60| WCJ W0C L\

danh cho cac em thieu nhi

chuan b tham gia cac lp an,
ca oan va ca trng




chung to chu ycu dua trcn cuon N/ac L Cao 8ao
cua Lm. Km Long dc soan tap nho nay






2
O NT NHAC IY
OANH CHO CAC M TH\ NH
CH\AN H] THAM GA CAC IO AN,
CA OAN YA CA TR\ONG
Y U Z
80| M0 600: K0| W|CM J0WG Q00J
1. Am thanh
La tat ca nhung tcng dong ta ta co thc nghc duoc.
(Am thanh chua pha la am nhac).
Am thanh co 4 tnh chat:
Cao thap (cao do) Nanh nhc (cuong do)
Ia ngan (truong do) 1rong duc (am sac)
2. Am nhac
1rong cuoc song hang ngay co qua nhcu tu tuong,
tinh cam tham kn bcn trong chung ta rat kho bcu dat, can
duoc thc hcn ra bcn ngoa. \a am nhac la mot trong cac nghc
thuat dung am thanh gup chung ta dcn ta, truycn thong mot
cach khco lco va ta tinh cac tu tuong va tinh cam ay cua con
nguo.
Am nhac gan bo mat thct va co mot v} tr quan trong
trong do song cua con nguo, co suc hap dan vo mo lua tuo.
0ng cha ta ngay xua xcm no con la mot trong bon thu cho;
Cam K T// Hca (am nhac, co, tho, ho hoa) thanh tao bac
nhat cua con nguo. No dcm la cho ta mot tam hon dcp, trong
sang va nhc nhang. Io vo chung ta o day am nhac con la dc
phuc vu nua.

3
Am nhac co 2 loa:
1hanh nhac: Nhac co lo ca
Kh nhac: nhac thuan tuy (dung cho nhac cu)
3. Cac ycu to cua am nhac
0co} ca (ga dcu): Nhcu am thanh phat ra tuan
tu thco nhau thco chcu ngang

(dua vao tnh chat cao thap cua am thanh)
N//p d/ea: Ha dong ca gong nhau, lcn xuong tram
bong nhu nhau, nhung co 2 do nhanh cham khac
nhau



(do tnh chat da ngan cua am thanh)

Hca am (hoa thanh): Su lcn kct, moc no cac hop
am thanh ban nhac, ba ca nhcu bc
4. Mot vai khai nicm tong quat khac
Hap am (hop thanh, ha thanh): nhcu am thanh
phat ra cung luc
K am: phuong phap gh la am thanh
Xaao} am: phuong phap xuong cac am thanh cho
dung do cao thap
N/ac /: ly thuyct vc am nhac.

4
80| 2: 000 G| C00 60
1. Am hicu
Am hcu la tcn nhung am thanh duoc dung trong am
nhac. 0ua trinh phat trcn cua am nhac da hinh thanh tcn go
va thu tu cac am thanh thco J hc thong nhu sau:
) He //co} c/a cao: Io, Rc, N, Ia, Sol, La, S
) He //co} c/a ca/. C, 0, /, l, C, 4, 8
/Io, Rc, N, Ia, Sol, La, S)
) He //co} sc: 1, 2, J, 4, b, b, 7
/Io, Rc, N, Ia, Sol, La, S)

1rcn thc go, cac nuoc nhu Anh, Ny, Iuc, Ha Lan... dung
/e //co} c/a ca/ lam hc thong co ban dc chi tcn cac am thanh.
Cac nuoc khac, trong do co \ct Nam chung ta, la dung /e
//co} c/a cao lam hc thong co ban dc chi tcn cac am thanh
trong am nhac
1
. Ngoa ra cac nuoc nhu 1rung Hoa, Nhat an
thi dung /e //co} sc.
2. khuong nhac
Khuong nhac duoc tao thanh bo b dong kc nam
ngang, song song, cach dcu tnh tu duo lcn dung gh cac ky
hcu am nhac. Khoang cach gua ha dong go la //e. Nhu vay
khuong nhac gom b dong kc va 4 khc.




1
Taf ca 2 ho fhong fron, dou dung ch cai do vIof faf fon Hop
am.

5
Ic gh nhung am qua thap hoac qua cao vuot go han
cua khuong nhac, nguo ta dung o/ao} }ac/ o/c dat trcn
hoac duo khuong nhac, go la dong ke phu.
Khoang cach gua ha dong kc phu go la khe phu.






3. Not nhac
La nhung ky hcu dac bct gh trcn khuong nhac dc
dcn ta do cao thap (cao do) va da ngan (truong do) cua mo
am thanh.
Not nhac hinh bau duc (dac hoac rong), co duo hoac
khong co duo.
1cn go va ky hcu cac not nhac nhu sau:
Not tron :
Not trang :
Not dcn :
Not moc don :
Not moc kcp :
Not moc ba :
Not moc bon :

6
80| 3: 000 G| C00 60 (tt)
1. khoa nhac
\o khuong nhac, ta chua thc d}nh tcn cac am gh trcn
do, vcc nay do ho mot ky hcu khac, go la khoa nhac. Nhu
vay, khoa nhac la ky hcu quy d}nh tcn cua cac am gh trcn
khuong nhac. Khoa nhac dat o dong kc nao thi tat ca cac am
gh trcn dong kc do dcu mang tcn cua khoa do. 1u am do xac
d}nh v} tr cua cac am khac trcn khuong nhac.
Co 2 loa khoa pho bcn thuong dung: khoa Sol, khoa
Ia.
) K/ca Sc/: danh cho gong nu

Khoa Son duoc dat /reo dco} /e //a /a/, xac d}nh am
trcn dong kc nay cua khuong nhac la am Sol. (Io kh cung
dat trcn dong kc thu nhat, hoa hcm).




) K/ca la: danh cho gong nam

Khoa Ia thuong duoc dat trcn dong kc thu tu, do kh
cung dat trcn dong kc thu ba.



4m La maa: go la La J, vi no nam trong bat do thu J
cua 4 bat do hop ca.

7
2. Cung va Nua cung
Khoang cach vc cao do gua cac am khong dcu nhau,
nguo ta phan bct:
Naa cao}: Khoang cach nho nhat gua 2 bac d lcn
nhau: N-Ia; X-Io. Co 2 loa nua cung:
Nua cung dong
Nua cung d} (sc no thcm o phan sau)
N}aeo Cao}: Khoang cach lon nhat gua 2 bac:
Io-Rc; Rc-N...



3. Dau hoa
Iau hoa la ky hcu thay do cao do cua am no anh
huong to tung nua cung mot. Nhu vay, nho dau hoa ta co thc
cha 1 cung thanh 2 nua cung.
Cc cac /ca/ daa /ca saa:
Iau thang : lam tang lcn cung
1hang kcp : lam tang lcn 2 nua cung
Iau gang : lam gam xuong cung
Cang kcp : lam gam xuong 2 nua cung
Iau binh : cho tro vc cao do tu nhcn
N}ca/ ra o}aa/ /a //em saa cac c/a ca/ o/ao} cao:
lS chi dau thang, Cs ~ Io thang, Is ~ Ia thang
lSlS chi thang kcp, Css ~ Io thang kcp
/S chi dau gang, Ics ~ Rc gang, Ccs ~ Sol gang
/S/S chi gang kcp, Icscs ~ Rc gang kcp...

8
4o/ /aao} caa cac daa /ca:
Iau hoa /a o//eo gh o dau khuong nhac, anh
huong dcn cac dau nhac cung tcn trong doan
nhac.


Iau hoa ba/ //aao} duoc gh ra rac trong ba,
chi anh huong dcn cac dau cung tcn trong o
nh}p
2
.


? &
Lu y them:
1rong khuong nhac thuong tu dong thu J tro lcn not
nhac duo quay xuong, tu khc thu 2 tro xuong duo quay lcn.




1rcn khuong nhac co thc gh 11 not khac nhau va
nhung not nay tu duo lcn trcn bcu th} nhung am tu tram lcn
bong.



2
O nhjp: Ia khoang cach gIua 2 vach dung caf khuong nhac

9
\c nua cung: bo anh huong cac dau hoa, ta can phan
bct cac loa nua cung sau:
) Nua cung d}: la nua cung tao bo ha not khac tcn
nhau.
) Nua cung dong: la nua cung tao bo ha not cung
tcn nhung khac nhau vi dau hoa.




Thc hanh:
Lam qucn vo tcn go cac not nhac trcn khuong nhac
co khoa Sol.


1u gh not va tcn not vao cac khuong nhac co khoa Sol
duo day.












10
80| 4: 000 G| J800WG 60
1. Gia tr] cac hinh not
\o tcn go va ky hcu cac hinh not da hoc ta co thc
bcu th} ga tr} cac hinh not thco luoc do duo day:












Laac dc }/a /r/ cac //o/ oc/
Icu nay co nghia la; 1 dau tron bang 2 dau trang, 1
dau trang bang 2 dau dcn, v.v...
2. Dau ngh
Nhung ky hcu cho bct pha ngung trong 1 tho gan
nao do, tuong ung vo hinh not, cung co tcn go tuong tu.






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3. May dau vict tat (co lien quan en trng o)
0aa /aa (dau mcn nh}p): la nua vong cung co 1
cham o gua, dat trcn hoac duo ky hcu am nhac nao thi cho
no duoc kco da bao lau tuy y.



0aa /c/ /co}: La ky hcu chi pha dcn doan nhac
lcn hc 2 lan lcn tcp. Iau nay duoc gh bang vach do vo ha
cham kcm thco. Co cac truong hop sau:
) Kh muon lap la doan dau cua ba nhac, ta chi can
gh dau /c/ /co} mot lan o cuo doan do:


dcao o/ac p/a/ /ap /a/
) Kh muon lap la doan gua hay cuo ba, ta pha gh
2 lan:
- o dau doan: vach do vo ha cham pha sau
- o cuo doan: vach do vo 2 cham pha truoc.


) Kh muon thay do mot va o nh}p cuo trong lan lap
la, ta gh:


lan 1: kh hat hct 2 o nh}p a va b, thi tro la tu 4
lan 2: kh hat dcn 2 o nh}p a va b, thi bo qua 2 o nh}p
do ma hat tcp ngay o nh}p c va d.

12
0aa /cao: (scngo), , la dau chi pha dcn
la mot phan nao do cua ba nhac.
Iau hoan luon luon duoc duoc gh 2 lan vo cac truong
hop sau:
) Kh gap dau hoan thu ha, pha dcn la tu cho co
dau hoan thu nhat, cho to kh gap chu IINL (tan, hct) hoac
to cuo ba ncu khong thay gh chu do.



) Kh muon tro la tu dau ba, ta co thc thay thc dau
hoan bang cach gh chu 04 C4l0 (vct tat IC) o cuo doan
lcn hc.
) Kh muon thay do mot va o nh}p chot trong lan lap
la, ta cung gh nhu truong hop dau /c/ /co} trcn day.
Luu y: a nhac nao co doan kct rcng
thi gh dau hoac go la Coda.
Ta/ d/eo: kh co nhung phach hay nhung o nh}p
gong nhau d lcn nhau, thay vi gh la day du, ta co thc gh
tat nhu sau:
c/e/

o}//a /a



13
0am c/am: (y) Ky hcu d sau dau nhac hay dau
lang va co ga tr} bang nua truong do cua no.





0aa oc/: Iuong vao cung no lcn cac dau nhac vo
nhau. (Khong dung cho dau lang). Co 2 loa:
) Iau no 2 not nhac cung cao do lam kco da truong
do dau nhac dau bang tong so truong do cua ca 2 dau nhac.


) Iau no 2 not nhac khac cao do, go la dau luycn,
cho bct pha dcn tau cac dau nhac do lcn tcng vo nhau.


L/eo ba: 1huoc mot trong cac nhom dau bat thuong
kha pho bcn, lcn ba la J dau nhac co truong do dcu nhau,
nhung kh dcn tau thi truong do cua chung bang truong do 2
dau nhac cung hinh dang.

4. Truong do tuyct doi
Nuon bct am thanh pha kco da bao nhcu gay, nguo
ta dung ky hcu khac dc dcn ta, go la nh}p do (tcmpo). Co J
muc do chnh: vua cham nhanh. Nay tnh nh}p go la
Nctronomc.

14

80| 5: 000 G| C00WG 60
1. Mo
Cac am phat ra manh hay ycu khac nhau sc co nhung
tac dung khac nhau, vi thc ta khong thc bo qua ycu to do kh
dcn mot ba nhac.
Io manh-ycu thuong lc thuoc no dong nhac: kh lcn
cao, thuong pha dcn manh hon kh xuong thap. Iang khac,
khong thc khong chu y to lo ca dc phan d}nh cuong do.
Ngoa nhung ycu to trcn day, ta can to mot so ky hcu
va mot so chu dc thay do cuong do kh can thct.
2. Cac chu dung dc ghi cuong do thuong dung
Panssmo (pp : Rat nhc
Pano (p) : Nhc
Nczzo-lortc (m/) : Nanh vua
Iortc (/) : Nanh
Iortssmo (//) : Rat manh
Co kh nguo ta con dung ppp dc chi cuc nhc va fff dc
chi cuc manh.
3. Cac chu dung dc ch cach dicn hai nhac thuong dung
Lcgato : Lcn gong
Iolcc : I}u dang
Sotta vocc : Hat nua gong
Staccato : hat ro tcng
Con amna : hat vo tam tinh

15
4. Cac chu thuong dung dc hao hicu thay doi cuong do
Crcsccndo (Cresc) : Nanh dan
Iccrcsccndo (0ecresc) : Nhc dan la
Norcndo (Hcr.) : L}m dan
Smorzando (Smcr.) : 1at dan
Subto lortc (S/.) : Nanh dot ngot
Slorzando (S/:) : Nhan buong
S. Iuu y
Kh tac ga khong gh cac ky hcu vc cuong do, thi
khong co nghia la chung ta sc hat dcu dcu tu dau dcn cuo
cau, tu dau dcn cuo ba. Nhung chung ta pha dua trcn tct
tau cua tung cau, tung doan va dua trcn y nghia lo ca dc phan
pho cuong do cho xung hop, vi cuong do la ycu to chu chot
lam cho ba nhac co snh kh, co hon. Nguo ta hat co hon, co
tam tinh la nguo bct dung cuong do dung luc, dung no.
Chung ta khong thc dcn tau cach may moc phach dau manh,
phach cuo nhc nhu cac loa nhac snh hoat, nhac khcu vu
hay nhac quan hanh.
W0| 00WG
BAI M AU: KHAI NIEM TONG QUAT ..................................... 3
BAI 2: DAU GHI CAO O ............................................................. 5
BAI 3: DAU GHI CAO O (TT)..................................................... 7
BAI 4: DAU GHI TRNG O ................................................... 11
BAI 5: DAU GHI CNG O ..................................................... 15
NOI DUNG.................................................................................. 16


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