349-353).
These birds were

flesh
then known
" Diable "
or
" Diablotin,"
and
their
was highly
esteemed, and they were even salted and exported to Martinique and other
French islands
in
great numbers.
160
In 1876 Mr. F. A.
It
Ober searched already unsuccessfully
for our birds.
seems that the disturbance and destruction on
their breeding places
has scattered these Petrels about, for specimens have at various times been
taken on the coast of Florida and Virginia, and even as late as 1893 and
1895,
inland of the State of
New York
in
on Oneida Lake,
has
in
Ulster County,
in
is
Vermont and
Norfolk,
Ontario;
moreover, a specimen
the
been
of
killed
1850 in
said to
England, and an example

killed in the
Museum
pamphlet,
Boulogne
have been
In
neighbourhood of that town.
an
undated
and
unpaginated
received
is
last
year
in
Europe, Mr. A. Hyatt Verrill informs us that this bird

the
that
fishing
"not uncommon on
channels,"
grounds
a
and
in
Martinique
and
Guadeloupe
This
and
he
took
specimen
in
September,
1904.
statement
requires
confirmation.
In
collections
this
bird
is
very rare.
have the male

in
(in
moult)
which was caught on August 28th, 1893 on Oneida Lake,
the State of
New
York.
Habitat
:
West
Indian Islands.
161
HEMIPHAGA SPADICEA
(Plate
Chestnut-shouldered Pigeon
Island).
(lath.)
21.)
add.
Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl.
II,
p.
375
(1802 Norfolk
Columba spadicea Latham,

and Knip, Pigeons,
Ind. Orn., Suppl. p.
II, p. i, pi. i
LX, No. 7 (1802 Norfolk Island); Temmtnck (1808" Friendly Islands." Errore).
i, p.
Columba gigas Ranzani, Element! Columba pHnceps
di Zool. Ill,
p.
223 (1821 " Friendly Islands." Errore).
Vigors, P.Z.S. 1833,
78 (Australia errore).
Columba leucogaster Wagler, Syst. Av., Columba spec. 12 1827 Norfolk Island).
Hemiphaga spadicea
Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.
XXI,
p.
238 {1893).
THE
Norfolk
to
Island
Pigeon,
Hemiphaga
Pigeon,
spadicea
spadicea,
is
very
similar
the
New
differs
Zealand
in
Hemiphaga spadicea novaehind-neck
zealandiae,
but
having
the
coppery or metallic
green, sharply defined from
the
chestnut back, the wings and upper wing-
coverts more greyish, less greenish, also the lower back and
rump somewhat
Island, the
more
greyish.
As
locality
it
'far
as
we know
this pigeon
was only found on Norfolk

Like so
" Australia "
being doubtless erroneous.

Island, probably
many
other birds
became extinct on Norfolk
more than
half a century ago.
There are evidently quite a number of specimens in various museums, am aware of the following I many of which have never been recorded.
examples
1
:
in the British
3 in the Liverpool
1 1
1
Museum (Cat. B. Museum (Bull.
Brit.
Mus. XXI,
I,
p. 238).
Liverp. Mus.
p. 35).
p.
in
in
my own
collection (Proc. IV, Orn. Congress,
215).
p. 225).
Philadelphia,
U.S. America (Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. B,

p. 189).
in Frankfurt a.M. (Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.,
in in
in in in in in
1
1 1
1
Wiesbaden (Lampe, Jahrb. Nassau Ver. 58). Bremen (Hartlaub, Verz. Museum, p. 98).
Lisbon (Forbes and Rob., Bull. Liverp. Mus.
II, p.
130).
Leyden
Vienna
(Schlegel,
(Ibis
Mus. Pays-Bas).
i860, p. 422).
Naples, seen by myself.

Milan, examined by myself.
The specimen
at Tring
was bought
at the auction of the
"Cumberland
Museum"
at Distington.
163
ALECTROENAS NITIDISSIMA
(Plate
22.)
loi
(scop)
Pigeon hoUandais Sonnerat, Voy. Ind. Orient.
II,
p.
175,
pi.
(1782).
Hackled Pigeon Latham, Syn. B.
II,
2,
p.
641,
No. 36 (1783).
II,
Columba nitidissima
Sonnerat).
Scopoli, Del. Flor.
and Faun. Insubr.
p.
93,
No. 89 (1786) (ex
Columba franciae Gmelin,
Syst. Nat.
I,
2,
p.
1,
779, No. 51
p.
(1788). (ex Sonnerat).
Columba botanica Bonnaterre, Enc. M6th.

Raniier pirissi Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr. VI,
p.
233 (1790).
74, pl.
sp. 22 B.,
267 (1808).
(1827).
Columba jubata Wagler,
Syst. Av.,
Columba,
Alectroenas nitidissima G. R. Gray, List Gen.
p.
58 (1840).
p.
2,
f.
Alectroenas franciae Reichenbach, Syn. Av., Columbariae,
1302 (1847).
?).
Columbigallus franciae Des Murs,
Encycl. d'Hist. Nat., Ois. VI., p. 31, (1854

p.
Ptilopus nitidissimus Schlegel and Pollen, Rech. Faun. Madag.,
159 (1868).
Alectroenas nitidissimus G. R. Gray, Hand-list
II,
p.
228, No. 9164 (1870).

2-4.
Alectoroenas nitidissimus A. Newton, P. Z. S. 1879, pp.
SONNERAT'S
" It is
original description, translated into
English,
;
is
as
follows:
much
larger than the European
Woodpigeon
narrow, and
they
the feathers of
the
head,
neck
are
and breast
rather
are long,
end
have
in
point.
polish,
These
feathers
curiously
constructed,
I
the
brilliancy,
and
feel of
a cartilaginous blade.
could not, with the aid
of a
lens,
distinguish
whether these blades were formed by the
conglomeration
constituted
of
in
the barbules, but
we may
of
take
it
for
granted that they are
a like manner to the wing appendages of the Bohemian

blades
Waxwing and
is
the
cartilaginous
Sonnerat's
;
Jungle
back,
Fowl.
The eye
surrounded
belly
;
by naked skin of a deep red

a dark blue
;
the
the wings
and the
are of
the
rump and
same
tail
are of a very bright carmine red
the beak
and
iris
are of the
colour,
and the feet are black."
Undoubtedly quite extinct.

bird
:
Only three
Paris,
specimens are known of

in
this
one
in
Edinburgh, one
in
and one
Mauritius.
Some bones
were
collected by the Rev.
H. H. Slater.
Habitat
Mauritius.
164
ALECTROENAS(?) RODERICANA
(MILNE-EDWARDS).
Columba rodericana Milne-Edwards, Ann.
ic (1874).
Sc. Nat. (5)
XIX
art. 3, p. 16, pi. 12,
ff.
i,
la, ib,
THE
original description of the
sternum
is
as follows:
"It
belongs to a
species small in size, barely as large as T. tympanistria, but evidently
much
better built for
flight.
In fact the
most
striking characters of this

size of the lateral notches,
is
sternum are the large size of the bouclier, the large
and the shape of the

front.
keel,
whose anterior angle
not
much produced
The
in
The
coracoidal grooves are large and only slightly oblique.

in front of
lateral
branches detach themselves from the bone
the costal facets

in
they are
very widely spread, and stretch more directly outwards than

of the species of the family.
the remainder
The lower
lateral
is
branches are equally divergent,

its
and the median blade of the posterior edge
remarkable from
is is
enlargement.
The
keel
is
moderately prominent,
its
anterior angle
much rounded, and does

the case, as a rule, in
not reach the level of the episternal apophysis, as the pigeons.

All
these peculiarities, to which must be added the
general
flattening of the bone
which
is
hardly at
all
sloped like a roof, separate the

Ttirtur,
pigeon of
also
Rodriguez very widely, not only from Erythroena and

In its shape in general, by the
little
but
from Vinago.
pronounced keel and the
direction of the latter, this
sternum presents certain analogies to the essentially

all
arboreal species such as those of the genus Carpophaga, but they

in
diffêr
having the space for the costal facets on the sides of the sternum much
lateral
more extended, the superior

further back, so that the
branches larger, and the latter arising
lateral
notches are smaller.
Up
in
to the present
do not know any genus of the family of Columbidae

can at
all
I
which the sternum

in
all
be likened to that found recently in

is
Rodriguez, and therefore
probability this fossil remainder

call
of yet another vanished species,

(Translated.)
which
propose to
It is
Columba rodericana."
that
probable
Milne-Edwards's
C.
rodericana belonged to
the
genus Alectroenas, and was the representative on Rodriguez of the Alectroenas

nitidissima of Mauritius.
1
humerus
in
the Tring
Museum.
Habitat
Rodriguez.
165
NESOENAS
SALVAD.
OLES
normal, not very broad, only the hind toe with the skin prominently
sides.
expanded on the
entirely rufous,
First primary about equal to the sixth. of twelve feathers.
Tail
composed
NESOENAS MAYERI
(Plate
Columba mayeri Provost &
3,
(prevost).
Fig.
II,
3.)
Knip, Pigeons
Pollen,
pi.
6o (1843).
p.
Columha meyeri
Schlegel
&
Rech. Faun. Mad.

Ill
in,
pi.
36 (1868).
Peristera meyeri G. R. Gray, Gen. B.
App.
p.
24 (1849).
Carpophaga meyeri G.
R. Gray, fide Bp. Consp. Av.

II p.
p.
45 (1854).
Trocaza meyeri Bonaparte, Consp. Av. Trocaza meijeri Pollen, N.T.D.

I
45 (1854).
p.
318 (1863).
Brit.
Nesoenas mayeri Salvador!, Cat. Birds
Mus.
vol.
XXI
p.
327 (1893).
THE
following
:
is
the
description
by Salvadori
in
the
"Catalogue
of
Birds "
"
Head, neck and underparts pale
pink, fading
into whitish
towards the forehead, cheeks and upper throat, and passing into rather darker pink on the mantle remainder of the upper back and the entire wings lower back and rump greyish, brown, with a slight shade of olive and rufous
; ;
the latter mottled with chestnut outer

tail
upper
tail
coverts and
tail
cinnamon, the
tips
feathers fading into buff on the outer

;
webs and towards the
undertail-coverts pink, like the mantle

slightly pale
undersurface of the wings ashy brown,

iris
on the
axillaries,
and under wing-coverts

;
yellow
bill
yellow,
shaded with red towards the base

15-5 inches,
legs red (fide Shelley).
Total length about
wing 85,
tail
65,
bill
0-86, tarsus 1-3."
In the live bird the pink soon fades
away almost
entirely,
and the
olive
shade on the wings
is
strongly developed.
visit to
This bird was not found by the Rev. H. H. Slater, during his
Mauritius.
idea
As observed
it
by
is,
Mons.
however,
Paul
Carie
(Ornis
as
it
XII,
p.
127),
the
that
is
extinct
it
incorrect,
can
still
easily
be
procured, though
is
rare.
M. Georges Antelme, of Mauritius, possesses That

it
the eggs of
this
pigeon.
still
exists
is
also
evident
from two
last
specimens which were sent to the Zoological Gardens, London,
year,
and are
still
living there.
:
Habitat
Mauritius.
166
NESOENAS DUBOISI
"Pigeons sauvages
Madagascar,
d'lin
etc., p. 171
sp. nov.
lies
rouge roussastre" Le Sieur D.B., Voyages aux

(1674
Dauphine ou
Bourbon).
"
TALKING
of
Wild Pigeons,
Le Sieur D.B."
tells
us that there were on
the island of Bourbon
" others of a russet red colour, a little larger
than
European pigeons, with the beak larger, red at base near the head, the
eyes surrounded by a fiery colour, as
they are so fat
'
in
the pheasants.
; '
At a certain season
qu'on ne leur voit point de croupion
they taste very good."
This passage cannot be meant for a turtle-dove, but the description of

the
bill
and surrounding of the eyes shows that
it
refers to a form allied to
Nesoenas mayeri.
The
latter,
however,
is
not entirely russet red, but the
head, necli, underside and back are creamy white,

colour.
washed with a greyish-rose
Therefore the bird mentioned by Le Sieur D.B. was evidently a repreA'^.
sentative of
mayeri or Bourbon.
name
it
in
memory
of Monsieur Dubois,
who was
the author of the Voyages of the

:
"
Sieur D.B."
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
167
ECTOPISTES
Eciopistes Swainson, Zoological Journal
III
p.
SWAINS.
362 (1827
Parti m
Columba
speciosa and
C. inigraton'a mentioned as types, but ten years later the genus Eciopistes was restricted
to C. migratoria by the
same
author).
TAIL
included
very long and excessively cuneate, the central

First
rectrices
sharply
in
is
pointed.
primary of the wing longest.
Tarsus very short,
front half covered with feathers.

in
Now, only the Passenger Pigeon
this genus,
it.
while formerly the Zenaidura carolinensis auct. used
to be associated with
ECTOPISTES MACROURA
PASSENGER PIGEON.
Columba macroura Linnaeus,
23 [1754J. of accepting this
pi.
(l.)
Syst. Nat. Ed.

in
p.
164
(1758 Ex Catesby, Carolina

Washington XIX
p.
p. 23,
"Habitat
Canada, hybernat
in Carolina."
Regarding the necessity

42,
1906, pp. 474, 475.

" Habitat in
name The
see Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
and Auk
p. 118.
conclusions of Messrs. Bangs and Allen are perfectly correct).

Syst. Nat. Ed. XII,
p.
Columba canadensis Linnaeus,

Canada."
Cf. note of Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit.
284 (1766 Ex Brisson, Orn. Mus. XXI, p. 369).

.");
Columba migratoria Linnaeus,

I,
Syst. Nat. Ed. XII p. 285
p. 100,
Catesby.
I
" Habitat in
(Ex Frisch, pi. America Septentrional! copiosissima

;
142, Kalm., Brisson

. .
Wilson,
pis.
Amer. Orn.
p. 102, pi.
XLIX
(1808)
TemmincU &
p.
Knip, Pigeons
I,
seconde fam.,
48, 49 (1808-11); Andubon, Orn. Biogr. I, Hist. N.A.B., Land-Birds HI, p. 368, pi. 57, 4
319 (1831); Baird,
Brewer & Ridgway,
(1874).
Pigeon de Passage Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. II, p. 527 (1771). Tourterelle du Canada Daubenton, PI. Enl. 176.
134 (1776 ex Buffon). Eciopistes migratoria Swainson, Zool. Journal III, p. 362 (1827)
ventralis
id., I.e. p.
Columba Columba
Histrio P.L.S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl.
p.
134 (1776
ex Buffon).
;
Gould, B. Europe,
pl.
247
335
(1848)
(1881).
Coues, B. North-West,
p.
387 (1874)
Maynard, B. E. North America,

495 (1831). Brewster,
;
p.
Trygon migratoria Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.,

Eciopistes migratorius G. R. Gray, Gen. B.
II,
p.
p.
471
(1844)
Auk
1889, pp.
286-291
p. p.
P-
Bendire, Life-History N. Amer. B.,
p.
132; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI,

p.
p.
370; Proc. Delaware Valley Ornith. Club II, 120, No. 315 (1895); Wintle, B. Montreal,
17 (1898)
A.O.U. Check-List (Ed.
II)
51 (1896); Minot, B.
New
England,
395 (1S95)
Auk
1903, p. 66.
p.
Trygon gregaria Brehm, Vogelfang,
258 (1855).
IT
who
is
true that Linnaeus' diagnosis of his

it
Columba macroura
is
very short,
reading, as
does, as follows
"
Columba cauda cuneiformi

clearly taken
is
longa, pectore
purpurascente."
These words, however, are
from Catesby,
viz.
gives an excellent figure and description, as
also the
" Habitat,"
168
" Habitat "
in
Canada,
pi.
hybernat
in
Carolina,"
entirely
though Linnaeus
bird
is
first
quotes
Edwards
15,
15,"
I.e.)
where an
different
described
and
figured.
(Cf.
Bangs,
The Passenger
America
in
Pigeon
in
former times occurred throughout
North
great abundance, from the Atlantic to the great Central Plains,

it
and from the Southern States, where

62" northern latitude.
rarely occurred, north
to
at least
Being a migrant,
this bird
used to migrate southwards
after the breeding season,

shifted
like
its
and to return
to
to their
homes
in spring,
but
of
it
also
food,
quarters
according
the
abundance
or
scarcity
our
Pigeons.
flights
Sometimes incredible numbers flocked together.

have been
described independently
that
miles,
Such
stupendous
by Audubon, Wilson
and others.
In
1813 Audubon says

Louisville,
fifty-five
during
his
whole
masses
journey from
of
Hardensburg
to
countless
Pigeons
"
continued to pass over, and also did so during the three following days.
At
times they flew so low, that multitudes were destroyed, and for many days
the entire population seemed to eat nothing else but Pigeons."
Where they
the
roosted
in
millions, the
dung soon covered the ground and destroyed the

broke
grass and undergrowth, limbs and even small trees
down from
weight of the
birds.
"
One
This
of the breeding places visited by Wilson, not far

in
from Shelbyville, Kentucky, stretched through the forest
nearly a north
of
and south
direction.
was
several
miles in
breadth, and upwards
forty miles in extent.
In this
immense
tract nearly every tree
was furnished
with nests wherever there
were branches to accommodate them.
He was
was
informed by those who sought to plunder the nests of the squabs, that the
noise in the
difficult
woods was so great as

one
person
to
terrify their
horses, and that
it
for
to hear another
speak.
The ground was strewed

sailing
with broken limbs, eggs and young

great
there
Pigeons.
Hawks were
and
fluttering
about
in
numbers, while from
twenty feet upwards to the tops of the trees

of
was a perpetual tumult

one
crowding
multitudes
of
Pigeons, their wings resounding like thunder, and
mingled with the frequent

ninety
crash
of
falling
trees
In
instance
he
counted
nests
in
single tree."
It
is
only natural that
man
took advantage of
such vast multitudes,
and that they were

wantonly destroyed.
killed in great
numbers, for food, and, maybe, sometimes

understand what brought on their
great,
Yet
it
is
difficult to
total destruction, as their
power
of flight
was
and their vision remarkably

still
keen.
In
1874 Messrs. Baird,
Brewer and Ridgway considered them

in
common
birds,
though
" their
abundance
large extents of the country had
169
been very sensibly reduced."
At that time
the
" in
the
New
in
England States
no longer bred
is
and
in
in the
more
cultivated
part of
country, these birds
large
communities.
The instance near Montpelier,
1849,
the only
in
marked exception that has come within my knowledge.

isolated
pairs,
They now breed
their
nests
In
being
1895,
in
scattered
through
the
woods and seldom

the
near one
"
another."
the
A.O.U.
check-list,
authors
say
Breeding range
borders
now mainly
of
restricted to
portions of the Canadas and the
northern
the
United
States,
as
far
west
as
Manitoba
and
the Dakotas."
At the present time
the
Passenger Pigeon seems to

all
have entirely
is
disappeared, a small flock in an aviary apparently being

alive.
that
left
of
it
Mr. James H. Fleming, of Toronto, kindly sends
me
the following
notes,
which
"
think are of the greatest interest

of
The disappearance
the
Passenger Pigeon
in
Ontario dates back
at least forty years,
though as
late as 1870
some
of the old roosts
were
said,
still
frequented, but the incredible flocks, of which so
much has been

old range.
later.
had
gone long before that date, and by 1880 the pigeon was practically exterminated,
not only in Ontario,
but over the greater part of

of birds taken, for
its
There are
however occasional records

bird taken
some years
An immature
is
September
9,
1887, in Chester County, Pennsylvania,

;
said to be
collection,
the last for that part of the State'
a bird, also immature,
is
in
my
taken
in
December, 1888, at Montreal, Quebec.
There are other Montreal
records of the same date,^ but with the exception of one taken at Tadousac,
July 26, 1889,^ these are the last
Quebec records
in 1890,
is
of birds actually taken.

20,
is
In
11,
Ontario two were taken at Toronto

both immature females, the latter
on September
collection,
and October
in
my
as
an adult female
taken by Mr. Walter
Brett, at
I
Riding Mountain,
Manatoba,
May
12,
1892,
one of a pair seen.
also have an adult male taken at
Waukegon,
Illinois,
December
19, 1892.
was
in
New York
in
the latter part of November, 1892,
and was then assured by Mr. Rowland, a well known taxidermist, that he had recently seen several barrels of pigeons that had been condemned as
unfit
for
food
they had come to
New York
from Indian Territory, and
believe had had their tails pulled out to permit tighter packing.
Mr. William
pigeons
;
Brewster has recorded the sending of several hundred dozens of

to the
Boston market
in
December
of the
same
year,
and
in
January, 1893
these were also from Indian Territory*; these are the last records
the Passenger Pigeon as anything
we have
of
more than a casual migrant.
The records
ceased after this
till
1898,
when
three birds were taken at points widely apart,
170
an adult male at Winnipegosis, Manatoba, on April
14,*
an immature male at
Owensboro, Kentucky, on July
27,
now
in
the Smithsonian Institution,

14,
and
in
another immature bird taken at Detroit, Michigan, on September
now
my
collection
these are the last records that can be based on specimens.

I
" In 1903
published a
list
including sight records, one as late as May,

I
1902; this latter
is
possibly open to doubt, but the ones
gave for 1900 are,
feel confident, correct, as the birds
were seen more than once and by
different
observers.
For
all
practical purposes, the close of

in
the Nineteenth Century

a wild state, and there
saw the
final
extinction of the Passenger Pigeon

flock,
remained only the small
numbering
in
1903 not more than a dozen, that
had been bred
in
captivity by Prof. C. O.
Whitman,
of Chicago
these birds
It
are the descendants of a single pair, and have long ago ceased to breed.
was
in
an effort to obtain fresh blood for this flock that
started a newspaper
enquiry that brought
many
replies,
none of which could be substantiated as
records of the Passenger Pigeon, and

I
many
referred to the Mourning Dove.
am aware
that there has been lately wide-spread and persistent
rumours of
I
the return of the pigeons, but no rumour has borne investigation, and
that Prof. Whitman's small flock,
last
feel
now reduced
(in
1906) to five birds, are the
representatives of a species around
whose disappearance mystery and
fable will always gather."
1.
Proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club,

Wintle, Birds of Montreal, 1896, 51.
In collection of Dr. J. Dwight, Jr.
II,
1898, 17.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Minot, Birds of
New
66.
England, 1895, 395.
Auk, XX, 1903,
171
FAMILY DIDIDAE.
INCLUDES
Columbidae
the
very
in
large
and
massively-built
forms,
agreeing
with
the
the truncation of
of
the angle of the mandible, but with

strongly
extremity
of
the
cranial
rostrum
hooked.
the
They were
carina of
totally incapable
flight,
the wing-bones being small,
the
sternum aborted, and the caracoidal grooves shallow and separated from one
another.
Two
genera
Didus and Pezophaps.
DIDUS
SKULL
and
feet
LI NN.
with a very large and deeply hooked rostrum, and the nasal and
;
maxillary processes of the praemaxilla converging anteriorly
the front
region inflated into a sub-conical prominence of cancellous tissue.
Neck
of
shorter
distinct.
than
in
the succeeding genus.
Delto-pectoral
crest
humerus
Two
species
Didus
cucullattis
and Didus
solitarius.
172
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
DODO.
(Plates 24, 24a, 24b, 24c.)
Walchvoghel Van Neck, Voy.,
p.
7,
pi.
(d
(1601).
t.
Walchvogel De Bry, Orient. Ind.
pt.
VIII,
11
(1606).
Gallinaceus galltis peregrinus Clusius, Exot. Libr.
V
fig.
p.
99
t.
100 {1605).
Dod-eersen or Valgh-vogel Herbert's travels
ist ed. (1634)

ex.
t.
page 212.
Cygnus cucullatus Nieremberg, Nat.

Dronte Bontius, Ind. Orient,
t.
p.
231 (with
Clus.) (1635)
p.
70 (1658).
Raphus Moehring, Av.
gen. 57 (1732).
Hist. Ill p.
I
Dodo Edwards, Glean. Nat.

Didus ineptus
Linn., S. N.
179
pi.
296 (1757).
Struthio cucullatus Linn., S. N.

I
p.
155 No. 4 (1758).

i
p.
267 No.
(1766).
THE
first
description
of this
very remarkable
bird
was given
in
in
the
account of the voyage of Admiral Jacob van Neck

published by Corneille Nicolas at
" Blue parrots are very
1598,
It is
;
which was
:
Amsterdam
in 1601.
as follows
numerous
there, as well as other birds

size, larger
among which
are a kind, conspicuous for their

only half covered with skin as
in
if
than our swans, with huge heads
clothed with a hood.
These birds lack wings,
the place of which 3 or 4 blackish feathers protrude.
The
tail
consists
to
of a few soft incurved feathers, which are ash coloured.

call
'
These we used
Walghvogel,' for the reason
that
the
longer and oftener they were
cooked, the less soft and more insipid eating they became.
their belly
Nevertheless
and breast were of a pleasant flavour and easily masticated."
In a large
number
of
works on travel and voyages published

find all
I
in
the
17th and 18th
Centuries
of
we
sorts of notices about the
Dodo, and
these
numerous pictures
sources
it
which
have given outline drawings.
From
appears that the Dodo became extinct about the end of the 17th
1680
Century,
best
seek.
i.e.,
1690.
The causes
of the extermination of this, perhaps the
known and most

The
talked about of the recently extinct birds, are not far to
total inability of flight, the
heavy slow
gait,
and the utter fearlessness
from long immunity from enemies, led to a continual slaughter for food by
the sailors and others
who came
to and dwelt on Mauritius.
But the
final
cause of the extermination of this and

Islands
many other
birds in
the Mascarene
was probably the introduction
of pigs, and also of the Ceylon

in
Monkey.
These animals increased enormously

soon destroyed
all
numbers, ran wild
in
the woods, and
the eggs and young birds they could
find.
173
It is
strange that for
many years
after great attention had been paid to

it
the Dodo, ornithologists differed conspicuously as to what family
and the
other two Didine species belonged.

bird, in
Many
asserted that
it
was a Struthious
fact
Linnaeus called
it
it
calmly Struthio cucullatus, while others just
as forcibly declared
to be an
abnormal Vulture.
The
truth
is,
that although
the
Didtinculus strigirostis
is
of
Samoa, which was supposed
to
be
of
its
near
representative,
not at
all
closely allied, yet the
two species
Didus and
Pezophaps
solitarius
form a group of very specialized pigeons.
THE FOLLOWING
1.
IS
the
A LIST OF THE PAINTINGS REPRESENTING THE DODO.

Library of the
in his
Vienna,
in
Emperor
Francis.
By Hufnagel,
1626, reproduced
by von Frauenfeldt
2.
book, 1868.
3,
Berlin.
"Altes Museum," Cabinet
Division
2,
No. 710.
By Roelandt
1627.
Savery, 1626.
3. 4.
Sion House.
Vienna.
1628.
Duke
of Northumberland.
By John Goeimare,
Kunsthistorisches
Hofmuseum, formerly Belvedere.
By Roelandt
Savery,
5. 6.
London.
Zoological Society, formerly Broderip.
By Roelandt
Savery, undated.
Beasts."
Pommersfelden, Bavaria.
Count Schonborn,
"Orpheus charming the
By Roelandt
7.
8.
Savery, undated.
"
Haag.
Mauritshuis.
Orpheus charming the Beasts."

at his death
By Roelandt Savery.
and since disappeared.
Stuttgart.
Formerly Dr. Seyffer, but sold
By
Roelandt Savery.
9.
London.
Savery.
British
Museum, formerly belonging
to G.
Edwards.
Probably by Roelandt
10.
Emden.
Beasts."
Galerie der Gesellschaft
fiir
Bildende
Kunst.
"
Orpheus charming the
By Roelandt Savery. By John Savery,

1651.
11.
12.
Oxford.
Ashmolean Museum.
Haarlem.
Dresden.
Dr. A. van der Willigen, Pz.

Kgl. Gemalde-Galerie. Kgl. Gemalde-Galerie.
By
Pieter Holsteyn (1580-1662), not dated.
13. 14.
" Circe
and Ulysses."
By
C. Ruthart, i566.
Dresden.
"The Creation
of the Animals."
Supposed
artist.
to be
by Franz Francken (1581-1642), no date, and said to be by a different
At least 2 Mauritius Dodos have been exhibited alive

brought back by Van Neck
in 1599,
in
Europe, one
and which most
likely
served as the model

in
for nearly all Roelandt Savery's pictures,
and one exhibited

This
is
London
in
the
year 1638, mentioned by Sir
Hamon
Lestrange.
almost certainly the
bird afterwards preserved in Tradescant's
Museum
(1656),
and
finally in
Oxford
(Ashmolean Museum), and probably served for the model of the supposed
Savery picture
in
the British
Museum.
The Dodo inhabited Mauritius.

NOTE. Didus nazarenus Gmelin, based on the "Oiseau de Nazareth" of Cauche (Descr. de I'lle de Madagascar, p. 130, ff, 1651) is evidently founded on a mistaken and partly fictitious description of a Dodo, or rather a mixture of that of the Dodo and a Cassowarj'. The name was, perhaps, also a mistake, derived from that of " Oiseau de nattsê,'' which has a similar meaning as " Walghvogel."
174
Explanation
Plate 24.
of
Plates
of
Dodo.
This was taken from the picture by Roelandt Savery in Berlin, but the wings, tail and bill have been altered, partly from Pierre Witthoos' picture of the Bourbon Dodo, and partly from anatomical examination. The tail, however, appears to have been curled over the back in life,
according to most authors.
Plate 24 (a).
Fig.
1.
Reproduction
in outline of the
Dodo
in
Savery's Orpheus at Haag.
Vide antea
No. 7
in
the List of Paintings.
Fig. 2.
Outline of
in
Dodo (and Pelican?)
in
Ruthart's "Circe and Ulysses" at Dresden.
Vide antea No. 13

Fig.
3.
Outline of
in
Dodo (and Pelican
?J
in
Frans Franckens
(?)
picture in Dresden.
Vide
antea No. 14
Plates 24 (b
No.
1.
and
c).
Outline of
Dodo
in
Roelandt Savery's picture at Berlin.
Vide antea No.
2 in
the
List of Paintings.
No.
2.
Outline of picture by Roelandt Savery in the British
Museum.
Vide antea No. 9
in the List of Paintings.
No.
3.
4.
Outline of
Dodo
in
Jacob van Neck's Voyage, Plate
2 (1598).
in
No.
Paintings.
Outline of
Roelandt Savery's Dodo, Vienna.
Vide antea No. 4
the
List of
No. No. No. No. No. No.

No. 3
in
5.
Outline of Outline of
Outline of
Dodo
Dodo Dodo Dodo Dodo
in
Broeck's Voyage (Peter van Broeck's Voyage, 1617).
6.
in Piso's additions to
in Sir in in
Jacob Bontiu's Oriental Natural History, 1658.
7.
Thomas
Herbert's Relation of some yeares Travels, 1626.

libri
S.
Outline of Outline of
Clusius Exoticorum
decem, 1605.
9.
Joan Nievhof's Gedenkwaerdige Zee and Lantreize, 1682.

in
10.
Outline of
Dodo
John Goeimare's picture
at Sion
House, 1627.
Vide antea

11.
No.
No. 5
Outline of
Dodo
in
Roelandt Savery's picture at Pommersfelden.
Vide antea
in the List of Paintings.
No.
12.
Outline of Dr. H. Schlegel's restoration of the

vol. 2, 1S54.
Dodo
in
Transactions, &c., of the
Amsterdam Academy,
No.
13.
Outline of
Dodo
in
Roelandt Savery's picture, Zoological Society, London.
Vide
antea No. 5 in the List of Paintings.
175
DIDUS SOLITARIUS
REUNION DODO.
(Plates
25, 25a, 25b.)
(selys).
Great Fowl Tatton, Voy. Castleton, Purchas

or R6union).
his
Pilgrimes, ed.
(1625)
p.
331 (Bourbon
Dod-eersen Bontekoe, Journ. ofte gedencU. beschr. van de Ost. Ind. Reyse Haarlem(i546)
p. 6.
Oiseau Solitaire Carr6, Voy. Ind. Or.

Solitaire Voy. fait par
p.
12 (1699).
p. 170.
Le Sieur D.
B. (1674)
Apterornis soUtarius de Selys, Rev. Zool (1848)
p.
293.
p.
Didus apterornis Schlegel, Ook een Wordje over den Dodo
15
f.
2 (1854).
Pezophaps borbonica
Bp., Consp. Av.
II p. 2
(1854). 2 (1854).
Ornithaptera borbonica Bp., Consp. Av.
II. p.
Didine Bird of the Island of Bourbon (Riunion) A. Newt. Tr. Zool. See. VI pp. 373-376,
pi.
62 (1867).
p.
Apterornis solitaria Milne-Edw., Ibis (1869)
272.
p. 3 (1873).
? Didus borbonica Schleg., Mus. P.B. Struthiones
Solitaire of
Riunion A. Newton, Enc.
Brit. II p.
732 (1875).
THE
"
Didine bird of Reunion was
first
mentioned by Mr. Tatton, the Chief

of their voyage given in
Officer of Captain Castleton, in his account
"Purchas
There
is
his Pilgrimes."
His account
is
as follows:
store of land fowle both small and great, plenty of Doves, great
;
Parrats, and such like

fat,
and a great fowle of the bignesse of a Turkic, very

fly,
and so short winged, that they cannot

:
being white, and in a manner
tame
shot.
and so be
all
other fowles, as having not been troubled nor feared with
Our men
did beat
them down with
sticks
and stones.
Ten men may
take fowle enough to serve fortie
men
a day."
in
We
more
is
then find frequent mention of this bird by Bontekoe
5 separate
first
treatises or editions, from 1646 to 1650,
and by Carre
in
1699.
But the
detailed description
:
is
given by the Sieur D. B. (Dubois) in 1674, which
as follows
These birds are thus named because they always go alone.

and have white plumage, black
at the extremity
"Solitaires.
They are as
of the wings
big as a big goose
and of the
tail.
At the
tail
there are some feathers resembling

like that
those of the Ostrich.

of the
larger,
itself to
They have the neck long and the beak formed

refers to
like
Woodcocks
(he
the woodrails,
Erythromachus
W.R.),
but
and the legs and feet
those of Turkey-chicks.
little.
This bird betakes

the Island."
running, only flying but very
It is
the best
game on
176
It
will be
seen that, while Dubois says the wings and

picture,
tail
are black,
Pierre Witthoos's
from which the accompanying

This
plate
was
partly
drawn, shows the wings yellow.

description, or,
may
either be due to
Dubois' faulty
what
is
much more
probable, the bird brought to

albinistic.
Amsterdam,
which Witthoos painted, was somewhat

Witthoos shows a distinctly mutilated
The
bill
in
the picture by
bill,
evidently done by the bird's keeper
to prevent being injured by the formidable hook of the
untrimmed
bill.
In
addition to
two pictures
(the
one formerly
in
the possession of Mr. C. Dare,
of Clatterford, in the Isle of Wight, and a second in Holland, both by Pieter
Witthoos, painted about the year 1670),
we know
of this bird only the drawing

In all these
given in Zaagman's edition of Bontekoe, 1646.

four primaries point
drawings the
first
down and forward, which

in
is
probably owing to the injured

I
condition of the specimen figured, so
the accompanying plate

bill
had the
wing drawn
like
:
the true Dodo's and the

Island of
reconstructed.
Habitat
Bourbon or Reunion.
Only known from the above-mentioned descriptions and two drawings.
No specimens
existing.
in
This bird became extinct between the years 1735 and 1801, because
the latter year Monsieur Bory St. Vincent
Island,
made
his scientific
survey of the
la
and no such bird existed then
while
we know
that
Monsieur de
Bourdonnaye, who was governor of the Mascarene Islands from 1735 to 1746,
sent one alive to one of the directors of the French East Indian Company.
this,
Of
the second living specimen
brought to
Europe,
we
unfortunately have
neither drawing nor history.
Explanation
Plate 25.
Drawing
from the model
of
of
Plates.
and
tail
White Dodo from Pierre Witthoos'
picture, the bill
being reconstructed
of the
common Dodo.
Plate 25 (a).
Fig. 5.
Outline of figure of
White Dodo
in
the picture by Pieter Witthoos circa 1670
vide supra.
Fig. Fig.
8.
7.
Outline of
Woodcut
in
Zaagman's edition
of
Bontekoe van Hoorn, 1646.
Outline of figure of White
Dodo
in
an edition of Plinius Secundus about 1643 but
without date.
Fig. 4.
Outline of Dr. H. Schlegel's reconstruction of the Reunion Dodo.
Plate 25
(b).
of the Sieur D.B. (Dubois), 1674.
Drawing from description
177
PEZOPHAPS
SKULL
with
a
STRICKLAND & MELVILLE.

the nasal
anteriorly
;
moderate
of
rostrum, slightly hooked, and

the
and
the
maxillary
frontal
processes
flat
praemaxillae
little
diverging
region
with but
ossified
cancellous tissue.
Coracoid stout.
long.
Manus armed with an

pectoral crest of
tuberosity.
Neck and
feet
Delto-
humerus aborted.
This genus connects Didus with the Columbldae.

larger than the female.
The male
is
much
PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIUS
THE SOLITAIRE.
(Plate
23, 25a,
(Cm)
Figs.
1,
2,
3.)
Solitaire Leguat, Voy. deux lies ddsertes Ind. Or.
pp. 98. 102 (1708).
Didus solHarius Gmelin,
S. N.
p. 728, n. 2 (1788).
Pezophaps solitaria Strickland, the Dodo,

Didus nazarenus
&c., p.
46 (1848).
Bartl. (nee. Gmel.), P.Z.S. 1851, p. 284, pi.

to Orn. 1852, p. 19
(
XLV.
Pezophaps minor Strickland, Contr.
).
THIS
is
bird
was
first
made known by Leguat

owing to
his
in
1708, but
some confusion
seems to have
arisen,
applying the same
name
in
to
them
This
as the Sieur D.B. (Dubois) gave to the Bourbon
Dodo
1674.
the original description

"
The
feathers of the males are of a brown-grey colour, the feet and beak
little
are like a turkey's, but a
more crooked.
is
They have scarce any
tail,
but
their hind part covered with feathers
roundish, like the crupper of a hare.

is straight,
They are
taller
than turkeys.
Their neck
it
and a
Its
fly,
little is
longer in
black and
proportion than a turkey's

lively,
when
lifts
up
his head.
eye
and
its
head without comb on cop.
They never
;
their
wings are
too
little
to
support the weight of their bodies

call
they serve only to beat
themselves and flutter when they

for
one another.
They
will whirl
about
twenty or thirty times together on the same side during the space of
4 or 5 minutes.
of a rattle,
The motions
of their wings
it
make then a
off.
noise very like that
and one may hear
two hundred paces
The bone
of their
178
wings grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a

under the feathers as big as a musket
defences of this bird.
places, because
'Tis
ball.
little
round mass
That and
in
its
beak are the chief

in
very hard to catch
the woods, but easy
open
we
run faster than they, and sometimes
we approach them
fat,
without much trouble.

taste
From March
to
September they are very
and
admirably well, especially while they are young, some of the males
weigh 45 pounds.
brown.
a
sort
I
The females are wonderfully

fair,
beautiful,
some
;
fair,
some
call
them
because they are the colour of
fair hair
they have
of
of
peak
like
a widow's,
is
upon
their
breasts,
which
all
is
dun
colour.
No one
The
feather
straggling from the other
over their bodies,

all
they being very careful to

their beaks.
adjust themselves, and make them
even with
feathers on their thighs are round like shells at the end,

thick,
and being there very

on
their
have an agreeable
effect.
They have two
risings
craws, and
the
feathers are whiter there than the rest, which
livelily
represents the fine neck of a beautiful woman.

stateliness
They walk with so
much
and good grace that one cannot help admiring them and
loving them, by which
means
their fine mien often saves their lives."
The
unfortunate
Solitaires,
owing
to
the
depredations
by the pigs
and monkeys introduced by the

latter,
settlers,
and the unceasing slaughter by the

1780.
:
became extinct between the years 1760 and
Of
"
their habits
we
only have the accounts of Leguat
Though these
to one,
birds will
sometimes very familiarly
come
up
near
enough
when we do
not run after them, yet they will never
grow tame,
refuse
all
as soon as they are caught they shed tears, without crying, and
manner
of sustenance
till
they
die.
When
half high
these birds build their nests, they choose a clean
place, gather
together some palm leaves for that purpose, and heap them up a foot and a
from the ground, on which they
sit.
They never
lay but
one egg,
which
it
is
much
bigger than that of a goose.
The male and female both cover

till
in their turns,
and the young

it,
is
not hatched
at 7
weeks end.
All the
is
while they are sitting upon

not able to provide for
bird of their species to
or are bringing up their young one, which
itself in
several months, they will not suffer any other

of the place.
come within two hundred yards round

is,
But what
is
very singular
the males will never drive
away the females, only
when they
female
perceive one they

drives
make a
noise with their wings to call their

stranger, not leaving
it
till
own
was
she
away the unwelcome

them away.
it
without her bounds.

to the male
The female does the same as
to males, which she leaves

this several times,
who
drives
We
have observed
and
179
affirm
it
to be true.
The combats between them on
this occasion last
somefly
times pretty long, because the stranger only turns about, and does not
directly from the nest.
However, the others do not forsake
it
till
they have
quite driven
one, and left
not,
it
out of their limits.
After these birds have raised their young
it
to itself, they are always together, which the other birds are
and though they happen to mingle with other birds of the same species, these two companions never disunite.
We
the nest, a
have often remarked, that some days after the young one leaves
company
of 30 or 40 bring another
its
young one to
it,
and the new

to
fledged bird, joining the band with
father and mother, they
march
some
bye place.
We
frequently followed them, and found that afterwards the old

in
ones went each their way alone, or

together, which
couples, and left the
two young ones
we
called a marriage."
Leguat's, d'Heguerty's, and the
Abbe Pingre's descriptions were
all
we
Mr.
had of
this great
ground pigeon down to 1866, except a few bones.

its
When
Strickland proved
to
distinctness from the
Dodo
of Mauritius in 1844, and up
1852, these bones
numbered
in
18.
In
1864 Mr.
E.
Newton and Captain

resident
Barclay got 3 more bones,

collected 8 bones,
1865
Mr. Jenner, the
magistrate,
and
in
1866 nearly 2,000 bones were collected, but during

in
the Transit of Venus e.xpedition
1874, a thorough search
was made, and a
number
of complete skeletons
:
was
collected.
Habitat
Island of Rodriguez.
in
Represented
large
Museums by
number
of complete
skeletons and a
number
of bones.
Explanation of Plates.
Plate 23.
Coloured drawing made from Leguat's description and
figure.
Plate 25
Fig.
{a).
7.
Outline of figure in Leguat's Voyage, 1708. Outline of Schlegel's reconstructed figure of the Solitaire, 1854. Outline of Solitaire in Frontispiece to Leguat's Voyage, 1708.
Fig. 2.
Fig.
3.
181
TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO
HEATH HEN.
Tetrao ciipido Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. X,
pi. I,
(l.)
p.
i6o (1758
ex Catesby, Carolina
299 (1819
II,
App.
p. i,
1743.
" Habitat in Virginia ")
Vieillot, Gal. Ois. II, p. 55, p.
219 (1825).
Pinnated Grouse Latham, Gen. Syn.
II, 2, p.
740 (1783).
p.
Bonasa
ciipido Stephens, in
Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI,
New
Jersey and Long
Island).
Ciipidonia ciipido
p.
Baird,
B.
N.
Am.
p.
628 (i860
138 (1870
Martha's
partim)
;
Maynard, B. E. Massach.
Brewster,
Vineyard and Naushon Island)
Auk
1885, p. 82
(Massachusetts).
Ciipidonia ciipido var. ciipido Baird, Brewer
&
Ridgway, N. Amer. B.
p.
Ill, p.
440 (1874).
Ciipidonia ciipido brewsteri Coues, Key N.A.B., App.
884 (1887).
p.
Tywpaiiiichiis ciipido Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VIII,

Hist. N.
355(1885); Bendire, Life-
Amer. B.
II,
I,
Amer. B. Ed.
p.
93 (1892); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. B. XXII, p. 77; Check-List N. 115, No. 306(1895); Hartlaub, Abh. Naturw. Ver. Bremen XIV, i
p. p. 15) (1896).
(second ed. of separate copy,
LINNAEUS'
brief diagnosis is:
"Tetrao pedibus
he adds
:
hirsutis alis succenturiatis
cervicalibus."
After the habitat

;
" Color
Tetricis
:
feminae
pennis
vertex subcristatus
quinque."
description
a tergo
is
colli
duae parvae alae
singulae
fairly
This diagnosis
taken
from Catesby, who gives a

plate.
good
and a recognizable coloured
He
in
specially
mentions that
the neck-tufts are composed of five feathers, and

to be
his figure they are
shown
much
pointed.
Catesby expressly states that he does not know exactly

his
from which part of America

in Virginia."
specimen came
yet
Linnaeus says
"
Habitat
Formerly the Heath
Hen
inhabited
New
England and part of the
Middle States (Southern Connecticut, Long Island,
New
Jersey,
Nantucket,
it
Eastern Pennsylvania), but
in
1887 Ridgway stated already that
was then
it
apparently extinct, except on

still
Martha's Vineyard.
About that time
was
oak
common on
that island, inhabiting the
woods and
chiefly haunting
scrub and feeding on acorns.

this protection
They were then

and
"strictly protected by law," but
seems not
killed,
to
have been effectual, as from

sold
to
1893 to
1897 a
number were
skinned,
various museums.
This
was,
perhaps, fortunate rather than unfortunate, because Mr. Hoyle (the

collected them) told us that in
man who
and
in
this,
1894 a
fire
destroyed
many
of them,
the
fall
of
1897 they were practically gone.

pairs of " Prairie Chicken "
But almost worse than
perhaps, two
{Tympanuchus americanus)
were
it
liberated and broods of
young
(of the latter apparently)
were seen, so that
182
is
to be feared that birds shot

of
now on Martha's Vineyards

the
Island
may have
related,
blood
T.
americamis
to
in
them,
two
forms
being
closely
somewhat
difficult
distinguish,
and evidently sub-species of each other.
Nevertheless, a bird taken in 1901
was pronounced
to
be typical cupido by
Mr. Brewster.
From
these facts
it
is
pretty clear that the
Heath Hen
is
among the
the
is
birds the fate of
which
is
sealed,
will
and which,
if
not already exterminated or
mixed with foreign blood,

Proceedings
of
soon have disappeared.

Ornithological
The footnote
Congress,
p.
in
the
IV.
International
203,
herewith corrected.
183
COTURNIX NOVAEZELANDIAE
(Plate
28, Fig. 2.)
(1830 "
")
;
quoy&gaim.
Coiurnix Novae-Zelandiae Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool.

fig.
I
I.
p.
242, pi. 24,
11
habit la baie Chouraki (riviere
Tamise de Cook), k
fig
la
Nouvelle
B.
Z61ande
Zealand,
Gould, Syn.
B. Austr.,
text
and
pi.
(1837-38)
I,
Buller,
New
p.
161, pi. (1873); Hist. B.

p.
New
Zealand, 2nd ed.
p. 225, pi.
XXIII (1888);
Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXII
245 (1893).
THIS
Quail,
though a typical Coturnix,
is
easily
distinguished from
black,
all
other species.
The male has the upper-side almost
each feather
bordered and indistinctly barred with rufous-brown, and with a wide,
creamy white
shaft-line.
The
throat and
sides
of
the
head
are
rufous-
cinnamon, the feathers of the chest and breast at their basal half buff with
a broken black
near the
tip,
cross-bar, the
distal
half
black,
with two pale buff
spots
or with a continuous white border.

in
This sole representative of the " gamebirds "
New
now
Zealand was
in
in
former days very numerous

Island,
Its
in
both islands, but especially so

is
the South
wherever there was open grass-land, but

is
evidently extinct.
disappearance
apparently not due to excessive shooting, but rather to

last,
the introduction of rats, cats, and dogs, and
but not least, to bush-fires

to
and
to
the
regular
burning
of
the
sheep-runs, according
itself
Sir
Walter
in
Buller.
No doubt
more or
the
establishment
of
extensive sheep-farms
for the
the
once,
less,
uninhabited grass-land
was ominous
future of
the Quail.
It
is
not quite clear
when
the Quail disappeared.

in
The
1860.
last
on the
North Island was shot by Captain Mair at Whangarei
Specimens
In
were
recorded
in
1867 and
1869,
in
but were apparently not the
procured.
is
Haast's "Journal of
still
E.xploration
Nelson Province"
it
said
to be
very abundant
in 1861 on the grassy plains of the interior.
Sir Walter Buller mentions

in
two specimens
In
it
said to be
his
from an island
of the
Blue Skin Bay, shot
in
"
1867 or 1868."
Second Edition
" Birds of
New
Island
Zealand
"
he informs us that
in
was found
occasionally in
of
the South
down
"
to 1875, but
in
the
"Supplement" he speaks
but adds, " There
bird
is
specimen said to have been shot

evidence of
it,"
1871,
no absolute
and
if
true, this individual
must have been about the
last of its race."
Therefore, evidently the note about 1875
was erroneous.
184
The
statement
is
of
Mr.
Cheeseman,
that
he
took
eggs
on
Three
Kings Islands
erroneous.
is
The eggs belonged
to a Synoecus,
and the egg
given to Sir Walter BuUer

I
now
in
my
collection.
have, however, also two eggs of Coturnix novaezealandiae, brought
home by
washed
markings.
being
Dr.
H. O. Forbes.
They have a brownish-white

patches
shell,
covered and
underlying
besides
all
over with
deep brown
distinctly the
and
lighter
brown
They show
larger,
character of Quails' eggs, but,
much
Of
are easily distinguished from eggs of
Coturnix coturnix.
They measure
34-3 by 25 and
I
345 by 2r3 mm.

collection
in
:
birds
have
in
my
One
(This
S ad.
is
Shot at Whangarei,
figured
it
North
Island,
by Major Mair,
of
1860.
the specimen
I
in
the Second
Sir
Edition
Buller's
the " Birds of
New
Zealand."
ago.
p.
bought
with
Walter
collection
eighteen
in
years
By
a curious lapsus
in
memoriae
that this
first
Sir Walter
bird
BuUer,
his
the
"
Supplement,"
35,
1905,
states
in
was
in
son's
collection.)
One
ad.
and one 3
the
year's
plumage, shot by Messrs. Walter
Buller
and E. French near
Kaiapoi, South Island, in the
summer
of 1859.
Seven specimens are

in
in
the British
in
Museum, the types
in
Paris, three
Cambridge, a pair
in
Christchurch
others,
New
Zealand, some in the Canterbury
Museum, and doubtless many
most of which have never been recorded.
185
DINORNITHIDAE.
MOAS.
THE
Cape
in
first
announcement of the former existence of large Struthious birds

by Mr.
J. S.
in
New Zealand was made " New Zealand," he states

the
Polack
in
1838.
In his
book East
that he found large bird bones near

first
North Island.
scientific
The
specimen, however, that came into the
hands of a
man was
the bone sent to Professor
Owen
it
in
1839 by
Mr. Rule, who reported that the natives had told him that
of a large
was the bone

his
Eagle which they called
" Movie."
Professor
Owen, with
extraordinary knowledge, at
the Raptores,
once saw that far from
any connection with
Mr.
Rule's bone
was a
it
portion
of
femur of
gigantic
Struthious
bird.
He
described
it
on
November
12th,
1839, at a
meeting
III
of the Zoological Society, and
was
figured on Plate 3 of
Volume
of
the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
The next
Professor
of
notice of the
Moas
takes the
form of a
letter,
received by
Owen Islands, New
from the Rev.

Zealand, July
W.
C. Cotton, dated Waimate, near the
Bay
11th,
1842;
and
in
it
the
writer
gives an
account of his
at East Cape.
meeting with the Rev. Mr.
Wm.
a
also
Williams, a fellow missionary

of
The
latter
had
collected
lot
"Moa"
bones and sent
them
to a
Dr.
Buckland.
Mr. Williams
reported a conversation with

at night
two Englishmen, who declared they had been taken out by a native
and had seen a Moa
alive,
but had been too frightened to shoot
it.
On January
24th,
1843,
Professor
Owen
exhibited a
number
of bones
from Mr. Williams' collection, and described them, giving the bird the name
of " Megalornis novaezealandiae"
afterwards changing the

Afterwards, when
generic
title
into
Dinornis, as Megalornis
was preoccupied.
in
describing these
bones
and
fully,
those
contained
the second
box of Mr. Williams' collection
more
he
somewhat
Captain
inconsistently
changed
his
the
specific
name
to
stnithioides,
which
Hutton,
in
later
classification,
retained.
Following the laws of
priority,
however {novaezealandiae
reinstate the
has
10
months'
priority over stnithioides),
we must
name
novaezealandiae.
A number
of other finds occurred between 1842 and 1847, but by far
the largest and most important collections were
made and sent home between
1847 and 1852 by the Hon.
W.
Mantell,
who
sent to Professor
Owen many
as early as
hundreds of bones and eggshells, from which the Professor was enabled to
determine
and describe a large
number
of species,
and even
this to separate
some genera.
186
The
bulk of later finds were
made by
Sir Julius von Haast, Captain
Hutton, and Mr. Aug. Hamilton,
and the two most famous deposits were

but
it
Glenmark Swamp and Te Aute

here an account of
all
would take too much space to give
the
Dr.
other extraordinary discoveries of
Moa
Dr.
deposits
made by such men

Forbes, and
as
Thomson,
Mr.
Earl,
Mr.
of
Thorne,
H. O.
many
others.
Besides
many fragments
eggshell, a
number
of eggs have been found, which will be enumerated elsewhere.
Feathers have been found

in
at
Clutha River, near Ro.\burgh, and also
caves near Queenstown.

;
Those from Clutha are mostly dark, being black
with white tips
while the
Queenstown ones resemble feathers
of Apteryx
australis in colours.
Professor
to
Owen
and
has shown that Megalapteryx huttoni

in
was feathered down
the
toes,
the
plate
have
I
represented
it
clothed with feathers similar to the Clutha ones, which

this species.
believe belong
to
The Moas
at
one time must have been extraordinarily numerous,
both
in
numbers and
Professor
species,
and they
varied
in
height
from 2J feet to
12 feet.
Parker has shown that some of the species had crests
of long feathers on the head, and, as
some
the
adult
skulls
of
the same forms
show no
signs of this, he infers that
males
alone
had this appendage.
There has been much discussion as to the time when the Moas became
extinct,
and we know for certain that
the two species,

earlier
Dinornis maximus
and Anomalopteryx antiquns, belong to a much

the bulk of the other species.
It
geological epoch
than
would be too lengthy for
my
purpose to
go into the arguments, but

of
we
can, by the study of the

fairly
''kitchen
middens"
in
Maoris and their traditions,
adduce that the Maoris arrived
the
North Island some 600 years ago, that they
hunted Moas, and that they

arrival.
exterminated them about 100 to 150 years after their
In the South,
or rather Central, Island, the Maoris appear to have arrived about 100 years
later,
and to have exterminated the Moas about 350 years ago.
It
is
only
his
fair to say,
however, that Monsieur de Quatrefages adduces evidence
in
paper which goes far to prove that

18th or even beginning of the 19th
Moas
century
existed
in
down
to the
end
of
the
those
parts
of
the Middle
Island not, or scantily, inhabited by Maoris.

Tiie Dinornithidae form a separate group of
the order Ratitae,
in
no
way
closely related to the Australian
Emu
(Dromaius), as
many
ornithologists
have asserted, but nearer to
the
South
American Nandu (Rhea) than any

in
other living Ratitae, though exhibiting

Apterygidae.
family.
many characters
of
common
set
with the
of
this
!
There have
first
been a
number
in
classifications
up
7
The
by Reichenbach,
1850, with
7 species and
genera
187
The next was by Von

into 4 genera.
Haast,
The
third
who enumerated 10 species, divided was Lydekker's, in 1891, who acknowledged 23

in
1873,
species, divided into 5 genera.
Then came Mutton's,

species,
in
1892, which left out
Megalapteryx, with
its
then
known 2
and acknowledged 26 species,

in
divided into 7 genera.
Lastly
left out,
we have
Professor Parker's,
1895, in
which
again Megalapteryx
is
and 21 species are acknowledged, divided into
5 genera.
There has been a great amount of controversy as to the number
of species of
Moas which
really
ought to be distinguished, and of

unite
to of
late
years
there has been a tendency
to
most of the species as synonyms, the

such a degree
the
that
all
authors declaring that bones vary

relied
the characters
individual
on
for
the
that,
distinguishing
besides,
in
it
various
that
species
were
variations,
and
was impossible
area.
in
so
many
of
distinct
this
forms
could have
occurred
such a small
The extreme
the
Bulletin
lumping
Liverpool
was
reached
111,
when
Professor
Forbes,
of
the
Museums,
pp. 27 and 28 (1900), divided the Moas into six genera, each
with a single species.
He
thus ignores the fact that by doing so he has united
forms which were founded on fully adult bones, and yet some of them were
only about half or two-thirds the size of the others.
too
I
personally think that
many
species
have been made, and at least 7 of Captain Button's forms
must be sunk.
and
will,
On
I
the other hand some have been described
since
1895
1900,
and
have
spite of
been obliged
uniting
to
name
others
of
rather
against
I
so
that in
so
many
species
others
I
find
my am
obliged to acknowledge
into
more species than anyone

to
else.
have divided these

only
5,
genera
according
Professor
Parker's
classification,
adding
Palaeocasuarius of
brings
not
Forbes, with 3 species, and Megalapteryx, with

to 38 species, divided into 7 genera. 7
which
my number up
these
into
My
reasons for
uniting
species
first,
and 7
genera, as those of the " lumping
school " do, are twofold,
the bones of the Ratitae are
much more
solid
;
than those of other birds, and are not given to so

and,
secondly,
in
much
of
individual variation
the
face
of the
great
number
species
of
Paradise
there
easily
Birds and
could
not
Cassowaries
be so
found on
species of
New
Moa
Guinea,
the
contention
that
many
on so small
an
area
is
not
maintained.
flora
Moreover,
for the
differentiated at least
we have strong support in the present fauna and presumption that, when the Moas first came into existence and into species. New Zealand was a much larger area, stretching
the
from
Macquarie
Islands in the south to the
Kermadecs
in
the
north, and from
Lord Howe's Island

that,
like
on
the
west to the Chatham Islands

on
the
on the
east.
So
the
giant
tortoises
Galapagos
Islands,
188
they only got driven so closely together after
their
specific
differentiation,
when
the land gradually subsided, owing to volcanic action.

is
The
differentiation
of the family
as follows
DINORNITHIDAE.
Skull with a short and wide beak.
Pectoral girdle very small or absent,

dromioides.
wing absent, only an

present.
indication in
Dinornis
Hallux
is
absent or
An
extension
bridge to
the tibio-tarsus, which
placed near the
inner border of
the bone.
No
superior notch to the sternum.

is
Most
of the
species of very large size.
The tarso-metatarsus
anterior surface
either long
and slender
or short and wide, and
its
may
or
is
may
not be grooved.
The
second trochlea
is
is
longer than the fourth, the third
not pedunculated, and there

In the
no perforation
in
the groove between the third and fourth trochlea.
tibio-tarsus the cnemial crest rises well

is
above the head
the extensor groove
separated by a considerable interval from the inner border of the bone.

is
There
a well-defined
is
intercondylar
pit
tubercle
the intercondylar
gorge
is
deep, and there
no deep
on the lateral surface of the entocondyle.

stout, but
is
The
femur may be either slender or
not markedly cur\'ed the

pelvis
forwards.
The
popliteal
depression
is
deep,
and the summit of
great
trochanter
rises considerably
above the
level of the head.
The
approximates to
is
that of the Apterygidae, but the pectineal process of the pubis
less developed,
and the ischium and pubis may be longer and more slender.
and scapula are aborted and may be absent.
either
The coracoid
The sternum, which may be

differs
long
and
narrow,
or
broad
of
and
short,
from
that
of
the
Apterygidae
by the
absence
the
superior
notch,
the
divergent
small
lateral
processes, and the reduction of the coracoidal grooves to

their
total
facets
short,
or
disappearance.
The cenical vertebrae are

sixth.
relatively
an
expanded neural platform as far as the

In
is
Anomalopteryx and Megalapteryx the number of cervicle vertebrae

it
21,
and there are 2 cervico-dorsal and 4 free dorsal vertebrae, so

this is the correct
is
fair
to
assume that
number throughout the
family.
The feathers had
after-shafts.
THE GE.NERA ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Dinornis Owen.
Palapteryx Owen, part.
Palapteryx Hutton.
Tylapieryx Hutton.
Megalapteryx Haast.
Anomalopteryx Lydekker,
*Mesopteryx Hutton.
part.
189
Cela Reichenbach.
Dinomis Owen,
part.
Pachyornis Lydekker.
Palapteryx Haast.
Meiononiis Haast.
Dinomis Owen,
part.
Anomalopteryx Lydekker.
Mesobteryx Parker.
Euryapteryx Hutton.
Palaeocasuartus rorbes.
*Megalapteryx Forbes,
part.
f
<
Emeus Reichenbach.
I
r-.
Euryapteryx Haast.
Syoriiis Hutton.
Anomalopteryx Reichenbach.
Meiononiis Haast.
Dinomis Owen,
I
part.
Dinomis Owen,
part.
have adopted
Cela
Professor
Parker's classification
in
the genera,
is
only
substituting
Reichenbach for Mesapteryx Hutton, which
a synonym
of Megalapteryx Haast.
I
As
to the species of
have used
my own judgment
by Parker and
species
will
felt
obliged
to
name a number
species acknowledged
Lydekker but not named, because

letters A, B, C, &c.,
this
system of
indicating
by the
all
which has crept into our nomenclature,

is
make
understanding impossible, as not always the same species
denoted by the
same
letter.
few
of these species will naturally later have to be sunk, as

skulls
some have been founded on
and others on leg bones, or
so,
which,
I
when we
get perfect individual skeletons
may prove
eggs,
Ibis,
to be identical, but
do
not think these will be many.
Besides
number
of
imperfect
particulars
of
which
will
be
found
in
Dr. A. B. Meyer's article in the

perfect
1903, pp. 188-196, there are
known two
1.
Moa
eggs and one almost perfect one.

Pachyornis pondorosus.
Megalapteryx huttoni.
Otago Museum.
Tring Museum.
Molyneux River, igoi.

Molyneux River,
South
igoi.
2.
3.
Rowley
Collection.
Island, 1859.
Dinomis novaezealandiae.
191
DINORNIS.
THE somewhat
skull
is
broad
pointed
and
much
depressed,
beak.
It
with
comparatively
wide,
and
deflected
Breadth at the
squamosals
twice the
height at basi-temporal.
the
has a flattened frontal region,

praemaxillae.
and a wide
mandible
distinct
is
median ridge on
in
upper
surface of the
The
no
the form of a narrow U, with
the
angle
much
in
inflected,
anticular process,
and the
symphj'sis
moderately
wide,
narrowing
anteriorly, with a
prominent and broad inferior ridge, widest

with a very large
broad,
front.
The
facets,
lateral
quadrate
is
is
elongated,
pneumatic foramen.
with
distinct
The sternum
nearly
as
long as
very convex,
coracoidal
3 costal articulations, very small
and
reflected
costal processes, the
processes
very broad and widely divergent, and a wide xiphisternal notch.

is
The
the
pelvis
narrow with a high

is
flat,
ilium,
in
which the
inferior border of the
postacetabular portion
level
and does not descend as a sharp ridge below

vertebrae.
of
the anterior
;
postacetabular
The pubis has a small

and postacetabular
pectineal
process
is
and the ventral aspect of
the true
vertebrae
very broad and

distal
much
flattened.
is
The
present
slender,
in
extremity of the tibio-tarsus

species.
not inflected.
hallux
is
some
The
the
tibio-tarsus
and tarso-metatarsus are long and
the
length of
latter
equalling
and more often
exceeding the
length of the femur, and also exceeding half the
length of the tibio-tarsus.
The femur
is
comparatively
long and
slender, with a short neck, the head

in
rising but slightly
and projecting only a small distance, the linear aspera

irregular
line,
the form of a long
the outer
side
of
the
distal
extremity
moderately expanded, the popliteal depression small, deep, and sharply defined,
the profile
trochlear
of
the
inner
nearly
cordyle
flat.
semi-ovoid
and
narrow,
and the
are
interior
surface
The phalangeals
surface
of
of the
pes
long
and
comparatively slender,
being trefoil-shaped.
the
proximal
the
terminal segments not

cervicals are
In the vertebral
column the middle
long
and narrow, with the postzygapophyses directed much outwardly and separated
by a very
wide.
deep channel,
dorsals have
and
short
the
posterior
face
of
the
centrum low and
The
transverse
processes
and neural spine, the

a
anterior and
middle
ones
(those
with
haemal
spine or carina) having
large anterior pneumatic foramen between the
nib-facet,
the foramen
being
triangular in shape.
size,
All the species of this

tallest
:
genus are of comparatively large
and include the
members
7.
of the family.
Type
of
the genus
of species
Dinornis novaezealandiae (Owen).
Number
192
DINORNIS MAXIMUS
Diiiornis
owen.
maximus Owen,
Trans. Zool. Soc. VI.

Inst.
Inst.
p.
497 (1868).
(1892).
D. excelsus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
XXIV.
I
p.
no
D. giganteus Haast, Trans. N.Z.
p.
88,
No. 20 part.
THIS
is
the largest
species of Moa, the tibio-tarsus being
from 375 to
39"2 inches in length, while that of the largest D. giganteus does not
exceed 35 inches, but

considerably shorter.
by far the largest
number
of
the
latter
are
The type bones were obtained
in
Glenmark Swamp, Middle
Island
of
New
No.
Zealand, and were sent to Professor

Staff
Owen
by Major
in
J.
Michael of the
Madras
Corps.
Casts of these bones
are
the
British
Museum,
161 in the Palaeontological Department.
This bird was the tallest of

considerably exceeded
in
all
known
birds,
though
it
must have been

titan
bulk by Aepyornis
ingens
and Aepyornis
of
Madagascar.
Locality
:
Glenmark Swamp, Middle
Island,
New
Zealand.
DINORNIS ALIUS
Ditiornis
owen.
specimen) (1879).
maximus Owen,
Owen,
Ext. Birds N.Z.
p.
253 (Dr.
Lillie's
D.
altiis
Ext. Birds N.Z. (1879) p. 361.

p.
D. giganteus var maximus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VI
497 (i858).
ONLY
known by a tarso-metatarsus, femur and
tibio-tarsus
from the
Middle Island,
great
length,
New
and
Zealand.
are
The bones
slender
till
at
once noticeable by their

the
more
than
same
bones
in
D. maximus.
This form must therefore,
further material comes to hand,
be treated as a separate species.

Locality
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
Collected by Dr.
Lillie.
193
DINORNIS GIGANTEUS
Dinoriiis giganteus
owen.
p.
Owen, Trans.
Zool. Soc. Ill p. 237 (1843)

p.
and
307 (1846).
Moa
giganteus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.
XXX
!)
(i85o).
Dinornis maximus (non D. maximiis

D. validus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Owen
iii
of 1867
(1S92).
Trans. Zool. Soc.
p.
147 (1877).
Inst. p.
THIS
is,
as regards size, one
of
the
more variable forms

is
in
the tarso-
metatarsus,
tibio-tarsus
while
is
the
tibio-tarsus
remarkably
in
constant.
The
almost invariably 35 inches

17'5 to 19 inches in
length,
while the tarso-
metatarsus varies from
length.
The type
D. validus
is
of
D. giganteus
Owen
is
from Poverty Bay
the type of
from Glenmark.
:
Habitat
North and Middle Islands,

in
New
Zealand.
Portion of skeleton
Tring Museum, from Kopua Swamps, Canterbury,
New
Zealand.
DINORNIS INGENS
(Plate
Dinornis ingens Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
42.)
p. Ill
owen
237 (1843).
Movia ingens Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog. p. xxx (1850). D. ingens var. robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Ill p. 307 (1846). Palapteryx robustus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Ill p. 345 (1848).
D. finiins Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIV
p.
114 (1892).
D. potens Hutton,
I.e.
p.
115.
T\ INGENS shows
is
considerable variation
that
it
in
size,
but the inter-gradation

retain
so
complete
seems impossible
to
the
four
species
ingens, firmiis,
potens
and robustus, which

over
the
Captain
Hutton admits.
Middle
type
of
Islands.
This
form
was
skull
widely
of
distributed
North
and
the
The type
P.
of
robustus
came from Timaru,

from
firtnus
is
from Wanganui, that
ingens
Poverty Bay, while that of potens

locality.
quoted from the East side of Middle Island, without specific type
Habitat
:
North and Middle Islands.
The
skeleton skeleton
plate of this species
was reconstructed by Mr. Frohawk from the

the
feathers
and
feathers
in
in
my museum, and
The only
is
found with
the
in
now
the York
Museum.
criticism that might be
made
connection with this picture

like
that the feathers are

is
drawn a
little
too
much
those of Apteryx australis, but this
not of any consequence, as the
Moa
feathers in the Tring
Museum and elsewhere

less coloured like
in
vary considerably
in
appearance,
though being more or
Apteryx feathers.
the Tring
There
is
an almost perfect skeleton
Museum.
194
DINORNIS GRACILIS
Dinornis gracilis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV (1855)
D. torosus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
p.
owen.
141.
XXIV
p.
117 (1892).
IF
we acknowledge
that
D. novaezealandiae
I
occurs
both on
the
North
and Middle Islands, then
feel sure
that the distinctness of D. gracilis
and D. torosus cannot be maintained, as the measurements intergrade

completely.
The type
is
of D. gracilis
came from Wanganui, while

in
that of D. torvsiis
a nearly perfect skeleton found
a cave at Takaka, near Nelson.
Habitat
New
Zealand.
in
There
is
an imperfect skeleton
the Tring
Museum, from
a limestone
cave at Takaka, near Motueka, Province of Nelson,
New
Zealand.
DINORNIS
DROMIOIDES
III.
owen.
(1850).
Dinornis dromioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
p.
235 (1843).
p.
Palapteryx dromioides Reichcnbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

Palaptery.x pleiius Htitton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXX
XXIV
p.
122 (1892).
THIS
Habitat
:
form also inhabited both

of
islands, but
was probably one

Poverty
Bay,
of the rarest.
The type
D.
dromioides
came
from
and that of
P. plenus from Glenmark.
New
Zealand.
DINORNIS NOVAEZEALANDIAE
Dinornis novaezealandiae Owen, P.Z.S. (1843)
p. 8.
owen.
D. struthioides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.

D. strennus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
Ill
p. p.
244 (1844).
8 (1893).
XXV
the
PROFESSOR OWEN
though wê
change.
all
changed
it
name
of
this
form, but
we cannot
accept this change, as
is
against the laws of nomenclatorial priority,
appreciate the motive the Professor had in making this

bird inhabits both islands.
The type came from Poverty Bay, but the
This species had wings.
Habitat
New
Zealand.
A
Auckland,
nearly perfect skeleton in the Tring
Museum from Waitomo
district,
New
Zealand.
195
MEGALAPTERYX
ORIGINALLY
with the
as follows
:
haast.
distinguished
by
Haast
from
the
Dinornithidae
as
an
ancient form of the Apterygidae, but afterwards united by Lydekker

Dinornithidae.
Mr.
Lydekker's diagnosis
of
the genus
is
" Distinguished
from Dinornis by the extreme slenderness and length
of the
femur and
tibio-tarsus,
is
and the
relatively shorter
tarso-metatarsus,
of
which
pelvis
latter the length

is
considerably shorter than that of the femur.

in
The
much narrower than
Dinornis, with the ventral
surface of the
postacetabular sacrals ridged and narrower, and a more developed pectineal
process to the pubis.
The femur
is
markedly curved forwards, with the
distal
extremity moderately expanded, the popliteal depression larger and less defined,
the linea aspera narrower and sharper, and a more distinct anterior inter-
muscular ridge."
The
Mr. Charles
following
additional
diagnostic
characters
are
taken
from
W. Andrews'
VI)
description of the
complete skeleton of Megalapfig.
teryx teniiipes in
the Tring
Museum
(Nov. Zool. IV, pp. 188-194,
1-2
in
text and
pi.
:
Length of premaxilla
less
Width
of cranium at paroccipital processes less than half the length of
the basis cranii.

the basis cranii.
than two-and-a-half times that of

;
Body
of the premaxilla pointed and slightly decurved
its
length and breadth less than the basis cranii.

declined backwards.
pital processes.
The
occipital
plane slightly
Occipital condyle projecting slightly beyond the parocci-
Anterior and posterior lambdoidal ridges separated by a very

in
narrow interval
their middle
region only.
Width
at
squamosals slightly
more than double the length

very prominent.
of the basis cranii.
Mammillary tuberosities not

Temporal fossae
Margin of tympanic cavity evenly curved.
very large.
The distance between the temporal
ridges about four-fifths the
width of the cranium at the fossae.

with the lambdoidal ridge.
The
posterior temporal ridge confluent
Post-temporal fossae very large.
The
process.
its
inferior temporal ridge is strongly

is
marked, and there
is
a pretympanic
The zygomatic process
well developed.
Rostrum
dilated
towards
anterior end, compressed and carinate beneath the large presphenoid fossae.
Mandible very slender.
Posterior angular process small.
Sternum very convex,
and with a very nearly straight anterior border between the tuberosities for
the coracoscapular ligaments. Costal processes short but large, with distinct
196
coracoidal facets.
The
lateral processes are long

it
and
distally
expanded.
The
sternum
is
just as wide as
is
long.
There are three costal
articulations.
The most notable character

being longer than
long,
in
is
the enormous length of the toes, the middle one
the tarso-metatarsus.
The ungual phalanges are
peculiarly
narrow and curved, instead of being comparatively short and broad, as
most other Moas.
Type
of the
genus Mcgalapteryx
4.
heciori,
Haast.
Number
of species
197
MEGALAPTERYX
B. Brit. Mus., p. 252.
HECTORI
p.
haast
Megalapteryx hectori Haast, Trans. Zool. Soc. XII,
i5i (1886);
Lydekker, Cat. Fossil
THIS
form was described by Sir Julius von Haast as a gigantic Apteryx.

skull.
This error arose from the absence of the
There
is,
however, no
doubt now, since the skulls of Megalapteryx are known, that although
sufficiently aberrant to
form a distinct sub-family, the birds included
in
this
genus are Dinornithidae and not Apterygidae.

Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
MEGALAPTERYX HAMILTONI
Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds
in
spec. nov.
Brit. Mus., p. 252,
under M. tenuipes (1891).
THE and
M.
Habitat
:
type
is
left
femur. No. 32145
in
the British
Museum.
either
It is
smaller
relatively
narrower
This
is
than
the
femur,
of
M.
hectori
or
tenuipes.
most noticeable
Zealand.
at the distal extremity.
North Island,
New
birds.
(Type locality Waingongoro.)

did so
Named
of extinct
after Mr. A. Hamilton,
who
much
in
discovering deposits
New
Zealand
198
MEGALAPTERYX
THIS
The length
width of
species
TENUIPES
Brit.
I\lus.
lyd.
Megalapteryx tenuipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds
p.
251 (1891).
was described from the

in
tibio-tarsus,
hectori.
which
is
longer and
is
relatively
more slender than

its
M.
in
Its distal
it
width
about
one-ninth of
of the
length, while
is
M.
hectori
is
about one-seventh.
tibio-tarsus
approximately 0405
mm.
16 inches, and
distal
extremity about 0044
1-74
inches.
Type specimens Nos.
49989 and 49990, British Museum.

Habitat
locality
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand, and perhaps North Island.
(Type
Lake Wakatipa, Queenstown, Otago.)

in
Complete skeleton
the Tring
Museum.
Mr. Lydekker mentions also a right femur from the North Island, of
the same proportions as those of M. tenuipes and 0'255 m. (= 101 inches) long.
It
may
probably belong to a different form, as
we know M.
tenuipes otherwise
only from the Middle Island.
199
MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONII
(Plate
Diiwniis hutionii Owen, Ext. Birds, N.Z., Dinoniis
didiiiits
(owen).
41.)
p.
430 (1879).
p.
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI,
257 (1883).
I,
D. diiiiformis Haast, (non
Owen
1844) Trans. N.Z. Inst.
p.
83, Nos. 5
&
6 (1869).
Mesoptery.x didinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
XXIV,
p.
129 (1892).
THE
" In
synonymy
that
p.
of this
form
of
:
is
somewhat confused,
is
but
think
it
is
clear
huttonii
Owen
its
proper name.
Professor
Owen
bones
(Ext. B.
430) says
the collection
scarcely
differ,
from the
save
in
Glenmark Swamp, South

size,
Island,
are
that
from the dimensions (?w.r.) of the type
bones of Dinornis didiformis from the North Island.

large variety of that species."
They are noted as
of a
I
Captain Hutton remarks:

didiformis
"The bones
probably to
but
that
have arranged under

species.
the
well
name D.
belong
distinct,
new
The
tibia
I
is
marked and quite

it,
the
femur and
metatarsus, that
but
are
have associated with

D.
pass almost into D. casuarinus,

is
rather
smaller.
casuarinus
undoubtedly
good
species,
easily distinguished by its tibia."
Possibly the Dinornis of the South Island,
with the
tibia characteristic of
D. didiformis of the North Island,
may need
to be noted for the convenience of naming the bones as Dinornis huttonii.
When
identity
describing his D. didinus, Professor
Owen
failed to recognise its
with his previously named D. huttonii, doubtless owing to the leg This being the case,
it is
bones being hidden by the dry integument.

to reinstate the
necessary
name
huttonii, as
it
has four years' priority over didinus.
Captain Hutton says that a few bones of this form have been obtained
in
the North Island at Poverty
Bay and Te Aute
but
am
convinced he
is in
error and that these bones are aberrant individual bones of A. didiformis
is
and that M. huttonii

plate of
this
confined to the South or rather Middle Island.
The
the
species
has
been
reconstructed
by
of
Mr.
Lodge
from
mummified remains which form the type specimen

the feathers found
in
Didornis didinus, and
the alluvial
sands of the Clutha River.
The type
of
Dinornis didinus was found at Queenstown by Mr. Squires.

Habitat
:
Middle Island,
in
New
his
Zealand.
description
of
Mr. C.
W. Andrews,
my
complete
skeleton of
Megalapteryx tenuipes has shown that Owen's type specimens of his Dinornis
didinus are certainly
of a species of the
genus
Megalapteryx,
and closely
200
allied
to
M.
tentiipes.
Mr. Andrews,
however, throws
this
some
by
doubt
as
to
whether the
belong to
it.
pelvis
and femora, referred to
species
Hutton, really
A
preserved
complete
in
egg
which
consider
Its
must
be
of
this
species
:
is
the Tring Museum.
measurements are as follows

21-4 inches
Large circumference,
Small
,,
175
,,
= =
535 mm.
4375 mm.
egg was dredged up a
by
Dr.
This egg was dredged up on the Molyneux River, near Otago, during
gold dredging operations in 1901
;
a second
river,
perfect
few months before
in
the
same
and
was
referred
Benham
to Pachyornis ponderosus.
201
ANOMALOPTERYX
THE
with
a
slight
reichenbach.
and
slightly deflected
skull is
narrow and vaulted, with a
long, sharp
beak.
Breadth at the squamosals IJ times the height at basi-temporal,

has
small
which
a very
constricted
praemaxillary
ridge,
and
is
the
quadrate
pneumatic
of
foramen.
The mandible
V-shaped, with
inflection
is
the angle, and a distinct postarticular process.
The
symphysis
very narrow and pointed, with a long and narrow inferior ridge,
not expanding markedly at either extremity.
The sternum
is
longer, flatter
and narrower than
in
Dinornis, having no distinct xiphisternal notch, three
costal articulations, long and
narrow costal processes, slender

facets.
lateral processes
which are often elongated, and usually no coracoidal

wider and lower than
in Dinornis,
The
pelvis
is
with the lower border of the postacetabular
portion of the ilium descending as a sharp ridge

sacral
ribs,
much below
the level of the

is
and without any
distinct
pectineal
process.
hallux
present.
The
in
tibio-tarsus
and tarso-metatarsus are
relatively shorter
and
is
stouter than
Dinornis, the latter being shorter than the femur, which

relatively shorter than in Megalapteryx.
usually stouter
and
is
The length
of the tarso-metatarsus
less
than half that of the tibio-tarsus.

is
The femur, besides being

of Dinornis
usually
relatively shorter
readily distinguished from that
by
its
more
ill-
expanded extremities, the rather longer neck, and the much larger and
defined popliteal depression.
The vertebrae are
of the general type of those of Pachyornis, but the
anterior pneumatic foramen
commences
in
the third dorsal.
The phalangeals
Haast considered
are intermediate between those of Dinornis and Pachyornis.

that the coracoid
was aborted and
often absent in this genus, in Emeus, and

it
Pachyornis.
there
is
As
additional characters of the skull

supra-occipital protuberance,
;
may
be mentioned that
a prominent
and a depression on the
squamosal above the quadrate

the
basi-occipital
the par-occipital processes are pointed, and

slightly
processes
only
prominent
so that the posterior
profile of the basi-occipital is nearly straight.
The quadrate has a very short
anterior process.
All the species of
the genus are small, in fact parvus
is
the smallest
but one of the family.
Type
of the
genus
Anomaloptcryx didiformis (Owen).

:
Number
of species
4.
202
ANOMALOPTERYX DIDIFORMIS
Dinomis didiformis Owen, Trans.
Zool. Soc.
Ill,
(owen).
p.
242 (1844).
p.
Anomalopteryx didiformis Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

A. didiformis LydeUker, Cat. Fossil B. Brit. Mus.,
p. 275.
30 (1850).
THE
present form
is
confined to the
North Island.
Owen's type was
collected by the Revd.
Wm.
Williams, and
came from Poverty Bay.
Habitat
North
Island,
New
Zealand.
Portion of skeleton in Tring
Museum.
ANOMALOPTERYX PARVUS
Dinornis parvus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. XI, pp. 233-256,
pis.
(owen).
(1883).
LI-LVII
Anomalopteryx didiformis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.

A. parva Lydekker,
t.
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
123 (1892), part.
c, p. 278.
THIS
in
is in
small form
is
confined to the Middle Island.

in
The
type, a skeleton
almost complete condition, was dug up

is
a cave at Takaka, near

less perfect skeleton
Nelson, and
now
in
the British
Museum.
A much
my museum
Habitat
:
at Tring.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
ANOMALOPTERYX ANTIQUUS
"Avian Remains" Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
hutt.
XXllI,
Inst.
p.
369 (1891).
p.
Anomalopteryx antiqutis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
XXIV,
124 (1892).
ANTIQUUS was
named by Captain Hutton from the photographs
of bones
is
described by Dr. Forbes in the above-quoted article.
The evidence
it
very slight on which to found a species, but

for the
prefer to treat
as one,
bones were discovered
in
the Upper Miocene, a

in.
much
older stratum
than most remains of Dinomithidae occur

Locality
:
Timaru, Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
203
ANOMALOPTERYX FORTIS
Anoiitalopteryx fortis Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst.
hutt,
XXV,
p.
9 (1893).
HIS
I
is
the largest of the genus, and the type bones
came from Glenmark.
append comparative table of Measurements:

Tarso-metatarsus,
Tibio-tarsus.
Femur.
A. fortis A. didiformis
A. pan'us
....
80
6-3
6-3
inches.
175 133
137
inches.
98 80
8-5
inches.
Locality of
Type
Glenmark.
Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
205
CELA
SKULL
Occipital
l'6-I-7
REICHENBACH.
Breadth at the squamosals
convex, the temporal fossae very large.
times the height at the basi-temporal.
Length from the supra-
occipital to the nasals
rather less than the breadth at the squamosals.

supra-occipital.
condyle
hidden
by the
Ridge between temporal
fossae and supra-occipital narrow.

at
Beak
short, slightly
in
in
compressed and rounded
the
tip,
though
more pointed than
Anomalopteryx.
Lower mandible
Sternum
Costal
nearly straight and rather slighter than
Anomalopteryx, V-shaped.
;
with coracoid pits faintly indicated or absent
length less than breadth.
processes well developed, lateral processes diverging at different angles.

Pelvis broader in
proportion than
in
Dinornis, the acetabula set
more
forward.
Tarso-metatarsus shorter than the femur, and less than half the
Hallux present
in
length of the tibio-tarsus.

species of
some
species.
The
smallest
Moa
is
Cela curtus.
:
Type
of the genus
Cela curtus.
5.
Number
of species
CELA CURTUS
Dinornis curtus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill,
(OWEN).
p.
325 (1846).
Cela curtus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.

Cela curia Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
p.
30 (1850).
pi.
XXIX,
p.
550,
XLVII,
Fig. B.
THIS
at
and the following are the two smallest species of Moa, having been
It
about the size of a large turkey.
also
is
the most abundant species

in
Whangarei, and appears to have been most common
the
North
of the Island.
The type
:
is
from Poverty Bay.
Habitat
North Island,
New
Zealand.
206
CELA OWENI
Diitornis oweni Haast, Trans. Zool Soc. XII,
(HAAST).
XXXI, XXXII
(1886).
p. 171, pi. p.
Cela curtus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.,
XXIV,
127 (1892), portion.
DR.
referring
VON HAAST
(Sir
Julius von
Haast) took as his type of Dinornis

in
oweni the almost complete skeleton collected by Mr. Cheeseman
a cave at Patana, Whangarei, and
now
in
the Auckland
Museum.
Haast
While
I
my
readers to the original diagnosis for
the specific characters,
wish to specially draw attention to the fact that Dr. von

in
says that
the collections he examined,
made by Mr. Thorne and Mr. Cheeseman,

and the only difference was the
I
there are bones belonging to at least 20 skeletons of his D. oweni, and that
some were even smaller than the

constant
type,
sex.
average
difference
due to
this
draw
special
notice to this,
as
is
Captain
Hutton
has united
of
form with curtus, saying Haast's type

species.
only a small
individual
that
The
fact of
bones of at least 20
different individuals,
showing the same characters and the same differences
from curtus,
is
quite sufficient evidence for

I
me
to consider Dr.
von Haast's
D. oweni as a distinct species.

the types of
append measurements of the leg bones of
Cela curtus and C. oweni
Tibio-tarsus.
Tarso-meta tarsus.
Femur.
Cela curtus
Cela oweni
50
4-4
inches
11-25 inches
9-6
565
6-5
inches
Locality
Whangarei. North
Island,
Habitat
New
Zealand.
CELA GERANOIDES
Palapteryx geranoides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill,
p.
(owen).
345 (1848)
Cela geranoides Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIV,
p.
126 (1892).
HIS
species
is
confined to the
It is
North
Island.
in
The type came from

the South of the Island.
Waingongoro.
Habitat
:
most commonly found
North
Island,
New
Zealand.
207
CELA RHEIDES
Dinornis rheides Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV,
Syornis rheides Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
p.
(OWEN).
8 (1850
p.
^partim).
XXIV,
131 (1892).
THIS
is
a very
difficult
form to
consider, as the type
bones consisted
of those of three different forms.
Whether Professor Owen, were he

Hutton's
now
alive,
would
I
concur
if it
in
Captain
treatment
is
very
questionable, and
doubt
it
ought not to be
I
united to
it
Emeus
crassus,
while Haast united
to P. gravis.
have kept
it
separate as no bones of
a
if
single individual united are
known, and
obtained.
might prove sufficiently distinct

type
in
good
skeleton
were
The
bones
1849.
were
sent
from
Waikawaite, Middle Island, by Colonel Wakefield,

Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
CELA CASUARINUS
Dinornis casuarinus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill, p.
(OWEN).
307 (1846).
p.
Syornis casuarinus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog,
XXX
(1850).
Meionornis casuarinus Haast, Trans. N.Z.

Syornis casuarinus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.,
VII, pp. 54-91 (1875).

p.
Inst.,
XXIV,
133 (1892).
/^ CASUARINUS
Island.
is
found
in
both Islands, and
is
abundant
in
the Middle
The type came from Waikowaiti.

Habitat
:
New
Zealand.
skeletons in Tring
Portions of one skeleton and two almost complete
Museum
one of the
latter
from Kapua Swamps.
209
EMEUS
REICHENBACH.
The
THE
skull
is
very short and wide, with a blunt and slightly deflected
rostrum, and a very small pneumatic foramen to the quadrate.
mandible
is
in
the shape of a wide U. with a slightly inflected angle,
and a large post-articular process.
The symphysis
is
very wide and deeply
excavated, with a broad and slightly prominent inferior ridge narrowing in

front.
The sternum resembles
that of Anomalopteryx
but the pelvis
is
much
wider and approaches that of Pachyornis.

are relatively shorter and thicker than
in
in
The
tibio-tarsus
and tarso-metatarsus
Anomalopteryx, but less stout than

is
Pachyornis
is
the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus
not inflected.
hallux
present.
The length
of
the tarso-metatarsus
is
considerably less
its
than that of the femur, and than half that of the tibio-tarsus,
middle of the shaft being rather more than one-fourth of
its
width at the
length.
The vertebrae are
of the type of Anomalopteryx.
The species are larger
than most of those of Cela and Anomalopteryx.
Additional cranial characters

;
are that the skull usually has very broad and blunt paroccipital processes
there
is
no distinct supraoccipital prominence, and no well-marked depression
upon the frontal aspect of the squamosal above the head of the quadrate.
basi-occipital tubercles are prominent,
this bone.
The
to
and give an arched posterior

;
profile
The quadrate
is
elongated with a long anterior bar

is
the cavity
of the squamosal for the reception of its head
inclined
much more outwardly
than
in either of
the other genera.

:
Type
of genus
Emeus
:
crassus (Owen).
Number
of species
6.
EMEUS CRASSUS
Diiioniis crassus
(OWEN).
partim).
(1850).
Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.
Ill, p.
307 (1846
p. p.
Emeus
crassus Reichenbach, Nat. Syst. der Vog.,

Inst.
XXX
Syoniis crassus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
XXIV,
132 (1892).
THIS
species
has
led
to
much
the
confusion,
owing to
Professor
Owen
having associated with
real
portions of crassus in his possession

struthioides.
bones of elephantopus, ponderosus and
The type came
from Waikouaiti.
Habitat
:
Middle Island,
in
New
Zealand.
Imperfect skeleton
Tring Museum.
210
EMEUS BOOTH
Emeus, Species A, Parker, Trans.
Zool. Soc. XIII,
p.
nom. nov.
pi.
379 (1895),
XVI.
EASILY
distinguished by the shorter and narrower beak.

skull
Type specimen
the
Habitat
:
found by Mr. R. S. Booth at Stag
Point
now
in
Otago
University
Museum,
figured as above.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
EMEUS GRAVIPES
Emeus gravipes
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus.,
p. p.
lyd.
p.
298 (1891) Nos. A95, on
299, to
47444d, on
300.
p.
Dinornis gravis (portion) Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. VIII,
361 (1872).
Euryapteryx gravis Haast,
Ibis 1874, p. 213.
THE
Habitat
:
present
species
is
smaller than
wider.
E.
crassus
and has
the
;
tarso-
metatarsus
relatively
shaft,
Length,
2 inches.
198
mm. =
7-8 inches
width
at middle of
51
mm. =
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
EMEUS HAASTI
Emeus
Emeus
species B, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII
p.
NOM. NOV.
379 (1895).
p.
gravipes Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Birds Brit. Mus.
301 Nos. 32017, 32016, a-e and
c to
32044 e on
p.
307 (1891).
SIR
J.
VON HAAST
is
united this form with Dinornis gravis, and the skull

is
which
the type of E. haasti
put on a skeleton of D. gravis in the

of
this
Canterbury Museum.
The measurements
species
are
much
smaller than those of the other species.
Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
211
EMEUS PARKERI
Emeus
nom
nov.
species V, Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. XIII, p. 380 (1895).
THIS
Museum.
species
is
at
once distinguislied from the other species of the genus

orbits.
by having right-angled
The type
gravis,
is
a skull
from
in
Hamilton
the
Swamp, named Euryapteryx

Middle Island,
by
Prof.
Hutton,
Otago
Habitat
New
Zealand.
EMEUS
Euryapteryx
exilis
EXILIS
Ill,
pi.
(hutt
24 (1846), part.
p.
Dinornis didiformis Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc.

Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
XXIX,
552,
pi.
XLVIII,
Fig.
(1897).
DIFFERS
anterior
slight
from
E. crassus
in
the
tibia
being
more
convex on the
has a very
surface.
The
to
skull,
among
cranial
other differences,
roof,
frontal
in
rising
the
as
opposed to
is
the
very
conspicuous one
skeleton in the
the
remaining
species.
The type
a nearly complete
I.e.
Wanganui Museum.
North
Island,
For
full
description see Hutton,
Habitat
New
Zealand.
213
PACHYORNIS
LYDEKKER.
and narrow beak.
rounded,
THE The
closely.
skull
is
either vaulted or
flattened, with a sharp
paroccipital
processes are shorter
and
more
in
and
the
basi-occipital
tubercles
more prominent than

same bones
Anomalopieryx, while
the quadrate and mandible resemble the
in that
genus somewhat
The sternum
is
flat
and very broad and short, with no coracoidal

notch, broad and short costal processes, and
;
facets, a very small xiphisternal
widely divergent lateral processes
while there are only two costal articulations.
The
pelvis
is
extremely low and wide, with the anterior wall of the acetabulum
all
very deeply concave, the ventral surface of

sacrals
to
join
the vertebrae behind the true

ribs
narrow and convex, and from which the very broad sacral
the ilium, of which the inferior postacetabular border
far
is
ascend
very sharp,
and descends
the pubis.
the distal
below the
level of the ribs.

is
There
is
no pectineal process to
The
tibio-tarsus
very short, with the shaft curved outwards,
extremity markedly inflected, and the fibular ridge
much
shorter
than
in
the other genera.
The
fibular
border below the smooth space at

is
the distal extremity of the fibular ridge
extremely rough
and the
distal
extensor tubercle
is
very prominent, being situated partly on the
line of
the
upper half of the extensor groove, instead of being altogether external to

the same.
is
still
shorter and wider than
in
Emeus, the
width at the middle of the shaft being usually rather more than one third
of the length.
The
third trochlea is
more prominent than
in
the other genera,
and
rises very abruptly
from the
shaft, the outer border of the anterior surface
usually expanding suddenly at the proximal extremity, and the outer ridge of
this
surface
being
always more prominent than the inner, whereas
in
the
other genera the opposite condition obtains.

that of Dinornis,
is
The femur, as compared with
very
much
shorter and thicker, with a longer neck, and

considerably,
the head rising and
projecting very
distal
the
linea
aspera
mainly
forming a rough nodule near the
end of the
shaft, the outer surface of
the distal extremity more suddenly expanded,

larger,
and
the
popliteal
depression
more open, and leading
to the inner surface of
the shaft by a more
distinct channel.
The
profile of the inner condyle is
wider antero-posteriorly,
and more rounded, the anterior intertrochlear surface being deeply channelled.
The phalangeals
of
the
pes are
much
shorter
and
stouter than
in
Dinornis, the proximal surface of the terminal segments generally presenting
a trefoil-shaped contour.
The length
of the tarso-metatarsus
is
very
much
214
less than half that of the tibio-tarsus.
In the vertebral
column the cervicals

the
are short with very stout centra, the prezygopophyses in
middle region
channel.
being nearly horizontal and separated from one another by a wide
The
posterior face of the centra
is
tall
and narrow, and the neural spines of

In the dorsals there
(or
is
the last two vertebrae
much
inclined forward.
till
usually
no anterior pneumatic foramen
the
fourth
the last with a distinct
haemal
of the
carina), this
rib-facet.
foramen being situated on the

third
line of the anterior
border
The
and fourth dorsals are extremely compressed.
Throughout the series also the neural spines and transverse processes are
comparatively long.
Additional characters of the skull are that the sphenoidal
in
rostrum
is
expanded
a lance-like
shape at the anterior extremity,
in
manner
unlike that of any of the other genera.
Then the
supraoccipital
never has a veiy strongly developed median
prominence, and the temporal fossae are comparatively short.
The mandible
may
be readily distinguished
from that of the other genera by the low position
of the inner aperture of the dental canal,

join the small lateral vacuity.
which pierces the bone obliquely to
Type
of the
genus
Pachyornis elephanfopus (Owen).

:
Number
of species
8.
PACHYORNIS ELEPHANTOPUS
Dinornis elephantopus Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IV,
Palapteryx elephantopus Haast,
Ibis,
p.
(owen).
149 (1853).
Ser. 3, vol.
IV, p.
212 (1874).
p.
Euryapteryx elephantopus Hutton, Trans. X.Z.
Inst.
XXIV,
135 (1892).
UNTIL
of
all
Mr.
Lydekker described Pachyornis immanis, and Mr. Andrews

titan,
Aepyornis
this
was undoubtedly the most bulky and ponderous

and
living.
known
Ratitae, extinct
Type
Awamoa, near Oamanu.

Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
in
Zealand.
the
Two
Swamps.
imperfect
skeletons
Tring
Museum
one
from
Kapua
215
PACHYORNIS IMMANIS
Pachyornis iinmaiiis LydekUer, Cat. Foss. Birds
Brit.
lyd.
Mus.,
p.
343 (i8gi).
THIS
all
is
the most bulky and largest

Its
member
parallel
of
the
genus,
is
and also of
philipi
Dinornithidae.
living
to-day
Casuarius
Rothschild, which, though by no

is
means the
tallest species of Casuarius,
the
most
is
bulky,
and
has
the
shortest
and
stoutest
legs
the
tarso-
metatarsus
specially short
and
stout.
The type tarso-metatarsus measures

width
(shaft)
228
the
mm. =
type
9-9
inches,
and
in
84
mm. = 33
239
inches,
while
tarso-metatarsus
of
elephantoptis
measures
mm. =
9"4
inches
in
and
65
mm. =
2'55
inches.
The
skull is
much more depressed than
elephantopus and with deeper
temporal fossae and a shorter post orbital region.
Type
No. A168 British Museum.

:
Habitat
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS ROTHSCHILDI
Pachyornis rothschildi Lydekker, P.Z.
S.
lyd.
1S91, pp. 479-482,
pi.
XXXVIII.
THE
bones
in
the Tring
Museum, which form
the
is
type of this species,
unfortunately have no history and their locality
unknown.
It
differs
from the other species of the genus by the slenderer proportions of the
tibio-tarsus,
which
is
22 inches long by
29
inches distal width, as opposed to
24 inches by
nearest
42
in
elephantopus and 20 inches by

10'6 as opposed to
35
in
ponderosus, the two

in
in size.
Femur: length
125 inches
elephantopus.
216
PACHYORNIS PONDEROSUS
Euryapteryx ponderosus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.,
p.
(hutt)
137 (1892).
THIS
24 to 21-1
species
is
slightly smaller than P. elephantopus, the tarso-metatarsus
varying from
elephantopus
;
825
to 8-0 inches, as
opposed to
from
18'6,
94
to
9-25 in
the tibio-tarsus varies from

10,
18'5 to
as opposed to
femur,
skull
as opposed to 13 to 11-8.
The
of
can be distinguished by
the
processes at the hinder angles
the
basi-sphenoid,
in
which are
higher and
rounder
Hamilton.
in
ponderosus,
flatter
and more elongated

Habitat
:
elephantopus.
Type
Middle Island,
in
New
Zealand.
in
Cast of egg
Tring Museum, taken from specimen
Otago Museum,
from
dredged up
in
1901 in the
Molyneux River,
also
incomplete skeleton
Kapua Swamps.
PACHYORNIS INHABILIS
Pachyornis inhabilis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
hutt.
XXV,
p.
11
(1893).
DIFFERS
distal
from ponderosus by having the great inward expansion at the
end
of
the
tibio-tarsus.
This
expansion has
induced
some
ornithologists to separate the species of Pachyornis into
two genera
sufficient
Euryapteryx and Pachyornis
but
do not think this expansion of
importance to warrant generic separation.

Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS VALGUS
Euryapteryx valgus Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
(hutt.)
XXV,
p.
12 (1893).
THIS
3-5 inches
species
is
at
once distinguishable from
all
others by the extraordinary
internal
expansion of the distal end of the tibio-tarsus.

is
The
tarso-
metatarsus
8-5 inches
= 216
to
mm.
in
length and the proximal width

crassus except in the
= 89
mm., and does not

width,
differ
much from
with
great
proximal
necessary
articulate
the
distal
internal
expansion described above.
The type came from

Habitat
:
Enfield in
New
Zealand.
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
217
PACHYORNIS PYGMAEUS
Etiryapterxy pygmaetis Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
(hutt.)
XXIV,
p.
739 (1892).
AS
implied
by
its
name,
this
is
the smallest species of Pachyornis, the
tarso-metatarsus only measuring 6 inches in length.
The type came
from Takaka.
Habitat
:
Middle Island,
New
Zealand.
PACHYORNIS COMPACTA
Euryapteryx compacta Hutton, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
(hutt)
XXV,
p.
11
(1893).
APPROACHES nearest to pygmaetis

pygmaeus.
in size,
but can be at once distinguished
by the distal extremity of the tibio-tarsus not being expanded inwards.
The tarso-metatarsus has the trochleae considerably more expanded than

in
Type from Enfield

Habitat
:
Middle
New Zealand. Island, New Zealand.

in
219
PALAEOCASUARIUS
FORBES founded DR.three as
distinct
this
forbes.
genus of Dinornithidae on remains of Moas of

regards femora collected by him at Manitoto.
sizes
Dr.
following
original
Forbes has kindly placed these bones at
my
I
disposal,
and the
Forbes'
summarises the results of

idea
my
examination.
find that Dr.

is
as to the distinctness of Palaeocasuarius
perfectly justified,
as not only are his characters of the tibio-tarsus, as opposed to those in the
other genera, correct, but the proportions between femur, tibio-tarsus and tarso-
metatarsus are quite different to those of other genera.

of the
give the proportions
three
bones
in
Palaeocasuarius elegans,
Megalapteryx tenuipes, and

allied
Pachyornis elephantopus, which are the three most nearly
genera
220
PALAEOCASUARIUS HAASTI
Palaeocasuarius haasti Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
XXIV,
p.
189 (1892).
FEMUR
length approximately
85
inches
width across head and great

:
trochanter
225
inches.
Tarso-metatarsus
length 7 inches
width
in
centre 115 inches, at distal end
275
inches.
Type from Manitoto

" This
in
Liverpool
Museum.
size,"
is
bird
exceeded
considerably the cassowary in

It
is
all
the
author
tells
us of this bird.
full
a pity that
Dr. Forbes did not insist on
the publication in
of his paper, as proper descriptions of all the twelve
new
species are wanting.
Habitat
New
Zealand.
PALAEOCASUARIUS VELOX
Palaeocasuarius velox Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
XXIV,
p.
189 (1892).
FEMUR:
in
length
95
inches; width across head and trochanter
275
inches,
across distal end

centre
25
inches.
Tarso-metatarsus
length 7 inches; width
15
inches, across distal
end 3 inches.
Type specimen from Manitoto

Habitat
:
in Liverpool
Museum.
New
Zealand.
PALAEOCASUARIUS ELEGANS
Palaeocasuarius elegans Forbes, Trans. N.Z.
Inst.
forbes.
XXIV,
p.
189 (1892).
FEMUR:
across
length 1075 inches; width across head and trochanter

distal
325
inches, inches,
end
34
inches.
Tarso-metatarsus
length
inches.
78
width over centre 175, over distal end about
33
Type specimen from Manitoto

Habitat
:
in
the Liverpool
Museum.
New
Zealand.
221
AEPYORNITHIDAE.
THE Madagascar
first
notice
of
we have from
large
scientific
man
of
the existence on
Struthious
birds
is
the description
by
Isidore
Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire of two eggs and a few osseous remains, in the
Annales
important
des
Sciences
naturelles
to
III,
Zoologie,
vol.
XIV
(1850).
These
Reunion,
objects
were sent
the
describer
by a colonist of
in
Monsieur de Malavois, but were obtained from the natives

by Captain
Madagascar
M. Abadie.
third
egg arrived
smashed.
The name given on
this evidence
was Aepyornis maximus.

Last and others, and
Since then some 40 eggs at least and a large number of odd bones
have been collected by Monsieur Grandidier, Messrs.
Dr. Forsyth Major, but only one practically complete, and one less complete
skeleton of a smaller species,
named Aepyornis
hildebrandti by Dr. Burckhardt.
A
these
large
number
of
species
has been diagnosed
on the evidence of
bones
and
eggs by Professor
Milne-Edwards, Mr.
Dawson Rowley
and Mr. Andrews, and a second genus, Mullerornis, established.
The following
is
the diagnosis of the family
AEPYORNITHIDAE.
Head
narrower.
pedunculate.
less
flattened
than
in
the
Dinornithidae,
much longer and
Brain case
much
greater in volume.
Occipital condyle strongly
Temporal fossae deep and narrow.

well
stout,
The basisphenoid has on The lower mandible

R/iea,
is
each
side
marked
pterygoidal
apophysis.
of
is
straight
and
recalling
somewhat that
but
the
maxillary
branches are higher and stouter.

hollowed out
to
in
The symphysis
long,
contracted,
and
the shape of a ladle.

It
is
The sternum presents many

plastron,
flattened,
affinities
that of
Apteryx.
thin
and much widened.
The
coracoidal
articular surfaces
similar to
those of Apteryx.
The Coraco-
scapulars are feeble, and have so faint an articular surface that the humerus
must have been rudimentary.

digit four,
Hallux absent, outer digit has
five,
the middle
and the inner
digit three phalanges.
There are three genera and twelve
species.
A
extremity
striking of
character
is
that in
is
the
genus
Aepyornis
the
distal
the
proximal
the
tarso-metatarsus
larger than
extremity, a
feature not found in the majority of other birds.
Monsieur Grandidier has expressly pointed out that Aepyornis had only
three toes,
I
cannot, therefore, understand

is
why
Messrs. Lydekker and Evans
both state that the hallux
present.
222
In
spite
of the
researches of Messrs. Grandidier, Last, and
Forsyth
Major and the large

bones
is
collections sent
home by them,
the
the number of Aepyornis

of
infinitesimal
compared with
in
vast
masses
bones
of
the
quite
Dinornithidae
prohibits us
contained
the
museums.
study of
too
This
paucity of
material
from making a
critical
if
the described species,
so that
we
are at present unable to say

I
many
or too few species have been

if
diagnosed.
am
inclined,
however, to think that
we
ever get complete
skeletons of the larger forms, Ae. grandidieri and Ae. cursor will prove to
be se.\es of one
species,
and also Ae.
titan
and Ae. viaxhnus.
For the
present, however, the
measurements are too
different to allow of their being
united without further investigation.
The three genera are as
follows
AEPYORNIS
Aepyornis Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.
Epioniis Geoffroy Saint Hilaire.
Epyoriiis Auct.
T.GEOFF.
MULLERORNIS
milneedwards & grandidier.
Mullerornis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier.
FLACOURTIA
Flacourtia Andrews.
Mullerornis Milne-Edwards and Grandidier
Andrews.
(part).
223
AEPYORNIS
CHARACTERS
Mullerornis
GEOFF.
family
;
same as those
of
the
but
in
opposition
to
the species are very heavy,
ponderous, and clumsy, the

Differs
bones being both actually and comparatively much stouter.
from Flacourtia
in
not having an ossified boney bridge

digit.
over lower end of
groove for adductor of outer
Type
Aepyornis jnaximus Geoff.

of species
:
Number
9.
AEPYORNIS TITAN
Aepyornis titan Andrews, Geol. Mag. 1895,
p.
andr
303.
THIS
is
appears to be the largest species of the genus, though Ae. maximus

considerably
stouter.
In
the
original
description
of
Ae.
ingens,
however, the
Ae. titan
tibio-tarsi
referred to
that species are really those of
Smallest Femur.
Length
about....
....
430
Circumference, narrowest point
Width,
distal
end
....
Width
of shaft at narrowest part
Largest Femur.
Length
Circumference at narrowest point
Width,
distal
....
end
Distal part of tibio-tarsus.
Width
Width
at distal
end
of shaft at narrowest point

point.
Circumference of shaft at narrowest

Tarso-metatarsus.
Length
Width
Width Width
at proximal
at distal at
end
end
narrowest point of shaft

shaft..
Circumference at narrowest point of
224
The
skull, pelvis,
and most vertebrae, as well as the sternum of
this
form are unknown.

Habitat
:
S.
W. Madagascar.
tibia-tarsi
Three Femora, two tarsi-metatarsi, and two incomplete

in
are
the Tring
Museum,
collected by Last in the Antinosy country.

of
this
There are two eggs which are as follows

:
species at Tring,
the
measurements
of
No.
1,
Antinosy Country, Last.

.... .... ....
Large circumference
Small circumference
8625 mm.
631 5
....
....
....
No. 2 (traded).
Large circumference
Small circumference
....
....
....
883
763
mm.
,,
....
....
....
The egg mentioned by Mr. Lydekker

No. 41847
is,
in
Cat. Foss. Birds B.M., page 214,

I
judging from
its size,
undoubtedly an egg of this species, and

:
quote the measurements, as they are very large Largest circumference

Smallest circumference
....
....
....
921
mm.
,,
....
....
....
768
The egg purchased
in
1854
in
the Paris
....
Large circumference....
Small circumference
....
Museum measures 925 mm.

:
....
...
....
....
....
753
,,
In addition to these four eggs
which are undoubtedly of Ae.

:
titan,
there
are the following which

1
consider to belong to that species
Paris
Museum, Mr. Armange.
Hamburg.
Messrs. Gilford, Orange,
1
1
New
Jersey.
Rowley
collection.
These four eggs range from 900 mm.

and 770 mm.
to 736
to
8635 mm.
in large
circumference,
mm.
in
small circumference.
225
AEPYORNIS MAXIMUS
Aepyoniis maximus
I.
geoff.
3,
Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r
vol.
XIV,
p.
209 {1851).
Acpyornis ingeits Milne-Edwards
&
Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII, pp. 122-127 (1894).
THIS
Ae. the
is
the
stoutest
All
and
bulkiest
species,
though not
those of
I
so
tall
as
titan.
the largest eggs

It
next
to
Ae. titan
must
belong to this species.
will
be argued that
have no right to use

is
name maximus
eggs
in
for this form,
but the
name
of
maximus
based on one
to
this
of the
the
Paris
Museum, and as these
evidently belong
I
form and not to the form subsequently called maximus,

the
must apply
to that
name
of grandidieri, given by Mr.
Dawson Rowley
in
1867 to a portion
of eggshell of the lesser form.
The measurements
Total length
of the limbs are as follows
Femûr.
440 mm.
190
Width Width
.... end .... .... end Circumference at narrowest part of shaft
at proximal
at distal
200
265
Tibio-tarsus.
Total length
780
mm.

Width Width
at proximal
at distal
end end
Tarso-metatarsus.
180 160
Circumference at narrowest part of shaft

Total length
210
420
170 160
mm.
Width Width
.... .... .... end at distal end Circumference at narrowest part of shaft
at proximal
200
is
The
description of the foot in the diagnosis of the family

It
is
based on
the pes of this species.

British
true that the two mounted skeletons in the
and Tring Museums of Aepyornis hildebrandti show a larger number

;
of phalanges
it
but as neither
is
composed
of the bones of a single individual
is
more than
likely that the articulator
made a
mistake.
:
The dimensions
of the type
egg are as follows

....
Large diameter
Small diameter Small circumference
Habitat:
S.
.... .... ....
340
225
mm.
,,
Large circumference
....
....
....
850 710
....
....
....
,,
W. Madagascar.
this
There are about 16 eggs known of

to 816
form, varying from 854
mm.
small
mm.
in
large circumference, and from 743
mm.
to 715
mm.
in
circumference.
226
AEPYORNIS GRANDIDIERI
Aepyoniis Maximtis Auct. Aepyornis grandidieri Rowley, P.Z.S. 1867,
p.
rowley.
892.
THIS
"
is
the form which
nearly
all
the
bones, referred erroneously to

original description of
Geoffroy's Ae. maxunus, belong.
The
Dawson
:
Rowley was founded on a piece
of eggshell,
and
is
as follows
The
granulation
is
in
a marked degree different from that of the other

in
pieces.
The
tail
air
pores which
the other specimens appear like a comet

tail
;
with a
are here only small indentations without any

is
the shell also
is
only half the thickness,

the
difference
all
is
much
finer,
and presents an aspect so diverse that

observer,
detected
by the most careless
even when the
pieces are
birds,
mixed.
These fragments belonged to the egg of much smaller

which required
less
the embryo of
strength
in
the shell.
Yet the
colour, quality and locality of that shell
clearly point to a bird of the
same
family as Aepyoniis niaximus
in short,
a smaller and more delicate Aepyornis.
For
this species
propose the name of Aepyoniis grandidieri."

of bones of the hind limb are as follows
:
The measurements
Length
Femur.
320
at distal
mm.
Width
end
Tibio tarsus.
190
Length
640
mm.
There are
at Tring
two eggs
No.
of this species.
1,
traded.
Length
2830 mm.
2150
....
Width
Large circumference
Small circumference
No. 2 Ambondo,
....
....
,,
7775
....
....
....
6700
,,
Ambovombe
in
....
the district of Fort Dauphin.

....
Large circumference
Small circumference
....
775
mm.
....
....
....
6625
There are recorded of these eggs, besides the two mentioned above,
eight further
specimens,
varying
to 654
from
810
mm.
to
771-5
mm.
in
large
circumference, and 686
mm.
mm.
in small
circumference.
In addition to these there are in various collections about eight or nine
eggs whose species
is
doubtful.
227
AEPYORNIS CURSOR
Aepyornis cursor Milne-Edwards
m.-e.& grand.
p.
&
Grandidier, C.R. CXVIII,
124 (1894).
RIGINAL
description
as
follows:
auct.,
Ae.
cursor
is
almost
but
is
as large as
Ae. grandidier i
= maximus
nee. Geoff roy,

....
....
more
slender.
Length of tarso-metatarsus
380
140 120 155
mm.
Width
Width
Width
Habitat
:
at proximal at distal
end
end
Circumference of shaft
of shaft
65
Madagascar.
AEPYORNIS MEDIUS
Aepyornis medius Milne-Edwards
(1869).
m.-e.
Sci.
& grand.
p.
& &
Grandidier, Ann.
Nat. ser. V, vol. XII,
179
Aepyornis medius Milne- Edwards

(1866-73), P- 97> "ote
2.
Grandidier,
Rech. Faune. Orn. Et. Masc.
& Mad.
THIS
form
was founded on a femur found

and
is
at
Amboulitsate
presents
the
in
W.
Madagascar,
described
as
follows:
"It
to
same
but to
in
general characters, and
evidently
will
call
belongs
an
Aepyornis,
a different species, which

question
is
we
Aepyornis
its
medius.
The femur
but
not
only
distinguished
;
by
lesser
proportions
by
the
narrower external face of the bone
which
variation results in causing the
whole area between the trochanter and the base of the femoral neck to be
much
less
depressed.
The intermuscular
line,
which
marks
is
the
insertion
surface of the deep portion of the femoral triceps muscle,
hardly indicated,
posterior side
is
whereas
also
it
is
very pronounced
in
the larger femur.
The
more rounded, and the distance which separates the

is
popliteal depression
from the proximal extremity

is,
larger;
the shape of this large depression
however, the same as

it
in
the larger femur, and although
the articular
surfaces above
do show some differences,
we know
that these characters
are not very reliable as they are subject to individual variations.
Circumference of shaft 215 mm."

Habitat:
West Madagascar.
228
AEPYORNIS HILDEBRANDTI
Aepyornis hildcbrandti Burckhardt,
Pal.
burckh.
Abh. (VI)
II,
p.
127 (1893).
MUST
I
and
refer
my
I,
readers to Dr. Burckhardt's description, as

to
it
is
it
too long
is
too
technical
be
reproduced
here,
especially
as
not
comparative.
however, give here some of his measurements:

Tibio-tarsus.
229
AEPYORNIS MULLERI me
Aepyornis mulleri Milne-Edwards
& grand.
&
Grandidier, C.R. CXVII, pp. 124-125 (1894).
THE
is
commences: "The new
species which
shall
we owe
to
the researches of M. G. MuUer, and which

smaller.
we
name Ae.
mulleri,
Nevertheless,
it
is
superior in
size
to
Ae. hildebrandti,
described by M. Burckhardt, which also
came from
Antsirabe.
We
possess
the almost complete skeleton of this bird, the skull, mandible, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum, a part of the pelvis, the leg bones, and a few phalanges of the pes;
so that
we can now
exactly define the position and affinities of the genus

of the
family,
Aepyornis."
before.
Then follows the diagnosis
which
have given
Habitat
Central Madagascar.
AEPYORNIS MODESTUS
Aepyornis modestus Milne-Edwards
me.
(5)
& grand.
XII,
p.
&
Grandidier, Ann. Sci. Nat.
189 (1869).
MESSRS.
MILNE-EDWARDS & GRANDIDIER

is
state at pages 180-181
that the bone (a portion of a femur) which
the type of the above

in
name, had a shaft-circumference of 120 mm., while

circumference was 215 mm., and
Geoffroy),
it
Ae. medius this

nee.
in
Ae. grandidieri (= triaximus auct.
was 270 mm.

locality
:
Type
Amboulitsate,
in
West Madagascar.
231
MULLERORNIS
BIRDS
of
MILNE-EDWARDS & grandidier.

having the
to
medium
size,
not
heavy and
massive
the
build
of
Aepyornis.
They appear
resemble
more
closely
Casuaridae.
Known only from Number of species 2.

:
leg bones.
MULLERORNIS BETSILEI
Miillerornis
betsilei
milne-edw.& grand.
p.
Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII,
125 (1894).
ORIGINAL
section
description
is
as
follows:
"The
leg
bones
are
slender,
the
tarso-metatarsus
not enlarged as in the

shaft
preceding genus, and the

isosceles
triangle.
through
the
shows almost an
Droniaius.
.... ....
The
bone
itself
having more the proportion of

....
"
Length of tibio-tarsus
....
390
mm.
Circumference of tibio-tarsus
Width Width
Width
of tibio-tarsus of proximal of distal
end
end
Length of tarso-metatarsus
Circumference of tarso-metatarsus..
Width Width
of shaft of tarso-metatarsus of
proximal end
betsilei
" Mullerornis
inhabited the
same area
as Ae. mulleri but
was
much
rarer."
(Translated.)
:
Habitat
Central Madagascar.
232
MULLERORNIS AGILIS
Mulleromis
agilis
milne-edw. & grand.

pp. 125-126 (1894).
Milne-Bdwards and Grandidier, Compt. Rend., CXVIII,
ORIGINAL
Coast
;
description as follows:
"
M.
agilis inhabited the

tibia,
South-west
remarkable
we
only possess, of this species, one

in
which
is
for the
manner
marked.
which the intermuscular bony ridges and the tendonexterior
grooves
are
The
border of
the
bone
above the
lower
articular surface has developed into a very

"
pronounced
crista."
(Translated.)
440 mm.
97 34 65
75
Width
of tibio-tarsus
at proximal at distal
:
....
Width Width
Habitat
end
end
South-west Madagascar.
233
FLACOURTIA
DIFFERS
in
Andrews.
from Mullerornis
in
having a completely ossified bony bridge

digit,
over the lower end of the groove for the adductor of the outer
the tarso-metatarsus.
:
Number
of species
1.
FLACOURTIA RUDIS
Mullerornis
rtidis
(milneedw. & grand.)

p.
Milne- Edwards
&
Grandidier, Compt. Rend. CXVIII,

II,
126 (1894).
Flacourtia rudis Andrews, Nov. Zool.
p.
25 (1895).
ORIGINAL description as follows "The third species M. rudis (=

:
F. rudis) Coast.
was discovered by M. Greve

The
massive.
in
the fossiliferous beds of the
West
but
is
tibio-tarsus is of about the

is
same length as
in
M.
betsilei,
more
remarkable on account of the great enlargedigital articular

is
ment
of the distal extremity,
and of which the
attachments are
a bony opening
is
extremely large.
Between the middle and outer ones there

the outer
digit,
for the passage of the adductor muscle of
which passage
not present
in
Aepyornis (or Mullerornis, w.r.)."

.... ....
(Translation.)
....
400
100
mm.
,,
....
....
Width Width
Habitat
:
of tibio-tarsus of distal
35 75
end
West Madagascar.
235
DROMAIUS PERONI
(Plate
Casoar de
(1807).
nom
nov.
40.)
la Nouvelle
HoUande
P^ron, Relat. Voy. Terr.
Austr.
p.
467,
pi.
XXXVI
Droinoitis ater Vieillot, Gal. des Ois,
pi.
226 (not
text).
Dromaeiis ater Blyth,
Ibis 1862, p. 93.
IT
is
most unfortunate that the larger number of authors have neglected
to go carefully into the
synonymy
of this bird 81
if
they had done so

to
it
would
appropriate
Vieillot,
not
have
of
been
aier,
necessary, after
years,
reject
the very
Island.
name
the
and
to
rename the
Emu
of
Kangaroo
X,
to
in
Nouveau
that
his
Dictionnaire
D'Histoire
Naturelle
page
212,
distinctly
states
Dromaius
ater
was a name given
Latham's
Isle
Casuarius novaehollatidiae, and makes no mention of P^ron or of the

Decres.
The
figures
in
Peron's work of the adult male and female are not
good, but those of the young and nestlings appear to
me
to be very accurate,
and the plate
in
the Galerie des Oiseaux
is
quite excellent.
in
The
latter
and
my own
life
are taken
from the type
specimen
the
Paris
Museum, while
the plate in
Peron was done by Lessieur from a series of sketches from

himself on
made by
Plantes.
skin
Decres Island and
in the
menagerie of the Jardin

extinct species are the
des
The only known specimens

and skeleton
in
of
this
mounted
All these
Paris and the skeleton in the Florence
Museum.
are
what remain
of
the three
living
birds
brought to Paris by
Peron, and no other authentic specimens exist anywhere.
There
of the
is
in
the
size
Museum
at
Liverpool a full-grown, though immature but owing to

its
Emu
it
same
as Dromaius peronii,
proportionally longer legs and
very
scanty plumage
it
is
not absolutely safe to identify

I
as a second
mounted
specimen of D. peronii.
Description
of
will
recur to this lower down.

(ex
adult
male
Cat.
Birds
Brit.
Mus.)
of the
Similar
to
D. novaehollatidiae, but
black
;
much
smaller,
and with feathers
neck entirely
feathers of the
body brown fulvous, with the apical half very dark
blackish
blue.
brown
bill
and feet blackish, naked skin of the sides of the neck
Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 1140, culmen 2-36.
Immature
longitudinal
Island, also
in first
plumage entirely sooty

rufous brown.
In
black.
Nestling whitish with
bands
of
addition
to
Decres or Kangaroo
Flinders,
King
Islands,
and Tasmania had
Emus
living
on them
236
at the time of Peron's

localities
visit,
and
believe,
if
authentic specimens from these
were
in
existence
we
should find that each of these islands had had
a distinct species or race of Emus.

into account that
it
Taking
this for granted,
and also taking

I
is
slightly different
from the type of D. peronii,

is
have
come
from
to the conclusion that the Liverpool specimen
an immature, though
but
it
full-grown individual from one of these other islands;

this
is
not possible
one rather poor specimen to separate

there
is
it
from the Kangaroo Island
species, especially as
absolutely no
indication of the origin of this
specimen.
Habitat
Island of Decres or
Kangaroo
Island.
in
One
in
stuffed specimen (Type)
and one skeleton
Paris,
one skeleton
Also
Florence, and one stuffed specimen in Liverpool (an species diversa?).

in
some leg-bones
Adelaide, Australia.
Dr. H. O. Forbes,
who
kindly lent
me
the last-named specimen,
was
the
first
to
point out
the differences of this bird

distinct
from D. novaehollandiae.
It is
certainly totally
from birds of similar age of either D. novae-
hollandiae or D.
n. irroraius.
237
DROMAIUS MINOR
Dromaeus minor Baldwin Spencer,
(spencer).
Vict. Nat. XXIII, p. 140 (1906).
AS
the
I
Mr. Bernard H. Woodward, of Perth, West Australia, was organising an

expedition
to
Kangaroo,
Flinders,
and King
Islands
I
(December,
1906), to
first
hunt for
Emu
I
remains on these islands,

sure would be two
had hoped to be
to describe
what
felt
new
19
species of Dromaius.
have, however, been forestalled by Professor Baldwin Spencer in the case
of
King
Island,
whence a
collection
of
17 femurs,
tibio-tarsi,
28 tarso-
metatarsi, and portions of 8 pelves,
made by Messrs.
"
Alex.
Morton and R. M.
Johnston, T.S.O., formed the material for the description of a
new
species.
The diagnosis
mihi).
is
as follows
slightly
Smaller
than
D.
ater
in
(= D.
peronii
length.
Tibia
not
or
only
exceeding 330
mm.
greatest
Pelvis,
Tarso-metatarsus not exceeding 280

not or only slightly exceeding 280
mm.
in
greatest length.
length
mm."
Comparative
D. minor was a smaller but stouter bird than D. peronii.
dimensions
239
INDEX.
PAGE
PAGE
Aechmorhynchus
Aepyornis
Aepyornithidae
Aestrelata
agilis
....
....
119
australis (Mergus)
australis (Miro)
....
XI
....
....
223
221
XI IX
231
benedeni (Anas)
betsilei
....
....
....
157
(MuUerornis)
(MuUerornis)
232
144
bifrons (Metapteryx)
X
109
131
alba (Notornis)
Biziura
alba (Porphyrio)
albicilla
143
bonasia (Aphanapteryx)
boothi (Emeus)
(Clitonyx)
XI
210
....
....
albifacies (Sceloglaux)
XI
XI
153
borbonica (Emberiza)
albifrons (Miro)
Alca....
borbonica (Pezophaps)
borbonica (Phedina)
....
....
175
....
....
XI
3 62
Alectroenas
....
163
borbonicus (Fregilupus)
....
"
....
Alopochen
....
X
83
192
57
borbonicus (Necropsittacus)
borbonicus (Palaeornis)
....
alphonsi (Astur)
altus (Dinornis)
....
67
borbonicus (Trochocercus)
bouquet! (Amazona)
....
....
XI
XII
21
Amazona
americana (Meleagris)
americanus (Siphonorhis)
....
XII
43
103
Bowdleria
brachyurus (Rhamphocinclus)
....
XI
Anas
....
Branta
....
....
....
....
X
181
131
angustipluma (Chaetoptila)
29
41
brewsteri (Tympanuchus)
broeckii (Aphanapteryx)
....
....
anna (Ciridops)
Anomalopteryx
antiquus (Anomalopteryx)
....
201
bruante (Foudia)
....
....
....
7 71
202
1
Bubo
Cabalus
caeruleus (Anadorhynchus)
calcitrans (Cnemiornis)
....
antipodum (Palaeocorax)
127
....
Aphanapteryx
apicalis
131
54 97
(Moho)
27
145
147
....
Apterornis
californianus (Pseudogryphus)
....
XII
105
167
Aptornis
Camptolaimus
....
....
....
Ara
....
51
111
canadensis (Columba)
cancellata (Aechmorhynchus)
....
Ardea
Astur
ater (Dromaeus)
119
83
capensis (Upupa)
....
....
....
235
75
Carbo
carribbaea (Aestrelata)
carolinensis (Conurus)
87
157
Athene
aucklandica (Nesonetta)
XI
XII
XII
....
....
augusta (Amazona)
Casuarius
....
....
240
INDEX
241
PAGE
Foudia
forsteri
fortis
XI
(Cyanorhamphus)
....
....
Hemiphaga
....
161
131
69
herberti (Didus)
(Anomalopteryx)
....
203
163
Heterorhynchus
hildebrandti (Aepyornis)
...
35 228
142 199 123
....
franciae (Columba)....
....
....
francicus (Necropsittacus)
....
62
3
hochstetteri (Notornis)
huttonii (Megalapteryx)
Fregilupus
fuscatus
....
....
....
....
(Psittacus)
....
70
7
Hypotaenidia
hypsibata (Branta)
fusco-fulvus (Nesacanthis)
gallinacea (Progura)
....
IX
215
153
131
....
X
121
immanis (Pachyornis)
impennis (Alca)
imperialis (Aphanapteryx)...
Gallinago
gigantea (Leguatia) giganteus (Dinornis)

genibarbis (Myadestes)
....
....
151
....
....
193
ineptus (Didus)
172
....
XI
II,
ingens (Dinornis)
193
Geospiza
geranoides (Cela)
gossei (Ara)
....
12
inhabilis (Pachyornis)
216
129
206
.... .... ....
insignis
(Ocydromus)
....
52
insularis (Xenicus)
23
gracilipes (Dromaius)
gracilis (Cnemiornis)
gracilis (Dinornis)
....
....
....
X
98
194
Ixocincla
XI
...
....
....
jamaicensis (Aestrelata)
labati (Conurus)
157
....
....
59
105
grandidieri (Aepyornis)
226
.... ....
labradoria (Camptolaimus)
lanaiensis (Hemignathus)
lautouri (Biziura)
leguati (Bubo) leguati (Erythromachus) leguati (Necropsar)....
..
gravipes (Emeus)
....
210
...
XII
109
71
Grus
guadaloupensis (Ara)
guildingi
....
....
X
54
....
(Amazona)
....
....
XII
135
gutturalis (Cinclocerthia)
haasti
XI
210
.... ....
6
151
(Emeus)
Leguatia
lentus (Aepyornis)
....
haasti (Palaeocasuarius)
220
228 30
..,
habroptilus (Stringops)
haesitata (Aestrelata)
....
....
XII
159
leucopogon (Strigiceps)
leucoptera (Prosobonia)
118
hamiltoni (Circus)
....
....
....
81
Lithophaps
....
X
49
hamiltoni (Megalapteryx)
....
....
197
Lophopsittacus
Harpagornis
....
....
....
85
Loxops
lucidus (Heterorhynchus)
lyalli
..
39 35
23
harrisi (Phalacrocorax)
....
....
XII
159 133 197
hasitata (Aestrelata)
....
(Traversia)
hawkinsi (Diaphoraptery.x)
hectori (Megalapteryx)
....
....
lydeUkeri (Casuarius)
....
lydekkeri (Prociconia)
Hemignathus
....
....
....
33
mackintosh! (Porphyrio)
..
X X X
242
INDEX
macroura (Ectopistes)
....
....
167
Moho
Monarcha
.... .... .... ....
27
madagascariensis (Mascarinus)
....
64
3,
XI
85
1
madagascariensis (Upupa)
magnirostris (Geospiza)
....
....
4
11
moorei (Harpagornis)
....
....
....
moriorum (Palaeocorax)
mulleri (Aepyornis)....
....
....
major (Carbo)
majori (Centrornis)
mantelli (Notornis)
....
....
....
88 95
141
....
....
229
....
....
moUeri (Hypotaenidia)
XI
231
MuUerornis
martinicana (Amazona)
martinicus (Ara)
.... ....
57
....
murina (Pyrrhula)
murivora (Athene)
murivora
(Strix)
XII
75
53 63
Mascarinus
mascarinus (Mascarinus)
mauritiana (Ardea)
....
75
89
.... .... ....
....
....
64
115
nanus (Plotus)
nazarenus (Didus)
....
....
177
5
61
mauritianus (Lophopsittacus)
mauritianus (Sarcidiornis)....
....
49
101
Necropsar
....
....
....
....
....
Necropsittacus
....
....
....
maximus (Aepyornis) maximus

(Dinornis)
....
....
....
225
192
Nesoenas
Nesolimnas
Nestor
.... .... .... ....
165
....
....
125
mayeri (Nesoenas)
....
....
165
....
....
....
....
45
medius (Aepyornis)
227
Ill
....
newelli (Puffinus)
XI
....
megacephala (Ardea)
Megalapteryx
....
newtoni (Foudia)
....
....
XI
....
195
newtoni (Genyornis)
X
....
melanocephala (Anthornis)
melitensis (Columba)
melitensis (Grus) melitensis (Strix) melitensis (Vultur)
....
.... ....
....
XII
newtoni (Palaeolimnas) newtoni (Strix)

nigra (Pomarea)
....
149,
150
....
X X
IX
IX
79
....
....
13
...
nitidissima (Alectroenas)
nobilis (Palaeopelargus)
163
....
....
....
X
47
141
....
Metapteryx
meyeri (Columba)
Microtribonyx
....
X
....
....
norfolcensis (Nestor)
165
Notornis
....
....
....
X
167
137
novaezealandiae (Cereopsis)
novaezealandiae (Coturnix)
novaezealandiae (Dinornis)
99
183
194
migratoria (Ectopistes)
millsi
....
(Pennula)
....
....
....
....
minor (Cnemiornis) minor (Dromaius)
....
....
98
novaezealandiae (Psittacus) novaezealandiae (Thinornis)

oahensis (Phaeornis)
....
69
237
129
....
....
XII
19
minor (Ocydromus) minor (Pezophaps)

Miro
....
....
177
Ocydromus
Oestrelata
....
....
....
....
129 157
XI, 15
....
....
....
....
....
....
modestus (Aepyornis)
modestus (Cabalus)
229
127
olivacea (Ixocincla) olivacea (Psittirostra)
XI
37
....
....
INDEX
otidiformis (Aptornis)
ovveni (Cela)
Oxynotus
Pachyornis
....
pacifica (Drepanis)
....
pacifica (Hypotaenidia)
pacificus
(Cyanorhamphus)
....
pacificus (Pareudiastes)
Palaeocasuarius
Palaeocorax
Palaeolimnas
Pelaeopelargus
Palaeornis
....
papa
(Fringilla)
parkeri (Emeus)
parvus (Anomalopteryx)
patricius (Dromaius)
....
Pelecanus
....
Pennula
peralata (Gallinula)....
peroni (Dromaius)
....
perspicillatus (Carbo) perspicillatus (Phalacrocorax)
Pezophaps
Phaeornis
....
....
pisana (Fulica)
Platibis
plenus (Palapteryx) Plotus
Pogonornis
....
Pomarea
ponderosus (Pachyornis)
potens (Dinornis)
primigenia (Grus)
principalis
.... ....
(Campephilus)
prior (Fulica)
prisca (Palaeolimnas)
244
INDEX
PAGE
solitarius (Didus)
....
solitarius (Pezophaps)
spadicea (Hemiphaga)
subflavescens (Cyanorhamphus)
subtenuis (Platibis)
sumnerensis (Chenopsis)
stanleyi (Notornis)
....
strenuipes (Gallinula)
strenuus (Dinornis)
Strigiceps
Strix
struthioides (Dinornis)
sylvestris
....
(Ocydromus)
tannaensis (Platycercus)
tanagra (Turnagra)....
teauteensis (Circus)
tenuipes (Megalapteryx)
terrestris (Cichlopasser) terrestris (Geocichla)
terrestris (Turdus)
theodori (Anas)
titan (Aepyornis)
torosus (Dinornis)
traversi (Miro)
PLATES.
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
#
-c.
FREGILUPUS VARIUS
(Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
D3
<
f-
3
01
N
fJ
-i
< a o o
<x.
.g
o
a:
<
'J)
o a o Z
z D
QQ
'Sj
Q
S
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 3
#^
1.
2.
GEOSPIZA MAGNIROSTRIS GEOSPIZA STRENUA
3. 4.
NESOENAS MEYERl CHAUNOPROCTUS FERREIROSTRIS
(All Three-Fourths Xatcral Sizefrom skins)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 4
1.
2.
HEMIGNATHUS ELLISIANUS HETERORHYNCHUS LUCIDUS

(All Five-Sixths Natural Size
3.
4.
PSITTl ROSTRA PSITTACEA CIRIDOPS ANNA

:
DEPPEl
-frotii sbitts
No.
from type
'<
DUFWBIE^ PAPER
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 5
.^(^
1.
MIRO TRAVERSI
&
2a.
TRAVERSIA LYALLl
3.
BOWDLERIA RUFESCENS
(Four-Fifths Natural Size)
(Four-Fifths Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
CQLCR
W <
\,
< z < o 5 m _ S S
O z o I a
\
(J)
^\
a
5
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 6
Fig.
1.
NESTOR NORFOLCENSIS
Museum
Fig. 2.
HEAD OF NESTOR PRODUCTUS

From
the specimen in the Tring
From
the phtfc in the Bulletin of the Liverpool
Museum
I
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
(Five-Sixths Natural Size)
<
ID
.?
z <
2 <
I
t
J ? < < - z
n
7D
H w
2.
o
-J
H ^ 5
CO
<
M o
(7D
o z
11^1
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 9
MASCARINUS MASCARINUS
(Three-Ouartehs Natural Size)
BURABLE^ft- PAPER
COLOR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 10
iteiK
ARA TRICOLOR
(Eleven-Thirteenths Natural Size from specimen
in Liverpool
Mnseum)
DURABLE^^- PAPER COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
ARA GOSSEI
(Four-Fifths Natural Size/i-omi Gosse's description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
12
4^-
ARA ERYTHROCEPHALA
(Six-Tenths Natural Size/mm Cossc's description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
CQLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
13
ANADORHYNCHUS PURPURASCENS
(Two-Fifths Natural S\zEfron: a description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 14
ARA MARTINICUS
(Two-Fifths Natural Size/ran; description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 15
ARA ERYTHRURA
(One-Half Natural Size from description)
DURABLEfe PAPER
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 16
CONURUS LABATI
.
(Natubal Size -from Labat's description)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
17
\
""^^r
AMAZONA VIOLACEUS
(Two-Thirds Natural Size/row description)
DURABLE^^^ PAPER COLOR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
IJ
AMAZONA MARTINICANA
(Two-Thirds Natural Size -from Labat's description)
PAPER
DURABlE<tfir
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 19
%^^
i
r
PALAEORNIS
EXSUL
(Three-quarters Natural Size)
DURABLEjft- PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 20
PALAEORNIS WARDI
{Three-Quarters Natural Size)
OURABLE^^t PAPER
COI.CR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
21
HEMIPHAGA SPADICEA
(Two-Thirds Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 22
ALECTROENAS NITIDISSIMA
(Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 23
PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
(About Oxf.-Third Natural Size/rom descriptions and drawings)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLOR
[1]
E-
<
>
,
l:
a
E-
C/3
Q
a:
o z
ts
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 24a
1,
2,
3.
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
{see
explanation)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 24b
19.
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
DURABLE<t#^ PAPER
COLOR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 24c
z'T)
/"""^
1013.
DIDUS CUCULLATUS
DURABLE J#^ PAPER
COLOR
in CM
w
<
2 a o
CO
=-
-^ =
Q
Di
5 O z
CQ
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 25a
DIDUS
SOLITARIUS
(One-Third Natural Size/iohj Dubois' description)

DURABLEJftr PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT BIRDS
Plate 25b
Fig.
1,
2,
3.
PEZOPHAPS SOLITARIA
DIDUS SOLITARIUS
Fig. 4,
5, 7, 8.
DURABLEjft;-
PAPER COLOR
IS !N
<
a,
7j _)
C/3
Z
a;
5 '
s
Q 5 <
<
o:
i z
< t 5 I
^
O
Q.
I*'
s.fc>''^\
/
'Tj
Q
Qi
O z X
:^^
u <
X,
I o
Z w
a.
>
"
'<lk
:5 < o Z w g i M
O en M m z
,i
v^
U z
a,
<
<
tn
N < Z > 2 O ? z =
z
H O O
f-
a]
c o
q:
J z -
<
<: 02
Q 5
z
X
Iî
<
C/5
CO
o
w
< J
< J
3 I O < O
g|
b
;
5
-i,
I
tn
SI
C/3
o z
mi
CQ
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 31
V^--Hjvi>'
LEGUATIA GIGANTEA
(One-Sixth Natural Sizefrom description and drawings)
DURABLE Jfir PAPER
COLOR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 32
APTERORNIS COERULESCENS
(One-Half Natural Size -frotn
tlcscnptioits)
DUBABIE^ PAPER
COLCB
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 33
^
<.Z.
LoRAJ
NOTORNIS ALBA
(FivE-NiNETHS Natural Size)
DURABLEtfe PAPER
^F
if
*:
K
2-
o
O z
u z
X
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 35
'^ft<^***^
.>.>.
'^.V-
'<.(^/e^
"%*.
1.
AECHMORHYNCHUS CANCELLATUS
(Natural Size)
2.
PROSOBONIA LEUCOPTERA
(Natural Size)
DURABLE^ PAPER
COLOR
<
<
CQ
<
<
I
<;
O z
X
< J
03 oa
.=
->
I
Q
5
O z
Il
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 38
ALCA
IMPENNIS
(Five-Ekihths Natural Size/ron stuffed specimen)
DURASLE^p^ PAPER COLOR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 39
CARBO PERSPICILLATUS
(Seven-Sixteenths Xatural Size)
DURAble|^ paper
COLCR
z o
<x.
in
a M < s o Q
Q
Qi
5 O z
X
^1
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate
41
MEGALAPTERYX HUTTONI
remains) (One-Qoarter Natural Size rcstomi drawing from feathers and mummified
DURABLE^fir PAPER
COLCR
EXTINCT
BIRDS
Plate 42
DINORNIS INGENS
(One-Elevexth Natural Siz^ restoration from skeleton and feathers)
DURABLEJ^ PAPER
COLCR
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 9999 05294 931 8
^^
>
.vx.
-;
.:^^î^
/\^:v
Î^^M
yV
'Y^.:
^
"-<
^^B'
^m
3^
^>.^^^%^
?r
-i-k' ccis
f^^
nJ^ \<
\\
-^.
Z'xW
:i^l
'f-^^
y>^^
K\
'f^"^>
y^
i-r
\"
î
^
%%\
\\\
^Ml
>'î^-^'.
L^*!^ M^
,C
j.Jh^^r^
Wd

Extinct Birds

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Extinct Birds

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

;

of the limited edition of

for the British Empire, of which 280 arc for

names of Subscribers being registered at our

Birds which have become extinct

within the last six or seven

embracing 63 subjects, and

Paternoster Row, E.C.

CHRIS. FOWLER, PRINTER,

TENTER STREET, MOORFIELDS,

Congress of 1905 on Extinct and Vanishing Birds,

These drawings roused

among those who

was asked by many

book form, as these plates were

considerably more research than

the lecture, and therefore

the lecture, as well

Dr. K. Lampert, Dr. O.

Koenig, Dr. Kerbert,

Lorenz, and others.

study of the forms of

no longer existing on the earth, from

from the commencement of

small portion of this vast field

treating of in the following pages has

deals to a great extent with forms

our immediate forefathers and even to

have here arranged the species systematically, they

namely those known externally as well as

which we know bones and egg-shells only.

Under the former

category might be included those merely

ancient books, as well as those of which specimens exist.

several plates have been reconstructed from such descriptions in order

opinion as to the approximate date

known from bones dug from

deposits which have been

of these species in one locality have

kitchen-middens of the former inhabitants,

other localities the

In view of this and kindred facts,

which some ornithologists

probably consider outside the

which have become extinct

the last seven- or

those species whose

known, our knowledge

and even redundant

Great Auk, the Labrador Duck, and

Notornis, while of others, such as

extinct Parrots from the

the times of Leguat and Labat there must have been

which no mention has ever been made, for

these old writers only mentioned such

on their memories either from their

shape, beauty of plumage,

usefulness for food

various birds seems to have been their principal interest.

significance of this fact has been

the whole, this book

but a few are included of which a small

there seems no doubt that they will vanish soon, and

misconceptions and contradictory statements.