eroberogeday saRsacar xwm sariT

ebkCnbNit KNeny nighirBavt

briBaabRtCan;x<s; KNeny nighirBavt
1

1-GVIeTACatkviTa (What is logic?)

tkvTi a KWCakarsikSaGMBItmPaBBitnXa RbeyaK bsMeNIrepSg.
vaCakarsikSaepateTAelITMnak;TMngnGMNHGMNagTaMgLay Edlpy
nwgbribTrbs;GMNHGMNagBiessxHepSgeTot.

2-sMeNI

(Propositions)

etIRbeyaKmYyNakgcMeNamRbeyaKxageRkamenH Bitbmni Bit b:uEnmin

TaMgBIreT?
(a)-cMnYnKt;vC
i manEdlEckdac;nwg 7 KW 1 nig 7 xng.
(b)-UNTAC )anerobcMkare)aHeqatCatirbs;RbeTskm<C
a kgqaM 1993.
(c)-emeKaecHehaH.

EpndI KWCaPBEtmYyKt;EdlmanCIvitrs;enA.
(e)-TijsMbuRtBIr sMrab;karRbKMutRnI Best of the Best enAfesA.
(d)-

2-sMeNI (Propositions)
RbeyaK (a) Bit. eyIgehAcMnnY Kt; n KWCacMnYnbzm.
RbeyaK (b) Bit.
RbeyaK (c) minBiteT eRBaHemeKa minecHehaHeT.
RbeyaK (d) GacBit bminBit.
RbeyaK (e) KWCakarbBaa.
RbeyaK EdlGacBit bminBit ehAfa sMeNI (Proposition).
sMeNI (Proposition) CaXa /RbeyaK bGN
M HGMNag EdlGacsndi anfa Bit

bminBit.

3>Qab;tkviTa
3>1>Qabm; in

(Negation Logic)

Qab;min P tageday P KWCasMeNIrmin P.

ebI P Bit enaH P minBit.

ebI P minBit enaH P Bit.
Ex: P: 7 KWCacMnYnbzm.

(Logic Connection)

taragPaBBit
P

P : 7 minEmnCacMnYnbzmeT.

3>Qab;tkviTa

(Logic Connection)

3>2-Qab;nig (Disjunction Logic)

eK[sMeNIBIr P nig Q. Qab;ngi rbs;seM NI P nig Q tageday PQ .
taragPaBBit (Truth value)
P

PQ

0
6

3>Qab;tkviTa

(Logic Connection)

3>3-Qab;b (Conjunction Logic)

eK[sMeNIBIr P nig Q. Qab; b rbs;seM NI P nig Q tageday PQ
GanfasMeNI P b Q .
Ex: eK[sMeNIBIKW P: xJeM ronKNitviTa ; Q: xJs
M a b;ePgtamviT
sMeNI PQ KW xJeM ronKNitviTa b xJMs ab;ePgtamviT.
mannyfa xJeM ronKNitviTapg bxMJm insab;ePgtamviTpg
ebIxJeM ronKNitviTa xJMm ni sab;ePgtamviTeT.
ebIxJsM a b;ePgtamviT xJMm ni eronKNitviTaeT.
7

3>Qab;tkviTa

(Logic Connection)

taragPaBBit (Truth table)

P

PQ

3>Qab;tkviTa

(Logic Connection)

3>4>Qab;naM[ (Conditional Logic)

eK[sMeNIBIr P nig Q.sMeNI P naM[ Q tageday
KWCasMeNI P Q .

PQ

taragPaBBit(Truth table)
P
1
1
0
0

Q
1
0
1
0

PQ
1
0
1
1
9

3>Qab;tkviTa

(Logic Connection)

3>5>-Qab;smmUl (Equivalence Logic)

P nig Q KWCasMeNIBIr. sMeNI P smmUl Q KWCasMeNI P Q Q P .
eyIgsresr P Q
taragPaBBit
P
1
1
0
0

Q
1
0
1
0

PQ
1
0
0
1

10

3>Qab;tkviTa
RTwsIbT 1

(Logic Connection)

PP

sMraybBaak;
taragPaBBit
P

dUcenH

P
0

PP

11

3>Qab;tkviTa
RTwsIbT 2

(Logic Connection)

( P Q ) (Q P )

sMraybBaak;
taragPaBBit
P
1
1
0
0

Q
1
0
1
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

PQ Q P

1
0
1
1

1
0
1
1
12

4-lkNtkviTa (PROPERTIES OF LOGIC)

4>1>lkNRKw
1. p p

3. p q p q
4. p q p q
2. p q q p

13

4-lkNtkviTa (PROPERTIES OF LOGIC)

4>2>c,ab; Morgan
5. p q p q
6. p q p q
7. p1 p2 p3 ....... pn p1 p2 p3 ..... pn
8. p1 p2 p3 ....... pn p1 p2 p3 ..... pn

14

4-lkNtkviTa (PROPERTIES OF LOGIC)

5-bgajfa

PQ PQ

PQ

PQ

PQ

0
0

15

4-lkNtkviTa (PROPERTIES OF LOGIC)

6-bgajfa

P Q P Q

PQ

PQ

PQ

1
16

4-lkNtkviTa (PROPERTIES OF LOGIC)

4>3>lkNRtlb;

4>5>lkNbMEbk

7. pq qp
8. pq q p

11. p (qr) (p q)(p r)

12. p (q r) (p q) (p r)

4>4>lkNpM

4>6>lkNqg

9. p (qr) (p q)r
10. p (q r) (p q) r

13. (p q)(q r) (p r)
14. (p q)(q r) (p r)

17

5>karsMraybBaak;xHenAkgKNitviTa
5>1>karsMraybBaak;edaypyBIsmtikm
edIm,IRsaybBaak;RTwsIb T p q eyIgeRbIlkN (p q) (q p) .
]bmafa sMeNI p CasMeNIBti enaH p CasMeNIminBit.
eyIgnwgRsaybBaak;[eXIjfa p CasMeNIBti p minBitpyBIsmtikm.
]TahrN_ n N RsaybBaak;fa ebI n2 CacMnYness n CacMnYness.
]bmafa n CacMnYnKU n = 2k ; k N
n2 = (2k)2 = 4k2 CacMnYnKU pyBIsmtikm.
18

5>karsMraybBaak;xHenAkgKNitviTa
5>2>karRsaybBaak;pyBIkarBit

edIm,IRsaybBaak;RTwsIb T p q eyIgeRbIlkN (p q) (q p) .
]bmafa sMeNI q CasMeNIminBit enaH q CasMeNIBti .
eyIeRbIsmtki menH edIm,IRsaylkNpy BIkarBit.
]TahrN_ RsaybBaak;vismPaB ab ( a2 + b2) ; a; b R .
]bmafa p: ab ( a2 + b2) minBit
: ab > ( a2 + b2) 2ab > a2 + b2 (a b)2 < 0minBit
dUpcenH p: ab ( a2 + b2) CasMeNIBti .
19

5>karsMraybBaak;xHenAkgKNitviTa
5>3>karRsaybBaak;edayvacarkMeNIn
karRsaybBaak;edayvacarkMeNIn KWGacGnuvtn_EtelIkMeNInTaMgLayNa EdlCa
cMnYnKt;FmCatibe:u NaH.
ebIeyIgcg;RsaybBaak;fasMeNI (pn) CasMeNIBit eyIgRtvRsaybBak;fa
- sMeNI p0; p1; p2;; pn CasMeNIBitcMeBaH n = k .
- bnab;mkRsaybBaak;fa vaBitrhUtdl; n = k + 1 .
20

5>karsMraybBaak;xHenAkgKNitviTa
]TahrN_ RsaybBaak;fa (5n - 1) Eckdac;nwg 4.
ebI n = 1 5-1 = 4 Eckdac;nwg 4.
ebI n = 2 52 -1 = 24 Eckdac;nwg 4.
ebI n = 3 53 -1 = 124 Eckdac;nwg 4.

ebI n = k 5k -1 Eckdac;nwg 4.
]bmafavaBitdl; n = k + 1eyIg)an
5k+1 1 1= 5.5k 1 = 4.5k +( 5k 1) Eckdac;nwg 4.

dUecenH (5n - 1) Eckdac;nwg 4.

21

lMhat;
1-rksMeNIEdlsmmUlnwgsMeNI
k p q
x p q

edayeRbIEtQab; nwg nig Qab;min

2-cUrKUstaragPaBBitrbs;sMeNIxageRkam
a / p q p

c / p q q r
d / p q p
e / p q r p

b / p q p q

3-bgajfa
1. p q p q p q

2. p q p q p
3. p q r p q p r
4. p q r q p r q

5. p q [ p p q ] p q
6.[ x y [ x y ] x y

4-cMeBaHRKb; a R bgajfa ebI

- 1 <a<1 a2 < 1
22

lMhat;
5-eKeGay a; b; c NRsaybBaak;fa

6-eKman A; B; CCasMeNI bgajfa

a / a b a b a b
b / a b a a a a
c / a b a a c c
d / a b a b a b

e / a b a b a b

a / A B C A B C
b / A B C A B A C
c / A B C A C B C

d / A B C A B C
e / A D B D A B D
f / A B A A B A B

23

lMhat;
5-edayeRbIvacaredaykMeNInbgajfa
k 7n 1 Eckdac;nwg 6 cMeBaHRKb; n N*.
x 11n 6 Eckdac;nwg 5 cMeBaHRKb; n N*.
K 6.7n 2.3n Eckdac;nwg 4 cMeBaHRKb; n N*.
X 3n + 7n 2 Eckdac;nwg 8 cMeBaHRKb; n N*.
6- x nig y CacMnYnBit edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
x 1 y 2 0

x 2 y 3 0

24