TsSnavdI

The Free Press

qaMTI01 elx 02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM 2008

Magazine

caghVagkarpSay nigniBnnayk Lwm eBCJBisI lixitGnuBaatrbs;RksYgBtman elx251 Bm>Rbk cuHfTI28 ExsIha qaM2007

karRsavRCavGMBIkar)at;bg;GFibetyelIekaHRtl;rbs;km<CanigkarQanBan
Cabnbnab;edayRbeTsevotNam nigkarTTYkxusRtUvrbse; mdwknaMExr

semceteCa hun Esn b semcRkumRBH

m: hVk eQaHevotNam neratmrNbJTi
dak;eGayenAq
GayenAqaM1977

EpnTIekaHRtl; EdlevotNamdak;eQaHfa PU kuk bPasaniyayfa PU hVk rUb wikipedia

matika
- karRsavRCavGMBIekaHRtl;nigkar
bkRsayrbs;naykrdmRnIExr
- ehtuGVI)anCaeRbgsaMgenA
km<CafCagRbeTsCitxag?
- EpnkarexAb:unsmab;emdwknaM
KNbkSRbqaMg sm rgSI
TidPaBekaHRtl;emIlBIkMBugEpsmuRTEb:kxagekIt nigRBlanynehaHenAekaHRtl; rUbftLP
RtUv)anelcFay>>>
TMBrTI

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

mas;ekaHRtl;kayCaTaskr RkumGkQanBanKWCamas;

karBiPakSaGMBIkmsiTiEdnekaH EdlevotNamdeNImykenH

enAelIekaH EdlmansPaB
GUGrrebobCaTIRkugTMenIbmYy BlrdEdl
dUntamankMeNItCaCnCatiExr nigCamas;
ekaHenHpgenaH mancMnYnminelIs BI10
RKYsareT . BYkeKrs;enAkgrebob
CaTaskr KancMENjdILt nigKankm
siTidIFIsMrab;RbkbrbrciBawmCIvit dUcCn
CatievotNam Edl)ancUleTAtaMgTIlM
enA enAelIekaHRtl; nig)anERbeQaH
ekaHrbs;ExrmYyenHeTACa PUkuk enaH
eT .
lI KwmCIn Gayu61 qaM nig
RkumRKYsar)anrs;enAkgxmRbbmat;smuRT
Eb:kxagt,gnekaHRtl; . karrs;enA
rbs;elak nigPriya cUv FIlIj Gayu

63qaM KWGaRsyelIkarsIuQlensaT nig

eFIVCaCagkMe)areGayRkumGkman nigQj
CnCatievotNam .
cUv sIudn Gayu60 qaM Edl
bBaak;fa Kat;)anrs;enAelIekaHRtl;;taMg
BIkMeNItmkenaHGHGagfaBMuman cMENk
dIFIsMrab;karRbkbrbrksikm dUcCnCati
evotNameT . {rs;enAkgxm
Ek,rmat;smuRTenH Gs;ryeBl60qaM
ehIy EtBMumandIFI nigKanmuxrbrc,as;
las;eT eRkAEtBIkarsIuQlBYkevotNam} .

elakRsI cUv sIudn

elak lI KWmCIn
TMBrTI

RbPBBlrdExr rs;enAelIekaH
)anniyayfa RkumCnCantievotNam Edl
cUleTAtaMgTIlMenA enATIenaH)ankayCa
Gkman nigCamas;sNaKar mas;pH

sMNak; mas;TUk kaNUt k)al;FM.

BYkeKRbmUlR)ak;BIkarensaT BIvisyeTs
cr nigBIkasIuNU .
bcb,n ekaHRtl; PUkuk man
kMB;gEp cMNtGakasyandan nigTIRkug
eQaH edogdug .
RsIsaRsacarEpkeTscrCnCati
evotNam EdleTAbeRgonvKsNaKar
nigbdisNarkicenAelIekaH)anR)ab;GkykBtmanTsSnavdIsarBtmanesrIfa
ekaHenH mancmayBIextkMBtrbs;km<Ca
RbEhl 15Km cmay45Km BIRsuk
haeTogrbs;evotNambcb,n extBam
rbs;Exr nig 120Km BIkMBg;Eprity:a
RkmYns. GkRsIbnfa ekaHRtl;
PUkuk bPUhVk bcb,nKWCa RsukmYy
nextekony:ag RbeTsevotNamext
RkmYnsrbs;Exr.
RkumGkensaTExrenAtamEdn
smuRTniyayfaBlrdExrEdlKansBaati
evotNamminRtUv)anGnuBaateGaycUleTA
ekaHRtl;enHeT b:uEnBYkeKRtUvmanTidakar
cUlRbeTsevotNam .
RkumTahaneCIgTwkExr EdlQr
eCIgenAEdnsmuRTextkMBt sMuminbeBaj

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

eQaH )anbegIbfa RbsinebImanbNsma Rtlb;mkvij nigskmPaBenH)anbndl;

CikKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca BYkeKnwgRtUv ecATYtrbs;RBHGg KWsemc neratm
)anGnuBaateGayeLIgekaH edayRkumtRmYt sIhnu .
karBarEdnTwk nigb:UlIsGenaRbevsevotNam

eBalKWmincaM)ac;eFIVTidakareT .
lI KwmCIn niyayfa ekaHRtl;
KWBitCaekaHrbs;Exr edayelak)anRsg;
sMdIcas;CMnan;munBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;
fa kaldMbUgeLIymanRKYsarGkensaT
CnCatiExrRbEhlBI4eTA5RKYsar Etcab;
taMgBIstvtSTI17mkCnCatievotNam)anhUr
cUleTAkan;ekaHenH nig)antaMgTIlMenACabn
bnab; . {ebItamdwgekaHRtl;KWCaekaH
rbs;Exr
b:uEn)araMg)anRbKl;ekaHenH
eGayeTAevotNamkalBIqaM1939} .
elak emFavI TUc bUra nRkug
sIudnI RbeTsGURsalI )ansresrfa fVIebI
)araMg)anRbKl;enHeGayeTAevotNamkBit
Emn GFibetyPaBrbs;km<CaenAminTan;
)at;bg;eT . elak)anTTYlsal;fa Cn
CatievotNam )ancUllukluykan;kab;ekaH
enHtaMgBIstvtSmunmk. b:uEnRBHmhaSRt
ExrCMnan;munnigBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;Etg
)anTamTarCanicCakal nUvEdnekaHnigTwkdI
CaeRcInkEngeTot EdlevotNam)anQan
Ban .
elakbnfa taMgBIBak;kNalst
vtSTI19mkKWcab;BIqaM1856 RBHmhakSRt
GgdYg)aneFIVkarTamTardeNImykTwkdIenaH
TMBrTI

elak san eb:gEs RbFan

KNkmaFikarRBMEdnkm<Ca GtIrdmRnI
RksYg]sSakmnigfamBl )anbBaak;fa
Rkit cuHfTI01 Ex kkda qaM1972
kMBg;Ep ekaHRtl;
rdaPi)alsaFarNrdExrnelakesna
Rbmuxln; Nul )anrkSanUvkarGHGag
sarCafInUvGFibetyPaBelITwkdIrbs;
xnfa ekaHRtl;enAEtCakmsiTirbs;
km<Ca .
RBHGgmas; sIu suvtiFmieka
GtItelxaRBHmhavIrkSRt Fab;)anman cMNtGkdMeNIrenAGakasyandanekaHRtl;
bnleday eyagksarRbvtifIrbs;
km<Ca faekaHRtl;RtUv)an)at;bg;enAkg
qaM1982 edaykarcuHkicRBmeRBogelI
snisBaaRBMEdn rvagelak hun Esn
rdmRnIRksYgkarbreTsnsaFarNrd
eqrsmuRTekaHRtl;freroblic
RbCamanitukm<Ca nig gUeyn kUfac;
rdmRnInsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca.
RBHGgRtUv)anKMrambwgeTAtulakareRkam
\TiBlneya)ayrbs;Gkkan;GMNac
edayelakhun Esn cMeBaHkarbeBaj
bnlenH .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

eqrsmuRTekaHRtl;naeBlRBwkRBlwm
tm1000erol

karRsavRCavGMBIkar)at;bg;GFibetyelIekaHRtl;rbs;km<CanigkarQanBan
Cabnbnab;edayRbeTsevotNam nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbse; mdwknaMExr
ekaHRtl;KWCaekaHrbs;Exr
EdlevotNam)anQanBan nigkan;kab;
enAqaM1715 tamrykarRbKl;eGay
edayCnCaticinemecarCMnYjmak;eQaH
m:ak KIv edayxusc,ab; Cafrnwgkar
RbKl;GMNacCaecAhaVyext nigCa
emTB edaycRkPBGNam .
eyagtamesovePARbvtisaRs

nRbeTskm<Ca cab;taMgBIstvtSTI1
nRKwsskraC eday Adhmard
Leclre, )a:rIs qaM1914

ekaHEdlmanTMhM560/13Km2
enHRtUv)anRBHmhakSRt nigemdwknaExr
CMnan;muneFIVkartv:aTamTarRtLb;mkvijCa
bnbnab; ebIeTaHCaBMu)aneCaKCyenA
eLIykI .
ekaHRtl;RtUv)anevotNamdak;
eQaHfa PUkVk ehIybcb,n)ankay
CaRsukmYy EdlmanTIRkugeQaHedogdug
cMNuHeGayextekony:ag bextRkmYns
rbs;ExrkalCMnan;mun .
eTaHCay:agenHkI RkumGkRsav
RCavGMBIbBaaTwkdIExr nigGkRbvtisaRs
TMBrTI

kraC)ankt;Rtafa emdwknaMExrRKb;
CMnan;rab;TaMgelakesnaRbmux ln;
Nul nigrbbExrRkhmpgBMu)anRbKl;
TwkdIkm<CaeRkam nigekaHRtl;eTARbeTs
evotNameT elIkElgEtrdaPi)al
saFarNrdRbCamanitkm<CanigrdaPi)al
km<CaGaNtiTI3nigemdwknaMrbs;eKEdl
)anbBab;CaRbvtisaRs nigemaXPaBnUv

ExreRkam
eRkam nigekaHnanarab;
ekaHnanarab;TaMgekaHRtl;
pgk
rbs;evotNamRsbc,ab;
pgkayCakmsiTirbs;
nafTI10 Extula qaM2005 edaykar
cuHhtelxaelIsn
snisBaabEnmeTAelI
snisBaa fTI27 ExF qaM1985
rvag elak hun Esn nigelak
pan; v:an;x naykrdmRnInsaFa
rNrdsgmniymevotNam .
ral;kicRbwgERbgrbs;emdwknaMsmy
snisBaaRBMEdnqaM1985 RtUv
munkgkarTamTarTwkdIExrRtlb;mk cuHhtelxa edayelak hun Esn
vij .
rdmRnIRksYgkarbreTsnrbbsaFa
rbbsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca rNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca nig gUeyn
nigrdaPi)alkm<Ca dwknaMedayelakmha kUfac; rdmRnIRksYgkarbreTsevot
esnaeteCahun Esn m: hVk1 Nam .
eQaHEdlevotNamdak;eGayenAGMLg
smaCiksPamkBIKNbkSBIrKW
qaM1978 Edlelak hhun Esn KNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca nigKNbkS
)anbegIbR)ab;elak Haris C Mehta hVnsiunbiuc)anGnumtyl;RBmelIIsBaa
nigelakRsI Julie B Mehta GkniBn enaH EdlkalenaHsemcRkumRBH
esovePAbursxaMgrbs;km<CaKWCarbbcu
arbbcug neratm rNbJTi Kg;enACaRbFan
eRkaybMput Edl)anpac;pilkartsU
rdsPa .
nigTamTarTwkdIBIevotNam
evotNam Edlskl
Edlskl
cMENksmaCiksPamkBI
elakdwgfa)ancU
fa)ancUlQanBanTw
nBanTwkdIkm<Ca
KNbkS sm rgSI TaMgGs;)an
taMgBIqaM1979mk nig)aneFI
)aneFIVeGayTwkdI

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

RbqaMgnwgc,ab;enaHedayeRkakedIrecj
BIsmyRbCMurbs;rdsPa .
mnusSCaeRcInnak;)anRtUvcab;XMu
xnnigRtUvKMramkMEhgedaynaykrdmRnI
Exrelak hun Esn enAeBlEdl
BYkeKniyayGMBIkar)at;bg;TwkdIExreRkam
EdnsmuRTkm<Ca nigekaHRtl; Edl
evotNam)andeNImkan;kab; nig)anERb
eQaHfa PUkuk PUhVk .
elaknaykrdmRnI hun Esn
kalBIfTI12ExtulaqaM2005)ansMEdg
PaBeRkveRkaFcMeBaHskmCnTwkdI Gksar
Btman enAeBlelakvilRtLb;BITIRkug
haNUy TIEdlelak)ancuHhtelxa
elIsnisBaabEnmelIsnisBaaRBMEdn
qaM1985 CamYynaykrdmRnIevotNam
pan; v:an;x .
sarBtman viT TUrTsSn_)an
Rsg;sMdIrbs;elakhun Esnfa {cab;BI

niymrbs;xn dl;saFarNCnGMBIbBaa
RBMEdneKaknigTwkrvagkm<CanigevotNam
edayTMlak;kMhuseTAelIemdwknaMCMnan;
mun ehIynigebIkyuTnakartamcab;
xnRkumskmCnkarBarTwkdIbeNIrkg
bMNgbMbiTsiTiGkTaMgenaHbeNIr .
elak m:m suNg;dU RbFan
viTsMbukXM RtUv)ancab;dak;BnFnaKar
RBsmunenHmYyfKWenAfTI11Extula
qaM2005bnab;BIelak)aneFIVkicsmasn_
GMBIRbtikmrbs;elak san eb:gEs
RbFan KNkmaFikarkarBarRBMEdnkm<Ca
enARbeTs)araMgEdl)anehAsnisBaa
qaM1985faCasnisBaaxusc,ab; BIeRBaH
karcuHhtelxaenaHkm<CasiteRkamkar
RtYtRta edayRbeTsevotNam .
RbFansmaKmRKUbeRgonkm<Ca
kraC elak r:ug Qun RtUv)ancab;
xn enAe)a:yEb:t nigRtUvbBaneTA
eBlenHteTA GkNakeday minfa BnnaKarRBs enAxNEdlemdwknaM
GkgbuNskizanb:uNaeT RtUvEt nRkumRbwkSaXaMemIlkm<Ca elak Em:n
Nat qaM qanI nigeGo can;Na )an
cat;viFankartampvc,ab;} .
eBlenaHelak)aneFIVyuTnakar rt;ePosxnecjBIRbeTskm<Ca Tak;Tin
edayeRbIRbBnpSBVpSaydUcCaTUrTsSn_ eTAnwgkarRbqaMgtv:aeTAnwgsnisBaa
viTsiteRkamGMNacrbs;elak edIm,I bEnmenH .
bRBaabTsSnviCanigmenaKmviCaevotNam
TMBrTI

RBHGgmas; sIu suvtiFmieka

GtItelxarbs;RBHmhavIrkSRt neratm
sIhnu kRtUvelak hun Esn KMram
cab;RBHkaycMeBaHkarecjesckIEfg
karN_mYy edayecaTfa elak hun
Esn nigKNbkSRbCaCnkm<Ca)aneFIV
eGay)at;bg;ekaHRtl; . RBHGg)an
ePosRBHkayeTAkan;TIRkugeb:kaMgRbeTs
cin nafTI18 Extula qaM2005 .
GksarBtmanmYycMnYn Edl)anpSBV
pSayGMBIRBwtikarN_enHk)anePosxneTA
kan;RbeTsfmYyryEdr .
elak hun Esn m:hVk
)anmanRbsasn_enAfTI12 tula
2005 fa elaksuxcitcuHecjBImux
tMENg RbsinebIelakeFIVeGay)at;
bg;TwkdImYycMGamnig)anbEnmfa ekaH
Rtl; CaekaHmYyrbs;km<Ca )an)at;bg;
eTAevotNamenAqaM1939 KWmuneBl
Edlelakcab;kMeNIteTAeTot .
eTaHCay:agenHkI RkumskmCn
karBarRBMEdn nigGkRbvtisaRskraC
)anehAkarGHGagrbs;elakhun Esn
faCakaredaHsar minTTYlxusRtUv nig
manectnapab;pn;ecAhVaynayCafrnwg
karCYyvaydeNImGMNackalBIqaM1979 .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

RkumGkRbvtisaRskraCCa
eRcInrUb)ansresrfa BYkGkdwknaMrbb
munTaMgenaH suTEt)aneFIVkarTamTary:ag
sVitsVaj nigCanicCakalTaMgpvTUtnig
pvGavuF edIm,IdeNImykTwkdInigekaH
BIevotNamEdl)anQanBankm<CataMg
BIedImrhUtmk . karTamTartv:aenH
edaysarEtemdwknaMnigmhakSRtTaMg
LayenaH sMGagelIkfaxN250nig
354 sIGMBIc,ab;GnrCatiTUeTA Edl
Ecgfa {RBMEdnrbs;rdmYyEdlman

GFibetyPaB minGacRtUv)ankMNt;
edayKankaryl;RBmrbs;samIuRbeTs
enaHeLIy} nigfa {RBMEdnnrdmYy
GacRtUv)ankMNt;Etedaykaryl;
tedaykaryl;RBm
rbs;samIuRbeTsenaHedaypal;} .

elak eTo efn )ansresr

eyagdl;kfaxN 391 nbBaI
sMNYrsIBIc,ab;GnrCatiTUeTA enAkg
esovePAerOgr:avnTwkdIkm<CaeRkam Edl
Ecgfa {GFibetyPaB
etyPaB nTwkdImYy
minRtUv)aneprCasaBreLIy lwkNard
EdlmanGFibetyenH min)ane)aHbg;
)ane)aHbg;
ecaledayCak;lak;nUvsiTiTaMgLay
rbs;xn} .
TMBrTI

bNit say bUrI GtItsma

CikRkumRbwkSaFmnuBa )aneFIVkarkt;smal;
fa km<Ca nigemdwknaMrbbmunrab;
taMgBIrCkalRBH)aTGgdYg rhUtdl;
RBH)aTneratmsIhnu nigrbbsaFarN
rdnelakesnaRbmuxln;Nul suTEt
)anTamTaredayTTUcCabnbnab;tampv
c,ab; edIm,IykekaHRtl;RtLb;mkvij.
xageRkamenH CakMNt;Rtarbs;
elakbNitsay bUrI GMBIRbvtinkar
TamTarekaHRtl;BIevotNam Edlbk
ERbeRkApvkaredaysarBtmanesrI
kMNt;sMKal;rbs;
k]tmbNit say bUrI
GtItsmaCikRkumRbwkSaFmnuBa
evotNam)anpl;eQaHdl;
ekaHenHfa PU kuk .
karkt;smal;CaRbvtisaRs
-qaM1856 RBHmhakSRt GgdYg
)anRTg;CMrabeTAelak de Montigny
eRbsitRbeTs)araMgkgdMeNIrTsSn
kiceTAkan;TIRkug)agkktamrymCnkI
KWsemc Bishop Miche kgbMNg
RbKl;ekaHRtl;eTA)araMgkan;kab;eyag
cRkPB [)araMg ] \Ncin .

-qaM1863 km<CaRtUvdak;enAeRkam
GaNaniKm)araMg . )araMg)andak;
km<CaeRkamkarRKb;RKgpal;rbs;xn
edaydak;eQaHfa {kUsaMgsIun} .
-enAfTI25]sPa1874 ekaH
Rtl; PUkuk EdlCaekaHrbs;km<Ca
eRkamrCkalRBH)aTGgdYg )anRtUv
dak;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrd)alrbs;
)araMg edayc,ab;RKb;RKgEdndIrbs;
)araMg .
-enAfTI16mifuna1875 ekaH
Rtl;RtUvdak;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
Rsuk haeTog eRkamGaNaniKmrbs;
)araMg . KYrrMlwkfa enAkgqaM1855
RBHmhakSRtGgdYg)anrMlwkdl;RBHecA
NabU:UeLGug3 RbFanaFibtITI1rbs;
)araMgBIqaM1848-1852ehIyeRkay
mkCaRbFanaFibtIncRkPB)araMgBIqaM
185-1870fa
TwkdIEdlkan;
kab;edayevotNam enAcenaHEb:kxag
licTenemKg nig QUgsmuRTesom
RsukhaeTog KWCaTwkdIrbs;km<Ca
y:agBitR)akd .
eyagksarrbs; A DolphinDauphin
Meunier
{Rbvti

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

saRskm<Ca} TMBr 99 . ehtudUecaH

ehIyekaHRtl;CanickalKWCaekaHrbs;
km<Ca ebIeTaHCavasitenAeRkamGaNa
niKm)araMgkeday .
-enAfTI31Exmkra qaM1939
bnat;eRbvIey EdlBMuEmnCa
bnat;kMNt;RBMEdnTwk b:uEnCabnat;
EbgEckGMNacb:UlIs nigrd)aleTA
elIekaHnana nQUgsmuRTesom
RtUv)anbegIteLIg . tamryenH
bnat;RBMEdnenH ekaHRtl;RtUv)andak;
bBal dUcEdl)anRtUveFIVBImunmkenA
qaM1875 eRkamkarRKb;RKgEpkrd)al
kUsaMgsIunnGaNaniKm)araMg. bnat;
eRbvIeyenaHRtUv)ankMNt;karrkSasiTi
kraCPaB nigbUrNPaBTwkdI nEdn
ekaHTaMgenaH rab;TaMgekaHRtl; b
PUkukenHpg .
-enAfTI04ExmifunaqaM1949
ebIeTaHCamankartva:TamTarBI
PaKIkm<CaRbqaMgnwglixitUbkrN_sIBI
kareprTwkdIsUsaMgsIuneTAevotNam
EdlCaehtueFIVeGay)at;bg;siTirbs;
Blrdkm<CaeRkamy:agNa k)araMgenA
Ete)aHeqatGnumtc,ab;mYyedayRbKl;
TMBrTI

TwkdIkUsaMgsIunTwkdIExreRkameGay
eTAevotNam .
-enAfTI24ExemsaqaM1954
enAkgsnisITRkughSWENv
km<CaenAEtbneFIVkartv:aRbqaMgnwgkar
RbKl;kUsaMgsIuneTAevotNameday
)araMg nigrkSasiTibnerOgkIenHenAGg
karshRbCaCati .
-enAfTI25]sPaqaM1957
semcneratmsIhnu RbFan
RkumRbwkSardmRnI )anRTg;esIenAkg
lixitmYyepJIeTAelak ln; Nul
EdlkalenaHCardmRnIRksYgkarBar
Cati edIm,IFanaeGay)annUvkarkarBar
ekaHTaMgLayrbs;km<CaenAQUgsmuRT
f rYmTaMgekaHRtl; nigCaBiess
ekaHBUL)a:n;hSan; bekaHRkckesH
evotNamdak;eQaHfa fUCU ekaH
BULv: eQaHExr ekaHGacm_esH
nigekaHtag .
-enAfTI30 ExF qaM1957
enAkgRkitTak;TinnwgkarkMNt;
RBMEdn n]bTVIbkm<Ca RBHkruNa
neratmsuraRmit )anGHGagbBaak;sar
eLIgvijy:agc,as;fa km<CaenAEtbn

rkSasiTitv:arbs;xnCaRbvtisaRseTA
elIekaHRtl;eyagmaRta6nRkit .
-enAqaM1963 esovePA{PUmisaRs
km<Ca} RtUv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAqaM1963
edayelak tan; KwmhYn visVkrEpk
ksikmnigCaGkkeTsxagRBeQIeday
bgajfaekaHRtl;KWBitCaTwkdIrbs;km<Ca
eyagEpnTIelx 3/ 12/ nig 19 .
-enAqaM1969 ekaHRtl; PUkuk
RtUv)andak;bBaleTAkgbBaI nekaHkm<Ca
e)aHBum<edayRksYg]sSahkm nigFnFan
E:r ehIyRtUv)andak;kgcMNat;fak;TI61
nekaHsrubTaMg64 rbs;km<Ca .

-enAfTI01ExkkdaqaM1972
eyagtamRkit cuHfTI01 Ex
kkda qaM1972 rdaPi)alsaFarNrd
Exr )anrkSanUvkarGHGagsarCafInUv
GFibetyPaBelITwkdIrbs;xn nig)an
RBmanRkumhuneRbg\nnmineGaybg
pllM)akTaMgLayNaenAelItMbn;enaH
eT . ekaHRtl;enAEtCakmsiTirbs;
km<Ca .
-BIqaM1975-1979 sanPaB
enARTwg .
-enAfTI07ExkkdaqaM1982

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

ekaHRtl; PUkuk nigekaH

BUL)an;hSan; fUCU )anelcecj
enAkgEpnTIPUmisaRsTwkdIrbs;
RbeTsevotNam EdlPab;eTAnwg
snisBaaRBMEdnTwkRbvtisaRsrvag
saFarNrdRbCamanitukm<CanigsaFar
NrdsgmniymevotNam .
ehtuenH evotNam)andeNIm
ykEdnTwkkm<CaGs; 30/000 Km2
ehIy)anbegItnUvEdnsmuRTRbvtisaRs
rbs;xn edaykat;ykbEnmeTotnUv
EdnsmuRTTMhM 10/000 Km2 ecj
BIekaHRtl; . eyagksarRsav
RCavrbs;elak san eb:gEs Ex
emsa qaM1995 .
enAkgrbbExrRkhm fVIebIBYk
eKBMuTan;)anvaydeNImykekaHRtl;
Edlmancmay 15 Km BIextkMBt
45KmBIRsukhaeTog Bam nig120
Km BIkMBg;Eprity:a RkmYns
keday kb:uEnBYkeK)anvaydeNImyk
ekaHepSgeTot .
elak exov sMpn emdwknaM
rbbkm<CaRbCaFibety)ansresr
TMBrTI

rab;TaMgRBHmhakSRtpg eFIVkarTamTar
nUvTwkdIEdl)at;bg;kalBICMnan;munnig
TwkdIEdl)at;bg;edayrbs;saFarNrd
RbCamanitukm<CaenaHeT .
eKenAcaM)anfa eRkayeBlc,ab;
sIBIsnisBaabEnmRtUv)anrdsPaGnumt
ehIyenaH RBHmhakSRtfI semcRBH
)aT neratm sIhmunI RTg;BMuTan;Lay
RBHhselxaPameT RBHGg)anRTg;
yageTAkan;Rkugeb:kaMgedIm,IKal;RBHbita
RBHmhavIrkSRt neratm sIhnu EdlCa
ehtueFIVeGayelak hun Esn ERsk
KMramtamTIRbCMusaFarNfa elaknwgeFIV
km<CaeGayeTACarbbKanesc Rbsin
mUldanenARbeTs)araMg )aneFIVkar RBHmhakSRtminLayRBhsdak;eGayeRbI
snidanfa emdwknaMExrRKb;CMnan;suTEt c,ab;sIBIsnisBaabEnmelIsnisBaaRBM
EdnqaM1985 eTenaH .
)aneFIVkarTamTaryTwkdIExrBIkarQan
Banrbs;evotNam ebIeTaHCakarTamTar
enaH)anTTYleCaKCykI bbraCykI
elIkElgEtrbbsaFarNrdRbCamanitu
km<Ca raCrdaPi)alkm<CaGaNtiTI3nig
elakhun Esn m: hVk Edl
minRtwmEtRBegIykenIykgkarrkSabUrNPaBTwkdICamYyRbeTsevotNam
b:ueNaHeT b:uEnEfmTaMg)ankarBary:ag
mWugm:at;mineeGayExreshaCatiTaMgLay

enAkgesovePArbs;elakmuneBlelak
RtUv)ancab;xnedaysalakIExrRkhm
mancMNgeCIgfaRbvtisaRskm<CafI
enH nigeKalCMhrbs;Cabnbnab; fa
kgTBeCIgTwkrbs;ExrRkhm enAfTI
10]sPaqaM1975)anvaycUleTArwbyk
ekaHBUL):an;hSan;bekaHRkckesH Edl
evotNam)andeNImyk .
elakfaeRkaymk evotNam)an
vaydeNImykvij .
RkumGksikSaRbvtisaRskraC
RkumRbwkSaGnrCatiXaMemIlkm<Ca Edl
manmUldanenARbeTsnrev: nigKN
kmaFikarkarBarRBMEdnkm<Ca Edlman

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

kMNt;RtaCaRbvtisaRselIkar
cuHsnisBaa nigkicRBmeRBogRBMEdnxus
c,ab; nigvismPaB rvagsaFarNrd
sgniymevotNamnigsaFarNrdRbCa
manitukm<Cacab;taMgBIqaM1979 rhUtmk
dl;bcb,n .
edayelak saneb:gEsRbFan
KNkmaFikarkarBarRBMEdnkm<CaenA
RbeTs)araMg nigCaGtItrdmRnIRksYg
]sSahkmnigEr nrbbsaFarNrd
Exr
fTI07 mkra 1979
1979
kgTBevotNam)ancUlQanBan
nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<Ca eRkamrUbPaB
sRKcitCYyrMedaHkm<Ca BIrbbExr
Rkhm .
fTI12 mkra 1979
1979
rdaPi)al nrbbsaFarNrd
RbCamanitukm<Ca RtUv)anbegIteLIg .
fTI18 kum 1979
1979
snisBaasniPaB kicshRbti
btikar nigmitPaB RtUv)aneFIVeLIgrvag
elakpaM v:an;dug naykrdmRnIevotNam
nigelak ehg sMrin RbFanRkum
RbwkSard nbkSRbCaCnbdivtkm<Ca.
TMBrTI

fTI7 kkda 1982

1982
kicRBmeRBogsIBIEdnTWkRbvtisaRs
RtUv)ancuHhtelxaedayrdmRnIkarbr
eTsevotNam gUeyn kUfac; nig
elak hun Esn rdmRnIkarbreTs
Exr .
fTI20 kkda 1983
1983
snisBaasIBIeKalkarN_
dMeNaHRsaybBaaRBMEdn nigkicRBm
eRBogsIBIlknikRBMEdn RtUv)ancuHht
elxaedayelak hun Esn nig
gUey:n kUfac; .
fTI27 F 1985
1985

snisBaasIBIkarkMNt;RBMEdn
Cati RtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayelak hun
Esn nig gUeyn kUfac; .

f
fTI 12 mIna 1986
1986
esckIRbkasrbs;elak sWn
san naykrdmRnI nrdaPi)alRtIPaKI
dwknaMedaysemcneratmsIhnu sIBIkar
bdiesFminTTYlsal;snisBaaqaM
1985enaH .
fTI23 tula 1991
1991
karcuHhtelxaelIkicRBmeRBog
sniPaBRkug)a:rIs edIm,IbBab;CemaHenA

km<Ca RtUv)aneFIVeLIg .
fTI14 F 1992
1992
esckIRbkasBIRkugeb:kaMg
edaysemcneratmsIhnu GMBIbUrN
PaBTwkdI nRbeTskm<Ca .
fTI16 mkra qaM1995
995
r)aykarN_ minEmnsnisBaab
kicRBmeRBog nTsSnkicrbs;semc
RkumRBHneratmrNbJTi naykrdmRnITI1
nraCrdaPi)alkm<CaeTAkan;TIRkughaNUy.
fTI222-27mIna1999
a1999
1999
r)aykarN_pvkar nkicRbCMuelIk
dMbUgrbs;KNkmaFikarcMruHkm<Ca-evot
Nam sIBIbBaaRBMEdnRtUv)aneFIVeLIgenA
TIRkughUCImij .
fTI22 F 2000
2000
esckIsMercrbs;RkumRbwkSard
mRnIRtUv)aneFIVeLIgkgbMNgerobcMsnisBaabEnm elIsnisBaa qaM1985
rvagsaFarNrdsgmniymevotNam
nigsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca .
fTI27 ]sPa 2002
KNkmaFikarkarBarRBMEdn
km<Ca )anepJIlixitmYyc,ab;CUnGKelxa
FikarGgkarshRbCaCati sIGMBIkar

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

 fTI31 mIna 2005

2005
lixitcMhmYyBIRkugeb:kaMg eday
semc edayesIeGayRbeTsCitxag
bneKarBkarkMNt;RBMEdn edayEpkelI
EpnTIe)aHBum<edayeyaFaGaemrik .
fTI27 emsa 2005
2005
]tmRkumRbwkSaCatisIBIkickarRBM
Edn Supreme National Council on
Border Affairs-SNCBA) RtUv)anbegIt
eLIg . semcTTYlykmuxtMENg
CatMNagRBHmhakSRt nigKg;CaRBH
GFibtInRkumRbwkSaenH .
fTI11 ]sPa 2005
2005
kicRbCMuelIkTI1 nigEtmYyelIk
Kt;nRkumRbwkSa SNCBA RtUv)anR)arB
dl;karbegItrdaPi)alcMruHCamYyKNbkS eLIgtamkarekaHBIGtItRBHmhakSRt .
hVnsiunbiuc .
KNkmaFikarkarBarRBMEdnkm<CakRtUv)an
fTI7 tula 2004
ekaHGeBaIjeGaycUlrYmEdr .
2004
semcneratmsIhnudak;raC .
enAfTI14mifuna 2005
elak hun Esn )anRbkasGMBI
fTI14 tula 2004
2004
semcRBHburmnaf neratmsIh karminGacedaHRsaybBaa)an nRkum
munI )anRtUve)aHeqatedaysemgkcn RbwkSa SNCBA nig)anbegIteLIgnUv
BIsMNak;RkumRbwkSaraCblg edIm,IfVay GaCJaFrCatiTTYlbnkkickarRBMEdn
fTI03 mkra 2004
2004 RBHraCtYnaTICaRBHmhakSRtfI nRBH (National Authority in charge of
Border Affairs-NABA)EdlmansmtRbPBBIRBHbrmraCvaMgmYyrUbRtUv raCaNacRkkm<Ca .
kiceFIVkarcrcanigeFIVkicRBmeRBogCamYy

rMelaPelIkicRBmeRBogRkug)arIsqaM
1991 sIBIbUrNPaBTwkdIkm<Ca eday
evotNam . lixitenHkRtUv)anbBan
eTAkan;rdaPi)alRkugPMeBjpgEdr .
Exmifuna qaM2002
002
Rbtikmnana)anekItecjBIGaCJa
Frkm<Ca bNajsarBtman nigKN
kmaFikarkarBarRBMEdnkm<Ca .l. Tak;
Tgnwgplvi)akFn;Fr EdlekItecjBI
snisBaaRBMEdnTaMgenH .
- enAedImExmIna qaM2003
003
rdaPi)alelak hun Esn
BnakarcuHsnisBaaRBMEdnenH.
- enAExkk
enAExkkda 2003
2003
kgyuTnakarEsVgrksemgeqat
KNbkShVnsiunbiuc nigKN
bkSsmrgSI )anRbkaskarKaM
RTrbs;xncMeBaHkarbdiesFmin
TTYlsal;snisBaaRBMEdnTaMg
LayEdl)aneFIVeLIgeRkamkar
RtYtRta edayRbeTsevotNam
mkelIRbeTskm<Ca .

TMBrTI

10

)anRsg;sMdIedayviTsemgshrd
Gaemrik VOA fa {KNRbtiPUevotNam
mYydwknaMedayelak gUeyn v:an;sun
enAGMLgTsSnkicrbs;xnkalBIfTI
28 ExF 2003 )anesIdl;semcRBH
)aTneratmsIhnu eGayTTYlsal;sni
sBaaTaMgLaysIBIbBaaRBMEdnrvagrbb
saFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca nigsaFar
NrdsgmniymevotNam . RbPB
begIbfa RBHmhakSRtneratmsIhnuu
minyl;RBmtamsMeNIenaHeT .
fTI8 kkda 2004
2004
elak hun Esn nigsemcRkum
RBHneratmrNbJTi)andak;kMhiteGay
smaCiksPae)aHeqatedayelIkdKaMRT

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

RbeTsCitxag EdlGaCJaFrenHRtUv)an
dak;eGayenAeRkamGMNacrbs;elak
hun Esn TaMgRsug .
fTI10 tula 2005
2005
elak hun Esn )ancuHsni sBaabEnmelIsnisBaaqaM1985 enA
TIRkughaNUy CamYynaykrdmRnI
evotNam pan; v:an;x .
enAfTI11 vicika2005
rdsPaCati)anGnumtelI
snisBaabEnmeTAelIsnisBaaRBMEdn
rvagsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca nig
saFarNrdsgmniymevotNam Edl
)ancuHfTI27 F 1985 .
fTI30 vicika 2005
RBHmhakSRtExr semcRBHbrm
nafneratmsIhmunI )anLayRBhs
elxa edaypl;scanumtelIsnisBaa
RBMEdnkm<Ca eTAsnisBaaqaM1985 .
mRnIRkughaNUy nigKNbkSRbCaCn
km<CaRbkasBICyCMnHRbvtisaRsrbs;
BYkeK .
fTI30
30 mifuna 2006
2006
sMeNIbdiesFminTTYlsal;
snisBaabEnmfTI10ExtulaqaM2005
TMBrTI

11

rvagkm<Ca-evotNamenHRtUv)andak;CUn
GgkarshRbCaCati .
fTI27ExkBa
7ExkBa
ExkBaa 2006
2006
RbeTskm<Ca nigevotNam cab;
epIme)aHbegalRBMEdn eRkamGFibtI
elaknaykrdmRnI hun Esn nig
emdwknaMevotNam gUeyn tan;Dug .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

CYbCamYyRkumGkRbyuT edIm,IkarBarTwkdIRBMEdnExrRbqaMgnwghun Esn BIRbeTsnrev

bTsmasn_

kMNt;kariyalyniBn
bBaaRBMEdnKWCabBaasMxan;
nigCabBaasab;rs;rbs;Cati .
sarBtmanesrI s>B>s>r
)anEsVgrkbTsmasn_BIsMNak;
skmCnkarBarRBMEdnEdlFab;TTYl
rgkartamcab;xnedaysarkarbeBaj
mtiRbqaMgeTAnwgkarGnumtelIsni
sBaabEnmnafTI10ExtulaqaM2005
EdlTTYlsal;kicRBmeRBogRBMEdn
naqaM1979 1982 1983 nig
qaM1985 rvagsaFarNrdRbCamanitu
km<Ca nigsaFarNrdsgmniym
evotNam EdleFIVeGayGkCMnaj
EpkRBMEdnriHKn;fa CakareFIVeGay
)at;bg;TwkdIExr bCaectnasgKuN
RbeTsevotNam edayRkumelak
hun Esn kgkarCYydeNIm
GMNacdl;BYkeKBIBYkExrRkhm .
xageRkamenHKWCakicsmasn_
rvagTsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI nig
TMBrTI

12

eGo can;Na GKelxaFikar nRkum

RbwkSaGnrCatiXaM
emIlkm<Ca RbcaM
enARbeTsnrev:

elakeGo can;Na GKelxaFikar

nRkumRbwkSaGnrCatiXaMemIlkm<Ca
BIRbeTsnrev:
s>B>s>r elakcan;Na dwgfa
elakKWCaskmCnmak;kgkarkarBar
RBMEdn karBarTwkdIExr ehIyelak
kFab;RtUv)anrdaPi)alelakhunEsn
tamcab; edaykarbeBajmti Tak;Tin
eTAnwgbBaaRBMEdnnwgEdr etIelak
manRbtikmGVIfITak;TineTAnwgskmPaB
EdldwknaMedayrdaPi)alhun Esn
kgkarpl;bcabnbEnm eTAelI
GnusBaaqaM1985 eGayRsbc,ab;
edayrdsPaenAqaM 2005 enaHEdr
rWeT)aT?
G>c>N)aTGrKuNeRcInsMnUrrbs;
elakeXIjfa Tak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIr

karnkare)aHbegalRBMEdn eyag
eTAelIsnisBaaqaM 1985 \LvenH
eKbegItCasnisBaabEnmfImYyeTot
edIm,IeGaysnisBaaqaM1985kayeTA
CasnisBaaRsbc,ab; ehIyeKGac
eFVIkare)aHbegalRBMEdneTAtammhicta

RbeTsyYn EdlCaGkelIkbnbelakhun
Esn CaemdwknaMExr taMgBIqaM1985

rhUtmkdl;bcb,n ehIyGVITaMgGs;
EdlRbRBwtieTAtamsnisBaaxusc,ab;
hwg KWxusc,ab;TaMgGs; mannyfa
GkTaMgLayNa eTaHbICaxnenAkg
rdaPi)alkIenAkgrdsPakI KWcUlrYm
eFVIeGaysnisBaahwgRsbc,ab; Gk
TaMgGs;hwg RtUv)anRbvtisaRskt;
RtaTukCaGkk,t;qnnCatiExr Ca

Gkk,t;qnnBlrdExrCaGkk,t;

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

ehIyk,t;rdFmnuBa Edl)anEcg
ehIyfaral;snisBaa GnusBaaNa
EdlRbfab;eLIgvijenAqaM 1993
nc,ab;rdFmnujnwgRtUvTukCaemaX
TaMgGs; . GBawgsUYrfa ehtuGVI
)anCaGkTaMgGs;Ka EdlCatMNag
EdlCaGkpl;kIsg,wmkgkarkarBar
RbeTsCatienaHEbrCanaMKaeTAeFVI
eGaysnisBaahwgRsbc,ab; ehIy
knaMKaGnuvtn_eTAtamsnisBaaenH
GBawg)anfaGkTaMgGs;Ka EdlmkBI
KNbkSepSgKahwg ehtuGVI)an
eTACaRbRBwti? dwgfaerOghwgvaxus
vanaMeGayRbeTsCatieyIg)at;bg;
nUvkitiys )at;bg;nUvTwkdI )at;bg
nUvplRbeyaCn_? dUecH GkTaMgGs;
KahwgkMBugEtrYmKMnitKak,t;CatiehIy .

s>B>s>r sUmsYrbneTAsMnYr
TI2 etIelakman)andwgBImUlehtu
EdlenABIeRkay elakhun EsneT
faetIehtuGVI)anCaCaelakenAEt
TTUccg;eGaymankareFVIeGaysnisBaa

qaM 1982 1983 1985 eTACa

snisBaaRsbc,ab;eT)aT?
TMBrTI

13

G>c>N Tak;TgeTAnwgcMnuchwg ebI RbKl;dIeGayyUnenATIRkughaNUy

tamRbvtisaRs eyIg)andwgc,as;fa kalBIf10 Ex tula qaM 2005 .
BYkyYnKWcg;elbykTwkdIRbeTs ehIyGBawgeT TI1 KWTak;TgeTAnwg
km<CaeyIg BImYyCMhaneTAmYyCMhan GMnac EdlmanBIedIm KWRtUvdwgKuN
BImYyeBleTAmYyeBl eXIjfa eK eK KWRtUvRbKl;GVImYy eGayeTAeK
enAEtcBawmmhicitahwgCayUrmk vij enAeBlEdleKeGayGMnacmk
ehIy GBawgeTenAeBlEdlkas xnhwg ehIyTI2KWRtUvEtRKbdNb;
lmkdl; KWeK)anelIkbnbemdwknaM eTAelIsmaCikrbs;xn eTAelIRbCa
EdlCaExr b:uEnGkTaMgGs;Kahwg Blrdrbs;xn eTAelIfak;dwknaMTaMg
RtUvEtbMerIplRbeyaCn_eGayRbeTs LayenACuMvijxn ebImineFVItamxn
eK . eyIgdwgehIyfa emdwknaM eTnwgTTYlnUvpllM)ak . Cak;Esg
sBVfesIrEtTaMgRsugehIyRtUv)an dUcCaGBawgRtUvEtrt;ecalRsuk.
yUnelIkbnbeLIgkalBIqaMcUlrMedaH hwgehIyKWCakarbMeBjbMNgrbs;
Pam KWqaM1979 rhUtmkdl;qaM cahVaynayrbs;xn .
1985hwg . GBawgeT elakhun s>B>s>r elakcan;Na )an
EsnenAEtTTUc enAEteRbIGMnacrbs; sab;elakmanRbsasn_ Gm,aj;mij
xnKwfaGkTaMgLayNakedayEdl fa rdaPi)alelakhun Esn)ancuH
hanRbqaMg hanCMTas;cMeBaHbBaahwg htelxaTTYlsal;RBMEdnfI enH
KWRtUvrgeRKaH ehIyCak;EsgKWrUb enAfTI 10 Ex tula qaM 2005
pal;nigshkarIkargarnRkumRbwkSa edaydwgKuNRbeTsevotNam Edl
XaMemIlkm<Ca KWRtUvTTYlrgeRKaHedaysar )anCYyelakhun Esn taMgBIqaM
naMKatsUmti ehIypl;CaGnusasn_nig 1979 eGaydeNImGMnacBIBYk b:ul
eFVIkarRbqaMgy:agdac;GhgarcMeBaHkar Bt . sab;eTAdUcCaelakhun
EdlelakhunEsneTA cuHhtelxa Esn nigbkBYkrbs;elakEdl)an

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

GMnacedaykarelIkbnbedayyUnhwg
RbKl;GVIEdlCakardwgKuNrbs;BYk
eKeTAeGayyYnvij . man
cMgl;mYyfa ehtuGVI)anCaminRbKl;
TwkdIenHeGaydac;eRsctaMgBIqaM1979
1982 1983 1985 eTA?caM)ac;
GImkeGayenAqaM 2005 EdleyIg
manrdaPi)alRsbc,ab;eTAehIy)aT?
G>c>N Tak;TgeTAnwgcMnuchwg
eyIgRkeLkemIleTAxageRkayvijfa
enAeBlEdlRbeTsyUnlukluy
cUlkgRbeTsExr KWRtUv)anGnrCati
eKefaleTasy:agsMebImRKb;TisTI

TaMgGs; . GgkarshRbCaCatimin
TTYlsal;nUvGVIEdlCaTegVIrbs;yYn
mkelIRbeTsExr ehIyGBawgeT
RbeTsyUnkminGacrs;enAkekaEt
g)anEdr yYnRtUvEtrkviFIeFVIy:ag
em:c edIm,Ibnrdmkvij kMueGayeKfa

xnmanbMNgelbykTwkdIExr BIeRBaH
manGkeshaCatienAxageRkAnaMKa
tsUsresrGkSrCamti edIm,IkMueGay
eKTTYlsal;nUvkarlukluycUlRbeTsExrBIsMNak;RbeTsyYnTaMgGs;
TMBrTI

14

hwg ehIyEdleFVIeGayyUnminGac
sMercbMNgrbs;xn)anPam KWRtUveFVI
y:agNaeGayrdaPi)alGay:grbs;
xnRsbc,ab;Camunsin . ebIminTan;
Rsbc,ab;eT xneFVIGVIeTAnwgRtUveKdak;
TNkm ehIyGnrCatiTaMgGs;eKGt;
Tan;yl;TegVIrbs;yUnhwgeTmkdl;
bcb,nenHeTotGMnacTaMgGs;KWsit
enAeRkamdrbs;mnusSEdleKbnb
hwgehIy eTIbeKsMercrYmKaEtmgfa
RtUvEtsMerceBlhwg sUmelIkeGay
)anCak;c,as; faebIelak hunEsn
hwg Kat;Rslaj;Cati Kat;eKarB
c,ab;EmnenaH Kat;R)akdCaeKarBsartI
nrdFmnujkicRBmRBagTIRkug)arIs
EdlEcgc,as;fa ral;snisBaaNa
EdlpynwgrdFmnujKWRtUvlubecal
b:uEnKat;Gt;eT Kat;TTYlsal;EdrBI
munmkfa rdFmnuBaEcgGBawgEmnkic

RBmeRBogTIRkug)arIsEcgGBawgEmn
b:uEnRusukExreyIgKWminGacGt;man
snisBaahwg)an ehIyelakenAEt
ciBawmciteFVIeGaysnisBaaTaMgGs;hwg
enAEtmanRbsiTiPaB ehIyTIbMputkeFVIkar

KMramKMEhgeTAdl;smaCikrdsPa
KMramKMEhgeTAdl;RBHmhakSRt eFVI
y:agem:ceGaybMNgmhicitarbs;xn
)ansMerc .

s>B>s>r elakcan;Na etIelak

yl;fa rWelakemIleXIjfaman\TiBl
GVIxHdl;RbeTskm<CaeyIg CMvijkar
sMerccitkarsgKuNrbs;elakhun
Esn cMeBaHRbeTsevotNam Edl
)anelIkbnbxn Edl)anpl;GMnac
dl;elaktaMgBIqaM1979mkhwg)aT?
G>c>N plGaRkk;KWmaneRcIn
ehIyKanpllNamYyeT ebItam
emIleXIj eRBaHEteyIgdwgehIy
faTwkdIkm<Ca BImYyeBleTAmYyeBl
RtUv)aneKTRnanykRKb;TIkEng
elIk]TahrN_ bnab;BIqaM 2005
mkhwg elakhun Esn cuHhtelxaRbKl;Rsbc,ab;eGayeKehIy
enaH b:uEnsYrfayUnQb;bnTRnan
ykTwkdIeyIgeT? faminbBab;eT
KWenAtambeNayRBMEdn dUcCa
rtnKIrI extkMBg;cam extRkecH
CaedIm KWyYnenAEtTRnanykdEdl

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

eCOfabgbnBlrdeyIgTaMgGs;Ka
TTYl)anehIynUvkarEdlyUnbnQan
Ban ehIyrhUtdl;bncab;eKangl
KMramkMEhgBlrdExrmineGayeFVIdI
ERscMkarelIdIrbs;xnTaMgGs; .
enHehIyEdlCalTplbBaak;fa
eGayTwkdIeyIg)at;bg; ehIyyYnmin

EmnbBab;mhicitarbs;xnkgkar

elbTwkdIrbs;ExreT ehIyGVIEdl
CakarFn;FenaH KWBIedImeLIyhan
vaytMlfa)at;BI4000eTA6000Km
nEdneKak ehIyEdnTwkenaHeyIg
)at;EdnTwksmuRTdFMeFgrbs;eyIg
KWkarcuHhtelxa eGaysnisBaanwg
Rsbc,ab; eyIgRtUveKarBsnisBaanwg
KWekaHRtl; RbCMuekaHBUlUbg;hSg;KWRtUv
)at;CasaBreTAelIdnRbeTsyYn .
sUmCMrabfa )aneTAdl;ekaH
TnSay emIl)anemIleXIjeTAdl;
ekaHRtl;hwg eXIjfaekaHenaHsMbUr
FnFanRtI FnFanFmCati CaBiess
RBeQI ehIyyYnmanbMNgcg;)an
yUrehIy BIeRBaHeKGacniyay)anfa
manEr:enAkgenaHEfmeTot ehIyBI
TMBrTI

15

Catisasn_eyIgRtUv)anFak;cuHeday
emdwknaMeyIghwg)aT .
s>B>s>r RbsinebIRbeTskm<Ca
enAqaM 2005 BMuGnumt nigBuMeFVI
scabnbEnmelIGnusBaaqaM 1985
enaHeT etIRbeTskm<CaeyIgGac
manplcMenjGVIxH eBalKWebIsin
CaGkneya)ayExr KWelakhunEsn
minRBmeFVIeGayGnuBaaqaM 1985eTA
CaRsbc,ab;vij ?
G>c>N )aT manRbeyaCn_FMeFg
Nas; . \LveyIgemIleTAelI
tambeNayRBMEdnrbs;eyIg etI
BlrdeyIgrgeRKaHEbbNaenA
eBl EdleyIgeGaykicRBmRBag
snisBaahwgkayeTACaRsbc,ab;
cab;GkensaTExrykeTAXuMTukenA eyIgeXIjfa BlrdeyIgrgeRKaH

edImeLIyEdnsmuRTrbs;eyIg95
Ban;Km2 \Lv)at;;eTAxagyYnGs;
30Ban;Km2eTAehIy )at;eTAxag
esomenaHEdleyageTAelIsnisBaa
qaM1982 KWqaM1997enaH eKbegIt
snisBaarvagyYnnigesom edaysb;
sat;nwg)ankat;ykEdnsmuRTExr
Gs;30Ban;Km2Edr ehIyEdlKYr
eGayGs;sMeNIcenaH eKbegItEdn
smuRTRbvtisaRscMnYn10Ban;Km2eTA
eTot EdlkgenaHmanekaHRtl;pg
Edr ehIyCak;EsgenAkgEdnRbvti
-saRshwg Edlmankicsnafa
yYnnigExrrksIuerogxn b:uEnCnCati
ExrcUlGt;)aneT eK)aj; eKeFIVTuk
bukemj . kalBIqaMeTAenaH eK

kgRsukyYnenaH hwgehIyEdl
Cak;EsgfaeyIg)at;bg; eyIgTTYl
rgeRKaHeRcInNas; edaysarkar
EdlsnisBaaTaMgGs;kayeTACa

TwkEPk TamTareGaymankareRCamERCg
BIrdaPi)al edaysar Kat;Rslaj;
TwkdI Kat;karBarTwkdI . GBawgehIy
ebIsinCaRsukExreyIg rWemdwknaMeyIg
Rsbc,ab; ehIyTwkdIeyIgKWRtUv)an CaBiessrdaPi)alExrhwgminGnumt
eKbMBan eKQanBan ehIykitys mincuHhtelxayl;RBmeGaysnisBaa
hwgRsbc,ab; eyIgcMeNj)aneRcIn

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

Nas; dUcCa ekaHRtl; RbCuMekaH

BUlUb:g;hSg; EdnsmuRTrbs;eyIg
Gt;)at; ehIyeyIgGaceFVIkarrukrk
eRbg)aneRcInEmnEmn EdlnaMpl
RbeyaCn_eGayExreyIg . sUm
CMrabfa edaysarTaMgGs;hwgehIy
plRbeyaCn_TaMgenAelIEdneKak nig
EdnTwk EdnsmuRT FnFan RBeQI
FnFanEr:tamekaHhwg enAkgsmuRT
EdlenAelIekaH manenAkgsmuRTKW
eRcInNas;ehIyenAeBlEdleyIg)at;
bg;eTAenaHeyIgkBi)akkgkarTMnak;TMng
kargarBaNiCkmCamYyRbeTsxageRkA
Edr BIeRBaHeyIg\LvenHtamc,ab;TaMg
Gs;hwg smuRTeyIgminCab;nwgsmuRT
GnrCatieTeBalKWTMraMEtcUldl;smuRT
eyIg KWRtUvqg;kat;smuRTyYn .
ebItamc,ab;sBVf eKkat;yk
Gs;ehIy BIedImmkeLIysmuRTeyIg
KWCab;nwgsmuRTGnrCati b:uEn\LvenH
b:uEneKeKobCab;Gs;eTAehIy .

eyageTAelIsnisBaaTaMgGs;hwg eK
QaneTAdl;begIteTAdl;tMbn;RtI
ekaNrksIuCamYyKa manExreyIgbI
extGBawgeTA manRsukyYnbYnext .
TaMgGs; hwgEdleFVIeGayRBeQI
rbs;eyIg)at;bg; eFVIeGayBlrdrbs;
eyIgevTna eFVIeGayeKykRbCaCn
eKcUlmkenAelITwkdIExr ehIyeK
kab;RBeQI eKykEr:BIRsukeyIg
tamGMeBIcit ehIydIERsdIcMkareyIg
RtUveKrwbGUsyk ehIyCaBiess
kitiysrbs;eyIgRtUv)an)at;bg; .
ehIyebIRbsinebIsnisBaa
hwgminRtUv)anyl;RBmeT RbeTs
eyIgcMeNjeRcInNas; eyIgGac
rukrkeRbgrbs;eyIg eyIgGacman
ekaHEdlsMbUrFnFanEr: sMbUrRBeQI
nigmanEdnsmuRTdTUlMTUlay eyIg
RbeyaCn_eRcInNas; RbeTseyIg
b:uNwg BlrdeyIgb:uNwg eyIgmin
caM)ac;eTAsuMCMnYyBINaeT eyIgRKan;

RklM)akevTnaedIrsUmTaneK edIrsuM
kargarBIRsukeK eKeFVI)abdUcsBVf
enHeT .
s>B>s>r elak can;Na enHCa
sMnUrcugeRkay edaysarEtelak
)anmanRbsasn_Tak;TineTAnwgGk
CMnajxagRBMEdnExreCIgcas;KWelak
san-eb:gEs . ebItamkarBiPSa
rbs;elakCamYyExrGkeshaCati
enAbreTsmYycMnYnCaBiessCamYy
elak san eb:gEs faetIeyIgenA
manmeFa)ayGVIedIm,IeRsacRsg;
RbeTskm<CaedIm,IeFVIem:ckuMeGayRBMEdn

Edlelak hun Esn nig

rdaPi)alkm<Cabcb,n Edlelak
)anelIkeLIgfa)ankat;dIeGayyYneTA
tam snIsBaaqaM1985 Gs;dIcMnYn
BI 4000 eTA6000Km RBMEdnTwk
30Ban;Km Fak;eTAkgdevotNam
enaH?
G>c>N )aTlak saneb:gEsCa
cMeBaHBIEdneKak ]TahrN_ EtGVIEdlCaFnFanBIRsukrbs;eyIg
GkCMnajkarxagkarBarRBMEdn . Kat;
kalBIqaMmun eKbegIttMbn;RtIekaN ykmkGPivDn_RbeTs ykmkCYy
CaGtitrdmRnIRksYgEr: munqaM1975
RbvtisaRsGBawgeTA edaysarEt BlrdeyIg RbCaCneyIgnwgmin
kalBIrbbelak lun Nul enaH
TMBrTI

16

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

Kat;CaGkKUrEpnTIerOgbBaaPUmisaRs ):arIsnigrdFmnuBaKWsnisBaaTaMgGs;
bBaaRsukExrmanEr:kEngNa Kat;KUr nwgminGacykCapvkar)aneT .
eyIg)andak;Bak bNwgeTA
Kat;dwg kalBIExekAkngeTAnwg
elak san eb:gEs )anmkeFVI GgkarshRbCaCati eyIgmanksar
TsSnkicenAkgRbeTsnrev:enH nrdFmnuBa eyIgmankicRBmeRBog
ehIyeyIg)anCECkKarkKnwHkgkar eyIgksarCaeRcIn EdlTak;Tgnig
edaHRsay ehIyrkyuTsaRskg yYnkIRsukCitxagkIEdlbMBanelITwk
karCYyeGayRsukExreyIgrYcBIkar dIExreyIg ehIyEdl)ansnafa
)at;bg;TwkdI eyIgemIleXIjGVIEdl minrMelaPbMBanelITwkdIExr eyIgman
CakIsg,wmsitenAkgdBlrdExr ksarTaMgGs; . eyIgnwgtsU
eyIgTaMgGs;KaTaMgenAkg nigeRkA eTAmuxeTot ehIysg,wmfaenAf
RbeTs TaMgGs;KaKWCamas;nvasna NamYynaeBlGnaKt eyIgnwgGac
RbeTsCatirbs;xn GBawgTal;Et esIrerIeLIgvij ebIsinCamanemdwknaM
manGkneya)ayEdlpuHecjBIGk l eyIgnwgbwgeTAGgkarshRbCaeshaCati ehIyGkneya)ayman Cati KWGt;maneGaykare)aHbegal
kartaMgciteGayc,as;fa enAeBl RBMEdnCapvkareT BIeRBaHeyIg)at;TwkdI
Edlxn)anTTYl)ansiTi nigGMNac rbs;eyIg . ehtuenHehIy eyIg
BIBlrdykeTAdwknaMRbeTsCatixn TaMgGs;Ka TaMgGkneya)ay TaMg
RtUvEtGnuvtn_eTAmnsikarnigqnxn BlrdExrenAkg nigeRkARbeTsRtUv
GBawgehIyeyIgTaMgGs;Ka RtUvBYt eRkakQreLIgRtUvRslaj;Catirbs;
dKa samKIKa enaHsnisBaaTaMg eyIgRtUvRslaj;Catirbs;eyIgedIm,I
Gs;nwg ebItamEtkicRBmeRBogTIRkug karBarTwkdIrbs;eyIg .
CacugeRkay sUmGMBavnav
dl;Gkneya)ayTaMgGs; smaCik
TMBrTI

17

rdsPa smaCikRBwTsPa GkdwknaM

rdaPi)al hantsUmti haneFVIkar
lbg;nUvRbeyaCn_rbs;xn kMueGay
RbvtisaRskt;RtaTuknUvTegVIGaRkk;
rbs;eyIgrYmKabMpajCatienaH .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

tmeRbgsaMgnwgFak;cuH1000eroleBal
cMENktmeRbgsaMgenA
ehtuGVI)anCaeRbgsaMgenARbeTs
km<Ca fCagRbeTsCitxag? RbeTsfmantm3/658 erollIRt KWmkenARtwm 3500 erolkgmYylIRt.

tmeRbgenARbeTskm<Caf
x<s;CageRbgenARbeTsf nigevot
Nam edaysarEtGMeBIBukrlYy kar
ykBnfrhUtdl;Cag1000erollIRt
nigkarlk;ekgykcMeNjx<s;BIBYkQj
FMEdlsiTnwgelaknaykrdmRnI hun
Esn/ enHebIeyagtamGkCMnajEpk
esdkic nigemdwknaMKNbkSRbqaMg .
tmeRbgsaMgenAfenHeLIgdl;
4600erolkgmYylIRtenATIRkugPMeBj
BI 3800erol kalBIb:unanExmun .
elak bNiteLA m:ugh )an
manRbsasn_fa tmeRbgsaMgenAelI
BiPBelak KWBitCaekIneLIg b:uEnkMenIn
tmeRbgenARbeTskm<CaekInelOnnig
x<s;xusBIRbeTsCitxagxn edaysar
EtGMeBIBukrlYyekItmanelIkarnaMcUl
eRbgBIeRkARbeTs .
tmeRbgenAelIBiPBelakKW
88>71 dularkgmYy)aEr:lFug .
enARbeTsevotNam
tmeRbgsaMgBI 2/877-3000 erol
kgmYylIRt KWBI11/600-13/500dug
lIRt . 1000dug = 248 erol.
TMBrTI

18

b31)atflIRt1)at=118erol.
enHebIeyagtamtmTIpSarenARbeTs
f .
emdwknaMKNbkSRbqaMg sm
rgSI elaksm rgSI )anbegIbenAkg
lixitmYyc,ab;rbs;elakepJIeTAkan;elak
rdmRnIRksYghirBavt Kat Qn; fa
eRbgsaMgmYylIRtbcb,nrd)anykBn
elIkarnaMcUlrhUtdl;eTACag1000erol
ehIymas;RkumhunnaMcUleRbglk;ecj
edayykcMeNjrhUtdl; 500erol
kgmYylIRtelIfedIm eTIbbNal
eGayeRbgeLIgfCagRbeTsCitxag .
elak sm rgSI kgzanCa
GktMNagraRs)anesInUvviFankarBIry:ag
edIm,IbnytmeRbgsaMg kalBIfTI14
Exvicika qaM2007 .
viFankarTI1 bnyBnelIkarnaMcUleRbg
BICag1000erollIRt mkenARtwm300
erol .
viFankarTI2 bnykMritR)ak;cMeNjeRbg
saMgedayRkumhuneRbgBI500erol mk
200erollIRt .
elak sm rgSI )anTTUcfa
karGnuvtn_nUvviFankarTaMgBIrrYmKa enaH

elak sm rgSI )ancgleTA

RkumhunrksIueRbgcMnYnBIrEdlman\TiBl
xaMgenAkgRbeTs KWRkumhunsUKImiuc
EdlRKb;RKgeday]kja:suxKg; nigRkum
hun etla rbs;kUnRbsarelaknayk
rdmRnIExr Edlelakfa RkumhunTaMgBIr
enHmanmRnIrdaPi)alenABIeRkayxg Edl
mankarBak;BneTAnwgkarrt;BneRbgxus
c,ab; nigGMeBIBulrlYy EdlCakarekg
RbvBaelIejIsQamBlrdExr .
rhUtmkTl;eBlenH TaMgelak
Kat-Qn; nigrdaPi)alminGacGnuvttam
viFankarrbs;elaksm rgSI)anenAeLIy
eT . pyeTAvij tmeRbgsaMgenAkg
RbeTskm<CaecHEtekIneLIg .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tmeRbgsaMgenAextGany:ag
tm1000erol

kicsmasn_CamYyGkCMnajesdkicCMuvijtmeRbgsaMgenAkm<Ca
tmeRbgsaMg)annigkMBugekIn
eLIgBImYyfeTAmYyf EdlbBaaenH
)anCH\TiBlGviCmandl;ktaplitkm
visyepSg CaBiessCIvPaB rbs;
BlrdExr Edlkarrs;enArbs;BYkeK
BwgEpkelImeFa)ayGUsTajTMenIb
EdlecosmineRbIeRbgsaMgmin)an .
enARsbeBlCamYyKaenH
rdaPi)alExrdwknaMedayelaknayk
rdmRnI hun Esn ykBnfelI
karnaMcUleRbgBIbreTs Edlman
tmx<s;Rsab; nighak;dUcCaBMueGIeBI
kgkarrkviFIeFIVeGayeRbgmantmsm
Rsb nigeqIytbeTAnwgCIvPaBrbs;
Blrd nigmRnIraCkarrbs;xnEdl
manebovtStictYcenaHeT . bcb,n
tmeRbgsaMg)aneLIgdl; 4500
erolkgmYylIRt . elakbNit
eLA m:ugh Edl)anTTYlkar
bNHbNalEpkesdkicfak;bNitBI
saklviTalymYyncRkPBGg;eKs
)anpl;kicsmasn_CamYyTsSnavdI
TMBrTI

19

sarBtmanesrI s>B>s>r CMuvij

mUlehtu nigmeFa)ayEdleFIVeGay
tmeRbgsaMgenAkm<CamantmRbhak;
RbEhlKanwgRbeTsCitxag)an .
s>B>s>r tmeRbgsaMgenAkm<Ca
ecHEtekIneLIgBImYyfeTAmYyf .
bcb,nenH saMgkgmYylIRteLIgf
dl;4500erolkgmYylIRt ebIeRbob
eFobeTAnwgRbeTsCitxagKWevotNam
nigftmenHx<s;CagBI1000-2000
erol etImanktaGVIEdlCMrujeGayman
kareLIgfenH?
eLAm:ugh tmeRbgeqAenAelI
BiPBelakekIneLIgy:agrhscab;taMg
BIqaM2002 ehIyrhUtmkdl;eBlenH
tmeRbg)anekIneLIgCag 40 PaK
ry ebIeRbobeFobnwgtmnaqaMdMbUg
enaH .

bNit eLA m:ugh

rdaPi)alGaceFIV)an
eLAm:ugh
eday 1- bnyGRtaBnnaMcUleRbg
2-begInRbsiTPaBrbs;rdkgkarRbmUl
Bn edIm,ICakarb:Hb:Uvdl;karxatbg;
R)ak;cMNUledaysarkarbnabtmBn
naMcUleRbgenaH 3- bnycMNay
rd)al GMeBIBukrlYy sMrab;Rkum
huneRbgTaMgLay nig 4- esI
eGayRkumhuneRbgTaMgenaH 4>1 bny
nUvR)ak;cMeNjelIslubBItmeRbg
nig 4>2 begInRbsiTPaBkgkar
Gnuvtn_viFankarTaMgenH edaybiTecal
s>B>s>r ehtuGVI)anCardaPi)almin nUvsanIy_mYycMnYnrbs;xn .
viFankarTI2 TI3 nigTI4 min
Gaccat;viFankar edIm,IbnytmeRbg
GacmanRbsiTPaB)an edaysarEt
saMgdx<s;enH)an?

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

PaBtUccegtnmUldanBndarrbs;
RbeTsenH R)ak;cMNUlbuKlTab
skmPaBBndarnigskmPaBbegItR)ak;
cMNUlrbs;rdBIFnFanFmCatimanTMhM
tUc GMeBIBukrlYy nigkarCMTas;BI
RkumhunrksIueRbgTaMgenaH . cMENk
viFankar 4>2 GacnaMeTArkkar)at;
bg;kargarxH .
s>B>s>r etIvanwgCH\TiBlGVIxH
eTAelIRbCaBlrdkm<Ca ktaplitkm
nigsgmCatiTaMgmUl enAeBlEdl
rdaPi)almYyminGacRKb;RKgtmeRbg )an?

eLAm:ugh TaMgGs;nwgTTYlrgeRKaH.
rdarbs;eyIgRtUvTTYlxusRtUvelIbBaa
enH cMeBaHbraCykgkarBRgIkmUldan
plitkmskmPaBnaMecjnigplitPaB
nigkarsMrbsMrYlkareRbIR)as; nigkarnaM
cUleGay)anPamcab;taMgBIkarbBab;rbb
kumynIs [qaM1993] enaHmk .
tamBit RbeTsTaMgmUlkMBugcMNayeRcIn
elIsBIFnFanEdlxnman ehIykarcM
NayPaKeRcIn nkarcMNayTaMgenH
eTAelIkarnaMcUlTMnijeRbIR)as; rab;
taMgBIeQIcak;eFjrhUtdl;rfynTMenIb
mU:EdlfI ehIykarcMNayeTAelIkar
vinieyaKelIplitPaB edIm,IBRgIkmUldan
TMBrTI

20

plitkmrbs;eyIg nigedIm,Iplitmux
TMnijeRcInRbePTsMrab;karnaMecjenaH
EbrCamancMnYnticeTAvij .
karsabnaGaKarpHElVg vILa
minEmnCakarvinieyaKeTAelIvisyplit
kmeT . b:uEnkarksageragcRkedIm,IbegIt
eLIgnUvplitpleTIbCakarvinieyaKelI
plitkm . enHnwgritEtmanlkN
plitPaBEfmeTot RbsinebIeKbEnm
tmeRcInEfmeToteTAelIvtFatedIm .
karbegIteragcRkpliteRKOgsgarwm
EdlbMEpgeQIBIRBeGayeTACaplit
plsMercdUcCasaLg tu TU ekAGI.l.>
edaylk;kgtmx<s;TaMgenAelITIpSar
kgRsuknigeRkARsuk eTIbCakarvinieyaK
plitPaB . eragcRkRbePTenH eTIb
bEnmtmeTAelIFnFaneQIrbs;eyIg
nigbegIt)annUvkargarCaeRcInkgsgVak;
plitkmBIFnFaneQIeTAplitplsMerc
CaeRKOgsgarwm . eragcRkvayNPN
begIt)annUvkargareRcIn b:uEnCak;EsgBMu
mantmsMrab;vtFatuedImeT edaysar
GIVesIrRKb;y:agRtUv)annaMcUlBIbreTs
RkNat; GMe)aH eLv m:asIunedr
RkdaskatugsMrab;evcxb; .l. .

manEtkarvinieyaKelIEpkplit
kmb:ueNaHeTIbGacFananirnrPaBnkMenIn
esdkic nigkarGPivDn_ .
s>B>s>r rdaPi)al CaBiess
rdmRnIRksYghirBavt nigesdkic Kat
Qn; Etgeyagdl;tmeRbgkMBugekIn
eLIgenAelIsaklelak nigfaRbeTs
km<CaminEmnCakEngpliteRbg dUc
RbeTsCitxag enAeBlecaTsYreday
RkumGkkaEst nigGktMNagraRsKN
bkSRbqaMg . etIelakmaneyabl;GVI
Tak;TinnwgkarbkRsayenH?
eLAm:ugh elak Kat Qn; niyay
minxusb:unaneT b:uEnKat;KYrEtBinit
emIlviFankarnanadUckgcemIynsMNYr
TIBIrxagelIenH .
esckICUndMNwg
sUmGPyeTascMeBaHkar
Gak;xanpSayGtbTeRkamcMNgeCIgfa
{EpnkarexAsmab;sm rgSI}edayRkum
eyaFadmanGMNacmYyRkum edaysar
RbPBmankarPyxaccMeBaHsnisuxpal;
xn eBalKWxacRtUveKsmab;bMbiTmat;
edaysarRbPBKWCatYGgsMxan;EdlRkum
eyaFaGgrkSenaHbgMeGayeFIVskmPaB
b:uEnRbPBmineFIVtam ehIy)anrt;eKc
xntaMgBIqaM2005 mk .

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

f 7 mkra nigsarCatinTivarMedaHkm<CaBIBYkExrRkhm
bTGtaFib,ay

RBwkRBlwmRsageLIg naf7 mkra qaM1979 srkaMePIglan;dUclacpH RkumTahanExrRkhmsitkg

ksNanBNexA)an)ak;TBcakecjBITIRkugPMeBjnigRtUvedjtamBIeRkayedaykgTBRbdab;edayGavuF nigmYkRbLs
kUsBNRtYyeckniyayPasaGugLWgKYreGayPJak;epIl . eTaHCay:agenHkImnusSmaekgcas;RbusRsIEdlTTYlrg
nUvTaruNkmBIsMNak;BYkExrRkhmGs;ryeBl3qaM 8Ex 20f )anTTYlnUvGarmN_Grsb,ay edaynwkKitfa Gk
manbuN)ancUlmkCYyseRgaHGayuCivitrbs;BYkeK . rwtEttkmarRbkbedaykardwgKuNTahanevotNameTAeTot
enAeBl)anB rNsirSsamKIseRgaHCatikm<Ca kalCMnan;enaHRbkasfaGayuCivitrbs;BlrdExrehobEtnwgRtUvsab;
Gs;edaykarbMBulnMbBakBIRkumExrRkhm tamneya)ayrbs;saFarNrdRbCamanitucin .{kMuEtkgTBevotNamcUlmk
CYyrMedaHTan; em:HsmCivitGkTaMgGs;KanwgRtUvsab;kgreNAFM EdlBYkcinem:AniymbBaaeGayExrRkhmCIkTukkb;Exr
eRkayBIkarbMBulnMbBakGs;eTAehIy ykTwkdIenHsMrab;dak;CnCaticinTaMgGs;CMnYsExr} . b:uEnb:unanExeRkaymk
karrMedaHenHRtUv)aneKTmayBtmanfa CakarcUllukluyQanBanBIsMNak;RbeTsevotNamelIbUrNPaBTwkdIrbs;Exr
eRkamelsCYyrMedaHExrBIrbbRblyBUCsasn_eTAvij . ExrTaMgkgnigeRkARsukCaeRcIn)anBYtdKaeFIVkartsURbqaMg
nwgrbbRkugPMeBj EdlBYkeKGHGagfaRtUv)anelIkbnbedayevotNam .
etIRbeTsevotNamBitCa)anCYyExr edaycitsb,rskgzanCaRbeTsCitxag bmYyevotNam)anTTYleCaK
CyelIEpnkarvatTITwkdIkgdMeNIreq<aHmkTisxaglicrbs;xn?
rhUtmkTl;eBlenH eBlevla)anrMlgputGs;ryeBl29qaMehIy Kitcab;BIf7 mkra qaM1979 rhUt
dl;f7 mkra qaM2008 . kmaMgtsURbqaMgnwgrbbRkugPMeBjenAEtbncat;Tukf7 mkra faCaf EdlRbeTs
evotNamcUllukluyQanBanRbeTskm<Ca enAxNeBlEdlRkumTTYlbuNskiBIevotNamdwknaMedayelak hun
Esn Ca sIum nigehg sMrin )ansMerceCaKCykgkarbBaHbBal nigKMramkMEhgeGayRkumGtItGkRbqaMgnwg
rbbelIkbnbedayevotNamrbs;elakenaHTTYlsal;karQanBanrbs;evotNameTACakarCYyrMedaHExrBIrbbRbly
BUCsasn_ nigEfmTaMg)andak;bBalTivaenHeTAkgRbtiTinRbcaMqaMCaTivabuNCatieTotpg .
TMBrTI

21

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

eTaHCaRkumelak hun Esn Ca sIum nigehg sMrin GaceRbIluykak; buNski edIm,IGUsTajExrxH

eGayTTYlsal;TivaenHfaCaTivaEdlRbeTsevotNammanKuNbMNac;y:agNakeday kmanExrkan;EteRcIneLIg rYm
TaMgGkCMnajEpkcitsaRssRgam Gkneya)ay GkviPaKbBaakm<Ca GkRbvtisaRskraCsIGMBIbBaakm<Ca rYmTaMg
GgkarshRbCaCatikalCMnan;enaH)ancat;TukTiva 7 mkra faCafEdlevotNamQanBanTwkdIkdIkm<Cay:agR)akd .
enAxNenaH eKcaM)anfa GgkarshRbCaCatiBMu)anTTYlsal;rbbsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca nigrdaPi)al
nrdkm<Carbs;elak hun Esn ehg sMrin nigCa sIum BIqaM1979-1992 CardaPi)alRsbc,ab;eT . enHCa
TLIkrN_mYybBaak;BIkarcUllukluyQanBanrbs;RbeTsCitxagmYyeTAelIRbeTsmYyeTotEdlminGacRbEkk)an .
hun Esn xnelakpal;)anpl;smasn_dl;GkniBnesovePAbursxaMgnkm<Ca fa RKaenaHkgTBrbs;elak
dwkmuxedaykgTBevotNamkgkarvaydeNImGMNacBIBYkb:ulBtEdr . enHkCa]TahrN_mYyeTotbBaak;BIkarQan
Banrbs;kgTBevotNam .
eRkayBITTYl)anTTYlCyCMnH naf7 mkra qaM1979mk karerobcMrbbdwknaM TaMgrd)al esdkic
neya)ay eyaFa nigvisyepSgeTot rYmTaMgkarerobcMmUldanmUldanpgRtUv)anerobcMdwknaM nigGmkarRtYtRta
edayCMnajkarevotNamTaMgGs; . enHkCa]TahrN_mYyeTotEdlbBaak;GMBIkarQanBanrbs;RbeTsevotNammk
elIkm<Ca EdlenAkgsklelak RbtibtikarGnraKmn_EpkeyaFamYy minRtUveKGnuBaateGaycUleTAlukluyRtYtRta
rebobenHeT . TegVIenH)anbgajGMBIkarvatTIQanBanRbeTskm<CamgehIymgeTot dUckalCMnan;mas;kSRtI GgmuI
1834-1841 EdlRBHbitaGgcn esayTIvgteTA evotNam)anelIkbnbbuRtImYyGgenHeGayeLIgRKgraC
edaydak;tMNagescGNamGmRtYtRtaRBHmhakSRtIGgenHeQaH Gug eRTOg KVin ehIykgsmyenaHKWmanCMnaj
karevotNamGmkm<CaenARKb;sabn eTo efn/ erOgr:avnTwkdIkm<CaeRkam/ 2005 dUckgGMLgqaM 19791989 Edr .
karbgrCnCatievotNammkelITwkdIkm<Catamkicsna25qaMrvagrbbRkugPMeBjnigrdaPi)alevotNamkumynis
EdlrhUtmkTl;eBlenHCnCatievotNam)anekIneLIgdl;cMnYn4>5lannak; nig\TiBlnRkumRKYsarCnCatievotNam
mkelIkm<CakalCMnan;enaHkGacbBaak;GMeBIPaBlubelI bkarlukluyrbs;Tahan nigCnCatievotNamenAkm<Ca)an
Edr eyagksarpl;edayclnashBnRbCaFibety.
TMBrTI

22

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

kicRBmeRBog nigsnisBaanana rvagrdaPi)al nrbbsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca CamYyrdaPi)alsaFarN

rdsgmniymevotNam naqaM1979 1982 1985 EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;ekaHRtl; ekaHBULb:g;hSan; RBMEdn
eKakBI4000-6000 Km2 nigRBMEdnsmuRTRbEhl 30/000 Km2 Cabnbnab;kKWCakarbBaak;BIkar
sgKuNrbs;Rkumelakhun Esn cMeBaHecAhVaynayEdl)anCYydeNImGMNaceGayxnenaHEdr . eyagksar
pl;edayKNkmaFikarRBMEdnkm<CaenARbeTs)araMg
enAkgsMeNrrbs;elak tamryesovePAmYyk,almancMNgeCIgfa RbvtisaRskm<CafIenH nig eKalCMh
rbs;Cabnbnab; elak exov sMpn GtItRbmuxrdnrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety ExrRkhm )anBNnafa
evotNammanbMNgcab;ykclnatsUrbs;elak bkSRbCaCnkumyniskm<Ca b>k>k CacMNab;xaMgrbs;bkS
RbCaCnkumynIsevotNamb>k>v dUcEdlevotNam)aneFIVcMeBaHbkSRbCaCnkumynisLav b>k>L .
elakbnfa evotNammanl,ickleKcevsminedaHRsaybBaaRBMEdn tamkarsnarvag b>k>k nig b>k>v
enAGMLgeBlEdlxn)anxITwkdIkm<CaeFIVCaTItaMglak;xn edIm,IRbyuTRbqaMgnwgkgTBGaemrikenAevotNamxagt,g .
{niyaytamRtg;eTA GMeBIRbRBwtrbs;evotNamenAGMLgqaM 1970-75 enAEtbneFIVyKitKUrCab; ehIyelI
cMNucenH mankarRBYy)armdUcGkdwknaM b>k>k eTotEdr} sMeNrrbs;elakexovsMpn enATMBrTI78 nesoveP
Arbs;elak .
{BitEmnehIyCemaHGFibetyelIekaHEdl)anpHeLIgenAEx]sPaqaM1975 )anRtUvedaHRsay tamkarsMruH
sMrYlKa kalBIfTI2 Exmifuna rYcmkehIyenAkgkasTsSnkicrbs;egVog v:an;lij [elxabkSxagt,g b>k>v
nigCasmaCikKNneya)ayb>k>v] enAPMeBj} sMeNrrbs;elakexov sMpn Rtg;TMBrTI78nig79edaybnfa
{km<Ca TTYlsal;GFibetyPaBevotNam elIekaHBUL)a:n;hSaMg evotNamTTYlsal;GFibetyPaBelIekaHBULv}.
b:uEnelakGHGagfa bnab;BIkarRBmeRBogKaGnuBaateGayKNRbtiPUkm<CaeTAeFIVTsSnkicenAevotNamedIm,IeTA
eFIVkarcrcabBaaRBMEdn evotNamEbrCaeKcevsminCYbCamYyKNRbtiPUkm<CaeTAvij naExmifuna qaM1975 .
GtItemdwknaMrbbExrRkhmmanEteQaHrUbenH bnfa f 15 mifuna qaM1975KNRbtiPUCan;x<s;km<Ca)an
eTAkan;TIRkughaNUyedIm,IcrcaGMBIbBaaRBMEdnrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrb:uEnelakfa CakarKYreGayesaksay PaKIxagevotNam
)aneKcevsminCYbPaKIkm<Ca Edlelak)anehAskmPaBenHfa CaectnaminTTYlxusRtUvrbs;emdwknaMevotNam Edl
)ansnaKaCamYy b>k>k kalsmy b>k>v xITwkdIkm<Ca edIm,IeFIVsRgamRbqaMgnwgshrdGaemrik .
TMBrTI

23

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

Rtg;enH minEmnEtelak exov sMpn eT emdwknaMExrRkhmeTot manCaGaT QiteQOn ehAm:uknig

GtItemTBExrRkhmCan;x<s;CaeRcInrUb Edlbcb,nCaemTBenAkgCYrkgeyaFBlexmrPUminkniyaydUcKaenHEdr .
RkumGkviPaKneya)ayExr niyayfa epImecjBIcMNucenH eKGacemIleXIjRbeTsevotNamfa)anERb
RkLas;smI nigkarsnaTaMgLay Edlxn)aneFIVCamYy b>k>k edayevotNamyl;fa ExrRkhm EdldwknaMeday
b:ul Bt minGacsiteRkambBaarbs;xn)an kEbreTArkExrRkhmfak;kNal nigfak;eRkam EdlminsUvmancMeNH
viCa EtRtUvkarGMNac ykmkeFIVCakUnGuk edIm,IbMeBjmhictarbs;xnkgkarc,amykTwkdIExrCabneTAeTot .
{cab;BIeBlenaHmk Epnkarsmab;rgal)ancab;epImenAfak;mUldan nigfak;shkrN_} sMdIrbs;elak GU
sun RbFanclnashBn edIm,IlTiRbCaFibety edayelakbEnmfa {tamBit karsmab;enHkekItecjBIbBaa
edayRkumkmaPi)alExrRkhmCan;x<s;niymevotNam EdlRtUv)andak;bgb; edIm,Ibgkarsmab;rgal nigeRbIkar
smab;enHecaTeTAelIRkumExrRkhmniymExr fa)anRbRBwtGMeBIRblyBUCsasn_ nwgGalxnlUkdcUlCYyseRgaH}.
elak)anbnfa cab;BIeBlenaHmk hun Esn ehg sMrin Ca sIum nigGtItemdwknaMExrRkhmeTot
Edl)andak;Epnkarsmab;Exr nigCaGkGnuvtEpnkarenH EbrCanaMKart;ecjeTAkan;RbeTsevotNam nig)anbgbegIt
TBRbqaMgnwgrbbExrRkhmedaymankarKaMRTy:ageBjTMhwgBIkgTBevotNam ehIy)anRbkasfaxnCaGkeRsacRsg;
CIvitExrBIkarsmab;rgaledayBYkExrRkhm b:ul Bt .
elak)anTTYlsal;fa 7 mkraKWCafplrMlMrbbExrRkhm b:uEnenaHkKWCakarbnrbbExrkumynIsGay:grbs;
evotNam Edlbnkarsmab;rgaltamryEpnkark5 nigEpnkarepSgeTot ehIyelak)aneFIVkareRbobeFob
skmPaBrbs;RkumkumynIsrbs;elak hun Esn kgkarCYyseRgaHExrnaeBlenaHfa {ebIeKdwgfamnusSmYy
Rkum)anmkdutbMpajlMenAdanrbs;eK ehIybniceRkaymk RukumdEdlenH)anmkCYyBnt;pHEdlkMBugeqHenaH eKBi)ak
nwgGrKuNNas; . pyeTAvij eKritEtminGacGt;RTaM)aneTAnwgesaknafkm EdlbgeLIgedaymnusSmYyRkumenH .
PaBCak;EsgmYyeTot EdlminGacRbEkk)anfa f7 mkra qaM1979 CafEdlevotNamQanBanTwkdI
km<CaeRcInCagkarcUlmkrMedaHenaH KWenAeRkayeBlEdlTTYlCyCMnHelIrbbExrRkhmehIy evotNamminRBmdk
kgTBrbs;xneT pyeTAvijevotNamritEtbBanBlrdrbs;xneGaymktaMgenAkgRbeTskan;EteRcIneLIg ehIy
enAmanEpnkarbnkarRKb;RKg nigTajykplcMeNjBIkm<CaTaMgbBaaesdkic neya)ay nigPUmisaRsEdnTwk
Cabnbnab; .
TMBrTI

24

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol

GtItRbFanRkumRbwkSardmRnI nrbbsaFarNrdRbCamanitukm<Ca nigCaGKelxaFikarbkSkumynIskm<Ca

elak Eb:n suvN )anlatRtdagPaBBitenAkgesovePA Eb:n suvN CIvRbvtsegb nigbuBVehtukarBarmatuPUmi
km<Ca GMBIButt,tGaRkk; eL Dwkf smaCikkariyalyneya)aymCwmbkSkumynIs evotNam EdlCa GkTTYl
bnkpal;cMeBaHbdivtkm<Ca enaH esIEpnkar k-5 Edlmannyfa Ekn kmaMg kab;qaRB karBarRBMEdn km<Ca
EdlelakKitfa CakarEknRbCaBlrdkm<CaeTAsab; nigCaectnarbs;evotNameFIVeGaykm<Ca)at;bg;kmaMgburs .
elak Eb:n suvN )ansresrenAkgesovePArbs;elakfa eL Dwkf )anesIeGayelakRBmeRBog nigGnuvt
elIcMNucsMxan; 3 nafTI27 mifuna qaM1981 EdlelakminGacyl;RBm)an . cMNucTaMgbIenaHRtUv)an
elakcat;Tukfa CabBaasab;rs;rbs;Cati . elakEb:n suvN )anbgajBIEpnkarTaMgbIenaHfa TI1-eGayExr

Gnuvt Epnkar k5/ TI2-erobcMEpnkar dkTBEkgkay edIm,Is<inEPkGnrCati tamrykarpSBVpSayTUlMTUlaymYy

eCosvagkarecaTRbkan;fa evotNamQanBankm<Ca/ nigTI3-eLDwkf )anesIeGaykat;dIkm<CatamEpnTIEdllycUl
eTAevotNamedIm,ITukeGayevotNam RKb;RKg ehIyerobcMc,ab;RbeTsTaMgBIreGaymanrbbEtmYyedayGnuBaateGay
RbCaBlrdTaMgBIrRbeTsmansiTiedIr ehIresrImincaM)ac;manTidakar .

karbdiesFrbs;elak Eb:n suvN nUvsMeNITaMgbIcMNucxagelI RtUv)anemdwknaMevotNam nigRkumemdwknaM

Exrniymevot Nam rkelskMcat;rUbelakenAb:unanExeRkaymk . tamkarGHGagrbs;elak elakEb:n suvN
RtUv)ancab;xnenAeKhdanrbs;xn edayTahanevotNamRkum K10 nig A21 dwknaMedaysmaCikkariyalymCwm
bkSRbCaCnbdivtkm<CaBIrrUb KWelak hun Esn nigelak say PUfg eRkamelsfa k,t; nigRtUv)anbBaneTA
eTAkan;BnnaKarRkughaNUyenAfbnab; .
ehtukarN_TaMgLay Edl)anelIkeLIgxagelI sbBaak;y:agc,as;fa 7 mkra KWCafEdlkgTBevotNam
cUlQanBan nigkan;kab;RbeTskm<Ca eRcInCakarcUlmkrMedaHRbCaBlrdkm<CaBIrbbkm<CaRbCaFibety .

TMBrTI

25

TsSnavdIsarBtmanesrI qaMTI01 elx02 sMrab;Exmkra qaM2008

tm1000erol