1.

PHNG PHP PHAN TICH TING NI THEO

CC C TRNG
1.1. Cc phng php trch chn d}c tnh
Phn nay s gii thiu hai phng phap c s dng rng ri trong cac
h thng nhn dang hin tai tinh toan cac h s MFCC (Mel Scale
Frequency Cepstral CoeIIicients) va h s PLP (Perceptual Linear Prediction).
Hai ki thut x ly ting noi RASTA (RelAtive SpecTral) va CMS (Cepstral
Mean Subtraction) cung c gii thiu. Dy la hai ki thut loai bo nhiu hay
c s dng c bit la trong phat m co nhiu nhiu nh cac cu thu m
qua in thoai.
1.1.1. Phng php tnh h s MFCC
Hinh 2.1 miu ta cac bc tinh toan h s MFCC.
Nhn mnh tn hiu (pre-emphasis). Trong bc x ly u tin nay, tin
hiu c a qua mt b loc s:
1
( ) 1
pre pre
H z a z

+
Trong o
pre
a
la h s nhn manh, thong co gia tri la 0,9700002861. B
loc co tac dng tng cong tin hiu tai tn s cao (trn 1KHz) vi hai ly do
chinh:
Giong noi co su suy giam khoang 20dB/decade khi ln tn s cao do
c im sinh ly cua h thng phat m cua con ngoi. Bc x ly nay
s tng cong tin hiu ln mt gia tri gn 20dB/decade khc phc su
suy giam nay,
H thng thinh giac cua con ngoi nhay cam hn vi vung tn s cao,
bc x ly nay nhn manh vung tn s cao, tr giup cho qua trinh m
hinh hoa m thanh sau nay cua h thng nhn dang.
1
Hnh 1- 1. Cc bc x l ca phng php tnh ton h s MFCC.
To khung tn hiu (framing). Tin hiu ting noi lun lun bin thin theo
thoi gian, tuy nhin, trong khoang thoi gian khoang 10-20ms, tin hiu ting
noi c coi la tng i n inh. Do o, tin hiu thong c chia thanh cac
khung kich thc 20-30 ms vi vung gi ln nhau khoang 10-15 ms.
Lm ca s! (frame "in#o"ing). Ca s Hamming thong c ap dng
cho mi khung tin hiu giam su tac ng cua vic chia khung tin hiu:
'
2 ( 1)
0.54 0.46cos( )}
1
n n
n
s s
N

Trong o, N la s mu du liu (sample) cua ca s.

$%T ($iscrete %ourier Transform). Tai bc nay, vi mi khung tin
hiu, bin i Fourier c ap dng chuyn tin hiu v min tn s. Cng
vic tinh toan c thuc hin bng thut toan FFT (Fast Fourier TransIorm).
L&c theo thang t'n s( )e* ()e*-fre+uenc, -an#pass fi*ter). Cac b loc s
c ap dng loc cac tin hiu theo cac giai tn s khac nhau.
Phan ung cua tai ngoi vi cac thanh phn cua tn s la khng tuyn
tinh. Su khac nhau v tn s o vung tn s thp (1KHz) d c nhn bit
boi con ngoi hn la o vung tn s cao. Loc theo thang tn s Mel m phong
tinh cht nay bng cach dung cac b loc c phn b theo mt ham phi
tuyn trong khoang khng gian tn s, thng thong la ham Mel:
2
10
( ) 2595log (1 )
700
f
)e* f +
Logarit gi. tr/ n0ng *12ng (*ogarit of fi*ter energies). Cac gia tri nng
lng thu c tai mi knh loc c ly logarit 'nen cac gia tri nay vao
mt min gia tri hep hn.
$3T ($iscrete 3osin Transform). Giong noi cua con ngoi co ph kha
trn (smooth) trn min tn s, do vy, cac gia tri nng lng cua cac b loc
gn nhau co su tng quan (correlated) kha gn. Bc x ly nay bin i cac
gia tri nng lng thanh cac h s it tng quan vi nhau hn, cac h s nay
c goi la h s cepstral.
1
cos( ( 0.5))
N
i 4
4
i
c m 4
N

Trong o, N la s knh loc, m

4
la gia tri logarit nng lng cua mach loc
thu 45 i la bc cua h s cepstral.
3h6nh c.c gi. tr/ cepstra*. Gia tri cepstral bc cao thong co gia tri rt
thp, so vi cac gia tri cepstral bc thp. Su khac bit nay gy kho khn cho
vic m hinh hoa du liu, vi d nh khi s dng cac ham mt xac sut
Gauss. Do o cac h s cepstral c iu chinh lai (re-scaled) theo cng
thuc:
exp( * )
n n
c n k c
Sau bc hiu chinh nay ta thu c cac gia tri MFCC.
Tnh gi. tr/ #e*ta )%33. Cac gia tri delta cua cac h s MFCC c tinh
toan nhm phan anh su bin thin ting noi theo thoi gian. Cac gia tri delta
c tinh toan dua trn cac gia tri MFCC cua cac khung tin hiu ln cn:
1
2
1
( )
2
t t
t
c c
#

Trong o,

la s khung tin hiu ln cn c dung (thng thong la 2).

Ngoai ra, gia tri delta cua delta (hay con goi la acceleration) cung co th
c tinh toan tu cac gia tri delta dung cung mt cng thuc nh trn.
3
1.1.2. Phng php tnh h s PLP
Phng phap PLP (Perceptual Linear Predition) c phat trin dua trn
phng phap m du bao tuyn tinh LPC (Linear Prediction Coding).
Phng phap LPC hay con goi la m hinh hoa tu hi quy (autoregression
modeling) la phng phap m hinh hoa tin hiu bng su kt hp tuyn tinh
cac mu tin hiu trc o:
1
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( )
N
i
s n a i s n e n

Trong o, N la s h s hay la bc cua du bao, cac a(i) la cac h s du

bao tuyn tinh (linear prediction coeIIicients), e(n) la ham li.
Cac h s a(i) c chon lam cuc tiu ham li du bao trung binh binh
phng. Co mt vai phng phap tinh cac h s nay: phng phap dung
ma trn hip phng sai (covariance matrix), phng phap tu tng quan
(auto-correlation method), phng phap li hay con goi la phng phap iu
hoa (lattice or harmonic). Phng phap thong c ap dng nht trong nhn
dang ting noi la phng phap tu tng quan dung thut toan quy
Levinson-Durbin.
Thut toan Levinson-Durbin c trinh bay nh sau:
Tinh p78 cac h s tu tng quan u tin (p la bc cua du bao tuyn
tinh) bng cng thuc sau:
1
N i
i 4 4 i
4
r s s

Trong o, s(n) la tin hiu trong ca s, N la s lng mu trong ca s.

Cac h s sau o c tinh toan quy nh sau:
0
(0)
9 r
1
( 1)
( 1)
| |
i
i
i 4 i 4
4
i i
r a r
k
9

trong o
1 i p
( ) i
i i
a k
1 1
*
i i
4 4 i i 4
a a k a

, vi
1 1 4 i
( ) 2 ( 1)
(1 )
i i
i
9 k 9


4
Cac bc trn c tinh toan lp vi i:85;5...p. Cui cung, ta thu c
cac h s:
( ) p
4 4
a a
vi
1 4 p
Phng phap tinh cac h s PLP dua vao phng phap LPC. Hinh 2.2
miu ta cac bc x ly tinh toan h s PLP:
Hnh 1-. Cc bc x l ca phng php tnh ton h s !"!.
%%T. Tng tu nh phng phap MFCC, tin hiu ting noi c chia
thanh cac khung tin hiu va c bin i Fourier sang min tn s bng thut
toan FFT.
L&c theo thang t'n s( <ark. Tng tu nh phng phap tinh MFCC, tin
hiu ting noi c loc qua cac b loc phn b theo thang tn s phi tuyn,
trong trong hp nay la thang tn s Bark:
} | 1 )
1200
|(
1200
ln 6 ) (
5 . 0 2
+ +
f f
f <ark
Nhn mnh tn hiu #=ng hm e+ua*-*ou#ness. Bc x ly nay tng tu
nh bc nhn manh pre-emphasis cua phng phap MFCC. Ham nay m
phong ong cong cn bng n (equal-loudness curve).
2 6 4
2 6 2 9 6 26
( 56,8*10 )
( )
( 6,3*10 )( 0,38*10 )( 9,58*10 )
9

+ + +
5
$=ng *u>t c1?ng @A nghe (po"er *a" of hearing). Bc x ly nay ging
nh bc ly gia tri logarit trong phng phap MFCC. Ham cn lp phng
c s dng 'nen cac gia tri nng lng.
0,33
( ) ( ) f f
<iBn @!i %ourier ng12c (inCerse $%T). Cac h s tu tng quan c
bin i Fourier ngc sau o dung lam gia tri u vao cho phng phap
LPC.
Thu>t to.n $ur-in c s dng tinh toan cac h s du bao tuyn tinh
ging nh trong phng phap LPC.
Tnh c.c gi. tr/ #e*ta. Phng phap tinh tng tu nh phng phap tinh
h s MFCC.
1.1.3. Cc ki thut khu nhiu
1.1.3.1 #$ th%&t CM'
Dy la mt ki thut thng dng kh nhiu trong cac h thng nhn
dang, c dung kt hp trong qua trinh tinh toan cac c tinh ph cua ting
noi. Phng phap nay dua trn gia thit la cac c tinh tn s cua mi trong
la thong xuyn c inh hoc bin i chm. Cac tham s cepstral cua mt
phat m c tru i gia tri trung binh cua cac tham s trong mt khoang thoi
gian nao o va lam cho cac gia tri nay it bi anh hong boi mi trong:
1
1
`
( ) ( ) ( )
T
t
D D D t
T

Trong o, T la dai cua vung ly gia tri trung binh, thong la dai
cua ca phat m.
1.1.3.2 #$ th%&t ()'*)
RASTA la ki thut loc dua trn gia thit rng cac tinh cht thoi gian cua
cac nhiu la khac so vi cac tinh cht thoi gian cua giong noi. Tc thay i
cua cac thanh phn khng phai ting noi thong xuyn nm ngoai tc hoat
ng cua b may phat m con ngoi. Bng cach dung b loc s, ki thut
RASTA co th loai bo c mt phn cac nhiu cua mi trong va cac nhiu
b sung bt thong khac. B loc dung trong RASTA la:
1 2 3
1
0, 2 0,1 0, 2 0,1
( )
1 0,94
z z z
H z
z

6
Cac ki thut kh nhiu thong yu cu mt oan ting noi u ln phn
tich, thng k. Vi vy, khi ap dng cac ki thut kh nhiu vao nhn dang ting
noi, cn lu y n tc x li va bao tn cac c trng m hoc cua ph m,
c bit la cac ph m v thanh. D am bao thuc hin c trong thoi gian
thuc, hin nay, ngoi ta thong ap dng m hinh tham s thich nghi vi nhiu.
C th nh sau: Khi hun luyn tham s, ngoi ta ly mt mu sach, khng bi
nhiu, hun luyn, sau o, ngoi ta ly cac mu sach nay trn vi cac loai
nhiu sinh boi cac m hinh toan hoc khac nhau va tham s m hinh s c
bin i boi mu nhiu nho cac cng c m hinh nh mang Nron. Do o,
trong giai oan nhn dang, khi tin hiu thuc c a vao h thng, ngoi ta s
tinh thng cac c trng va quyt inh tu chinh tin hiu chu khng cn loc.
1.2. Cc dn v| xu l ting ni
1.2.1. Tn s ly mu
ua trinh ly mu tao ra tin hiu roi rac hoc tin hiu s tu tin hiu tin
hiu tng tu. Tn s ly mu la s ln ly mu c tinh trong mt n vi
thoi gian, thng thong la giy. Tn s ly mu ky hiu la F
s
.
Khoang thoi gian ma qua trinh ly mu c lp lai goi la chu k ly
mu.
Vi d: F
s
11025Hz
1s thu c 11025 mu
1ms thu c 11025/1000 11 mu.
S bit lu mt mu co th la 8 hoc 16 bit.
+ 8 bit/ 1 mu: ( ) ( ) 1 2 , 0
8
n E
Ngng lng tuyt i la 128
+ 16 bit/ 1 mu:
( ) ( )
1 15 15
2 , 2

n E
Ngng lng tuyt i la 0
1.2.2. Nhiu
Nhiu i vi h thng la loai m thanh khng phai ting noi sinh ra
trong mi trong xung quanh ta. Ngay ca b phat m cua con ngoi cung sinh
7
ra nhiu, chng han nh ting tho, ting bt li, ting chep ming ca khi mi
cham vao micro Khng d gi co th loc c moi thu nhiu, ta chi tim cach
ti thiu hoa chung co th nng cao cht lng cua h thng nhn dang.
Vi tin hiu ting noi la
n
s
, tin hiu nhn c sau qua trinh thu s c
ky hiu la
n
s

. Nh vy:
n n
s s

chinh la tin hiu nn.

D nhiu cua tin hiu c xac inh thng qua nng lng o c cua
tin hiu:
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

N
n
n n
N
n
n
s s
s
9
0
2
0
2
10

log 10
(Dn vi nng lng tinh bng dB)
Nh vy, nu nng lng cang ln thi
n
s

cang gn vi
n
s
, tin hiu nn
co gia tri gn v 0. Nu
9
thi tin hiu thu c la tin hiu sach, khng
co nhiu.
1.2.3. Tn s c ban
Mt m thanh co th la t hp cua nhiu tn s, tn s chinh bao trum
trong m c goi la tn s c ban. Trong ting noi, tn s c ban la ap ung
cua su rung ng cac dy thanh m, tn s c ban thong c ky hiu la F
0
.
Tn s c ban co gia tri ph thuc vao tn s ly mu va khoang cach a,
la khoang cach giua hai inh cua cac song m tun hoan.
Dn vi cua tn s la Hertz, ky hiu la Hz. Mi Hz bng 1 dao ng/1s.
Va 1 KHz s bng 1000 Hz. (em biu din ong F
0
cua mt s thanh iu
o phn ph lc).
1.2.4. Formant
Formant la dai tn s c tng cong do hin tng cng hong trong
ng dn thanh, c trng cho m sc cua mi nguyn m. Trong mi dai tn
nh th co mt tn s c tng cong hn ca goi la inh Iormant.
Mt nguyn m do mt ngoi phat ra co nhiu Iormant:
F1: ung vi cng hong vung yt hu
F2: ung vi cng hong khoang ming
8
Khi ta noi, cac m mui s co su xut hin cua Iormant F3, cac Iormant
khac F4, F5,lin quan n cac c trng giong noi ring cua mi ca nhn.
Mi ln mi, li, ham o nhung vi tri khac nhau la mt ln hp cng hong
ming va yt hu thay i hinh dang, th tich, li thoat cua khng khi lam
bin i m sc cua m thanh i qua chung. Chinh vi vy, hai khoang ming
va yt hu la hai hp cng hong quan trong nht, chung tao nn hai Iormant
chinh Iormant F1 va F2 c trng cua mi nguyn m.
1.3. |nh dng m thanh
Co nhiu chun lu tru m thanh s (A, VC, AV, AFF, AFF-C
va FF/8V), nhng kt qua thuc t cho thy rng tp oan cua MicrosoIt s
dng cac Iile ave trong h thng iu hanh indos, chung tro thanh
chun s dng ph bin nht.
m thanh c x ly o dang PCM, tp tin c lu lai trn b nh di
dang Iile AV.
Thng thong, cac Iile AV PCM co cu truc nh sau:
Cac khi du liu ring bit (con goi la cac chunk), c th hin bng
cu truc hinh cy c ban.
Mi chunk bao gm hai phn c ban la header va data.
Khi u tin, cung la phn chinh cua bt k Iile RFF nao la khi RFF,
no ging nh gc cua mt cy.
File bt u vi phn header RFF, sau no la hai khi con c inh
nghia FMT va DATA. RFF bao gm ba phn t: RFFD, RFFS va
RFFFRMAT.
struct RIFF
9
{
_TCHAR riffID[4]; // Ch a nh n d ng RIFF
D!RD riff"I#$; // %&ch th c fi'( tr ) *+t(
_TCHAR riffF!R,AT[4]; //Ch a nh n d ng A-$
.;
Sau header RFF, co mt khi miu ta cac inh dang (FMT)
struct F,T
{
_TCHAR f/tID [4]; //ch a nh n d ng F,T 01
c2c 3h4 ng tr ng5
D!RD f/t"I#$; //ch a 3&ch th c c a 3h i
6ch4 A-$ 7C, 89:
A-$F!R, f/tF!R,AT; //c u tr;c c a
A-$F!R,AT$<
// nh ng 3h=ng *a4 g /
fi'( c*"i>(5
.;
Cu truc cua AVFRMAT la chia khoa cua su hiu bit v cac
AV. No chua nhiu thng tin ma chung ta cn khi lam vic vi mt
AV.
struct A-$F!R,
{
!RD ?F4r/atTag; // @ nh d ng A/ thanh s
!RD nchann('s; //s 3Bnh 68 ch4 /4n4 01
C ch4 st(r(4:
D!RD n"a/D'(s7(r"(c; //" / u tr4ng / t giA+
D!RD nA0gE+t(s7(r"(c; //Trung *Fnh s *+t( c a
d 'i u tr4ng / t giA+
!RD nE'4c3A'ign; //%&ch th c t i thi u c a d
'i u 3hi Dh2t
!RD ?Eits7(r"a/D'(; // " *it ' u / t / u 6)
h4 c 89:
.;
10
Va cui cung la khi du liu:
struct DATA
{
_TCHAR dataID[4]; //Ch a nh n d ng d 'i u
D!RD data"I#$; //%&ch th c d'
.;
Dinh dang du liu va gia tri ln nht, nho nht cua cac mu aveIorm
PCM o nhiu kich thc c cho nh sau:
Kch thc mu |nh dng d liu Gi tr| ln nht Gi tr| nho nht
Tu 1 n 8 bit S nguyn khng du 255 (0xFF) 0
Ln hn hoc
bng 9 bit
S nguyn co du i Gia tri inh vi ln
nht cua i
i co gia tri m
Gia tri ln nht, gia tri nho nht va gia tri im giua cua 8 bit va 16 bit
du liu aveIorm PCM nh sau:
1.4. Thu tn hiu m thanh trong thi gian thc
Tin hiu ting noi trc khi tro thanh du liu ting noi phai trai qua mt
qua trinh x ly, qua trinh nay c goi la tin x ly tin hiu.
H thng may tinh hin tai chi h tr cho ta thu tinh. Mi ln chi thu
c trong mt khoang thoi gian kha nho (vi dy tin hiu s phat sinh qua ln
s nhanh chong lp y phn khng gian lu tru). Nu ngoi s dng noi vao
thoi im ham thu kt thuc thi du liu s bi mt mat, do c trng cua tin hiu
ting noi cac h thng thit k tt cung co th khng phat hin c, vn thuc
hin va cho ra kt qua khi du liu u vao sai.
Cach giai quyt chu yu dua vao mt s thu thut lp trinh, c ch hoat
ng cua h iu hanh va c ch cua ham thu tin hiu m thanh. T tong
chinh la lam mt hang i vong, x ly kip thoi khng bao gio bi ht khng
gian lu tru, kt hp vi vic s dng c ch a lung cua h iu hanh
11
vn co th thuc hin c ng thoi cac ung dng khac. Cach thuc hin c
th nh sau:
in cp phat M vung m (buIIer), mi vung m co kich thc 3N va
a vao hang i (N la kich thc cua mt Irame). Tao mt lung (thread)
lam nhung vic chinh sau:
1. Kim tra co iu khin (semaphore), nu co tt thi dung (return).
2. Goi ham thu va cho thu ht vung m (hin hanh) (Khi nay vung m
bi loai ra khoi hang i).
3. Tinh nng lng cua ba Irame trn vung m, nu nng lng Irame
u ln hn ngng du liu thi quay lai bc mt (trang thai ang co
m thanh khi goi ham thu khng thu c tron ven du liu).
4. Da vung m vao hang i.
5. Tng chi s vung m hin hanh ln mt.
6. Cho thu ht vung m.
7. Vi mi Irame cua vung m tinh tng nng lng cua no va hai Irame
k trc (co th la cua vung m trc- am bao tinh lin tc).
8. Nu tng nng lng vua tinh ln hn ngng im lng thi chep Irame
vao vung m chinh, cp nht lai kich thc vung m chinh va bt
co co du liu.Ngc lai, nu co co du liu bt: cp nht lai kich thc
oan im lng.
9. Nu kich thc oan im lng nho hn thoi gian ngung ti a giua hai
ting: uay lai bc 5.
Ta co th chon kich thc Irame la 220 ms, thoi gian ngung ti a giua
hai ting la 750 ms.
1.5. Xc d|nh gi tr| hng - ngng theo mi trng tn hiu
1.5.1. Thng s ngng zero
Ban cht m thanh la su dao ng, khi s hoa cac mu du liu m thanh
v min gia tri 0N-1 thi mu m thanh im lng (khng co m thanh) s co
gia tri la N/2, gia tri nay goi la ngng zero. Vi d nu kich thc mi mu
12
tin hiu s la 8 bit thi gia tri cua ngng zero la 128, cac mu tin hiu m
thanh s s co gia tri dao ng xung quanh ngng nay.
Trn thuc t cac thit bi s hoa m thanh cua may tinh (sound card) co
th bi sai ngng zero (sound card ma ngoi vit ang dung co ngng zero
la 112-mu 8 bit). Nu h thng chng trinh s dng ngng zero tng ung
cua thit bi thi du liu nhn c vn la du liu tt. Con nu vn dung
ngng nh trn thi kt qua nhn dang co th sai trm trong.
Thut toan phng phap xac inh ngng zero:
- Ly thu cua sound card.
- Dt muc thu o gia tri thp nht (tin hiu thu c la nho nht).
- Thu mt oan du liu ngn (khoang 3 giy).
- Tinh histogram H (H|k| la s mu co gia tri bin k).
- Tim trong dy H phn t H|max| co gia tri ln nht. Ngng zero
chinh la max.
- Phc hi lai muc thu ban u.
1.5.2. Thng s d n nhiu
Cach xac inh: Thng bao yu cu ngoi s dng ung noi gi trong ba
giy va thu tin hiu trong thoi gian o ly ting n nhiu cua mi trong
xung quanh. Ngng im lng c xac inh la nng lng cao nht cua cac
Irame. Ngoai ra co th dung bin i Fourier tinh ra cac tn s nhiu phc
v cho vic loc nhiu.
1.6. Lc nhiu
Hin tai, vic loc nhiu cua h thng c thuc hin theo phng phap
kinh in la dung phep bin i Fourier vi thut toan FFT. Dung bin i
Fourier thun xac inh c cac tn s tham gia va loai i tt ca tn s khng
thuc pham vi ting noi (nu bit c pham vi tn s cua ung ngoi s
dng thi kt qua loc s cang cao hn) bng cach cho cac h s tng ung gia
tri zero sau o bin i ngc lai.
13
1.7. Xc d|nh dy tn hiu s c cha d liu ting ni v xc d|nh
cc dim du - cui cua ting ni
Du liu thu c khng phai luc nao cung la ting noi, nht la khi thu
ng du liu s thong xuyn la khoang lng va nhiu. Vi h thng nhn dang
c thit k theo hinh thuc so khp tim ra mu ging nht nn du du liu thu
c khng phai la ting noi ma c a vao thi h thng vn gan o la mt
trong cac ting hoc mu dn n sai hoan toan.
Trong moi oan tin hiu, du co ting noi hoc khng co ting noi, thi
lun lun co m nn. Khac bit chu yu khi co ting noi la m thanh ting noi
s la m thanh chinh. Ta co th a ra phng phap sau:
1. Chia u dy tin hiu s thanh cac Irame vi kich thc tu 5-10 ms (co
th cn cu vao tn s c ban trung binh cua ngoi ang noi chon gia
tri phu hp nht).
2. Sau o kim tra tinh chua ting noi cua cac Irame bng cach m s
im zero hoc tinh nng lng ngn han cua Irame co vt qua
ngng.
3. Nu tng kich thc cac Irame lin tip c xac inh co tinh chua
ting noi ln hn 150 ms thi co th xem la co chua ting noi.
Fra/( i Frame i=+1
CGa sHi
CGa sHi+8
D' chia sI
D' /& i
Hnh 1-+. !h,n ch-a tn h-% th.nh cc F/a01
Nu ngoi noi noi roi rac tung ting mt va mi trong khng bi n thi o
bc xac inh dy tin hiu s co chua du liu ting noi hay khng ta cung
xac inh c cac im bin cua ting vi tai o s co cac khoang lng. Nhng
ngoi ta co th noi hi chm chu khng quen noi nhat gung tung ting mt va
14
mi trong xung quanh cung hoan toan co th co nhiu. Khi o giua hai ting
co th khng co khoang lng - Tuc chung bi dinh nhau (thong hin tng
nay chi xay ra giua hai ting chu it co ba ting dinh nhau). Luc nay, bc trn
s cho kt qua chi la mt ting ma ta a lun cho h thng nhn dang thi
trc mt s co mt ting bi nhn sai (khng co kt qua), va ting con lai
cung nhiu kha nng sai. Nh vy, bc nay cung la cn thit nu mun h
thng hoat ng cho chinh xac.
Nu cac ting c noi r rang thi chiu dai cua mi ting khng dao
ng nhiu. Do o ta co th yu cu ngoi noi roi rac mt s ting ri o
chiu dai nho nht L
1
va ln nht L
S
cac ting cua ngoi o. Khi nhn c
oan du liu co chiu dai ln hn L
S
, tuc ang co hai ting dinh nhau, ta s
tim Irame trong oan |L
1
..L
S
| co nng lng nho nht va im bin giua hai
ting c chon la im giua cua Irame.
1.8. Chun ho bin d
Du liu ting noi khi thu c co bin rt bin ng. Ngay ca khi
ngoi s dng noi vi mt m lng rt chun khng h thay i thi bin
cua du liu thu c cung vn co th khng n inh. Diu nay d dang xay ra
khi ngoi noi hi xoay mt i, nhich micro n gn ming hn hoc keo ra xa
hn chi vai cm. Su bin ng nay anh hong n kt qua nhn dang.
Vic chun hoa la cn nhng khng nht thit phai tht tt, chi cn bin
ung nho qua lam mt mat c trng. Nh vy, ta co th thuc hin n
gian bng cach nhn mi im vi mt h s k thich hp.
Vi d:
( )
( ) ( ) n s
k
max
100 2 / 32767

Nhn dang ting noi la m hinh phuc tap theo nhiu muc khac nhau. Tin
hiu ting noi c phn tach ra thanh tu, cac cm tu hay cu. Tip theo
chung c phn tich dua vao cu phap cua ngn ngu cn nhn dang, c
bin i va nen lai n gian cho vic x ly tip theo.
Khi x ly tin hiu ting noi ta phai roi rac hoa no theo thoi gian, s dng
bin i FFT c lng cac thanh phn tn s cua tin hiu roi rac, tach loc
cac thanh phn cn thit trc khi nhn dang.
15
1.8.1. Bin di FFT
Phep bin i nhanh FFT khng phai la mt phep bin i mi no thuc
cht la DFT nhng c thuc hin vi mt thut toan nhanh, gon. Dy la
thut toan ong vai tro ht suc quan trong trong vic phn tich, thit k va x
ly tin hiu.
Thut toan bin i nhanh FFT cho N mu x(n)} la:
Phep bin i thun:
( ) ( )

1
0
/ 2
N
k
N kn 4
e n E k E

Phep bin i ngc:
( ) ( )
N kn 4
e k F
N
n E
/ 2
1

Vi n 0, 1, , N-1
Trong o: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 + n - n a n E
Phep bin i FFT bao toan tinh tuyn tinh bt bin, tun hoan va tinh
tr.
Phep bin i tin hiu thoi gian roi rac z c inh nghia la:
( ) ( )

n
z n E z F

( ) ( ) #z z z F
4
n E
3
n

1
2
1

Phep bin i Fourier cua x (n) co th c tinh tu bin i z khi:

( ) ( ) ( )

n
n 4
e z
e n E z F F
4

Phep bin i Fourier co th xem nh la phep bin i z c c

lng.
Phep bin i Fourier roi rac (DFT) inh nghia nh la mu di y:
( ) ( )

1
0
2
N
n
kn 4
N
e k F k F

, 1 ,... 2 , 1 , 0 N k
Phep bin i ngc DFT la:
( ) ( )

1
0
2
N
n
kn 4
N
e k F n E

,
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 N n
Phep bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) n gian la tinh h s cua DFT.
Phep bin i cosin roi rac (DCT) la DFT cua tin hiu.
( ) ( ) ( )

+
1
1
2 cos 2 0
N
n
N
kn n E E k F
,
1 ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 N k
16
*/nh b.2 th%&t ton t/3n ng4n ng5 C
04id "crA/*'(6'4ng nu/74intsJ struct _c4/D'(K Lf:
{
'4ng iJMJ/;
d4u*'( t(/D;
MNO;
f4r6iNO; i P nu/74ints;i++:
{
if6i P M:
{
// s?aD f[i] Q f[M]
t(/DNf[i]5K;
f[i]5KNf[M]5K;
f[M]5KNt(/D;
t(/DNf[i]5+;
f[i]5+Nf[M]5+;
f[M]5+Nt(/D;
. // if
/Nnu/74ints RR 8;
?hi'(6 6M RN /: QQ 6/ RN C: :
{
MSN/;
/RRN8;
. // ?hi'(
M+N/;
. // f4r
. // "crA/*'(
//LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
04id Eutt(rF'i(s6'4ng nu/74intsJint '4gTJint dirJ struct
_c4/D'(K Lf:
{
d4u*'( ang'(;
17
_c4/D'(K ?J?DJt(/D;
'4ng iJMJ3J4ffs(t;
'4ng TJ ha'fT;
d4u*'( ?t(/D;
TN8;
f4r63NO;3 P '4gT;3++:
{
ha'fTNT;
TPPN8;
ang'(NSC5OL6,_7I/6d4u*'(:T:L6d4u*'(:dir;
?D5KNc4s6ang'(:;
?D5+Nsin6ang'(:;
?5KN85O;
?5+NO5O;
f4r64ffs(tNO; 4ffs(t P ha'fT; 4ffs(t++:
{
f4r6iN4ffs(t; i P nu/74ints;i+NT:
{
MNi+ha'fT;
// t(/DN?Lf[M]
t(/D5KN6?5KLf[M]5K: S 6?5+Lf[M]5+:;
t(/D5+N6?5KLf[M]5+: + 6?5+Lf[M]5K:;
// f[M]Nf[i]St(/D
f[M]5KNf[i]5K S t(/D5K;
f[M]5+Nf[i]5+ S t(/D5+;
// f[i]Nf[i]+t(/D
f[i]5K+Nt(/D5K;
f[i]5++Nt(/D5+;
. // f4r
?t(/DN?5K;
// ?N?L?D
?5KN?t(/DL?D5K S ?5+L?D5+ ;
?5+N ?5+L?D5K + ?t(/DL?D5+ ;
18
. // f4r
. // f4r
if6dirUNS8:
r(turn;
f4r6iNO; i P nu/74ints; i++:
{
f[i]5K/N6d4u*'(:nu/74ints;
f[i]5+/N6d4u*'(:nu/74ints;
. // f4r
. // Eutt(rF'i(s
04id FFT6struct _c4/D'(K LfJ int '4gTJ'4ng nu/74intsJint
dir:
{
"crA/*'(6nu/74intsJf:;
Eutt(rF'i(s6nu/74intsJ'4gTJdirJf:;
. // FFT
V(ndif // _FFT
Sau khi qua qua trinh bin i FFT chung ta thu c ph cua cac tin
hiu ting noi. (Biu din ph cua mt s thanh iu xem ph lc).
1.8.2. Lm r tn hiu v cua s ho
Nhm lam ni bt c trng ph cua tin hiu. Thng thong b lam r
tin hiu la mt b loc thng cao vi phng trinh sai phn la:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1

n as n s n s
Trong o, 0.9 a 1. Co th chon a 0.95
Bc tip theo trong x ly la ca s hoa mi Irame lam giam thiu su
gian oan tin hiu o u va cui mi Irame. Tp x(n)} la cac gia tri han ch
cua cac trong oan cua tin hiu, nu chung ta inh nghia ca s la (n), N la
s mu cho mi khung thi kt qua ca s hoa tin hiu s la:
( ) ( ) ( ) n " n E n E .

1 0 N n
Trong tin hiu ting noi, ngoi ta thong dung ca s Hamming
19

,
_

1
2
cos 46 . 0 54 . 0 ) (
N
n
n "

J 1 0 N n
Ham Hamming suy rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0
2
cos 1 <
1
]
1

,
_

k
N
k " k "
H
Ca s Hamming:
54 . 0
1.8.3. |nh l ly mu
Nu tn s cao nht c chua ung trong mt tin hiu tng tu, ( ) t a
E
, la
m
%
thi tin hiu o la mu trong khoang
< % %
s
2 2
max
>
khi o, ( ) t a
E
co th c
tinh bng nhung gia tri mu cua no theo ham sau:
( )
( )
<t
<t
t g

2
2 sin

,
( ) t a
E
c tinh nh sau:
( )

,
_

,
_

s
n
a a
%
n
t g
%
n
E t E
tai
( ) ( ) n E nT E
%
n
E
a
s
a

,
_

Cho trc mt tin hiu lin tc:

( ) ( ), 0 2 cos + f G t E
Mt tin hiu hinh sin tai mt thoi im nht inh c tinh nh sau:
( ) , 0 2 cos

,
_

,
_

s
f
n
f G n E
Rut gon cng thuc trn, ta co:
( ) ( ), 0 cos + n G n E
tai
, 2

,
_

s
f
f

con c goi la tn s radian tiu chun va biu hin thoi
gian tiu chun.
1.8.4. Ph dt cua ting ni
Chon
( ) { } n E
biu thi mt oan tin hiu keo dai trong khoang thoi gian xac
inh:
( ) ( ) ( ) n " n E n E `
Doan nay gii thiu vung tn s co tn goi la hiu ung hang rao
20
Hnh 1-6. M4 hnh ph7 89t ca t-:ng n;-
Mi Irame sau khi c ly ca s s c a qua bc phn tich tu
tng quan va cho ra (p 1) h s tu tng quan:
( ) ( ) ( ) m n E n E m r
m n
n
+

1
1
0
1 1

m 0, 1, 2, p
Trong o gia tri tu tng quan cao nht, p, c goi la cp cua phn tich
LPC. Ngoi ta thong s dng cac gia tri p tu 8 n 16.
Hnh 1- <. ' => ph,n tch t-:ng n;-
21
1.8.5. Biu din ting ni theo m hnh LPC v cc h s d bo tuyn tnh
M hinh LPC c s dng trich loc cac thng tin c trng cua tin
hiu, kt qua cua qua trinh phn tich tin hiu thu c mt chui cac khung
ting noi, cac khung nay co th c gia cng thm va mc ich s dng cho
vic phn tich m hoc.
1.8.5.1 M4 hnh "!C
Cac tin hiu c trich rut theo hinh thuc x ly tin hiu s binh thong,
toan dy du liu c chia thanh cac Irame va dung LPC phn tich thanh cac
vector vi s phn t it hn hn.
Hinh di y la s chi tit cua b x ly LPC dung trich c trng
m tit ting noi. Cac bc c ban trong tin trinh x ly nh sau:
WX/ rA
tYn hiZu
7h[n \4]n
fra/(
W^+ cGa
sH
7h[n tYch t_
t` ang buan
W^+ \]4
hX/
c dt treng
sf
Chu+gn sang
c(Dstra'
7h[n tYch
W7C
( ) n s ( ) n s

( ) n E
1
( ) n E
1

( ) t a
m
( ) t c
m
( ) t c
m

( ) t c
m
`
( ) t r
m
Hnh 1- ?. ' => b@ x l "!C 8Ang cho t/ch =Bc t/ng t-:ng n;-.
1.8.5.2 CD bo t%2:n tnh
Phn tich du bao tuyn tinh co nghia la mt mu ting noi co th c
xp xi nh la t hp tuyn tinh cua cac mu trc o. Bng vic ti thiu hoa
tng cua cac binh phng sai s giua cac mu hin tai va cac mu du oan
tuyn tinh ta co th xac inh c mt tp duy nht cac h s du bao. Cac h
s du bao nay chinh la cac trong s c s dng trong t hp tuyn tinh.
Chung ta inh nghia dy tin hiu ting noi bng ham s(n), gia tri du bao:
( ) ( )

H
k
k
k n s n s
1

Cac h s
k

c trng cho h thng.

22
Li du bao c tinh theo cng thuc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

H
k
k
k n s n s n s n s n e
1

Mun cuc tiu hoa cac li xay ra cn phai chon gia tri phu hp nht, ti
u nht i vi tp gia tri
{ }
k

. Chinh vi tin hiu ting noi thay i theo thoi

gian nn cac h s du bao phai c c lng tu mt oan ngn tin hiu.
Phng phap tip cn c ban la tim mt tp cac h s du bao ti thiu hoa
sai s trung binh trn mt oan ngn tin hiu ting noi.
Cng thuc tinh li du bao trong mt thoi gian ngn:
( )

m
n n
n e 9
2
( ) ( )
2
1

,
_

m
H
k
n k n
k m s m s
(*)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2

'

'

m m
H
k
n k
H
k
n k n
m
n
k m s k m s m s m s
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2

'

'

m m m
H
k
n k
H
k
n n k n
k m s k m s m s m s
Trong o s
n
(m) la mt oan tin hiu ting noi c chon o ln cn cua
mu thu n, nghia la:
( ) ) ( m n s m s
n
+
Chung ta co th tim c cac gia tri
k

ti thiu hoa
n
trong phng
trinh bng cach t
0
i n
9
, vi i 1, 2, , P.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i m s k m s i m s m s
9
n
m
H
k
n k
m
n n
i

'

1
2 2 0

Tu o nhn c phng trinh:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


m
n n
m
H
k
k n n
k m s i m s m s i m s
1

H i 1 6LL:
Nu chung ta t:
( ) ( ) ( )

m
n n n
k m s i m s k i,
6LLL:
23
Thi phng trinh (**) co th c vit gon hn:
( ) ( )

H
k
n k n
k i i
1
, 0 , H i , , 2 , 1
(****)
Giai h P phng trinh nay ta s tim c P n
{ }
k

. Tp cac h s
{ }
k

s ti thiu sai s trung binh binh phng du oan cho oan tin hiu S
n
(m).
S dng phng trinh (*) va (**) sai s du oan trung binh binh phng ti
thiu s la:
( ) ( ) ( )

H
k m
n n k
m
n n
k m s m s m s 9
1
2

S dng phng trinh (****) ta co th biu din
n
nh sau:
( ) ( ) k 9
n
H
k
k n n
, 0 0 , 0
1

6LLLLL:
V nguyn tc phn tich du oan tuyn tinh rt d hiu. Nhng vic tinh
toan
( ) k i
n
,
va nghim cua h phng trinh la kha rc ri. Phng phap
thng dng ap dng giai cac phng trinh la phng phap tu tng quan.
Chung ta gia s oan tin hiu s
n
(m) 0 ngoai khoang
1 0 N m
. Diu
nay co th c biu din nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) m " n m s m s
n
+
Trong o, (m) la ca s co chiu dai huu han (thong hay dung ca s
Hamming. (m) khac khng trong khoang
1 0 N m
. Do o sai s du
oan e
n
(m) cho b du oan bc p s khac khng trong khoang
p N m + 1 0
. Vi vy
n
co dang sau:
( )

1
0
2
p N
m
n n
m e 9
Tu o cng thuc (***) tro thanh:
( ) ( ) ( )

1
0
,
p N
m
n n n
k m s i m s k i
p k
p i


0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

+
k i N
m
n n n
k i m s m s k i
1
0
,
p k
p i


0
1

24
Goi R
n
(k) la ham tu tng quan co dang:
( ) ( ) ( )

+
k N
m
n n n
k m s m s k I
1
0
Thi ta co:
( ) ( ) k i I k i
n n
,
Vi R
n
(k) la ham chn nn ta co th vit:
( ) ( ) k i I k i
n n
,
p k
p i
,..., 2 , 1 , 0
,..., 2 , 1

Do o phng trinh (****) co th c vit thanh:

( ) ( )

p
k
n n k
i I k i I
1

H phng trinh nay con co th c vit di dang ma trn nh sau:

r I
1

o:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

H r
r
r
r
r
p r
p r
p r
r
r
p r
r
r
I
H

2
1
0
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
2
1

Chu y rng
I
la ma trn i xung, tt ca cac phn t thuc ong cheo
cua ma trn nay u co gia tri bng nhau, iu o co nghia la: (1) Nghich ao
cua no lun tn tai (2) cac nghim cua no nm o phia trai cua phng trinh.
Tng tu nh vy sai s trung binh binh phng ti thiu cua phng
trinh (*****) s co dang:
( ) ( )

p
k
n k n n
k I I 9
1
0
*/nh b.2 th%&t ton t/3n ng4n ng5 CE
void ComputeCorrelation(double*sample,int nSample,
double *coeIICorrelation, int nLPCAT)

int i,k,nk
Ior (k 0 k nLPCAT k)
25

nk nSample - k
coeIICorrelation|k| 0.0
Ior (i 0 i nk i)
coeIICorrelation|k| sample|i| * sample|i k|
} // Ior
} // ComputeCorrelation
//*****************************************************
void DurbinRC(int nLPC,double *coeIICorrelation,double *coeIIRC,
double beta)

int i,
double a|MALPCRDR 1|, at|MALPCRDR 1|, e
Ior (i 0 i nLPC i)
a|i| at|i| 0.0
e coeIICorrelation|0|
Ior (i 1 i nLPC i)

coeIIRC|i| -coeIICorrelation|i|
Ior ( 1 i )

at|| a||
coeIIRC|i| - a|| * coeIICorrelation|i - |
} // Ior
coeIIRC|i| / e
a|i| coeIIRC|i|
Ior ( 1 i )
a|| at|| coeIIRC|i| * at|i - |
e * 1.0I - coeIIRC|i| * coeIIRC|i|
} // Ior
iI (e 0)
e 0
26
betasqrt(e)
} // DurbinRC
// He so a|| duo xac dinh boi
// x|n| e|n| a|1|*x|n-1| ... a|p|*x|n-p|
//***************************************************
void DurbinLPCRC(int nLPC,double *coeIICorrelation,double
*coeIIRC, double *a, double beta)

int i,
double at|MALPCRDR 1|, e
Ior (i 0 i nLPC i)
a|i| at|i| 0.0
e coeIICorrelation|0|
a|0|1.0
Ior (i 1 i nLPC i)

coeIIRC|i| -coeIICorrelation|i|
Ior ( 1 i )

at|| a||
coeIIRC|i| - a|| * coeIICorrelation|i - |
} // Ior
coeIIRC|i| / e
a|i| coeIIRC|i|
Ior ( 1 i )
a|| at|| coeIIRC|i| * at|i - |
e * 1.0I - coeIIRC|i| * coeIIRC|i|
} // Ior
iI (e 0)
e 0
betasqrt(e)
} // DurbinLPCRC
27
2. CC M HINH UNG DJNG CHO NHAN DANG
TING NI
2.1. Phng php VQ
2.1.1. Khi nim php lng tu ho
V la mt b xp xi hoa.
Hnh - F. G 8H GI 1 ch-J%.
hinh trn, moi s nho hn -2 u c xp xi thanh -3. Moi s nm
giua -2 va 0 c xp xi thanh -1. Moi s nm giua 0 va 2 c xp xi thanh
1. Moi s ln hn 2 c xp xi thanh 3.
Hnh -K. G 8H GI ch-J%.
28
hinh trn moi im nm trong 1 phn vung c xp xi bng im
hinh * tng ung vi phn vung o.
Theo inh nghia toan hoc, vic lng t hoa vector k chiu hay V bao
gm hai anh xa: qua trinh m hoa thuc hin bng ham y, vi mi vector u
vao x x
0
,x
1
,,x
k-1
} ta co ham m hoa la y(x), M la ky hiu cua mt tp cac
knh, va mt b giai m gan cho mi ky hiu knh v trong M mt gia tri
trong bang chu cai. Vi d: M co th la mt tp 2
R
(h nhi phn) vector R
chiu. Bang chu cai phat lai co tng tu khoang trng cua cac vector u vao,
c bit no co th co mt vector thuc vi mt chiu khac nhau.
Nu M co M phn t, nu s lng R log
2
M thi c goi la ti l s bit
cho mi vector trong b lng t hoa va r R/k la ti l s bit cho mt biu
tng, khi u vao la dang song c ly mu thi o la s bit cho mt
mu.
2.1.2. bin dng
D bin dang d ky hiu
( ) E E # ` ,
giua vector u vao x va vector E`
. Cho
mt gia tri cua bin dang, chung ta co th xac inh cht lng thuc hin
cua h thng bng bin dang trung binh ( ) F F 9#
`
, giua vector u vao va
vector c phat: Mt h thng c anh gia tt nu nh gia tri trung binh
bin dang nho. Trn thuc t, gia tri trung binh c quan tm la gia tri
trung binh gii han dai mu hoc trung binh thoi gian thuc hin, di nhin
iu nay c anh gia bng truc giac.
( ) ( )

1
0
2
2
` ,
k
i
i i
E E E E E E #
k: S chiu cua V
2.1.3. Tnh cht
*nh chLt 1E
Vi mc ich cuc tiu hoa trung binh bin dang, cho mt b giai m
, khng co b m hoa lng t nao tt hn chon cac tu m v trong M, no s
cung cp bin dang nho nht co th o u ra, gia tri cuc tiu trn knh v la:
( ) [ ] { } ( ) [ ] ( ) , E # C E # E , E #
3 , ) C
, min , min ,


29
B giai m cho qua trinh lng t hoa vector tt nht khi b m hoa co
bin dang nho nht.
( ) ( ) [ ] C E # E ,
) C
, min
1

Ngc lai bit v chung ta s tim ra c gia tri cuc tiu o cng thuc trn.
*nh chLt E
Di vi b m hoa y, khng co b giai m nao tt hn vic gan mi knh
v mt ceintroid chung cua tt ca cac vector ngun m hoa thanh v, o la:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C F , E F # 9 C cent C
G E

` , min
1
`

Thong la:
( )
( )
( )

C E , E
i
i i
E
C i
C cent

1
o: i(v) la s cua chi s i sao cho y(x
i
) v.
2.1.4. Thit k codebook theo phng php LBG
GLn =J th-:t M:
Tim hiu v cach thit k V co th c bt u nh sau. Cho mt
vector ngun vi cac thuc tinh bit, cho mt khoang cach ( sai lch), va
cho s lng codevector, tim mt codebook (tp gm cac du hoa thi) va cach
phn chia (tp cac ong k) codebook phai tim la codebook co ra khoang
cach trung binh be nht
Chung ta gia thit rng chui hun luyn gm co M vector ngun:
T x
1
, x
2
,,x
M
}
Chui hun luyn nay thu c tu mt c so du liu kha ln. Vi d nh
nu ngun la mt tin hiu ting noi, khi o chui hun luyn co th thu c
boi c so du liu la mt vai cuc hi thoai kha dai c ghi m qua in
thoai. Gia thit M co y u cac thuc tinh thng k cua ngun thu c trong
vic hun luyn chui. Chung ta cung gia thit rng cac vector ngun la k
chiu, vi d:
x
m
(x
m,1
, x
m,2
, , x
m,k
), m 1, 2, , M
Cho N la s lng codevector va biu din codebook :
C c
1
, c
2
, , c
N
},
Mi codebook co k chiu, vi d:
30
c
n
(c
n,1
, c
n,2
, , c
n,k
), n 1, 2, , N
S
n
la min m hoa vi codevector c
n
va chi r vic phn chia cac khoang
trng.
P S
1
, S
2
,, S
N
},
Nu vector ngun x
m
o trong min S
n
, khi o gia tri tng ng cua no
(nghia la (x
m
)) s la c
n
.
(x
m
) c
n
, iI x
m
S
N
D o binh phng khoang cach li, lch trung binh c tinh bng:
( )
2
1
1

)
m
m m oCe
E J E
)k
$
o:
2 2
2
2
1
2
...
k
e e e e + + +
Nh vy, vn thit k thut toan nay co th c noi ngn gon nh
sau: Cho T va N, tim C va P sao cho D
ove
la nho nht.
*-3% ch%Nn t- % ho
Nu C va P la mt giai phap cua vn cuc tiu hoa, khi o no phai thoa
mn hai tiu chun sau:
iu kin cua thut ton ngi lng ging gn nht:
{ } N n c E c E E K
n n n
,..., 2 , 1 :
2 2


Diu kin nay yu cu min m hoa S
n
phai bao gm tt ca cac vector,
cac vector gn vi C
n
hn bt k mt codevector nao khac.
iu kin cua trng tm:

n m
n m
K E
K E
m
n
F
c
1
n 1, 2, , N
Diu kin nay cho rng codevector C
n
la trung binh cua tt ca cac vector
hun luyn, cac vector o trong min m hoa S
n
. Thm vao o co mt iu
chc chn la co it nht mt vector hun luyn thuc vao mi min (mu s o
cng thuc trn phai khac 0).
*h-:t M: th%&t ton "OP
31
Thut toan LBG la thut toan quy, vic giai quyt dua vao su lua
chon hai tiu chun ti u trn. Thut toan yu cu mt codebook ban u
C
(0)
. Dy la codebook khoi tao, thu c qua qua trinh phn tach. Trong
phng thuc nay, mt codebook c t la gia tri trung binh cua toan b dy
hun luyn. Codevector nay c phn tach thanh hai. Thut toan lp c
chay vi hai vector c khoi tao cho codebook. Hai codebook sau c
phn thanh bn va qua trinh x ly c lp lai cho n khi thu c s lng
codebook mong mun. Thut toan nay c tng kt nh sau:
ThiBt kB thu>t to.n L<LM
1. Cho T. 0 la s lng nho nht co gia tri c inh
2. Dt N1 va

)
m
m
E
)
c
1
*
1
1
Tnh
2
1
*
1
*
1

)
m
m oCe
c E
)k
$
1. Phn tch: Cho i 1, 2, , N, khi o:
( )
( )
( )
( )
* 0
1
* 0
1
1
i
N
i i
c c
c c

+
+
Dt N 2N
2. L}p li thut ton: Dt
( ) * 0
oCe oCe
$ $ . Dt chi s lp i 0.
i. Cho m 1, 2, , M, Tim gia tri nho nht :
( )
2
i
n m
c E
vi n 1, 2, , N. Vi n
*
la chi s nho nht thu c. Khi o:
( )
( ) i
n
m
c E J
*

ii. Cho n 1, 2, ,N, Cp nht lai codevector

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

i
n
i
n m
c
c E J
i
n
c
m
x
m
1
1

iii. Dt i i1
32
iv. Tinh
( )
( )

)
m
m m
i
oCe
E J E
)k
$
1
2
1
v. Nu
( ) ( ) ( )
>
1 1 i
oCe
i
oCe
i
oCe
$ $ $ , uay lai bc (i).
vi. Dt
( ) i
oCe oCe
$ $
*
. Cho n 1, 2, , N, t
( ) i
n n
c c
*
Vi cac codevector cui.
3. L}p li bc 3 v 4 cho dn khi thu dc s lng codebook
mong mun.
2.1.5. Ung dng VQ trong xu l tn hiu ting ni
Kt qua cua vic trich tron c trng ting noi la mt dy cac vector c
trng cua chui cac c trng ph cua tin hiu ting noi. Chung ta co th anh
xa cac vector nay thanh mt tp cac vector roi rac.
Hnh - Q. ' => Mh- ch%ng ca R% t/nh h%Ln l%2n S. ph,n lp tn h-% t-:ng n;- s
8Hng GI.
Cc u dim cua phng php ny l:
1. Giam khng gian lu tru cac c trng ph.
2. Giam thoi gian tinh toan trong vic quyt inh cac su ging nhau
gua cac vector ph.
3. Biu din tin hiu m thanh di dang roi rac.
Cc nhc dim cua phng php ny:
1. Bop meo tin hiu ph trong qua trinh phn tich cac tin hiu m
thanh thuc.
33
2. Phai tinh n khng gian lu tru cac codebook. Codebook cang
ln thi cang lam giam cac li lng t hoa nhng khng gian lu
tru cang tng ln. Phai cn bng giua 2 vn v khng gian lu
tru codebook va li lng t hoa.
Hnh -1T. U> thV ca ch%W- cc S1cto/ ph7 =X =Yc 0X h;a bZng GI ca pht ,0 t[ K
t-:ng )nh.
2.2. Phng php cn chinh thi gian dng
2.2.1. Khi qut v tip cn di snh mu v ki thut cn chinh thi gian
dng
Di sanh mu la mt trong nhung cach tip cn c ban giai quyt bai
toan nhn dang. Trong linh vuc nhn dang ting noi, cach tip cn nay cung
c ap dng va co hiu qua. Tai pha 'Trich chon c trng, chung ta
thong s dng cac ki thut c ban nh: m hoa du bao tuyn tinh (Linear
Predictive Coding - LPC), cac h s cepstral tn s Mel (Mel Frequency
Cepstral CoeIIicients - MFCC), ... trich cac c trng m thanh thanh b s
liu. Pha 'Phat hin ting noi co nhim v tach bo cac thanh phn m thanh
khng cn thit va phat hin ting noi trong b s liu a vao. Mt s ki
thut c dung o pha nay co th k n la: ki thut phn tich ph nng
lng, phn tich ph, ...
34
Hnh - 11. ' => cch t-:p c&n =- snh 0\%.
Nhim v cua pha 'Di sanh mu la so khp tin hiu a vao nhn
dang vi b tin hiu c lu sn trong chng trinh tim ra khoang
cach giua cac mu. Cac ki thut co th dung la: cn chinh thoi gian ng
(Dynamic Time arping - DT), m hinh Markov n (Hidden Markov
Model - HMM), ... Cui cung 'Lut quyt inh la pha tr giup may tinh a
ra kt qua nhn dang mu tin hiu nao gn ging nht. Trong s rt nhiu cac
lut c nghi cho cac h nhn dang, co hai lut c s dng rng ri la:
lut ln cn gn nht (Nearest Neighbour Rule - NN) va lut k-ln cn gn
nht KNN.
Di sanh mu ong vai tro rt quan trong trong cac h nhn dang ting
noi. Di sanh mu tuc la xac inh su tng ng giua cac mu khac nhau,
hay noi cach khac la o long khoang cach giua cac mu. Tuy theo c ta cua
tung h thng ma chung ta co nhung ki thut so khp mu khac nhau.
DT c ap dng nhn dang cac tu n l (R - solated ord
Recognition). Diu nay co nghia la cac tu c noi ra roi rac tung tu mt va
vi khoang thoi gian tr vua u. Vi nhung yu cu nh vy, co th d dang
nhn bit c luc nao bt u mt tu va luc nao kt thuc mt tu. Diu nay s
thuc su rt kho khn i vi nhung h thng nhn dang cu lin tc (CSR -
Continuous Speech Recognition) khi ma ngoi noi phat m mt cach binh
thong va khng co ranh gii r rang giua cac tu. Khi cac tu c noi boi
mt ngoi va mc tiu cua h nhn dang ting noi la nhn dang cac tu c
phat m boi ngoi o thi h c goi la h nhn dang ph thuc vao ngoi
noi (speaker-dependent recognition). Mt h phuc tap hn la h nhn dang
c lp vi ngoi noi (speaker-independent recognition).
Sau y la u va nhc im cua ki thut DT.
u dim Nhc dim
NhOng s #Png c.c @Qc tr1ng ngOn
ngR nSn khOng phP thuAc Co ngOn
TA chnh E.c cUa h phP thuAc Co
s( *12ng mVu h&c. 3.c mVu tham
35
ngR @12c nh>n #ng. TiSu hao ti
ngu,Sn h th(ng t.
khWo sX -/ Wnh h1Yng -Yi mOi tr1?ng
*Zc to mVu nh1M tiBng [n5 thiBt -/5
t\m *]5...
3^ th_ s #Png cho mAt t` @an hoQc
mAt nh^m t` m khOng c'n tha, @!i
thu>t to.n nhibu.
Th?i gian tnh to.n phP thuAc nhibu
Co s( *12ng mVu h&c C s( *12ng t`
c'n nh>n #ng. $o @^ khOng th_ s
#Png trong c.c h nh>n #ng Cci s(
*12ng t` *cn.
$d ci @Qt C tri_n khai Cci s( *12ng
t` gici hn (e8ff t`)5 @A chnh E.c
trong tr1?ng h2p n, c^ th_ @t @Bn
gg5hi.
NhOng s #Png nhibu c.c ,Bu t( ngR
nghja5 cZ ph.p5 t`5...
2.2.2. Ki thut cn chinh thi gian dng
2.2.2.1 C]n ch^nh th_- g-an =@ng
Do su khac nhau v ngu iu, v cach phat m cua tung ngoi noi, v
thoi gian noi,... nn dang song cua mt tu trong cac ln noi khac nhau co th
co rt nhiu su khac bit. Thm chi khi mt tu c noi boi mt ngoi thi su
khac nhau vn tn tai boi tc noi, noi to/nho, tm li khi noi. Mt s mu co
th co thoi gian noi dai hn va noi to hn, mt s khac co th noi nho hn va
ngn hn. Vi d nh o hinh 4.7 la hai ln noi khac nhau cua cung mt tu
'speech. So sanh giua hai tin hiu ta thy, m s5p va ch cua tin hiu 1 ngn
hn, va m i, thi dai hn (cac ong net ut la tin hiu 1, net lin la tin hiu
2). Bai toan so sanh hai tin hiu o y chinh la o ch dai cac tin hiu
khng ging nhau.
Mu tin hiu ting sau khi thu vao may tinh la mt dy tin hiu s.
Chung ta s chia mu ting noi c a vao nhn dang thanh cac Irame lin
tc gi ln nhau. Gia s mi Irame c chon vi dai la t
I
512 mu tin
hiu va phn gi ln nhau giua hai Irame lin tip la t
0
100 mu tin hiu nh
biu din trong hinh 4.6.
36
Hnh -1- Cc `/a01 lan lYt g- l3n nha%.
Hnh -1+- 'o snh sD Mhc nha% SJ th_- g-an t/3n t[ bsp11chc
Mi Irame nay qua phep phn tich LPC o pha trich chon c trng s
c biu din bng mt vector p chiu va ta goi vector nay la vector c
trng. Gia tri p la mt gia tri khng c inh thong c lua chon theo kinh
nghim. Diu o co nghia la tu vic lu giu mt Irame vi t
I
mu ta chi cn
lu mt vector vi p chiu. Nh vy mt mu nhn dang s la mt chui cac
vector c trng. Chui vector c trng nay s c dung so khp vi
37
chui vector c trng chun c lu trong chng trinh tim khoang
cach, khoang cach nay la c so chung ta quyt inh kt qua nhn dang.
Goi a : ka
8
5 a
;
5 ... 5 a
l
m va r : kr
8
5 r
;
5 ... 5 r
n
m ln lt la chui vector c
trng cua tin hiu 1 va tin hiu 2. y 4
r
va a
i
la cac vector c trng (hay
con goi la cac Irame) p chiu vi i:85...5l5 4:85...5n. Noi chung, do ban cht
bin thin v thoi gian cua ting noi nn dai cua hai chui vector a va r
khac nhau nn . Su chun hoa v thoi gian giua a va r la su mo rng mt
cach tuyn tinh mu tin hiu ngn hn at ti dai cua mu tin hiu dai hn.
Nghia la ta phai thuc hin vic so khp hai vector co chiu dai khac nhau. Ta
co mt ki thut n gian giai quyt vn trn la ki thut cn chinh thoi
gian tuyn tinh.
Gia s . Ki hiu D(r,a) la khoang cach giua hai mu tin hiu r va a va
c tinh nh sau:

l
i
i 4 f
a r # a r $
1
'
) , ( ) , (

1
]
1

i
l
n
4 * '
vi
) , (
' i 4 f
a r #
la khoang cach giua hai Irame ' 4
r
va a
i
.
Kt qua cua su cn chinh thoi gian tuyn tinh c th hin o hinh 4.7(d)
tuy vy vic cn chinh nh hinh (d) la cha ti u v mt khoang cach. Mt
lc chun hoa tt phai thay i khoang thoi gian cua mt mu theo c
tinh cua mu kia at c su so khp hp ly giua chung, do vy ma
khoang cach D(r,a) co th c cuc tiu hoa. Hinh (e) th hin su cn chinh
thoi gian ng (hay con goi la cn chinh thoi gian phi tuyn), nghia la cn
chinh trn tung oan con ri khp chung lai. Chung ta co th thy cac phn
cua m s5 p va ch cua tin hiu 1 c mo rng, con m i, thi c nen.
2.2.2.2 I%2 hodch =@ng t/ong M$ th%&t c]n ch^nh th_- g-an =@ng
Su so khp phi tuyn giua cac mu a va r nh noi o phn trc c
biu din trn li im hinh 4.8. Trn li nay tin hiu a nm doc theo trc i,
tin hiu r nm doc theo trc 4. Mi giao im trn li c inh nghia nh la
mt nut, nut (i,) co nghia la so khp Irame i cua tin hiu a vi Irame cua tin
hiu r. Nut (0,0) c goi la nut gc ni ma tt ca cac ong u xut phat tu
y.
38
#
f
(i54) la khoang cach giua vector c trng a
i
vi 4
r
, khoang cach nay
con c goi la khoWng c.ch cPc -A. Ta inh nghia gia tai nut (0,0) la:
#
f
(f5f) : f
Mt ong i o y c inh nghia boi cac cp nut (i
k-1
,
k-1
) - (i
k
,
k
).
Mt ong i xut phat tu nut (0,0) n nut (i
k
,
k
) co mt gia toan cc la gia
tich luy tu im bt u cua ong i cho n khi gp nut (i
k
,
k
). Ta goi gia
nay la D(i
k
,
k
) va c inh nghia :
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1 1 k k f k k k k
4 i # 4 i $ 4 i $ +


Vi nut (0,0) la nut khoi u cua tt ca cac ong i nn ta co:
0 ) 0 , 0 ( $

Khi cho k chay v ti k1 ta co:

k
m
m m f k k
4 i # 4 i $
0
) , ( ) , (

Hnh - 16- "- 0-nh hea R%2 hodch =@ng.
R rang la trn li quy hoach ng co nhiu ong i xut phat tu nut
(0,0) n nut (i
k
,
k
) vi cac gia toan cc khac nhau. Nh vy bai toan co th
c vit nh la vic tim kim mt ong i y u tu nut (0,0) ti nut ich
(,) sao cho gi. ton cPc la nho nht. Ki hiu D*(i
k
,
k
) la gia toan cc nho
nht. Khi o ta co:
39
{ } ) , ( ) , ( min ) , ( *
1 1 k k f k k k k
4 i # 4 i $ 4 i $ +

'

k
m
m m f
4 i #
0
) , ( min
trong biu thuc nay (i
k
,
k
) (,), min ly tai moi ong i co th tu nut (0,0)
n nut (i
k
,
k
). D tin cho vic ki hiu, sau nay ta s dung ki hiu D thay cho D*.
2.2.2.3 !hng php =o Mhofng cch cHc b@
Trong phn trc ta cp #
f
(i54) la khoang cach giua vector c
trng a
i
va 4
r
. Ta co th vit y u la
) , (
4 i f
r a #
vi cac vector a
i
va r

nhn
c qua phep phn tich LPC co dang sau :
a
i
: o8 5 a
i;
5 a
ip
5 . . . 5 a
ip
q
T
C 4
r
: o8 5 r
4;
5 r
4p
5 . . . 5 r
4p
q
T
Do
) , (
4 i f
r a #
la khoang cach nn phai thoa mn 3 iu kin :
1.
) , (
4 i f
r a #
0 va 0 khi a
i
4
r
,
2.
) , (
4 i f
r a #

) , (
i 4 f
a r #
,
3.
) , (
4 i f
r a #

) , ( - a #
i f
) , (
4 f
r - #
.
Bt cu ham nao ap ung c ba tinh cht trn u la metric hp l cua
khng gian vector. Do vy s co nhiu metric va mi cai s co nhung im
manh va yu cua ring no. Chung ta thong s dng nhung trong hp c
bit cua metric Minkoski trong cac tinh toan ki thut. Metric Minkoski bc
s giua a
i
va 4
r
la :
s
s
p
k
4 i 4 i s
k k
r a r a #

1
) , (
Tng ung vi s1 va s2 ta ln lt co:
City block metric:

p
k
4 i 4 i
k k
r a r a #
1
) , (
uclidian metric:
40
2
1
2
) , (

p
k
4 i 4 i
k k
r a r a #
Ngoai metric Minkoski con co nhiu metric khac nh: LPC, takura,
Mahalanobis,...
2.2.3. Cc rng buc
Phng phap i sanh mu trong nhn dang ting noi o khoang cach
giua mu kim tra vi tt ca cac mu sn co ri chon ra mu co khoang cach
nho nht va mu o c coi la kt qua nhn dang. Do vy bai toan nhn
dang co th quy v vic tim khoang cach giua hai tin hiu. Ta bit rng
thach thuc cua bai toan chinh la su a dang trong hanh vi noi cua con ngoi.
Cac yu t nh tc noi, kiu ngu iu, phai khng lam anh hong n
kt qua nhn dang. Ta chi ra rng quy hoach ng co th c s dng
tim ong i so khp phi tuyn giua tin hiu kim tra va cac tin hiu mu do
vy ma khoang cach giua chung c cuc tiu. Ung dng nay cua quy hoach
ng trong nhn dang ting noi c goi la Cn chinh thoi gian ng
(Dynamic Time arping - DT).
DT cung s dng li nh o hinh 4.8 inh nghia khng gian tim
kim trong o a la mu tin hiu cn kim tra, r la mu tin hiu c lu
sn. Chung ta s tim kim ong i tt nht doc theo chi s cua mu kim tra.
Do la ung dng c thu cua quy hoach ng trong nhn dang ting noi nn
DT ap dng mt s loai rang buc.
2.2.3.1 Cc /.ng b%@c =-g0 =a% c%- hin8po-nt Const/a-ntsj
Rang buc im bt u: Irame u tin cua mu kim tra phai c so
khp vi Irame u tin cua mu sn co:
(i
1
,
1
) (1 , 1)
Rang buc im kt thuc: Irame cui cua mu kim tra phai c so
khp vi Irame cui cung cua mu sn co:
(i
k
,
k
) ( , )
41
Hnh -1<- Cc /.ng b%@c =-g0 =a% c%- hin8po-nt Const/a-ntsj
Theo iu kin rang buc nay ta co mt ong i so khp thng thong
co dang nh o hinh 4.9.
2.2.3.2 Cc /.ng b%@c =J% =Bn S. l-3n tHc hCont-n%-t2 an8 Monoton-c-t2
Const/a-ntsj
Rang buc u n yu cu cac vector cua mt tu phai c duyt theo
thu tu tng dn, nghia la:

k
-
k-1
0
Rang buc lin tc co nghia la khng co im 'gy trn ong i, nghia la:
i
k
- i
k-1
1
Noi cach khac vic so khp phai tin hanh doc theo trc cua mu kim
tra ln lt tung Irame mt.
Hnh -1?- M-nh hea SJ so Mhp Mh4ng =J% =Bn.
42
Hinh 4.10 la mt vi d v so khp khng u n. Tu 'pest chay doc
theo trc x va 'pets doc theo trc y. Tp m vi cua ca hai tu 'pest va pets
la p5 eh5 s5 t}. Nu khng co rang buc u n hai tin hiu nay co th so
khp nh ong net lin va nh vy a ra thng tin nhn dang sai la hai mu
nay trung nhau.
Hinh 4.11 la mt vi d v so khp khng lin tc. Tu 'speak chay doc
theo trc x va 'spaek doc theo trc y. Tp m vi cua ca hai tu 'speak va
spaek la s5 p5 eh5 a5 k}. Nu khng co rang buc lin tc hai tin hiu nay co
th so khp nh ong net lin va nh vy a ra thng tin nhn dang sai la
hai mu nay trung nhau.
Hnh - 1F- M-nh hea SJ so Mhp Mh4ng l-3n tHc.
2.2.3.3 Cc /.ng b%@c =_ng =- cHc b@ h"ocal Const/a-ntsj
Cac rang buc ong i cc b c s dng inh ra ong i hp l
giua hai nut li bt ki. Noi cach khac, rang buc nay s la iu kin kim
tra giua hai nut (m,n) va (k,l) cua li co tn tai ong i hay khng. Hinh
di y minh hoa bn kiu rang buc cc b c Sakoe va Chiba xut.
43
Hnh -1K- Cc /.ng b%@c =_ng =- cHc b@.
loai () ong i tun tu din ra, vi loai () ong i ngang chi c
thuc hin nu trc o co ong i cheo, cung tng tu nh vy vi loai
(V) nhng ong i ngang chi thuc hin nu trc o co hai ong i cheo.
Trong loai () sau hai ong i ngang mi c phep co ong i cheo.
takura xut ra mt rang buc ong cc b khac ang chu y o hai im:
khng co hai ong i ngang lin tc va tn tai ong i giua hai nut (i-1,-2)
va (i,). Hinh di y minh hoa rang buc takura.
Hnh - 1Q- (.ng b%@c =_ng =- cHc b@ ktaM%/a.
44
2.2.3.4 Cc /.ng b%@c =_ng =- to.n cHc hPlobal Const/a-ntsj
Rang buc nay c s dng gii han pham vi cua nen hoc mo rng
mu tin hiu doc theo chiu dai cua trc thoi gian. Su bin thin v tc noi
cua ngoi c cn nhc gii han trong mt khoang hp li, iu nay co
nghia la chung ta co th gii han vic tim kim trong vung tim kim hp l.
Thay vi phai tim kim trn toan b li, ta chi cn tim kim cac nut trn hinh
vung hp l. Rang buc ong i toan cc thong dung c m ta trong
hinh 4.14. y vung tim kim hp l c gii han boi bn ong thng co
nghing (slope) la s hoc 1/s.
Hnh -T- Cc /.ng b%@c =_ng =- to.n cHc.
ua nghin cuu, ung vi tung loai rang buc cc b ma s co th nhn
nhung gia tri sau:
Loi rng buc cc b Gi tr| s Gi tr| 1/s
0
2
3 1/3
V 3/2 2/3
45
2.2.4. Thut ton cn chinh thi gian dng
2.2.4.1 *h%&t ton C*l =- xmng h'2001t/-c C*l - 'C*lj
Thut toan c minh hoa bng vi d o hinh di y, ta s dng mt
ma trn thoi gian - thoi gian m ta truc quan cach cn chinh. Theo quy c
thi trc tung s biu din mu chun 'SPCH, trc hoanh biu din mu
nhn dang 'SsPhH. Trong vi d nay, mu nhn dang 'SsPhH la mu
co nhiu. Y tong o y la mu nhn dang s c so vi tt ca cac mu
chun thuc cung mt lp. Mu nhn dang phu hp nht la mu co khoang
cach ong cn chinh vi mu chun ngn nht.
Hnh - 1- M-nh hea SJ c]n ch^nh th_- g-an =@ng g-5a 0\% ch%Nn b'!iiCHc S.
0\% nh&n 8dng c; nh-n% b's!iihHc.
Trong thut toan nay ta cn phai tun thu cac rang buc sau:
Cac ong so khp khng th quay ngc chiu thoi gian (nghia
la chi co tin ln)
Tt ca cac Irame phai c s dng trong ong so khp.
Khoang cach toan cc c tinh bng cach cng dn tt ca cac
khoang cach cc b.
Mt y quan trong o thut toan nay la ta chi co th i n (i,) tu cac
(i-1,-1), (i-1,), (i,-1) trong o i la ct, la hang.
Biu thuc quy hoach ng cua DT i xung la :
{ } ) , ( ) 1 , ( ), , 1 ( ), 1 , 1 ( min ) , ( 4 i # 4 i $ 4 i $ 4 i $ 4 i $ +

46
vi d(i,) la khoang cach cc b tai (i,), D(i,) la khoang cach toan cc tai (i,).
Ta co th nu mt cach cai t hiu qua v b nh va kha nhanh trong
tinh toan cua DT i xung. Cai tin o y la ta dung hai mang lu cac
ct lin tip. Ta quy c cac hang, ct bt u anh s tu 0.
Hnh -- Cc hng =- c; thg ca 'C*l
(i,) va (i,0) co su khac nhau v cac xut phat. Dong n (i,0) chi co
th tu (i-1,0), con ong n (i,) co th co 3 ong.
Thut toan m ta nh sau:
Du vao: Hai chui vector c trng cua mu chun va mu nhn dang
Du ra: Gia toan cc nho nht.
1. Tinh o ct 0, thp nht. Gia toan cc o nay chinh la gia cc b. Sau
o gia toan cc cua mi tip theo la gia cc b cua o cng vi gia
toan cc cua trc, ct nay c goi la predCol (predecessor Column).
Bc nay c goi la bc khoi tao.
2. Tinh gia toan cc o u tin cua ct tip theo (ta goi ct nay la curCol -
current Column). Gia tri nay bng gia cc b cua o cng vi gia toan
cc cua thp nht o ct trc.
3. Tinh gia toan cc cua cac con lai cua curCol. Vi d, tai (i,) o la
khoang cach cc b (hay gia cc b) cua (i,) cng vi gia toan cc nho
nht tai mt trong cac (i-1,-1), (i-1,), hoc (i,-1).
4. curCol c gan bng predCol va lp lai tu bc 2 cho n khi tt ca cac
ct c tinh.
47
5. Gia tri toan cc nho nht cui cung la gia tri lu giu o trn cung cua
ct cui cung.
Thut toan co th c din ta bng ngn ngu tua Pascal nh sau:
1. Tinh ct 0 (predCol)
2. FR i:1 To S vector c trng cua mu nhn dang D
3. Begin
4. curCol|0| : Gia cc b tai (i,0) Gia toan cc tai (i-1,0)
5. FR :1 T S vector c trng cua mu chun D
6. curCol|| : Gia cc b tai (i,) MN Gia toan cc tai((i-1,-
1), (i-1,),(i,-1))
7. predCol : curCol
8. nd
9. Gia toan cc nho nht la curCol|S vector c trng cua mu chun|
Trong o, predCol va curCol la hai ma trn mt chiu co kich thc la
S vector c trng cua mu chun. Ham tinh gia cc b giua 2 vector x va y
la ham d(x,y).
M ta bng ngn ng C thut ton DTW di xng
predCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
curCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
predCol|0|d(0,0)
Ior(p1ptemplateIramesp)
predCol|p|predCol|p-1|d(0,p)
Ior(i1ipatternIramesi)

curCol|0|predCol|0|d(i,0)
Ior(1templateIrames)
curCol||(min(predCol||,predCol|-1|,curCol|-1|)d(i,))
Iree(predCol)
predColcurCol
curCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
}
loestGlobalpredCol|templateIrames-1|
48
2.2.4.2 *h%&t ton C*l phfn =- xmng h)s2001t/-c C*l - )'C*lj
Thut toan DT phan i xung la mt cai tin cua DT i xung. Biu
thuc quy hoach ng nh sau:
{ } C h # 4 i # 4 i $ # 4 i # 4 i $ 4 i # 4 i $ 4 i $ + + + + + ) , ( ) 1 , ( , ) , ( ) , 1 ( ), , ( 2 ) 1 , 1 ( min ) , (
trong o, cac gia tri d
h
va d
v
phu hp co th tim c qua thuc nghim. Ta co
th hiu d
h
va d
v
la nhung trong s u tin, d
h
la trong s u tin ong i
ngang (horizontal), d
v
la trong s u tin ong i doc (vertical), cac trong s
nay co th nhn gia tri 0.
Nu chung ta han ch cac ong i cho phep la:
(i-1,-2 ) ti (i,) hng i cheo mo rng (bo qua mt Irame mu
chun, nghing cheo la 2)
(i-1,-1) ti (i,) hng i cheo chun
(i-1,) ti (i,) hng i ngang (lp lai mt Irame o mu chun,
nghing 0)
thi chung ta gia s rng mi Irame cua mu nhn dang c s dng mt va
chi mt ln. Diu o co nghia rng chung ta co th bo qua khng cn n su
chun hoa dai mu va no khng oi hoi cng hai ln khoang cach cc b
vao cac hng i cheo chun ( nghing 1). Cach tip cn nay c goi la
uy hoach ng phan i xung (asymmetric dynamic programming).
Hnh -+- Oa cch =- c; thg t[ 4 h-o pj =:n 0@t 4 Mhc t/ong C*l phfn =- xmng
49
Hnh -6- Cc hng =- c; thg ca C*l phfn =- xmng.
Co th ti cac (i,), (i,0) va (i,1) bng cac hng khac nhau. Dong i
ti (i,0) chi co th xut phat tu (i-1,0). Dong i ti (i,1) chi co th xut
phat tu (i-1,0) va (i-1,1). Dong i ti (i,) co th xut phat tu 3 (i-1,), (i-
1,-1) va (i-1,-2).
Mc du vy chung ta cn lu y la s co nhung trong hp c bit xay
ra. Hy xem xet ong i xut phat tu (0,0). Do ong i s phai ti ct 1
nn cac hang 1,2,... o ct 0 s tro nn v nghia boi vi chung chc chn s
khng c i qua. Hinh di minh hoa cho trong hp c bit.
Hnh -<- U_ng =- R%a SAng hYp l.
Dong i khng bao gio i qua vung gach cheo. Cac chu nht m cho
thy nhung trong hp c bit cua ong i. Theo DT i xung, hang 0 la
50
trong hp c bit nh binh thong. Con trong DT phan i xung, hang 1
cung la c bit.
Dong so khp chi co th n c nhung c bit tu mt s vi tri gii
han. Cac trong hp c bit co 2i-1 hoc 2i. Tng gia cho mi trong hp
la:
2i-1 : Gia cc b tng khoang cach nho nht tai predCol|-1| va
predCol|-2|
2i : Gia cc b tng gia tai predCol|-2|
Thut giai tim gia toan cc it nht by gio s phuc tap hn i chut so
vi trong hp i xung. Do vy, d hiu, ta trinh bay thut giai tua Pascal
nh sau:
predCol|0| Gia cc b tai (0,0)
For i:1 to s vector c trng cua mu nhn dang D
Begin
curCol|0| Gia cc b tai (0,0) Gia toan cc tai (i-1,0)
For 1 to (MN cua S vector c trng cua mu chun va 2i1)
begin
highest
I (i,) la trong hp c bit Then
I (i,) co hang la 1 Then
curCol|| Gia cc b tai (i,) Gia toan cc tai (i-1,-1)
lse
I ( mod 2 1) then
curCol|| Gia cc b tai (i,)
MN Gia toan cc tai((i-1,-1), (i-1,-2))
lse
curCol|| Gia cc b tai (i,) Gia toan cc tai(i-1,-2)
lse
I (i,) co hang la 1 Then
curCol|| Gia cc b tai (i,)
MN Gia toan cc tai((i-1,), (i-1,-1))
lse
curCol|| : Gia cc b tai (i,)
MN Gia toan cc tai((i-1,-1), (i-1,),(i-1,-2))
end
predCol curCol
nd
Gia toan cc nho nht la gia tri o curCol|highest|
Trong o, predCol va curCol la hai ma trn mt chiu co kich thc la s
vector c trng cua mu chun. Ham tinh gia cc b giua 2 vector x va y la
51
ham d(x,y). Ham isSpecial(col,ro) kim tra mt co la c bit hay
khng.
M ta bng ngn ng C thut ton DTW phan di xng
predCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
curCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
predCol|0|d(0,0,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)
Ior(i1ipatternIramesi)
curCol|0|d(i,0,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)predCol|0|
Ior(1((((2*i)1))(templateIrames)))
highest
iI (isSpecial(i,))
iI (1)
curCol||predCol|-1|d(i,,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)
else
iI (Imod(,2)1)
curCol||min2(predCol|-1|,
predCol|-2|)d(i,,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)
else
curCol||predCol|-2|d(i,,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)
}
}
else
iI (1)
curCol||min2(predCol||,predCol|-
1|)d(i,,coeIIs,tdata,pdata)
else
curCol||(min3(predCol||,predCol|-1|,predCol|-
2|)d(i,,coeIIs,tdata,pdata))
}
}
Iree(predCol)
predColcurCol
curCol (Iloat *)malloc(sizeoI(Iloat)*templateIrames)
}
loestGlobalpredCol|highest|
2.3. M hnh Markov n
2.3.1. Qu trnh Markov
et su tin trin theo thoi gian cua mt h thng nao o (co th la mt h
vt ly hay h sinh thai, ...), ky hiu +
t
la vi tri cua h tai thoi im t. Cac vi tri
co th co c cua h c goi la khng gian trang thai, ky hiu la K: kK
8
5 K
;
5
K
p
5 ...m. Gia s o thoi im s h o trang thai K
i
, nu xac sut h o trang thai
52
K
4
o thoi im t trong tng lai chi ph thuc vao s5 t5 K
i
5 K
4
thi co nghia la su
tin trin cua h chi ph thuc vao hin tai va c lp vi qua khu. Ta goi o
la tinh Markov va h co tinh cht nay c goi la qua trinh Markov.
Nu khng gian trang thai K cua h la m c thi ta goi h la xich
Markov. Nu thoi gian t la roi rac t0,1,2,... thi ta co xich Markov roi rac. Ta
co th biu din tinh Markov cua h bng biu thuc sau :
H(+
t
: K
4
r +
t-8
: K
i
5 +
t-;
: K
k
5...) : H(+
t
: K
4
r +
t-8
: K
i
)
Dt H(s5i5t54) : H(+
t
: K
4
r +
s
: K
i
) la xac sut h tai thoi im s o
trang thai i, n thoi im t chuyn sang trang thai 4. Ta goi H(s5i5t54) la xac
sut chuyn cua h. Nu xac sut chuyn chi ph thuc vao (t-s) tuc la
H(s5i5t54): H(s7h5i5t7h54)
thi ta noi h la thun nht theo thoi gian. Bt u tu y ta chi xet xich
Markov roi rac va thun nht.
Hnh -?- qch Ma/MoS S- < t/dng th- '
1
o '

o ...o '
<
S. cc xc s%Lt ch%2gn t/dng th-
Hinh 4.20 cho ta thy mt vi d v mt m hinh xich Markov roi rac va
thun nht, trong o h co th o mt trong nm trang thai K
8
5 K
;
5 ...5 K
N
(trong
vi d trn N5). Tai mi thoi im t 0,1,2,... h chuyn trang thai theo xac
sut chuyn trang thai a
i4
tng ung vi mi trang thai.
1
( )
i4 t 4 t i
a H + K + K
+

53
1
1 1,
0 , 1,
N
i4
4
i4
a i N
a i 4 N

'

Ngoai ra ta inh nghia xac sut trang thai khoi u (initial state
distribution) : k
1
5
2
5 ...5
N
m5 trong o
i
la xac sut trang thai i c
chon tai thoi im khoi u t1M

i
:H(+
8
:K
i
).
1
1
0 1,
N
i
i
i
i N

'

ua trinh Markov miu ta o trn c goi la mt m hinh Markov quan

sat c (observable Markov model). Du ra cua qua trinh la mt tp cac
trang thai tai cac thoi im roi rac lin tip nhau, trong o mi trang thai
tng ung vi mt su kin vt ly co th quan sat c (observation event).
Vi d: Ta xet mt m hinh Markov ba trang thai miu ta thoi tit: K
8
5 K
;
5
K
p
. Trong mt ngay thoi tit co th la mt trong ba trang thai:
K
8
: ma
K
;
: my
K
p
: nng
ma trn xac sut chuyn la
A a
i4
}
0.4 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.6 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.8
1
1
1
1
]
Gia thit la thoi tit tai ngay t1 la nng. Ta s tim xac sut trong 5
ngay lin tip co thoi tit nh sau: nng, nng, ma, ma, my. Tuc la ta co
mt dy cac quan sat (observation) D K
p
5 K
p
5 K
8
5 K
8
5 K
;
,

tng ung vi cac thoi
im t1,2,3,4,5.
H(DrM hinh : H(K
p
5 K
p
5 K
8
5 K
8
5 K
;
r M hinh)
: H(K
p
).H(K
p
rK
p
).H(K
8
rK
p
).H(K
8
rK
8
). H(K
;
rK
8
)
:

p
.a
pp
.a
pp
.a
p8
.a
88
.a
8;
54
1. (0.8). (0.8). (0.1).(0.4). (0.3)
768. 10
-4

2.3.2. M hnh Markov n
M hinh Markov n HMM (Hidden Markov Model) c mo rng
khai nim tu m hinh Markov bng cach mi trang thai c gn vi mt
ham phat xa quan sat (observation distribution). Ngoai qua trinh ngu nhin
chuyn giua cac trang thai, tai mi trang thai con co mt qua trinh ngu nhin
sinh ra mt quan sat. Nh vy, trong M hinh Markov n co mt qua trinh
ngu nhin kep, trong o co mt qua trinh ngu nhin khng quan sat c.
Tp cac quan sat D c sinh ra boi dy cac trang thai K
8
5 K
;
5 ...5 K
N
cua m
hinh, ma dy cac trang thai nay la khng thy c, o chinh la ly do m hinh
c goi la m hinh Markov n (hidden).
Mt m hinh Markov n c c trng boi cac thanh phn c ban sau:
N, s trang thai (state) trong m hinh Markov. Cac trang thai thong
c ky hiu bng K: kK
8
5 K
;
5 K
p
5 ...m va trang thai cua m hinh tai thoi im t
c ki hiu la +
t
.
), s ky hiu quan sat (observation symbol), y la kich thc cua bang
tu vung cua m hinh. Cac ky hiu quan sat c biu din bng s: kC
8
5
C
;
5 ...m.
G : ka
i4
m, xac sut chuyn trang thai (state transition probability
distribution). Trong o a
i4
la xac sut trang thai 4 xut hin tai thoi im
t78 khi trang thai i xut hin tai thoi im t.
a
i4
: H(+
t78
: K
4
r +
t
: K
i
)
1
1 1,
0 , 1,
N
i4
4
i4
a i N
a i 4 N

'

<:k-
4
(k)m xac sut phat xa quan sat trong mi trang thai (observation
symbol probability distribution in state). -
4
(k) la xac sut cua quan sat C
k
tai
trang thai 4 tai thoi im t.
55
-
4
(k) : H(C
k
tai thoi im t r +
t
: K
4
)5
1
( ) 1 1,
( ) 0 1, 1,
)
4
k
4
- k 4 N
- k 4 N k )

'

: k
1
5
2
5 ...5
N
m xac sut trang thai khoi u (initial state distribution).

i
la xac sut trang thai i c chon tai thoi im khoi u t1M

i
:H(+
8
:K
i
)
1
1
0 1,
N
i
i
i
i N

'

Vi cac gia tri thich hp G5 <5 5 )5 N5 mt m hinh Markov n c

dung sinh ra mt dy cac quan sat:
D: kD
8
5 D
;
5 D
p
5 ...m
Trong o D
i
ly mt trong cac gia tri trong s. Hoat ng cua HMM c
m ta nh sau:
Chon mt trang thai khoi u +
8
tng ung vi xac sut trang thai khoi
u .
Gan t:8.
Chon D
i
C
k
tng ung vi xac sut quan sat tai trang thai K
i
: -
i
(k).
Chuyn sang trang thai mi +
t78
K
4
tng ung vi xac sut chuyn trang
thai a
i4
.
Gan t:t78 va quay lai lai bc 3) nu teT, nu khng kt thuc.
Ngoi ta thong dung b ba :(G5 <5 ) c coi la b ky phap gon
biu din mt m hinh Markov n. G5 < va c goi la cac tham s
(parameters) cua m hinh .
56
Hnh - F-G 8H 0@t 04 hnh Ma/MoS Nn S- s% t/dng th-
Hinh 4.21 cho ta mt vi d v mt m hinh Markov n gm co sau trang
thai, trong o co mt trang thai khoi u va mt trang thai kt thuc. Sau quan
sat kD
8
5 D
;
5 ...5 D
t
m c sinh ra tu bn trang thai tu 2 n 5. Mi trang thai co
th chuyn sang trang thai bn phai cua no, hoc chuyn sang chinh no. Ring
trang thai khoi u chi co mt kha nng duy nht chuyn sang trang thai thu
2, tuc la a
8;
:1.
2.3.3. Ba bi ton c ban cua m hnh Markov n
Co ba bai toan c ban cua m hinh Markov n c t ra trong ung
dng nhn dang ting noi.
<i to.n 8M Vi dy quan sat D: kD
8
5 D
;
5 D
p
5 ...m va m hinh Markov n
:(G5 <5 ) c hun luyn, chung ta cn tinh xac sut H(D|).
<i to.n ;M Vi dy quan sat D: kD
8
5 D
;
5 D
p
5 ...m va m hinh Markov n
:(G5 <5 ) lam th nao chung ta co th tim c dy trang thai tng ung
+:k+
8
5 +
;
5 +
p
5 ...m ti u nht theo mt tiu chun nao o.
<i to.n pM Lam th nao chung ta iu chinh cac tham s G5 <5 co
c xac sut H(D|) ln nht.
Bai toan 1: y la bai toan nhn dang khi co mt dy cac quan sat cho
trc va mt tp cac m hinh Markov n, vic tinh toan cac H(D|) s cho
chung ta tim ra c m hinh Markov n co xac sut H(D|) tng ung ln
nht.
57
Bai toan 2: y la bai toan tim phn n cua m hinh Markov, tuc la dy
trang thai +. Bai toan nay hay c s dng trong qua trinh gan nhn cng
buc du liu hun luyn.
Bai toan 3: trong bai toan nay chung ta iu chinh tham s cua m hinh
Markov n no miu ta mt cach chinh xac nht cac quan sat c bit
trc o. Dy quan sat dung iu chinh cac tham s c goi la tp du liu
hun luyn (training data). Dy la khu c ban trong mt bai toan nhn dang,
no cho phep iu chinh cac tham s hoc cac du liu tu cac hin tng thuc
nh ting noi.
Cc giai php ton hc cho ba bi ton c ban
Bai toan 1
Chung ta co dy quan sat
1
,
2
,
3
, ...} va m hinh Markov n
(A, B, ), chung ta cn tinh xac sut P(|).
Gia s dy quan sat co dai la T, vy ta co mt dy cac trang thai
tng ung cua m hinh Markov n sinh ra no : qq
1
, q
2
, q
3
, ... q
T
. Ta co xac
sut dy quan sat c sinh ra boi vi dy trang thai q la:
P(|q, )
1
( , )
T
t t
t
H D +

vi gia thit cac

i
la c lp ta co
P(|q, ) b
q1
(
1
) b
q2
(
2
)... b
qT
(
T
)
Mt khac ta xac sut cua dy trang thai q i vi m hinh la:
P(q
|
)

q1
a
q1q2
a
q2q3
... a
qT-1qT

Tu o ta co xac sut cua dy quan sat , i vi m hinh va dy trang
thai q la:
P(, q) P(|q, ) P(q|)

q1
b
q1
(
1
) a
q1q2
b
q2
(
2
) a
q2q3
... a
qT-1qT
b
qT
(
T
)
ac sut cua dy quan sat i vi m hinh s la tng cua tt ca cac
xac sut dy quan sat i vi m hinh vi moi dy dy trang thai q co th
co :
1 1 1 2 2 1
1 2
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )... ( )
T T T
+ + + + + + + + T
+ J
H D H D + - D a - D a - D

(2*)
58
D phuc tap tinh toan cua cng thuc (2*) la 2T. N
T
, boi vi tai mi thoi
im t, co N kha nng chuyn trang thai, trong mi trang thai co (2T-1).N
T
phep tinh nhn, N
T
-1 phep tinh cng. Trong thuc t, cng thuc nay khng th
thuc hin c do phuc tap qua ln. D khc phc vn nay, thut toan
tin - lui (Iorard-backard algorithms) c dung tinh xac sut dy quan
sat i vi m hinh .
Ta inh nghia bin tin
t
(i) Iorard la xac sut cua dy quan sat ti
thoi im t:
1
,
2
, ...,
t
tai trang thai S
i
c sinh boi m hinh .

t
(i)P(
1
,
2
, ...,
t
, q
t
S
i
|)
vi gia tri khoi tao
1
(i)
i
b
i
(
1
), 1 i N
Cac
t
(i) c tinh bng thut toan quy c miu ta nh sau:
1) Khoi tao

1
(i)

i
b
i
(
1
) 1

N
2) Tinh cac
t1
() bng phng phap quy

t1
() 1
1
( ) ( )
N
t i4 4 t
i
i a - D
+

1
1
]
(3*)
1 1 t T
,
1 4 N
3) Kt thuc
P(|)
1
( )
N
T
i
i

Bc 1) khoi tao cac

1
(i) tng ung vi cac trang thai i khac nhau. Tai
bc 2 cac
t1
() c tinh theo phng phap quy dua vao cac
t
() c
tinh trc o. Hinh 4.21 miu ta cac phep toan cn thit tinh cac
t
().
Trang thai cua m hinh tai thoi im t1 la S

va co tt ca N kha nng dn
ti trang thai S

tu

cac trang thai S
i
vi xac sut la
t
(i). ac sut nay nhn vi
xac sut chuyn trang thai a
i
s cho ta xac sut m hinh o trang thai S

tai thoi
im t1 vi iu kin m hinh o trang thai S
i
tai thoi im t. Tng cac xac
sut nay vi cac i tu 1 n N cho ta xac sut m hinh o trang S

tai thoi
im t1, xac sut nay nhn vi xac sut b

(
t1
) s cho ta xac sut dy quan
sat ti thoi im t 1 o trang thai S

va o chinh la
t1
().
59
Thut toan quy nap s dung o bc 3) khi ma t T. Khi o tng cua cac

t
(i) vi i tu 1 n N s cho ta xac sut cua dy quan sat i vi m hinh :
P(|).
D phuc tap tinh toan vi cach tinh theo cac bin Iorard
t
(i) la N
2
T,
thp hn so vi phuc tap 2T. N
T
cua bc trc.
Hnh - K- M-3% tf cc 8X2 phrp ton =Yc thDc h-n =g tnh b-:n
t
h-j.
Bin lui (backard)
t
() c inh nghia la xac sut cua dy tu thoi
im t1 n T :
t1
,
t2
, ...,
T
, vi iu kin la m hinh o trang thai S
i
tai thoi im t.

t
(i) P(
t1
,
t2
, ...,
T
|
q
t
S
i
,

), 1

T
Thut toan tinh bin lui
t
(i) cung dua trn phng phap quy ging
nh trong hp cua bin tin
t
(i):
1) Khoi tao

T
(i) 1, 1

N
2) Tinh cac
t
() bng phng phap quy

1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
N
t i4 4 t t
i
4 a - D 4
+ +

t T-1, T-2, ..., 1, 1

T
Bc 1) khoi tao cac
T
(i) bng 1 cho tt ca cac i. Cac tinh toan cua bc
2) c m ta trong hinh 4.23, trong o
t
(i) c tinh dua vao cac
t1
()
c tinh trc o. Trang thai cua m hinh tai thoi im t la S
i
va co tt ca N
kha nng dn ti trang thai S
i
tu

cac trang thai S

tai thoi im t1 vi xac

60
sut la
t1
(). ac sut nay nhn vi xac sut chuyn trang thai a
i
, kt hp vi
xac sut quan sat
t1
tai trang thai s cho ta xac sut m hinh o trang thai S
i
tai thoi im t vi iu kin m hinh o trang thai S

tai thoi im t1. Tng
cac xac sut nay vi cac tu 1 n N cho ta xac sut m hinh o trang S
i
tai
thoi im t va o la
t
(i).
Hnh -Q- M-3% tf cc 8X2 phrp ton =Yc thDc h-n =g tnh b-:n
t
h-j
Bng thut toan tin - lui ta co th tinh xac sut P(|) nh sau:
P(|)
1
( )
N
T
i
i

1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
N N
i i t t
i i
- D i i i

Bai toan 2
Trong bai toan nay, ta phai tim dy trang thai q(q
1
, q
2
, ..., q
T
) ti u
tng ung vi mt dy quan sat (
1
,
2
, ...,
T
) va m hinh (A, B, )
cho trc, cho P(, S|) la ln nht.
Mt phng phap thng dng hay c dung giai quyt bai toan nay
la dung thut toan tim kim Viterbi. Dy la thut toan dua trn phng phap
lp trinh ng (Dynamic Programing Method) tim ra mt dy cac trang
thai ti u duy nht.
Thut toan Viterbi:
Ta inh nghia bin d
t
(i)
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
, ,... ,
max ( , ,..., , , ,..., )
t
t t
+ + +
H + + + i D D D

la bin co
im cao nht (best score) tai thoi im t tng ung vi dy trang thai q
1
,
q
2
, ..., q
t-1
, kt thuc tai trang thai S
i
.
Cac bin d
t
(i) c tinh bng phng phap quy dua trn cac tinh toan
trc o
61
d
t1
(i)
1
|max( ( ) | ( )
t i4 4 k
i N
i a - D

D lu vt cac cac trang thai cua dy ta dung mang y
t
(i), khi thut toan
kt thuc cac phn t trong mang chinh la cac trang thai cua dy q cn tim. Sau
y la chi tit thut toan Viterbi
1) Khoi tao
d
t
(i)

i
b
i
(
1
), 1

N
y
1
(i)0
2) Tinh toan quy
1
1
( ) |max( ( ). |. ( )
t t i4 4 k
i N
i i a - D
+

, 2

, 1

N (4*)
1 1
1
( ) arg max| ( ). |
t i4
i N
i i a



2

T, 1

N
3) Kt thuc
1
* max| ( )|
T
i N
H i

1
* arg max| ( ). |
T T i4
i N
+ i a

Truy hi cac trang thai
q*
T
y
t1
(q*
t1
), t T-1, T-2, ... ,1
Kt thuc thut toan cac q*
t
chinh la cac trang thai cua dy cn tim.
Thut toan Viterbi gn ging nh thut toan tinh bin tin
t
(i). Dim
khac nhau c ban giua hai thut toan nay la cng thuc tinh max (4*) c
dung thay cho cng thuc tinh tng (3*).
Bai toan 3
Dy la bai toan kho khn nht cua m hinh Markov n, chung ta phai
iu chinh b ba cac tham s (A, B, ) xac sut P(|) la ln nht. Trn
thuc t khng tn tai mt phng phap thuc su ti u P(|) la ln nht.
Giai phap cho bai toan nay thong lua chon cac thu tc hun luyn lp
Baum.
D miu ta thut toan iu chinh tham s (re-estimation) Baum-elch,
ta inh nghia bin
t
(i) H(+
t
: K
i
|D5 ) la xac sut m hinh o trang thai K
i
62
vao thoi im t vi dy quan sat D va m hinh cho. Vi inh nghia trn,
bin
t
(i) c biu din thng qua hai bin tin va lui nh sau:

t
(i)
1
( ,)
u ( ) ( ) u ( ) ( )
() ( )
u ( ) ( )
t i
t t t t
N
t t
i
H + K D
i i i i
H D H D
i i

(5*)
Trong cng thuc trn
t
(i) la xac sut cua dy qua sat D
8
5 D
;
5 ...5 D
t
va

t
(i) la xac sut cua dy D
t78
5 D
t7;
5 ...5 D
T
vi m hinh o trang thai K
i
vao thoi
im t.
Tu cng thuc (5*) ta rut ra c:

1 ) i (
N
1 i
t

Vi
t
(i) ta co th tim c tai thoi im t xac sut ln nht cua dy D
8
5
D
;
5 ...5 D
t
la:
+
t
argmax|
t
(i)|, 1 i N, 1 t T
Ta inh nghia bin
t
(i5 4) la xac sut m hinh o trang thai K
i
tai thoi
im t va o trang thai K
4
tai thoi im t71 vi m hinh va dy quan sat D
cho trc.

t
(i5 4) : H(+
t
: K
i
5 +
t78
: K
4
|
D5

)
Hinh 4.23 miu ta mi quan h chuyn dich giua cac trang thai K
i
va

K
4
.
Tu inh nghia cac bin tin lui
t
(i) C
t
(i) ta co

t
(i5 4)
1
( , ,)
()
t i t 4
H + K + K D
H D
+


1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
t i4 4 t t
i a - D 4
H D

+ +

t
(i5 4)
1 1
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t i4 4 t t
N N
t i4 4 t t
i 4
i a - D 4
i a - D 4


+ +
+ +

t
(i) H(+
t
: K
i
|D5 )
( , )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t i
t t
H + K D
i i
H D H D

Vi cac inh nghia trn ta co

t
(i):
1
( , )
N
t
4
i 4

63
Hnh - +T- M-3% tf cc phrp tnh can th-:t =g tnh
t
h-o pj.
Tu inh nghia cng thuc trn ta co th nhn thy:

1 T
1 t
t
) j , i (
la kha nng m hinh chuyn trang thai tu K
i
sang K
4

1 T
1 t
t
) i (
la kha nng m hinh chuyn trang thai tu K
i
Tu cac quan sat trn ta co tp cac cng thuc dung iu chinh (re-
estimation) cac tham s cua m hinh Markov n nh sau:
i a kha nng m hinh o trang thai K
i
tai thoi im (t:8)
) i (
1

(6*)
ij a kha nng chuyn tu trang thai K
i
sang trang thai K
4
/ kha nng chuyn
tu trang thai K
i

1
1
1
1
( , )
( )
T
t
t
T
t
t
i 4
i

(7*)
) v ( b
k
j kha nng o tai trang thai K
i
vi ky hiu quan sat C
k
/ kha nng o
tai trang thai K
i

1,
1
( )
( )
t k
T
t
t D C
T
t
t
4
4

(8*)
Vi mt m hinh :(G5 <5 ) u tin chung ta dung cac cng thuc (6*),
(7*), (8*) tinh toan b tham s mi ( , , a) G < . Ngoi ta chung minh
c rng:
Hoc la m hinh khoi im c inh nghia chinh xac la m hinh hi
t va do o : .
Hoc la m hinh mi co H(D| ) u H(D|)
64
Dua vao chung minh nay chung ta dung

thay th cho la lp lai cac

tinh toan (6*), (7*), (8*) ta s cai thin c xac sut H(D|) cho ti thoi
im thut toan hi t.
Trong qua trinh tinh toan, sau mi ln lp cac biu thuc sau y lun
c thoa mn:
1
1
N
i
i

1
1
N
i4
4
a

1 i N
1
( ) 1
N
4
k
- k

1 4 N
Chung minh cng thuc Baum-elch.
<! @b 8
Cho cac h s
0
i
c >
, i 0,1,..., 3 va mt iu kin rang buc
1
1
3
i
i
E

65
Khi o ham:
1
( ) log
3
i i
i
f E c E

s at cuc tri tai:

1
i
i 3
i
i
c
E
c

Chung minh
D chung minh b ta xet ham sau:
( )
3
a i
i
f f E E +

Ly cac ao ham ring cua ham nay theo cac E
i
va cho cac ao ham nay
bng khng ta co:

0
i
i
c
E

tuc la
i i
c E
va
i
i
c
E

vi iu kin rang buc

1
1
3
i
i
E

ta nhn c:
3
i
i
c

va do vy ta co iu phai chung minh:

1
i
i 3
i
i
c
E
c

3hvng minh cOng thvc <aum-we*ch
Cng thuc hiu chinh lai tham s m hinh Markov n Baum-elch c
chung minh bng thut toan M. Du liu khng quan sat c x trong thut
toan M la cac dy trang thai n K cua m hinh Markov n. Chung minh s
dng ham J c inh nghia nh sau:
1
( , ) Pr( , ) log Pr( , )
Pr( , )
a**K
J D K D K
D

(9*)
66
Ham
( , ) J
s c xem nh la ham cua bin . Do vy gia tri
1
Pr( , ) D
co th c xem nh la hng s. Vi ham J nh vy ta co inh ly sau:
Dinh ly 1: Nu
( , ) ( , ) J J
thi
Pr( ) Pr( , ) D D
Chung minh:
Tu tinh cht cua ham logarit ta co:

Pr( ) Pr( , ) Pr( , )
log log( )
Pr( , ) Pr( , ) Pr( , )
a** K
D D K D K
D D D K

Pr( ) Pr( , ) Pr( , )
log log( )
Pr( , ) Pr( , ) Pr( , )
a** K
D D K D K
D D D K

Pr( )
log ( , ) ( , )
Pr( , )
D
J J
D

(10*)
Nh vy nu m hinh co th tim c v phai cua (10*) la dng
thi co nghia la thut toan hiu chinh lai tham s Baum-elch co th am bao
tng gia tri cua
Pr( , ) D
bng cach lam tng ham J(.), ta co iu phai chung
minh.
Tu phng trinh (2*) ta co
1 1 1 2 2 1
1 2
( , ) ( ) ( )... ( )
T T T
+ + + + + + + + T
K
H D K - D a - D a - D

(11*)
1 1
1
1 1
log Pr( , ) log log log ( )
t t t
T T
+ + + + t
t t
D K a - D
+

+ +

(12*)
Thay phng trinh (12*) vao phng trinh (9*) ta co:
1
( , ) log log ( ) log
L
i i4 4k 4 i i 4
i 4 4 k i
J c a # - k e

+ +

Trong o
1
1
1
Pr( , , )
Pr( )
T
t t
t
i 4
+ i + 4 D
c
D

1
1
( , )
T
t
t
i 4

1

Pr( , , )
Pr( )
t k
t t
t D C
i 4
+ i + 4 D
#
D

67


( )
t k
t
t D C
4

1
Pr( , )

Pr( )
i
+ i D
e
D

1
( ) i
Nh vy theo b 1 ta thy ham
( , ) J
s cuc ai vi cac iu kin
sau:
i a
i
1
( )
i
i
e
i
e

(13*)
ij a
1
1
1
1

( , )
( )
T
i t 4
t
T
i4
t
t
4
c i 4
c
i

(14*)
) v ( b
k
j

( )
( )
t k
t
t D C 4k
4k t
k t
4
#
# 4

(15*)
Cac phng trinh (13*), (14*), (15*) chinh la cng thuc hiu chinh lai
tham s Baum-elch.
2.3.4. Cc loi m hnh Markov n
Co nhiu cach phn loai cac m hinh Markov n, trong o ngoi ta
thong phn bit cac m hinh Markov n theo tinh cht cua ham phat xa quan
sat. Co ba loai m hinh Markov n: m hinh Markov n roi rac, m hinh
Markov n lin tc va m hinh Markov n ban lin tc.
M4 hnh HMM /_- /dc
Trong m hinh nay khng gian cac c tinh ph c chia thanh mt s
huu han cac vung (cluster) bng phng phap lng t hoa vector V
(Vector uantization). Trong tm cua mi vung c biu din bng mt tu
m (codeord) ma thuc cht la mt chi s chi ti mt sach m (codebook).
Mt khung tin hiu c bin i thanh mt tu m bng cach tim mt vector
gn vi no nht trong sach m. Nhc im cua m hinh dang nay la co sai s
trong qua trinh lng t hoa nht la nu kich thc cua sach m la nho, ngc
lai nu kich thc cua sach m ln thi s phai tra gia bng s lng tinh toan
s tng ln.
68
M4 hnh HMM l-3n tHc
Nhc im cua phng phap trn co th c khc phc bng cach
dung m hinh HMM lin tc CD-HMM (Continuous DensityHMM). Trong
phng phap nay khng gian cac c tinh ph c m hinh hoa bng cac
ham mt xac sut, thng thong la ham trn cua cac ham Gauss.
1
( ) ( )
N
4 4k 4k 4k
k
- , c ,

N
Trong o N la s thanh phn trn (mixture) tai trang thai 4, c
4k
la trong s
cua thanh phn thu k va
(. ) N
la ham mt xac sut Gauss. Trong qua
trinh hun luyn vic hiu chinh cac xac sut ham -() c thay bng hiu
chinh cac tham s
,
. Nhc im cua phng phap nay la mi trang thai
u co cac tham s cua ring chung, do o s lng cac tham s la rt ln va
do vy khng th tranh khoi cac trong hp khng u du liu hun luyn cho
cac trang thai. Ngoai ra m hinh lin tc s co thoi gian tinh toan kha lu.
M4 hnh HMM bn l-3n tHc
M hinh HMM ban lin tc (semi-continuous) la m hinh kt hp giua
hai m hinh trn. Ging nh trong m hinh roi rac, trong m hinh ban lin tc
cung co mt sach m miu ta cac vung c dung chung cho tt ca cac trang
thai. Tuy nhin thay vi biu din cac vung bng mt trong tm (centroid),
trong o cac vector ln cn s c nhom vao lam mt, cac vung c biu
din boi cac ham mt xac sut lin tc Gauss trong vung khng gian ln
cn tranh cac li cua lng t hoa. Nh vy
1
( ) ( )
L
4 4k 4k 4k
k
- , c ,

N
Trong o L la kich thc cua sach m. Trong qua trinh hun luyn ging
nh trong m hinh lin tc cac tham s Gauss c tinh toan. Vic dung m
hinh nay s giup cai thin thoi gian tinh toan cua m hinh lin tc.
Trong khi ca ba m hinh u c s dng rng ri trong cac h thng
nhn dang, m hinh lin tc cho thy kha nng nhn dang tt nht mc du tc
hoat ng cua h thng nay chm hn cac h thng khac.
69
2.3.5. Gii hn cua m hnh Markov n
Mc du m hinh Markov n c s dng rng ri trong cac h thng
nhn dang, tuy nhin m hinh Markov n cung co mt s nhc im xut
phat tu cac gia thit cua no nh sau:
LiW thiBt Cb ->c. Trong m hinh Markov n ta gia thit rng cac xac sut
chi ph thuc vao trang thai hin thoi ma c lp vi qua khu. Diu nay
khng ung trong cac ung dng ting noi. Hu qua cua nhc im nay la m
hinh Markov n kho khn trong m hinh hoa hin tng ng phat m
(coarticulation) do cac xac sut phat xa quan sat bi anh hong boi cac trang
trai trong qua khu.
LiW thiBt Cb tnh @Ac *>p. Gia thit nay cho rng khng co mi lin h
giua cac khung tin hiu ln cn nhau, iu nay khng ung trong giong noi.
HMM chi lam vic vi mt khung tin hiu tai mt thoi im. D ly thm
thng tin cac khung tin hiu xung quanh, HMM phai ly thm c tinh ph
cua cac khung tin hiu ln cn lam du liu hun luyn.
Cac m hinh Markov n lin tc, roi rac va ban lin tc kho at c
trang thai ti u. Vi m hinh roi rac, mt ti l li lng t hoa la khng tranh
khoi. Vi m hinh lin tc va ban lin tc co mt ti l nht inh khng hoan
toan chinh xac cua m hinh thng k.
2.4. Mng Nron
2.4.1. Cc kha nng cua mng nron
#hf n]ng hecE
Mang nron co kha nng tip thu su hun luyn v mi quan h giua u
vao va u ra cua cac mu, nu ta chi cho no u vao x tng ung vi u ra
y thi mang co th nh lai c iu o.
#hf n]ng ch%Nn hoE
Mang nron hoc cac mu du liu c so nn co kha nng nhn dang c
du liu mi, nhung du liu ma no cho rng gn ging vi du liu c hoc.
Chinh kha nng nay cua mang nron rt thun li khi ung dng no cho nhn
dang ting noi vi cac mu m hoc khng bao gio ging nhau mt cach tuyt
i.
70
#hf n]ng tnh tonE
Mang nron co kha nng tinh toan song song rt cao, ap ung yu cu
cua cac giai thut. Trong nhn dang ting noi khi lng tinh toan la rt ln.
Va kt qua cn phai c a ra nhanh chong thi h thng mi nng cao c
gia tri s dng.
Nho nhung kha nng o cua mang nron ma con ngoi c gng m
phong tao ra mang nron nhn tao, kt qua ma chung ta at c la rt kha
quan va hin nay c ung dng rng ri trong nhiu bai toan c quan trong,
c bit la trong nhn dang ting noi.
2.4.2. Cu trc mng nron nhn to
Mang nron nhn tao la mt h thng bao gm nhiu nron hoat ng
song song. Cac nron c ni vi nhau nho cac lin kt, mi lin kt kem
theo mt trong s c trng cho tinh kich hoat hay uc ch giua cac nron.
Mt nhom nron c t chuc theo mt cach sao cho tt ca chung u nhn
cung mt vector vao x ly tai cung mt thoi im. Vic san sinh ra tin
hiu cua mang xut hin cung mt luc vi mi nron co mt tp trong s khac
nhau nn co bao nhiu nron s san sinh ra by nhiu tin hiu khac nhau. Mt
nhom nron nh vy c goi la mt lp mang, Mt mang nron bao gm
nhiu lp mang (hay con goi la tng mang), cac nron trong mt lp chi c
ni vi cac nron o lp tip theo, khng cho phep cac lin kt giua cac nron
cung mt lp. Lp nhn cac vector tin hiu u vao x goi la lp vao, lp chua
cac tin hiu ra cua mang c goi la lp ra, bt k cac lp nao nm giua hai
lp trn c goi la lp n, lp n la thanh phn ni tai cua mang khng co
tip xuc vi mi trong bn ngoai. S lng lp n co th tu 0 n vai lp.
71
Thng 0X4
,it ha+ nhiju thng kn
Thng \hu ra
Hnh -+1- M4 hnh nh-J% tang ca 0dng n/on
Mang nron nhn tao gm co ba thanh phn c ban:
Tp trong s lin kt c trng cho cac khp thn kinh
B cng thuc hin phep tinh tng cac tich cua tin hiu vao vi trong
s lin kt tng ung.
Ham kich hoat hay ham chuyn i quy inh gii han u vao cua
nron.

THng
HX/
tru+jn

-(ct4r \hu ra
<G 'l cmc Dhhn tG
c
h
u

0
X
4
2
"
0
E
1
E
2
E
n
E
Hnh - +- Cc th.nh phan c ss 0dng n/on.
72
Mi nron trong m hinh nron nhn tao c ni vi cac nron khac va
nhn c tin hiu x
i
tu chung vi cac trong s
i
. Tng thng tin u vao co
trong s la:

4 4
E " Net
Gia s mang co N nut vao: x (x
0
, x
1
, x
2
,x
N-1
) vi cac vector trong s

0
(
00,

01
,,
0N-1
),
1
(
01
,
02
,
0M-1
),
M-1
(
m-10,

M-1N-1
), va M
u ra phi tuyn cua mang la y (y
0
, y
1
, , y
M-1
) c biu din boi:

+
1
0
N
i
i i i4 4
- E " Net

1 0 ) 4

) (
4 4
Net f ,
x
i
, y
i
,
i
, b
i
la cac s thuc, cac b
i
goi la lch 'bisa.
Ham I la mt ham phi tuyn, goi la ham truyn, no co th co o dang sau:
Ham tuyn tinh tung oan:
( )

'

<

1 1
1 1
1 : 1
E
E E
E
E f
Ham sigmoi#:
( ) + <
+

,
1
1
E
e
E f
Ham hyperbol: ( ) + < <
+

E
e
e
E f
E
E
,
1
1
Ham tang-hyperbol: ( ) < <
+

E
e e
e e
E f
E E
E E
,
Noi chung cac ham truyn nn thoa mn cac tinh cht sau:
Bi chn
( ) E ) E f
Dn iu tng:
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
E E E f E f > >
Kha vi lin tc:
( ) E f
co ao ham
( ) E f
va
( ) E f
la ham lin tc
Vi cac ham truyn thng dng ta co Ham sigmoid:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) E f E f E f
E f

< <
1
1 0
73
2.4.3. Phn loi mng nron
Co nhiu phng phap phn loai mang nron: phn loai mang nron
dua vao kiu lin kt hoc s lp. Ngoi ta nghin cuu va a ra s dng
cac loai mang nron sau:
Mang nron truyn thng: Trong mang nron truyn thng cac lin kt
nron i theo mt hng nht inh, khng tao thanh chu trinh.
Mang nron hi quy: Cac mang hi quy cho phep cac nron tao thanh
chu trinh.
Mang HopIield: Co mt lp ra, vi s nron bng s tin hiu vao. Cac
lin kt nron la y u. Mang HopIield co ham kich hoat la ham du.
Mang kiu b nh hai chiu kt hp thich nghi ABAM, co mt lp
mang va co s tin hiu ra co th it hn nhiu so vi s tin hiu vao.
Mang Kohonen: Thuc vao nhom mang mt lp, cac nron c phn
b trong mt phng hai chiu theo kiu li vung hay lc giac.
Mang Perceptron: La mang truyn thng mt lp co mt hay nhiu u
ra.
Mang nron nhiu lp lan truyn ngc sai s:
Mang nron co tich hp cac h mo.
2.4.4. Ung dng mng n ron lan truyn ngc cho nhn dng ting ni
Thut ton lan truyn ngc:
Cho trc hai vector u vao:
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

N
E E E E
, vector u ra
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

m
, , , ,
, tng n gm H nut, vi cac vector trong s ni N nut u
vao vi H nut tng n,
( )
1 0 00 0
,...,

N
"h "h "h
,
( )
1 0 01 1
,...,

H
"h "h "h
,,
( )
1 1 10 1
,...,


N
"hH "hH "hH
, va cac vector trong s ni H nut tng n vao
vi M nut u ra,
( )
1 0 00 0
,...,

H
"o "o "o
,
( )
1 0 01 1
,...,

H
"o "o "o
, ...,
( )
1 1 10 1
,...,


H
"o) "o) "o)
, Ei, ,4, "hih, "o4h

la cac s thuc.
Chd2 04 hnh
Vi u vao
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

N
E E E E
c chun hoa (cac gia tri x
i
nm
giua 0 va 1- la min gia tri cua ham Sigmoid)
Ta c
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

out) out out out
74
*nh S1cto/ sa- s S. ch%Nn =@ lch
( )
1 1 0
,..., ,

e) e e e
V
( ) 1 ,..., 1 , 0 , ) 4 out4 ,4 ei

( )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
... 2 1

+ + + e) e e e
H-% ch^nh t/eng s l-3n M:t th-ho thph
Mang hiu chinh lai trong s "ih, "4h sao cho
2
e co nhiu kha nng
giam i sau phep hiu chinh.
C[ng S-c heco l% cc t/eng s 0dng
et vi ham truyn la Sigmoid, ngoi ta chung minh c nu dung
phep giam theo hng gradient vi phep ti l la thua s

0, u nho goi
la h s hoc) cua ham li e (gradient la hng cua vector ao ham ring bc
mt cua ham li e xet theo tt ca cac bin trong s), thi cng thuc chinh trong
s mang lan truyn ngc la:
( ) ( )
in
h
out
h
out
h
o*#
4h
ne"
4h
net net net out4 ,4 "o "o * 1 * * +
( ) ( )

+
1
0
0 * * 1 * *
)
4
4h 4h
in
h
in
h
o*#
ih
ne"
ih
" net net Ei "h "h

( ) ( )
out
h
out
h
#ef
net net out4 ,4 #4h 1 *
Trong thuc nghim co th chon

0.2, 0.5, .., 1.0.

75
3. HUN LUYN V NHAN DANG TING NI
3.1. Hun luyn v nhn dng theo m hnh Markov
3.1.1. Gii thiu v HTK
B cng c HTK (Hidden Markov Model Toolkit) la b cng c dung
xy dung va nghin cuu thao tac trn cac m hinh Markov n. No bao gm
cac m dun, cac cng c c vit bng ngn ngu C. Cac cng c cung cp
phng tin cho phep phn tich giong noi, hun luyn HMM, kim tra va
phn tich kt qua nhn dang. Cac phn mm dung ca cac ham mt xac sut
lin tc va roi rac va co th xy dung cac h thng HMM phuc tap.
HTK u tin c phat trin tai nhom Speech Vision and Robotics cua
Phong Cng ngh Dai hoc Cambridge CD (Cambridge niversity
ngineering Department) va c dung xy dung h thng nhn dang tu
vung kich thc ln cua CD. Vao nm 1993, phong thi nghim nghin cuu
ntropic gianh c quyn ban HTK va su phat trin cua HTK hoan toan
c chuyn cho phong thi nghim nay vao nm 1995 khi phong thi nghim
nghin cuu Cambridge ntropic ra oi. Nm 1999, MicrosoIt mua lai ntropic
va hin nay, MicrosoIt co ban quyn cua HTK. Trong khi MicrosoIt giu ban
quyn cua m ngun HTK, tt ca moi ngoi u c khuyn khich tham gia
vao phat trin m ngun va HTK c cung cp min phi va co th tai xung
tu trn mang tai ia chi: http://htk.eng.cam.ac.uk/donload.shtml. Phin ban
mi nht cua HTK la 3.1 |Steve 2002| va cng ng nhung ngoi nghin cuu
s dng HTK ln ti 12.000 ngoi.
3.1.2. Hun luyn h thng nhn dng
3.1.2.1 Ch%Nn bV 85 l-%
|nh nghia ng php
HTK cho phep inh nghia mt quy tc ngu phap cua mt h thng nhn
dang di dang mt tp vn ban. Cac quy tc ngu phap nay s c s dng
trong giai oan decoding dung thut toan Viterbi. Tu theo h thng nhn
dang ma ta xy dung ngu phap cho h thng o. Vi d sau la mt quy tc ngu
phap cua mt h thng nhn dang quay s bng giong noi, ngoi dung co th
oc s in thoai cn goi hoc oc tn cua ngoi bi goi.
76
$digit N T THR FR FV
S SVN GHT NN H R
$name | P | ANSN
| LAN | DLL
| DAV | LLASN
| PHL | DLAND
| STV | YNG
( SNT-START ( DAL $digit (PHNCALL) $name) SNT-
ND )
|nh nghia t din
Tu in c inh nghia trong mt tp vn ban bao gm cac tu ma h
thng co th nhn dang c va cac phin m cua cac tu nay thanh cac n vi
nhn dang cua h thng. Di vi cac h thng nhn dang co s tu vung ln,
cac n vi nhn dang nay thong la m vi. Mt tu in bao gm nhiu dong,
mi dong tng ung vi mt tu va phin m cua no. Mt tu co th co nhiu
phin m khac nhau. Co hai m vi c bit o la si* va sp. si* la n vi nhn
dang biu thi mt khoang yn lng, sp la n vi nhn dang biu thi mt ngt
giong (short pause). Ca hai n vi u biu thi mt khoang yn lng, si* c
khai bao o u va cui mi phat m, sp c t o giua hai tu trong mt cu.
M hinh Markov n cua sp c xy dung dua trn m hinh Markov n cua
si*. Khac nhau c ban cua hai n vi nhn dang la vai tro cua no trong xy
dung ngu canh cho cac m vi. Vi d v mt tp inh nghia tu in nh sau:
soo s oo sp
soo s oo sil
ddieen dd ie n sp
ddieen dd ie n sil
thoai th a i sp
thoai th a i sil
quen k e n sp
quen k e n sil
....
77
C s d liu
C so du liu bao gm cac tp m thanh lu o dang .av, va cac tp vn
ban chua phin m chinh ta cua cac tp m thanh. Mi tp m thanh co mt
tp vn ban tng ung chua phin m chinh ta cua phat m. Cac phin m o
muc m vi c lu trong cac tp co ui .phn. Cac phin m o muc m vi
bao gm nhiu dong, mi dong chua tn m vi cung vi nhn thoi gian cua
m vi o trong tp m thanh.
Trch chn cc d}c dim
Cng vic tinh toan trich chon cac c tinh ph cua cac tp m thanh
c thuc hin boi cng c Hcopy. HTK h tr tinh toan nhiu loai tham s
khac nhau, trong o co cac loai thng dng la MFCC va PLP. Cac h s
MFCC va PLP c tinh toan va lu vao mt tp tng ung vi tp m thanh
vi phn ui la .mIc. Cac gia tri delta cua cac h s trn c tinh toan trong
qua trinh hun luyn va nhn dang (on-the-Ily). Hcopy s oc mt tp cu
hinh, trong o khai bao cac tham s dung trong qua trinh tinh toan cac gia tri
c tinh ph cua tp m thanh. Vi d tp cu hinh nh sau:
SRCKND AVFRM
SRCFRMAT AV
TARKTRAT 100000
NRMALS T
NMCPS 12
CLPLFTR 22
PRMCF 0.970000
SPR T
SHAMMNG T
NDS 250000.000000
SAVTHCRC T
SAVCMPRSSD T
TARGTRAT 100000.000000
TARGTKND PLPDA
78
Trong khai bao trn phng phap trich tron c im PLP c ap dng,
kich thc ca s Hamming la 25sm, s mach loc la 22, h s dung nhn
manh (preemphasis) la 0.97, cac tham s c dung bao gm 12 h s PLP
cng vi gia tri nng lng. Gia tri delta va deltadelta c s dng tao
thanh vector 39 c tinh. Phng phap CMS c ap dng loc bo nhiu.
3.1.2.2 #ha- bo cL% t/uc 04 hnh Ma/MoS
Mi m hinh Markov chua nhiu trang thai, trong o co mt trang thai
khoi u va mt trang thai kt thuc la cac trang thai c bit khng phat sinh
quan sat (nonemitting), nghia la khng co xac sut phat xa quan sat -
4
(o
t
) kt
hp vi cac trang thai nay.
Di vi cac trang thai khng phai la trang thai u va trang thai cui, xac
sut phat xa quan sat la mt ham mt xac sut c xy dung trn c so
cac ham mt xac sut Gaussian. Ham nay bao gm mt hoc nhiu cac
dong (stream), mi dong co th co mt hoc nhiu thanh phn trn bao gm
cac ham mt xac sut Gaussian. Cu truc nhiu dong cho phep h thng
m hinh hoa nhiu dong thng tin khac nhau. Thng thong s lng dong
ti a la 4 dong. Cng thuc tng quat cua ham phat xa quan sat ot tai trang
thai 4 c biu din nh sau:


1
]
1

K
s
)
m
4sm
4sm st 4sm t 4
s
4s
o N c o -
1 1
) ( ) (

Cu truc va cac tham s cua m hinh Markov n c inh nghia trong

mt tp vn ban. Vi d v mt tp inh nghia mt m hinh Markov n co nm
trang thai, trong o co mt trang thai khoi u va mt trang thai kt thuc nh
sau:
1. o VecSize 39 PLPDA
2. h proto
3. BeginHMM
4. NumStates 5
5. State 2
6. Mean 39
7. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
9. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
79
10. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11. Variance 39
12. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
13. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
14. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
15. 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
16. State 3
17. Mean 39
18. ...
19. TransP 5
20. 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21. 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0
57
22. 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0
23. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3
24. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
25. ndHMM
Dong 1 cho bit vector c tinh c s dng la 12 h s PLP, mt gia
tri nng lng (), cac gia tri delta bc mt va bc 2 c s dng (DA) tao
thanh mt vector gm 39 c tinh. Phng phap x ly ting noi CMS c s
dng loai bo anh hong cua nhiu (). Dong 4 cho bit s lng trang
thai trong m hinh la 5 trang thai. Vi mi trang thai, cac gia tri va L c
khai bao tu dong 6 ti dong 15. S lng cac gia tri nay bng s lng cac
c tinh ph c dung. Ma trn hip phng sai thong la ma trn i xung
co th c khai bao bng cac gia tri phn t cua ma trn hoc c khai bao
bng cac gia tri trn ong cheo cua ma trn nh la o vi d trn (khi o cac
phn t con lai co gia tri 0).
3.1.2.3 #hs- tdo cc tha0 s
Sau khi c khai bao vi cu truc va cac gia tri tham s ban u, cac
m hinh Markov n co th c khoi tao (initialised) theo hai cach: dung
Hinit hoc dung Hcompv.
80
Dng cng c Hinit
Hnh +-++- *h%&t ton ca H-n-t
Hinh 6.1 miu ta hoat ng cua Hinit. Hinit c dung hun luyn m
hinh Markov n i vi tung m vi. Du liu vao cua Hinit la tp inh nghia cu
truc va cac tham s khai bao bng tay cua m vi, vi d m vi /m/ co tp tng
ung 'm.1. Du liu vao thu hai la dy cac vector c tinh ph tng ung vi
m vi /m/ c ly trong tp du liu hun luyn la cac tp .mIc. Thng tin v
cac nhn thoi gian c dung loc ra cac vector ph tng ung vi m vi /m/
trong s cac m vi khac trong du liu hun luyn. Kt qua hun luyn cua Hinit
la cac tham s cua m hinh Markov n cua m vi /m/ c khoi tao. Vi
mi dy vector cac c tinh ph, u tin thut toan Viterbi c dung tim
dy trang thai tt nht vi mi dy vector hun luyn, sau o cac tham s c
tinh toan. Mt h qua cua thut toan Viterbi la xac sut ging nhau likelihook
81
cua du liu hun luyn vi m hinh s c tinh toan va qua trinh s tip tc
lp lai cho n khi vic tng xac sut ti gn im hi t.
Tuy nhin, o vong lp u tin, thut toan Viterbi khng c dung
phn oan boi vi cac tham s cua m hinh luc nay mi chi la cac tham s
c khai bao bng tay cha u chinh xac tin hanh phn oan. D giai
quyt trong hp nay, cac dy vector phat m c chia thanh cac oan thoi
gian bng nhau va gan cho cac oan nay cac trang thai tng ung vi m
hinh. Cach lam nay chi ap dng c vi m hinh Markov n co cu truc trai
- phai (leIt - right). Di vi m hinh Markov n co cu truc ergodic, Hinit
khng ap dng c.
Nu trang thai cua m hinh co nhiu thanh phn trn, vector hun luyn
s c kt hp vi thanh phn co xac sut ging nhau likelihood ln nht. S
lng vector kt hp vi mi thanh phn trn sau nay s c dung tinh
toan gia tri trong s cua thanh phn trn. Trong bc u khi phat m c
phn oan thanh cac oan thoi gian bng nhau, thut toan K-mean c ap
dng chia cac vector thanh cac nhom tng ung vi mi thanh phn trn
trong mi trang thai.
Hnh +-+6- Cc hodt =@ng ca Hn-t.
Dng cng c Hcompv
Mt gii han cua cng c Hinit o la cac du liu hun luyn cn phai
c gan nhn. Vi cac thng tin v nhn thoi gian cua cac n vi nhn dang,
Hinit s tinh toan cac tham s cua m hinh Markov n tng ung vi tung m
82
vi dua trn cac thng tin nhn thoi gian cua mi m vi trong tp du liu hun
luyn.
Vi Hcompv, khi cac nhn thoi gian noi trn khng c cung cp thi
Hcompv s khoi tao cac tham s cua tt ca cac m hinh Markov n vi cung
mt gia tri. Cach lam nay goi la khoi tao phng (Ilat start). Trn thuc t,
Hcompv lam vic ging nh Hinit o bc khoi u, tuc la cac vector cua mt
phat m s c chia thanh cac oan u nhau u cho tt cac m vi. Tuy
nhin khac vi Hinit, cac m vi u chung nhau mt m hinh va cac tham s
cua m hinh nay s c tinh toan va khoi tao ging nhau. Hinh di y
miu ta hoat ng cua Hcompv.
Hnh +-+<- M4 hnh hodt =@ng ca Hco0pS
3.1.2.4 H%Ln l%2n cc =n SV nh&n 8dng =n
Bc u tin trong qua trinh hun luyn la hun luyn cac m hinh
tng ung vi mi n vi nhn dang n (monophone). Dy la n vi nhn
dang c ban c lp vi ngu canh xung quanh. ua trinh nhn dang c
thuc hin bng hun luyn nhung (embedded) dung cng c Herest.
ua trinh hun luyn c chia lam hai giai oan, giai oan u cac m
hinh c hun luyn vi n vi nhn dang si* tai hai u phat m ma khng
co su tham gia cua n vi nhn dang sp.
83
Hnh +-+?- ' => b%@c ha- ,0 SV s-l S. sp.
Giai oan hai, m hinh cua n vi nhn dang si* c iu chinh bng b
sung thm hai cung chuyn trang thai tu trang thai 2 sang trang thai 4 va
ngc lai. Mc ich cua vic lam nay la nhm cho phep m hinh co th chiu
c cac nhiu cua du liu hun luyn. Trong giai oan nay, m hinh sp mi
c tao gm mt trang thai phat xa quan sat va trang thai nay c buc
(tied) vi trang thai giua cua m hinh si*. Cu truc cua hai m hinh si* va sp
c miu ta trong hinh 6.4.
Cng vic tao chuyn dich trang thai mi cua m hinh si*, tao m hinh
sp c thuc hin boi cng c Hhed. Cac bc hun luyn nhung c thuc
hin vi cng c Herest.
Hun luyn nhng bng Herest
Dy la cng c hun luyn chinh thuc hin hun luyn bng phng thuc
nhung (embedded trainning), tinh toan va cp nht cac tham s cua nhiu m
hinh cung mt luc. Dy la cng c quan trong nht va c coi la trai tim cua
h thng hun luyn.
Hnh +- +F- Hodt =@ng ca H1/1st.
84
Vi mi mt phat m, Herest s tim tp chua phin m chinh ta cua phat
m o, sau o no s tra cuu trong tu in phat m cua mi tu tim ra c
dy cac m vi tng ung vi phat m. Mt m hinh Markov n ln s c
xy dung bng cach ni cac m hinh Markov n cua cac m vi vao vi nhau.
Sau o thut toan hun luyn Iorard-backard s c ap dng vi m hinh
Markov n nay. Herest s kt thuc khi tt ca cac phat m trong tp du liu
hun luyn c x ly.
Gn nhn cng bc d liu hun luyn
Vic hun luyn cac m hinh Markov n cua cac n vi nhn dang c
lp ngu canh kt thuc boi hun luyn du liu c gan nhn cng buc
(Iorced-alignment). Trong tu in, mt tu co th c phin m thanh cac m
vi theo nhiu cach khac nhau. Trong cac bc hun luyn trc, h thng ly
phin m u tin gp trong tu in cua mt tu phn tich mt phat m
thanh dy cac m vi. Tai bc nay, sau khi cac m hinh c hun luyn,
cac tham s c tinh toan, chung c s dng gan nhn cng buc
lai du liu hun luyn. Dy la qua trinh phn tich mt phat m la cac tu thanh
dy cac m vi phu hp nht, trong o cac phin m khac nhau cua mt tu s
c chon tim ra phin m thich hp. ua trinh gan nhn cng buc thuc
cht gn ging vi qua trinh nhn dang, c thuc hin boi thut toan Viterbi.
Sau khi du liu hun luyn c gan nhn cng buc, thu tc Herest
lai c dung hun luyn lai cac m hinh trn c so cac dy phin m tim
c cua qua trinh gan nhn cng buc.
3.1.2.5 H%Ln l%2n cc ,0 ba
Sau khi qua trinh hun luyn cac n vi nhn dang c lp ngu canh kt
thuc. H thng sn sang tin hanh nhn dang. Tuy nhin, mt m vi
lun chiu anh hong cua ngu canh xung quanh va h thng nhn dang chi lam
vic tt nu nh chung c hun luyn boi cac n vi nhn dang ph thuc
ngu canh. Trong HTK n vi ph thuc ngu canh c goi la cac m ba
(triphone) phn bit vi cac m n, n vi c lp ngu canh.
To cc m ba t cc m dn
m ba (triphone) la n vi nhn dang m vi ph thuc ngu canh c ky
hiu la abc, trong o /b/ la m n, /a/ la m vi bn trai m vi /b/ va /c/ la m
vi bn phai m vi /b/.
85
Cac m ba c tao bng cach ly cac m n tng ung, b xung thm
ngu canh trai va ngu canh phai. Cac n vi nhn dang si* va sp khng c
chuyn i sang m ba vi chung chi la mt khoang yn lng, khng ph thuc
ngu canh xung quanh. Co hai cach sinh ra cac m ba: m ba vi ngu canh gii
ni tu (ord internal) va m ba vi ngu canh lin tu (cross-ord).
Trong trong hp u cac m vi chiu anh hong cua ngu canh trong mt
tu, cac tu c coi la cach nhau mt khoang yn lng va cac m vi cua cac tu
khac khng anh hong n nhau. Cac m vi u va cui mt tu trong thuc t
la cac m hai (biphone) thay vi m ba, chi co m vi o giua tu mi la m ba. Vi
d sau y la mt dy cac m n cua mt phat m va cac m ba tng ung:
m n: sil ea ngz sp n o i sp t ie ngz sil v ietc sp h a sp sil
m ba: sil eangz ea-ngz sp no n-oi o-i sp tie t-iengz ie-ngz sp
vietc v-ietc sp ha h-a sp sil
Trong trong hp thu hai, cac m vi khng nhung chiu anh hong cua
cac m vi trong tu o ma con cua cac m vi cua cac tu xung quanh. Co su
khac nhau giua vai tro cua n vi nhn dang sp va si*. Nu nh su co mt cua
sp khng anh hong n su anh hong cua ngu canh n cac m ba, ngc lai
m vi si* c coi nh la khoang lng chia tach ngu canh va cac m vi ung
canh si* thi s khng bi anh hong boi ngu canh.
Vi d sau y la mt dy cac m n cua mt phat m va cac m ba
tng ung:
m n: sil ea ngz sp n o i sp t ie ngz sil v ietc sp h a sp sil
m ba: sil sil-eangz ea-ngzn sp ngz-no n-oi o-it sp i-tie t-iengz
ie-ngzsil sil sil-vietc v-ietch sp ietc-ha h-asil sp sil
Vic chuyn i tu cac m n sang cac m ba c thuc hin boi cng
c Hhed, nh c miu ta trong Hinh 6.6. Cac tham s cua cac m ba c
sao chep tu cac m n tng ung bao gm: cac xac sut chuyn trang thai a
i4
,
cac tham s cua ham Gaussian cua xac sut phat xa quan sat -
4
(o
k
).
86
Hnh +-+K- CAng Hh18 ch%2gn ,0 =n sang ,0 ba.
Sau o tp phin m cac m n cung c chuyn i sang tp phin
m cac m ba tng ung bng cng c Hled. Cac m ba sau o c hun
luyn bng cng c hun luyn nhung Herest. Cac tham s cua cac m ba
c sao chep tu cac m n tng ung s c iu chinh lai theo phin m
cua cac m ba tao boi Hled. Vi cac m ba co cung mt m n tng ung,
trc khi c hun luyn boi Herest, cac xac sut chuyn trang thai a
i4
c
buc vao nhau (tied).
Diu nay c thuc hin do xac sut chuyn trang thai cua mt n vi
nhn dang it anh hong cua ngu canh xung quanh so vi xac sut phat xa
quan sat. Trong qua trinh hun luyn boi Herest cac xac sut chuyn trang
thai bi buc vao nhau s co cung gia tri va c tinh toan cung vi nhau.
3.1.2.6 O%@c cc ,0 ba
Cac tham s co th c buc vao nhau. Khi mt nhom cac tham s
c buc vao nhau, cac gia tri cua cac tham s nay c dung chung boi tt
ca cac thanh vin va c biu din boi chung mt macro trong tp inh
nghia cu hinh cua m hinh Markov n. Trong qua trinh hun luyn du liu
tng ung vi mi thanh vin cua mt nhom s c dung chung tinh toan
cac tham s cho ca nhom. Chinh vi vy vic buc cac tham s s co ich vi
87
cac m hinh cua cac m vi ma s ln xut hin cua chung trong tp du liu
khng u. Khi o vic buc cac m hinh nay vi nhau s cung cp u du liu
hun luyn va lam qua trinh hun luyn tro nn hiu qua hn. Trong hu
ht cac h thng nhn dang s lng tu vung ln, phng phap buc tham s
u c ap dng hiu qua.
Hnh +- +Q- I% t/nh b%@c cc ,0 ba bZng Hh18.
Nh trinh bay o phn trn, cac m hinh cua cac m ba (triphone) c
tao bng cach sao phep tu cac m hinh cua cac m n tng ung. Sau o cac
m ba c hun luyn lai bng Herest. S lng cac m ba c sinh tu cac
m n la rt ln (tu vai chc n vai trm m ba ung vi mi m n), va do
o du liu dung hun luyn cac m ba cung bi nhanh chong giam. Mt s
m ba s khng con u du liu dung hun luyn. Mt phng phap khc
phc vn nay la dung phng phap buc. Thng thong cac trang thai o
giua cua cac m hinh s c buc vao nhau do cac trang thai giua la trang
thai it bi anh hong nht cua ngu canh xung quanh. Vi d cu lnh buc
cac trang thai nay la:
T ieS3 *-ie*.state|3|}
88
T aS3 *-a*.state|3|}
Cu lnh u buc tt ca cac trang thai giua (trang thai 3, trong m hinh
co 5 trang thai) cua cac m ba c sao chep tu m n la nguyn m i /ie/.
Cu lnh sau buc tt ca cac trang thai giua cua cac m ba tng ung vi m
vi /a/.
Tuy nhin vic inh nghia r rang cac trang thai buc trn khng thong
xuyn hiu qua va cac trang thai bn trai va bn phai vn thiu du liu
hun luyn. Mt giai phap tt hn hay c s dng o la dung phng phap
nhom vung (clustering). Co hai c ch c s dng: lai du liu (data driven)
va cy quyt inh (decision tree-based).
Li d liu
Hnh +-6T- O%@c cc t/dng th-.
Thut toan lai du liu (data driven) c khoi ng bng cho tt ca cac
trang thai, mi trang thai vao mt nhom (cluster). Sau o cp nhom ma khi
chung kt hp lai vi nhau s tao thanh nhom mi co kich thc nho nht s
c ghep lai vi nhau. ua trinh nay tip tc cho n khi kich thc cua
nhom ln nht vt qua ngng c inh nghia boi cu lnh TC, hoc la
tng s cac nhom nho hn ngng c inh nghia boi cu lnh NC. Kich
89
thc cua mt nhom c hiu la khoang cach ln nht cua mt cp trang
thai bt k trong nhom. Di vi trong hp ham phat xa quan sat cua trang
thai la ham Gaussian thi khoang cach la khoang cach uclidean giua cac tham
s cua cac ham mt xac sut.
Hinh 6.8 miu ta hoat ng cua mt trong hp dung lai du liu nh sau:
TC 100.0 'oa *-a*.state|2|}
Phn nhm bng cy
Mt trong cac nhc im cua phng phap lai du liu la khng thuc
hin c vi cac m ba ma khng co du liu hun luyn. Khi xy dung h
thng nhn dang vi cac m ba gii ni tu, vn nay co th tranh c boi
lua chon du liu hun luyn cho tt ca cac m ba u co du liu hun luyn
tng ung. Tuy nhin nu cac m ba lin tu c s dng thi s lng cac m
ba s rt ln, co th ln n hang chc nghin m ba, su tn tai cua cac m ba
ma khng co du liu hun luyn la iu kho tranh khoi. Phng phap dung
cy (tree-based) la giai phap thay th va hay c s dng trong cac h thng
nhn dang khc phc vn nay. D miu ta hoat ng cua thut toan, ta
s xet mt vi d:
1. R 100.0 stats
2. TR 0
3. S LClassstop b-*,t-*,ch-*,tr-*,th-*,k-*,dd-*}
4. S RClassstop *b,*t,*ch,*tr,*th,*k,*dd}
5. S LClassnasal n-*,m-*,ng-*,nh-*}
6. S RClassnasal *n,*m,*ng,*nh}
7. S LClassIricate h-*,s-*,kh-*,ph-*,v-*,x-*,g-*,r-*,dz-*}
8. S RClassIricate *h,*s,*kh,*ph,*v,*x,*g,*r,*dz}
9. TR 2
10.
11. TB 350.0 STb2 (b,*-b,*-b*,b*).state|2|}
12. TB 350.0 STb3 (b,*-b,*-b*,b*).state|3|}
13. TB 350.0 STb4 (b,*-b,*-b*,b*).state|4|}
14. TB 350.0 STa2 (a,*-a,*-a*,a*).state|2|}
90
15. ....
16.
17. TR 1
18.
19. A Iulllist
20. C tiedlist
21.
22. ST trees
Dong 3 n dong 8 cho inh nghia cac cu hoi, thuc cht la inh nghia
cac nhom m vi co tinh cht gn ging nhau dung phn lp cac m ba. Cac
ngu canh c phn bit la ngu canh trai va ngu canh phai tu theo anh
hong cua no n cac m vi xung quanh. Tu dong 11 n dong 15 la inh
nghia cac nhom m ba bng cu lnh TB.
Cu lnh nay hoat ng nh sau: u tin nhom cac m ba c inh
nghia bng lnh TB tp hp lai thanh mt cluster. Sau o mi cu hoi c
dung chia cluster nay lam hai phn. Do vic phn chia nay ma xac sut
likelihood cua du liu hun luyn s tng ln va cu hoi nao lam cho xac sut
nay tng nhiu nht s c chon tach nhanh u tin trong cy. ua trinh
lp lai cho n khi gia tri tng xac sut cua cac cu hoi khng vt qua c
ngng c xac inh boi cu lnh TB (trong trong hp nay la 350.0). Gia tri
ngng ong vai tro quan trong trong iu khin phn chia cy, nu gia tri nay
ln cy s it bi phn nhanh va cac m ba c buc vao vi nhau nhiu hn.
Ngc lai nu gia tri nay nho thi s lng cac trang thai m ba bi buc
s it i. Chon gia tri ngng ph thuc nhiu vao kinh nghim cua ngoi
nghin cuu va ph thuc vao du liu dung hun luyn. Chon gia tri ngng
chinh xac la mt yu t giup tng chinh xac nhn dang cua h thng.
Tp cac m ba c xem xet ti thoi im nay chi bao gm cac m ba
nm trong tp du liu hun luyn. Cu lnh A chua sanh sach cac m ba ma
bao gm tt ca cac m ba nm trong c so du liu. Vi cac m ba nm trong
c so du liu ma khng co mt trong tp du liu hun luyn thi h thng s
tng hp m hinh cua m ba o trn c so cac m ba c hun luyn.
Dy la mt u im cua phng phap phn nhom bng cy. Tuy nhin iu
91
kin ti thiu cho m ba nay co th c tng hp la phai tn tai cac m ba
c hun luyn ma co cung ngun gc m n vi m ba c tng hp.
3.1.3. Nhn dng
Dn y h thng sn sang c dung tin hanh nhn dang. ua
trinh nhn dang c thuc hin bng cng c Hvite.
3.1.3.1 q,2 8Dng 0dng t[ nh&n 8dng
Mt mang tu (ord netork) c inh nghia dung ngn ngu SLF
(Standard Lattice Format). Do la mt tp vn ban va co th soan bng tay.
Tuy nhin cng vic inh nghia bng tay kha dai dong va mt nhiu cng suc.
HTK co hai cng c h tr co th sinh tu ng tp nay, o la HBuild va
HParse. HParse cho phep sinh tu ng SLF tu mt tp vn ban inh nghia
ngu phap cua h thng nhn dang di dang BNF. Du cng c nao c dung
inh nghia mang tu thi mang tu u c dung inh nghia mt ngu
phap, mi lin h ngu phap giua cac tu c nhn dang boi h thng.
Mt tp SLF chua mt danh sach cac nut biu din cac tu va mt danh
sach cac cung biu din chuyn dich giua cac tu. Cac chuyn dich nay co th
co cac xac sut gn lin vi no, vi d cac xac sut cua m hinh ngn ngu
bigram. Vi d di y la mt mang tu cua mt h thng nhn dang moi chu
s lin tc va inh nghia ngu phap cua no.
$chuso moot hai ba boons nam saus baayr
tams chins khoong
(
|sil| $chuso |sil|
)
Hnh +- 61- ' => ng5 php ca h thng nh&n 8dng 0_- ch5 s l-3n tHc.
92
Di vi cac h thng nhn dang co s lng tu vung ln va trung binh,
inh nghia ngu phap cua h thng thong chi n thun la cu truc vong tu
(ordloop), co nghia la bt k mt tu nao trong b tu in cua h thng u
co th theo sau tu bt k khac trong tu in.
3.1.3.2 M4 hnh ng4n ng5 b-g/a0
Hin nay HTK mi chi h tr m hinh ngn ngu ti muc 2-gram, tuc la
bigram. M hinh ngn ngu bigram c sinh ra trong HTK boi cng c
HStats. Sau y la mt vi d v mt tp chua thng tin m hinh ngn ngu
bigram.
\data\
ngram 1530
ngram 22790
\1-grams:
-99.999 !NTR -0.7008
-2.6186 aam -0.5829
-4.0658 an -0.3000
-2.3176 anh -0.8285
......
\2-grams:
-2.4372 !NTR an
-1.5921 !NTR ba
-1.5195 !NTR baay
...
-1.9912 hai cai
mt
hai
sil
chin
sil
76
-1.7694 hai hai
93
-1.9912 hai khoong
\end\
Hnh +- 6- ' => 0dng to/8-loop S- cc xc s%Lt b-g/a0.
Phn u 1-gram inh nghia xac sut xut hin cua tu trong b tu in
H("
i
). Trong phn thu hai (H("
i
y"
4
) inh nghia xac sut cua mt cp tu. Cac
thng tin cua m hinh ngn ngu c tich hp vao mang tu bng cng c
HBuild. Vi d v mt mang tu cua mt h thng nhn dang s dng dang ph
bin cua mang nhn dang la cu truc vong tu ord-loop, trong o cac tu c
t song song vi nhau va cac ong u vong loop-back cho phep bt k
mt tu nao cung co th ung sau tu kia. Cu truc nay c dung ph bin
trong nhiu h thng nhn dang nh h thng nhn dang oc chinh ta. Cng
c Hbuild c dung b sung cac xac sut bigram vao mi cung ni giua
hai tu. Trong Hinh 6.10 la s mt mang ord-loop gm bn tu, cac xac
sut bigram H("
i
y"
4
) c gn vao mi cung loop-back giua cac tu, nghia la
giua mt cp tu bt k u cn co mt xac sut bigram tng ung.
3.1.3.3 ' 8Hng 0dng t[ t/ong h thng nh&n 8dng
Khi mang tu c nap vao trong h thng nhn dang, mt tu in phin
m cua h thng s c dung tao ra mt mang tng ng bao gm cac
n vi nhn dang c ban cua h thng, cac m n hoc cac m ba. Tu thuc
vao cu hinh cua h thng ma cac m ba co th la cac m ba gii ni tu hay
m ba lin tu. Mt tu co th co nhiu phin m, khi o s co nhiu nhanh cua
mang mi nhanh tng ung vi mi phin m cua tu. Mang nay c goi la
94
mang HMM. Nh vy ta co th thy mt cu truc ba muc cua mt mang
dung nhn dang: muc tu, muc m hinh va muc trang thai. Hinh 6.11 m ta
cu truc nay cua h thng nhn dang. Trong hinh nay cac hinh ovan biu thi
cac tu, hinh vung biu din mt nhn kt thuc mt tu (ord end).
Hnh +-6+- CL% t/uc ba lp ca 0dng t[ nh&n 8dng.
Mang dung nhn dang cui cung bao gm cac trang thai va cac cung
ni chung vi nhau. Cac cung trong mt m hinh HMM chinh la xac sut
chuyn trang thai c xac inh boi cac tham s cua HMM. Cac cung giua
cac m hinh co xac sut tng ng nhau, cac cung giua cac tu co xac sut
c xac inh boi m hinh ngn ngu.
3.1.3.4 P-f- 0X
Nhim v cua qua trinh giai m la tim ra mt ong i trong mang
HMM co xac sut ln nht. D thuc hin cng vic nay mt thut toan tng
tu thut toan Viterbi c dung, goi la thut toan chuyn th bai (Token
Passing).
Mt mang ln ma co nhiu nut thi cng vic tim kim s rt lu va tn
thoi gian. Mt giai phap nhm giam co hiu qua vic tinh toan o la chi cho
phep cac th bai ma co c hi la mt trong cac th bai tt nht mi c tn
tai. C ch nay goi la ct tia (pruning). Tai mi bc cac th bai ma co gia tri
xac sut nm ngoai khoang gia tri cho phep so vi th bai co xac sut cao nht
95
s bi xoa i. Khoang gia tri cho phep (beamidth) c iu chinh boi dung
hoa giua yu t tc va hiu qua cua thut toan tim kim.
Kt thuc qua trinh tim kim vi mi phat m ta nhn c mt dy cac
tu vi xac sut cao nht la kt qua nhn dang.
3.1.4. Tng kt
3.1.4.1 Cc 2:% t R%2:t =Vnh t/ong h nh&n 8dng l_- n;- l-3n tHco b@ t[ SDng
ln s 8Hng HMM
T din pht m
Tu in phat m xac inh tp cac tu cn c nhn dang, tp m n vi
cn c m hinh hoa. S lng tu cang nhiu, phuc tap h nhn dang
cang cao. Phin m cang chinh xac, m n vi phu hp s lam tng chinh
xac cua h nhn dang cang cao.
M hnh HMM cho cc m dn v| c ban
Khi lua chon tp m n vi m hinh hoa. Cng vic tip theo la
xac inh cu truc cua HMM cho cac m n vi o. Khng nht thit cac
HMM phai ging nhau vi moi m n vi. Vic lua chon cu truc HMM phu
hp cho tung m n vi phai cn cu vao du liu hun luyn, xem xet cac mu
phat m cua m n vi o dai hay ngn, co n inh hay khng....
M hnh m dn v| ph thuc ng canh
Vi trong ngu lu lin tc co hin tng lin cu m, khac vi loi noi tach
bit nn vic m hinh hoa cac m n vi trong ngu canh xut hin cua chung
lam tng chinh xac trong nhn dang. M hinh thong c s dng la m
i (biphone), m ba (triphone).... va c xy dung tu cac m hinh cua tp
m n vi c ban.
Dng chung cc tham s
Vi du liu hun luyn co han, va s lng m n vi ph thuc ngu canh
la rt ln nn cn phai dung chung tham s. Trong HMM, vic dung chung
cac tham s rt a dang. Co th dung chung xac sut chuyn trang thai, xac
sut phat sinh, dung chung cac thanh phn trn Gaussian....
Vic dung chung cac tham s lam giam s lng cac tham s cn phai
c lng nn lam tng hiu qua hun luyn. Tuy nhin vic xac inh cac
96
tham s dung chung rt kho, hai m hinh HMM phai co im ging nhau thi
vic dung chung tham s mi co hiu qua. Kt qua chi co th anh gia c
thng qua thuc nghim
M hnh ngn ng
M hinh ngn ngu thong c s dng trong cac h nhn dang la n-
gram, ph bin nht la trigram (n3). M hinh ngn ngu n-gram c xy
dung tu text corpus cua ngn ngu cn c nhn dang. M hinh ngn ngu
a ra cac gia thuyt phu hp va xac sut u tin cho cac gia thuyt o. Nu
thiu m hinh ngn ngu kt qua nhn dang rt ti (xem bang tom tt kt qua
nhn dang).
3.1.4.2 vh&n xrt SJ b@ c4ng cH H*#
u dim
B cng c HTK rt mm do, nguyn tc phat trin mt h nhn dang
loi noi s dng HTK la tu thp n cao. H nhn dang c phat trin qua
nhiu bc, tai mi bc u co th s dng va anh gia ngay c. Trong
thuc nghim vi TMT, u tin, h nhn dang gm 45 HMM cua cac n
m, sau o phat trin thanh tp m ba, ri xac inh trang thai dung chung giua
cac m ba o, cui cung tng s lng cac thanh phn trn ln. ua mi
bc, chinh xac cua h nhn dang u tng ang k.
HTK co th xy dung c moi cu truc cua m hinh HMM chun, cho
phep dung chung tt ca cac tham s. Cac m n vi khng nht thit phai co
cu truc HMM ging nhau...
HTK, cung nh nhiu h nhn dang loi noi lin tc dua trn HMM khac,
co th s dng du liu cha c gan nhn ngu m hun luyn. Ly do
chinh la phng phap hun luyn cac HMM trong nhn dang loi noi lin tc
la phng phap hun luyn nhung (embeded training), nghia cac HMM c
kt ni theo thu tu tng ung vi dy n vi m cua mt cu noi trong du liu
hun luyn ri vic c lng tham s c tin hanh cho HMM ln nay.
Trong nhn dang loi noi lin tc, b tu vung ln, nhn ngu m chi c
s dng #u, nht mAt *'n khoi tao cac tham s cho cac HMM. Sau o qua
trinh hun luyn nhung c lp lai nhiu ln, ln hn rt nhiu so vi chi
mt ln hun luyn s dng nhn ngu m. Do o, vic khoi tao HMM s
97
dng nhn ngu m khng la yu t quyt inh trong vic cai thin hiu qua
hoat ng cua h nhn dang, chinh xac tng khng ang k. Trong phng
phap hun luyn nhung vic xac inh cu truc HMM phu hp quan trong hn
rt nhiu, nu cu noi chm thi HMM nn co nhiu trang thai va ngc lai,
nu giua cac tu trong cu noi co khoang nghi thi cho thm m sp vao giua cac
tu m hinh hoa khoang nghi nay... Vi ly do trn va mt s kho khn trong
vic tin x ly nhn ngu m nn thuc nghim nay cha s dng nhn khoi
tao HMM. Nhng trong nhung ung dng thuc t, nu c so du liu co nhn
ngu m thi rt nn s dng nng cao chinh cac.
Nhc dim
B giai m cua HTK rt chm. Phin ban HTK hin tai chi h tr m
hinh ngn ngu bigram (2-gram). Theo cac nha phat trin thi cac phin ban
HTK tip theo s cung cp b giai m tt hn, va h tr m hinh ngn ngu n-
gram (n 3).
3.1.4.3 #hf n]ng p 8Hng H*# cho t-:ng G-t
Trong vic gan nhn ngu m
Vi HTK co th hun luyn cac HMM khng cn nhn ngu m nn vi
nhung corpus du liu ting noi cha c gan nhn co th dung HTK tin
x ly vic gan nhn. C th la:
ac inh cac tp m t gan nhn
y dung transcription cho cac cu noi
y dung tu in phat m tu tp cc m t
y dung h nhn dang loi noi lin tc
S dng h nhn dang va cac transcription gan nhn
cho cac cu noi trong corpus (Iorce alignment) am bao chinh xac
v s lng m t va thu tu trc sau cua tung m t.
Chinh lai khoang thoi gian phat m cua cac m t c
xac inh o bc trc bng tay cho chun xac.
Nhn ngu m rt quan trong trong nghin cuu nhn dang loi noi. Vic
nghin cuu cac c trng cua m t, cua thanh iu trong ngu m lin tc u
cn n nhn ngu m. Dy la mt cng vic vt va, oi hoi chinh xac cao.
Nu co cng c tin x ly thi s tit kim thoi gian, mt nhiu cng suc.
98
Ung dng trong cc h nhn dng li ni lin tc b t vng nho
Vi b tu vung nho, co th dung HTK xy dung h nhn dang loi noi
vi chinh xac cao, thoi gian giai m khng ang k nn co th ap dng
trong thuc t.
3.2. M hnh lai ghp NN/HMM
3.2.1. H thng nhn dng dng HMM lin tc
Trong h thng nhn dang dung HMM lin tc, xac sut phat xa quan
sat -
4
(o
t
) la mt ham mt xac sut c xy dung trn c so cac ham mt
xac sut Gauss. Ham nay bao gm mt hoc nhiu cac dong (stream), mi
dong co th co mt hoc nhiu thanh phn trn bao gm cac ham mt xac
sut Gauss. Cu truc nhiu dong cho phep h thng m hinh hoa nhiu dong
thng tin khac nhau. Thng thong s lng dong ti a la 4 dong.
Cng thuc tng quat cua ham phat xa quan sat o
t
tai trang thai 4 c
biu din nh sau:
1 1
( ) ( )
s
4s
)
K
4 t 4sm st 4sm 4sm
m s
- o c o

1

1
]

N
Trong o )
4s
la s thanh phn trn (mixture) tai trang thai 4 cua dong
(stream) s, c
4sm
la trong s cua thanh phn thu m va
(. ) N
la ham xac sut
Gauss vi cac tham s

va

.
1
1
( ) ( )
2
1
( )
(2 )
o o
n
o e

N
Trong o, n la kich thc cua quan sat o, s

la trong s cua dong stream s

cho phep h thng tp trung hn vao mt dong du liu nao o va thong co
gia tri la 1.
Mi mt m hinh Markov n tng ung vi mt n vi nhn dang cua
c ban cua h thng. Dn vi nhn dang c ban co th la tu, m vi hay ban m
tit. Mi m hinh gm nhiu trang thai, trong o co mt trang thai khoi u
va mt trang thai kt thuc la cac trang thai c bit khng phat sinh quan sat
(non-emitting).
ua trinh hun luyn c thuc hin bng phng thuc hun luyn
nhung (embedded). Vi mi mt phat m, h thng s tim tp chua phin m
99
chinh ta cua phat m o, sau o no s tra cuu trong tu in phat m cua mi tu
tim ra c dy cac m vi tng ung vi phat m. Mt m hinh Markov n
ln s c xy dung bng cach ni cac m hinh Markov n cua cac m vi
vao vi nhau. Sau o thut toan hun luyn Iorard-backard s c ap
dng vi m hinh Markov n nay.
Vi thut toan hun luyn nhung, cac m hinh c ghep lai vi nhau
tao thanh mt m hinh Markov n ln, trong o vi mi m hinh nho cua cac
m vi co hai trang thai c bit la trang thai khoi u va trang thai kt thuc.
Hai trang thai nay khng sinh cac quan sat. Cng thuc tinh cac xac sut tin
va lui khac so vi cac cng thuc tinh toan c trinh bay trong phn trc.
Trong cac cng thuc di y, ky hiu (+) o trn ky tu biu thi m hinh
Markov n thu + trong m hinh ln. Cac xac sut tin
( )
4
t
la xac sut cua dy
quan sat o
8
... o
t
tai thoi im t o trang thai 4 c c khoi tao nh sau:
Vi trang thai u tin (nter) trong m hinh:
) 1 (
) (
1
+

1, nu +1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (

+
N
+
+
a
trong hp con lai
Vi cac trang thai co sinh ra quan sat
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
(1) ( )
+ + +
4 4 4
a - o
Vi trang thai cui (xit) trong m hinh
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
(1) (1)
+
+ +
N
+ + +
N i iN
i
a

Nh vy m hinh HMM ln s lun bt u bng m hinh u tin. Cac

gia tri khac ngoai cac gia tri trn c khoi tao bng 0. Vi t 1 ta co cac
cng thuc tinh toan quy nh sau:
Vi trang thai khoi u trong m hinh
, nu +1 (do m hinh lun bt u bng trang thai u tin
cua m hinh u tin trong m hinh ln)
, trong hp con lai
Vi cac trang thai sinh quan sat
( )
1
( )
+
t
1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
1 1 1
( 1) ( )
+ +
+ + +
N N
t t a

+
0
100
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( )
+
N
+ + + + + +
4 4 i i4 4 t
i
t t a t a - o

1
+
1
]

Vi trang thai cui trong m hinh

1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
+
+ +
N
+ + +
N i iN
i
t t a

Di vi trong hp cua xac sut lui backard

( )
i
t
la xac sut cua dy quan
sat o
T
... o
t
tai thoi im t o trang thai i c khoi tao nh sau:
Vi trang thai cui trong m hinh
) (
) (
T
+
N
+

1, nu +J

1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( )
+ +
+ +
N iN
T a
+ +
+ +
, trong hp con lai
Vi cac trang thai sinh quan sat
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+ +
+ + +
i iN N
T a T
Vi trang thai u
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
+
N
+ + + +
4 4 t 4
4
T a - o T

Cac gia tri khac ngoai cac gia tri trn c khoi tao bng 0. Vi teT ta co
cac cng thuc quy nh sau:
101
1 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
1 1
( 1) ( )
+ +
+ + +
N N
t t a
+ +
+ + +
+ +
Vi trang thai cui:

) (
) (
t
+
N
+

0 , nu +J
, trong hp con lai
Vi cac trang thai sinh quan sat
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
+
+ +
N
+ + + + + +
i iN N i4 4 t 4
4
t a t a - o t

+ +

Vi trang thai u
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
+
N
+ + + +
4 4 t 4
4
t a - o t

xac sut tng

Pr( ) D
c tinh bng:
1
( ) ( )
N
H T t
Vi cac xac sut tin va lui c tinh nh o trn cng thuc tinh toan cac
tham s cua m hinh Markov n nh sau:
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1
( ) r
( ) ( )
1 1
r
1
( ) ( ) ( 1)
P
`
1
( ) ( )
P
r
r
I T
+ r + + r + r
i i4 4 t 4
r t
+
i4
I T
+ r + r
i i
r t
t a - o t
a
t t

+


+

ac sut chuyn trang thai tu trang thai khoi u la:
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
( ) r
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
r
1
( ) ( ) ( )
P
`
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P
r
r
+
I T
+ r + + r + r
4 4 t 4
r t
+
4
I T
+ r + r + r + + r
N
r t
t a - o t
a
t t t a t

+


xac sut chuyn trang thai ti trang thai kt thuc la:
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
( ) r
( ) ( )
1 1
r
1
( ) ( )
P
`
1
( ) ( )
P
r
+ +
+
r
I T
+ r + + r
i iN N
r t
+
iN
I T
+ r + r
i i
r t
t a t
a
t t

xac sut chuyn trang thai tu trang thai u ti trang thai kt thuc la:
1
( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1
1 1
( ) r
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1)
1 1 1
1 1
r
1
( ) ( )
P
`
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P
r
+
+
r
+
I T
+ r + + r
N
r t
+
N
I T
+ r + r + r + + r
i i N
r t
t a t
a
t t t a t

+

+

+


Trong o
( )
r
4sm
L t
xac sut chim giu cua thanh phn trn thu m cua dong
vao s tai thoi im t cua quan sat thu r:
102
*
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Pr
r r r r r
4sm 4 4sm 4sm st 4 4s t
L t z t c - o t o
Vi
) (
) (
t z
r +
4

( ) ( )
1 1
( )
+ r +
4
t a
nu t1

1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2
( ) ( 1)
+
N
+ r + + r +
4 i i4
i
t a t a

, trong hp con lai

va
*
( ) ( )
r r
4s t 4k kt
k s
- o - o

3.2.2. Hun luyn h thng nhn dng dng NN

Trong tu in phat m, mi tu c phin m thanh cac m vi va mt tu
co th bao gm mt vai inh nghia khac nhau. D xy dung cac n vi nhn
dang ph thuc ngu canh, cac m vi c chia thanh mt, hai hoc ba phn,
mi phn nh vy c goi la category va la n vi nhn dang c ban cua h
thng nhn dang. Mi category ph thuc vao ngu canh o bn trai hoc bn
phai cua no. Vi d m vi /kh/ c chia thanh hai phn, phn bn trai ph
thuc vao cac m vi ung bn trai m vi /kh/ va phn bn phai ph thuc vao
cac m vi ung bn phai m vi /kh/. Do /kh/ la ph m ung u cu va chi
xut hin duy nht trong tu 'khOng nn phn bn phai cua /kh/ chi co th la
m vi /oo/, tu o ta co mt category /khoo/. Phn bn trai cua /kh/ s cho ta
category /.paukh/ khi tu 'khOng ung u cu hoc sau mt khoang nghi
pause. Khi 'khOng ung sau cac tu khac ta co cac category tng ung
/oongkh/, /ootkh/, /aikh/, /akh/, /oonkh/, ...
Nu m vi c chia lam ba phn, phn o giua s khng ph thuc vao
ngu canh hai bn, chi co hai phn hai bn s ph thuc vao cac m vi ung
canh no. Mi m vi s c xac inh kiu ph thuc ngu canh thng qua inh
nghia s phn phn chia cua m vi o.
Mang nron dung c hun luyn gm nhiu lp, thng thong la ba
lp. S lng nut u vao ph thuc vao kich thc vector c tinh ph cua
mi khung tin hiu. Vi d vector c tinh ph gm 12 h t MFCC cung vi
gia tri nng lng va gia tri delta cua cac gia tri trn tao thanh 26 gia tri i
vi mi khung tin hiu. Ngoai ra bn khung tin hiu ln cn khung tin hiu
chinh: -60, -30, 30, 60ms cung c dung tao thanh mt vector 130 c
103
tinh ph ung vi mi khung tin hiu. Nu vy mang ANN s co 130 nut u
vao. S lng nut thuc lp n thong c chon la 200 nut. Tuy nhin cha
co tai liu nao xut phng phap dung xac inh s lng nut n
mang ANN hoat ng tt nht. S lng nut thuc lp n cang ln thi qua
trinh hoc cua mang ANN cang lu. Thng thong s lng nut thuc lp n
c chon gn vi s lng nut u ra cua mang ANN. S lng nut ra cua
mang ANN ph thuc vao s lng category cua h thng.
ua trinh hun luyn mang nron c thuc hin vi tung phat m dung
thu tc truyn ngc sai s. Vi mi phat m, thng tin nhn thoi gian trong
c so du liu ting noi cho ta cac khoang thoi gian thuc v m vi cn hun
luyn. Nh vy vi mi category cac khoang thoi gian danh cho chung c
xac inh trong mi phat m. Cac thng tin nay c dung hun luyn cho
mang ANN.
ua trinh hun luyn mang ANN c tin hanh trn nhiu vong lp.
Ph thuc vao s lng category, s lng cac category c buc, cu truc
mang nron, kich thc du liu hun luyn, h s hoc ma mang nron co th
hi t sau mt s ln lp.
Mt tham s quan trong trong qua trinh hun luyn mang ANN la h s
hoc (learning rate). Tuy nhin gia tri nay co th iu chinh tu theo tung
mang ANN va tu theo kich thc du liu hun luyn. Nu h s hoc ln, h
thng s nhanh chong tin ti im cuc tri, tuy nhin ngc lai mang kho tip
cn gn nht c n im cuc tri. Nu h s hoc nho, qua trinh hun luyn
s lu mi ti c im cuc tri nhng ngc lai h thng co th tin gn ti
im cuc tri nhiu hn.
3.2.3. H thng nhn dng dng HMM/NN
Mang ANN co u im ni bt o la kha nng phn lp. Tuy nhin khi
ap dng vao h thng nhn dang ting noi, mang ANN co mt nhc im la
khng thich hp vi cac tin hiu ting noi dai, bin thin theo thoi gian. Do
vy cac nha nghin cuu th nghim h thng nhn dang lai ghep giua
mang nron va m hinh Markov n (HMM/ANN) vi mc ich han ch
nhc im cua hai phng phap ANN va HMM, ng thoi tn dng hai u
im cua hai phng phap nay: kha nng phn lp cua mang nron va kha
nng m hinh hoa thng tin thoi gian cua m hinh Markov n.
104
Co kha nhiu kin truc mang lai ghep HMM/ANN c xut,
trong o thng dng nht la kin truc dung mang MLP lam xac sut phat xa
quan sat trong cac h thng mang lai ghep. Phn sau y s trinh bay v kin
truc mang lai ghep nay.
3.2.3.1 CL% t/uc 0dng la- ghrp
Dim khac bit chinh cua mang lai ghep HMM/ANN so vi cac m hinh
Markov thng thong la ham -
4
(k) khng phai ham mt xac sut ma la gia
tri xac sut u ra cua mang ANN.
Hinh di y miu ta quan h giua cac m hinh HMM va mang nron
ANN. Mi nut ra cua mang ANN tng ung vi mt trang thai cua m hinh
HMM. Trang thai cua m vi /oo/ trong hai tu {-(n{ va {mAt{ co chung nhau
mt nut ra cua mang ANN.
Hnh +-66- M4 hnh 0dng la- ghrp HMMw)vv
3.2.3.2 H%Ln l%2n 0dng HMMw)vv
Mang lai ghep HMM/ANN c hun luyn bng hun luyn nhung
(embedded). Tng ung vi mi phat m, cac m hinh Markov n cua cac
n vi nhn dang trong phat m o c ni ghep lai vi nhau tao thanh mt
m hinh HMM ln. Thut toan Iorard-backard c ap dng iu
chinh cac tham s cua cac m hinh ln nay. Cac gia tri output cua mang ANN
c dung lam xac sut phat xa quan sat cua mi trang thai trong m hinh.
105
Trong mi vong lp cua hun luyn Iorard-backard, thut toan
Viterbi c ap dng tim ra dy cac trang thai tt nht trong m hinh
HMM ln tng ung vi phat m dung hun luyn. Tu dy trang thai nay,
tai mi thoi im tng ung vi mt khung thoi gian tin hiu ting noi, ta s
co gia tri output cua mang ANN. Nut output tng ung vi trang thai hin tai
co gia tri la 1, cac nut output khac co gia tri 0. Tu cac gia tri output nay, mang
ANN c hun luyn lai bng thu tc truyn ngc sai s. Hinh sau m ta
qua trinh hun luyn mang HMM/ANN.
Hnh +-6<-H%Ln l%2n 0dng la- ghrp HMMw)vv.
Phng phap hun luyn nh trn, co th c ap dng hiu qua hun
luyn mang lai ghep HMM/ANN nu du liu dung hun luyn la ln. Phng
phap trn co nhc im la tai mi thoi im, chung ta phai chon mt category
106
co xac sut la 1, cac category con lai co xac sut la 0. Diu nay khng hoan toan
chinh xac vi mt khung tin hiu, do anh hong cua ngu canh xung quanh, co th
mang mt phn c tinh ph cua cac khung tin hiu ln cn. Mt phng phap
han ch nhc im nay la dung xac sut xut hin tai trang thai hin thoi lam
gia tri output cua mang ANN. Cac gia tri output nay c dung hun luyn
mang ANN bng thu tc truyn ngc sai s. Cac gia tri nay 'mm (soIt) hn
la gia tri 0 va 1. Kt qua thuc nghim cho thy phng phap nay tng chinh
xac nhn dang cua h thng.
Cac xac sut dung lam gia tri output cua mang ANN la
t
(i) H(+
t
: K
i
|D5
) la xac sut m hinh o trang thai K
i
vao thoi im t. Cng thuc tinh xac sut
nay chinh la cng thuc c s dng trong thut toan Iorard-backard:

t
(i)
1
( ,)
u ( ) ( ) u ( ) ( )
() ( )
u ( ) ( )
t i
t t t t
N
t t
i
H + K D
i i i i
H D H D
i i

1 i N, 1 t T
3.2.4. Nhn dng
3.2.4.1 q,2 8Dng 0dng t[
Mang tu (ord netork) c dung inh nghia mt ngu phap, mi lin
h thu tu giua cac tu c nhn dang boi h thng. Mt tp inh nghia mang tu
chua mt danh sach cac nut biu din cac tu va mt danh sach cac cung biu
din chuyn dich giua cac tu. Cac chuyn dich nay co th co cac xac sut gn
lin vi no, vi d cac xac sut cua m hinh ngn ngu bigram. Vi d di y la
mt mang tu cua mt h thng nhn dang moi chu s lin tc va inh nghia
ngu phap cua no.
Hnh ?.16 - S ngu phap cua h thng nhn dang moi chu s lin tc
Di vi cac h thng nhn dang co s lng tu vung ln va trung binh,
inh nghia ngu phap cua h thng thong chi n thun la cu truc vong tu
mt
hai
sil
chn
sil
107
(ordloop), co nghia la bt k mt tu nao trong b tu in cua h thng u
co th theo sau tu bt k khac trong tu in.
3.2.4.2 M4 hnh ng4n ng5 v-g/a0
Hnh +- 6?- ' => 0dng to/8-loop S- cc xc s%Lt b-g/a0.
Sau khi mang tu c xy dung xong, cac thng tin cua m hinh ngn
ngu c tich hp vao mang tu. Mt mang tu cua mt h thng nhn dang
lin tc la cu truc vong tu ord-loop, trong o cac tu c t song song vi
nhau va cac ong u vong loop-back cho phep bt k mt tu nao cung
co th ung sau tu kia. Cu truc nay c dung ph bin trong nhiu h thng
nhn dang nh h thng nhn dang oc chinh ta. Cac xac sut bigram vao mi
cung ni giua hai tu. Trong Hinh 2.13 la s mt mang ord-loop gm bn
tu, cac xac sut bigram H("
i
y"
4
) c gn vao mi cung loop-back giua cac
tu, nghia la giua mt cp tu bt k u cn co mt xac sut bigram tng ung.
3.2.4.3 ' 8Hng 0dng t[ t/ong h thng nh&n 8dng
Khi mang tu c nap vao trong h thng nhn dang, mt tu in phin
m cua h thng s c dung tao ra mt mang tng ng bao gm cac
n vi nhn dang c ban cua h thng, cac m n hoc cac m ba. Tu thuc
vao cu hinh cua h thng ma cac m ba co th la cac m ba gii ni tu hay
m ba lin tu. Mt tu co th co nhiu phin m, khi o s co nhiu nhanh cua
mang mi nhanh tng ung vi mi phin m cua tu. Mang nay c goi la
mang HMM. Nh vy ta co th thy mt cu truc ba muc cua mt mang
dung nhn dang: muc tu, muc m hinh va muc trang thai. Hinh 6.16 m ta
108
cu truc nay cua h thng nhn dang. Trong hinh nay cac hinh ovan biu thi
cac tu, hinh vung biu din mt nhn kt thuc mt tu (ord end).
Hnh +-6F- CL% t/uc ba lp ca 0dng t[ nh&n 8dng
Mang dung nhn dang cui cung bao gm cac trang thai va cac cung
ni chung vi nhau. Cac cung trong mt m hinh HMM chinh la xac sut
chuyn trang thai c xac inh boi cac tham s cua HMM. Cac cung giua
cac m hinh co xac sut tng ng nhau, cac cung giua cac tu co xac sut
c xac inh boi m hinh ngn ngu.
3.2.4.4 P-f- 0X
Nhim v cua qua trinh giai m la tim ra mt ong i trong mang
HMM co xac sut ln nht. D thuc hin cng vic nay mt thut toan tng
tu thut toan Viterbi c dung, goi la thut toan chuyn th bai (Token
Passing).
Gia thit mi trang thai 4 cua mt m hinh HMM tai thoi im t giu mt
th bai chua xac sut ban phn
( )
4
t
. ac sut nay la xac sut cua quan sat tu
o
8
ti o
t
vi m hinh tai trang thai 4 va thoi im t. Tai mi trang thai i co
nhiu r nhanh, thut toan s lam nh sau:
Chuyn mt ban sao cua th bai tai trang thai i ti tt ca cac trang
thai 4 ma co lin kt vi trang thai i, tng log xac sut cua ban sao:
log| | log|( ( )|
i4 4 t
a - o +
Tinh toan tt ca cac th bai va s xoa ht cac th bai, chi giu lai th
bai tt nht.
109
Mi mt th bai di chuyn trong mang u duy tri mt vt trn ong i
cua no. S lng thng tin lu trn vt ph thuc vao yu cu cua h thng,
thng thong chi dy cac tu la c lu lai.
Thut toan chuyn th bai
//Khi ng
<Mt th bi c gi tr bng 0 c gn cho tt c
cc trng thi khi u trong mng>
// Chuyn th bi
For t=1 to T do // T l s khung tn hiu cua pht m
For all trng thi i do
<Chuyn mt th bi cua trng thi i ti tt
c cc trng thi j m c ni kt vi trng
thi i, ng thi cp nht gi tr cua th
bi + log[ ] log[( ( )]
ij j t
a b o >;
For all trng thi i do
<Tm th bi c gi tr log xc sut l tt
nht. Xo tt c cc th bi khc >;
End for
// Dung
<Tm tt c cc trng thi kt thc, trng thi no c
th bi tt nht s ng vi ng i tt nht cn tm>
Trong hinh di y ta thy trang thai 3 c nhn nhiu th bai tu cac
trang thai 1 va 2 va tu chinh ban thn no. Sau o chi co mt th bai duy nht
c giu lai.
3
2
1
+ p 2 3
+ p 3 3
+ p 1 3
Hnh +-6K- M-nh hea th%&t ton ch%2gn thx b.-.
Mt mang ln co nhiu nut thi cng vic tim kim s rt lu va tn thoi
gian. Mt giai phap nhm giam co hiu qua vic tinh toan o la chi cho phep
110
cac th bai ma co c hi la mt trong cac th bai tt nht mi c tn tai. C
ch nay goi la ct tia (pruning). Tai mi bc cac th bai ma co gia tri xac
sut nm ngoai khoang gia tri cho phep so vi th bai co xac sut cao nht s
bi xoa i. Khoang gia tri cho phep (beam-idth) c iu chinh boi dung
hoa giua yu t tc va hiu qua cua thut toan tim kim.
Kt thuc qua trinh tim kim vi mi phat m ta nhn c mt dy cac
tu vi xac sut cao nht la kt qua nhn dang.
3.3. o snh hai phng php nhn dng CD-HMM v
HMM/NN
Phng phap nhn dang dung HMM hin la phng phap ph bin nht
dung trong nhn dang ting noi. Cung vi HMM, mang nron nhn tao ANN
cung c ap dng vao trong nhn dang ting noi kt hp vi HMM thanh
mang lai ghep HMM/ANN. Phn nay trinh bay so sanh giua hai phng phap
nhn dang: phng phap dung HMM lin tc CD-HMM (Continuous
Density Hidden Markov Model) va phng phap dung mang lai ghep
HMM/ANN.
C so du liu
ua trinh hun luyn mang lai ghep HMM/ANN c bt u bng
hun luyn mang ANN. Trong qua trinh hun luyn mang ANN, du liu
tng ung vi tung n vi nhn dang c a vao hun luyn. Do o cac
thng tin v nhn thoi gian la bt buc phai sn co trong c so du liu h
thng tim ra cac khung tin hiu tng ung vi cac n vi nhn dang, tu o
tinh toan cac vector c tinh ph. Vi ly do nay, c so du liu dung hun
luyn mang HMM/ANN cn phai co cac thng tin v nhn thoi gian, hay noi
cach khac du liu dung hun luyn mang HMM/ANN phai c gan nhn.
Khac vi phng phap trc, hun luyn h thng dung CD-HMM c
bt u bng cach khoi tao cac tham s cua cac m hinh Markov n. Nu cac
thng tin nhn thoi gian sn co, h thng s khoi tao cac tham s cua m hinh
Markov n theo du liu ung vi tung m hinh. Con nu cac nhn thoi gian la
khng sn co, cac m hinh Markov n cua ca h thng s c khoi tao vi
cung mt tham s, cach khoi tao nay goi la khoi tao phng (Ilat start). Hun
luyn nhung sau nay s iu chinh cac tham s cua cua tung m hinh. Vi ly
111
do nay ma h thng dung CD-HMM khng bt buc cac phat m trong c so
du liu cn phai c gan nhn bng tay.
Dn vi nhn dang c ban
Trong h thng nhn dang dung mang lai ghep HMM/ANN n vi nhn
dang c ban lun la category, la mt phn cua m vi. Do c tinh bin thin
ting noi theo thoi gian, trong khoang thoi gian tn tai cua mt m vi, cac c
tinh ph cua m vi bin thin tu luc bt u ti khi kt thuc mt m vi.
Khoang thoi gian ma cac c tinh ph tng i tinh, tuc la co th dung c
cho hun luyn mang ANN chi la mt phn cua m vi: phn bn trai cua m
vi, ni m vi chiu anh hong cua ngu canh phai, phn giua cua m vi khng
chiu anh hong cua ngu canh va phn bn phai cua m vi, chiu anh hong cua
ngu canh phai. Nu n vi nhn dang co dai ln hn c s dng, mang
ANN s c hun luyn vi du liu co khac nhau nhiu vi cung mt n
vi nhn dang va do vy hiu qua hoat ng s bi han ch.
Vi h thng nhn dang dung CD-HMM, n vi nhn dang c ban kha
linh hoat: co th la m tit, ban m tit hoc m vi. Vi cac h thng nhn
dang nho, n vi nhn dang c ban co th la cac tu. Khi o s lng cac trang
thai trong m hinh co th co th c iu chinh nhiu hn, thng thong la
ln 6 hoc 8 trang thai. Vi h thng nhn dang co kich thc tu in ln,
n vi nhn dang c ban thong la m vi hoc ban m tit, s trang thai trong
m hinh khi o c iu chinh nho hn, khoang tu 3-5 trang thai.
m ong
Trong h thng HMM/ANN, m ong, ky hiu la /uc/ (unvoiced
clousure) c coi la mt n vi nhn dang ring. Tuy nhin v anh hong
cua no n ngu canh cac m vi khac thi chung lai c xp chung vi n vi
nhn dang khoang lng si*.
V mt cac c tinh ph, khoang yn lng si* va m ong la tng tu
nhau boi vi chung cung biu din mt khoang yn lng. Hinh anh cua hai loai
n vi nhn dang nay trn biu ph ging nhau, u la mt khoang trng nng
lng. Su khac nhau chu yu cua hai n vi nhn dang nay la o dai. Trong
m ong thong co dai khoang 30ms thi khoang yn lng co dai thong
xuyn ln hn 30ms. Hn nua trong qua trinh trich chon c tinh ph cua mt
112
khung tin hiu, cac khung tin hiu lang ging cua khung tin hiu chinh
(thong trong khoang 60ms) cung tham gia vao vector c tinh ph. Vi vy
c tinh ph cua hai n vi nhn dang khi a vao mang ANN la co khac
nhau do ngu canh xung quanh.
Vi h thng dung CD-HMM, cac m ong khng co mt trong cac n
vi nhn dang c ban, chung c ghep vao cung vi m tc ung trc hoc
ung sau no, tu thuc m tc la ph m u hay ph m cui. Thng thong
vi n vi nhn dang c ban la m vi, m hinh Markov n cua mi m vi gm
ba trang thai. m ong c m hinh hoa boi trang thai u va hai trang thai
sau s m hinh hoa m tc hoc la hai trang thai u s m hinh hoa m tc va
trang thai cui s m hinh hoa m ong trong trong hp m ong ung sau
m tc.
Vi d sau y la cac n vi nhn dang c ban cua tu 'ba mt tng ung
vi hai trong hp:
o H thng HMM/ANN, m ong /uc/ c tach ra ring vi
m tc: /uc/ /b/ /a/ /m/ /oo/ /t/ /uc/
o H thng CD-HMM: m ong /uc/ c gp vao vi m
tc: /uc/ /b/ - /bb/, /t/ /uc/ - /tt/: /bb/ /a/ /m/ /oo/ /tt/
Ph thuc ngu canh
CD-HMM: Do c tinh cua ting noi, tt ca cac h thng nhn dang u
dung n vi nhn dang la ph thuc ngu canh. D tinh n ngu canh trai va
ngu canh phai cua m vi, CD-HMM dung m ba (triphone), trong o mt m
vi c b sung thm ngu canh tu m vi c lp ngu canh tng ung. Vi d
nh m vi /a/ s c chuyn thanh m ba /b-an/ trong tu 'ban, va khi o
y la n vi nhn dang khac vi m vi /a/ trong tu 'an: /dd-an/. Co hai
loai m ba c phn bit: m ba gii ni tu (ord internal) va m ba lin tu
(cross-ord). Trong m ba gii ni tu, anh hong cua ngu canh c coi la
chi co tac dng trong tu o, giua cac tu vi nhau c coi la c ngn cach
boi khoang lng. Vi m ba lin tu, anh hong cua ngu canh tinh n cac m
vi cua cac tu lang ging. Loai m ba nay phan anh chinh xac anh hong cua
ngu canh n cac m vi, tuy nhin vi cach nay s lng cac m ba co th la
rt ln. Vi ting Vit s lng cac m ba lin tu co th ln ti hn 16 nghin
113
m ba. Vi s lng ln nh vy, du liu hun luyn cn co la rt ln va vn
thiu ht du liu hun luyn la kho tranh khoi. Vi d sau y la cac m n
va cac m ba cua phat m 'anh noi ting Vit ha:
Phin m chnh t: anh noi tieeng vieet ha
m v: sil ea ngz sil n o i t ie ngz v ietc h a sil
m ba gii ni tu: sil sil-ea+ngz ea-ngz+n ngz-n+o
n-o+i o-i+t i-t+ie t-ie+ngz ie-ngz+sil sil-v+ietc v-
ietc+h ietc-h+a h-a+sil sil
m ba lin tu: sil ea+ngz ea-ngz sil n+o n-o+i o-i
sil t+ie t-ie+ngz ie-ngz sil v+ietc v-ietc sil h+a h-a
sil sil
Trong h thng nhn dang HMM/ANN, mang ANN chi co th tin hanh
phn lp vi mt phn cua m vi, ni cac c tinh ph khng thay i nhiu.
D tinh n anh hong cua ngu canh n cac n vi nhn dang m vi c
chia thanh nhiu n vi nhn dang c ban hay goi la category. Mt m vi co
th c chia thanh 2 hoc 3 hoc hoc c khai bao la mt category ph
thuc phai. Nh vy n vi nhn dang c ban ph thuc ngu canh cua
HMM/ANN thuc cht la m i (biphone) chu khng phai la m ba. Vi cach
lam nay thi s lng cac n vi nhn dang c ban cua HMM/ANN khng ln
nh trong trong hp cua CD-HMM. Vi ting Vit, nu b tu in bao gm
tt ca cac tu, thi s lng category la khoang 2147 category. Sau y la cac
n vi nhn dang cua h thng HMM/ANN tng ung vi phat m o trn:
m v: sil ea ngz sil n o i t ie ngz v ietc h a sil
category: sil<ea <ea> ea>ngz ea<ngz ngz>sil sil
sil<n n>o n<o <o> o>i i<t t>ie t<ie <ie> ie>ngz ngz<v
v<ietc <ietc> ietc<h h<a <a> h<a a>sil
Do s lng m vi ph thuc ngu canh cua mang HMM/ANN khng ln
nh trong trong hp h thng dung CD-HMM, kich thc cn thit cua du
liu dung hun luyn i vi mang HMM/ANN cung khng ln so vi h
thng dung CD-HMM.
Hun luyn
114
Ca hai h thng HMM/ANN va CD-HMM, ging nh cac h thng nhn
dang dung HMM, u dung hun luyn nhung hun luyn cac m hinh
Markov n. Cac HMM cua cac n vi nhn dang c ni vao nhau tao thanh
mt m hinh HMM ln. Sau o cac tham s cua ca m hinh ln nay c
iu chinh theo du liu hun luyn.
Vi h thng CD-HMM, sau mi ln hun luyn, cac tham s cua m
hinh Markov n c iu chinh lai theo cng thuc Baum-elch. Diu chinh
xac sut phat xa quan sat -
4
(k) c phan anh boi iu chinh cac tham s cua
cac ham Gauss. Vi trong hp cua mang HMM/ANN, cac xac sut phat xa
quan sat -
4
(k) chinh la gia tri ra cua mang ANN, do vy vic iu chinh xac
sut nay thuc hin bng iu chinh cac trong s cua mang ANN. Thut toan
Viterbi c thuc hin tim ra dy trang thai tng ung vi tung phat m va
thu tu cac trang thai nay dung hun luyn lai mang ANN trong mi ln lp.
Trong qua trinh hun luyn mang ANN s co nhiu tp gia tri trong s
tng ung vi mi vong lp hun luyn (iteration). Cn phai tim ra c vong
lp nao cho chinh xac cao nht va xac inh iu nay h thng s th
nhn dang trn mt tp du liu goi la tp du liu phat trin vi cac tp trong
s cua cac ln lp khac nhau. Kich thc tp du liu nay cn u ln am
bao rng vong lp cho kt qua chinh xac nht cung s cho kt qua chinh xac
nht vi du liu kim tra. Nh vy vi HMM/ANN mt tp du liu phat trin
cn c b sung vao tp du liu hun luyn va du liu kim tra.
Gan nhn cng buc
Trong ca hai h thng nhn dang, qua trinh hun luyn bao gm hai giai
oan. Vi mang HMM/ANN giai oan u la hun luyn mang ANN vi cac
nhn c gan bng tay. Vi mang CD-HMM, cac tham s cua cac m hinh
Markov n c khoi tao (bng khoi tao phng Ilat-start nu khng co cac
thng tin nhn thoi gian hoc bng khoi tao vi tung m hinh nu co cac
thng tin nhn thoi gian trong c so du liu). Cac phat m s c phn tich
thanh cac n vi nhn dang c ban dua vao tu in phin m. Nu mt tu co
nhiu phin m thi phin m u tin c s dng. Dy phin m cua mi
phat m c s dng tin hanh hun luyn nhung.
Sau giai oan hun luyn u tin cac h thng u tin hanh gan nhn
cng buc boi h thng c hun luyn trong bc mt. Vi mang
115
HMM/ANN gan nhn cng buc c thuc hin nhm xac inh lai ranh gii
cua cac m vi trong mt phat m va c bit xac inh ranh gii cua cac
category. Trong bc hun luyn u ranh gii cac category c xac inh tu
cac m vi bng cach chia u dai cua m vi tng ung. Vi gan nhn
cng buc, h thng c hun luyn s tim ra ranh gii cua cac category
trong mi m vi chinh xac hn so vi vic chia u dai cua m vi nh o
bc u. Sau khi cac ranh gii c xac inh, mang ANN c hun luyn
lai tu u dua vao cac nhn thoi gian mi c xac inh trong qua trinh gan
nhn cng buc. Thng thong bc hun luyn nay s cai thin chinh
xac nhn dang cua h thng do cac nhn thoi gian cua category c xac inh
chinh xac hn.
Vi h thng CD-HMM, bc gan nhn cng buc nhm xac inh ra
phin m nao trong s cac phin m cua mt tu trong tu in phu hp nht.
Kt qua cua qua trinh gan nhn cng buc la dy cac n vi nhn dang c ban
tng ung vi mi phat m. Tu cac phin m cua cac phat m nay, h thng
c hun luyn nhung lai mt ln nua k thua cac tham s co trong bc
hun luyn trc.
Kha nng chng nhiu
Mt nhc im cua HMM la kha nng m hinh hoa m thanh. Yu
im nay lam cho h thng dung mang CD-HMM d nhn dang nhm cac
nhiu chen (additional noise) trong qua trinh nhn dang. Ti l li nhn dang
chen trong h thng nhn dang dung CD-HMM kha cao khi chung phai lam
vic vi cac phat m co nhiu nhiu. D chinh xac nhn dang o muc cu
thong thp.
Ngc lai, ANN co kha nng phn lp manh va co kha nng m hinh m
thanh tt. Cac nhiu chen co th c phat hin va khng bi nhn dang nhm
la cac m vi. Ti l li nhn dang nhm do li chen cua h thng HMM/ANN
thp, h thng chiu c anh hong cua nhiu va cac m thanh an xen vao
trong ting noi va co th nhn dang c vi phat m co nhiu nhiu. D
chinh xac nhn dang o muc cu cao hn so vi h thng CD-HMM.
116
Ngoai ra mang ANN con co c ch hiu qua la dung mt n vi nhn
dang c bit la .gar-age loai bo anh hong cua nhiu, m thanh khng
phai ting noi va loai bo cac phat m khng co trong tu in. C ch nay inh
nghia hai loai m vi la m vi mi trong (background): /sil/ va /garbage/. m
vi /sil/ biu thi cac khoang yn lng, va c hun luyn trong tp du liu
hun luyn. /garbage/ biu thi cac nhiu khng mong i nh ting xen vao
cua coi t, ting coi, ting ho... Trong mang ANN, /sil/ a ra truc tip kt
qua, ngc lai /garbage/ c tinh toan dua vao cac kt qua cua cac n vi
nhn dang khac. No c tinh la gia tri trung binh cua N gia tri xac sut ln
nht, trong o N la ham cua s nut u ra cua mang ANN. m thanh mi
trong c inh nghia la gia tri cao nht cua mt trong hai m vi /sil/ va
/garbage/. Vi cach inh nghia nay, /garbage/ s co gia tri cao nht vi cac
khung tin hiu nm o vung nhiu va s co gia tri thp hn cac category khac
khi khung tin hiu nm o vung co ting noi. Vic ap dng gia tri /.garbage/
gop phn lam giam ang k nhn dang nhm, c bit la cac li do chen do
cac tap m.
Kich thc b tu in
Phng phap mang lai ghep HMM/ANN co mt yu im o la kha
nng xy dung h thng nhn dang kich thc ln. Vi b tu in kich thc
ln, s lng n vi c ban s tng va do vy keo theo kich thc cua mang
ANN s tng. Mang ANN c hun luyn boi thu tc truyn ngc sai s co
tc hoc rt chm. Do vy tc hun luyn va tc nhn dang cua h
thng s bi chm i nhiu.
Vi phng phap HMM, kha nng xy dung h thng nhn dang kich
thc ln khng bi han ch nhiu nh phng phap dung mang nron. Tc
hun luyn va tc nhn dang cua h thng dung HMM lin tc nhanh hn
h thng dung HMM/ANN.
Kt lun
Mi h thng nhn dang u co nhung u im va nhc im ring.
Phng phap xy dung h thng nhn dang bng HMM/ANN co u im la
thich hp cho cac h thng nhn dang co kich thc nho, khng oi hoi du
liu hun luyn ln. H thng cung co kha nng m hinh hoa m thanh cao,
117
co kha nng chiu nhiu va cac m thanh xen ln tt. Tuy nhin nhc im
cua h thng nay la c so du liu dung hun luyn cn phai c gan nhn
trc va qua trinh hun luyn va nhn dang kha lu do tc hoc va phn lp
cua mang ANN chm. Vi ly do nay nn xy dung h thng HMM/ANN vi
tu in kich thc ln bi han ch
Phng phap nhn dang cua CD-HMM co u im la du liu hun luyn
khng cn phai gan nhn trc, co th c s dng cho cac h thng nhn
dang kich thc ln, thoi gian hun luyn khng nhiu va tc nhn dang
nhanh hn so vi dung HMM/ANN. Tuy nhin kha nng m hinh hoa m
thanh va kha nng chiu nhiu cua h thng nay khng bng h thng mang lai
ghep HMM/ANN.
118
4. MI TRNG TIN HIU TING NI TRN
IN THOAI
4.1. Gii thiu v card Dialogic
3ar# $ia*ogic la loai card x ly m thanh do cng ty Dialogic cung cp.
Card nay co nhiu loai va bao gm nhiu tinh nng: x ly, thu, phat, nen m
thanh cung nh cac chuc nng khoi ng/nhn mt cuc goi. No co kha tip
nhn nhiu cuc goi n trong cung mt thoi im. No con bao gm ca chuc
nng phat/phat hin cac tin hiu ong dy in thoai bng cac phng phap
khac nhau (DTMF,MF,R2...). D lam c iu nay, cng ty cung cp cho
ngoi s dng cac ham th vin co th thit k cac ung dng chuyn bit.
Cac cng c nay c thit k co th lp trinh trn nhiu mi trong
khac nhau: indos 16/32, nix...
Hn th, cac ham con c thit k co th lp nn cac ung dng ng
b, bt ng b, hoc ca hai trong mi trong h tr MultiTasking bng cac
tham s va c ch truy xut ring bit.
Card Dialogic CT120LS cung cp cho ta 12 knh ring bit vi cac kha
nng sau:
Thu, m hoa va nen m thanh trong thoi gian thuc
Phat nhung Iiles m thanh
Phat hin cac Tones nh DTMF, MF
Khoi ng va nhn cac cuc goi giao din in thoai khoi ng lp
vong (the loop start telephone interIace)
Thuc thi vic phn tich tin trinh cuc goi
Cac line trong 12 line nhn c tin hiu m thanh Analog va tin hiu
Digital tu may in thoai. Du liu Analog chinh la m thanh chung ta noi vao
may in thoai. Du liu Digital chinh la cac tin hiu iu khin.
Du liu Digital nhn c c a qua b phn Digital duplexer va
c iu chinh lai boi CV (carrier over voice) modem. Kt qua tung chui
bit dang ni tip c chuyn i bi ART (universal asynchronous
receiver/transmitter) thanh cac bit song song. Cac bit nay c gi qua bus
119
cc b n Control Processor x ly, cung nh xac inh su kin chuyn
n ung dng.
Tin hiu Analog nhn c tu cac Line nterIace c chuyn n audio
duplexer va chuyn i thanh du liu s thng qua b chuyn A/D. Sau khi
chuyn i thanh cac du liu s o dang th thi no c gi n b phn DSP
(Digital Signal Processor), tai y du liu nay c nen lai va gi n vung
lu tru cua may tinh. DSP memory la vung nh m cua DSP. Ngc lai, du
liu m thanh dang s lu tru trong may tinh khi gi ra ngoai trc ht no
phai i qua DSP, o y no c giai nen va truyn n b phn D/A
chuyn i ra dang Analog.
Trn Card co mt microprocessor (Control Processor) va mt b x ly
tin hiu s tc cao (high speed Digital Signal Processor) x ly cac du
liu m thanh va goi cac qua trinh.
Firmare co nhim v tai tu may tinh xung RAM va DSP memory cac
chng trinh, driver khi Card c bt u hoat ng. Cac chng trinh nay
bao gm: PerIectPitch
TM
Speed Control, PerIectLevel
TM
Volume Control,
Global Tone Detection
TM
, va Positive Voice Detection
TM
. Global Tone
Detection cho phep ung dng phat hin nhung tin hiu nh la intercept tones,
Iax tones, modem tones, non-standard PB tones, or user-deIined tones, nh
la tones in international netorks.
4.2. Cc khi nim c ban
4.2.1. Event
9Cent la mt thng ip bt ng b do Card Dialogic phat ra n h
iu hanh, n driver, hoc n cac ung dng khi c khoi tao sn sang.
Thng ip nay thong c phat ra khi mt cng vic c kt thuc co
th thanh cng hay bi li (chng han nh khi chi hay thu xong mt ban
nhac), hoc khi co mt su kin n tu bn ngoai (vi d co ngoi goi in thoai
n hoc co quay s n). Cac su kin nay khng nm trong nhom cac thng
ip c inh nghia sn boi indos va no chi co th c phat hin ra boi
mt ung dng s dng ham th vin cung cp ring boi Dialogic. Trang thai
cua Card Dialogic s c ly boi mt ham khac. Tu o chung ta co th phn
bit c cac trang thai va x ly chung theo yu cu.
120
CS (call status) Lp thanh mt cu truc (structure) CST
vi cac thanh phn nh:
DDGTS: received a digit
DLCFF: loop curent oII event
DLCN: loop current on event
DLCRV: loop current reversal event
DRNGS: rings received event
DRNGFF: caller hang up (incoming call is dropped
beIore being accepted) event
DSLFF: silence oII event
DSLN: silence on event
DTNFF: tone oII event
DTNN: tone on event
DNK: received a ink
DFFHK: oIIhook event
DNHK: onhook event
Loai do cac hm +uWn tr/ s| kin tao ra, con goi la cac su kin kt
thuc thit bi m thanh. Bao gm:
TDPLAY
TDRCRD
TDGTDG
TDDAL
TDCALLP
TDCST
TDSTHK
TDNK
TDPLAYTN
DTGTR2MF
121
DTBARGN
DTNSTP
TDRRR
DATMCRR
Trong o, su kin TDCST la mt su kin co kiu la mt trong cac su
kin th hin trong cu truc CST trinh bay o trn.
4.2.2. Event Handlers
9Cent han#*er la mt ham c inh nghia boi ngoi s dng, c goi
boi SRL x ly mt su kin c th xay ra tai thoi im hin tai trn mt
device xac inh. Ham nay c goi tu ng boi SRL.
Co th co nhiu handler cho mt event. SRL goi tt ca khi co su kin
c phat hin ra trong m hinh Callback.
Cac handler co th c cho phep hoc cm tu bt k thread nao.
Cac handler thng dng (General handler) co th c cho phep thao
tac bt k su kin nao trn mt thit bi c chi inh.
Cac handler co th c cho phep thao tac bt k su kin nao trn
bt k thit bi nao.
Cac ham ng b khng c phep goi trong mt handler.
Theo mc inh, SRL s tao ra mt thread ni ngay ln goi u tin
srenbhdlr . Cac handler c goi trong ngu canh cua thread ni nay. Diu
o co nghia la: nu thread chinh cua ung dng bi cht lai tu mt ham khng
phai kiu Dialogic va mt su kin bt ng b nh la 'treo xay ra trn mt
thit bi c iu khin boi thread o, handler s c goi ngay lp tuc trong
ngu canh cua thread c bit c tao ra phc v cac handler.
Tham s SRLMDLTYP c s dng tt su tao tu ng thread
nay ngay tu luc u i vi nhung ung dng n thread s dng callback
handler.
Trong m hinh nay, cac handler c goi tu trong sraitevt trong
thread ung dng. Bng cach t SRMDLTYP v SRSTASYNC, SRL
handler thread s khng c tao va mt ung dng n thread s hoat ng
nh c cp.
122
Chung ta hinh dung ung dng gm nhiu handler, mi handler phc v
mt tac v. Tt ca cac handler u c khai bao va nm cho. Khi mt su
kin n, nhung handler nao thoa mn tt ca iu kin cn cua no s bt u
thuc thi. Nh vy s co nhiu handler thuc thi ng loat. Gia s trong mt luc,
su kin thoa mn nhiu handler, cac handler s thuc thi theo thu tu u tin
sau:
Thit bi va su kin u c c ta.
Thit bi c c ta con su kin thi khng
Ca thit bi ln su kin u khng c c ta Ham khai bao handler
nh sau:
int usrhdlrunsigned long evhandle
4.2.3. Dialogic device handle
Mt con s tham chiu n mt thit bi, nhn c khi thit bi c mo
s dng ham dxopen ).
Device handle c s dng trong tt ca cac hoat ng trn thit bi c
mo o.
4.2.4. Knh device channel
Mt ong du liu m thanh co chuc nng x ly mt cuc goi n hoc
i tai mt thoi im (tng ng vi mt thit bi u cui trn mt ong
dy in thoai). Card Dialogic/4 cua chung ta co bn knh nh vy. Do o,
chung ta co th lp bn ong dy in thoai va phc v ti a ng thoi mt
luc bn ngoi. Mi knh nh vy phai mo trc khi s dng. Tham chiu n
knh la Dialogic device handle.
4.3. Cc m hnh lp trnh
Nh phn t vn trinh bay v cac yu cu cua h thng, vn
giao tip vi nhiu khach hang cung luc s dng h thng qua mang in
thoai c giai quyt bng vic s dng Card Dialogic/4. Loai card nay co
bn knh ring r. Mi knh hoat ng c lp ln nhau. Nh vy, ung dng
phai c chia nho, lam sao cho hoat ng cua mi knh khng anh hong
n cac knh con lai.
123
SRL (Standard Runtime Library) cung cp nhiu lua chon lp trinh
phong phu trong mi trong indos NT. SRL kt hp vi cac h tr cua
indos NT.
Chun lp trinh ng b va bt ng b
Lp trinh kt hp vi cac su kin cua Dialogic, x ly su kin.
Kt hp lp trinh trong mi trong cua h iu hanh va su h tr cua
cac ham th vin do Dialogic co sn
Cac h tr lp trinh do Dialogic tao ra:
H tr lp trimh bt ng b.
H tr lp trinh ng b.
Kt hp giua ng b va bt ng b.
Tu ng h tr cac vent handle thng qua cac thread c lp.
Bt ng b mo rng cho phep x ly nhiu su kin va d dang thuc thi
ung dng co nhiu nhom thit bi.
SRL cua Dialogic cung cp cho chung ta ba m hinh lp trinh la ng
b, bt ng b va bt ng b mo rng.
y co mt vn t ra thuc v khai nim ng b va bt ng b.
Lp trinh x ly ng b/bt ng b (nhiu hay mt thread cho mt ung
dng) hay lp trinh s dng ham ng b/bt ng b (ham khng cho
phep/cho phep ung dng tip tc khi ang thi hanh). Khng co gi phai bn
tm ca. Nu chung ta lp trinh bt ng b ma s dng ham ng b thi ung
dng khng th thuc thi c do khng nhn c cac message. Ngc lai,
s dng ham bt ng b cho cach lp ng b thi s tu nhin thy d thua
thread.
Do o, khai nim o y mun noi n ca hai. Cac m hinh sau y s noi
r hn phn nay.
4.3.1. Lp trnh dng b
Trong m hinh lp trinh ng b, mi nhom ham cua thread thuc thi cho
n khi ham nay hoan thanh. Vi vy, am bao nhiu knh hoat ng ng
thoi, mi knh cn co mt ung dng, thread hoc process ring r.
124
H iu hanh co th t thread iu khin thit bi nay o trang thai nghi
trong khi cho phep thread khac vn iu khin cac thit bi khac hoat ng.
Khi mt ham Dialogic hoan thanh, h iu hanh s anh thuc ham cua thread
qua trinh c tip tc. Vi d, nu mt ung dng co th chi mt Iile nh
kt qua cua goi ham dxplay, thread goi s khng tip tc thuc thi cho n
khi Iile chi xong va ham dxplay kt thuc.
u dim:
No la m hinh d nht lp trinh va bao tri va cho phep trin khai
nhanh nht.
Nhc dim:
Vi thread chinh tao ra nhung thread c lp iu khin cho mi
thit bi cho nn m hinh nay oi hoi tn nhiu tai nguyn va khi s
dng m hinh nay thi co su gii han s lng thit bi.
Cac ham c thuc thi mt cach tun tu. No chi n thun hoat
ng tun tu theo mt lung iu khin inh sn.
Su kin c gi i nhng khng c x ly cho n khi co lnh x
ly su kin vi d nh n khi gp lnh dxgetev() hoc dtgetev().
Nn dng m hnh ny nu:
Chng trinh cn n gian.
S lng cac knh khng qua ln.
Chng trinh khng cn quan li tai nguyn hiu qua nh m hinh
bt ng b.
Chng trinh dung cho mt ong dy in thoai vi chi mt su
kin xay ra tai mt thoi im.
Ta co th dung m hinh nay x ly nhiu knh mt luc bng cach vit
ung dng nh ung dng n knh ri tao ra nhiu thread hoc process x
ly mi knh.
4.3.2. Lp trnh bt dng b
Trong lp trinh bt ng b, thread c goi thuc thi nhiu hoat ng
hn nua trong khi ham Dialogic hoan thanh. Khi ham hoan thanh, ung
dng nhn c su kin thng bao. Lp trinh bt ng b cac su kin c
125
gi i u ngang hang va co s thit bi iu khin nhiu. Lp trinh bt dng
b s dng tai nguyn huu hiu boi vi no iu khin nhiu thit bi trong mt
thread n. Trong khi o, lp trinh ng b oi hoi phai co nhiu thread cho
mi thit bi Dialogic.
D tranh xay ra li, thread khng th thuc thi mt khi lnh trong khi
cho ham Dialogic hoan thanh. Trong trong hp nay SRL s tao ra mt trang
thai su kin cho mi thit bi. Thay vi thuc thi khi lnh cho n khi hoan
thanh no s tra v ngay tuc khc trang thai su kin va cho phep thread vn tip
tc. Ri sau o khi mt su kin c tra v thng qua SRL, o la du hiu
hoan thanh va hoat ng cua Dialogic qua trinh tip tc.
Trong m hinh nay, ta co th inh nghia mt su kin mi vao hang cac
su kin cua Dialogic nhn c mt trang thai iu khin.
u dim cua m hnh bt dng b:
uan ly tai nguyn tt vi nhiu thit bi Dialogic trong mt thread
n.
Cung cp iu khin cua ung dng tt hn vi s lng knh rt
nhiu.
Cung cp nhiu ki thut giup lp trinh trong nhiu mi trong h
iu hanh khac nhau.
Cac ham th vin cua SRL cho phep kt hp cht ch vi cac chun
lp trinh indos 32 bit nh la in32AP va MFC.
Dn gian h thng bng cach ti thiu chuyn i ngu canh giua cac
thread.
Lam n gian va u tin bng nhau giua cac su kin trong cac
thit bi Dialogic.
Nhc dim:
M hinh nay oi hoi phuc tap trong vn d lp trinh hn nhiu so vi
m hinh bt ng b.
Co ba kiu lp trinh cho m hinh nay:
indo Callback
Polled
126
Callback
a. M hnh indo callback bt dng b
M hinh nay dung ham srNotiyEvent gi mt user message ti
mt ca s c chi inh cua user. Vong lp cua ung dng chinh la vong lp
chun GetMessage()/ TranslateMessage()/ DispatchMessage(). Khi mt
Dialogic kt thuc xut hin cac su kin sau:
Mt user-message xac inh c gi n mt ca s chi inh cua user.
Ham sraitevt() c goi vi thng s time out bng 0.
Cac ham srgetevtdev( ), srgetevttype( ) ly c cac thng tin v su kin.
Hanh ng k tip c khoi ng mt cach bt ng b
Chon m hinh bt ng b dung indos callback cho cac ung dng co
kha nng kt hp cht ch vi c ch indos messaging.
y% =-g0E
M hinh nay (Asynchronous ith indos Callback) khng oi hoi
nhiu tai nguyn h thng boi vi mi Dialogic device khng cn mt
thread. Chung ta co th chay toan b phn Dialogic cua ung dng chi trong
mt thread n.
Cung cp muc cht ch trong c ch indos message.
Tt ca cac dich v cho cac su kin trn cac thit bi chi trong mt vong
lp indos message.
vhYc =-g0E
Boi vi vong lp nay phai thao tac cho tt ca cac qua trinh. Chung ta phai
y thuc c muc hiu qua cua cac thu tc va khng nn goi qua nhiu cac
ham blocking co th gy mt nhiu thoi gian hoan thanh.
b. M hnh poll bt dng b
Trong m hinh nay, ung dng s lp vong cho su kin.
Sau khi mt ham bt ng b c cho phep thuc thi, ung dng lp vong
tim hoc cho cac su kin bng ham sraitevt. Nu co su kin (ham
sraitevt khng timeout) thi thng tin v su kin s c truy xut bng cac
ham srgetevt...() c lit k sau:
srgetevtdev Get Dialogic device handle Ior the curent event
127
srgetevttype Get event type Ior the curent event
srgetevtdatap Get a pointer to additional data Ior the current event
srgetevtlen Get the number oI bytes oI additional data that are
pointed to by srgetevtdatap( )
Cac gia tri trn con ung ti ln goi sraitevt k tip. Cac lnh event
co th c thuc thi tu thread chinh thng qua cac phat biu sitch va cac su
kin c x ly mt cach tuc thi.
Sau khi su kin c x ly, ung dng s xac inh thuc thi ham bt ng
b nao tuy theo:
Su kin nao xay ra.
Trang thai vua ri cua knh khi su kin xay ra.
Chung ta chon m hinh nay cho mt ung dng oi hoi s dng mt m
hinh phuc tap hn m hinh ng b nhng khng cn dung event handlers
x ly cac su kin.
s #PM
main()

goi ham bt ng b...

hile(1)

sraitevt(timeoutvalue)
sitch(srgetevttype(0)

case VT1:
case VT2:
...
}
}
}
c. M hnh callback bt dng b
Dung ham sraitevt poll hoc cho su kin. Khi mt su kin xay
ra, SRL s goi event handler mt cach tu ng. Vi m hinh nay, event
128
handler co th c cho phep hoc cm i vi cac event c chi inh trn
cac device c chi inh.
Sau khi khoi ng ham bt ng b, process co th thi hanh nhung
nhim v khac nhng khng th nhn cac su kin mong i cho n khi
sraitevt c goi. Mt su kin mong i la mt su kin c oi hoi,
c chi inh r s dng ham bt ng b c chua trong th vin thit bi.
Mt su kin khng c mong i la mt su kin xay ra ma khng c nhc
trc.
Di vi m hinh Callback, thread chinh chi n thun chua mt loi goi
ham sraitevt ring r.
M hinh nay rt phuc tap lp trinh ung dng.
Chung ta chon m hinh nay khi mt ung dng oi hoi lp trinh phuc
tap cao hn m hinh ng b, va ung dng o c li tu vic s dng cac
handler.
4.3.3. M hnh bt dng b m rng
M hinh bt ng b mo rng c ban cung ging nh m hinh bt ng
b,ngoai tru mt iu la ung dng co th iu khin nhung nhom cac thit bi
khac nhau dung nhung thread ring r (co th tao ra nhiu thread, mi thread
iu khin nhiu thit bi). Trong ung dng co mt trang thai ring va phn
bit r rang vi thit bi ma no iu khin. Vi d chung ta co hai nhom thit bi:
mt nhom thit bi cung cp cac dich v Fax, mt nhom thit bi dich v in
thoai thi ta tao ra hai thread dung m hinh bt ng b. Mt thread x ly cac
su kin tu thit bi cua may Fax va mt thread x ly cac su kin tu may in
thoai, va hai thread nay hoat ng ng b.
u dim cua m hnh bt dng b m rng
Boi vi m hinh bt ng b chi s dng mt vai thread cho tt ca cac
thit bi Dialogic nn no tn it tai nguyn h thng hn so vi m hinh
ng b.
Chi dung mt vai thread ma toan b cac thanh phn Dialogic trong ung
dng u c thuc thi.
Nhc dim:
Vn lp trinh phuc tap oi hoi nhiu thoi gian va cng suc.
129
Tng tu nh m hinh bt ng b, chung ta s dng cac ham cho su
kin. Trong m hinh bt ng b chi co mt thread chung ta s dng ham
sraitev con o y co nhiu thread chung ta s dng ham
sraitevtEx. Ham nay co i s la mt mang cac device handle mo, s
device handle trong mang, mt gia tri timeout va mt con tro chua kt qua
event handle tra v. Do vy, ung dng co th co nhiu thread khac nhau cho
trn cac device khac nhau.
Nh m hinh bt ng b, cac ham co th c khoi u bt ng b tu
mt thread khac va event c on boi thread co sraitevtEx. Khi ham
sraitevtEx tra v mt su kin, ly thng tin v su kin chung ta co th
dung cac ham sau y:
Ham : srgetevtdev( ) Ly su kin hin hanh trn thit bi
Ham : srgetevttype( ) Ly loai su kin hin hanh trn thit bi.
Ham : srgetevtlen Nhn s byte du liu ma c tro ti boi ham
srgetevtdatap .
- Dung ham srgetevtdatap rut ra du liu cua su kin dung cac
ham khac tra v cac gia tri cua su kin hin hanh. Gia tri tra v la
hp l cho n khi ham sraitevEx c goi lai mt ln nua.
Khng c s dng sraitevtEx vi sraitevt hoc vi m
hinh Callback.
4.3.4. Cc m hnh kt hp
Ung dng co th c phat trin s dng bt k su kt hp nao cua ba
m hinh trn. D hiu cach trn ln cac m hinh, chung ta i vao vic phn
tich phn cp ma SRL dua vao phn phi su kin. Co ba cach tip cn
xac inh ai s nhn su kin c bit. Khi mt hng tip cn at c
(nhn su kin), cac hng tip cn sau o bi bo qua:
Du tin, no kim tra xem co ham ng b nao ang i su kin c
bit nay khng. Nu co, su kin nay s c nhn va thread bi cht lai.
Tip theo, no kim tra xem co thread hoat ng dua trn ch bt
ng b mo rng nao ang i su kin trn thit bi c bit nay hay
khng. Nu co, thread nay s c nhn su kin.
130
Cui cung, nu hai hng tip cn trn khng thoa mn, no kim tra
xem co thread bt ng b nao ang i su kin khng. Nu co, thread
o s c nhn su kin.
M hinh kt hp ng b/bt ng b co th c phat trin vi mt
thread trn mt knh m thanh va mt thread bt ng b c tao ra bt
su kin treo kiu CST. Thread bt ng b chi nhn nhung su kin khng
c inh hng trc cho mt ham ng b bi chn.
Li kt cho cc m hnh
Dua trn lp ham th vin phong phu cua minh, co nhiu m hinh lp
trinh c xoay quanh vn ng b va bt ng b. V tinh nng,
phuc tap va hiu qua trong vic s dng tai nguyn h thng.
M hinh d lp trinh va n gian nht cung la m hinh co hiu sut (v
mt resource) thp nht, o la m hinh lp trinh ng b.
Cang v sau, cac m hinh lp trinh cang phuc tap hn, va mm do
tng ln r rt.
M hinh n gian thong tn tai nguyn hn. Nhng m hinh phuc tap
thong rt kho lp trinh va oi hoi thoi gian dai.
Mt khac, vic bao tri va phat trin cung la mt vn .
Vic chon lua cho minh mt m hinh lp trinh thich hp la iu tng
i d dang nu chung ta chi xet mt cach tng i hiu nng s dng va lp
trinh.
4.4. lc v cc hm v cu trc d liu trong RL
4.4.1. Cc hm quan l s kin
Gii thiu
Cac ham quan ly su kin cung cp cho chung ta mt phng tin quan
ly cac su kin trn thit bi, chung ta co th trinh bay chng trinh vi nhung
kiu cu truc chng trinh khac nhau. Cac ham quan ly su kin: la cac ham
phat, phat hin, thao tac trn cac su kin. Cac su kin nm trong hang i su
kin cua Card Dialogic, va chi bi xoa i khi gp mt tac v c bit.
Vi cac ham vent Management ta co th:
131
S dng cac ham bt ng b, hoc ng b vi i s mode la
VASYNC hoc VSYNC.
Vit mt chng trinh x ly cac event trn vai thit bi.
Cho phep hoc cm cac event handlers cua ung dng cho mt thit bi,
s dng m hinh Callback.
D s dng cac ham nay trong chng trinh, chung ta phai -ncl%81 ln
lt cac header Iiles sau:
#include srllib.h
#include DVClib.h
DVClib.h la header Iile cho thit bi s dng. Vi d nu chung ta co
mt Card Dialogic D/4x, DVClib.hdxxxlib.h
Cac nhom ham bao gm rt nhiu ham khac nhau, va chia lam cac loai
nh sau:
Cc h.0 thao tc sD M-n
srdishdlr: disable an event handler
srenbhdlr: enable an event handler
srNotiyEvent: sends event notiIication to a
indo
sraitevt: ait Ior next event
sraitevtEx: ait Ior events on certain devices
srputevt : Adds an event to the SRL event queue
Cc h.0 lL2 85 l-% ca sD M-n
srgetevtdatap: return a pointer to the variable
data associated ith the current event
srgetevtdev: get the Dialogic handle Ior the
current event
srgetevtlen: get the length oI variable data
associated ith the current event
srgetevttype: get the event type Ior the current
event
132
Cc h.0 tha0 s '("E
srgetparam: get an SRL parameter
srsetparam: set an SRL parameter
srgetboardcnt : Get the number oI boards oI a
speciIic type
srlibinit : nitialize the Standard Runtime
Library DLL
srGetDllVersion :Get the Standard Runtime
Library DLL Version Number.
Cac ham quan ly su kin khi thuc thi s biu thi su thanh cng hay tht
bai thng qua gia tri tra v.
- Nu thanh cng thi gia tri tra v khac 1.
- Nu tht bai thi tra v 1.
- Dc bit, ham srgetevdatap nu khng co du liu trong su kin
hin hanh thi gia tri tra v la NLL.
Li gp phai cua cac ham quan ly su kin
rror DeIine rror String
SRDATAS nvalid size Ior deIault event data memory
SRMD llegal mode Ior this operation
SRNRR No standard runtime library errors
SRNHDLR No such handler
SRNTMP Function is not implemented
SRPARMD nknon parameter D
SRS llegal event queue size
SRSCAN . Standard runtime library scanning Iunction
returned an error
SRSYS System error, consult errno
SRTMT . Returned by
ATDVLASTRR(SRLDVC) hen an standard runtime library
Iunction timed out.
133
M ta
srdishdlr( ) - disables the handler
Name: long srdishdlr(dev, evttype, handler)
nputs: long dev Dialogic device handle
long evttype event type
long (*handler)(unsigned long parm) event handling
Iunction
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srenbhdlr - enables the handler unction
Name: long srenbhdlr(dev, evttype, handler)
nputs: long dev Dialogic device handle
long evttype event type
long (*handler)(unsigned long parm) event handling Iunction
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srNotiyEvent - send event notiication to a indo
Ham nay gi thng bao co su kin (user message) ti mt indos
mc du su kin thuc su khng tn tai trong hang i cua indos. Dy chi la
mt cach ung dng ly su kin khoi hang i cua Dialogic bng cach goi
ham.
Name: long srNotiIyvent(handle, message, Ilags)
nputs: HND handle indo handle
unsigned int message message number to sent to
indo
unsigned int Ilags notiIication on/oII Ilag
Returns: 0 iI success-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
134
sraitevt - aits or any event to occur
Ham nay chi nn dung khi mt ung dng bt ng b iu khin tt ca
cac device trong mt thread. Ung dng phai goi ham sraitevt(0) ly su
kin khoi hang i Dialogic.
Name: long sraitevt(timeout)
nputs: long timeout timeout in milliseconds (msec)
Returns: time leIt beIore timeout
-1 iI timeout
ncludes: srllib.h.
sraitevtEx - aits or events on certain devices
Ham nay co th dung cho ung dng n thread ln multithread. Thm
nua, ham co th c khoi u bt ng b o mt thread nay va tro v o mt
thread khac. Mt ung dng cung co th co nhiu thread bi chn trong ham nay
cho cac su kin trn cung thit bi, tuy nhin s khng xac inh c su
kin s c on boi thread nao.
Ham nay khng c dung trong su lin kt vi cac handlers
Hai ham sraitevt va sraitevtx khng nn c dung chung trong
mt ung dng.
Name: long sraitevtx(handlep, handlecnt, timeout, eventhandlep)
nputs: long *handlep pointer to array oI handles to ait Ior
event on
int handlecnt count oI valid handles pointed to by
handlep
long timeout timeout in milliseconds (msec)
long *eventhandlep pointer here to return event handle
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI timeout
ncludes: srllib.h
srputevt - add an event to the RL event queue
Name: long srputevt(dev, evttype, evtlen, evtdatap, errcode)
135
nputs: long dev device
unsigned long evttype event type D
long evtlen data block size
void *evtdatap data block pointer
long errcode error code
Returns: 0 iI successIul
-1 iI error
ncludes: srllib.h
dxxxlib.h
Mode: Synchronous.
srgetevtdatap - returns the address o the variable data block
Name: void *srgetevtdatap(ehandle)
nputs: unsigned long ehandle event handle returned by
sraitevtx( ), or zero iI sraitevt( ) is used
Returns: Address oI variable data block
NLL iI no variable data
ncludes: srllib.h
srgetevtdev - returns the Dialogic device handle
Name: long srgetevtdev(ehandle)
nputs: unsigned long ehandle event handle returned by
sraitevtx( ), or zero iI sraitevt( ) is used
Returns: Dialogic device handle iI successIul
-1 iI no current event
ncludes: srllib.h
srgetevtlen - returns the length o the variable data
Name: long srgetevtlen(ehandle)
nputs: unsigned long ehandle event handle returned by
sraitevtx( ), or zero iI sraitevt( ) is used
Returns: length oI data iI successIul
-1 iI no current event
136
ncludes: srllib.h
srgetevttype - returns the event type or the current event
Name: long srgetevttype(ehandle)
nputs: unsigned long ehandle event handle returned by
sraitevtx( ), or zero iI sraitevt( ) is used
Returns: vent type iI successIul
-1 iI no current event
ncludes: srllib.h
srgetparm - returns the value o an RL parameter
Name: long srgetparm(dev, parmno, valuep)
nputs: long dev device
long parmno parameter number
void *valuep parameter value
Returns: 0 iI successIul
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srsetparm - set the value o an RL parameter
Ham nay cho phep ung dng thay i cac gia tri cua mt tham s SRL.
Name: long srsetparm(dev, parmno, parmval)
nputs: long dev device handle
long parmno parameter number
void *parmval pointer to parameter value
Returns: 0 iI successIul
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srgetboardcnt - retrieves the number o boards o a particular
type
Name: long srgetboardcnt(classnamep, boardcntp)
nputs: char *classnamep pointer to class name
137
int *boardcntp pointer here to return count oI
boards in this class
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srlibinit - initializes the tandard Runtime Library DLL
Name: long srlibinit(Ilags)
nputs: unsigned short Ilags SpeciIies the programming
model
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
srGetDllVersion - returns the RL DLL Version Number
Name: long srGetDllVersion(dIileverp, dprodverp)
nputs: LPDRD dIileverp SRL DLL Version Number
LPDRD dprodverp Product version oI this release
Returns: 0 iI success
-1 iI Iailure
ncludes: srllib.h
4.4.2. Cc hm thuc tnh chun
Gii thiu
Cac ham nay tra v thng tin tng quat v mt thit bi nh device name,
board type va li cua ln goi th vin trc.
Cac ham thuc tinh chun co phn tn u la ATDV va phn tn sau
du gach la m ta thuc tinh. Vi du: ATDVRNM ( ).
Ghi chu: SRL cung cp mt thit bi bit goi la SRLDVC co cac
thuc tinh va co th tao ra cac event nh cac thit bi Dialogic. D s dng cac
ham nay, chung ta phai inc*u#e ln lt cac header Iiles:
#include 'srllib.h
#include 'dxxxlib.h (i vi card Dialogic/4 ang xet)
138
au dy l danh sch cc hm thuc tnh chun v thng tin do chng
tra v
TDVERRMGP : Con tro chi n chui thng ip bao li.
TDVIRQNUM : nterrupt c dung.
TDVLTERR : Li hin thoi trn thit bi cui cung ma ham
goi.
TDVNMEP : Con tro chi n tn thit bi.
TDVUBDEV : S nhom thit bi con.
b. M ta:
TDVERRMGP - returns a pointer to an CII string
Name: char * ATDVRRMSGP(dev)
nputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: pointer to string
ncludes: srllib.h
TDVIRQNUM - returns the interrupt number IRQ
Name: long ATDVRNM(dev)
nputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: ATFALR iI Iailure otherise
R oI device
ncludes: srllib.h
TDVLTERR - indicates the last error that occurred
Name: long ATDVLASTRR(dev)
nputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: ATFALR iI an invalid device handle
otherise a valid error number
ncludes: srllib.h
TDVNMEP - returns a pointer to an CII
string
Name: char * ATDVNAMP(dev)
139
nputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: pointer to string
ncludes: srllib.h
TDVUBDEV - returns the number o
subdevices or the device
Name: long ATDVSBDVS(dev)
nputs: int dev valid Dialogic device handle
Returns: ATFALR iI Iailure, otherise
number oI subdevices
ncludes: srllib.h.
4.4.3. Termination Parameter Table DVTPT
Termination Parameter Table (TPT) thit lp cac iu kin kt thuc
(termination) cho thit bi Dialogic. Cac iu kin nay nm trong cu truc
DVTPT c inh nghia trong Iile srllib.h. Cu truc nay co dang nh sau:
typedeI struct DVTPT

unsigned short tptype

unsigned short tptermno
unsigned short tplegth
unsigned short tpIlags
unsigned short tpdata
unsigned short rIu
struct DVTPT *tpnextp
}DVTPT
M ta cac thng s:
tptype :M ta cu truc hoc la mt phn cua danh sach lin kt
(LNK), mt phn cua dy (CNT) hoc kt thuc cua bang DVTPT.
Dua vao phn nay ta co th lin kt nhiu cu truc DVTPT lai vi nhau.
tptermno :ac inh nhung iu kin kt thuc ham
140
tplegth :ac inh chiu dai hoc kich thc cua mi iu kin kt
thuc
tplags :M ta ring cua iu kin kt thuc xac inh trong
tptermno
tpdata :ac inh du liu chon lua thm.
tpnextp :Chua con tro chi n cu truc tip theo trong danh sach
lin kt.
Ph thuc vao loai thit bi (vi d D/4x hayDT/xxx) ma cu truc nay co
th co gia tri khac nhau.
Cac ham / s kt thuc khi mt trong nhung tp iu kin thit lp
trong DVTPT xay ra. Nu thit lp nhiu hn mt iu kin kt thuc thi iu
kin xay ra u tin s lam kt thuc ham /. Cac cu truc trn co th c
cu hinh thanh dang mt mang, hoc mt danh sach lin kt. Mi cu truc ta
mt iu kin kt thuc.
Nu thanh lp mt danh sach lin kt cac iu kin kt
thuc, thi o cac cu truc u danh sach, tptype phai co kiu la
LNK. Con nu thanh lp mt mang cac cu truc thi tptype o cac
cu truc u mang phai co kiu la CNT. Ca hai trong hp, cac
cu truc cui cung, tptype co kiu la T.
Ta co th truyn nhiu iu kin kt thuc cho mt ham
/. Khi gp mt trong nhung iu kin kt thuc nay, ham / s lp
tuc ngng thi hanh tac v. Cac iu kin kt thuc c chi ra trong
tham s tptermno. Co gia tri hp l nh:
DMADTMF: Maximum number oI digits
received
DMASL: Maximum length oI silence
DMANSL: Maximun length oI non-silence
DLCFF: Loop current drop
DDDTM: Maximum delay beteen digits
DDGMASK: SpeciIic digit received
DPMFF: Pattern oI non-silence
DPMN: Pattern oI silencce
141
DTN: Tone n/II termination
tham s tplength chi inh dai cua tham s kt
thuc.
Mt s co cung co th c thm vao, nhm biu din mt
na bit cho nhung tinh khac nhau cua iu kin kt thuc c s dng.
Thng thong, ta s dng gia tri mc inh. Cac gia tri nay la
TFxxxxxx vi xxxxxx la mt trong nhung dang theo sau
chui D trong tptermno
Tham s tpdata thng thong c gan la NLL, ngoai tru iu
kin kt thuc lin quan n silence. Vic truy xut du liu qua mang in
thoai khng cn n iu kin silence. No chi co tac dng thuc su trong
vn thu m chng han.
Tham s rIu chi inh con tro ti cu truc tip theo nu tptype
c thit lp vi gia tri LNK.
4.4.4. Call status event block structure: DXEBLK
Cu truc nay c tra v boi ham dxgetevt biu thi rng su kin
CST nao xay ra
Cu truc nay co cac thanh phn nh sau:
typedeI struct DXEBLK
unsigned short evevent /*event that occurred*/
unsigned short evdata /*event speciIic data*/
unsigned char evrIu|12| /*reserved Ior Iuture use*/
}DBLK
Trong o, evevent la cac su kin co gia tri Dxxx nh ban n o
trn. evdata chua du liu ta cho su kin o trn.
Di vi mi su kin, cn mt kiu du liu khac nhau:
DDGTS : S va kiu s
DLCFF : thoi khoang delay trc khi loop current oII
DLCN : thoi khoang delay trc khi loop current on
DLCRV : thoi khoang ma loop current bi reverse
trc khi su kin loop-current-reversal c phat hin
142
DRNGS : return no data
DSLFF: thoi khoang giua im lng va khng im lng
khi co su kin
DSLN : ngc lai vi trn
DTNFF: chi s tone cho su kin tone-oII
DTNN :chi s tone cho su kin tone-on
DNK : return no data
4.4.5. User digit buer:DVDIGIT
Cu truc nay dung chua nhung s c nhp vao khi ta gi ham dx
getdig .
typedeI struct DVDGT
Char dgvalue |DGMADGTS1| /*ASC value oI digits*/
Char dgtype |DGMADGS1| /*type oI digits*/
}
Gia tri tra v c tu ng thm vao gia tri NLL
Kiu cua cac con s la mt trong nhung kiu sau:
DGDTMF : DTMF digit
DGLPD : Loop pulse digit
DGMF : MF digit
DGSR1: user deIined tone
DGSR5: user deIined tone
4.4.6. Th vin m thanh cua C Voice library o C unctions
Th vin m thanh chua rt nhiu ham. Chung c phn hoach ra thanh
cac nhom chinh chua cac ham ang quan tm sau:
Device Management: pen and close devices
Trong nhom ham nay chi co hai ham phai s dng trc khi thi hanh bt
cu thao tac gi trn thit bi o:
dxopen( ): dung mo mt knh trn thit bi
dxclose( ): ong mt knh mo trn thit bi
a. Coniguration: alter conIiguration oI devices
143
Nhom ham nay bao gm 6 ham dung thay i lun phin, thm tra va
iu khin cu hinh vt ly cua mt thit bi mo.
dxclrdigbuI( ): clear the Iirmare digit buIIer
dxgetparm( ): get a board/channel device parameter
dxsetdigtyp( ): set digit collection type
dxsethook( ): set hooksitch state
dxsetparm( ): set device parameters
dxtring( ): ait Ior number oI rings
b. I/O: transIer data to and Irom devices
Mc ich cua mt ham / la chuyn du liu i va v thng qua mt
knh nhan ri mo.
No hoat ng trn ca hai c ch: ng b va bt ng b. Khi hoat ng
trn c ch ng b, khng mt lnh nao sau no co th c thuc thi trc khi
no kt thuc. Khi hoat ng trn c ch bt ng b, no s tra v ngay lp tuc
mt tri bao rng no khoi ng thanh cng hoc li va tip tc x ly n
khi hoan tt hoc mt trong nhung iu kin kt thuc c thoa mn. Trong
qua trinh hoat ng cua no, knh thng tin bi bn.
Co mt s ham trong lp nay nh:
dx dial( ): dial an ASC string oI digits
(enable/disable call analysis)
dxgetdig( ): get digits Iorm channel digit buIIer
dxplay( ): play voice data Irom one or more source
dxplayiottdata( ): play voice data Irom multiple source
dxrec( ): record voice data to one or more destinations
dxreciottdata( ): record voice data to multiple
destinations
dxsetdigbuI( ): set digit buIIering mode
dxstopch( ): stop current /.
c. Convenience: simpliIy play and record
144
Nhung ham nay chi n thun play va record ng b (va chi ng b).
No tp hp nhung ham c n gian hoa n ti a cac thu tc cua nhung
ham / trn.
dxplayI( ): play voice data Irom single Iile
dxplayav( ): play a ave Iile
dxplayvox( ): play Vox Iile
dxrecI( ): record voice data to a single Iile
dxrecav( ): record void data to a single ave Iile
dxrecvox( ): record voice data to a single Vox Iile
d. Call status transition event: set and monitor events on devices
Nhung ham nay kim soat nhung su kin xay ra trn mt thit bi. Nhung
su kin nay biu thi su thay i v trang thai cua cuc goi.
dxgetevt( ): get call status transition event
dxsetevtmsk( ): set call status transition event
notiIication
e. Global Tone Detection: enable user deIined tone detection
Nhung ham trong tp hp nay cho phep inh nghia va kich khoi vic
phat hin single and dual Irequency tones (nhung tones nay khng nm trong
cac tones chun no la cac user-deIined tones). Chung ta khngcn quan tm
n nhung ham nay trong ung dng.
g. Global Tone Generation: enable user deIined tone ganeration
Bao gm cac ham cho phep inh nghia va phat ra cac user tones thay vi
s dng cac tones chun. Chung ta cung khng cn quan tm n cac ham
nay.
h. R2 MF Convenience: detect and generate R2 MF tones
Nhung ham trong tp hp nay cho phep su phat hin va phat nhung tin
hiu R2 MF chung ta khng quan tm n cac ham nay.
i. peed and Volume: enable play speed and play volume control
S dng nhung ham nay cho phep chung ta iu chinh vn tc va cong
cua mt ham ang phat m.
145
Mt bang hiu chinh vn tc va cong giao tip vi mi knh. Khi
mo knh, cac bang nay mang nhung gia tri mc inh. Chung ta s dng cac
ham trong tp nay iu chinh cac thng s theo y mun.
dxadsv( ): adust speed or volume
dxclrsvcond( ): clear speed or volume digits adustment
conditions
dxsetsvcond( ): set speed or volume digit adustment
conditions
dxgetcursv( ): get current speed and volume settings
dxgetsvmt( ): get Speed/Volume ModiIication Table
dxsetsvmt( ): set Speed/Volume ModiIication Table
k. Convenience: convennience Iunctions Ior adusting speed and volume
control
Nhung ham nay la su n gian hoa n muc ti thiu cac tham s cua
cac ham iu chinh tc va m lng.
dxaddspddig( ): add speed adustment digit
dxaddvoldig( ): add volume adustment digit
l. tructure Clearance: clear data structures
Cac ham nay khng anh hong truc tip n thit bi. No dung xoa i
cac cu truc tham s c t trong DCAP va trong DVTPT.
dxclrcap( ): clear DCAP structure
dxclrtpt( ): clear DVTPT structure
m. Extended attribute: retrieve device inIormation
Co rt nhiu ham trong lp nay. Chung tra v nhung thng tin ta v
nhung thit bi m thanh c hin thi trong ham goi.
4.4.7. Chi tit mt s hm d dc d cp
int dxopennamepolags
char *namep: tn thit bi cn mo
int oIlags: reserved
return: 0 thanh cng, -1:Iailure
146
include: srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Mt thit bi co th mo nhiu hn mt ln boi nhiu process.
Ghi chu: ua trinh con khng thua k c device handle cua qua trinh
cha, nu mun s dng phai open
Khi ham tra v -1, nu mun bit nguyn nhn thi kim tra errno bit:
NVAL: nvalid Argument
BADF: nvalid Iile descriptor
NTR: A signal as caught
: rror during a indos 95 STRAM open
int dxclosedev
dev: device handle
return: 0 thanh cng, -1 tht bai
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Ch : Ham nay chi giai phong handle chu khng ong thit bi lai, chi
handle o la khng s dng c, cac handle khac cua cung thit bi vn hoat
ng binh thong.
rrno NVAL: nvalid Argument
BADF: nvalid Iile descriptor
NTR: A signal as caught
int dxsetevtmskchdev mask
chdev: channel device handle
unsigned int mask: mt na cua nhung su kin cho i
return: 0 thanh cng, -1 tht bai
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Ham nay cho phep phat hin mt hoc nhiu su kin. Co th s dng
ng b hoc bt ng b i su kin CST.
Mt na msk: co th la mt hoc nhiu (R cac su kin lai vi nhau) su
kin CST c chung ta tim hiu trong phn cac su kin. y ta chi thay
chu Dxxx bng DMxxx (device event bng device mask)
Chu y rng ham nay khng phat hin c su kin tone.
147
int dxgetevtchdev eblkp timeuot
chdev: channel device handle
DBLK *eblkp: Pointer to vent Block Structure
int timeout: timeout value in seconds
return: 0 iI success, -1 iI Iailure
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Ham nay c s dng kim soat cac knh truyn mt cach ng b
cho nhn nhung su kin c quy inh r trong dxsetevtmsk . Ham nay
chn su thuc thi cua chng trinh chinh lai cho n khi no hoan tt, tuc la no
nhn c mt su kin thoa ang hoc timeout xay ra.
Thoi khoang timeout chi r s giy ma ham phai cho cho n khi kt
thuc. Cac gia tri co th co la:
oI seconds: s giy cho. Nu sau khoang thoi gian nay ma
khng co su kin xay ra, ham s kt thuc.
-1: no s cho mi mi cho n khi co mt su kin xay ra.
Khng c timeout.
: ham s tro v ngay lp tuc nu khng co su kin hin din.
Nu ham timeout, no s tra v mt li va li nay c xac inh bng cac
ham inh li (ATDVLASTRR DTMT)
int dxsethookchdev hookstate mode
chdev: channel device handle
hookstate: trang thai hook, bao gm hai trang thai:
DFFHK: nhc may.
DNHK: gac may.
mode: co hai kiu, ng b : VASYNC, bt ng b:
VSYNC.
return: 0 iI success, -1 iI Iailure
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
short dxplayvoxchdev ilenamep tptp xpbd mode
chdev: channel device handle
char *Iilenamep: pointer to name oI Iile to play
148
DVTPT *tptp: pointer to parameter block
DPB *xpbp: pointer to / transIer parameter block
nsigned short mode: play mode
return: 0 iI success, -1 iI Iailure
include dxxxlib.h
Ham nay play mt Iile V co sn.
Tham s tptp dung chi iu kin kt thuc. Khi ang play, gp mt
trong nhung iu kin nay, ham s kt thuc khng iu kin.
Tham s xpbp dung chi vao bang tham s ong truyn, trong o quy
inh r dai m tn, kiu truyn chung ta nn t tham s nay la NLL, no
s c s dng mc inh
Mode mt/hoc ca hai trong hai kiu sau phai c chi inh r (nu la ca
hai phai dung ham R):
PMTN: play 200ms audible tone
VSYNC: synchronous operation
int dxgetdig chdev tptp digitp mode
chdev: channel device handle
DVTPT *tptp: pointer to termination parameter
table structure
DVDGT *digitp: pointer to user digit buIIer
structure
unsigned short mode: asynchronous/synchronous
setting mode
return:
0 iI success initiation (asyncronous).
Number oI digits (1 Ior NLL) iI successIul (in mode synchronous)
-1 iI Iailure
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Ham nay am nhn chuc nng nhn mt loat s tu knh c chi inh.
Khi hoat ng o ch bt ng b, ham nay s tra v gia tri 0 ngay lp
tuc bao hiu khoi ng thanh cng. No s phat ra mt tin hiu kt thuc
khi nhn xong.
ch mc inh, ham nay hoat ng o ch ng b. Khi kt thuc
thanh cng, no s tra v mt gia tri chinh la s con s nhn c thuc su.
149
int dxclrdigbuchdev
chdev: channel device handle
return: 0 iI success, -1 iI Iailure
include srllib.h, dxxxlib.h
Ham nay c dung xoa cac s hin din sn trong digit buIIer cua thit bi
cung.
150
5. TICH HP MODULE TNG HP TING VIT V
CC CHUN TICH HP TING NI
5.1. H thng thng dip tch hp Uniied Message ystem
H thng MS cua Netnam c xy dung cho cac ung dng oc th
in t bng ting Anh, ting Trung va tich hp thm phn ting Vit cua
Vnvoice.
Phn ghep ni Vnvoice vao h thng c vit o dang th vin lin kt
ng DLL cua indos.
Gm cac ham sau:
9siTtsKet9ngine
9siTtslnitia*ize
int 9siTtsHrocess
9siTtszninitia*ize
T chc th mc
Th mc chua TTSVNAM.DLL (TTSName)
Th mc chua VC.DAT (PathVoice)
Cng thuc: thun tin, nn xac inh th mc chua vnvoice.dat nh
sau:
Th mc chua
voice.datth mc chua TTSVNAM.DLL DBVC\KHANHHN48
Tham s voice: gm tham s silence
si*encewor#: khoang lng giua 2 tu (1- 100ms)
si*enceKentence: khoang lng giua 2 cu (1- 300ms)
Chng trnh test
Test TTSVNAM.exe trn indos 98 (debug version)
151
Hnh <- 6Q- P-ao 8-n chng t/nh M-g0 t/a i**G'v)M
Mc ich: kim tra modul TTSVNAM.DLL
Tinh nng: tng hp tu ting Vit va Play ra Sound Card, Iile du liu
dang aveIormat.
Cach thuc hin:
Bc 1:
- Test- Register
152
- Thoat khoi chng trinh, dung tin ich Iile, chng han win#o"s
9Ep*orer
- Copy TTSVNAM.DLL vao th mc vi gia tri cua TTSName
- Copy VNVC.DAT vao th mc vi gia tri cua PathVoice
Bc 2:
- Soan thao text trong Richdit
- Test- Play- To Sound Card
M ta chng trnh ngun bng ngn ng VC
count oI ritten ords0
Ior each ord in the text

iI (count oI ritten ords 128)

szCustPara|0|1
SetFilePointer(hFile,0,NULL, FILE_BEGIN);
(*piFileSizeCounter)0
count oI ritten ords0
153
} // iI
count oI ritten ords
ConvertordToRaData(ord, pnt16, lennSamples)
iI(gIormatLAPCM8KH8BTS)
RaToLa(pnt16, lennSamples, Is, lput, lenut)
else iI(gIormat ALAPCM8KH8BTS)
RaToALa(pnt16, lennSamples, Is, lput, lenut)
iI(gIormat!-1)

riteFile(hFile,(LPCVD)lput,(DRD)lenut,dritt
en,NLL)
(*piFileSizeCounter)(int)dritten
} // iI
} // Ior
nmapVieIFile(piFileSizeCounter)
Nhi g&i hm 9siTtsHrocess nBu sz3ustHaraofq::8 th} @Qt *i
sz3ustHaraofq:f ~~ @&c ti @'u fi*e
deine DLLEXPORT extern C declspecdllexport
// szCustPara, iCPSize hin thoi cha s dng
// cha h tr ALA Iormat.
DLLPRT int siTtsSetngine(int iFormat, int iLine, LPCSTR
szCustPara, int iCPSize)

iI(iFormat2)
gIormatALAPCM8KH8BTS
else iI(iFormat3)
gIormatLAPCM8KH8BTS
else
gIormat-1
glineiLine
return 0
} // siTtsSetngine
154
// szCustPara, iCPSize hin thoi cha s dng
// cha h tr ALA Iormat.
DLLPRT int siTtsnitialize(int index,LPCSTR szCustPara,int iCPSize)

// Doc tham s ng ky, nap du liu voice vnvoice.dat trong th mc

\\dbvoice\\khanhhn48
// ....
//
return 0
} // siTtsnitialize
// szCustPara, iCPSize hin thoi cha s dng
// cha h tr ALA Iormat.
DLLPRT int siTtsninitialize(int index, LPCSTR szCustPara, int
iCPSize)

// ...
return 0
} // siTtsninitialize
// szCustPara, iCPSize hin thoi cha s dng
// cha h tr ALA Iormat.
DLLPRT int siTtsProcess(int index, HANDL hFile,
LPCSTR sznputText, int inputSize,
HANDL hTtsFileSizePtrMapping,
LPCSTR szCustPara, int iCPSize)

extern int16 *pnt16

extern LPBYT lput
extern int Is // 11025(KHz), 8000(KHz)...
int lennSamples,lenut
DRD dritten
int *piFileSizeCounter(int*)MapVieIFile(hTtsFileSizePtrMapping,
FLMAPALLACCSS, 0, 0, 0)
iI(piFileSizeCounterNLL)

155
MessageBox(NLL,MapVieIFile,rror!,MBCNRRR)
return RRRCD
} // iI
Ior each ord in the text

ConvertordToRaData(ord, pnt16, lennSamples)

iI(gIormatLAPCM8KH8BTS)
RaToLa(pnt16, lennSamples, Is, lput, lenut)
else iI(gIormat ALAPCM8KH8BTS)
RaToALa(pnt16, lennSamples, Is, lput, lenut)
iI(gIormat!-1)

riteFile(hFile,(LPCVD)lput,(DRD)lenut,dritt
en,NLL)
(*piFileSizeCounter)(int)dritten
} // iI
} // Ior
nmapVieIFile(piFileSizeCounter)
return 0
} // siTtsProcess
5.2. Cng thoi 3i
5.2.1. iu khin voice menu - Calllo
Nh cach tng tac thng thong vi cac ung dng thng qua thuc n
(trong cac giao din vn ban, hoa), cac ung dng tra loi tu ng bng
ting noi trn in thoai cung giao tip vi ngoi dung thng qua cu truc
menu bng ting noi thun tuy hoc kt hp vi ban phim s han ch trn
in thoai. Tuy nhin, cach x ly cac menu nay kho khn hn nhiu so vi
cach x ly menu truyn thng. Voice menu co cac c im sau:
- Phai kim soat thoi gian ngoi dung lua chon chuc nng trn menu
(nu qua dai phai huy bo chuc nng nay hoc h thng ngung phc v cuc
goi nay).
156
- Kim soat su kin nhn phim trong khi vn phai ra cac loi nhc bng
ting noi trn menu item. Vic nay gy ra kho khn trong khi ng b hoa cac
su kin ring r la nhn phim, phat hoc ngung phat ting noi trn in thoai.
- Kim soat s ln truy cp khng hp l, nu vt qua mt gii han ln
h thng s ngung phc v.
Hnh <-<T- H thng thao tc 8ec S. 8%2t th thod-.
5.2.2. Xu l dng thi nhiu cuc gi
D x ly c nhiu cuc goi ng thoi (mt card Diaglogic loai nho co
tu 4-12 cng , cho phep x ly ng thoi 4-12 cuc goi) h thng s c
thit k thanh cac lung, tin trinh con chay song song vi nhau. Cac tin
trinh nay c ng b hoa vi nhau theo cac su kin, chng han:
- Dng b hoa cac su kin ngoi dung (phim bm, thoi gian)
- Dng b hoa cac su kin m thanh, kt thuc binh thong hoc do h
thng ap t (do qua thoi gian quy inh khi truy cp mt chuc nng cua h
thng).
157
5.2.3. Pht ting ni trn din thoi
Ting noi trn in thoai co tn s thp, tu 4KHz - 8KHz. Trn ong
truyn, tin hiu co th bi anh hong boi nhiu, ngoai ra vi cac tin hiu in
thoai di ng ngoi ta con ap dng cac ki thut m hoa ting noi ti u hoa
dai tn. Do vy noi chung cht lng m thoai kem hn so vi cht lng m
thanh trn card m thanh. D nghe c ting noi r hn, nh truyn thng h
thng dung mt giong phat thanh vin nu.
Module tich hp Vnvoice vao h thng vit o dang th vin DLL vi cac
ham AP nh sau:
BL NAP AddClientString(LPSTR st)
char** NAP GetSentence(int countSentence,BL bVietnamese)
void NAP SetFontAsDeIault(char *)
void NAP FreeTTSResult(int16* pTTSSample)
BL NAP SentenceToRa(char** sentence, int countSentence,
int16* pTTSSample, int countTTSSample)
Cach tich hp c thuc hin qua cac loi goi ham:
Input: B nh buII chua vn ban text ting Vit hoc ting Anh.
Output: B m chua song m tng hp c pTTSSample
countTTSSample s mu tin hiu tng hp c
Giai m sau minh hoa cach thuc hin loi goi ham:
DllAddClientString(buII)
BL bVietnamese
char **sentence
int16 *pTTSSample
int countTTSSample
hile(1)

bVietnameseTR
sentenceGetSentence(bVietnamese, countSentence)
iI(sentenceNLL)
break
// Chuyen doi sang ra
158
iI(bVietnameseTR)

pTTSNLL
DllSentenceToRa(sentence, countSentence,
pTTSSample, countTTSSample)
// do some thing
// ...
DllFreeTTSResult(pTTSSample)
}// iI
else

// using nglish TTS ngine

}// else
}// hile
Cach tich hp trn la cho m hinh khng ng b, vi vy kha d dang
thuc hin ghep ni giao din giua cac thanh phn cua h thng va c lp li.
5.2.4. Lp trnh tch hp card Dialogic vo ng dng
Tuy rng cac chuc nng cho x ly in thoai va m thanh c tich
hp sn trn card Dialogic, vic lp trinh x ly card Dialogic kha phuc tap do
trn Dialogic tich hp rt nhiu chun. Lp trinh trn Dialogic co lin quan
cht ch vi vic vn dng cac ham AP cua th vin chun TAP, lp trinh
muc thp cho card m thanh (o y cung chinh la card Dialogic), chuyn i
inh dang m thanh, iu khin cac su kin...
Thu ting noi vao tu telephone trong thoi gian thuc la khng d dang.
Hin nhin rng khng th u b nh lu tin hiu c noi vao lin tc.
Trong h thng nay, chung ti s dng nhiu tinh cht su v h thng cua
indos, t chuc du liu theo kiu b m vong am bao vic ng b du
liu theo cac khung ting noi, mi oan la 64 mu (xp xi 8 mili giy nu thu
ting vi tn s ly mu la 8KHz).
TT Tn card Hnh
159
1
Dialogic D 4PCI
Plug-in card - PC, Cable - 64 Kbps
2
Dialogic D 12CT-L
Plug-in card - PC, Cable
3
Dialogic inglepan 24PCI
Plug-in card - PC, Cable - 1.544 Mbps
4
Dialogic D 8-PCI
Plug-in card - PC, Cable - 64 Kbps
5
Dialogic D 41EPCI
Plug-in card - PC, Cable - 64 Kbps
Ofng <-1- Canh sch 0@t s ca/8 C-alog-c.
5.2.5. Mt s thut ng
PBX - Private Board xchange: tng ai ni b
PTN - Public Sitched Telephony Netork: mang chuyn mach
CTI - Computer Telephony ntegrated: tich hp may tinh va in thoai
TPI - Telephony Application Programming nterIace (MicrosoIt AP
danh cho cac ung dng CT)
DTMF - Dual tone multi-Irequence: xung quay s a tn
Port Line: Tai nguyn iu khin mt cuc goi, mt h thng vi 8 port
co th iu khin c 8 cuc goi ng thoi. Trn mang thoai cac port nay c
ng ky theo nhom (dich v s trt), ngoi s dng chi cn nhn mt s in
thoai trong nhom. Mang in thoai s tu ng trt sang port khac nu ong
line nay ang bn.
TT Text-to-Speech: b tng hp ting noi.
POL pitch synchronous overlap add.
TD-POL Time domain pitch synchronous overlap add : cng chng
ng b tuyn tinh tn s c ban F
0
min thoi gian:
Dy la thut toan kinh in cho tng hp theo phng phap ghep ni m c
ban. Thut toan nay dung thay i tn s c ban F
0
, trong cua m gc.
Text processing text normalize: x ly vn ban, chun hoa vn ban.
GM - Global system Ior mobile telecommunication protocol.
160
CELP Code xcited Linear Prediction.
R - Automatic-speech-recognition: Nhn dang ting noi tu ng.
peaker Dependent Recognition: h thng nhn dang ting noi cho mt
hoc mt vai ngoi noi xac inh. Cac h thng nay co th co lng tu vung
rt ln, nhng yu cu thoi gian hun luyn lu.
peaker Independent Recognition: h thng nhn dang ting noi cho mt
ngoi noi bt k. Noi chung, nhung h thng nay hoat ng tt cho b tu vung
nho, su ng m giua cac tu la thp hoc trong mt ngu canh xac inh cua cac
cu noi.
peaker veriication - peaker recognition: nhn bit ngoi goi dua
trn c trng giong noi cua ngoi o.
VoiceXML Voice etensible Markup Language: mt ngn ngu script
vit cac ung dng va dich v eb vi tinh nng ting noi. Hip hi VoiceML
co khoang hn 400 cng ty trn th gii tham gia.
Voice Portal: cng ting noi hay con goi la cng thoai.
NLP Natural Language Processing: ki thut x ly ngn ngu tu nhin,
trong cac h thng TTS, Voice Portal thong ap dng cac ki thut NLP phn
oan vn ban thanh cac cu, cu thanh cac tu (ting Vit khng co ranh gii giua
cac tu mt cach r rang) va hiu cu (cu truy vn thng tin...).
5.2.6. Tch hp din thoi v my tnh
Hin nay, Cng ngh Thng tin va Vin thng tro nn hi t, d nhn
thy la cac may in thoai di ng cao cp vi tinh nng truy cp eb, gi e-
mail.
Ngc lai, kha nng x ly cua may tinh cung co th c s dng cho cac
chuyn mach in thoai, nh cac tng ai ni b PB (xem ph lc 4) thong
c xy dung vi cac ong CT. Cac ong nay chuyn cac thng ip tu cac
chuyn mach n may tinh th hin su thay i trang thai cua cuc goi nh
phat hin cuc goi mi, kt thuc cuc goi, va ngc lai ong lin kt CT s
chuyn cac lnh tu may tinh ti chuyn mach thuc hin cac thao tac nh tra
loi, chuyn cuc goi
Dong CT co th la ong RS-232, thernet
161
Cac h thng CT cho phep truy cp c so du liu qua ong in thoai
trong mt h thng du liu hp nht nh Iax, e-mail, voice-mail
5.2.6.1 Ch%Nn l&p t/nh *)!k
La mt tp hp cac ham AP cho phep lp trinh iu khin, quan ly moi
kt ni thng tin giua may tinh va in thoai. TAP gm cac AP cho line
(ong dy) va phone (in thoai).
Chun cho line: m phong ong line, cac ung dng TAP co th dung
nhiu device hn s line hin co cua PC, chng han mt ung dng TAP co th
cung cp cac tinh nng nh nhn in thoai, Iax. Nu PC chi co mt line vao thi
TAP s chia x ong truyn giua cac chun thit bi nay. Cach chia x tai
nguyn s c thuc hin thng qua mt hang i.
Hnh <-<1- #-:n t/uc ph,n tang *)!k
Chun cho phone: No cho phep m phong chuc nng in thoai trn may
tinh, vi sound card va microphone co th m phong tt ca cac chuc nng cua
in thoai c inh. TAP 3.0 tng thich vi kin truc SA (indos pen
Services Architcture)
5.2.6.2 C-alog-c
ntel Dialogic la mt trong nhung cng ty cung cp cac giai phap CT ln
nht. Cac ho san phm cua Dialogic rt a dang, bao gm cac giai phap cho cac
ung dng nho ti ung dng ln vi hang trm cng, thit bi co th ghep ni vi
PC hoc may chu vi cac ung dng tich hp sn nh tng hp, nhn dang ting
noi, truyn va nhn Iax, x ly nternet phone.
162
Giao din cua nter Dialogic bao gm cac loai: D4/PC, D/120CT
TM
,
D/240CT-T1
TM
...
Co nhiu loai card Dialogic vi tinh nng khac nhau nh:
card PC 32 bit, PC 64bit.
card co chuc nng co th ng thoi phat m va ghi m (song cng)
hoc chi thuc hin c mt chuc nng tai mt thoi im.
card tich hp sn cac dich v Fax, nternet phone, nhn dang ting noi..
H thng cng thoai 3i chi s dng card D4/PC la loai card PC 32bit,
khng th phat va thu ng thoi, khng tich hp sn cac dich v Fax, nternet
phone, nhn dang ting noi...
5.2.6.3 Ch%Nn Go-c1qM"
VoiceML la mt 'HTML cho cac ung dng tich hp in thoai. No che
giu chi tit v nn in thoai cung cp kha nng phat trin nhanh cac ung
dng ting noi, truyn thng a dang. No s dng cng ngh nhn dang ting noi
va DTMF nh cac u vao va dung cng ngh tng hp ting noi cung cp
u ra.
VoiceML co cac c im sau:
Ung dng logic tach bit vi giao din ting noi vi th cac doanh nghip co
th tn dng lai cac u t v cng ngh eb va c so ha tng.
Cac doanh nghip co th tao cac giao din ting noi trong khi vn co giua
c cac chuc iu khin trn ung dng logic.
VoiceML la mt chun cho phep lp trinh vin vit mt ln va chay ung
dng tai moi nn.
VoiceML c lp vi ting noi va mi trong in thoai nn.
VoiceML la mt ngn ngu script n gian. Lp trinh vin co th phat trin
ung dng d dang, khng phai bn tm v phuc tap cua nn
Cac b duyt h tr chun VoiceML (goi la VoiceML broser) la
thanh phn chinh din giai va iu khin cac hi thoai. No cung iu khin
ting noi va cac tai nguyn thoai.
Thanh phn thoai chiu trach nhim do DTMF, thit lp cuc goi, chuyn va
kt thuc cuc goi.
163
D sinh ting noi u ra, VoiceML s dng cac b tng hp ting noi
TTS. Cac module ASR c s dng nhn dang ting noi ngoi dung va
chuyn sang dang text cho b duyt VoiceML
5.2.6.4 Go-c1 !o/tal
Cac h thng Voice Portal cho phep truy cp thng tin trn eb site bng
ting noi nghia la chung cung cp giao din cho ngoi dung in thoai truy
cp va ly thng tin tu eb site.
Mt h thng Voice Portal c tich hp ca phn cung va phn mm nh
may chu, mang in thoai, card tich hp CT va cac cng ngh tng hp, nhn
dang ting noi, cac cng thng tin eb (eb portal).
164
6. C D LIU NG AM CHO NHAN DANG V
TNG HP TING VIT
6.1. Gii thiu
Phn nay s gii thiu v tin trinh xy dung cac c so du liu (CSDL)
phn tich tham s m hoc, gan nhn n vi ting noi cho ting Vit. CSDL
ting noi nay c xy dung nhm ap ung vic nghin cuu ting Vit. Du
liu c ghi m bng may phn tich m chuyn dng CSL cua Kay vi inh
dang 16 bit, mono, 16 bit intel PCM (LSB, MSB) thu o mi trong tu nhin
va phong ba m cua Trung tm Ngu m hoc Vin Ngn ngu hoc. Vic
nghin cuu ting noi, phai dua trn mt ngun du liu ln v ting noi bao
quat cac anh hong nh gii tinh, tui tac, kiu vn ban, kiu oc. CSDL
c lua chon phc v cho vic nghin cuu ting Vit tp trung vao 2 mc
ich chinh 1) xy dung mt h thng du liu cho tng hp ting Vit 2) xy
dung h thng du liu cho nhn dang lnh, oc chinh ta va bc u cho phn
lp, nhn dang ngoi noi.
CSDL ting noi la c so ha tng cho ca vic nhn dang va tng hp ting
noi. Trong h thng nhn dang, du liu ting noi c s dng lam cac tp
hun luyn cho cac b nhn dang xac inh cac tham s cua cac m hinh
nhn dang, vi d nh cac h s trong s cua nron trong m hinh mang
Nron, hay xac sut xut hin cua cac trang thai, xac sut chuyn i trang
thai trong m hinh Markov n. Vi mt du liu ting noi u ln va thut toan
hp ly hiu qua nhn dang s at c kt qua ti u. Hn nua, du liu ting
noi s con c s dng kim tra hiu qua lam vic cua h thng, qua o ta
co th anh gia kha nng nhn dang cua h thng cung nh so sanh cac h
thng khac nhau.
Di vi cac h thng tng hp, du liu ting noi s cung cp mt h
thng cac n vi m c ban (ph m u, nguyn m, vn) co th xy dung
thanh tu, oan hay cu co th phat m.
Nguyn tc chung khi xy dung mt du liu ting noi la du liu s chua
ung cac tu va cu thong xuyn s dng nht. Ngoai ra, du liu bao gm u
ln cac bin th co th h tr tao ra ngn ngu noi tu nhin va linh hoat. Do
165
o, mi du liu ting noi bao ham mt trong nhung mc tiu sau: bao quat v
mt ngu nghia, bao quat v mt cu phap, bao quat v mt ngn iu va bao
quat v mt tu. Tuy nhin am bao c ng thoi nhung mc tiu trn la
rt kho. Thng thong, cac tu, cac cu va cac oan c gng c lua chon sao
cho chua ung tt ca cac ph m, vn, phong phu v ngu canh (conteEt) va a
dang v tu vung, ngu nghia va cu phap, y u v thanh iu.
C so du liu c chia thanh ba phn:
S Du liu dung hun luyn. Bao gm 60 tng s du liu cua h c so
du liu.
S Du liu phat trin. Bao gm 20 tng s du liu cua h c so du liu.
Du liu nay c dung hoan thin, iu chinh cac thng s cua h
thng nhn dang trong qua trinh phat trin h thng nhn dang.
S Du liu kim tra: Bao gm 20 tng s du liu cua h c so du liu. Du
liu nay c dung anh gia chinh xac nhn dang cua h thng.
D cho khach quan giong ngoi noi trong tp du liu phat trin va du
liu kim tra khng co mt trong tp du liu hun luyn. Diu nay tranh
h thng nhn dang vi giong noi ma no c hun luyn trc.
6.2. Ghi m cho CDL
D ghi m va quan ly tin hiu c ghi, chung ti s dng thit bi CSL
cua Kay vi phn mm chay trn h iu hanh indo9x va indosNT,
vi micro Shure. Tin hiu s c ly mu 16 bit, mono, tn s ly mu
11025.
Hnh ?-<. !h7 t-:ng n;- ca c,%
166
Mc tiu cua CSDL la ghi m trong nhiu iu kin mi trong khac
nhau, tuy nhin o giai oan u vic thu m c thuc hin tai phong thu va
mi trong vn phong. Giai oan sau chung ti tin hanh thu m o mi
trong binh thong. Cac tin hiu thu c c phn tich va s dng, qua o
c anh gia va chinh sa nu cn thit co th phc v cho nhung ln thu
tip theo.
Cng vic ghi m tong chung la n gian nhng lai la mt cng oan
tn nhiu thoi gian nht trong vic xy dung CSDL. Nht la vic tin hanh
thu m 300 giong cho nhn dang lnh. D am bao s lng du liu chung ti
phai thu m o nhung mi trong khac nhau thm chi mi trong co nhiu
nhiu va ting n (trong hoc, ki tuc xa, c quan). Mi ngoi oc mt bang
tu gm 193 m theo ung yu cu chm ri, r rang khoang cach giua cac m
u nhau. Chung ti mt khoang 2-3 phut hng dn va 4-5 phut oc. 300
ngoi vi nhung cach oc khac nhau (nhanh, chm, to, nho, ngong, ln ting
n) gy rt nhiu kho khn cho chung ti trong qua trinh phn tich du liu.
Kinh nghim cho chung ti nhn thy rng vic lua chon du liu khng nn
qua ln trong mt phin ghi m tranh khng gy mt moi cho nhung ngoi
thuc hin thu m, bang tu cn phai c b tri mt cach khoa hoc: nhung m
tit gn m khng nn xp gn nhau, nhung m tit oc roi c xp cung vi
nhau, nhung m oc lin xp cung vi nhau va cn co nhung hng dn c
th trc khi thu m. Cho ngoi oc oc th mt vai ln sau o mi tin hanh
thu m. Nu ngoi oc oc sai, nhm m tit nao thi oc lai m tit o, nht la
i vi nhung m tit co m oc gn ging nhau (ngo, pho, co, cho, nho, tho
b, x, d, , t, v, ngo-kep, ngo-ghep, go-kep, go-ghep). Di vi nhn
dang chinh ta va tng hp thi qua trinh thu m co vt va hn vi chi tin
hanh thu vi mt ngoi tuy nhin khi lng du liu cn oc tng i ln
tng cng hn 800 cu cho ca nhn dang va tng hp.
Vic anh gia du liu thu c thuc hin thng qua vic anh gia cht
lng mi trong thu, m lng va xem xet ti s tin hiu trn nhiu. Chung
ti nhn thy rng cac kt qua thu la tng i tt va chp nhn c.
167
6.3. D liu cho nhn dng ting Vit
6.3.1. Nhn dng lnh
D co c mt CSDL ting noi, trc tin chung ta phai co mt du liu
vn ban danh cho ghi m sao cho thoa mn yu cu t ra. Trong nhn dang
lnh chung ti co yu cu ngoi noi oc mt bang tu gm 193 m tit roi rac
c chia thanh cac b lnh khac nhau chng han b lnh cua (nternet
xplorer). Nhung lnh nay c chia thanh hai kiu oc.
T hp t: yu cu dc lin
Ghi Trang ngm inh
n Tai lai trang
Tu chon in em m ngun
em in Toan man hinh
Gi ni dung Trang a thich
Gi ia chi Gi th
Thuc tinh Doc th
Ngung kt ni mang Tu chon
oa Tr giup
Copy Tu in lnh
Dan Ghi tp
Chon ht Ghi Iile
Tim kim
Am tit thnh phn: yu cu dc ri
Ghi Ni
n Mang
Tim Tu
Kim Din
Tu Lnh
Chon Thuc
Ht Hin
em Dong
D Mo
Gi Dung
Ni Tin
Dung Dong
Dia Tip
Chi Lui
168
Thuc File
Tinh Tp
Trang Thoat
Ngm Ua
Dinh Thich
Tai Tr
Lai Giup
M Ngung
Ngun Kt
Toan Hinh
Man
v ch ci: yu cu dc ri r rng
b s
khng sau
mt by
hai bay
ba tam
bn chin
nm moi
b lnh
chm euro
phy tng
triu hiu
trm tich
nghin thng
chc mt
ta
mi la
l vit
linh nam
nhm ng
b ch ci
ngu,Sn \m mo
no
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let
169
rch
a ret
u ich
i xi
phP \m ngn
b dai
co kho
ca lo
cho ngo
cu kep
d ghep
nho
di
trn o
do p
di po
lo pho
quy quo
ro v
t vo
to x
tho xo
nng nhe
ch ci nh l t hp m: yu cu dc lin
t e ro i co ret
go kep e lo
go ghep e mo
ngo ghep e no
ngo kep e ro
i dai et xi
i ngn cho nng
xo nng cho nhe
xo nhe d
ich xi d di
i co let d i
i co rch d trn

Vic lua chon ngoi noi cung la mt trong nhung vn quan trong.
Nhung chi tiu quan trong trong vic lua chon ngoi noi la gii tinh, tui tac,
170
vi tri ia li, trinh hoc vn, suc khoe. Nhung ngoi oc bang tu cua tai
phn ln la cac sinh vin cua cac trong ai hoc trn ia ban Ha Ni. Vic lua
chon ap ung nhung yu cu sau:
- P-- tnh: Nhm am bao su cn i v gii tinh, chung ti c gng
lua chon sao cho am bao su cn bng nam nu. Tng s ngoi c lua chon
la 300, tuy nhin s giong nam la 120 va nu la 180.
- *%7-: Tui co anh hong nhiu n cht lng ting noi, ting noi cua
con ngoi s n inh mt cach tng i trong lua tui trong thanh tu 18
n 40 tui. Di vi CSDL, tui c lua chon tu 18 n 50.
- GV t/ =Va l: Vic ap ung u tt ca cac giong cua tung ia phng la
cha th thuc hin vi iu kin hin tai, do o bc u s ngoi lua chon
chi la nhung ngoi min Bc, ma cha chon nhung ngoi noi giong tu Thanh
Hoa tro vao.
Vi mi ngoi chung ti yu cu oc bang tu nh trinh bay o trn,
thoi gian cho mt ngoi oc khoang 4-5 phut.
H thng nhn dang lnh thu 300 giong khac nhau vi inh
dang11025Hz, 16 bit, mono trong mi trong binh thong co nhiu. Du liu
c anh gia tng i tt. Sau khi thu du liu chung ti tin hanh hiu
chinh du liu theo cac bc sau:
- Vi mi ngoi oc chung ti lu vao mt Iile ring sau khi loc bo
nhiu.
- Sau o chung ti ct roi tung m tit (nu o la oc roi) va t hp m tit
(nu la oc lin) va mi m lai c ghi thanh mt Iile con.
- Trong danh sach cac Iile con cua mt ngoi oc chung ti tao mt Iile
Listord lit k tt ca tn, s lng cac Iile du liu cua mt ngoi oc.
Nh vy vi 300 ngoi oc chung ti s co 300 Iile, mi Iile ngoi oc
chua 193 n vi. Tng cng chung ti s co 57900 n vi m.
- Sau khi du liu c x li chung ti tin hanh hun luyn bng cac
phng phap khac nhau hiu chinh tham s cho n khi at yu cu.
6.3.2. Nhn dng chnh ta
Di vi nhn dang chinh ta ph thuc ngoi noi vi tp tu vung la toan
b cac m tit ting Vit v kha nng kt hp co th co hn 19.000 m tit
171
nhng chi co hn 6000 m tit co nghia c lit k trong tu in. Du tin
chung ti tao khoang 800 cu text. Cac cu text cn am bao:
Tnh \m h&c
S lng m tit trong cu khng nhiu qua ti a la 40 m tit trong
mt cu.
S cu oan trong cu.
Hin tng ngn iu: thanh iu, trong , tinh dung ngt hi
(pause).
Hin tng ngn ngu: cac cu text co y u cac loai cu hoi, cam than,
mnh lnh..., y u cac loai tu: tu kep, tu lay, tinh tu, trang tu, danh tu, ng
tu
Phn b cua cac n vi cn cu vao:
Tn s xut hin ln nht cua mt m tit trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht cua mt vn trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht cua mt ph m u trong cu.
Tn s xut hin ln nht cua mt nguyn m (n, i, ba) trong cu.
Phn b thanh iu trong cu.
xSu c'u cP th_
- S cu oan cua mi cu (2)
- S m tit trn toan b cu. ( 25).
- Khai quat c cac hin tng ngn ngu noi ting Vit.
- S lng cu tu 800-1000 cu
Chung ti tin hanh thu du liu vi mt ngoi, la phat thanh vin cua
Dai ting noi Vit Nam, yu cu oc chm ri, r rang tu cu 1 ti cu 800
lin tip nhau, giua cac m tit khac nhau trong cu co oan nghi khoang
300ms. Giua cac ngu oan trong cu (tach nhau boi cac du ngt nh du ,)
giua cac m tit khac nhau trong cu co oan nghi khoang 300ms, giua cac
ngu oan trong cu (tach nhau boi cac du ngt nh du ,) co oan nghi
khoang 500ms (0.5s), giua cac cu co oan nghi dai khoang 700-1000 ms
(0.7s -1s).
- S ln oc: Doc ht 100 cu thi nghi va sau o lai tip tc. Yu cu oc
lai ln 2, nh trn, lai ln 3 cho du liu Testing.
172
6.3.2.1 !h,n =odn S. gn nhXn
Phn oan va gan nhn la qua trinh phn chia tin hiu ting noi thanh cac
oan m khng chng nhau. Cac oan m nay tng ung vi mt n vi ngn
ngu c lua chon trc va c ghi lai cac th hin cua n vi ngn ngu o.
Noi cach khac, o la qua trinh m ta tin hiu ting noi va ly ra cu truc m vi
cua mt ngu oan truc tip tu tin hiu ting noi va con c goi la qua trinh
phn tich m vi. Nh chung ta u bit, tin hiu ting noi rt phuc tap. uan
h giua m vi va thanh phn m thanh tng ung khng phai la mt - mt.
Cac bin cua cac oan m thanh khng r vi tin hiu chuyn tip lin tc tu
m vi nay sang m vi khac. Vi vy, su th hin cua ting noi thanh chui cac
oan c gan nhn cn c hiu mt cach tng i hn la tuyt i.
Cu truc m tit ting Vit gm nm thanh phn la ph m u, vn va
thanh iu cng thanh. Phn vn lai bao gm cac m m, m chinh (la nguyn
m n hoc nguyn m i) va m cui. Trong mt m tit ting Vit co th co
nguyn m ba (triphthong). Vic phn xut oan m nay ra thanh tung m vi rt
kho khn. Ngoai ra thanh iu la thanh phn siu oan tinh lai trai dai trn toan
m tit khi cac ph m u la ph m huu thanh. Vi vy vic phn xut m tit
c tin hanh cho ph m va vn trong CSDL m.
Mt s nguyn tc c thng nht nhm am bao chinh xac va tinh
nht quan khi phn m oan nh sau:
Sau oan nghi: Tai im bt u cua bin u tin ln hn nhiu nn
nhin thy trn tin hiu.
Trc khi nghi: Tai im cui cua bin cui cung ln hn nhiu nn
nhin thy trn tin hiu.
Chuyn tip ph m huu thanh - vn: Danh du su chuyn tip dua trn
m thanh, nng lng va anh ph.
Giua ph m v thanh - vn: Tai im chu k cao tn s c ban tn
s c ban thu hai cua phn vn.
Di vi cac m tc: Phn oan trc khoang 20ms cho giai oan tc m.
173
Hnh ?-<+. znh ph7 ca ,0 t-:t M:t thuc bZng ,0 t{c wpwE bhLp tLpc
Khi tin hanh phn oan, cac tham s ting noi nh anh ph, nng lng
va tn s m c ban phi hp vi vic nghe m thanh quyt inh bin cua
cac n vi ngn ngu nh trn.
Dinh vi tin bin cho cac ph m xat v thanh hay ph m mui
/m,n,ng,nh/ tng i d dang. Phn m v thanh khng co F
0
va im phn
m o im cao tn s c ban tn s c ban thu hai nh thng nht o
trn. Muc nng lng cua cac m mui thp, chuyn tip en - trng trn anh
ph nhin r, ngoai ra cac m mui con tao ra bin i vi ngn iu (micro-
prosodic) th hin thanh cac net gy trn hinh tuyn cua tn s F
0
.
uyt inh tach cac m tc nh /b/, m xat huu thanh /d/ trong m tit
rt kho khn, tng tu i vi cac ngn ngu khac, cn phai s dng nhiu
man hinh tham s va nghe m thanh inh bin chung. Ky hiu cho nhn
ting Vit s dng m ky tu ASC va vi kiu bo du telex quen thuc. Du
va m cui c vit hoa tin cho vic x ly sau nay. Du # anh du im
nghi o mi ngu oan.
174
Hnh ?- <6. znh ph7 ca ,0 t-:t bb{tc
Noi chung, vic phn m oan va gan nhn la bt buc cho nghin cuu
phn tich, nhn dang va tng hp ting noi. Cng vic nay oi hoi nhiu kinh
nghim va thoi gian. Vi vy, o cac phong thi nghim nghin cuu ting noi
trn th gii, ngoi ta s dng cac b nhn dang ting noi tu ng hoa
phn oan va gan nhn CSDL m.
Gn nhn bng tay
Gan nhn (labeling) la cng vic xac inh ra cac ranh gii (boundary)
cac m vi trong mt tu. Cac nhn thoi gian (time-align label) c tao bng
hai cach: gan nhn bng tay do ngoi gan nhn (labeler hay transcriber) thuc
hin bng tay dua vao vic oc cac thng tin trn biu song (aveIorm) va
biu ph (spectrogram) hoc gan nhn tu ng bng phng thuc gan nhn
cng buc (Iorce-alignment labeling). "au khi cac Iile du liu c thu,
chung ti tin hanh gan nhn CSDL ting noi theo cac bc sau:
- Danh chi mc c so du liu
Tp cu 1: 265 cu gm hai loai, Tp 2 la 800 cu
Loai oc roi rac
Loai oc nh ting noi tu nhin
Mi tp co 02 giong nu
C so du liu bao gm cac cp cac tp gm ba loai tp:
S Tp m thanh lu o dang .ra
175
S Tp vn ban chua phin m chinh ta cua cac tp m thanh ghi o dang
.txt
S Tp chi mc c lu trong cac tp co ui .idx
Cac cp c inh danh bng mt m D duy nht tng ung vi ngoi
noi. Ngoai ra, tn cua tp con chua ung thng tin v loai thng tin cua tp.
Cac tp vn ban .txt chua phin m chinh ta cua cac tu trong b tu in cua h
thng nhn dang. Tp chi mc chua danh sach cac tu, m tit tng ung cua
cac tu trong phat m o va c phn theo tu loai (danh tu, ng tu, tinh tu,
loai tu...). Mi m tit, tu s c gan cho hai nhn thoi gian, thoi gian u va
thoi gian kt thuc su tn tai cua m tit, tu o. Dn vi o cac nhn thoi gian la
sample va cac nhn thoi gian c xac inh boi qua trinh gan nhn bng tay.
Vi d sau la mt s cac tp trong c so du liu.
Vi d:
utt1.ra : Iile ting noi, 11025Hz, 16 bit, mono
utt1.txt : xu text ni dung cua Iile ting noi (vi d : tai sao cu lai
ru ria xm xoam th kia)
utt1.idx
Vi d
11: chi s m tit cua utt1
9 : chi s tu cua utt1
trong cua utt1 o bng s sample
tai sao : tu u
tu loai : 0-noun, 1- verb,
2 : chi s m tit cua tu u
trong cua tu : o bng s nguyn cac sample
tai : m tit 1 cua tu 1
trong trong sample
im chia m u trong sample
s im pitch, nu cha quan tm ti pitch, no c t 0
giatripitch1
giatripitch2
176
giatripitch3
sao : m tit 2 cua tu 1
trong trong sample
im chia m u trong sample
s im pitch, nu cha quan tm ti pitch, no c t 0
giatripitch1
giatripitch2
giatripitch3
cu : tu thu hai
tu loai :
1 : chi s m tit
trong cua tu : o bng s nguyn cac sample
cu : m tit 1 cua tu 2
trong trong sample
im chia m u trong sample
s im pitch, nu cha quan tm ti pitch, no c t 0
giatripitch1
giatripitch2
giatripitch3..
Vic anh chi mc kha phuc tap do nhiu nguyn nhn:
Thu nht, trong ting Vit cac tu loai khng c phn inh mt cach
r rang. D xac inh chinh xac cac tu loai trong cu oi hoi phai co mt tiu
chun c th va co mt hiu bit y u v ngu phap ting Vit.
Thu hai, cng vic anh chi mc chi thuc hin c bng tay ma khng
th dung tu ng nn mt rt nhiu thoi gian.
Thu ba, s lng du liu tng i ln (hn 800 cu) vic anh chi
mc lai ti mi n tung tu, m tit nn chc chn khng tranh khoi co nhung
sai sot.
Tuy nhin, chung ti cung hoan thanh cng vic nay trong vong 6
thang vi kt qua tng i tt.
177
S Sau khi anh chi mc cho tp cu mu, chung ti tin hanh tip tc
phn chia du liu thanh cac Iile nho hn: tu, ph m, vn.bng cach
ct cac m tit thanh tung phn nho hn: ph m u, vn, m cui.
Vic phn inh ranh gii ph m u va phn vn khng phai luc nao
cung thuc hin c vi con ph thuc vao tc oc, su luyn m.
Hnh ?-<<. znh ph7 ca ha- ,0 t-:t =ec l-Jn nha%
Hnh ?-<?. znh ph7 ca 0@t phH ,0 =a%
178
Hnh ?-<F. znh ph7 ca 0@t San
- Chung ti tao du liu khoang 1915 Iile du liu Training va 421 Iile du
liu testing cho 19 ph m u. Di vi vn chung ti co 155 vn vi 4651
Iile du liu Training va 1500 Iile du liu Testing. Di vi vn va ph m mi
phn lai co Iile Listord lit k danh sach va tng s cac ph m va vn.
6.3.2.2 Canh sch 0@t s c,% 0\%
1. Di mt kem nhem cua ba ta khng bao gio dam nhin thng moi
ngoi.
2. Nhn dn ta khc ct ghi xng, tong nh nhung ngoi con
hi sinh cho cuc khang chin nay.
3. Trng cu ta khc khu nh ngoi m do.
4. Giong noi kh khng khc cua ng ta cang lam cho ngoi nghe
thm kho chiu.
5. Nhn dn vung lu lt khi phc c ong giao thng sau
trn lu.
6. Hai oan ai biu hi am trong bu khng khi hiu bit ln
nhau.
7. No sut ngay mt thi gio vao nhung vic khng u vao u.
8. Sau cu noi cua thu trong, cu ta khng noi khng rng lng l
bc ra khoi phong.
9. No ln ri nhng vn kho khao lm. Lo ta m kh kh cai tui
nh s bi mt cp.
179
10. Dm hm y, tt en ln giong nm, ti vn thy co o sao
vang tung bay trc mt.
11. Dc moi ngoi tin, Nghia cang c gng.
12. Gic M nem thuc c, cy cht kh thanh cui no.
13. Nghia mung it, lo nhiu, ma s nht la kho giu gin oan kt.
14. Hm nay, ti tam ung cho anh mt it.
15. Di nua, canh ca st mt cao ang ong im lim.
16. Dao Vn ngi lm lm o gh, giong anh lai chu khng con st
sui nua.
17. Cac thu y chi ban quanh qun trong my ong ng ti tm.
18. Bui tp cay u tin phai bo, Nghia lui thui ra v.
19. Con ong rai nhua thng tp phng phiu.
20. Dong ph hm nay nom np ngoi qua k lai.
21. C ta qua lua l thi, chi mong ly c mt tm chng.
22. Lo ta rit mt hi iu cay song soc.
23. Dng chi thng binh nay chi bi thng s s o phn mm.
24. Mai toc dai ong a xoa phu bo vai c be.
25. Ba ta la cai gi ma luc nao cung tac oai tac quai vi moi ngoi.
26. Pham unh noi xong, Bao Dai hoi ai co y kin gi khng.
27. Bp tt ngm tt ngm th nay lam sao nu n.
28. Lam gi ma mt dai un un ra th.
29. Hm nay bi v mng hay sao ma b mt son st ra th.
30. Vic ai ngoi ny lam tai sao cu phai m rm nng bng.
31. Ngoi co bnh phai n ung king khem.
32. Lam can b thy vic phai giai quyt, chu khng phai quen nghe
ngoi ta ngi vao mm.
33. Troi i sao lai bt nhau ln cai ni sn lam chng khi y.
34. Dong n quan tro nghi chn gp ghnh khuc khuyu.
35. Chu meo ngoao ngoao chng bit co y inh gi.
180
36. Moi bay nm vi u lo toan bn rn, loay hoay vi cuc mu
sinh khin chung ti chng con tm tri nao ma nghi v nhau nua.
37. Dy, nng vua ln, ba ganh toong teng hai cai thung y hai
cai met.
38. L t quy hoach khu cng nghip khoang ba mi hec ta.
39. C Ly toet hm nay khng say ru.
40. Dam ngoi chay hunh huych ra ch hai ho ln nht lang anh
nhau.
41. Tra nay ng mun n mon gi, ti chay ra ch.
42. Ba Vng ghe mt nhin mm cm, mt cau lai.
43. Ln nay thi Th tht su bi dn vao chn tong ri, khng con
ln lo dua dm vao ai c nua.
44. Dm qua v n nha khng thit ra ray, Th vao nga ngoi
ngay xung giong.
45. Dao i sm sm ln nha trn.
46. D sang mt luc lu nhng Th vn cha mun dy.
47. Bn ngoai ca khoa trai.
48. Anh vn mai m ngm ngoi ban ong.
49. Cac anh o chi uy ra chi thi phai thuyt phc, ich vn chun bi
lam binh bin.
50. Lin khng tha, lung thung tu trong bung lo ra.
51. Lin lu thu lach qua giu rm, ln sang vi ba Nhn.
52. No m kht kha kht khu ca tun nay ri.
53. No nga c coi khng khc mt cach khoai chi.
54. Ti ung nghe, long hi hp.
55. D nguyn ch no pha, ung lp.
56. Dam ngoi i n u, m v ra n y trong anh la va ting
ho het thinh n.
57. Cp ma cua c ta nung na nung ninh nh mun gi cho su ham
mun cua cac chang trai.
58. Con ln nha ba ta beo nuc nich.
59. Nhung hat kim cng bay trong tu ong a ong anh.
181
60. Chang cm ly chen nc, lp bp cam n, ri nh e then v su
bt luc cua minh, chang khe kh g ngon tay ln ban.
61. Phai bit kim ch minh trc nhung cam d cua ng tin.
62. Tt ca giai tan ngay.
63. Nn tra loi anh i thi.
64. Pht co phai theo gio.
65. Khng nn lam bn n thu an.
66. Tt ca im lng, moi vic co ti.
67. Da xin bac bt u cho.
68. Dut khoat nh th anh nhe.
69. Anh ghi ia chi vao y khi cn b s co in goi anh.
70. Dung quan trong hoa vn ma lam cho no thm phuc tap.
71. Cu ung gia ng gia ngong, bit thi noi cho anh em nghe.
72. Ngay mai cu phai thanh toan cac khoan n nn y nhe.
73. Dung co anh bai chun la khng xong u.
74. Dong chung no ln x.
75. i cai thai khinh khi cua cu tht kho chiu.
76. Dich thi la nht nhung thng tu.
77. Dan ng ma nhn xet tinh gh.
78. Ti ra v thich thu vi xi ln u nhiu tn thuc dn cao cp
mt gao nc lanh.
79. Nhin thy g ep g tt la cu mt la may let nh hau sc thy
gai.
80. Thu ung lng long tan nat.
81. Long nng trinh trich nhung lo u.
82. Sung sng qua ng i.
83. By gio thi bit no o goc bin chn troi nao ma tim.
84. Bac lai o i.
85. Thanh Hoa la tinh ln nht ca nc, co n tay khng pht thi
ung ng a.
182
6.4. D liu ting ni cho phn tch v nhn dng thanh diu
6.4.1. Thanh diu ting Vit trong cu
Vic xac inh ong net thanh iu ting Vit va phn tich chung co mt
y nghia quan trong trong nhn dang va tng hp ting noi. Nu phn loai
chinh xac thanh iu thi s lng m tit phai nhn dang s giam c 1/6
ln. Trong tng hp ting noi theo m hinh tham s hay tng hp Iormant
theo quy lut nu khng xac inh chinh xac tn s c ban thi co kha nng khi
tng hp ting Vit s tao ra cac m tit sai nghia so vi tu inh tng hp.
Trong cu lin tc, ong net cua tn s c ban F
0
cua cac m tit khng
con giu nguyn nh khi phat m roi rac. F
0
bi bin i. Su bin i ph thuc
nhiu vao yu t ng m. Nu khng c m hinh hoa mt cach thich hp
thi ting noi tng hp khng tu nhin, thm chi trong trong hp xu co th
nghe khng hiu c.
Thanh iu ting Vit trn cac m tit phat m roi rac c nghin
cuu nhiu va dang iu cua chung c khai quat o dang sau boi nhiu nha
nghin cuu ngu m:
Thanh ngang: thanh khng du la thanh tng i cao, co m iu bng
phng, n inh, khng bi yt hu hoa ging nhau o tt ca cac m tit.
Hnh ?- <K. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh ngang
183
Thanh huyn: Thanh huyn c phat m o m vuc thp hn so vi
thanh ngang. Dong net i xung thoai thoai u tu u n phn cui
m tit.
Hnh ?-<Q. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh h%2Jn
Thanh ng: Thanh ng co m vuc cao ong net gy. Bt u o cao
cao hn thanh huyn, thp hn thanh ngang. giua n tit giam xung
t ngt, hoc co hin tng bi ut, sau o lai tng ln at tn s cao
nht o cui m tit.
Hnh ?-?T. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh ngX
184
Thanh hoi: Thanh hoi bt u vi muc cao cua thanh huyn, i xung
thoai thoai n giua vn, giu bng phng trong mt thoi gian ngn va
sau o lai i ln cn i vi ong i xung. Cao tn s c ban o
u va cui m tit khoang bng nhau.
Hnh ?- ?1. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh h|-
Thanh sc: Thanh sc la thanh thuc m vuc cao ong net i ln ph
thuc vao loai hinh m tit va dai ngn cua nguyn m. cac m
tit khng khep, thanh sc tng i bng phng n giua vn va sau
o i ln o phn cui m tit. cac m khep, thanh sc co m vuc cao
hn va co th i ngang ph thuc vao dai m tit.
Hnh ?- ?. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh s{c
185
Thanh nng: Thanh nng thuc m vuc thp, ong net i xung. i
vi cac m khng khep, ong net i xung t ngt o phn cui m
tit. Con i vi m khep ong net bng phng o m vuc thp.
Hnh ?- ?+. M4 hnh ph,n tch thanh nBng
Cac h thng tng hp ting Trung uc, mt ngn ngu c nghin
cuu nhiu, u nghin cuu tim cac quy lut bin thanh va ap dng thay i
tn s c ban khi tng hp am bao tu nhin cua ting noi. D rut ra cac
quy lut chinh cua su bin i thanh iu trong ngu lu tai tin hanh
thuc hin cac bc nh sau:
Cach iu tn s c ban cua cac m tit trong CSDL M1 nhm nu bt
c cac ong net c trng cua thanh iu.
ac inh ong net c trng tn s c ban cua cac m tit mang thanh
iu khac nhau.
ac inh su ph thuc cua thanh iu vao thanh iu cac m tit ung
trc va ung sau no.
Cac thay i v cao tn s c ban chu yu c phn bit boi vi tri,
im cuc ai, thoi gian va son dc cua cac oan F
0
c cach iu hoa. Cho
n nay ra oi rt nhiu m hinh thanh iu khac nhau. Cac m hinh thanh
iu nay co th c cho boi m hinh Fuisaki.
M hinh m thanh cua Fuisaki ap dng thanh cng cho nhiu ngn
ngu trn th gii (ting Nht, ting Trung uc, ting Duc). Fuisaki phn
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bit hai loai tac ng goi la lnh cm tu va lnh trong m c m hinh hoa
bng ham xung va ham bc thang. Hai loai lnh nay c tac ng qua b loc
tuyn tinh bc hai va tao ra tn s c ban F
0
o u ra.
6.4.2. Xc d|nh dng nt d}c trng cua thanh diu
Vic xac inh cac ong thanh iu cung c din ra tng tu nh dai
phng phap thng k trn toan b CSDL. Mc tiu cua phn nay la tim ra
dc cua gia tri trung binh cung nh lch tiu chun cho tung thanh iu o cac
vi tri khac nhau, trong va cui mt phat m. Cac ong net c trng cho cac
thanh c chun hoa theo thoi gian ly mu la 1 giy.
Cac s liu c tinh toan xac inh muc anh hong cua loai thanh
iu thuc cac m tit ngay trc va ngay sau ln thanh iu cua m tit quan
sat. ua o rut ra nhung nhn inh v hin tng lin cu m tu goc thanh
iu va quy lut cua su bin thanh trong cu noi lin tc.
Theo s liu o thuc nghim, cac thanh sc va ng co ong net i ln.
Thanh ng co dc ln hn 66Hz/giy. Nu vi dai trung binh cua m tit
mang thanh ng la 270ms nh thng k phn dai thi thanh ng co dc hn
thanh sc la 20 Hz/s. Thanh khng du hi i xung, sau o la thanh huyn,
thanh nng va thanh hoi. Nh vy, theo m hinh thanh iu nh trinh bay o phn
nay, sau khi phn tich xac inh tn s c ban, ap dng cach iu tuyn tinh va
tinh dc tiu chun hoa theo thoi gian, ta co th nhn dang c loai thanh
iu cua m tit o. Tuy nhin, nh s liu o ct lch tiu chun bng trn
cung cho thy rng cac thanh co dung sai rt ln ph thuc vao vi tri cua
chung trong cac iu kin ngu canh khac nhau.
6.4.3. Xc d|nh anh hng cua thanh diu do ng canh
D cao bt u cua cac thanh bi anh hong boi thanh iu i trc va
cao kt thuc bi anh hong cua thanh iu i sau no. Nhung thanh iu co kt
thuc cao (thanh ng, sc) s kt thuc thp (gn nh khng du, thm chi co mt
s trong hp co th bi chuyn thanh thanh nng) nu sau no la m tit cung co
m vuc cao.
uan sat ong net thanh iu mt cach co h thng, chung ta co th rut ra
nhiu quy lut v su bin thanh cua ting Vit. Khac vi ngu m hoc vi mc
tiu xac inh cac c trng ring bit cua thanh iu, khi tng hp ting noi, h
187
thng phai m hinh hoa c cac bin i thanh iu nay cang chinh xac, cang
chi tit bao nhiu thi tu nhin c tng cao by nhiu.
em xet dc cua thanh sc o bang trn ta thy r rang rng, ong net
cua thanh sc ung sau cac thanh thuc m vuc cao la thanh ng va thanh khng
du co dc thp hn so vi thanh thuc m vuc thp nh nng, huyn, hoi.
Tng tu nh vy ta co th phn tich cho tt ca cac loai thanh iu khac dua theo
cac kt qua thng k nay va xy dung ong dc c trng cho tung t hp
thanh. Anh hong cua cac thanh sau k tip c thng k theo bang di y.
Noi chung cac thanh thuc m tit phia sau khng tac ng gy anh hong nhiu
vao su bin thin thanh nh thanh trc o.
Thng qua quan sat truc tip hinh dang va tn s c ban c trng cho
thanh iu trong ngu lu va cac s liu phn tich chung ti rut ra mt s nhn xet
m hinh hoa su bin thanh trong phat ngn lin tc phc v cho vic tng hp
ting Vit nh sau.
- Phn tn s c ban o na trc cua m tit thay i am bao thuc hin c
phn c trng cua thanh iu o na sau. Dong net cua phn nay khng mang y
nghia v cam th thanh. Nh m 'me o trn phn u i ln u cao tn s
c ban cn thit th hin c trng i xung cua thanh nng.
- Dc trng cua thanh iu c th hin r o na sau cua m tit va v c ban
ong net ln xung cua cac thanh vn giu c nh ong net cua cac m tit
phat m roi rac.
- Cac thanh ng, thanh hoi trong ngu lu chi din tin theo mt hng chu khng
co hin tng i chiu ln xung nh trong cac miu ta c cng b trc
y cho m roi rac. Trong nhiu trong hp, cac thanh cung mt m vuc, co
ong net cao tn s c ban ging nhau (nh sc vi ng, hay hoi va nng).
- Thanh ngang khng du co ong net i xung nh trong hp m tit 'khuya
trc no thuc m vuc cao. No i ln trong trong hp thanh trc no la thanh
hoi hay nng thuc m vuc thp ma m u cua m tit lai la m huu thanh.
- Thanh sc o cac m tit khep kt thuc bng ph m tc v thanh co ong i
xung cho thy rng o cac m nay, m vuc cao cua thanh nay ong vai tro quyt
188
inh chu khng phai la ong net thanh iu. Cung tng tu nh vy i vi
thanh nng o cac m tit khep trong m vuc thp.
- Thanh cua cac m tit ph thuc rt ln vao m vuc cua thanh ngay trc no.
Dc bit nu m tit sau la m huu thanh. Muc ng ph thuc vao thanh cua m
tit ngay sau thp hn. Vi d m tit /nay/ vi phat m cua tu 'hm nay va
'sang nay s co cao tn s c ban khac nhau. Va vn /ay/ trong trong hp
nay s co cac bin th khac nhau v cao tn s c ban.
6.5. D liu ting ni cho tng hp
D tao mt s du liu phc v cho phn tich va tng hp ting Vit cn
phai xy dung mt c so du liu m. Khac vi phn tich nhn dang hay phn
tich ngu m tim net c trng khu bit cua cac m c tin hanh cho nhiu
giong noi, CSDL cho tng hp ting noi xich chui thong chi c thuc hin
vi mt giong noi vi tng hp ting noi xich chui thong chi tai tao va m
phong c trng giong cua mt ca th. D co c tp hp y u cac trong
hp ngu m, ngu canh khac nhau cua mt ngn ngu la vn hoan toan khng
n gian. Y tong phat trin h thng tng hp ting Vit dua theo nguyn tac
hoc oc cua con ngoi chia nhiu giai oan khac nhau, giai oan u tin la hoc
vn va ghep thanh tu. D lam iu o, cn phai co u s vn cua ting Vit. S
vn co u thanh iu cua ting Vit la khoang 800 vn. Vi vy vn ban tao
CSDL hn 1000 cu c t ra bao phu s vn co kha nng trong ting Vit.
Ngoai ra, cac vn bi thay i khi c ghep vi cac ph m do nguyn tc
cua su tip hp. Vi d nh vn u,a o khu,a khac vi vn u,a o Eu,a. Do vy,
cn nhiu bin th cua vn trong CSDL. D co mt CSDL m tt cn phai xem
xet n nhiu yu t khac vi d nh vi tri cua vn trong m oan hay cac loai m
tit trc sau Vic xem xet ti u CSDL cho tng hp xich chui ting Vit la
mt tai nghin cuu rt co y nghia sau nay, nhm ong gop cho su hoan thin
cua hng nghin cuu tng hp ting Vit trong tng lai.
Ngoi oc co giong noi theo phng ngu Bc B vi cac ph m u /s/,
/r/ va /tr/ c trng cua ting noi Ha Ni. Ghi m c thuc hin trong phong ba
m cht lng cao.
Yu cu du liu thu cho tng hp ting noi u cac phn vn trong o, u
cac ph m u, u cac t hp du theo b 3: Thanh khng du, huyn, sc, hoi,
189
ng, nng cho cac vn khng tn cung la p, t, k, -ch. Thanh sc, thanh nng cho
cac vn tn cung la p, t, k, ch. Cac nguyn m a, e, i, o, u, , , , , , . Phong
phu tu i, tu ba
Cac tham s thng k cua cu: S ngu oan 2, s m tit trn toan b
cu 25, s ph m u trong cu va tn s xut hin 25, tn s xut hin
cua mt ph m u 6. S phn vn khng k du trong cu va tn s xut
hin 25, tn s xut hin 6. S m tit khng k du trong cu va tn s
xut hin 25, 6. S lng cac cu thu 161 cu oc tu nhin trong mi
trong vn phong, it nhiu vi giong oc chun phat thanh vin.
Sau khi du liu thu c chung ti tin hanh ct cac ph m u trong cac
ngu canh khac nhau. Tng cng chung ti co 208 ph m u trong ngu canh va
760 vn trong ngu canh.
6.5.1. Xc d|nh dn v| m cho tng hp ting Vit
D tng hp xich chui, kich c cua cac n vi tng hp thong c chia
thanh hai loai ngn va dai. Dn vi m dai co li th cn ban hn n vi m ngn
boi no bao phu c cac hiu ung cua lin cu m, s im xich chui it hn,
ting noi tng hp d trn tru hn. Nhng khi s dng n vi m dai s lng
n vi ln, trong trong hp o vn tu vung cua mt ngn ngu rt nhiu, s
lng ngu canh la v han nn khng co th bin soan, ghi m va lu tru u
tng hp vn ban bt k. Ngoai ra, do giao lu quc t va phat trin cua khoa
hoc ki thut hin nay xut hin rt nhiu tu mi cn b sung thm vao CSDL
tu vung. Vi vy cho n nay n vi m ngn hn mt tu c tp trung nghin
cuu nhiu hn.
Phn ln cac h thng TTS cho cac ngn ngu a m tit nh ting Anh,
ting Phap u s dng n vi m tng i nho nh bin th m vi (allophone),
m i (diphone) va m ba (triphone) vi chung linh hoat hn, d iu khin, vi
s lng khng ln co th tng hp c vn ban bt k.
- m vi la loai n vi m c ung dng rt hiu qua trong tng hp Iormant theo
lut.
- m i la n vi m thanh co kich c cua m vi. bt u tu giua mt m vi nay
va kt thuc o giua m vi k tip. S dng m i c gia thit rng 'hiu ung
m thanh cua m vi chi tac ng n na dai cua hai m vi k bn. Dn vi
190
m loai nay bao toan c su chuyn tip tu m vi nay sang m vi khac. Cac
bin cua m i khi xich chui nm giua m vi. Diu nay co khuynh hng lam
cho ting noi tng hp bi gian oan o im xich chui vi o giua m vi, ph tin
hiu ting noi tuy n inh hn nhng co muc nng lng tng i cao. m i
la loai n vi co th m hinh hoa cho hiu ung lin cu m o ca trong m tit ln
giua cac m tit.
- Sonone: trong nhung nghin cuu mi y v cac h thng TTS hun luyn
(trainable), s dng cng ngh nhn dang ting noi xut hin mt loai n vi
mi co tn la sonone. Sonone c inh nghia la n vi ph thuc ngu canh
tng ung vi mt trang thai cua HMM (Hidden Markov Model) cua mt m ba
(triphone).
- Tng hp ting Nht s dng n vi la C-V (ph m - nguyn m) vi
khoang 100 n vi hay C-V-C (ph m - nguyn m - ph m) vi vai trm
n vi.
- m tit: phn ln h thng TTS ting Trung uc s dng n vi la m tit.
Mt trong nhung ly do s dng m tit lam n vi la ting Trung uc co s
lng m tit tng i it chi vao khoang 400 m tit khng tinh thanh iu va
khoang 1200 gm ca thanh iu. Dn vi la m tit co nhc im rt ln la
khng m hinh hoa c hiu ung lin cu m giua cac m tit. Cac h thng
TTS ting Trung uc s dng m tit phai chen thm mt khoang thoi gian
nghi giua cac m tit lin tip va do vy tao thanh cac 'song thanh bp bnh
lam giam cht lng m tng hp.
ua phn tich trn ta thy vic lua chon n vi m c ban ph thuc rt
nhiu vao ngn ngu tng hp. Di vi ting Vit, vi c trng ring bit cua
loai ngn ngu thanh iu n tit tinh khng th ap dng cu truc m vi hay m
i nh cac ngn ngu chu u. Trong cac phn phn tich v dai va thanh
iu o trn phn nao lam sang to su phuc tap va bt hp ly nu s dng m vi
lam n vi tng hp. Trn khia canh cua thanh iu thi m vi hay m i co kich
c nh m vi, khng phai la thanh phn mang thanh c trng cua m tit ma
trai lai thanh trai dai trn toan b m tit. V dai, khoang thay i dai m
vi rt ln nhm bao toan dai c inh cua m tit.
191
6.5.2. Hin tng lin cu m gia m tit ting Vit
Tng tu trong hp tng hp ting Trung uc, nu s dng n vi la
ph m u va vn cn phai quan tm n hin tng lin cu m giua cac m
tit. m tit ting Vit c chia la bn loai la mo, na mo, na ong va ong.
Giua cac m tit mo hay na mo va cac m tit tip sau khng co ph m u
hay ph m u huu thanh thi trong ngu lu lin tc s xut hin hiu ung liu
cu m tac ng ang k n cht lng m tng hp.
6.6. Kt lun
Khi phn tich va x ly ting noi, vic tao lp CSDL m co tm quan trong
c bit. Phn u m ta phng phap tao s liu vi cht lng cao vi
chinh xac cn thit. Phn nay trinh bay kt qua nghin cuu phn tich v dai
cua cac m tit tai cac vi tri khac nhau nh o u, o giua va o cui mt ngu
oan. Kt qua nghin cuu nhm inh lng ong net thanh iu trn cac loai
m tit trong ngu lu lin tc bng phng phap thng k.
Trn y chung ti trinh bay bc u qua trinh xy dung. Cho n thoi
im hin tai chung ti co CSDL vi 300 ngoi noi cho nhn dang lnh, 1
ngoi noi cho nhn dang chinh ta va du liu cho tng hp.
Phng phap s dng lua chon du liu la hp ly. Du liu c chon
ghi m ap ung c cac yu cu ra, phong phu v tu, ngu, y u v cac n
vi m hoc. Hn nua, su phn b cua cac n vi m hoc phu hp vi phn b thu
c tu mt tp du liu ln cac vn ban tu truyn, sach, bao. Do o co th noi
rng co th ai din cho ting Vit ph dng v mt ngu m. Tin hiu thu m
co cht lng tt, ap ung c yu cu t ra, trong mt mi trong khng
nhiu.
Vic at c mt s kt qua nh vy s giup chung ti tip tc nghin cuu
nhung bc tip theo. Du liu vn ban nay c b sung am bao tt hn cac
yu cu v mt ngu m va ngu nghia.
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7. TNG HP TING VIT
7.1. Nhp mn
Tao ting noi bng may la mt c m cua loai ngoi va la mc tiu
thach thuc cac nha khoa hoc trn th gii nhiu th ky qua. May noi bng c
khi u tin do olIgang Von Kempelen ch tao nm 1791 m phong b may
phat m cua ngoi co th phat ra c mt vai m t. u th ky nay,
vao nm 1939, may VDR cua nha khoa hoc Dudley, phong thi nghim
ATT BLL LABS, thanh cng trong vic m hinh hoa cng hong cua
ng thanh bng linh kin in t. H thng iu khin nhn cng 10 b cng
hong bng cac phim va chit ap co th tao ra mt s cu noi nghe hiu
c. Tu giua nhung nm 1950 tro lai y, su ra oi cua may tinh in t s
cho phep tao ra mt cach co h thng cac tham s iu khin b tng hp
ting noi. Cung vi su phat trin nh vu bo cua khoa hoc va cng ngh o
thp ky 80 va 90, ki thut tng hp ting noi co nhung bc phat trin rt
quan trong co su ong gop rt ln cua may tinh va x ly tin hiu s. Su tin
b nay c thuc y do:
Kha nng tinh toan cua may tinh nhanh ln gp nhiu ln, s lng
du liu c lu giu ngay cang ln va gia thanh ngay cang ha.
Kha nng xy dung va truy cp ti cac c so du liu m thanh va vn
ban ngay cang d dang.
Cng ngh nhn dang tu ng ting noi c hoan thin vi chinh
xac ngay cang cao hn tr giup vic tu ng phn oan m ting noi
cho phep tao ra cac c so du liu ngu m rt ln phc v cho phn
tich ting noi.
Nu ting noi cung nh chu vit la chui cac du c ban c inh nghia
r rang thi cac vn v nhn dang va tng hp ting noi co th c
giai quyt tu lu. Ban cht ting noi rt khac bit, hiu ung lin cu m quyn
cac m t thanh dong thanh lin tc rt phuc tap mang thng tin o moi thanh
phn cua no nn tng hp va nhn dang ting noi tro nn c bit kho khn.
Vic tng hp ting noi tu bt k vn ban nao, tng hp vi s lng tu
193
khng han ch cua mt ngn ngu thanh ting noi tri chay, co tu nhin nh
con ngoi vn la vn cha c giai quyt va ang la mt linh vuc c
quan tm nghin cuu nhiu.
Cht lng m thanh cua cac h thng tng hp ting noi tu vn ban n
nay con rt han ch so vi ting noi tu nhin cua con ngoi. Mc du mi chi
at muc nghe - hiu r nhng tng hp ting noi cung tim thy ung
dng trong nhiu linh vuc khac nhau. Chng han:
Tr gip cho ngi tn tt
H thng TTS kt hp cung vi h thng quang hoc nhn dang chu vit
(CR) co th oc cac vn ban in cho ngoi khim thi.
Truyn thng tin bng m thanh
Mt h thng TTS rt huu ich cho vic kim tra chinh ta cac vn ban
trn may tinh vi khi nghe, phat hin li d dang hn nhiu so vi oc bng
mt.
Ung dng trong Vin thng
- Cac h thng thng tin tich hp (niIied Messaging) co kha nng oc
tu ng ni dung cac buc th in t -Mail va cac buc FA va cac thng tin
trn nternet qua may in thoai c inh va di ng thng thong.
- Truy cp thng tin, c so du liu qua in thoai va tu ng tra cuu
bng may in thoai
Tng hp ting noi tu vn ban la mt nganh khoa hoc lin quan n
nhiu chuyn nganh nh ngn ngu, ngu m, x ly tin hiu s va khoa hoc
may tinh. Hin nay, vi n luc nghin cuu cua cac nha khoa hoc cng ngh
trn th gii, giao din giua ngoi va may ngay cang thn thin hn. th
giao lu quc t xut hin ngay mt nhiu cac ung dng. Cht lng m
thanh tng hp hin tai vt qua ngng 'nghe hiu c va ang tin
dn n muc tu nhin cua ting noi con ngoi. Trong mt s linh vuc ung
dng ngn ngu hep, cht lng m thanh tng hp khng th phn bit
c vi ting noi tu nhin.
Cng ngh phat trin cac h thng tng hp ting noi tu vn ban co s
tu vung khng han ch khng nhung rt phuc tap, ma con ph thuc rt nhiu
194
vao c trng cua ngn ngu tng hp. Noi cach khac, mc du v nguyn tc
cac phng phap c ban tng hp ting noi la tng tu nh nhau nhng
mi loai ngn ngu u co nhung c trng ngu m ring bit, cac quy lut cu
m tao thanh tung m t cua mi ngn ngu la khng ging nhau. Nh vy,
cac ngn ngu khac nhau s phai co cac cng ngh tng hp khac nhau, theo
cac lut tng hp khac nhau. Diu nay co nghia la khng th ly h thng
tng hp ting nc nay tng hp ting nc khac hoc ngc lai. Noi
cach khac la khng th ly b tng hp cho cac ngn ngu a m u - An
tng hp nn ting Vit, mt ngn ngu n m co thanh iu.
Khai nim tng hp ting noi tng i rng. No co th bao gm ca cac
h thng ghep tu n gian vi s lng x ly tinh toan thp, vi d nh h
thng thng bao gio cua tng ai in thoai. Tng hp theo cach tung tu, co
th tao ra ting noi vi cht lng m thanh cao nhng chi c s dng khi
tp ban tin cn tao ra nho vi trt tu cac tu tao thanh c inh ra trc o.
7.2. Khi qut v tng hp ting ni t vn ban TT Text To
peech
Vn t ra khi thit k h thng tng hp ting Vit la s lng cho
mi mt n vi m. Vi mi n vi m, chung ta cn bao nhiu mu at
c cht lng 'ti u cho mt ung dng ich. Cac tiu chi quan trong
c cn nhc 'ti u o y la:
Dung lng b nh cn thit lu tru dang song n vi m cung nh
cac tham s v ph va ngu iu cua chung.
Thoi gian cn thit xy dung h thng hay khi phai thit lp mt
giong noi mi. Khac vi tng hp Iormant theo quy lut, co th thay
i tng i linh hoat giong noi, tng hp xich chui phai xy dung
cho mi giong noi mt CSDL. Trn ly thuyt, co th thng qua x ly
tin hiu thay i giong noi nhng cht lng ting noi tng hp
giam i nhiu, vi vy cha c ap dng thuc t.
Kha nng x ly thoi gian thuc va ng thoi nhiu tin trinh tng hp
trn mt may tinh PC.
195
D tng hp ting Vit, chung ta co th xem xet lua chon mt s lng
tp n vi tng hp vi ba kha nng:
- Thu nht vi s lng m ti thiu, cac n vi s la phn ph m u
va phn vn khng mang thanh iu. Tn s c ban F0 cua cac vn la c
trng cho thanh iu co th thay i tu cac vn co, tng hp theo cac
ong net c trng tn s c ban F0 khac i thanh cac vn mang thanh iu
mi c khng? Tu o, chung ta s tng hp c cac tu mi.
- Thu hai la s lng u cho cac vn mang du. Khi y b tng hp phai
thay i cac thanh phn ngu iu nh dai m tit va thanh iu theo cac
quy lut bin thanh va quy lut v dai cua m tit.
- Thu ba la tng hp trn c so s liu cua nhiu mu cho mt n vi m
theo ngu canh khac nhau va cac thut toan tu ng iu khin c su xich
chui theo ngu m mong mun.
7.2.1. Cc loi m
Cac nha ngu m hoc thong phn chia cac loai m cua ting noi theo vi
tri cu m va phng thuc cu m tao nn chung. Phn chia theo phng thuc
cu m, ting noi c phn lam nguyn m, ph m tc, ph m xat, ph m
tc xat va ph m mui
Nguyn m khac vi ph m v mo cua ng thanh. Nu ng thanh
c mo toan b cho khng khi tu phi thoat ra hoan toan khng gp su
ngn can nao thi s tao ra nguyn m. Khoang ming chi con nhim v
thay i m sc.
- Ngc lai vi nguyn m, khi ng thanh bi thu hep lai hay tam thoi
khep lai, dong khng khi bi han ch tao ra ting n la ph m, khi y cac
khoang m tro thanh c quan chinh tao ting noi.
- Trong trong hp cac m mui, khi li ga ong lai thi khoang mui tro
thanh ng dn thanh chu yu.
- m xat khoi u bng su tht lai cua ng thanh, hoc la o thanh mn,
ngac cung, rng hay mi.
- m xat v thanh c tao ra boi khi thay i bt thong tu thanh mn.
196
- m xat huu thanh bao gm ca phn tun hoan va phn khng tun
hoan, co nghia la dy thanh co chn ng nhng thanh mn khng c ong
hn lai.
- m tc c hinh thanh theo ba bc. Du tin, ng thanh c ong
lai o mt im nao o, ap sut khng khi trc o tng ln va sau o t ngt
thoat ra tao thanh m n trong mt giai oan ngn.
- m tc huu thanh khac vi m tc v thanh o ch la co hay khng co
su dao ng cua dy thanh trong qua trinh nen khi.
- m tc xat bao gm m tc va tip sau o la m xat tuy nhin thoi gian
tc rt ngn.
7.2.2. Cc tham s m thanh
Cac b phn tich tin hiu x ly m thanh ting noi ly ra cac c trng
cua tin hiu nh tn s m c ban F
0
, tn s Iormant, cong m hay cac
tham s tu phn tich ph nh LPC, Cepstrum phc v cho qua trinh nghin
cuu v ngu m m thanh, m hoa, tng hp va nhn dang ting noi.
Khi quan sat dang song tin hiu m thanh ting noi ta thy co cac oan
tin hiu bin ln, tng i tun hoan. Do la phn m huu thanh cua ting
noi. Con cac m oan nh nhiu bng rng co bin thp la phn tin hiu v
thanh. phn huu thanh, tn s m c ban F
0
thay i chm va co gia tri o
khoang tu 120Hz n 200Hz cho nam, 150Hz n 400Hz cho nu. Ph cua tin
hiu ting noi co th c xac inh thng qua chuyn i Fourier thoi gian
ngn (STFT), tuc chuyn i Fourier roi rac (DFT) tin hiu m thanh x(n) vi
ca s (n) co i dai huu han (khoang 30ms, trong thoi gian nay, tin hiu
c gia thit la khng i do quan tinh cua c quan phat m).
7.2.3. Nhc li cc khi nim ng m
m C/ la mt n vi truu tng nho nht cua c cu m thanh ngn ngu,
c inh nghia lam chuc nng phn bit hinh thuc ngu m cua nhung n vi
co nghia nh tu va hinh vi.
m t(M Mt m thanh vt ly c tao ra khi cu m mt m vi c goi
la m t. m t la n vi m thanh nho nht cua ting noi co th tach ra v
mt cu m - thinh giac.
197
m tiBt la n vi phat m nho nht c phn inh tu nhin trong ting
noi cua con ngoi.
<iBn th_ \m C/ hinh thanh ra do co nhiu dang cu m phat thanh m
cho mt m vi. Bin th tu do la nhung bin th khng mang thng tin v ngu
nghia (nh ting ia phng). Bin th kt hp do anh hong boi ng hoc
cua ng thanh khi tao ra cac m xung quanh. Do la cac hin tng giam m,
nut m, thay i dang m tu huu thanh sang v thanh va ngc lai
LiSn cu \mM Hin tng lin cu m xay ra khi cac c quan phat m
chuyn lin tc o cac vi tri cu m tu m vi nay n m vi khac. Muc
lin cu m ph thuc vao tc noi va kiu noi. Trong ting noi cua con
ngoi, su chuyn tip cac ng tac cu m tu vi tri nay sang vi tri khac tao ra
tu nhin cho ting noi.
NgR @iuM Ting noi khng chi bao gm chui cac ng tac cu m ma
con kem ca nhung im nghi ly hi, nng cao hay ha thp giong, tng hay
giam cong m thanh. Cac bin i nay u co chua thng tin, mang y
nghia biu cam nht inh.
Thanh @iuM Vic tng, giam, un va nhn trn mt m vi tao ra thng tin
mi cho tu trong qua trinh din at ngn ngu ta goi la thanh iu. Ting Vit,
Trung uc, Thai Lan, la nhung ngn ngu co thanh iu. Thanh iu c
tao ra tu su thay i tn s c ban F
0
.
s'nM Ting noi co thanh iu thong c lin kt mt nguyn m vi
mt ph m cui hay c lp nguyn m, ban m cui, nguyn m ghep cng
vi thanh tao nn vn. Khi nghin cuu ngn ngu co thanh iu, vn c xem
la mt cu thanh rt quan trong, co nhiu y nghia trong linh vuc tng hp
ting noi.
198
7.2.4. Tng hp ting ni t vn ban
Hnh F- ?6- ' => t7ng R%t h thng **'
TTS bao gm vic chuyn i cac m ta v ngu m va ngu iu mt vn
ban o u vao thanh dang song ting noi, s dng cac thut toan x ly tin hiu
s. Cac s liu v ting noi co th c m hoa hay tham s hoa theo mt
dang nao o va c lu giu trc o trong b nh. Vn ban co th c
nhp vao may tinh bng ban phim, bng b nhn dang tu ng chu vit, truy
xut tu c so du liu hay truyn v tu mang nternet.
Mt h thng TTS bao gm hai qua trinh tng i c lp co lin quan
n nhau la phn x ly vn ban va phn x ly tin hiu s. Du tin, h thng
phai phn tich vn ban u vao tao ra m ta v ngu m va ngu iu cua vn
ban. Sau o khi x ly tin hiu phai chuyn i cac th hin ngn ngu dang
truu tng nay thanh dang song ting noi theo ki thut tng hp ting noi.
Cc qu trnh chuyn di
Theo s tng quat, thuc hin vic chuyn i vn ban thanh ting
noi phai thuc hin bn bc sau y:
1. Chun hoa vn ban (Text Normalization): ac inh bin cua cu va
tu, chuyn chu s trong vn ban thanh dang chu, chuyn i cac
chu vit tt va ghi nhn mt s du quan trong cho phn x ly ngu
iu.
199
2. Chuyn i tu chu sang m vi (Grapheme to Phoneme) dua trn tu
in phat m hay theo quy lut ngn ngu. ua trinh chuyn i
'phin m nay rt quan trong, chim ti hn 30 khi lng cng
vic cho phn ln cac ngn ngu va chu vit khng phai la loai chu
vit ghi m. Chu vit cua ting Vit la loai chu vit ghi m nn vic
phat trin mt h thng TTS ting Vit giam c rt nhiu.
3. Du bao ngu iu tu vn ban: dai, cao tn s c ban cua cac
ngu oan tng hp phai phu hp vi cac quy lut v ngu iu cua
mt ngn ngu. Do la vic xac inh vi tri trong m cua tu c phat
m. Ln xung giong o cac vi tri khac nhau trong cu, nh u cu,
cui cu vv va xac inh cac bin th khac nhau cua cac m ph
thuc vao ngu canh khi c phat m trong mt ngu lu lin tc.
Bc nay bao gm ca vic xac inh im dung nghi ly hi khi
phat m, noi hoc oc mt vn ban. Tu o tao ra cac thng tin
iu khin ngu iu thich hp cho b tng hp ting noi.
4. Tng hp ting noi la giai oan cui cung thuc hin vic giai m
cac thng tin tu chui m ta ngu m nhn c tu khi x ly vn
ban, tao ra chui cac tham s cho b tng hp (ph thuc vao
phng phap tng hp). B tng hp tao ra tin hiu ting noi dang
song.
Theo s trn thi giao din giua hai khi NLP va DSP c inh nghia
r rang va vic nghin cuu v hai qua trinh co th c thuc hin ring r, c
lp vi nhau. By gio chung ta gia thit rng thng tin cht lng cao nht
c cung cp tai u vao cua b phn x ly tin hiu s (DSP) ging nh
nhung gi con ngoi oc cam nhn c. Phn DSP trn phng din nao o
phai xet n cac han ch phat m, boi vi ta bit rng su bin i ngu m
(phn ng, chuyn tip giua cac m) quan trong i vi vic hiu loi noi hn
la cac phn tinh cua loi noi (Liberman, 1959). Tng hp ting noi co th at
c c ban theo hai phng phap:
- Phng phap thu nht c thuc hin di dang mt loat cac quy tc
m ta mt cach chinh thuc cac m vi, anh hong ln nhau giua cac m vi khi
phat ra mt m.
200
- Phng phap thu hai la lu giu nhung mu m vi, bin i m vi va
ng phat m vao c so du liu ting noi va su dng chung nh chung vn co
la cac n vi m hoc c ban (o vi tri cua m vi).
Hai h TTS xut hin tu hai phng phap nay. Hai phng phap nay
nhanh chong tro thanh hai trit ly tng hp vi su khac bit th hin trong ni
dung va mc tiu cua chung. Do la: tng hp bng quy lut va tng hp xich
chui.
Theo cac tai liu cng b ta co th chia phung phap tng hp ting
noi trong cac h thng TTS thanh ba loai la tng hp cu m (articulatory
synthesis), tng hp Iormant theo quy lut (rule based Iormant synthesis) va
tng hp xich chui (concatenation synthesis).
7.3. Cc phng php tng hp ting ni
7.3.1. Tng hp theo cu m
Tng hp theo cu m s dng m hinh phong sinh hoc. Trong m hinh
nay, ting noi c c trng khng chi bng tin hiu m thanh ma ca bng vi
tri cua cac c quan cu m, su tham gia cua khoang mui, ap sut khng khi
trong phi, luc cng cua dy thanh. No bao gm hoat ng tng tac phi
tuyn giua ngun kich (chn ng dy thanh hoc hn loan khng khi) va tro
khang u vao thay i theo thoi gian cua ng thanh. Phng phap nay con
c goi la tng hp theo m hinh h thng.
D xy dung c trng m thanh cua c quan phat m, h thng phai
tham s hoa c hinh khi ng thanh va ng mui, phai lua chon c mt
m hinh m ta su lan truyn cua song trong ng thanh va m hinh hoa
ngun m (chn ng dy thanh, dong khng khi hn loan) va su tng tac
cua no vi ng thanh. Phng phap nay hin nay chi hinh thanh trn ly
thuyt, thuc t nganh khoa hoc phong sinh cha co u thng tin u u m
phong theo cu m.
M hnh ng thanh
Cho cac m khng phai la m mui ta chi cn xem xet ng thanh co thit
din bin thin tu thanh mn cho ti mi. Ong thanh thay i lin tc, hinh
dang cua chung phai c xac inh trong khoang thoi gian vai mini giy mt
201
ln. Hinh khng gian cua ng thanh c m ta theo vi tri cua cac c quan
phat m, li, mi, ham
M hinh c ung dng nhiu nht la m hinh cua Mermelstein vi cac
tham s m ta vi tri c quan cu m. Gia tri cua cac tham s c lit k chi
tit o bang 7.1. Tu m ta cu m nay, co th tinh c cac s liu cho ham
mt ct ngang ng thanh A(x) la ham s ph thuc khoang cach doc theo ng
thanh tu thanh mn cho ti mi
STT Tn Y nghia Ngng di Ngng trn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Rtp
Tep
cp
Stp
clp
hp
Ycp
Telp
Cylp
Yhp
Vel
Ban kinh li (cm)
Goc mo ham ()
Trung tm li trc x (cm)
Chiu dai li (cm)
Nh ra cua mi (cm)
Vi tri xng trc x (cm)
Trung tm li trc y (cm)
D nng li (deg)
Chiu cao mi y (cm)
Vi tri xng trc y (cm)
D mo vom ming (cm
2
)
Ofng F-- Cc tha0 s ca 04 hnh cL% ,0 M1/01lst1-n
Lan truyn sng trong ng thanh
Trong nhiu cach tinh c trng truyn song trong ng thanh thi phng
phap ma trn chui c ap dng nhiu nht. Ma trn chui (con goi la ma
trn ABCD) th hin ng thanh o min tn s. Vi bt k phn nao cua ng
thanh hay cua ng mui ta co:

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

in
in
in
in
out
out
z
H
N
z
H
$ 3
< G
z
H
Ma trn chui K co th th hin bt k phn nao cua bt k dai hay
mt phng ct ngang nao cua ng thanh. Tinh cac phn t cua K rt n gian
nn ng co mt ct khng i.
M hnh ngun kch thanh
Ngun kich thanh cho tng hp cu m s dng m hinh hai khi lng
cua shizaka va Flanagan.
Nguyn l cua tng hp cu m
202
Thut toan tng hp theo m hinh cu m gm cac bc nh nhau. Tu
c ta v cac tham s cu m, ta tinh c ma trn chui tu thanh mn n
mi. Sau o tinh ham truyn va tro khang u vao tu cac phn t A,B,C,D
cua ma trn. Chuyn i Fourier ngc ham truyn H va ti s tro khang ta
nhn c cac gia tri tng ung o min thoi gian. Sau o tinh ap sut p P
5
-
p
1
. Gia tri ap sut nay tac ng vao b cng hong iu khin chuyn ng
dy thanh cua m hinh hai khi lng tao ra m thanh ting noi.
Nh vy, ngoai vic m hinh hoa cac c quan phat m, tng hp theo cu
m cn phai xy dung hai loai quy lut ngn ngu va lut vt ly. Lut vt ly m
ta nh o trn xac inh anh xa cu hinh ng thanh c th cho tin hiu m thanh,
xac inh mi quan h giua hoat ng cu m va tin hiu m thanh ting noi.
Con lut ngn ngu xac inh mi quan h giua m ta ngu m va cac hoat ng
cu m. Thng thong, lut ngn ngu c thuc hin cho tung m vi. Khi cu
m cho mt n vi, lut nay xac inh thoi im cac c quan chuyn ng, tc
chuyn ng va mi quan h giua c quan nay va c quan khac. Vi phat ra
mt m vi khng nht thit phai co su chuyn ng cua tt ca cac c quan nn
trong cung mt thoi im c quan phat m co th c xac inh cho m vi
khac. Theo cach nay thi tng hp theo cu m co th tao ra cac giai phap hoan
hao cho cac trong hp ngu m kho nh cm ph m, nguyn m ba.
M hinh cu m va hai lut ngn ngu, vt ly nay quyt inh cht lng
ting noi tng hp. Hin nay, chung ta cha co kin thuc y u v tung chi
tit cua cac loai lut, m hinh cu m cung con n gian vi vy cht lng
ting noi tng hp theo cu m con rt thp. Phng phap tng hp cu m
hin nay chi dung o trong phong thi nghim hay san phm mu ma cha c
ung dng thuc t. Cac b tng hp theo cu m la cng c ly tong nghin
cuu v cu m cua ting noi va hua hen v lu dai la giai phap hoan thin nht
tng hp ra m thanh ting noi ging nh ting noi tu nhin cua con ngoi.
7.3.2. Tng hp ormant theo quy lut
uy trinh xy dung b tng hp Iormant theo lut gm hai qua trinh
ring bit la qua trinh phn tich m thanh ting noi tim ra cac quy lut va
tng hp lai ting noi dua vao cac quy lut nay.
Phn tch tm quy lut
203
ua trinh phn tich c tin hanh trn c so du liu ting noi tu nhin
chu yu bao gm cac m tit co dang C-V (ph m nguyn m) hay C-V-C
(ph m nguyn m ph m) cua nhiu giong noi. C so du liu nay tt
nht phai bao phu c tt ca cac hinh thai ngu m cua mt ngn ngu.
Thut toan tin oan tuyn tinh LPC, c s dng trong qua trinh phn
tich ph xac inh mu cua tn s Iormant, bng thng Iormant, tn s m
c ban F
0
cua tin hiu ting noi. Tn s tu F
1
n F
5
va bng thng
1
n
5
o phn n inh cua cac m t c lu giu di dang bang. Do la cac gia tri
'ich tao ra mt m vi.
Trong ting noi, phn mang thng tin c quan tm nghin cuu nhiu
hn la cac phn chuyn tip giua cac m vi tu nguyn m sang ph m va
ngc lai (C-V va V-C). Tn s Iormant chuyn tip tu m vi no sang m vi
kia c m hinh hoa va tao thanh cac quy lut tng hp cho ki thut tng
hp Iormant. Nh vy v c ban cac qua trinh phn tich tim lut m ta su
thay i lin tc ph cua mt ngu lu bng cac Iormant va su chuyn tip cua
cac Iormant tu m vi nay sang m vi khac. H thng quy lut bao gm:
- Lut xac inh vi tri ich cac Iormant cua mi m vi trong mt ngu
lu cung nh thoi gian tn tai cua cac vi tri o.
- Lut nhm lam trn cac Iormant ich.
- Lut chuyn i cac ham thoi giam thanh dang song thanh.
Tng hp ormant
H thng tng hp Iormant s cn cu vao cac tham s iu khin tu bang
tra cuu va cung vi thut toan c xy dung cho su chuyn tip la cac tin
hiu iu khin b tng hp tao cac m oan tinh.
Thit k cua b tng hp Iormant c dua trn m hinh tng tu u
cui tao ting noi do Frant xut.
Tng hp Iormant c phn loai theo cu hinh mc cac b cng hong
song song hay ni tip. Ham truyn cua b tng hp khi mc ni tip b cng
hong tng tu nh ham truyn ng thanh vi vy b tng hp ni tip m
hinh hoa rt tt cho cac m huu thanh. Con b tng hp vi cac b cng
hong mc song song s tao ra cho cac m tc, m xat va m mui mt cht
lng m thanh tt hn.
204
d khi b tng hp Mitalk
B tng hp m oanv tinh s dng phn mm cua Klatt bng ca cach
ni song song va ni tip cac b cng hong. Dy la h thng tng hp
Iormant kha hoan thin cho n nay.
Phng phap cua Klatt s dng cac gia tri ich cua tham s iu khin
va thut toan tinh toan su chuyn tip. Cac gia tri ich cho mi m vi
khng chi nhn c tu bang tra ma con c tinh theo lut v vi tri, cach cu
m va ngu canh cua cac m vi o. Cung nh vy, cac hng s thoi gian cho su
chuyn tip c tinh tu cac lut v thng tin ngu canh. Ba Iormant va bng
thng cua nguyn m, ban nguyn m va nguyn m i c chuyn cho
phn tng hp ni tip. H thng con xac inh thm sau tham s ph khac
iu khin phn cng hong mc song song khi tng hp m tc, m xat va
m tc xat.
Trong 39 tham s iu khin xac inh c tinh cua tin hiu o u ra cua
b tng hp, co 22 tham s bin i. Ax la cac gia tri bin , Rx la cac b
cng hong va phan cng hong co tn s cng hong va bng tn thay i.
B tng hp s dng hai ngun kich, mt la b tao xung tun hoan vi tn s
c ban F
0
(chn ng dy thanh) tao m huu thanh, ngun kich thu hai la
b tao nhiu ngu nhin vi iu chinh tn s AF va b loc s bng tn thp
LPF cho cac m xat va m gio.
Hin nay, vi nhung cng c thich hp chung ta hoan toan co th xac
inh tn s Iormant cho cac m vi cua ting Vit. Di theo hng nay co u
im la tit kim c b nh, song cht lng ting noi khng tu nhin va
ph thuc nhiu vao cht lng cua qua trinh phn tich ting noi cua tung
ngn ngu.
7.3.3. Tng hp xch chui
Phng phap xich chui nhm vt qua su khng thoa ang cua cac h
thng s dng quy lut bng cach loai bt su cn thit cua mt s quy lut
thm chi tt ca cac quy lut. D thuc hin iu nay, cach hiu qua nht la lu
tru trong kho du liu khng phai h thng quy lut m ta cac n vi m hay
quy lut cua cac tham s tao ra n vi m ma truc tip tung m oan cua
m thanh ting noi.
205
Trong ba phng phap nu trn, tng hp theo cu m, tng hp Iormant
theo quy lut va tng hp xich chui thi tng hp xich chui mang nhiu tinh
cng ngh, c quyt inh boi su phat trin cua may tinh. So sanh v cht
lng trong ba phng phap, thi tng hp xich chui hin nay thanh cng
nht trong vic tao ra ting noi khng chi nghe hiu r ma at c tu
nhin gn vi ting noi cua con ngoi hn ca. Phn ln cac h thng TTS
cht lng cao cho cac ngn ngu co trn thi trong hin nay u s dng
phng phap tng hp xich chui nay.
Khi xy dung mt h thng tng hp xich chui, ting noi chua tp hp
cac n vi m thanh c ban cua mt ngn ngu, thng thong tng ung vi
mt chui ngn cac m vi co lua chon c oc, ghi m va lu giu trong
CSDL. Cac n vi m c lua chon, phn tich cac tham s c trng va sau
o co th c m hoa bng mt phng phap m hoa ting noi nao o tao
thanh cac mu cho mt n vi m thanh. Cac mu hoc cac tham s phn tich
cua cung c lu giu lai trong kho du liu n vi tng hp.
Khi tng hp mt phat ngn mi, cho trc m ta ngu m cua phat ngn
o, h thng s dng cac quy lut inh vi n vi thich hp, truy xut chung
ra khoi kho du liu va xich chui chung lai vi nhau.
Thng thong, mt h thng tng hp xich chui co it nht la mt hoc
hai mu cho mi mt n vi c ban. Do cac tham s v cao tn s c ban,
dai va cong cua cac n vi nay rt khac nhau (chung c trich ra tu
tin hiu ting noi trong ngu canh khac nhau) cho nn, khi tng hp, h thng
theo phng phap tng hp xich chui phai thuc hin hai cng vic chinh.
- Mt la phai thay i cac tham s siu oan tinh cua cac n vi ting
noi tng hp th hin c ngu iu thich hp nh mong mun.
- Hai la phai thuc hin vic lua chon hay thay i cac c tinh cua m
oan n vi tai cac bin ghep ni cua chung sao cho vic ghep ni la min nht
am bao cht lng m thanh tng hp tao ra gn vi ting noi tu nhin.
Gia s co hai m oan c xich chui la L va R. Chung ta xem xet tp
hp P cua cac tham s p
1
,p
2
,, p
N
}, cac gia tri P
L
o
la o im cui cung cua
oan L va P(r,0) la o im u tin cua oan R. Lam trn c thuc hin
tuyn tinh la phn b u khoang cach (P-P) cho s M
L
vector P
L
-(ML-1)
, ,
206
P
L
-1
,P
L
0
} cua oan L va M
R
vector P
L
0
, P
R
1
, P
L
(ML-1)
}. Vi P` la tham s sau
khi lam trn thi ni suy c bng cng thuc tinh nh sau:
( )
( )
L
L
L I L L
)
i )
H H H H
2
'
0 0 1 1

+

( )
( )
I
I
I L
n
L I
)
4 )
H H H H
2
'
0 0 1

+

vi i 0 M
L
-1 va 0 M
R
-1
Nh vy cht lng cua mt h thng TTS s dng phng phap tng
hp xich chui c quyt inh boi cac yu t sau:
- Su lua chon tp m n vi c ban. Trong o ngu m cua ngn ngu tng
hp la yu t chinh quyt inh loai n vi c ban.
- Cht lng m thanh va muc bao phu cac t hp m oan cn thit
cho mt ngn ngu cua CSDL m.
- Kha nng cung cp cac tham s v ngu iu nh ong net tn s c
ban cong m thanh va dai cac m cho b tng hp. Cac tham s nay
c tin oan trong phn x ly ngn ngu cua b tng hp tu vn ban.
- Kha nng thay i tn s c ban F
0
va dai cac n vi m c ban phu
hp vi ngu iu c miu ta o u vao cua b tng hp ma khng anh
hong ti cht lng cam th cua m o.
- Thut toan xich chui va m hinh tin hiu cho phep d dang lam trn
hai im ghep ni cua cac m oan c xich chui.
Chinh vi hai yu t sau nn mt s h thng tng hp xich chui thuc
hin m hoa tham s ting noi. Vi cach th hin bng cac tham s, c trng
ph va ngu iu cua ting noi c thay i d dang hn ma khng thay i
c tinh nhn dang m n vi c ban. Phng phap m hoa tham s c trng
nht la m hoa tin oan tuyn tinh LPC cung nh cac bin th cua chung.
207
Tng hp xch chui xu dng m tin don tuyn tnh LPC
M hinh LPC co ngun kich Gu(n) c cho boi cng thuc sau:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
n Lu i n s a n s
p
i
+

trong o, u(n) la ngun kich tiu chun va G la h s khuch ai cua

ngun kich.
Chuyn i sang min z cho ta quan h la:
) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
z Lz z K z a z K
p
i
i
+

va ham truyn:
) (
1
1
1
) (
) (
) (
1
z G
z a
z Lz
z K
z H
p
i
i
i

Theo m hinh nay, ngun kich u(n) c khuch ai vi h s G la u

vao tac ng vao mt h thng loc toan cuc co ham truyn
) (
1
) (
z G
z H
s tao ra ting noi.
Ngun kich la b tao tn s c ban cho cac m huu thanh hay tao nhiu
ngu nhin cho m v thanh.
Cac tham s thay i chm theo thoi gian iu khin m hinh bao
gm mt bit phn bit m huu thanh/ v thanh, chu k cao tn s c ban F
0
cho m huu thanh, h s khuch ai G va cac h s tin oan tuyn tinh cua
b loc s thay i theo thoi gian a
p
}. ua trinh phn tich LPC thuc t la
tinh cac h s cua m hinh nay.
Ki thut cng chng dng b cao d tn s c ban - POL
Phng phap thay i cao tn s c ban va dai ting noi o min
thoi gian co li th hn hn v cht lng m thanh tng hp va kha nng
thuc hin thay i thoi gian thuc. Nh chung ta bit, tng hp xich chui
bao gm hai qua trinh la qua trinh giai m va xich chui.
208
ua trinh giai m: tai tao lai dang song cua tin hiu ting noi tu dang
tham s trong kho du liu.
ich chui: mt chui cac n vi m c xich chui sau khi thay i
cac c trng siu oan tinh cua chung phu hp vi miu ta ngu m.
ich chui dung m tin oan tuyn tinh LPC kt hp hai qua trinh nay
lam mt. Thay i thanh iu c thuc hin bng cach thay i tn s c
ban F0, ngun kich thanh trc khi a vao b loc tng hp. dai c thay
i bng cach cp nht cac tham s cho b tng hp theo tn sut khac vi tn
sut phn tich.
Ki thut x ly tin hiu min thoi gian thay i cao tn s c ban va
dai ting noi truc tip trn dang song ting noi la cng chng ng b chu
k cao tn s c ban (PSLA).
#h%ng ph,n tch t7ng hYp } !'~")
Ki thut cng chng ng b chu k cao tn s c ban thuc hin vic
thay i cac thanh phn ngu iu cua ting noi thanh ba bc lin tip nhau
c trinh bay di y.
*n h-% ph,n tch th_- g-an ng{n
Bc u tin la qua trinh phn tich dang song ting noi x(n) thanh chui
cua cac tin hiu phn tich thoi gian ngn c ghi la x(s,n), s la chi s tin hiu
thoi gian ngn va n la chi s mu trong tin hiu thoi gian ngn o. Cac tin
hiu thoi gian ngn nhn c bng cach nhn tin hiu dang song x(n) vi
chui ca s phn tich theo thoi gian dich chuyn nh sau:
)), ( ( ) ( ) ( s t n E n h n E
a s

Trong o, h
s
(n) la ca s phn tich o tai thoi im gc n0 con t
a
(s) la
thoi im phn tich thu s. Thoi im t
a
(s) con c goi la im cao tn s
c ban phn tich. Chung ng b vi chu k cao tn s c ban o phn m
huu thanh cua ting noi va co tn s khng i o phn m v thanh.
Chiu dai ca s phn tich T ti l vi chu k cao tn s c ban tai ch
P(s), co nghia la TP(s). H s ti l co gia tri la 2 cho ki thut PSLA
min thoi gian. Ca s phn tich h
s
(n) c lua chon trong thuc t la loai ca
s Hamming.
209
1 0 ,
1
2 cos 1
2
1
) (

'

,
_

N n
N
n
n h
*n h-% t7ng hYp th_- g-an ng{n
Bc thu hai cua phn tich tng hp PSLA la thay i chui tin hiu
phn tich thoi gian ngn thanh chui tin hiu tng hp thoi gian ngn ng b
o cac thoi im t
s
(u), goi la im cao tn s c ban tng hp. Chui cua
cac im cao tn s c ban tng hp t
s
(u) c xac inh tu im cao tn
s c ban phn tich t
a
(s) theo ti l thay i cao tn s c ban va dai.
Cung vi chui cac im cao tn s c ban tng hp, la vic xac inh anh
xa giua im chu k phn tich va tng hp t
s
(u)t
a
(s), tu o xac inh xem cn
phai lua chon tinh hiu phn tich nao cho im chu k tng hp mong mun.
Dn gian nht la s dng anh xa mt mt giua tin hiu phn tich va tng
hp. Co nghia la tao ra cac tin hiu tng hp bng cach loai bo hoc thm vao
tin hiu phn tich thoi gian ngn. Gia s rng im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) c
anh xa vi im chu k phn tich t
a
(s) thi tin hiu tng hp y(u,n) lin quan
n gian la y(u,n) x(s,n). Di vi cac h thng hoan thin hn, anh xa
khng phai mt mt ma la qua trinh ni suy tuyn tinh giua hai tin hiu
phn tich thoi gian ngn lin tip nm gn im chu k tng hp tng ung
ts(u).
Tin hiu tng hp thoi gian ngn y(u,n) c tinh la:
) , 1 ( ) 1 ( ) , ( ) , ( n s E n s E n u ,
n u
+ +
vi 0 u 1 la h s ni suy tuyn tinh.
Tin hiu tng hp u ra
bc cui cung, tin hiu tng hp y(n) c tao thanh bng cach kt
hp cac tin hiu tng hp thoi gian ngn ng b chui cac im cao tn
s c ban tng hp t
s
(u). S tng hp c ap dng trong thuc t la thu tc
cng chng n gian:

+
+ +
+
+ +
n t h
n E
n E
) (
) (
) (

vi hq la ca s tng hp. H s q c s dng cn bng su thay i
nng lng khi thay i cao tn s c ban. Trong bng tng hep, su thay
210
i v nng lng la khng ang k c bit khi chon rng ca s bng hai
ln chu k cao tn s c ban. trong hp nay, nu gia thit q 1, con
tng cac ca s Hamming1 thi cng thuc tng hp trn n gian lai chi con:

+
+
n E n E ) ( ) (
Nh vy tin hiu tng hp chinh la su kt hp tuyn tinh cua cac tin hiu
gc nhn vi cac ca s Hamming va c dich chuyn tuyn tinh.
*nh =-g0 cao =@ tan s c bfn t7ng hYp
ac inh im cao tn s c ban tng hp c thuc hin theo hai
bc, u tin im cao tn s c ban c tinh tu h s thay i cao
tn s c ban va dai. Sau o mi mt im chu k tng hp c gan vi
mt hay nhiu im chu k phn tich.
*ha2 =7- cao =@ tan s c bfn
Khi thay i cao tn s c ban, cac im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) phai
c tinh tu cac chu k phn tich t
a
(s) va h s thay i cao tn s c ban
s(t
a
(s)) theo cach sau. Gia s tin hiu la m huu thanh vi im chu k
phn tich va ng b thi vi t
a
(s1)-t
a
(s) P(t
a
(s)), P(t) la ham bin din hinh
tuyn cao tn c ban khng i t P(t)
). 1 ( ) ( )), ( ( ) ( + s t t s t s t H t H
a a a
im chu k tng hp phai c inh vi ng b vi hinh tuyn cao
tn s c ban tng hp t P`(t). Vn con lai la xac inh chui cac cao
tn s c ban tng hp t
s
(u) sao cho t
s
(u1) t
s
(u) P`(t
s
(u)) va P`(t
s
(u)) xp
xi bng 1/(t
s
(u)) nhn vi cao tn s c ban cua tin hiu o thoi im t
s
(u):
)) ( (
)) ( (
)) ( ( '
u t
u t H
u t H
s
s
s

Tinh toan quy, chung ta tim gia tri cua ts(u1) thoa mn iu kin:
) 1 ( t (s) Ior t (s)) (t (t)
,
) (
) (
) ( ) 1 (
1
) ( ) 1 (
a a s a
) 1 (
) (
+
+
+

+
s t
#t
t
t H
u t u t
u t u t
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s

Chu k cao tn s c ban tng hp t

s
(u1)-ts(u) bng gia tri 1/(t)
chu k cao tn s c ban thay i cua tin hiu nguyn thuy c tinh trn
211
khung thoi gian t
s
(u1)-t
s
(u). Phng trinh tich phn trn co th giai c d
dang vi P(t), (t) la ham bt bin tung oan.
*ha2 =7- =@ 8.-
Thay i dai tin hiu c thuc hin bng cach ap h s thay i s
0 vao mi mt im cao tn s c ban phn tich, tu o ham sai lch thoi
gian tD(t) co th suy ra nh sau:
D(t
a
(1)) 0,
D(t) D(t
a
(s) s(t-t
a
(s)))
t
a
(s) t t
a
(s1),
t D(t) tuyn tinh tung oan.
sau khi xac inh ham chuyn thoi gian, bc tip theo la tao ra chui
cac im tng hp t
s
(u) tu chui im phn tich khi o vn giu nguyn ong
net cao tn s c ban. Cung nh trong trong hp trn, cac im phn tich
c ng b vi chu k cao tn s c ban, nghia la t
a
(u1) t
a
(u)
P(t
a
(s)). Dong net cao tn s c ban tng hp ich c inh nghia la t
P`(t) P(D-1(t)). Cao tn s c ban cua tin hiu dn thoi gian o thoi im t
phai gn ging vi cao tn s c ban tin hiu nguyn thuy o thoi im D-
1(t).
By gio ta phai tim chui cac im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) sao cho t
s
(u1)
t
s
(u) P`(D-1(t
s
(u))). D giai quyt vn nay, cn phai inh nghia mt
chui cac im chu k ao t`
s
(u) o tin hiu gc lin quan n im chu k tng
hp bng:
t
s
(u) D(t`
s
(u)), t`
s
(u) D-1(t
s
(u)).
Gia s bit trc t
s
(u) va t`
s
(u) chung ta co th xac inh t
s
(u1), t`
s
(u1)
sao cho t
s
(u1) ts(u) xp xi bng vi cao tn s c ban cua tin hiu gc o
thoi im t`
s
(u). Diu o c th hin nh sau:

+
+
+
) 1 ( '
) ( '
) (
) ( ' ) 1 ( '
1
) ( ) 1 (
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s
#t t H
u t u t
u t u t
vi
)). 1 ( ' ( ) 1 ( + + u t $ u t
s s
Chu k cao tn s c ban tng hp t
s
(u1)-t
s
(u) o thoi im t
s
(u) bng
vi gia tri cao tn s c ban trung binh cua tin hiu gc c tinh trong
212
khoang thoi gian t`
s
(u1) t`
s
(u). Chu y rng, khoang thoi gian t`
s
(u1)-t`
s
(u)
c anh xa vi t
s
(u1) t
s
(u) bng ham anh xa D(t).
Cung nh thay i cao tn s c ban, ham tich phn nay co th c
tinh d dang vi D(t) va P(t) la ham tuyn tinh tung oan.
*ha2 =7- =>ng th_- cao =@ tan s c bfn S. =@ 8.-
Thay i ng thoi cao tn s c ban va dai c thuc hin tng
tu nh trn. Gia thit rng h s thay i cao tn s c ban la s va thay
i dai la s, ta co:

+
+
+
) 1 ( '
) ( '
) (
) (
) ( ' ) 1 ( '
1
) ( ) 1 (
u t
u t
s s
s s
s
s
#t
t
t H
u t u t
u t u t

vi (t)
s
, va t
a
(s) t t
a
(s1)
Anh xa giua im cao tn s c ban tng hp va im cao tn s
c ban phn tich
Bc cui cung la ap cac tin hiu tng hp thoi gian ngn vao cac im
ng b tng hp. Cac trinh bay trn chi r rng mt im chu k tng hp
noi chung khng lin quan ti mt im chu k phn tich. im chu k ao
t`
s
(u) (bng vi im chu k tng hp t
s
(u) cho thay i cao tn s c ban )
khng nht thit tng ung vi im cao tn s c ban tng hp. Mt giai
phap n gian la ly trung binh co trong s hai tin hiu phn tich gn nhau.
gia thit rng t
a
(s) t`s (u) t
a
(s1) thi
) ( ) 1 (
) ( ) ( '
), , 1 ( ) , ( ) 1 ( ) , (
s t s t
s t u t
n s E n s E n u ,
a a
a s
u
u u
+

+ +

n gian hn nua khi thay h s u bng mt s nguyn dng gn gia
tri o, tuc la bng 0 hay 1. Nu bng 1 co nghia la tng ung vi vic lua
chon im phn tich thoi gian ngn nm gn nht so vi im chu k ao t`
s
(u).
Trong trong hp nay, nu thay i dai, phng phap PSLA s loai bo
hay thm vao tin hiu phn tich thoi gian ngn.
*ha2 =7- =@ 8.- ,0 thanh S4 thanh
Vn thay i cao tn s c ban i vi cac m v thanh khng cn
thit t ra vi i vi cac loai thanh nay, dy thanh khng chn ng, khng
tao ra tn s c ban. Khi keo dai tin hiu v thanh, c bit la m xat, vic
213
thm vao cac tin hiu phn tich tao ra dang nhiu, vi ban thn cac tin hiu nay
vn ging nh nhiu va no tao ra hiu ung tu tng quan thoi gian dai o u
ra. D x ly vn nay, Moulines xut vic cach ao ngc trc thoi gian,
khi y x
s
(m) c thay bng x
s
(-m). Phep ao nay cho phep giu c ph
bin thoi gian ngn, ng thoi thay i du cua ph pha s giam c su
tng quan cua tin hiu u ra.
Tng hp vi b dn v| ti thiu
Nh chung ta bit ting Vit gm 22 ph m u va 155 vn. Phn
vn la phn mang net c trng chinh cua thanh iu. Nu chung ta co th
tng hp c cac m tit mi tu m tit co trn c so thay i thanh iu
thi khng gian b nh chua tp m n vi giam c rt nhiu. Dung lng
nh co th tinh c n gian nh sau. gia s s m phai lu tru di dang
song la 300 n vi ban m tit. D dai trung binh cua mi m la 150 ms, nu
n vi m c ly mu vi cht lng m thanh thoai 8KHz, 8 bit ta cn mt
dung lng nh la S 300*0,15s*8Kbyte /s 360 Kbyte. Hay vi cht lng
m thanh cao 16KHz, 16 bit cung chi cn 1,44 Mbyte. Vi dung lng nh
nh vy, h thng tng hp ting noi co th c xy dung thanh ung dng
nhung (mbedded Applications), vi d nh trong cac thit bi u cui vin
thng hay may noi cho nhung ngoi khim ngn.
U- S- ,0 t-:t 0s S. na 0s
m tit mo va na mo (khng ong) co kha nng mang ca sau thanh.
Gia s ly m gc la m tit mang thanh khng du. Nh ta bit, ong net
tn s c ban F
0
cua thanh ngang hi i xung. Nu thay i ong net thanh
o khoang thoi gian cua m chinh theo ong net cach iu tuyn tinh va
dc nh trinh bay o chng hai thi vic tao thanh cac vn mang thanh huyn,
thanh hoi, thanh sc tng i d dang. Cht lng m thanh tuy hi giam,
m nhau i nhng vn nghe hiu r.
U- S- ,0 =;ng
Cac m ong co tn cung bng m tc v thanh /p,t,k/ chi mang hai
thanh la sc va nng. Hinh tuyn cua thanh sc va nng luc nay khng quan
trong cho cam th thanh bng m vuc cua chung. Nh kt qua phn tich o
chng 3, thi thanh sc o m vuc cao, gia tri F0 200 Hz, va thanh nng o
m vuc thp F0 100 Hz. Thay i F0 cua cac m tit ong tu sc sang nng
214
hay ngc lai u tng i n gian. Cht lng m tng hp c cam th
khng khac nhiu so vi m gc.
Kt qua tng hp th nghim nay mt ln nua lam sang to tinh cht phi
thanh tinh mang y nghia ring bit o mt s thanh iu (th hin r nht o
thanh ng va thanh nng) trong h thng thanh iu ting Vit.
Tng hp vi mt m cho mt dn v|
S lng n vi it nht tng hp xich chui cho ting Vit phai gm
mt m cho mi mt na m tit. Vi d m tit /nha/ cua tu /nha khoa/ c
tng hp bng hai ban m /#nha - a#/ (# la khoang lng cua tin hiu), hay
tng tu nh vy cho m tit /nhanh/ ta cn hai ban m la /#nha - anh#/. Hai
m tit nay co cung mt ban m /#nha-/ va phn m cua vn. Cac ban m nay
c lu tru trong CSDL va c dung xich chui cho tt ca cac m bt u
bng /#nha-/ nh /nhan, nhat, nhat, v.v/.
Vic tim u cac ban m thich hp la toan b ngh thut cua tng hp
xich chui. Trong cac kt qua nghin cuu phn tich thanh iu ting Vit trinh
bay chng 2 co hai kt lun:
Phn thanh iu o na trc cua m tit i ln hay i xung khng mang
y nghia quyt inh c trng cua thanh iu.
Dim giua m chinh cua m tit la im thay i tn s c ban th hin
c trng thanh iu.
Vic thu thp cac m n vi chi co th thuc hin thu cng vi cac cng
c thich hp bng phng phap lua chon va loai tru li. Dy la mt cng vic
mt rt nhiu thoi gian va cng suc. Thoi gian thay i mt giong noi mi
cho b tng hp co th keo dai hang nm. Tuy vy, so vi vic tim cac quy
lut bin i tn s Iormant cua phng phap tng hp Iormant con nhe
nhang hn nhiu ln.
Di vi ting Vit, tn s c ban F
0
thay i trn din rng va lai mang
c trng cua thanh iu trong ngu lu nn tim c cac t hp ban m
phu hp hoan toan ca v nng lng, cao tn s c ban va ph ma thuc
hin bng cach lam thu cng thi ht suc kho khn va mt nhiu thoi gian.
Khi thu thp u s ban m cn thit, b tng hp ap dng ki thut
cng chng ng b cao tn s c ban PSLA thay i dai va cao
215
tn s c ban cua cac oan m thanh phu hp vi quy lut ngu canh ngu
m. Cho ting noi lin tc, cht lng cua oan m c thay i vi ki thut
PSLA trong trong hp tng hp sao chep gn nh tuyt hao nu h s thay
i cao tn s c ban va dai ln hn 0,5 va nho hn hai ln. Trong noi
xich chui, mt khi trung tm ca s phn tich khng c ng b vi chu
k cao tn s c ban cht lng s giam i ang k. Tng hp xich chui
theo phng phap cng chng ng b cao tn s c ban PSLA la
phng phap tng hp rt hiu qua, cht lng m thanh nghe hiu r. D tu
nhin cua b tng hp luc nay ph thuc vao kha nng m hinh hoa i vi
cac quy lut v su bin i cua ngu m, ngu iu theo cac ngu canh khac
nhau. Tuy nhin, chi vi mt mu cho mt n vi m, tu nhin chc chn
s bi gii han vi trong ting noi tu nhin s lng m tao ra cua mt n vi la
v han. Loai tp n vi nay hua hen kha nng phat trin mt h thng tng
hp ting noi theo thoi gian thuc, a tin trinh, ng thoi trn mt may tinh
cho cac ung dng thng mai.
Tng hp theo m hnh s liu corpus-based
vg%23n l t7ng hYp 04 hnh s l-%
Nh trinh bay o trn, nu xy dung h thng tng hp ting noi vi s
lng n vi m ti thiu va u ta phai dua vao cac cng ngh x ly tin hiu
s thay i cac tham s ngu iu cua cu tng hp theo quy lut thay i
ngu m tng tu nhin cua ting noi. Ki thut iu khin truc tip dang
song ting noi trn c so cng chng ng b cao tn s c ban PSLA.
PSLA cho phep thay i d dang cao tn s c ban va dai cua ting
noi, khng lam anh hong ang k n cht lng m thanh so vi ki thut
tham s LPC.
Tuy nhin, vi bt k mt ki thut x ly tin hiu s nao, cht lng ting
noi cung bi giam i. Nh vy, tng hp ra ting noi co tu nhin gn vi
ting noi con ngoi, chung ta cn phai co tht nhiu cac n vi m nguyn
ban phu hp cho moi ngu canh giam thiu su tac ng thay i tin hiu
lam giam cht lng m thanh tng hp. Dy chinh la im xut phat cua y
tong xy dung phng phap s liu corpus-based cho tng hp ting noi.
Khi dua trn c so du liu ln co nhiu bin th m thi chung ta khng
tao ra ma chi lua chon va sp xp lai cac n vi m mt cach thich hp. Cac
216
m nay c thit lp chi s theo c ta ngu m va ngu iu c lu tru
trong kho du liu trc o. Khi lua chon phai giam thiu su gian oan v ph
va tng ti a tim cn v cac tham s ngu iu giua n vi m trong c so du
liu ti ngu oan ich cn tng hp. Ngu oan ich c m ta vi cac thuc
tinh v ngu m va ngu iu cua no c x ly tao lp o khi x ly ngn ngu.
Vi phng thuc tip cn nay, ta thy rng, bt k mt khi du liu ting
noi nao cung co th c s dng lam ngun cho n vi tng hp, chi cn co
iu kin la co ban ghi m va m ta chinh ta cua ting noi. Nh vy, ta co
th tng hp c ting noi co cung giong va thm chi ging ca cach cua
ngoi noi tao ra ngun m o. Cht lng ting noi tng hp o phng phap
nay ph thuc vao su cn bng ngu m cua s liu va vao sn sang cua cac
n vi ai din trong khi du liu. Ngun m cang giau, tu nhin cang cao
ngun m ngheo thi ting noi bi gian oan va cht lng khng n inh. S
lng ln n vi m t ra cac yu cu mi v quan tri cac m n vi nay
trong c so du liu nh th nao, qua trinh lua chon c tin hanh ra sao
am bao tc va kha nng ung dng thoi gian thuc. B tng hp dua trn c
so s liu c xy dung theo ba giai oan chinh la:
Tu ng tao lp chi s cho ting noi tu nhin bao gm vic inh vi tri
cua cac n vi m t hp va xac inh ngu canh cua chung vi d nh vi tri
trong ngu oan, loai m tit, thanh iu cua cac m tit ngay trc va sau
vv Nh vy, trong giai oan nay, cac quy lut thay i cua cac m ph
thuc vao ngu canh trong qua trinh tao ting noi c phat hin va tich hp
vao trong chi s tham s cua cac n vi m.
y dung c so du liu n vi m - Vic tao lp CSDL n vi tng hp
c thuc hin mt ln cho mt khi du liu mi. CSDL chua vector c tinh
v ph va ngu iu cung nh cac trong s cua n vi m theo chi s c
thit lp o giai oan trc. CSDL tng hp c c tai s dng thuc
hin v s cac tng hp khac nhau.
B tng hp thuc hin chuc nng lua chon n vi m trn c so so sanh
c ta ich c chun bi o phn x ly vn ban vi cac c tinh n vi m
chua trong CSDL, truy xut khoi CSDL, xich chui chung lai vi nhau.
Cc =@ =o =Bc t/ng s b-3n =n SV ,0
217
Dim mu cht o xich chui min thoi gian trn c so corpus la lua chon
n vi m thich hp. Dn vi thich hp la cac n vi co chi s ngu m phu hp
va khi xich chui phai am bao c su lin tc v nng lng, su lin tc v
cao tn s c ban cung nh khoang cach ph giua hai n vi xich chui la
nho nht. Vi vy, cac thng tin v ph nh h s cepstrum, thng tin v ngu
iu nh cao tn s c ban, nng lng o bin xich chui cua cac n vi
m phai c tinh toan va lu tru khi thit lp CSDL n vi m.
Tinh cao tn s c ban
Gia tri cao tn s c ban o hai bin cua mt m co N im chu k cao
tn s c ban c lu tru di dang tn s c ban:
) (
1
), (
1
2 1 1 2
Hz
T T
% Hz
T T
%
N N
9 <

Tinh dai cua cac m (n vi ms)

Tinh nng lng
Nng lng cua cac khung tin hiu o bin c tinh vi cng thuc tng
quat nh sau:
2
1
0
)
2
( ) (
1
) (

,
_

+
K
N
m
s
s
m
N
n s m "
N
n H
Vi N
s
la s mu tin hiu c tinh nng lng, s(n) la tin hiu, (n) la
ham trong s, va n la chi s mu. Ham trong s la ham ca s Hamming c
dung tinh nng lng.
H s Cepstrum
Tu tp h s m tin oan tuyn tinh LPC am ta co th chuyn i truc
tip sang h s Cepstrum cm theo quy sau:
( )
( )

>
+

p m a c m k c
p m a c m k a c
c
m
k
k m k m
m
k
k m k m m
/
1 /
lg
1
1
1
1
2
0

trong o 2 la h s khuch ai cua m hinh m tin oan tuyn tinh.
*/eng s ho h s C1pst/%0
218
Sau khi tinh c h s Cepstrum, ta t trong s chung bng mt
ham ca s thich hp giam bt nhay vi cac h s cepstrum bc nht rt
nhay vi hinh bao ph con h s bc cao lai nhy vi nhiu (hay vi nhung
phn m co dang nh nhiu).
J m c " c
m m m
1 `
,
Ham trong s la b mo bng thng (b loc o min cepstrum)
J m
J
m J
"
m

1
]
1

,
_

+ 1 sin
2
1

7.4. Chun ho vn ban
Chun hoa vn ban la qua trinh tin x ly vn ban trong thit lp u vao
cua m un tng hp ting Vit.
Phn c ban cua h thng TTS ting Vit chuyn i moi vn ban oc
c bng ting Vit thanh dang tin hiu m thanh. Tuy nhin, do a dang
hoa khu ly vn ban u vao, trong vn ban co kha nhiu tu phi chu s nh
ngay thang, chu vit tt, co cac tu ting Anh xut hin xen k trong vn ban
ting Vit Vi th, chung ta cn phai thuc hin 'Chun hoa vn ban
chuyn cac i tng nay sang dang oc c.
Cac bc chun hoa vn ban:
Chuyn i cac biu thuc s, gio, ngay thang, chu vit tt theo
mt chun thng nht h thng co th oc ung vn ban
Phat hin tu ng cac cm tu Vit - Anh
.
Chu ting Vit lai co chung mt s c im vi ting Anh nh nhn
bit biu thuc phi tu nh s, ngay thang, chu vit tt Do vy, chung ta phai
giai quyt mt phn co tinh c thu nh:
Dc lp vi b m ting Vit
Tim kim bin cua cm tu
Trong mt vn ban, chng trinh s dua vao du hiu kt thuc
nh du: , . va enter trong o chung ta gia inh cac du kt thuc
khng c oc.
219
Tach cm tu ting Anh trong mt vn ban thun Anh, thun Vit
hay co hn hp ting Vit Anh
Su nhp nhng trong vn ban thun Vit hay trong vn ban hn
hp Vit - Anh la nhung kho khn trong vic hiu ung vn ban
cung nh phn hoach tu ng ting Vit - Anh.
M hinh may trang thai tim kim bin cm tu
getFirstord(the text)
tokengetToken()
hile(true)

sitch(state)

case NMBR:
iI(tokenPHAY isNumeric(nextord(the
text))NMBR

state SNC
nextord(the text)
token getToken()
} // iI
break
case SNC:
iI(token! NMBR token!PHAY)

stateFNSHD
} // iI
deIault:
break
} // sitch
} // hile
220
cm t
ITT$n$R
To,E$R
AW7HA
!RD Eipn cqa tr
,As E$ "$to$TC$
' '
Eipn cqa tr
' '
' , ', ' . '
d^u hiZu 3ut thvc
"$to$TC$
' , ', ' . '
To,E$R
' '
' '
Hnh F-?<- M4 hnh 02 t/dng th- t0 M-:0 b-3n cH0 t[ Mh4ng c; ng5 cfnh.
Phng ch Vit Nam
Co nhiu m ki tu trung nhau trong cac b m ting Vit khac nhau VN,
TCVN-3, NCD.
M TCVN-3 VN NCD
210 i o
211 i
Ofng F- +- Ofng l-t M3 0@t s 0X =Yc h-gn thV t/ong cc `ont
M TCVN3 biu din boi 1 byte, VN la 1 hoc 2 byte, NCD la 2
byte.
Chung ti s dng biu din telex c lp vi cac b m ting Vit,
'min sn cc 'mi2eenI s2on c2u2ocs.
Biu thc v s nhp nhng nghia
1o+ la inh dang s thp phn,
F <?T <+F la ba s nguyn hay s in thoai,
1.+T la 'moi hai chm ba hai hay 'moi hai nghin ba trm hai
mi,
Kw< 'tam phn nm hay 'ngay tam thang nm.
Biu thc thi gian
Fw<wTT khac vi inh dang chun 27/05/2002
221
1E+TE+ inh dang gio in t, du ': o y khng la du hiu kt
thuc cua cm tu.
1w< ngay 12 thang 5, phn s 12/5 cung la cach vit trong vn
ban ting Anh.
Co nhiu kiu inh dang theo cach vit tu nhin:
$ng @', @U: 27/05/2002, 27-05-2002, ngay 27/05/2002, ngay
27/05/2002
$ng khOng @', @U: ngay 27/5, ngay 27-5, thang 5/2002, thang 5-2002,
Biu thc do lng biu thc nhit d biu thc tin Vit Nam
'nhit hm nay n 33,5
o
C 'nhit hm nay n ba ba phy
nm x,
'tai san tri gia 30000 'tai san tri gia ba mi nghin ng.
Vn ban hn hp Vit - nh
Do ting Vit la ngn ngu c latinh hoa, dung chung phn ln b m
ting Anh nn su nhp nhng giua hai ngn ngu Vit - Anh rt ln. D phn
bit cac cm tu ting Vit - Anh yu cu phai hiu vn ban o mt muc nht
inh.
Co nhiu m tit xut hin trong ca ting Anh va ting Vit,
Chng han,
'k go to th1 school. la cu ting Anh nhng cac m tit 'k,
'go, 'to, 'th1 cung la m tit ting Vit.
' Con ch; 0on 01n =:n gan c4 ch. la cu ting Vit, cac m
tit 'con, '0on, '01n co th la m tit ting Anh.
'*4-o Ma/2o *o0 S. HZng cAng ha2 ht., la cu hn hp Vit
Anh co cac m tit nhp nhng '*o0, 'ha2.
D kh su nhp nhng giua hai ngn ngu, chung ti s dng tu in,
xy dung mt b lut n gian va mi quan h tu loai cua m tit hin thoi
vi cac m tit ln cn.
R1. Cac m tit co du hoc co chua cac ki tu , , , , , la m tit
ting Vit.
R2. Cac m tit co ph m u la kh, nh, ngh la m tit ting Vit.
222
R3. Cac m tit co m cui la nh la m tit ting Vit.
Ki thut nay cha cp n cu phap, ngu nghia cua cu nhng cung
nhn bit c phn ln cac m tit la Anh hay Vit.
t(Kt
c=/ tr c=/ tr c=/ tr
sf dat( c=/ tiung -iZt \fi t` w ng /x ring
\h+ \q 3hyng \h+ \q c=/ tiung Anh dz + sf sf ngu+pn sf th{D Dh[n tpn tZD [/ thanh
Hnh F- ??- !h,n cLp =- tYng t/ong ch%Nn h;a S]n bfn
7.5. Phn tch vn ban
Mc ich cua phn tich vn ban la hiu vn ban va du bao mi quan
h giua vn ban va phat m (kha nng bin thanh, thay i trong phat m
cua tu va m tit). Ting Vit la ngn ngu n m khng co hinh thai, trong
o bin cua tu khng c xac inh bng cac du trng ngn cach. Theo cach
tip cn thng thong, giai oan gan nhn c thuc hin sau khi xac inh
c bin cua tu, nhng cach lam nay co th khng hp ly.
Chng han,
'3>u c^ -Wo @Wm - m>t khOng
3>u y c^ y -Wo @Wm y - m>t y khOng?
Hoc la,
'Gnh -iBt @ibu ch6nh *i cho h2p *].
- Gnh y -iBt y @ibu ch6nh y *i y cho y h2p *].
- Gnh y -iBt @ibu y ch6nh y *i y cho y h2p *].
'3hZng tOi nghi Cn @b thi th khOng t.c #Png.
- 3hZng tOi y nghi y Cn @b y thi y th y khOng y t.c #Png.
- 3hZng tOi y nghi Cn y @b thi y th y khOng y t.c #Png.
223
Trong cu u, khng xay ra su nhp nhng trong cach tach tu nhng tu
'bao am co ba tu loai: danh tu, ng tu va tinh tu. hai cu sau rt kho xac
inh cach tach tu nao hp ly hn ca nu khng kt hp vi tu loai.
Mt tu ting Vit co th co mt hoc nhiu tu loai, rt kho xac inh tu
loai phu hp nht.
Su phn oan khac nhau, dn ti vic thay i chuyn trang tu loai, cach
phn oan ung s ph thuc vao tu loai cua cac tu khac trong ca cu, nh
vy, theo chung ti, su phn oan va gan nhn la hai qua trinh khng tach roi
nhau.
M hnh 2-gram
Cach tip cn phn oan tu va gan nhn tu loai cua chung ti dua trn
phng phap thng k theo kiu 'M hinh ngn ngu.
Theo m hinh 2-gram
Gia s S
0

1
...
n
la dy cac tu a m tit
i
co trong tu in ting
Vit
P(S) max P(
i
)P(
i

i-1
)
P(
i
) xac sut xut hin tu
i
.
P(
i

i-1
) xac sut xut hin
i
co
i-1
xut hin trc no.
D dung cho bai toan nhn bit tu loai, m hinh 2-gram gc c sa lai
nh sau:
Gia s S
0

1
...
n
la dy cac tu a m tit
i
co trong tu in ting
Vit
P(S) max P(
i
t
i
)P(t
i
t
i-1
)
(t
1
, ..., t
n
)
T t
i
} la tp tt ca cac nhn tu loai co th co.
P(
i
t
i
) xac sut xut hin tu
i
vi tu loai t
i
.
P(t
i
t
i-1
) xac sut xut hin nhn t
i
co t
i-1
o trc.
Cac xac sut c tinh trn mt tp corpus xac inh.
Lut quyt d|nh
Cach phn hoach ung theo m hinh nay la cach ghep cac m tit tao vi
cac tu loai t
1
,.., t
n
tng ung sao cho: P(S) - max
224
D cai t cho m hinh ngn ngu 2-gram nay chung ti dung thut
toan Viterbi quen thuc.
Tin xu l
Trc khi ap dng c cach phn loai theo m hinh ngn ngu, chung ta
phai qua giai oan x ly cu, chia mt cu thanh nhung cu n, x ly cac tn
ring, cac s
Bang t loi
TT T loi V d
001 Danh tu chi s m Mt, mt vai, ...
002 Danh tu chi vt n Con ong, con thuyn, ...
003 Danh tu hin thuc hoa Sach, g, ...
004 Danh tu chi loai Ngoi, ng, ua, ng, lit, quyn, ...
005 Danh tu m c Lang, khu, nhom, t, ngay ...
006 Danh tu tng hp Nha ca, may moc, t ai, ...
007 Danh tu chi ngi(Dai tu) Ti, hn, ta, ...
008 Dng tu tinh thai , hy, co, khng, mn, lai, c, ...
009 Dng tu c xac inh Ngu, nghi, coi, ...
010 Dng tu khng xac inh inh, thanh, la, bu, tong, mong, ...
011 Tinh tu muc Rt, hi, cuc ki, ...
012 Tinh tu xac inh Ring, lanh lo, ...
013 Tinh tu khng xac inh Tt, ep, cao, thp, ...
014 Pho tu Hy, ung, kh, mi, khng, ...
015 Ph tu Ri, cho, vi, , ...
016 Tu ni Boi vi, do o, cho nn, vi, nhng, ...
017 Tu chi inh Nay, no, kia, y, ...
Ofng F-6- Ofng t[ lod- t-:ng G-t.
Vn phm ng php ting Vit
Cm tu (Cm tu chu vi Cm tu ng lpCm tu chinh
ph
Cm tu chinh ph (Cm danh tuCm ng tu Cm tinh tu
225
Cm danh tu DNtrc danh tuDNsau
DNtrc Tu chi tng lngTu chi lngTu chi xut: cai,
con, cy, ...
DNsauCm tuTu chi inh
Tu chi inh'nay', 'no', 'kia', 'y', ...
Cm ng tuPho tu(|Dng tu khng c lp|Dng tu c
lp)Dinh ngu sau
Dinh ngu sau(TuCm tu)Ph tu
Ph tu'ri', 'cho', 'vi', '', ...
Dng tu khng c lp(chi kha nng: co thsu cn thit: cn,
nn, phaiy chi: toan inhmong mun chuc tng: mong, mun, chuc,
...chi su chiu ung: bi, c, chiu, mc, phai, ...chi su bt u tip tc
kt thuc: bt u, tip tc, thi, kt thuc, ...
Pho tu(thuc mnh lnh: hy, ung, ch, ...phng thuc thuc
hin hanh ng: kh, chong, ... , s, ang, vua, mi, vn, con,... phu
inh: khng, chng, cha, ...
Cm tinh tuTNtrctinh tu(TNsauCm tu chinh ph)
TNtrc 'rt', 'khi', 'hi', ...
TNsau 'qua', 'cuc ki', 'cuc', 'tuyt', 'v cung', ...
Cm tu(Cm tu chu viCm tu ng lpCm tu chinh ph)
Cm tu chinh ph(Cm danh tuCm ng tuCm tinh tu)
Cu(Cu nCu phucCu ghep))
Cu n(Cm tu chu viCm tu chinh ph
Cu ghep |Tu ni|Cu n|Tu ni|Cu n
Tu niboi vi`, tai vi`, do`, so di`, cho nn`, nhng`, thi`, ma
con`, la vi`, ....
226
Hnh F- ?F- P-ao 8-n 0o8%l1 ph,n tch S]n bfn t-:ng G-t
7.6. Cc m hnh ngn ng
Trong nhn dang ting noi thi s dng cac m hinh ngn ngu la bt
buc. No gii han khng gian tim kim co cac giai phap ti nht co th co
trong khoang thoi gian ngn.
Chung ta cn c lng hp ly cua cu a ra trong ngn ngu. Trong
thuc t, chung ta co th thuc hin tung phn, mi phn la mt chui cac tu. Vi
ngn ngu thuc ra chi c hoc tu su quan sat va vi chung ta khng bao gio
quan sat ht c ngn ngu tu nhin co th xem xet tt ca cac cu co th
xay ra.
Cc m hnh ngn ng
Cac m hinh ngn ngu c s dng trong nhn dang ting noi co th
c phn ra thanh cac loai sau:
M4 hnh n-`o/0E Trong cac m hinh nay, cac tu tng ng nhau va xac
sut cua mt tu la 1/V trong o V la ln tu vung.
vg4n ng5 t/dng th- h5% hdn: Dy la ngn ngu nhn tao, s dng mt mang
huu han cac trang thai lu dy cac tu.
M4 hnh ng4n ng5 S]n phd0E m hinh nay dua trn vic hiu chinh vn
pham phi ngu canh, hoc dua trn cu truc ngu nghia cua cac cm tu hay
ngn ngu ng nht.
227
M4 hnh stochast-cE m hinh nay dua trn kha nng kt hp cua mt tu va
nhung tu ung trc no.
Cc 04 hnh ng4n ng5 Mhc dua trn khai nim nh CART(cy phn loai va
hi quy) va entropy cuc ai.
M hnh N-gram
Cac m hinh ngn ngu cn anh gia xac sut tin nghim P() cua dy
cac tu
1
, ,
N
.
P() co th tinh nh sau:
P() P(
1
,
2
,,
N
) P(
1
)

N
i 2
P(
1

i-1
,,
1
)
Danh gia mt tp xac sut ln nh vy tu mt tp du liu training huu
han khng co tinh kha thi.
Han ch o co th c khc phc bng cach s dng m hinh N-
GRAM. Trong trong hp nay, xac sut iu kin cua mt tu
i
o vi tri i chi
c anh gia dua vao cac tu ung trc N-1 trong cm tu o. Trong iu
kin cn thit, ngn ngu nay c xem nh N-1 Markove tinh va xac sut
P(
1

i-1
,,
1
) xem nh la xac sut P(
1

i-1
,,
i-N
)
N inh nghia c s xac sut c lng (V
N
),cac gia tri nho cua N
oi hoi chinh xac va y u tu tp training huu han. Cac m hinh unigram,
bigram va trigram s c xet n phu hp vi cac b nh nho. Cac m hinh
co b nh ln hn cn tp training ln hn boi vi mi dy tu cua N cn c
xem xet y u co c tinh chinh xac tng i khi anh gia.
Khi du liu training khng u cho vic c tinh, cac gia tri ln cua N s
giam trong khi thuc hin. Kt qua thuc nghim cho thy m hinh bigram rt
hai hoa ng thoi mang lai kt qua thoa ang ma khng gy qua nhiu rc ri
trong qua trinh anh gia xac sut.
228
M hnh Unigram
B nh cua m hinh nigram co gii han la mt, vi th khng xet su anh
hong cua nhung tu ung trc tu hin thoi. ac sut cua mi tu c c
lng boi tn s cua no:
( )
( )
( )
| ,..., 1 | ,
) (

1
) (
) (
) (
s i s "
" N
" N
" H
i
s
4
4
i
i

trong o N(
(i)
) la s ln tu
(i)
xut hin trong tp training. M hinh nay
him khi c s dng c lp. No thong c kt hp vi cac xac sut
bigram va trigram s dng cac ki thut lam trn nh Good-Turing, linear,
nonlinear,
M hnh Bigram
M hinh Bigram dua trn cach tinh xp xi, tuc la mt tu chi ph thuc
cach tinh toan thng k nhung tu tam thoi ung trc no. Tu gia inh trn, co
hai m hinh co th thuc hin c:
m hinh cp tu
m hinh Bigram
M hinh cp tu la mt m hinh c n gian hoa trong o xac sut
chuyn trang gia inh la 0 hoc 1. M hinh chi r dy tu c thua nhn.
Trong m hinh bigram ta co :
P()

P(
1
)

N
i 2
P(
i

i-1
)
trong o xac sut co c tu
(m)
tai thoi im i xac sut tu ung
trc no
(m`)
la:

H
(
1

(m)

i-1

(m` )
)
( )
( )
) ' (
) ' (
1
) (

m
m
i
m
i
" N
" " " " N

trong o, N(
i

(m)

i-1

(m` )
) N(
i-1
,
i
) la s ln xut hin dy

i

(m)
,
i-1

(m`)
trong tp training.
M hnh Trigram
Trong m hinh Trigram, gia s xac sut c lng cua mt dy tu la:
P() P(
1
,
2
,,
N
)

P(
1
)P(
2

1
)

N
i 3
P(
1

i-1
,
i-2
)
229
ac sut c lng la:
( )
( )
( )
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) (
) ' ' (
2
) ' (
1
) (
,
,
,
m
i
m
i
m
i
m
i
m
i m
i
m
i
m
i
" " " " N
" " " " " " N
" " " " " " H

Vn phm phi ng canh tochastic

Vn pham phi ngu canh Stochastic(SCFGs) n gian la vn
pham(CFGs) co cac xac sut cho mi san xut. Chung la cac m hinh 'top-
don hoc la cac m hinh co kha nng sinh ra, chung d hiu va cac xac sut
co th hun luyn tu du liu. Cac tham s trong m hinh SCFG it hn trong
m hinh N-gram. Vi cu truc cua SCFG c xac inh trc khi c inh s ki
tu khng kt thuc chi cac xac sut trong cac lut phai hoc tu du liu. Vic
giam cac tham s tu do la iu chung ta mong mun khi ma no cho phep c
lng th cac tham s tu du liu training. Mt khac, cu truc c inh khng
noi ln tng quan nn m hinh khng th hoc co cac san xut mi. SCFGs
khng thich hp cho vic s dng truc tip trong nhn dang nhng co th bin
i cho m hinh N-gram.
M hnh ph thuc ng canh tri
M hinh cp tu
Dang n gian nht cua ph thuc ngu canh trai la m hinh ngn ngu
cp tu, no la mt danh sach chua dy cac tu ung. Tt ca cac cp tu ung co
xac sut nh nhau tt ca cac cp con lai khng phu hp. Trong mt s bai
toan, nh bai toan quan ly tai nguyn, m hinh cp tu n gian cho kt qua rt
tt. Khi bai toan co vn pham cung tuc la tp cac cu co kha nng thi c inh,
va cac cu khac khng phu hp, m hinh cp tu mang tinh tng quan vi
perplexity thp. Trong m hinh nay, vi khng co xac sut nn khng cn c
lng, do o khng cn tp du liu training ln.
M hinh N-gram trinh bay o trn cung la mt trong nhung m hinh
ph thuc ngu canh trai.
230
M hnh trng thi hu hn
Co th tao truc tip m hinh trang thai huu han. Vi cac bai toan nho,
chng han nhn dang cac s in thoai thi co th lam bng tay. Uu im cua
m hinh nay la khng quan tm ti bao phu. M hinh tao bng tay phi thuc
t cho hu ht cac bai toan th gii thuc.
M hnh xc sut
M hinh ngn ngu dung tinh cac xac sut dy cac tu. Chung co y
nghia trong vic gii han danh sach dy tu c lua chon theo thu tu hp
ly, sp xp va lam giam vic tim kim. Mt ung dng phn loai kiu phat
ngn dua trn dy tu s dng m hinh ngn ngu. Khi o, m hinh ngn ngu
xac sut tt hn m hinh ngn ngu phi xac sut.
M hnh vi perplexity thp
Perplexity la o trung binh h s nhanh hoc s tu tiu biu tu dy tu
cho. Trong nhn dang ting noi, nu s tu tiu biu it co nghia bai toan
nhn dang d dang hn. Vi vy, m hinh ngn ngu vi perplexity thp bi rang
buc hn va cho kt qua nhn dang nhanh va chinh xac hn. Mi quan h
giua perplexity va chinh xac cua tu khng c am bao mc du chung ta
mong i vi perplexity thp hn thi sinh tu chinh xac hn.
Trc tin, xet m hinh ngn ngu n gian gm N
V
tu co trong tu in
vi xac sut cua mt tu vi mt tu bt k khac la 1/N
V
. Perplexity cua m
hinh nay la N
V
. Perplexity cung c inh nghia trong m hinh xac sut ma
xac sut cua cac tu vi mi tu tip theo khng duy nht la 1/N
V
. Perplexity B
c inh nghia trong s hang entropy H. Trong thuc t, chung ta co th c
lng cac xac sut qua du liu test. Vi vy, c lng c perplexity. Hn
nua, cang dung du liu training va th nghim m hinh thi c lng cang tt
hn. Du liu test nn thanh tp held-out.
B 2
H
va chung ta c lng H la H
P
trn tu :
H
P
-
J
1
log P(
1
,
2
, ...,

)
231
va cho m hinh N-gram la
H
P
-
J
1

J
i 1
log P(
i

i-1
,
i-2
, ...,
i - N1
)
Phng phap held-out
Tp du liu test oi hoi perlexity cua m hinh ngn ngu. Chung ta khng th
dung tp du liu thuc, vi vy s held-out c dung trong mt s phn cua du
liu training la held-out tuc la no khng dung trong vic c lng cac tham s
cua m hinh. Du liu held-out co th dung c lng perplexity cua m hinh.
Vic dung du liu tng tu c lng cac tham s cua m hinh va perplexity
s cho kt qua sai. Noi chung, perplexity trn du liu training s thp hn trn du
liu test. Theo anh gia lac quan, perplexity m hinh trn tp training dn n m
hinh ngn ngu 'tuned cho tp training va kem phu hp cho perplexity trn du
liu test. Trong thuc t, phng phap held-out dung anh gia khach quan qua
trinh c lng - lua chon dai N-gram. M hinh khi o c c lng lai s
dng phng phap nay tu tp training. Phng phap nay tranh c du liu
training khng co gia tri. Phn held-out cua tp training co th lun chuyn nu du
liu training chia theo ba cach, khi o tp held-out thu ba co th dung ly c
c lng khac cua qua trinh tt nht.
M hnh ngn ng n-gram markov
Mc du u th cua m hinh ngn ngu trong nhn dang ting noi c thua
nhn nhng gn y m hinh ngn ngu thng k c s dng rng ri trong
nhiu pham vi ung dng khac bao gm ca phc hi thng tin.
Mc ich cua m hinh ngn ngu la du oan xac sut dy tu tu nhin hay n
gian la cho xac sut cao vao dy tu co th xay ra trong thuc t va cho xac sut thp
vao dy tu khng bao gio xay ra. Cho dy tu
1

2

T
la tp test, cht lng
cua m hinh ngn ngu o boi perplexity (hoc entropy) trn corpus nay:
Perplexity
T
T
i i i
H

1 1 1
) ... (
1

ntropy log
2
Perplexity
Mc ich cua m hinh ngn ngu la co c perplexity nho. M hinh ngn
ngu n gian nht va thanh cng nht la m hinh ngn ngu n-gram. Chung ta co
th vit lai xac sut cua dy tu bt k:
232
P(
1

2

T
)

T
i 1
P(
i

1

i-1
)
M hinh n-gram xp xi xac sut nay bng gia thuyt chi co cac tu phu hp
du oan P(
i

1

i-1
) la n tu trc tuc gia thuyt c lp n-gram Markov
P(
i

1

i-1
) P(
i

i-n1

i-1
)
D hiu, c lng hp ly cuc ai cua xac sut n-gram tu corpus tinh boi tn
s quan sat c:
P(
i

i-n1

i-1
)
) ... ( #
) ... ( #
1 1
1
+
+
i n i
i n i


trong o #(.) la s ln xut hin gram c bit trong tp training. Khng may,
dung gram dai n n dn n c lng xac sut cua
n
su kin, trong o la
kich thc tu vung.
233
8. C TRNG AM HC V AM V HC C TING NI
8.1. }c trng m hc cua ting ni
8.1.1. Ban cht cua m
Tt ca cac m u bt ngun tu dao ng thuc kiu nay hay khac. Dn
lt no, dao ng lai ph thuc vao mt ngun nng lng nao o tao ra no.
Fry (1979) a ra vi d v nhac giao hong: nhung ngoi chi nhac biu din
cac hanh ng kiu nh c ng tay hay thi mm, va hoat ng cua ho (co
su iu khin cu khi) tao ra nhiu kiu loai dao ng khac nhau ma chung ta
nghe thanh cac m.
Dao ng khng thi thi khng u tao ra m nghe c, va ba tiu
chi i kem sau y phai c thoa mn ng thoi. vi tri trc ht, nht thit
phai co phng t-n lan t/%2Jn, mt cai gi o ma m thanh co th i qua.
Thng thong nht phng tin lan truyn nay la khng khi, nhng bt ki mt
vt cht co quang tinh nao, bao gm g, kim loai, cht long, hay m sng
chng han nh xng, u co th, vi vic lam thay i cac muc hiu qua,
ong vai tro la phng tin lan truyn. Nu khng co phng tin lan truyn -
trong mi trong chn khng, nghia la - khng th nghe thy mt m nao.
Mt thi nghim trc y chung minh iu nay. Nu t mt chic coi hay
mt cai chung in vao trong mt chic hp chung va hut ht khng khi ra
khoi hp thi m thanh cua chung s tt. (Mt m ngn nao o thong vn
con vi cai chung vn ngn ln trong hp do co lin kt vi khng khi o phia
bn ngoai).
Hai tiu chi khac phai c thoa mn lin quan n cac thuc tinh cua
m co quan h n su nhay cam cua tai. Chung ti s noi nhiu hn v nhung
thuc tinh nay o chng sau, nhng chung ta cn chu y o y la nhung dao
ng khac nhau v tc hay tan s tu rt nhanh n rt chm. Tai chi thu
nhn mt vung xac inh cac tn s nay, thng thong di n khoang 20
rung ng trn mt giy va trn n khoang 20.000 rung ng mt giy, mc
du vung/ dai nay co khac nhau o cac ca nhn va thuc t bi quy inh boi tui
tac. Vi vy tiu chi thu hai la tiu chi ma mt m phai nm o trong vung tn
s nghe c binh thong.
234
Thu ba, mt dao ng khng chi co tn s ma con co mt b-3n =@- mt
ai lng o chiu kich cua dao ng hay muc chuyn ng trong dao
ng. Bin lin quan n cai ma chung ta thong goi la ln (loudness),
va vi bin cua mt dao ng thong giam dn cho nn no tro nn khng
nghe c nua. Vi vy tiu chi thu ba la tiu chi ma mt dao ng phai co
mt bin u ln co th thu nhn c (bng tai). Dy khng phai la mt
vn thuc muc dao ng tai ban thn ngun phat ra m, boi vi vic
nghe c cung giam xung nhanh chong do khoang cach giua ngun phat ra
m va ngoi nghe tng. Hn nua, muc dao ng noi chung cua m trong
nhiu mi trong co th co mt hiu sut (masking), va su lin kt hay kt ni
giua ngun tao ra dao ng va phng tin lan truyn cung co th v hiu. Co
th chung minh mt cach d dang tac ng cua lin kt v hiu bng mt
thanh mu. Nu anh va cm thanh mu giua ngon tay cai va mt ngon khac
trong khng khi, thi hu nh chung ta khng nghe thy gi boi vi nhung chic
rng dao ng cua thanh mu khng co lin kt hiu qua vi khng khi. Nu
cung chic thanh mu o t ln trn mt ban g thi m phat ra nghe rt to vi
nhung dao ng cua thanh mu c truyn n khng khi hiu qua hn rt
nhiu nho co phng tin la vung b mt rng cua cai ban.
V cht lng cac m khng c tip nhn hoan toan ging nhau.
pham tru khai quat, chung ta co th phn bit hai binh din c ban. Thu nht
phn bit giua cac m lin tc va cac m xung. m thanh cua chic may bay
phan luc va chic gian khoan in la nhung vi d v cac m lin tc trong khi
o ting sp canh ca hay ting bn sung la cac vi d v cac m xung. Cac m
lin tc co chua cac dao ng keo dai sut trong mt khoang thoi gian nao o,
tu n vi giy n ting ng h. cac m xung, cac dao ng bt u rt t
ngt va ln n bin cuc ai cua chung rt nhanh (thong chi trong mt
phn cua giy). Cac dao ng nay tt dn tng i nhanh chong nhng
khng nhanh bng giai oan ln n cuc ai.
Phn bit thu hai chia nhung m thong c goi la cac m nhac tinh
(musical sounds) tu cac m n (noise - like sound). Hu ht tt ca cac nhac c
u tao ra cac m co ch% M (periodic), goi la co chu ki vi dao ng cua chung
tun theo mt m hinh xac inh va c lp i lp lai. (Chung ta s xem o
di y chi ra cac kiu loai m hinh dao ng nao). S lng cac ln m
hinh dao ng lp lai trn mt giy s xac inh vic chung ta thm nhn
235
chung la cac m co cao cao hay thp. Vi vy mt chic ken tuba, chic ken
Ioghorn va mt chic ghi ta trm tt ca u tao ra cac m mang cao thp,
co s lng cac m hinh dao ng lp lai it trn mt giy, trong khi o mt
chic an vi - - lng, ting reo cua m nc si va chic sao kim tt ca lai
u phat ra cac m mang cao cao co rt nhiu ln lp lai cua cac m hinh
dao ng trn mt giy. Trai lai, cac m ting n la cac m khng co chu ki
(APRDC) va sinh ra do cac dao ng vn rt lung tung/ ln xn va
khng lp lai m hinh dao ng cua chung mt cach thong xuyn. Ting xi
cua mt ng hi nc va ting gao thet cua mt cai thac nc ln u la
nhung vi d in hinh v cac ngun phat ra m co m hinh dao ng lin tc
nhng rt lung tung.
Mc du nhung phn bit trn la huu ich, nhng thuc t chung khng
phai luc nao cung gon gang nh th. Vi d, mt ting n n, s co c im
cua mt m xung, nhng nu co mt loat cac ting n lin tc va keo dai (nh
trong ng c t trong ang chay nhanh) thi h qua la c im cua mt m
lin tc. Thuc t nhiu m co ban cht rt phuc tap. Vi d, hi nc hoc khi
nen c giai phong t ngt ra khoi van (nh trong chic may xay ca ph
hi) m xung ban u phn huy thanh mt m lin tc. Hn nua con co ca cac
yu t nhac tinh va ting n trong m vi mt dao ng nao o phat ra m
c lp lai u n va mt dao ng nao o khac rt lung tung trong m
hinh.
Mt phng cach quan trong nua ma nho o cac m phn bit nhau la o
cht lng hay ,0 s{c cua chung. Hy xem mt chic vi cm va mt cai sao
u chi cung mt nt nhac. Ca hai nhac c nay u phat ra mt tp hp cac
dao ng m thanh lin tc co chu ki lp i lp lai o cung mt tc - nu
khng nh th - chung khng th nghe thanh la chi cung mt nt nhac. Tuy
nhin co su khac nhau v cht lng m cua chung, khin chung ta co th
nghe thy c nhiu nhac c ang c chi. Su khac nhau nay, thong
c m ta la su khac nhau v m sc, co th anh gia bng cac thut ngu gy
n tng la - chic vi cm co l la 'goc canh trong khi o chic sao la 'tron
tria va mt ma - nhng nh chung ta s thy o di y, co th phn tich va
giai thich su khac nhau nay o khia canh m hinh cac dao ng.
236
Nhung binh lun trn y v ban cht cua m la cuc ki quan trong i
vi ting noi, vn la mt dang m thanh rt phuc tap. Ting noi co cac m
xung (nh trong cac m tc ming stop, chng han nh |t| hay |k|) va cac
chui lin tc (nh trong cac nguyn m, chng han nh |i| hay |a|). No co
cac thanh phn co chu ki (nh trong cac nguyn m), cac thanh phn khng
co chu ki (nh trong cac m xat, chng han nh |I| hoc |s|), va su hoa trn
ca hai (nh trong cac m xat huu thanh, chng han nh |v| hoc |z|). Nhung
khac bit giua cac nguyn m (chng han nh |i| i lp vi |a| i lp vi
|u|) c nghe theo cach tng tu ging nh chung ta phn bit ting vi cm
va ting sao. Vi vy cn phai hiu ban cht cua chinh ban thn cac m nu
nh chung ta mun nm vung m hoc loi noi.
8.1.2. Cc thuc tnh bin d c ban cua sng m
Bin la mt thut ngu thong dung chi ln cua su dich chuyn
trong mt dao ng m. Thng thong nht, o la ap sut khng khi bi thay
i boi su dich chuyn nay. Ap sut c inh nghia la luc trn mt n vi
din tich va c o bng n vi Pascals (Pa). Ap sut khi tinh o muc nc
bin la khoang 100.000 Pa, nhng nhung thay i ap sut tao ra m nghe
c o cac ngng nghe binh thong la nho/ be hn rt nhiu so vi ap sut
nay. Vi d, nhung thay i khi ap cua mt cuc giao tip bng loi noi o
khoang cach khoang 1 met tu mi ngoi noi s nm trong khoang 0.1Pa.
Khi mt m c thu bng mt chic microphone thng thong, chng
han nh mt chic microphone in gn vi nhiu chic may ghi m bng tu
thi nhung thay i ap sut cua m lan truyn trong khng khi c chuyn
thanh mt in ap (voltage) tng ung. Diu nay cho chung ta mt su th hin
bng in t v cac song ap sut m, tai y nay sinh cu hoi cai gi la phng
phap phu hp nht o va m ta su th hin nay.
Hy xem cac song phuc hinh sin o hinh 2.16. Mt cach o bin n
gian la ly cac gia tri cuc ai cua dich chuyn trong song o. Diu nay la co
li nu nh chung ta mun bit cac gia tri inh hay inh - i - inh cua mt
dang song co chu ki, hoc chung ta mun o cac gia tri inh cua cac m xung.
Dy la loai ai lng o ma chung ta cn phai bit tranh lam qua tai khi
ghi m hay x li chung bng mt dang phn tich nao o trn may tinh. Tuy
nhin, ai lng o nay cho chung ta bit rt it v toan b phn con lai cua
237
dang song. D giai thich cho toan b dang song, chung ta cn cac s o tt ca
cac im doc theo chiu dai cua mt chu ki, mt loat cac gia tri tuc thoi, nh
hinh 2.16.
Hnh .1?- Bin dang song
Cn lu y la cac gia tri phia trn trc u la dng, di trc la m. Cac
gia tri mu nay cho chung ta buc tranh v ung x cua song, va co th s huu
ich nu tinh tng hoc tinh gia tri trung binh theo mt cach nao o. Nhng
cn chu y iu gi s xay ra nu chung ta n thun chi tinh tng va tinh trung
binh mt loat cac gia tri doc theo song sin: cac gia tri dng va m trit tiu
ln nhau nu em cng lai, va tng la bng khng (z r). Chung ta co th
238
tranh tinh trang nay bng cach lam cho tt ca cac gia tri u la dng, nhng
thm chi la ich li hn nu nh chuyn sang mt kiu tinh khac.
Chung ta co th ly tu bin mt thuc tinh goi la c_ng =@. Cong
la nng lng trn mt n vi din tich, hay la cach thuc nng lng phn
b trong mt khoang khng gian quang tinh. Ban thn nng lng la thc o
cua muc ma o tai muc nay nng lng ang bi tiu th - i vi chung
ta, la phat ra m. By gio co th chi ra rng cong ti l vi binh phng
ap sut. Vi vy, nu chung ta ly cac gia tri mu cua minh (nh o hinh 2.17),
em binh phng chung ln, sau o cng lai va tim gia tri trung binh, chung
ta s co s o bin trn mt chu ki co quan h gn bo vi cong ang
tn tai. Sau o nu chung ta binh phng cn bc hai cua gia tri trung binh
nay, chung ta s co th m ta ap sut hn la ap sut binh phng. Gia tri nay
goi la bnh phng t/%ng bnh c]n b&c ha- hay hay gia tri RMS. Phng
phap tinh toan nay, s dng cac mu nh chi ra o hinh 2.17, la nh sau:
Hnh .1F- Cac gia tri tuc thoi cua bin dang song
Gia s chung ta co mt tp hp cac mu N v cac gia tri tuc thoi cua
mt dang song c xac inh la
1
,
2
,
3
...
n
. Goi tng cac gia tri binh
phng cua cac mu N, vi d:
(
1
)
2
(
2
)
2
(
3
)
2
(
n
)
2
Goi A trung binh cua cac gia tri mu binh phng nay, vi d:
239
A / N
Khi o, gia tri trung binh cn bc hai (RMS) cua dang song la binh
phng cn bc hai cua A. Vi d, gia s cac gia tri mu la:
1, 3, 5, 3, 1, -1, -3, -5, -3, -1.
Cac gia tri binh phng la 1, 9, 25, 9, 1, 1, 9, 25, 9, 1 va tng cua
chung la 90. Co 10 gia tri (N 10) do o A bng 90/ 10. Gia tri RMS la binh
phng cn bc hai cua A, la 3.
Di vi cac song sin, gia tri RMS cua bin trong sut khoang thoi
gian cua song la 0.707 cua bin inh. Di vi mt dang song phuc khac
bt ki, gia tri RMS phai c tinh tu cac mu nh trn. Vi li ich cua mt
goi phn tich va hiu chinh dang song ting noi bng may tinh mc ich
chung hin ai, phep tinh rt d.
Gia tri RMS cua ap sut m do vy ti l vi cong cua m. Thuc t,
khi o trong nhung iu kin song phng (vi d vi nhung thay i ap sut
chi trong mt min phng) va dung 20 micro Pascals lam ap sut quy chiu
thi ap sut RMS co th cn bng vi cong . (20 Pa la gia tri ngng
thng thong cua ap sut m c mt ngoi ln kho manh nhn ra). Ngoi
ta thong cho rng cong va ap sut RMS la tng ng, mc du tng s
chinh xac chi khi mt m c thu t sat vao microphone co giao thoa cuc
tiu tu m di lai.
Bit cong cua mt m trong sut khoang thoi gian dai hn mt chu
ki dao ng thi thong huu ich hn. Vi d, ngoi ta thong mun bit cong
cua ca mt m tit hoc mt tu hoc mt mnh co quan h vi mt
mnh khac. Cong RMS cua toan b mt tu co th c tinh mt cach
d dang tu dang song ting noi c lu co dai xac inh bt ki bng cach
dung cac mu thich hp tu dang song loi noi. Hu ht cac phn mm phn
tich ting noi cho phep ngoi s dng t thc hay du ghi trn trc thoi
gian cua dang song ting noi va tinh cong RMS trong ca qung thoi
gian trong vung t thc. Hinh 2.18 a ra hai vi d v cac dang song
c t thc. Co th hi vong cong cua mt song ting noi thay i theo
thoi gian - trong sut mt m tit hay dai hn la mt phat ngn, nhng co th
c tinh dua vao mt c so lin tc. Mt cach huu hiu, phng phap xac
240
inh cong trn mt ca s xac inh va vi vy khng cho mt chi tit nao
v thay i cong o trong gii han cua ca s.
Co th thu c mt u ra kiu nh vy tu cao truyn thng va
thit bi o cong cua mt tip in tng tu c lp co trong hu ht cac
phong thi nghim ngu m hoc, cung nh bng cac goi phn tich bng may
tinh. Khoang thoi gian trong o cong c tinh tuc thoi va lin tc goi la
th_- g-an tch ph,n cua cng c va thong co th iu chinh c tu khoang
5 ms n khoang 50 ms. Thng thong, ngoi ta dung thoi gian tich phn
trong khoang tu 10 n 20 ms, u ngn nhn ra cac dao ng cn thit
trong m tit, nhng u dai tranh bao gm nhung anh hong bt ki nao cua
khoang thoi gian hay tn s c ban cua ban thn song ting noi. Hinh 2.19
cho thy ong bao cong ng tinh tu dang song cua Hinh 2.18 (b) bng
mt goi x li ting noi bng may tinh.
Hnh .1K- Danh du cac dang song tinh cong RMS: (a) 4uice
(nc ep trai cy) (b) farm (nng trang). Cong chung cua dang song (a)
giua hai thc xp xi bng 1,5 ln cong chung cua dang song (b)
241
Hnh .1Q- Dong bao cong cua dang song o hinh 16 (b)
8.1.3. Cc thuc tnh trng thi gian cua cc sng m
Khi chung ta phn tich song m, chung ta co th 'ngm nghia chung
co cac thuc tinh khac nhau, trong o mt s thuc tinh gn lin vi thoi
gian va mt s thuc tinh gn lin vi tn s. Tt ca cac vi d ma chung ta co
cho n nay c xem xet trong phn naytrn thuc t u la cac dang song
trong thoi gian: chung th hin nhung thay i (vi d, v gia tri cua ap sut)
theo thoi gian. Trong thoi gian nay chung ti s tp trung vao ban thn thoi
gian nh mt thuc tinh.
Trong cua mt m hay mt phat ngn ting noi thong quan trong
v mt ngu m hoc. Cac trong chung ta cn phai xem xet co th be ngang
vi mt phin oan cua mt chu ki cua mt dang song co chu ki, hoc co th
la mt chu ki dao ng tron ven, hoc co th s ln hn nua. Trong mt s vi
d chung ta mun bit trong cua ca tu hoc phat ngn, hay thm chi
trong cua mt khoang lng chng han nh co th xut hin trong giai
oan khep cua mt m tc ming v thanh.
D o trong tu mt dang song ting noi chung ta phai co th t
cac thc quy chiu ln trn dang song o ma co quan h v nghia vi cu
truc ngu m cua mt tin hiu loi noi c o. Diu nay thng thong co nghia
la biu din dang song trn man hinh may tinh (thong dung mt goi phn
tich va chinh sa ting noi) hoc trn thi vit trn giy (hu ht thong
dung mt may ghi tia muc hay mt thit bi tng tu). May tinh thong cung
cp chinh xac cao hn, c bit nu no cho phep ngoi thuc nghim tai
hin lai phn dang song giua hai thc. Ngoi lam thuc nghim khi o co th
242
t thc mt cach chinh xac va xac nhn bng tai phn thich hp xet v mt
ngu m hoc cua dang song c t thc. Hinh 2.20 cho thy dang song cua
tu seat /si:t/ (ch ngi), t thc xac inh trong cua hat nhn
nguyn m. Nu cac trong ln hn va khng cn phai co chinh xac ti
cao thi thit thuc hn la nn dung mt thi cong thay i theo thoi gian
xac inh su bt u va kt thuc cua tu hay phat ngn c o. Vn ln
hn i vi ki thut nay nm o vic thit lp mt phng tin xac inh tin cy
va nht quan cac ngng cong thich hp anh du su bt u va kt
thuc oan loi noi cn o.Hinh 2.21 chi ra mt vi d v vic ct khuc dua vao
cong (vn dng vao cu l sai# pen{ not pan{ - TOi n^i * -Zt{ chv
khOng phWi * chWo{).
Co th tro thanh rt iu luyn trong vic oc cac dang song theo
trong thoi gian va gn kt chung vi cu truc ngu m ma chung la cac hin
thuc hoa, nhng nhiu b phn cua ting noi khng th ct khuc ra va gan
nhn mt cach d dang nh vi d n gian o Hinh 2.20. Trn thuc t, phng
phap o trong chinh xac nht va phng phap ct khuc va gan nhn
trong thoi gian cua mt tin hiu loi noi m hoc, bao gm vic s dng kt
hp ca thng tin v trong thoi gian ln thng tin v trong tn s. Nhung ki
thut nay s c thao lun o cac phn di y.
Hnh .T- Ct dang song tu /si: t/ seat (ngi, danh tu)
243
Hnh .1- Ct ong bao cong cua cu: l sai# 'pen, not 'pan
(Ti noi la 'but chu khng noi la 'chao)
8.1.4. Cc thuc tnh trng tn s cua cc sng m
Nu chung ta quan tm n cac thuc tinh co lin quan n trong tn
s cua song m thi co th, chi it la trong nhung trong hp n gian nht, ly
mt phn ct xac inh cua dang song (phn xut tu trong thoi gian) va phn
tich no ma khng cn quy chiu n trong thoi gian.
Nh chung ta thy, cac dao ng hinh sin la dang dao ng n gian
nht, va co th coi va ly chung lam cac b phn cu thanh kt hp lai vi
nhau tao thanh tt ca cac dang dao ng khac. Trong toan hoc, ki thut b
gy mt song phuc ra thanh cac song b phn hinh sin c goi la phng
php ph,n tch `o%/-1/, sau khi mt nha toan hoc ngoi Phap phat trin c
so toan hoc cua no. Vi d cho trc y nh hinh 2.20 minh hoa mt dao
ng co chu ki phuc bao gm ba song b phn hinh sin. Song b phn hin sin
co tn s thp nht la tan s c bfn va hai song b phn khac co tn s cao
hn la cac hod 0 (harmonics) thu hai va thu ba. Ca ba tao thanh cac b
phn hoa m cua song, tn s c ban la hoa m thu nht. Lu y o cac song co
chu ki nh song nay, cac gia tri tn s cua cac hoa m la cac bi s nguyn
cua tn s c ban. Cac dao ng khng co chu ki cung co th c phn tich
thanh cac b phn hinh sin nhng s khng co mt mi quan h s hoc nao
giua cac b phn cu tao nn no, ma khi o c dung chi khng phai la
cac hoa m ma la cc ,0 cao hay n gian chi la cc b@ ph&n tan s. Trong
cac m thanh loi noi, cac nguyn m la co chu ki mt cach c trng, trong
khi o cac m xat la cac vi d v cac m khng co chu ki.
244
Su phn b tn s va bin cua cac b phn hoa m cua mt song
phuc co th c trinh bay nh la ph7 tuyn cua no. Di vi cach biu din
nay, trc ngang th hin tn s va trc doc th hin bin : mi hoa m xut
hin nh mt ong k ung n inh vi tai mt im thich hp doc theo trc
ngang, va chiu cao cua ong hoa m chi ra bin cua no. Song phuc o
hinh 2.20 co mt ph tuyn nh trinh bay o hinh 2.22. Lu y cach biu din
nay khng chua bt ki mt thng tin nao v pha. Hinh 2.23 a ra mt s vi
d nua v cac dang song ph bin.
Cac phn tich ph trong cac vi d nay gia inh rng cac song phuc la co
chu ki va gia inh dang song tng tu c lp i lp lai mt cach v han.
Trong thuc tin, cach phn tich trn la co cn cu min la dang song vn nht
quan trong sut cac chu ki lin tc. Tuy nhin, nhiu m, bao gm ca mt s
m trong loi noi, khng th hin su lin tc tu chu ki dao ng nay n chu ki
dao ng khac. Mt loai song thong hay xut hin la loai song c goi la
gan nh thg c; ch% M (quasiperiodic). Hinh dung ta y con lc mt ln, sau
o cho no lc tu do mt vai chu ki trc khi y ln thu hai. Cac chu ki xay ra
sau mi ln y s giam xung v bin o tc ph thuc vao muc tt
dn trong h thng va no vn duy tri n ln y tip theo giu bin dao
ng tro lai gia tri ban u cua no. Nu cac ln y thuc hin o cac khoang
bng nhau thi song tao thanh s co mt chu ki co tht n inh boi mi khoang
nay, vi mt chui cac song hinh sin tt dn xay ra o giua.
Hnh .- Dong anh ph
245
Hnh .+- Cac ong anh ph cua hai dang song thng thong:
(a) song vung goc (b) song rng ca
Hinh 2.23 a ra hai vi d, trong o (a) chi co mt ai lng tt dn
nho, con (b) co ai lng tt dn ln. Cac thuc tinh ph cua cac song nh th
c xac inh bng ba yu t:
1 tn s dao ng hay cng hong tu nhin cua h thng
2 muc tt dn (hay hao phi) trong h thng
3 chu ki/ tn s cua ngun nng lng bn ngoai tac ng vao
Hinh 2.25 a ra cac ph tuyn cua cac dang song o Hinh 2.24.
Khoang cach giua cac ong hoa m c xac inh boi tn s ma nho no
nng lng c khi phc (la tn s c ban co tht) tn s cua bin cuc
ai cua nng lng hoa m bi quy inh boi tn s cng hong tu nhin cua h
thng dao ng va m hinh cua cac inh bin (tao thanh mt dang thong
c cp n nh la =_ng bao) c xac inh boi muc tt dn trong
h thng ang dao ng. Trong nhung vi d nay su khac nhau giua hai ph la
o hinh dang ong bao cua chung, boi vi no chi la muc tt dn trong cac
h thng cng hong ma thay i.
246
Hnh .6- Cac dang song cn chu ki: (a) tt dn chm (b) tt dn
nhanh
Mt khac, nu su tt dn c duy tri thong xuyn, va chi co tn s
cua nng lng phc hi bi thay i, thi cac ph hp luc co cac ong bao
bin co dang ging nhau va co cac tn trung tm ging nhau chi co
khoang cach tn s giua cac ong hoa m cua chung la khac nhau. Hinh 2.26
chi ra cac vi d co cac dang song nh vy cung vi cac ph tng ung cua
chung. Cui cung, nu su tt dn va tn s phc hi nng lng ma bt bin,
va chi co tn s dao ng la bi thay i, thi chi co thay i quan trong s la
tn s trung tm cua inh bin ong bao ph. Cac dang song va cac ph
minh hoa cho iu nay c chi ra o hinh 2.27.
247
Hnh .<- Cac ong ph: (a) hinh 2.24 (a) (b) hinh 2.24 (b)
Co th thy hinh dang cua cac ong bao ph nh chi ra o trn ph
thuc vao tn s va cac thuc tinh tt dn cua ring h thng cng hong, va
khng ph thuc vao tn s cua su khi phc nng lng. So sanh giua cac
ong bao anh ph nay vi cac ong bao anh ph cua ong cong cng
hong o hinh 2.24 s chi ra rng chung tng ung v hinh dang mt cach rt
truc tip. Diu nay hoan toan chinh xac khi no: nhung anh ph kiu nh vy
biu din mt cach co hiu qua cac thuc tinh co lua chon v tn s cua cac
h thng ang dao ng cng hong.
Cac m khng chu ki co anh ph phuc tap hn nhiu so vi bt ki mt
vi d nao dn ra o trn. Trong hp n gian nht la trong hp mt dao
ng hinh sin tt dn n. Cac vi d co tt dn cao va thp s c dn ra
o Hinh 2.28. Cac anh ph cua hai dang song nay u khng co cac ong hoa
m, n gian la vi cac song u khng co chu ki. Dao ng (hinh sin trong
cac vi d nay) ng quy tai bin z r o mt loat cac chu ki va khng co
mt su lp i lp lai co chu ki nao cua dang song. Mc du vy, anh ph cua
chung vn th hin mt inh nng lng o ong bao bin co tn s trung
tm ngang bng vi tn s trung tm cua dao ng hinh sin tt dn, va sc
net cua inh ong bao vn ph thuc vao muc tt dn.
248
Hnh .?- Cac dang song co su tt dn lin tc va ti l tich nng lng
khac nhau cung vi cac ong ph cua chung
(a) (b)
Hnh .F- Cac song 500 Hz tt dn khng co chu ki va cac anh ph
tng quan cua chung: (a) tt dn chm (b) tt dn nhanh
Li do cua su vng mt cua cu truc hoa m o nhung anh ph nay la,
trong thuc t, co mt v cuc cua cac hoa m chu ki phong oan cua nhung
dang song nh vy tu ban thn no la v cuc. Kt qua la, co su phn b u
nng lng ph trong toan b vung tn s cua ph. Nhung m loai nay, co th
noi, la ang trn ong tro thanh ting n thun tuy, trong o khng co mt
du hiu nao th hin tinh co chu ki o bt ki phng din nao cua dang song.
Trong trong hp cuc oan la ting n trng, thi anh ph khng co inh nng
249
lng, nhng n cho thy su phn b u cua nng lng bin trn toan
anh ph tn s quan trong. Cac tn s b phn cua ting n thay i lin tc
va lung tung o bin va tn s cua chung va o cac quan h pha cua chung
vi nhau.
Tt ca cac loai quang ph c thao lun trong phn nay u co mt o
trong loi noi. C th, loai gn nh co chu ki - vi th la mt cai gi o phuc tap
hn so vi cac vi d o y - tao thanh c so m hoc cua cac nguyn m, trong
khi o cac ph khng co chu ki khac nhau la chu yu i vi cac m tc va
cac m xat.
8.1.5. Mt s thuc tnh thm nhn c ban cua sng m
Dc im tri nhn cua ngoi la o ch cac cam giac ma chung ta trai qua
trong phan xa vi cac kich thich him khi tng ung mt cach truc tip vi
cac gia tri ma chung ta rut ra c tu nhung kt qua o ac v chinh nhung
kich thich y. Vi d, su tri nhn cua chung ta v sang (light) va ti (dark),
khng ging nh su vn hanh cua mt chic ng h o sang, nhng lai rt
nhay cam vi mi trong: mau xam trng co v sang hn trn mt nn ti,
anh nng mt troi dong nh co v choi hn khi ban i tu trong toa nha ti ra,
mt s mau sc di su chiu sang nht inh la d phn bit hn nhiu so vi
cac mau sc khac, va v.v. Nhung quan nim tng tu ap dng i vi su tri
nhn m, c nghin cuu di tiu t,0 l ,0 hec. y chung ti chi
cp n su tri nhn v ln (loudness), cao (pitch) va cai ma chung ta
trc y goi la m sc (timbre).
H thinh giac ngoi co kha nng ap lai mt dai ln cac cong m
thanh, va ngng trn cua dai nay ln hn gp triu ln so vi cong c
linh hi thp nht. Diu nay khng chi dn n mt s gia tri s bt tin, ma,
do ban cht tri nhn troi sinh, cac con s khng co lin h hu hiu vi nhung
kt qua tri nhn v su khac nhau v cong . Nu cong cua mt m
c tng gp i v gia tri s theo mt ti l tuyn tinh n thun, thi iu o
khng nht thit co nghia la co su gia tng gp i trong cam giac v ln.
Mi quan h giua ln c tri giac va cong m hoc mang tinh l ga
(logarithmic) hn. Trong h thng l ga, cac s gia la cac lu thua cua 10, vi
d, 2 tng ng vi 10
2
( 100), 3 tng ng vi 10
3
( 1000), va v.v.
Do o cach m ta cong tin li hn ca sao cho no co tng quan vi
250
ln c tri giac la theo mt ti l l ga, so sanh m vi mt cong quy
chiu. D tong nho Alexander Graham Bell (ngoi phat minh ra may in
thoai) thut ngu BL c t cho mt n vi cua h thng l ga nay: 1 Bel
th hin ti l 10:1, 2 Bel tng ng vi ti l 100:1. Hoa ra n vi nay la qua
ln vi nhung mc ich thuc tin, va vi th ti l mt phn moi cua no la
DCBL (dB) c chp nhn lam n vi o thng thong. Vi vy, mt
decibel bng 10 ln l ga (log
10
) cua cong o c (
a
) chia cho cong
quy chiu (
b
):
1 dB 10log
10
(
a
/
b
)
Chu y cong cua m bt ki c m ta bng dB lun lun co quan
h vi mt muc cong quy chiu nao o.Khi cac gia tri dB c m ta ma
khng chi r ra muc quy chiu nay (nh chung thong la nh vy) thi ngoi
ta thong gia inh rng muc quy chiu la ngng thinh giac. Co th ly
ngng nay co cong la 10
16
att trn cm
2
, tng ung vi ap sut m
20Pa, thng k cho thy ngng thinh giac tuyt i la mt m cao hinh sin
1 kHz.
Vi cong ti l vi binh phng ap sut m, cho nn mt decibel
cung tng ng vi 20 ln l ga (log
10
) cua ap sut c o (P
x
) chia cho
muc ap sut m quy chiu (P
y
):
Cong c tinh theo ap sut m theo cach nay, s dng ngng
thinh giac lam muc quy chiu, goi la 0mc p s%Lt ,0 hay SPL. Mt s muc
ap sut m in hinh la:
130dB cac m rt ln, chng han nh nt nhac cua ken trm pet o
ting chung cua khi c, hay nhac kim to
100 dB ting nhac ng hoc ting xa cuu thng hoc ting coi canh
sat
80 dB ting n trong bung lai may bay phan luc
70 dB loi noi binh thong
60 dB ting n nn trong phong tinh
40 dB ting noi rt trm
20 dB ting n con d lai trong phong x li m chng han nh phong
ba m
251
0 dB ngng thinh giac.
Mc du ti l dB theo ham l ga lin kt cong vi ln c tri
giac tt hn nhiu so vi ti l tuyn tinh n gian, nhng vn co su khac nhau
ang k v ln c tri giac cua cac m o cac tn s khac nhau. H thng
thinh giac cua mt ngoi ln kho manh s ap lai nhung m o cac tn s
trong vung tu khoang 20 Hz n khoang 20.000 Hz, nhng h thng thinh
giac khng nhay cam mt cach nh nhau vi cac m o tt ca cac tn s trong
dai nay. Ngay cac m cao hinh sin n gian vi cac tn s khac nhau cung co
th thay i khoang 40 dB hoc hn o cong cua chung sinh ra ln
c tri giac ging nhau. Diu nay c bit ung i vi cac m co tn s
thp di 200 Hz o muc it hn, no cung co th ung i vi cac m trn
5000 Hz. (Nhng hu ht cac thng tin huu ich trong loi noi nm trong vung
tn s tu 200 - 5000 Hz). D ln cua cac m phuc la mt vn kho hn, va
s khng c nghin cuu ki o y. Trong cac thut ngu ai cng, ln la
mt ham s v vung tn s va su phn b nng lng cua cac b phn tn s
trong m ang xet.
Cao la chu ki tn s c tip nhn hay cua mt song m. Cao
c tip nhn phn ln bi quy inh boi tn s c ban cua m, va o mt pham
vi nho hn, boi cong cua m, nhng mi quan h giua cao va tn s
c ban lai khng mang tinh cht tuyn tinh va thong thay i cung vi tn s
i kem.
Su nhay cam cua chung ta i vi nhung thay i v tn s cua mt m
cao hinh sin - noi cach khac su phn bit cao cua chung ta - thay i ln
khi chung ta nng ti l tn s nghe c ln. Di 1000 Hz, ngoi nghe co
th nghe thy mt cach d dang nhung thay i tn s tu 4 - 5 Hz trn tn s
nay, kha nng nhn ra nhung thay i cuc nho v tn s cua chung ta giam
xung lin tc va ang k. khoang 8000 Hz ngoi nghe co th gp kho
khn trong vic phn bit nhung thay i di 40 hoc 50 Hz. Hinh 2.27 chi
ra nhung khac bit ang chu y mt cach chinh xac (ND) v cao ti xung
vi tn s trc nghim, minh hoa c im nay.
Vi mi quan h giua tn s va cao khng mang tinh cht tuyn tinh
do o mt n vi thm nhn c goi la M1l c xut tai hin cac
s gia tng ng cua cao va gn kt chung vi tn s. Hinh 2.28 cho
252
bit cac gia tri mel i lp vi tn s: di 1000 Hz co su tng ung khac
truc tip giua cao tip nhn va tn s, con trn 1000 Hz thi mi quan h
nay v c ban la theo ham l ga. Ban oc nao mun bit cach tinh co th lu y
n cng thuc sau u cua Fant (1968):
P (1000/ log
10
2) (log
10
(1 I/ 1000))
trong o P cao o bng n vi mel va I tn s o bng n vi
hertz.
Hnh .K- Nhung khac bit ang chu y v tn s (ND) i vi tn s
Co nhiu phep cai bin khac tu tn s sang n vi mel do Beranek a
ra (1949), Lindsay va Norman (1977) va ` Shaughnessy (1987).
Cac m phuc gy ra mt vn to mo. Cao tip nhn ph thuc vao
tn s c ban, hay b phn tn s thp nht trong cu truc ph cua m. Bin
cua tn s c ban o du co nm trong mi quan h vi cac b phn hoa m
khac cua m thi cung khng co vn gi. ua thuc, thm chi nu g bo tn s
c ban bng mt hinh thuc x li in t nao o chng han nh loc, thi mt
cao tng ng vi tn s c ban, c goi la 'tn s c ban ao
(phantom Iundamental), vn s c tri nhn. (Nh rng no la tn s c ban
xac inh khoang cach cua cac hoa m). Dong nh thng tin cao chu yu
co th c giai m boi ngoi nghe tu cu truc hoa m cua m phuc, chi it ra
cung la i vi cac tn s ln n khoang 5000 Hz.
253
Cui cung chung ta quay tro lai vi m sc va vi d v chic an vi
lng va chic sao, chi cung mt nt nhac nhng nghe rt khac nhau. Thuc
cht, m sc la cht lng tip nhn trong cac m phuc: chung ta nghe thy
nhung khac bit cua m sc trong cac m phuc, cho du khi cao va ln
tip nhn cua chung la nh nhau, boi vi do su khac nhau trong phn b nng
lng cua quang ph cua chung.
Hnh .Q- Mel so sanh vi tn s
Co th chi cn phn bit cac m thanh ting noi theo cach nay, vi d
n gian nht la cac m nguyn m thun tuy. Mt ngoi co th phat ra nhiu
nguyn m khac nhau o cung cao va ln, nhng cac nguyn m c
tip nhn nh la cac m khac nhau vi li do la chic an vi lng va cy sao
nghe khac nhau, tuc la su phn b cac ngun nng lng quang ph cua
chung co khac nhau. Nh chung ta s thy o di y, con nhung phuc tap
khac nua trong cac m loi noi, nhng cac qua trinh thm nhn l thuc vao
cac nguyn li c ban nay. Nhung thng tin su v su thm m co th thy o
Lindsay va Norman (1977), Moore (1982) va arren (1982).
8.1.6. M hnh m hc cua qu trnh pht m li ni
Hoat ng m hoc va cac thuc tinh cua b may phat m (vocal tract)
trong qua trinh phat m loi noi trong truyn thng c nghin cuu thanh m
hinh ngun va loc co dang khai quat nh trinh bay o Hinh 2.30.
254
N
gun
B
loc
Tin
hiu loi noi
Diu
khin xot va
giong
Diu
khin b may
phat m
Hnh .+T- M hinh ngun va b loc cua qua trinh san sinh loi noi
Theo m hinh nay, tin hiu loi noi xet v mt m hoc co th c xem
nh la kt qua cua cac thuc tinh cua ngun phat ra m, bi thay i boi cac
c im cua b may phat m ong chuc nng nh mt b loc tn s co tinh
cht lua chon. Ca cac thuc tinh cua ngun phat ra m ln cac thuc tinh cua
b may phat m u co th bi thay i - va bi thay i mt cach lin tc -
trong sut qua trinh noi nng.
Mt m ta loi noi tt nhin nn gn kt cac thuc tinh m hoc cua tin
hiu loi noi vi thng tin m vi hoc ma tin hiu chuyn tai. Dy hin nhin la
mt nhim v n gian, nhng m hinh loc va ngun phat ra m em lai mt
cach phn chia co tinh chuc nng cua cac c ch vn chu ng tham gia vao
qua trinh san sinh cac m loi noi.
8.1.7. B lc b my pht m trong qu trnh san sinh nguyn m
M hinh ngun va loc coi b may phat m la mt b loc: b loc la tn
s - co lua chon va thong xuyn thay i cac c im quang ph cua cac
ngun m trong sut qua trinh phat m. Cac thuc tinh cua b loc thay i
lun tc, vi chung c xac inh boi cu truc hinh hoc cua b may phat m,
ma ban thn no cung bi thay i khi ngoi noi dich chuyn va inh vi cac c
quan cu m chng han nh li va mi.
Chung ti bt u bng vic nghin cuu m hoc qua trinh tao san
nguyn m - cac ph m co phn phuc tap hn - va ly mt trong s cac vi d
n gian nht, nguyn m giua dai || chng han nh nghe thy o trong tu
fur (lng vu) hay -ir# (chim) o cach phat m chp nhn c (Received
Pronounciation). Nguyn m nay c hinh thanh boi li, hai mi va ham o
vi tri mo giua tng i, con giao din cua b may phat m phia trn yt hu
it nhiu ng nht doc theo chiu dai cua no, nh thy o Hinh 2.36(a). Trong
cu truc nguyn m nay, hinh th cua b may phat m gn ging ong ng
mt canh song song c khep lai mt u (thanh quan) va mo o mt u
255
khac (hai mi), nh s chi ra o Hinh 2.36 (b). Vi mt u khep, ong ng
nay hoat ng nh mt khoang cng hong.
Hnh .+?- Cu hinh hp cng hong i vi nguyn m giua ||: (a)
b may phat m thuc (b) ng tng ung vi (a)
Hnh .+F- Ap sut tn s cng hong song 1/ 4 va cac m hinh tc
hat trong khoang cng hong hinh ng n gian
Trong trong hp nay, su cng hong nm trong ct khi bn trong
ong ng, do su di lai cua ap sut khi tu mt u ng nay n u kia trong
cai c coi la s;ng thng (standing ave) hay song tinh. Min sao chiu dai
cua ong ng ln hn nhiu so vi ong kinh cua no, ap sut khi s c
di lai khi mt lng ap sut ti thiu din ra o u mo cua ong ng va mt
lng ap sut cuc ai din ra o u khep cua ng. Diu kin nay s c thoa
256
mn o mt phn t mt chu ki tron ven cua mt dao ng hinh sin va o mi
na cua tung chu ki sau o, nh chi ra o Hinh 2.37. Kt qua la, ct khi trong
ng s cng hong o tn s c ban tng ng vi 4 ln chiu dai cua ng
(vi mt phn t chu ki dao ng) va o cac tn s tng ng vi mt na
chu ki k tip sau o - noi cach khac, o cac tn s gp 3, 5, 7 (va v.v) ln tn
s cng hong c ban.
Nu chung ta ly s thay th cho cac bi s quan yu 1, 3, 5, 7, v.v. va C
la tc cua m trong khng khi (khoang 340 m/s o muc nc bin), sau o
em nhn s vi C, chia cho 4 ln chiu dai cua ng, s cho ap s tn s cng
hong:
F
res
sC/ 4l
Phng trinh nay thuc su khng tuyt i chinh xac, vi song thng
khng dung lai mt cach chinh xac tai u mo cua ng. Noi cach khac, 'u
m hoc cua ng vt qua mt chut u vt li cua ng. Phng trinh nay do
vy cn co mt 'end correction, ma mt phn co lin quan n ong kinh
cua ng chi tit hn co th xem ood (1964). Cung nn lu y nhung pha di
lai trong ct khi la khng hoan hao, va mt ngun nng lng m hoc nao o
bi buc xa. Tt nhin la mun iu nay xay ra - sao cho m c lan truyn -
nhng no thuc su sinh ra nhung hao phi trong ct khi th hin o su tt dn cua
cac dao ng cng hong.
Vi vy su khac nhau c ban giua khoang cng hong ng khep nh
vua m ta va cac h thng ang cng hong nh dn la o ch o trong hp
u su cng hong xay ra o mt loat cac tn s. Dang thuc cng hong theo
cp bi s phuc tap hn nay la cuc ki quan trong trong qua trinh san sinh loi
noi.
By gio chung ta tro lai nguyn m o Hinh 2.36 va khoang cng hong
hinh ng tng ung cua no. Chiu dai cua khoang cng hong nay chinh la
chiu dai cua b may phat m tu mi n thanh mn. Tt nhin b may phat
m ngoi co chiu dai khng ging nhau, va co mt su khac nhau r rt, ph
thuc vao vic ngoi o la nam hay nu, vao su trong thanh v th cht va
v.v. Vi nhung suy nghi nh vy chung ta co th ly b may phat m cua mt
ngoi an ng in hinh co chiu dai la 17,6 cm (Fant 1960). Theo t liu cua
Pickett (1980), chiu dai cua b may phat m cua nu bng khoang 80 - 90
257
phn trm chiu dai b may phat m cua nam, trong khi o chiu dai cua b
may phat m cua tr em, ph thuc vao tui, co th bng khoang 50 phn trm
chiu dai b may phat m cua ngoi ln (nam).
Dung phng trinh cng hong hinh ng o trn - gm ca nhung sa
chua anh hong o u mut - chung ta co th chi ra rng mt b may phat m
co chiu dai la 17,6 cm s cng hong o cac tn s 500Hz, 1500 Hz, 2500 Hz
va tin n v han.
Hnh .+K- Phan xa tn s cua hp cng hong hinh ng i vi b may
phat m nam i vi nguyn m ||
Hinh 2.38 cho thy su di lai tn s cua khoang cng hong hinh ng
nay. Hinh nay cho thy cac c im co lua chon cua tn s tng tu vi cac
c im cua khoang cng hong n gian, nhng vi mt ngoai l la mt
loat cac inh cng hong gio y xut hin o cac tn s c tinh bng
phng trinh cng hong hinh ng. V cac inh cng hong nay, co ba inh
thp nht la ong vai tro quan trong trong vic xac inh cht lng nguyn
m. Cac inh cng hong cao hn tham gia nhiu hn vao cht giong ca
nhn, va cang tro thanh it quan trong hn khi o trn khoang 5 kHz.
Cac thuc tinh cng hong nay cua b may phat m tt nhin phai c
xem xet trong mi tng quan vi ngun m, ma i vi cac nguyn m
chinh la sinh m binh thong o thanh quan. Trn thuc t, tin hiu loi noi phat
ra tu hai mi thuc su phan anh cac thuc tinh m hoc tng hp cua sinh m,
258
su cng hong b may phat m va cac thuc tinh buc xa m hoc cua u
ngoi. Hinh 2.39 cho thy cac b phn nay i vi nguyn m ||, la:
a anh ph cua sinh m thanh quan
b su hi ap tn s cng hong cua b may phat m
c anh ph sinh m do nhung anh hong cua su cng hong b may
phat m
d anh ph cua song ap sut m m hoc bi buc xa cui cung
e ban thn song ap sut m tinh theo trong thoi gian
Trong vi d li tong nay, anh ph sinh m (a) c gia inh co dc
la - 12 dB trn mt qung tam, con cac inh cng hong trong b may phat
m (b) co cac bin ngang bng nhau. Kt qua la mt anh ph (c) vi cac
inh nng lng gy ra do su cng hong. Cac inh nng lng nay, sinh ra
do su gia tng co lua chon cua ngun nho su cng hong b may phat m,
c goi la cc ph;oc 0]ng. Ban thn cac cng hong b may phat m i
khi c cp n vi t cach nh la cac Iormant, nhng iu nay v mt ki
thut la khng chinh xac. Cac Iormant la 1 h qua cua su cng hong, chu
khng phai la ban thn su cng hong. Cac Iormant mang tai thng tin cua
anh ph loi noi c anh s mt cach quy c ln lt tu tn s thp nht
tro i (F
1
, F
2
.v.v.) 3 Iormant thp nht la cac thng s quan trong trong mt
m ta cht lng nguyn m.
Anh ph cui cung (d) cua song ap sut m bi buc xa co mt dc tn
s cao chi o mt na c chi ra o (c). Diu nay la do m phat ra tu mi, va
hai mi tao thanh mt im duy nht co quan h vi vung mt cua u. Du
ong chuc nng nh mt loai mt phan chiu, hay, mt cach chinh xac hn,
nh mt vach ngn hinh cu co ban kinh khoang 9 cm. Diu nay tao ra su lan
truyn cua m cao tn va khin cho tin hiu phat ra tng ln khoang 6 dB
trn mt qung tam tu khu vuc vai trm Hz tro ln. D dc 12 dB trn mt
qung tam cua ngun giong do o c giam xung 6 dB trn mt qung
tam huu hiu, cung lam nng cao cac khia canh mang tai thng tin cua tin
hiu.
Vi d cua chung ti v nguyn m || gia inh rng co mt su tt dn
(dai) bng nhau trn mi mt cng hong. La nh vy chi nu iu kin nay
c thoa mn la cac bin cua cac inh cng hong la bng nhau. Thuc t
259
trong nhung iu kin binh thong, vi thuc sinh m cung cp cho ngun m,
thong co tt dn ln hn (dai rng hn) o nhung cng hong cao hn,
sinh ra cac bin Iormant khng bng nhau.
Sau khi nhin vao cac c im tn s, chung ta cung co th xem xet qua
trinh tao san nguyn m di anh sang cua dang song theo trong thoi gian
c chi ra o Hinh 2.39 (e). Dy la mt song gn ging chu ki tt dn tng
tu nh song c chi ra o trn trong Hinh 2.33 (a) (dang song) va Hinh 2.33
(b) (ong anh ph). Trong ca hai trong hp, chi co mt inh duy nht o
ong anh ph, con cac ong nng lng hoa m c xac inh boi muc
lp lai cua hoat ng khi phc nng lng. Nhng dang song nguyn m la
phuc tap hn: do cac cng hong theo cp s nhn cua b may phat m, co
mt vai song sin tt dn chng ln nhau, va chi co mt song din ra o tn s
thp nht la nhin thy r.
Hnh .+Q- Cac thuc tinh m hoc cua nguyn m ||: (a) ph hoa m
cua ngun sinh m (b) phan xa cng hong cua b may phat m (c) ong
bao pho tu hoat ng loc cua ngun boi su cng hong b may phat m (d)
ong bao ph cua song ap sut m buc xa (e) song ap sut m theo trong
thoi gian
260
Theo cach nhin nay, qua trinh tao san nguyn m co th c xem nh
la mt loat cac xung tu thanh quan, gy chn ng khoang cng hong cp s
nhn thanh mt loat cac dao ng hinh sin tt dn xay ra ng thoi o cac tn
s khac nhau. Diu nay cho chung ta mt cai nhin khac v qua trinh san sinh
loi noi, mt cai nhin khng co c so vung chc hn so vi dua vao tn s.
Cn lu y thm mt iu nua la thuc t la rt phong phu va khng th rut
ngn lai thanh mt phng din n l. Chung ta phai co chun bi trc
nghi theo hai cach v tin hiu ngn ngu hiu cach thuc cu truc m vi hoc
c lp m nh th nao trong no.
Tt ca cac m nguyn m u co anh ph phan anh cac c im ngun
phat, b loc va buc xa nh m ta o trn, nhng con co nhiu nguyn m
khac phuc tap hn vi d v nguyn m || cua chung ti. Mt ln nua khi
cac c quan cu m i chuyn tu vi tri it nhiu trung hoa cua mt nguyn m
chng han nh nguyn m || thi giao din cua b may phat m khng thay
i nua doc theo chiu dai cua no va b may phat m gn ging nh mt cai
ng n gian co hai canh song song. Cac c im cng hong cua b may
phat m do o s phuc tap hn. Su thay i vi tri cua li, su nng ln va ha
xung cua ham, va su chum hay tron cua mi tt ca u co th tham gia vao
su thay i o khu vuc giao din. Di vi nguyn m ||, vung giao din co
din tich la 6 cm
2
nhng mt s nguyn m, c bit la cac nguyn m cao,
bao gm mt phn vic thu lai cuc hep cua b may phat m, va vung giao
din o im hep nht co th nho bng mt phn moi lm cua vung giao din
o vung rng nht trong b may phat m. Di vi nguyn m |u:|, c phat
m vi hai mi chum tron va li rt lai hoan toan, Fant (1960) tinh nhung
vung nay nho bng 0.32 cm
2
o khu vuc hai mi va ln bng 13 cm
3
o khoang
trc. H qua cua nhung bin i nh vy la vic inh vi cua cac inh cng
hong trn thang tn s khng con c phn b mt cach ng u nhau
nua. Cac bin co lin quan cua chung cung khng ng u, va c xac
inh bng cac mi quan h tn s cua chung. Mt iu phuc tap nua la o ch
co th co nhung khac bit tuyt i v bin cua cac inh ring l, do nhung
khac bit v b rng dai tn cua chung gy ra. y khng th dung phep
tinh khoang cng hong hinh ng n thun tim ra vi tri cua cac cng
hong cua b may phat m.
261
D tinh ang khoang b may phat m thay i theo khu vuc doc theo
chiu dai cua no, chung ta co th tong tng ra hai ong ng co kich c
khac nhau ni vi nhau. Va co th c tinh cac m hinh cng hong c
phn b mt cach khng ng u cua b may phat m tu mt phep tinh ang
khoang n gian nh vy, mt i ghep lai cua cac khoang cng hong ng.
Fant (1960) cung cp nhung cai goi la cach tinh cac gia tri s bng s
(nomograph), nhung cach biu din bng s ma tu o co th tinh c cac
gia tri. Cach tinh gia tri bng s cua Fant cho phep chung ta dn xut 4
cng hong thp nht tu chiu dai cua cac khoang cng hong va cac vung
giao din cua chung. Hinh 2.40 cho thy cac khoang cng hong ghep/ kt
hp kiu nh vy i vi cac nguyn m khac nhau vi cac vi tri ang khoang
cua cac inh cng hong cua chung.
Tuy nhin cung cn phai ht suc lu y la cach trinh bay bng hai ong
ng nh trn chi la mt cach tinh gn ung th thin cua h thng khoang
cng hong cua b may phat m cua ngoi trong qua trinh tao san nguyn
m. Cach tinh gn ung trn co th c cai tin bng cach dung nhiu hn
hai khoang cng hong - qua thuc, cang nhiu ng thi phep tinh gn ung
cang tt hn - nhng cac phep tinh cung s tro nn phuc tap hn khi s lng
cac ong ng tng.
Nhiu hoc thuyt m hoc v qua trinh tao san nguyn m trc y
thuc t c gng giai thich cac m hinh cng hong cua cac nguyn m
trong b may phat m c tao thanh boi hai khoang cng hong kt hp lai
vi nhau.S tin li hn nu chung ta kt hp cac cng hong (va o y la cac
Iormant) vi cac khoang c th c hinh thanh boi hinh dang b may phat
m c trng cho mt m c th. M hinh thuc su hoat ng tt hn i vi
cac nguyn m cao chng han nh |i:| trong o li chia b may phat m ra
thanh mt khoang trc nho va mt khoang sau to. Trong trong hp nay
cng hong thu nht do o s rt thp va cng hong thu hai s rt cao.
Nhng tht khng may, m hinh nay hoat ng khng tt mt la i vi cac
cng hong o tn s cao hai la i vi cac nguyn m mo noi chung.
Hinh 2.41 cho thy cac hinh th cua b may phat m va cac ph in
hinh cua cac nguyn m |i|, |a| va |u|. Cac s v b may phat m c ly
tu du liu tia - va th hin vung giao din ang thay i cua b may phat
262
m tu hai mi n thanh mn. Nh lu y o trn, no la su phn b cua ba
Iormant thp nht trong cac anh ph nay khin cho cac nguyn m phn bit
nhau. Lu y la cac tri tuyt i cua cac tn s Iormant la khng quan trong,
nhng mi quan h ln nhau cua chung ang phan anh c trng h thng c
huu cua th i lp m vi va su lp m cua no trong tin hiu loi noi m hoc.
Cn phai hiu mt iu la cac tn s cua cac inh cng hong b may
phat m thuc su khng trung khp cn thit mt cach chinh xac vi cac
ong nng lng hoa m tu ngun giong. Chung s trung hp chi khi tn s
cng hong la mt bi s cua tn s sinh m (F
0
) boi vi ca tn s sinh m ln
cac m hinh cng hong u thay i mt cach lin tc trong khi noi, cac tn
s s khng co quan h vi nhau mt cach h thng va nht quan. Co hai h
qua quan trong cua iu nay. Thu nht la i vi tn s cua mt Iormant cho
trc (vi d, tn s bin nng lng cuc ai cua no) co th khng trung
hp mt cach chinh xac vi tn s cua cng hong b may phat m. Thu hai
i vi cac giong co dai tn F
0
cao (c bit la i vi giong noi cua tr con
va cua mt s ph nu) co th s co rt it ong hoa m trong vung bin -
nng cao cua mt inh cng hong b may phat m cho, va vi vy Iormant
tao thanh co th s khng c xac inh mt cach r rang. Hinh 2.42 minh
hoa hai trong hp cuc oan.
Cho n y chung ti bo qua cac nguyn m mui - cac nguyn m
trong o h thng khoang cng hong ming - yt hu c kt hp vi h
thng khoang cng hong cua cac khoang mui nh vic ha thp xung cua
ngac mm.
263
Hnh .6T- Tinh xp xi cac hp cng hong ng i cua b may phat m
i vi cac nguyn m khac nhau: (a) cac min hp cng hong (b) m hinh
Iormant
Khi kt hp mui xay ra thi h thng khoang cng hong ph lam thay
i cac m hinh cng hong n gian mt cach tng i i vi cac nguyn
m ming: mt s cng hong, nht la cac cng hong thp nht, c nng
ln va cac cng hong khac bi yu i do cai goi la cc phfn c@ng hsng
trong h thng khoang cng hong kt hp. Mc du cac khoang mui v giai
264
phu la n inh, hinh dang noi chung cua chung bi tac ng boi cac yu t
sinh li va, nh Fant (1960) chi ra, su phn b cng hong mui do o la
khng th oan trc c. Tu quan im ngoi nghe, khia canh quan trong
nht cua vic kt hp mui la o ch no lam bin dang anh ph nguyn m c
ban i. No la mt su khac nhau ang k giua ph bi bin dang va khng bi
bin dang vn rt quan trong trong vic thm nhn mt th i lp. Hinh 2.42
cho thy (a) h thng khoang cng hong phuc tap cua mt nguyn m bi mui
hoa in hinh, va (b) loai anh ph ma co th la kt qua cua qua trinh nay.
Cui cung, cn lu y vi ban oc la chi it i vi cac nguyn (du co bi
mui hoa hay khng), la su phn b tng i cua cac inh cng hong trong
b may phat m mi la vn ang quan tm. Vi vy nu sinh m giong thi
thao (hisper) chu khng phai la sinh m giong noi binh thong c s
dng vi tu cach la ngun phat m thi c im nguyn m co th vn c
bao toan. Trong cac nguyn m c phat m thi thao, cac Iormant la cac
inh cua nng lng khng co chu ki, chung minh rng ban thn cac inh
nng lng vn phan anh cac c im b loc cua b may phat m va cho
phep ngoi nghe thy r c im cua cac nguyn m.
Hnh .61- Cac anh ph va cac cu hinh cua b may phat m i vi cac
nguyn m (a) |i| (b) |a| (c) |u|
265
Hnh .6- Hiu ung gin cach hoa m trn cu truc inh ph
Hnh .6+- Nguyn m mui hoa: (a) h thng cng hong b may phat
m (b) nguyn m ming va ph nguyn m mui tng ung i vi nguyn
m |a|
8.1.8. Nhng thuc tnh m hc cua cht lng nguyn m
Tu lu ngoi ta bit c rng nhung net khu bit thinh giac o trong
cht lng mi nguyn m khin cho chung ta co th gan cho chung cac nhn
khu bit v m vi hoc phn ln c xac inh dua vao nhung phn b tn s
cua ba Iormant u tin. Vao th ki thu 19, cac nha nghin cuu chng han nh
266
illis va Helmholt nhn thy vai tro cua cng hong trong b may phat
m va cu truc Iormant - mc du thut ngu 'Iormant luc o cha co - cung
nh Miller, StumpI, Paget va nhiu ngoi khac o na u th ki thu 20.
Steart (1922) thanh cng trong vic chung minh gia tri cua m hinh
ngun va b loc i vi nghin cuu m hoc loi noi bng mt chic may in
th s ging nh b may phat m. Chic may nay s dng mt thit bi
phat m nh mt cai may phat ra xung co chu ki lam ngun (thanh quan) phat
m, va cac mach in cng hong n gian (mi mach co duy nht mt inh
cng hong) lam mang loc cua b may phat m, tao ra cac m nguyn m
tng hp co th nhn bit c. Thanh cng cua Steart la chi ra vai tro
cua Iormant trong vic xac inh cht lng nguyn m. Delattre et al. (1952)
va Miller (1953) xac nhn iu nay bng cac nghin cuu v thm m
chuyn su co s dng cac ki thut tng hp nguyn m phuc tap hn nhiu,
va nhung nghin cuu cua ho c nhiu ngoi sau nay i theo, s dng
cac phng phap bao gm ca phat m va thm m.
Tuy nhin, cht lng nguyn m khng chi la vn cua cac gia tri
Iormant tinh. Miller (1953), Linblom va Studdert-Kennedy (1967), Millar va
Ainsorth (1972) va nhiu ngoi khac chi ra rng chung ta cung phai dua
vao m hinh ng toan din cu truc m tit b sung thm cho thng tin
Iormant trong vic thit lp c im m vi hoc cua cac m nguyn m.
Nhung yu t quan yu bao gm F
0
va nhung bin i Iormant khi ung canh
cac ph m.
Trc khi may phn tich ph ra oi vao nhung nm 1940, vic phn tich
m hoc loi noi kho nhoc va han ch do nhung han ch v cng c n ni cu
truc Iormant va mi quan h cua no vi cht lng thinh giac cua cac m loi
noi hu nh c kham pha khng ang k trong loi noi tu nhin. Tu nm
1946 may phn tich ph mang lai mt thay i ln lao. Ngoi ta sm nhn
thuc c rng nu tn s 2 Iormant u tin cua cac nguyn m ma c v
i lp nhau trn cac trc vi ti l va hng thich hp, thi kt qua s la 1 ban
nguyn m ging vi ban nguyn m cua mt ban thinh giac cua
cht lng nguyn m. Li lun c cng b sm nht v mi quan h vic
lp thi nay co th coi la cua ssner (1947), mc du co nhiu ngoi bit n
cng trinh cua oos (1948) hn. LadeIoged (1967, chng 2) va CatIord
(1981) a ra mt s chi tit v lich s nay.
267
Gia s nhung vn cua vic a ra mt m ta thinh giac co th tin cy
c v cht lng nguyn m, su sn co mt ki thut phn tich m hoc co v
khach quan, khng ph thuc vao thin kin chu quan cua con ngoi, la mt
bc quan trong trong m ta ngu m hoc va m vi hoc. Ki thut c ban co
mt thi v cht lng nguyn m la v thi F
2
trn trc ngang, vi cac
gia tri tng ln tu phai sang trai, con F
1
trn trc doc vi cac gia tri tng ln tu
inh xung ay. Ngoai ra, thang tn s cua F
1
ti thiu phai gp i thang tn
s cua F
2
am bao thi v xong co ti l b ngoai phu hp.
Hinh trn cho thy cac nguyn m theo mt trt tu sp xp thinh giac
chun, c phn b tu trc ra sau theo phng nm ngang va tu cao xung
thp theo phng nm doc. Trong s nay, nguyn m ung trc c
trinh bay cn xung vi gia tri cua F
2
, trong khi o chiu cao nguyn m, trai
lai, cn xung vi gia tri cua F
1
. Vi vy cac nguyn m sau c xem la co cac
gia tri F
2
thp hn, con cac nguyn m cao c xem la co cac gia tri F
2
thp
hn. S trn ngu nhin chi ra mt s c im cua ting Anh Uc, c th
net tng ung m hoc cua |a:| (nh trong tu c*am (binh tinh) hay tu heart (trai
tim) va || (nh trong tu come (i) hay hut (cai lu): y la 1 phn cua mt
bng chung cho vic xac nhn hai nguyn m nay phn bit nhau thun tuy
chi bng trong (duration) trong ting Anh Uc (Bernard 1967). No cung
cho thy su dich chuyn nguyn m trc co tht din ra o trong ting Anh
Ne ealand.
Mc du cac thi kiu nh trn la cuc ki huu ich, nhng chung vn
khng dung c mt thi chinh m sat ung nh hi vong. Diu nay
c nhn thuc ngay tu nhung nm 1940 va oos (1948) s dng cac ti l
logarith biu din cac trc Iormant, trong khi o Delattre (1951) lai binh
lun rt nhiu v vn gn kt (relating) cac m ta nguyn m theo thinh
giac va phat m vao cac m ta m hoc, trong bi canh cac thi logarith
thuc kiu ma oos dung. Trong cng trinh nguyn cuu su v cht lng
nguyn m cua minh LadeIoged (1967) chuyn du liu Iormant thanh ti l
cao hay mel nhm c gng tin n gn hn mt biu m hoc theo inh
hng thinh giac va do o tht hn v mt thinh giac. LadeIoged lu y, mc
du dung phep cai bin nay, mt thi hai Iormant khng hin thi mt cach
thoa ang nhung khac bit thinh giac giua cac nguyn m tai cac vung cuc
268
cao va sau cua khoang trng nguyn m o mt ch khac thi no thoa ang mt
cach hp li.
Gn y hn Lindau (1978) va LadeIoged (1982, c bit la o cac trang:
177-80), dua vao suc manh cua cac phn tich thng k rt phuc tap, thay
min biu din F
2
bng su khac nhau giua F
2
va F
1
(vi d: F
2
F
1
). Lp lun
nay tuyn b rng su khac nhau nay co lin quan truc tip hn n khai nim
thinh giac 'trc va 'sau hn so vi ring F
2
. Ho cung vn giu thang ti l
cao (mel) cua cac gia tri tn s trn ca 2 trc.
CatIord (1981) xut mt giai phap khac cho vn nay. ng
bop meo cac mi quan h giua thang ti l tn s va trc goc cua thi
Iormant phu hp vi thi nguyn m chinh truyn thng (trong o tt ca
cac nguyn m u la hoc khng tron mi hoc tron mi, vi vy ct bo mt
bin th khoi vn lp thi). Mc du y la mt y kin rt thu vi, va a
lai mt hoa hp rt tuyt giua dua liu thinh giac va m hoc cua CatIord, no
dua trn mt gia thuyt cho rng mt bang nguyn m chinh la mt thi
tuyn tinh mt cach hp li (mt cach tin gia inh) va nht quan th hin cht
lng thinh giac va co th ly o lam chun. Cho thanh t net v oan thong
thy trong khi chon cac nguyn m chinh gc, va mt cai gi o mang ban cht
toan thanh cua vic s dng va bao v tip sau cua ho, mt bao v khoa hoc
cua gia inh nay rt co th s rt kho khn. Vic tach cac nguyn m thanh
pham tru tron mi va khng tron mi co mt phm cht v mt m hoc,
nhng khng phai khng co nhung han ch, boi vi cach lam o thong la cua
m vi hoc thich trinh bay tt ca cac nguyn m cua mt ngn ngu trong mt
cai bang duy nht va th hin c cac mi quan h h thng cua chung. Su
thuc la hu ht cac ngn ngu u co cac m nguyn m tron mi va khng
tron mi, va vi tri mi thong co tinh cht trung gian giua cac m tron mi va
khng tron mi hoan toan.
LadeIoged (1967) quan sat va thy rng mt ban nguyn m 2
chiu bt ki nao u s co nhung bt chc, c th la ni cac nguyn m co cac
gia tri trc va chiu cao ging nhau nhng lai co cac vi tri mi khac nhau.
Vn m hoc c ban i vi mt ban hai Iormant la o ch no khng th
hin F
3
, vn cung tham gia vao cht lng nguyn m. Vi d, trong khi di
chuyn tu nguyn m 5 n nguyn m 6, thi s co th co mt tt giam F
3
269
hang trm Hz nhng iu nay thong khng c hin thi trn ban hai
Iormant. Cac cht lng nguyn m giua 5 va 6 co th cn nhiu hn hai
Iormant u a ra mt thi tng xung v cac mi quan h thinh giac
co tht cua chung. Fant (1968, 1973) cp n vn nay, mt phn tu
quan im tng hp loi noi, va xut cn phai s dng F
2
eighted,
bin lun F
3
la F
2
gia tng v tn s, nhng phng hng tip cn cung co
nhung han ch cua no va khng c ph bin rng ri. Cung cn phai lu y
la ca hai phac nay u khng bin lun cho vic chun hoa trong cua
b may phat m. Cac thi thinh giac v cht lng nguyn m dong nh
ph bin trn hang loat cac ca nhn va vi th am chi mt su chun hoa nh
vy nhng vn khng r la cach thuc du liu tu cac giong khac nhau (nam,
nu, tr con) ich thuc s c lam tng thich nh th nao.
Trn thuc t, tt hn ht la chp nhn mt ban Iormant c ban nh no
vn thong co, va thm vao y trc F
3
nh mt su mo rng cua trc F
1
, vi
vy mt thi i s cho thy tm quan trong tng i cua nhung ong gop
cua tt ca 3 Iormant trong mt tp cac net khu bit bt ki nao. Nh s thy o
sau y, chin lc nay cung co mt gia tri nht inh trong vic lp ban
ph m. Chung ta tro lai nhung phng din ng hoc cua ph loi noi lin
tc. Du liu Iormant s dng c ly tu cac ngun la cac nguyn m thun
tuy mt cach chinh danh, tuc la cac nguyn m co mt gia tri ich thinh giac
va cu m n inh. Dich m hoc cua 1 nguyn m co th c nhn ra trn 1
anh ghi ph bng cu truc ph n inh trong 1 hat nhn m tit - mc du y
khng lun la mt vn hoan toan n gian. Tu |ha:d| hinh nh co mt
nguyn m dai, thp vi mt ich trong co tht n inh. Dich nay c
xac inh bng chui ph ma trong o cac Iormant c sp song song vi
trc thoi gian va do vy khng thay i. Thong ly cac gia tri Iormant ich
tu khoang giua cua chui nay (Trong anh ph nay co nhiu thay i ph khac
lin quan n cac ph m o inh va phn kt, nhng s tam thoi bo qua nhung
vn nay). Cac phep tinh ich chinh xac it phuc tap hn khi inh m tit co
trong ngn va khng co u thoi gian cac c quan cu m thit lp mt
ich n inh, ma thong dn n kt qua na voi hoc co th la nhung anh
hong cua cac ph m ung trc va ung sau lam can tro ich n inh.
Trong anh ph cua tu kit, co th thy cac Iormant dich chuyn v phia vi tri
nguyn m co tinh cht ngoai vi, nhng khng bao gio n inh o o. Cach
270
tinh ich nguyn m tt nht nh chi ra, la ly o vi tri bin nht (v mt m
hoc). Trong anh ph cua tu -ag, su anh hong ph m lai ngn can ich n
inh, va vung c chi ra nm o khu vuc giua cua hat nhn m tit, trong o
nhung anh hong cua hai ph m hoa nhp vao vung ich nguyn m. Nhung
vn tng tu cua vic phn tich cac inh nguyn m bn trong cac ph
ng hoc cua cac m tit c Stevens et al. (1966) thao lun su.
Vic lp ban m hoc cac nguyn m khng phai bi rang buc vao
nhung thng tin tinh trong anh ph. Co th c chi ra mt cach sang r cac
m lt va nhung dich chuyn phat m cac nguyn m i bng cach dung
mt ban Iormant. Vic nghin cuu kinh in v vic lp biu nguyn
m c tin hanh ngay sau khi xut hin may phn tich ph loi noi, do hai
tac gia Peterson va Barney tin hanh (1952), phn tich mt tp hp gm 10
nguyn m n cua mi ngoi trong tng s 76 ngoi (bao gm nam, nu va
tr em). Cac biu 2 Iormant cua nhung nguyn m nay cho thy lng gi
ln nhau co th anh gia c giua cac nguyn m k cn, chung to vic phn
bit tuyt i v mt m hoc giua mt s nguyn m la khng c bit tt.
Su giai thich cho iu nay co tinh cht nc i. Thu nht, nhung ngoi
khac nhau th hin/ hin thuc hoa v mt ngu m (m hoc) rt khac nhau cac
nguyn m cua ho, nhng ho vn duy tri cac i lp h thng mt cach binh
thong. Vi vy hai ngoi phat m co th thay i v hinh dang khoang cach
nguyn m cua ho, va cac gia tri Iormant i vi m ||, chng han, o ngoi
nay co th gn vi cac gia tri Iormant i vi m || o ngoi kia nhng ca
hai ngoi u s th hin net khu bit m hoc thoa ang giua || va ||
trong h thng nguyn m cua ho. Thu hai, moi ngoi khac nhau co tht v
trong cua b may phat m cua ho, va nhung khac bit nay co anh hong
c huu ln m hinh cac gia tri Iormant theo nhiu cach ma ngoi phat m
thuc su khng th kim soat ni. Vi th khng co mt phn bit tuyt i v
mt m hoc giua cac nguyn m cn k hoc gn nhau i vi nhiu ngoi
khac nhau. La ngoi s dng ngn ngu chung ta hu nh khng gp kho khn
gi trong vic giai quyt vn nay, vi chung ta co th, chi cn mt mu loi
noi rt nho cua mt ngoi, binh thong hoa i vi h thng nguyn m cua
ngoi o. Noi cach khac chung ta quen iu chinh ban nay o tt ca moi
ngoi.
271
Su thuc kha nng ung x vi cac h thng khac nhau cua chung ta khng
bi han ch trong mt nhom tng i thun nht, nhng co th mo rng sang
cac phng ngu hay cac bin th khu vuc khac nhau mt cach trit . Mc
du co nhiu chuyn ua v nhung hiu nhm trong th gii noi ting Anh,
nhng nhung ln xn co tht la tng i it. An tng hn ca la cho rng co
nhung chng cheo va khac bit co tht giua cac bin th khu vuc cua ting
Anh: nguyn m trong tu catch (bt) cua ngoi Ne ealand, chng han, co
th sat vi nguyn m trong tu ketch (thuyn bum) cua mt ngoi London
khi mt ngoi Uc noi tu c*erk (th ki), nhiu ngoi M o min Bc co th
nghe cht lng nguyn m cua tu o ging nh tu c*ock (cai ng h) cua
ho. Tt nhin vn la nm o ch nhiu ngoi vn duy tri cac mu khu bit
cua ring ho: mt ngoi Ne ealand thong phn bit tu catch vi tu ketch,
va mt ngoi London cung vy, nhng ho phn bit nh vy theo nhiu cach
khac nhau, vi mt i lp v cht lng nguyn m khac nhau. Vi vy vic
binh thong hoa phan anh mt nguyn li ph quat la khu bit m vi hoc la
mt vn thuc mt th i lp tng i ni trong mt h thng chu khng
phai la mt vn thuc cac gia tri ngu m ph quat hay tuyt i. LadeIoged
va Broadbent (1957) chung minh kha nng i vi vic binh thong hoa
bng mt thi nghim kha kheo leo bao gm loi noi tng hp: su thuc, ho
chi ra rng cung mt m co th c tip nhn thanh nhung nguyn m khac
nhau, ph thuc vao vic binh thong hoa cua ngoi nghe gy ra boi mt m
c phat ra ngay trc m ang ban. Ly vi d co tinh cht giai thoai v
nguyn li trn y chung ta co th noi rng mt va cung mt phat ngn co th
c nghe thanh c*ock nu nhung ngoi nghe ang nghi o la ting M min
Bc hoc thanh c*erk nu ho ang nghi o la ting Uc. Vi vy ma khng nn
kt hp du liu Iormant tu nhiu ngoi khac nhau, nh Peterson va Barney
lam.
Cho n nay co mt loat cac thut toan c xut cho vic biu
din cac chun hoa toan hoc du liu Iormant nhm thao g mt s ngun bin
th. Mt trong nhung thut toan u tin vic cn i theo ti l du liu Iormant
trong quan h vi chiu kich cua b may phat m cua Fant (1966). Rt nhiu ki
thut khac cung c phat trin k tu o, trong o Gerstman (1968) va
Nearey (1977) la c bit n nhiu nht. Co th thy mt anh gia su va bai
im sach cac quy trinh chun hoa cua tac gia Disner (1980). Disner thy rng
272
vic gian lc bin du liu khng co bt ki mt gia tri tu thn nao nu lam th
bao i vi cac mi quan h cht lng nguyn m o trong hay giua cac ngn
ngu.
Nhiu cng trinh nghin cuu i vao cac khia canh m hoc cua cac
nguyn m tp trung vao vic s dng cac thuc tinh khoang (space) gian
thoi gian - tn s tuyn tinh cua cac nguyn m, vi c cung cp mt cach
kha truc tip tu vic phn tich ph theo quy c. Mt vai nm trc y, co
su quan tm ngay cang tng ln i vi hng tip cn dua vao ngoi nghe
nhiu hn n cac quy trinh phn tich va nhung biu din m hoc cht lng
nguyn m. Dc bit, c bit chc chn la h thng thinh giac cua ngoi co
mt hoa giai tn s tt giam mt cach nhanh chong i vi nhung dai tn trn
1 kHz, va cung bit kt qua la kha nng phn bit cac inh nng lng
Iormant cua chung ta s tro nn ngheo nan hn o nhung tn s cao hn nay.
Rt co th nghin cuu hin tai s tao ra nhung ki thut chun cho ca vic lp
biu ln chun hoa du liu nguyn m, dua vao vic chuyn i du liu
thanh biu din ph lp mu...... trong ban thn h thng thinh giac ngoi
(xem Christovich et al. 1979, va Bladon va Lindblom 1981). Nhung quy trinh
kiu nh vy nhm hng su chu y cua chung ta vao nhung khia canh quan
yu nht v mt thm nhn cua du liu, nhng nhung quy trinh nay hin vn
con ang tranh ci va cha c thu hiu mt cach y u, nh Bladon
(1987) chi ra.
D kt thuc phn nay, chung ta a ra 1 vi d v vic phn tich ph va lp
biu , phn tich cac nguyn m sau cua ting Anh Uc va giac quan - bi canh
cua ho i vi m bn mac hoa sau. B loc b may phat m trong qua trinh tao
san ph m
Vic phat m cac ph m c c trng mt cach khai quat boi ng
tac tht va vic phn chia b may phat m tu ming n hu, vi mt b sung,
trong trong hp cac ph m mui hoc mui hoa, va trong trong hp cp i
cua h thng khoang mui. Cac ph m nc trong nhiu trong hp ging
nh cac nguyn m, nhng nhiu ph m khac co mt h thng cng hong
trong b may phat m phuc tap hn (mc du vic nhc n cac nguyn m
mui hoa o phn trn long trc mt s phuc tap nao o). Trong phn nay
chung ta s xem xet cac binh din tinh cua cac thuc tinh b loc cua b may
273
phat m trong qua trinh tao san ph m chung ta s lin kt cac thuc tinh
nay vi cac m hinh ph ng hoc vn lp m cac net m vi hoc cua cac ph
m trong m tit.
Cac thuc tinh b loc b may phat m ging nguyn m nht la o cac m
nc, chia thanh hai nhom. Thu nht, o y khng cn phai phn tich thm,
bao gm cac m nc giua bn vung vn co cac thuc tinh m hoc chi khac
mt chut vi cac nguyn m cuc cao chung c phn loai thanh cac ph m
nho vai tro chuc nng cua chung trong cu truc m tit nhiu hn la cac thuc
tinh m hoc cua chung. Cac vi d in hinh nht la || va ||. Nhom thu hai
bao gm cac ph m vn chia hay bop/ tht b may phat m mt cach trit
hn so vi cac m nguyn m tinh, tao nn cac thuc tinh cng hong khac
nhau co th chung minh c. Nhung ai biu in hinh nht cua cac ph m
nay la cac m bn chng han nh |l| va cac m nc giua chng han nh
||.
Cac m bn chia khoang ming ra thanh 2 phn xung quanh vi tri 'ut
nut cua li. Khoang ming vn khng bi phn chia thanh hai phn trc va
sau im ut nut nay. Vic phn tich m |l| cua Fant (1960) cho thy h thng
khoang cng hong bi phn chia phuc tap nay sinh ra mt ph nm trong
vung khoang trn di 2000 Hz, do luc phan cng hong trong b loc b may
phat m gy ln.
Vi d v 1 m nc giua la m || trong ting Anh, nh trong tu rag
(gi rach) hay tu ruck (np nhn) (khi c ngoi London hay ngoi Uc phat
m chu khng phai ngoi Scot, vi ngoi Scot co th dung mt m v hoc 1
m rung). Cac m nc giua co cac m hinh cng hong lch hng mt
cach r rang so vi cac m nguyn m tinh. Dc im chinh cua nhung m
nay la co F
3
rt thp, sinh ra tu su cng hong kt hp vi khoang trc tao
thanh boi u li va su sit lai cua thn li. Su khac bit o gia tri F
3
thong
la mt bng chung quan trong phn bit || vi cac m nc khac chng
han nh || va |l|.
Cac hoat ng tht lai khi phat m m xat tao ra cac thuc tinh cng
hong b may phat m khac vi cac thuc tinh cng hong cua cac nguyn
m. Net khac bit quan trong vi cac m khac la o ch ngun kich thich cua 1
m xat khng nht thit la o thanh mn. Khoang b may phat m c phn
274
chia mt cach huu hiu o im xay ra hoat ng xat. Cac m xat ngac va ngac
sau la cac vi d in hinh v dang h thng khoang cng hong nay: theo
phn tich cua Heinz va Stevens (1961) khoang phia trc ch sit hoat ng
nh mt hp cng hong hinh ong ng ngn khep kin (1/4 song), kt hp
vi ng tac tht xat vn hoat ng nh mt hp cng hong hinh ong ng
mo (na song). Toan b h thng b loc va ngun xat nay rt ngn, in hinh
nht la ngn hn 4 cm i vi cac vi tri cu m trc ngac con h thng
khoang ming-hu rng ng sau im tht phn ln c tach ring ra khoi
h thng b loc va ngun. cac m v thanh, su cng hong thp nht cung
bi tt giam mt cach gh gm boi thanh mn mo. Noi chung, khi tinh n
nhung hiu ung cua phan cng hong tht, chi co hiu ung cng hong nho o
cac m xat v thanh thp hn hiu ung cng hong cua h thng ng trc.
Cac ph m xat nhin chung u th hin mt dai cao tn, nng lng cong
cao va su suy giam nng lng rt nhanh o cac tn s thp hn nhung tn
s o do su cng hong o khoang trc.
Mc du nhung hiu ung cng hong trong khoang o cac m xat phuc tap
hn so vi nhung hiu ung cng hong trong khoang o cac nguyn m, nng
lng Iormant cao tn tng hp cho thy su tinh lin tc vi cu truc inh m
tit lin i cua no, nh Heinz va Stevens (1961) chi ra. Diu nay phan anh
nguyn li tinh lin tc cua cng hong trong b may phat m, moi thay i ng
hoc trong cu hinh hinh hoc cua no trong sut qua trinh phat m. Ni co bc bi
anh du trong bin nng lng xat trong ph m, thi vung tn s tai ni no
din ra cho chung ta mt manh mi tinh manh v vi tri cu m cua m xat (xem
Stevens 1960, Heinz va Stevens 1961, Clark et al. 1982, va Karalainen 1987).
Tt ca nhung iu chung ta noi v cac m xat cho n nay em ap dng mt
cach r rang nht cho cac m xat co cac im sit sau rng.
275
8.2. Cc d}c trng m v| hc cua ting ni
8.2.1. Phn tch ting ni thnh cc dn v| c ban
Trong mt ln thi nghim in hinh v tinh d hiu cua ting noi, mt
phat thanh vin noi ting Anh phat m cac tu cn tach roi (bill, put, Iig,...) va
mt ngoi nghe noi ting Anh c gng hiu ung cac tu o. Di vi ngoi
nghe thi tinh hung theo mt nghia nao o la n gian hn so vi giao tip
ting noi binh thong boi vi cac mu tu ma anh ta nghe c khng th b
gy ra thanh cac n vi ngn hn ma lai co nghia va khng c nhom lai
thanh cac n vi ln hn. Vi th vic phn chia cu thanh cac tu va vic phn
chia cac tu thanh cac thanh t ngu phap khng h lin can gi hn n ngoi
nghe nay. Anh ta khng cn thit phai bin h cho mi quan h ln nhau cua
cac tu trong mt cu va cho cac thanh t ngu phap khac nhau trong mt tu
phuc (eE - port - s5 im - port - e#5 re - port - ing5 mi# - night).
Tuy nhin, theo mt nghia khac thi thi nghim nay la phuc tap hn so vi
giao tip ting noi thng thong. Nu tu -i** ma xut hin trong t hp one
#o**ar -i** hay vi t cach mt tu n noi vi ngoi bi ban sau bua n, thi
ngoi nghe cung oan trc c su xut hin cua no. Trong mt tinh hung
nh vy, cac m t tao thanh tu la thua i vi cp cao, boi vi chung 'co
th c suy ra la cn nguyn cua moi vn . Tuy nhin, nu tu ma bi tach
ra khoi mt ngu canh bt ki, du la ngu canh ngn ngu hay ngu canh phi ngn
ngu thi chi cn thng qua hinh dang m thanh ngoi nghe vn co th nhn ra
no. Kt qua la, trong tinh hung nay thi cac m thanh ting noi chuyn tai mt
khi lng thng tin ti a.
Cu hoi t ra la: Co bao nhiu n vi co nghia, vi d, cac n vi phu
hp vi vic tach bit cac mu, liu cac m hinh m thanh co chua khng?
Lin quan n vic linh hi cac m tit chng han nh -i** va pu**, ngoi nghe
nhn ra chung la hai tu khac nhau co th phn bit c nho phn u cua
chung /bi/ va /pu/. Tuy nhin, phin oan khu bit nay ln lt co th c
phn tich theo trinh tu. Ngoi Anh, va bt ki mt thanh vin nao cua cng
ng Anh ngu, u co trong vn tu vung cua minh chng han nh -i** va pu**.
Mt mt, cac yu t ging nhau u c s dng phn bit -i** vi pi** va
-u** vi pu**. Mt khac, su khu bit giua -i** va -u** tng tu nh su khu bit
276
giua pi** va pu**. Vi th phn bit giua -i** va pu** thi cn thit phai co mt
thao tac up. Phin oan /bi/ trong -i** chung to co th tach ra thanh cac chit
oan /b/ va /i/, minh hoa cho chit oan u la cp -i** - pi** va chit oan thu
hai la -i** - -u**.
Mt trong hai chit oan u ong vai tro la c so phn bit tu -i** vi
hang loat tu, toan b cac n vi tng ng khac.* Mi mt chit oan co
th c thay th bng nhiu chit oan khac. Su thay th cua mt chit oan
nay bng nhiu chit oan khac c goi la giao ho.n.
Chung ta co th lit k toan b mt tp giao hoan. Hoan i chit oan
thu nht chung ta co cac loat -i** - pi** - Ci** - #i** - ti** - thi** - si** - ni* - gi**ygi*y
- ki** - gi** yi*y - chi** - hi** - i** - ri** - "i**. Nghin cuu ti mi hn v nhung
loat nh th cho phep ta co nhung suy lun nht inh.
Di vi mt s cp tu trong tp hp nay thi su phn tach cuc tiu la ng
nht vi th mt ngoi nao o co quyn noi -i** i vi pi**, cung nh Ci** i vi
fi**, hay #i** i vi ti**, hay gi** i vi ki**, v.v... hay cho cach biu din
mang tinh hinh hoc hn ta co: -i**Mpi** - Ci**Mfi** - #i**Mti** - gi**Mki**,
v.v...
Hoan toan tng tu nh vy,
1) -i**MCi** - pi**Mfi** - ti**Msi**,...
2) -i**Mmi** - #i**Mni*,...
3) -i**M#i** - pi**Mti** - fi**Msi** - mi**Mni*,...
Mt net khu bit c goi la ti thiu nu no khng th c phn tich
thanh cac net khu bit nho hn nua dung phn bit cac tu trong mt ngn
ngu nao o. Chung ti ly thut ngu nay cua Daniel ones, cung tu ng
chung ti mn inh nghia sau y*: 'Nhung khac bit ln hn co th goi
bng cac thut ngu nh\n @Oi (duple), nh\n -a (triple), v.v... tu theo s lng
cac net khu bit ti thiu ma co chua toan b su khac bit. Nhung net khu bit
i la kt qua cua hai net khu bit ti thiu.
Nhung net khu bit giua -i** va pi**, hay giua -i** va Ci** hoc -i** va #i**
la nhung net khu bit ti thiu vi chung khng th phn tich thanh cac net khu
bit n gian hn ma theo trinh tu ln lt chung co th phn bit cac m vi
ting Anh. Mt khac, mi quan h cua -i** vi ti** la net khu bit nhn ba:
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ngoai hai net khu bit trn, no con co mt net khu bit thu ba nua: -i** - Ci**
(tng ng vi pi** - fi** va tng ng vi ti** - si**).
Su khac bit giua cac tu -i** va fe** am chi mt net khu bit i o cac
chit oan u cua chung (/b/ - /I/) va mt net khu bit cuc tiu o cac chit
oan giua (/i/ - /e/). D phn bit cac tu nh -it va sai#, chung ta cn mt net
khu bit nhn ba o chit oan u tin cua chung va mt net khu bit cuc tiu
o mt trong hai chit oan kia.
Khoi cn phai a thm du liu nua, r rang la ngoi nghe nghe mt
mu ting noi (speech sample) phai thong i mt vi hang loat su lua chon
hai kha nng. D xac inh thng ip la -i**, anh ta phai xac inh xem khoi
m phi nguyn m tinh i lp vi nguyn m tinh va xem ph m tinh i
lp vi phi ph m tinh. Nho thao tac nhn i nay, cac nguyn m, cac m
nc, cac m lt bi loai bo boi vi nu tu bt u bng mt nguyn m, thi su
khoi m s c xac inh la nguyn m tinh va phi ph m tinh nu mo u
bng mt m nc, thi khoi m s c xac inh la ca ph m tinh ln
nguyn m tinh, va nu khoi m bng mt m lt, thi khoi m s la phi
nguyn m tinh ln phi ph m tinh.
uyt inh tip theo la giua -i** va gi** /gil/ - long hay c, giua -i** va
#i** - trm hay bng, va cui cung, giua -i** va mi** - khng mui hoa hay co
mui hoa. uyt inh v hai kha nng sau s khng con su lua chon nao nua,
boi vi /m/ chi la mt kt hp cua tinh cht trm va tinh cht mui trong ting
Anh. Nhng co th lua chon ngc lai, tip theo su lua chon giua -i** va pi** -
yu hay manh (bng cac thut ngu khai quat hn, chung hay cng), va, cui
cung, su lua chon giua -i** va Ci** - tc hoc sit (bng cac thut ngu khai quat
hn, gian oan hay lin tc). Chui cac thao tac tng tu c x hai chit oan
k tip nhau cua mu /i/ va /l/. Tuy nhin, tp hp cac lua chon s c thuc
hin han ch hn so vi chit oan mo u. Vi d, khi mt chui bt u bng
mt m tc, chng han nh chui -i**, thi vic chon net nguyn m tinh la bt
buc, boi vi trong ting Anh co th co cac m u tc va cac m u nc i
sau.
Mt net khu bit cuc tiu bt ki nm trong thng ip khin cho ngoi
nghe ung trc mt tinh hung lua chon hai kha nng. Trong mt ngn ngu
mi mt i lp nay u co thuc tinh ring phn bit no vi ht thay cac i
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lp khac. Ngoi nghe bt buc phai lua chon giua hai phm cht cuc oan cua
cung mt pham tru, chng han nh trm i lp vi bng, c i lp vi
long, hay giua su co mt va vng mt cua mt phm cht xac inh, chng
han nh huu thanh i lp vi khng huu thanh, mui hoa i lp vi khng
mui hoa, ic i lp vi khng ic (bng phng). Su lua chon giua hai i
lp co th goi bng thut ngu la @Qc tr1ng khu -it hay nt khu -it (distintive
Ieature). Cac c trng khu bit la nhung thuc th khu bit cui cung cua
ngn ngu boi vi khng co mt thuc th khu bit nao lai co th chia nho ra
thanh cac n vi nho hn nua c. Cac c trng khu bit kt hp lai thanh
mt chum xay ra ng thoi, hay nh Taddell nghi, la mt chum cung
xut hin tao thanh mt \m C/ (phoneme).
Vi d, tu -i** bao gm 3 chum c trng khu bit k tip nhau: cac m
vi /b/, /i/ va /l/. Chit oan thu nht cua tu -i** la m vi /b/ bao gm cac c
trng sau: 1) phi nguyn m tinh, 2) ph m tinh, 3) long, 4) trm, 5) phi mui
hoa (ming), 6) chung, 7) am chi ca 1) ln 2), 2) gm hai c trng/ net co
tinh cht d. Tng tu, 3) la d boi vi no c 4) am chi.
Mt thng ip ting noi chuyn tai thng tin o hai phng din. Mt
mt, cac c trng khu bit bi gi ln nhau, vi d, xay ra mt cach ng thoi
(chp lai thanh cac m vi), va, mt khac, chung k tip nhau theo trinh tu thoi
gian. Ca hai loat sp xp nay thi chu yu la chung xut hin theo kiu gi ln
nhau boi vi no co th hoat ng ma khng cn co chui chui la thu yu boi
vi no am chi cai chu yu. Vi d, cac tu ting Phap u /o/ 'u, o u, eu /y/
'co, th hoan thanh, , /i/ 'o, co, eau /o/ 'nc, oeufs // 'trung, et /e/
'va, con, aie /e/ 'co, un // 'mt, an /a/ 'nm, v.v... mi tu chi bao
gm mt m duy nht.
Su khac nhau giua cac c trng khu bit cua cac chum k tip nhau cho
phep phn chia mt chui thanh cac m vi. Su khac nhau nay co th la khng
hoan toan, vi giua hai m vi cui cung /i/ va // trong tu "ing 'canh (ma
khng co cac c trng khu bit chung hay b phn, boi vi giua hai m vi cua
tu apt 'co thin hng - /p/ va /t/ toan b cac c trng khu bit cua hai m
vi nay la ging nhau tru mt c trng khu bit duy nht: /p/ trm con /t/
bng.
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Vic mo rng siu oan tinh cua cac c trng nht inh chng han nh
net tc, net long hay phi mui tinh la co tinh lua chon: i lp vi, chng han
nh cac t hp asp (lu thng va tc), act (c va long), va ant (mui va
ming). Mt khac, cac ph m manh (cng) va yu (chung) khng th ung k
tip nhau trong mt tu n ting Anh: dn vi d: na-s /nabz/, na--e# /nabd/
va naps /naps/, nappe# /napt/. Y mun noi la, trong cac t hp ph m thi cac
c trng cng va chung la siu oan tinh.
Mt m ngn ngu bt ki u co mt tp hp huu han cac c trng khu
bit va mt tp hp huu han cac qui lut nhom chung lai thanh cac m vi
va cung nhom cac m vi thanh cac chui m vi tp hp bi s nay c
goi bng thut ngu la mO h}nh \m C/ (phonemic pattern).
Mt chum cac c trng/ net bt ki (m vi) c dung trong mt thng
ip ting noi tai mt vi tri xac inh trong mt chui nht inh la mt su lua
chon trong s mt tp hp cac chum khu bit co th hoan i nhau. Vi vy
bng cach hoan i mt net khu bit o m vi thu nht cua chui pat chung ta
s co c mt loat -at - fat - mat - tat - cat. Mt chui cac m vi xac inh bt
ki la mt su lua chon tu trong mt tp hp cac chui co th hoan vi nhau: vi
d pat - apt - tap. Tuy nhin, /tpa/ khng nhung khng, ma con khng th
tn tai vi t cach nh mt tu trong ting Anh, boi vi no co mt t hp m
u tc va mt nguyn m n cui mang trong m, ca hai m nay u khng
th chp nhn c theo cac qui lut lp m cua ting Anh hin ai.
OLt b-:n S. nh5ng b-:n 8
Cac tu coo va ke, cua ting Anh, coup va +ui cua ting Phap u co cac
ph m rt khac nhau. Trong ca hai ngn ngu nay cach phat m lui sau hn
(mac) c dung trc /u/ va cach cu m trc hn (ngac) trc /i/. Cac
Iormant cua mt ph m u c iu chinh trit theo cac Iormant cua
cac nguyn m i sau, anh ph tn s xut hin cua /k/ trc /u/ co mt
tm vung thp hn va gn hn vi tm vung cua /p/ so vi trong hp ung
trc /i/, trong khi o no co mt tm vung cao hn va gn hn vi tm vung
cua /t/. Ca trong ting Anh va ting Phap, /p/ va /t/ u la cac m vi ring bit
i lp nhau theo tiu chi trm va bng, trong o hai bin th cua m vi /k/ chi
th hin mt m vi. Diu dong nh khng nht quan nay la do mt thuc t la
su i lp cua /p/ va /t/ la co tinh tu do, vi d, ca /p/ va /t/ u xut hin trong
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nhung ngn canh ging nhau (poo* - too*5 pea - tea), trong khi o su khac
nhau giua hai m t k la do nguyn m i sau gy nn: no la mt bin th
ngu canh. Dng tac cu m tht vao va tn s xut hin thp cua mt trong
nhung m t k va ng tac cu m tin trc hn va tn s xut hin cao
hn cua mt m t khac khng phai la nhung c trng khu bit nhng lai la
nhung c trng d, boi vi net khu bit c thuc hin boi cac nguyn m ni
tip nhau. Trong ting Rumani, ca hai m t k ang cp u xut hin
trong cung mt ngn canh (vi d, trc /u/: cu 'vi, vi mt ng tac cu m
lui lai phia sau va chiu 'khoc vi mt ng tac cu m tin trc hn) va vi
th, chung th hin hai m vi khac nhau.
Theo cach tng tu, su khac nhau giua cac loat bin th goi la 'trong va
'c cua /l/ trong ting Anh la d: bin th 'trong am chi co mt nguyn
m i sau va bin th 'c am chi khng co nguyn m i sau vi vy trong
tu *u**, m u /l/ la 'trong con m cui la 'c. Trong ting Ba Lan hai m
t nay co th xut hin o trong cung mt ngn canh ging nhau va tao thanh
mt th i lp khu bit: vi d /l/ 'trong trong tu *aska 'mia, lau va m t
gn vi loat bin th 'c cua ting Anh trong tu aska 'duyn.
Mi quan h giua tart va #art, tr, va #r,, -et va -e# trong ting Anh th
hin cung mt net khu bit ti thiu khng k su khac nhau v mt cu m va
m hoc co th nhn thy c giua 3 m t |t|. Bt bin th la su i lp giua
manh va yu. Trong ting Anh yu t lun i kem cua th i lp nay la net
v thanh cua cac ph m manh va net huu thanh cua cac ph m yu. Nhng
c trng d nay i khi co th khng tn tai vi d cac bin th v thanh
cua /b d z/ theo quan sat cua cac nha ngu m hoc Anh.
Cn lu y la nhung bin i v manh khng ong vai tro la net khu
bit: chung ph thuc hoan toan vao ngn canh. Vi d, su hut hi manh cua
m u /p, t, k/ trc mt nguyn m mang trong m nh trong tu tart, va
ngc lai su thiu hut hi trc cac m vi khac nh trong tu tr, chi la nhung
bin th ngn canh vn khng th nao ngn can c vic nhn dang bt ki
mt m nao trong s /p, t, k/ manh i lp vi cac m t /b, d, g/.
Ting Dan Mach la mt ngn ngu khac co su i lp giua cac m manh va
yu. Su i lp nay c thuc hin theo nhiu cach khac nhau ph thuc vao vi
tri cua ph m trong mt tu. Co th thy r hai vi tri trong tu ting Dan Mach -
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manh va yu. nhung tu n tit thi vi tri manh cua mt ph m la o u m
tit va vi tri yu cua no la o cui m tit. vi tri manh thi cac m tc manh
thng thong c tao ra bng mt ng tac xat manh, trong khi o thi cac
bin th yu i lp cua chung xut hin nh nhung m tc yu (khac vi /b d
g/ ting Anh thng qua net v thanh) vi d tag 'mai nha - #ag 'ngay. vi tri
yu, m /t/ manh bi nhc hoa thanh ngang vi /#/ trong khi o thi m i lp
yu cua no lai bi nhc hoa tip nua tu /#/ thanh dang yu nht la // tao
thanh mt ph m nh the ting Anh vi d hat had 'mu - ha# ha
'ghet. Kt qua la, su i lp giua m vi manh va yu vn bt bin o ca hai
vi tri, iu o chi ra rng khng co nguyn m dai hay nguyn m mang trong
m i sau. Mc du m vi yu o vi tri manh va m vi manh o vi tri yu v mt
ngu m gi ln nhau, xet v mt quan h nghim ngt cua cac c trng khu
bit thi khng co su gi ln nhau.
'Hai m hinh la ging nhau nu cu truc quan h cua chung co th t
vao th tng ung mt - i - mt, i vi mi mt v cua mt th tng
ung, tng ung vi mt v cua mt th tng ung khac.
Do o, mt yu t do tu ng c thit lp phn bit giua hai vi tri
va giua hai thai cuc o mt trong chung s 'nhn ra mt cach chinh xac ca m
vi vua manh vua yu:
Nhung vi d trn cho thy su bt bin cua cac net khu bit ti thiu co
th co c tach ra khoi cac c trng d ma bi qui inh boi cac m vi k cn
trong chui nh th nao.
Su sp xp theo trt tu tuyn tinh cua cac c trng khu bit khng tao ra
mt kiu loai nhung net d duy nht. Mt lp cac net d khac it c phn tich
hn vi vy ma rt quan trong bi qui inh boi vi tri gi ln nhau cua cac net khu
d

d
t
m vi Vi
tri
/t/
manh
/d/
yu
m
anh
y
u
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bit ng thoi. Co nhiu ngn ngu co m mac k nm trong th phn b b
sung vi mt m tc ngac tng ung hoc vn vi mt m xat tin ngac trc
hn (c phat m nh trong tu che" cua ting Anh). Vi d, m mac chi xut
hin trc cac nguyn m sau va m ngac (hay tin ngac) chi xut hin trc
cac nguyn m trc. Trong nhung trong hp nh vy, yu t trc va yu t
sau u c xem la hai bin th ngu canh cung th hin mt m vi. Li do
tng tu, nu trong ting Phap chung ta co m tc mac /k/, m mui ngac //
(nh trong tu *igue) va m sit tin ngac // (nh trong tu chauffeur), thi
chung ta phai xem su khac nhau giua cac ng tac cu m mac, ngac va tin
ngac la d hoan toan, vi su khac nhau nay la co tinh b sung cho cac net khu
bit tu do khac. Toan b cac ph m nay lai i lp vi cac ph m tao ra o
phn trc cua ming nh c i lp vi long. Khi cac c trng cua net tc,
mui hoa va net lin tc nm gi ln net c, thi trong cac ph m ting Phap,
chung thong co cac c trng d nh nt mc5 nt ngc va nt tibn ngc i
kem. Vi vy /p b/ va /t d/ ting Phap mang ganh nng quan h ging nh /k
g/, hay /I v/ va /s z/ vi / /, va /m/ va /n/ i vi //.
Dc trng d cua net mac va tin ngac cua cac ph m c ting Anh co
th c chung minh theo cach tng tu. Tuy nhin, trong ting Czech hay
ting Slovak, thi su khac bit tng tu giua cac m mac va m ngac (bao gm
ca cac m tin ngac va lp m ngac) la c^ tnh khu -it, boi vi nhung ngn
ngu nay u co cac m mac va ngac, ceteris paribus. m tc mac /k/ i lp
vi m tc ngac /c/ va m xit mac // i lp vi m // (tin) ngac. Kt
qua la, o nhung ngn ngu nay th i lp trm va bng khng nhung c
trng cho mi quan h giua cac m mi vi cac m rng ma con c trng
cho ca mi quan h giua cac m mac va cac m ngac: /k/ i lp vi /c/ nh
/p/ i lp vi /t/.
Bi s cua cac net khu bit truyn thng c chp nhn trong qua trinh
phn tich ting noi co th bi lc bo nhiu nh chung ta bo bt nhung net d
lin quan n th i lp cn yu cua cac nguyn m va ph m. Vi d, co th
chi ra mi quan h cua cac nguyn m mo va khep, mt ng, va mi quan h
cua cac ph m mi va cac ph m rng i vi cac ph m c tao ra i
lp vi ngac cung va mm, mt phia, la toan b nhung biu hin cua mt th
i lp duy nht: long i lp vi c min la v s cac net d tu thuc vao
283
su khac bit c ban giua c trng nguyn m tinh va ph m tinh bi lc bo.
Dn lt minh cac mi quan h giua cac nguyn m trc va sau, va giua cac
ph m mi va rng thuc v th i lp chung trm va bng.
Trong khi kt cu quan h cua nhung c trng nay, vn di chung cho ca
nguyn m va ph m biu thi mt hinh vi tach roi xac inh (th tng ung
mt - i - mt), chuyn i la u nm trong th phn b b sung. Diu o
noi ln rng, chung c xac inh boi nhung ngu canh khac nhau ma o o
chung xut hin nhung chuyn i ph thuc vao vic liu cac net trm -
bng va c - long nm chng ln mt nguyn m hay mt ph m.
Bng cach bo bt lin tc cac du liu d i (vn khng chuyn tai nhung
thng tin mi) thi vic phn tich ngn ngu thanh cac c trng khu bit vt
ln 'tinh cht khng nht nguyn cua cac giai phap m vi. Thuyt a ngn
nay, nh Y.R. Chao chi ra, giao thoa vi vic phn tich min sao m vi vn
lu giu n vi thao tac cui cung va khng bi b gy ra thanh cac thanh t cua
no. Phng phap tip cn hin ai thit lp ln mt tiu chi n gian cua mt
giai phap c th nao o, vi khi hai giai phap khac nhau, thi mt trong hai giai
phap thong khng chinh xac bng giai phap kia vi co su rom ra hn.
Nguyn ly th phn b b sung, vn c chung minh la co hiu qua
nht trong vic phn tich ting noi, mo ra nhiu kha nng mi khi co th a
ra nhung ham y l-gic cui cung mt cach hin nhin. Vi vy nu cac net khu
bit m vi c th x ly mt mu s (denominator) cha bao gio c nghin
cuu la cung tn tai trong mt ngn ngu, vy thi chung co th c hiu mt
cach thun tuy la nhung bin th cua mt th i lp. Hn nua, co th t ra
cu hoi la liu vic lua chon mt bin th co sn trong mt ngn ngu c th
nao o khng lin can n mt s net khac ung nh cung mt m hinh ngn
ngu.
Bng cach nay yu cu cn thit phai rut gon danh sach cac net khu bit
khng xac inh chc chn trong cac ngn ngu th gii. Trubetzkoy phn bit 3
th i lp ph m tinh sau y: thu nht, th i lp cac ph m manh va yu,
cac ph m manh co c trng la bn hn i vi lung hi va co ap sut ln
hn thu hai, th i lp cua chinh bn yu hn va manh hn ma khng co
nhung khac bit ap luc nao i kem thu ba, th i lp xat va khng xat. Tuy
nhin, vi khng bao gio co hn mt trong ba th i lp trn c s dng
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hanh chuc mt cach tu do trong mt ngn ngu bt k, cho nn ca ba th i lp
nn c xem nh la nhung bin th cua mt th i lp duy nht. Hn nua, su
bin i nay r rang la thua boi vi no ph thuc vao cac net ph m tinh xac
inh khac co mt trong cung mt m hinh. Mt tp hp huu han mt cach cuc
oan cac net khu bit c trng cho mt ngn ngu, nhung ch ngu lin quan
n nhung kt hp thuc cua chung vao cac chum va cac chui va, cui cung la
s lng ln cac net d, giam bt ganh nng lam anh trao cac yu t cua mt
su kin loi noi.
Trong h thng thang cac c trng m t cac net khu bit la ht suc
quan trong. Tuy nhin, vai tro cua cac net rom khng th bi anh gia thp.
Nhung canh hung thm chi khin chung co th thay th c cho cac net
khu bit. Trong ting Nga, net khu bit giua cac ph m vom hoa va khng
vom hoa ong mt vai tro quan trong trong vic phn bit cac tu. Net vom
hoa lam tng cac Iormant. m vi /i/ c th hin la mt nguyn m sau
sau cac ph m khng vom hoa s va m s vom hoa ma la
phng tin phn bit giua cac m tit s va s. Nhng khi mt
ngoi th n goi in cho mt k s noi rng nhung buc tong sr`eut
'ang bi m va su chuyn tip lam bin dang nhiu tn s xut hin cao
cua m s kho ma co th hiu c liu nhung buc tong o 'ang bi
m 'ang bi mc sr`eut, khi o bac th n s lp lai tu vi mt
trong m c bit nhn vao m va thng qua net rom nay ngoi
nghe s lua chon ung c. Trong cng thuc cua S.S Stevens:
'... Su thuc net rom lam tng tin cy cua giao tip ngn ngu va lam
cho no chng choi lai c vi nhiu kiu bin dang. Bng cach han ch s
lng nhung thay i cn thit cua ngoi nghe va bng vic giup cho anh ta
lua chon thng qua vic lp m thng tin thng d, chung ta co th noi chuyn
c vi nhau v mt cng vic mt cach hp ly.
qc =Vnh cc nrt Mh% b-t
Mt net khu bit bt k thong c ngoi nhn nhn tuc nu no thuc
v mt m ging vi anh ta va ging vi ngoi gi, c truyn i mt cach
chinh xac va n ngoi nhn.
Gia s ca hai thanh vin tham gia cua mt su kin giao tip loi noi (speech
event) cung dung ting Anh Chun va gia s ngoi nghe nghe c cac tu gip,
285
gi- C gi# ma vn khng quen vi anh ta va i vi nhiu ngoi noi ting Anh
khac. Anh ta khng bit rng gip co nghia la 'to clean (Iish) 'lam (ca), gi# co
nghia la 'con trasted - tom cat 'meo thin khng gia tri, va gi# co nghia la
'mt cn bnh ng vt. Tuy nhin, thng tin anh ta nhn c tu 3 mu nay
ma chung co th la nhung tu ting Anh, boi vi ca hai net khu bit va nhung kt
hp cua cac net u khng chua trong chung mu thun vi m Anh ngu. Hn
nua, 3 mu tu nay u chuyn tai thng tin la, nu chung la cac tu, thi mt
trong s chung co mt nghia khac, boi vi co mt net khu bit i giua gi- va
gi# va hai net khu bit ti thiu khac nhau tach gi- ra khoi gip va gid. Ngoi
nghe noi ting Anh s nghe c cu rt khng co thuc sau: 'The gi- "ith the
gi# sha** not gip it, anh ta s hiu c tu vn kin thuc cua minh v cac qui
lut cua m Anh ngu, rng /gib/ /gip/ /gid/. Cac mu o s c chuyn
sang ting Duc, thi gi- va gi# s c xac inh la hai bin th tu chon cua cai
co th la cung mt tu, boi vi trong ting Duc net khu bit cua /b/ va /p/ thong
bi lc bo o vi tri cui tu. Tin hanh xac inh tng tu trong m giao tip loi
noi ting Phn Lan, boi vi trong m ting Phn Lan thi su khac bit giua cac
m t b va p khng co gia tri khu bit.
Li thuyt thng tin s dng chui cac lua chon i lam c so hp li nht
phn tich cac qua trinh giao tip khac nhau. No la mt cng c co tinh cht
thao tac do nha nghin cuu anh trao lin quan n vn chu th vi nhung li
do dng hoc. Tuy nhin, trong trong hp c bit cua loi, thi mt tp hp cac
lua chon i nh th la co tinh cht c huu trong ban thn qua trinh giao tip
nh la mt ch ngu do m anh trao lin quan n cac thanh vin tham gia
trong mt su kin giao tip loi noi, nhung ngoi ma co th goi la ng1?i *>p m
va ng1?i giWi m.
Diu nay tip theo tu mt thuc t la thng tin chu yu c chuyn tai
boi net khu bit la net khu bit cua no. Ngoi nghe phn bit tu /gib/ vi tu
/gid/ bng mt net: c im trm cua /b/ i lp, cach phat m cua ngn ngu
gc (ceteris paribus), i lp vi c im bng cua /d/. Tng tu tu /gib/
phn bit vi /gip/ bng mt net khac nhau: c im yu cua /b/ i lp vi
c im manh cua /p/. Trong hai vi d nay, cac cp tu th hin mt net khu
bit ti thiu bng cac chit oan tng ung v mt phat m. Cac cp tu khac
co th th hin s lng ln hn cac net khu bit hoc bng mt chit oan
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hoc bng hn mt chit oan. Khi chung ti xem lai cac net khu bit ti
thiu nay c dung phn bit giua cac cp tu nay thi chung ti chi thy
hai kha nng: a) Nhung xut hin cua cung mt i lp (gi-Mgi# - fatM sat) va
b) Mt trong hai net khu bit co c tinh ring cua no (gi-M gi# gi-M gi#).
D chc chn, v mt cu m, vt li va thm nhn tn tai mt dy lin
tip cac cp tu muc thi thao n muc noi hoan toan r rang nhng chi hai
thai cuc - su co mt va vng mt cua net huu thanh - mi c chon ra lam
cac net khu bit. Co su chuyn i khng ngung o hinh dang cua i mi tu
tron khep n bet/ det va o nhung anh hong m hoc tng ung, nhng i
lp ngn ngu det (Ilat) i lp vi bng phng (plain) (vi d tu Nste 'bo -
kiste 'hp trong ting Duc) la su n inh ngn ngu cua mt gia tri khu bit
i vi hai vi tri cua mi va i vi nhung hiu qua m hoc i lp cua
chung. Noi chung, khng co mt ngn ngu nao lai x li hn mt net khu bit
ti thiu dua vao kich c l mi.
Ti l lng phn la nguyn tc ti quan trong cua cu truc ngn ngu. M
ngn ngu anh trao no vao m t.
Chi co mt mi quan h m vi th hin mt cai gi o theo mt khia canh
khac. Dy la mi quan h giua cac nguyn m co anh ph c va nhung
nguyn m co anh ph long (theo thut ngu cu m, la mo va khep). Trong
mt ngn ngu chng han nh ting Th Nhi Ki, cac nguyn m c nhom
thanh cac cp c va long, cac n vi khac la binh ng: /kes/ 'ct! i
vi /kis/ 'khi u nh /kol/ 'canh tay i vi /kul/ 'n l. Nhng mt ngn
ngu chng han nh ting Hungari, phn bit v mt phat m 3 muc c. So
sanh /tar/ 'hoi vi mt nguyn m sau tron mi mo - /tor/ 'bua tic vi
mt nguyn m giua tng ung - /tur/ cao gon lai thanh ng vi mt
nguyn m khep va, tng tu, o loat trc khng tron mi, /n/ 'Th tha
! - /ne/ 'Cm! - /ni/ 'Nhin kia! *. Net khu bit ti thiu vn giu nguyn
ging nh trong ting Th Nhi Ki: /o/ va /e/ i lp vi /u/ va /i/ nh la c
t1ang @(i i lp vi long t1ang @(i. Tuy nhin, trong ting Hungari, i lp
tng tu (c tng i i lp vi long tng i) xut hin lai trong nhiu
cp nh /tar/ - /tor/ va /n/ - /ne/ tuc y mun noi la /a/: /o/ /o/:/u/.
Trong th 'cn i m vi 'nay /o/ (hoc /e/) co chuc nng nh la 'tinh cn
xung trung gian. No mang hai c trng i lp - /u/ (hay /i/) c i lp vi
287
long va /a/ (hoc //) c i lp vi long. (Theo cach giai quyt nhung
m vi lng cuc kiu nh vy trong nhiu qui trinh phn tich.
Khng co nhung i lp m vi c huu th hin nhung phuc th lng
cuc nh vy. Tuy nhin, co nhiu net khu bit cung gc thin v hp nht, vi
d, cac cp thng - tc, va giong the the - giong diu mt. Khi hai i lp
cung gc hp nht lai thanh mt i lp la tt nht. Vi vy, cac ph m lu
thng tt nht la co tinh the the cac ph m tc tt nht la co tinh cht diu
mt, bng bng phng hoc thp bng phng va cach cach c x chung
trong nhiu qui trinh phn tich.
No la ti l lng phn cua cac net khu bit va toan b m hinh cua mt
m ngn ngu, noi chung, ma noi ring, mt pham vi ln xac inh su tri nhn
cua chung ta i vi cac m t loi noi. Chung ta tri nhn thinh giac chung
khng chi la cac m thanh thun tuy ma nh la cac thanh t cua ting noi. Con
hn ca iu nay nua la cach ma chung ta tri nhn chung c xac inh bng
m hinh m vi quen thuc nht vi chung ta. Vi vy, mt ngoi Slovak n
ngu xac inh nguyn m trc tron mi // cua tu 4eu ting Phap nh la /e/,
boi vi chi co th i lp khu bit trong ting me cua anh ta la bng (trc)
i lp vi trm (sau) va khng det (tron mi) i lp vi bng phng (khng
tron mi). Ngc lai, mt ngoi Nga n ngu tri nhn nguyn m o cua
ting Phap nh la /o/ boi vi ting me cua anh ta chi co mt trong hai i
lp ang cp, o la det i lp vi bng phng. Ngay ca chuyn gia nha
ngn ngu hoc ngoi Phap Meillet cung tri nhn m /t/ sc cua ting Nga
nh mt chui gm /t/ va /i / phi m tit tinh va khng nh mt ph m
vi net sc chng ln nhau ng thoi (vom hoa), boi vi nhn xet cua Meillet
dua vao ting me cua minh la ting Phap vn khng co c trng sc
nhng lai co /i/ phi m tit tinh. Vi th chi co th nghi rng khi cac m tit
khng co nghia c s dng trong cac ln thi nghim d hiu (truyn thng
goi la 'nhung thi nghim phat m) nhung kt qua ph thuc vao vic liu co
cac t hp nay co c m hinh phu hp vi nhung qui lut kt hp cua mt
m ngn ngu c th nao o hay khng.
Su suy lun nho m hinh ngn ngu co anh hong n nhung phan ung
cua chung ta i vi cac m thanh khng phai la ngn ngu. Nhung ting g
ca chc chc, cu 3 ting mt ln, c tri nhn thanh cac t hp gm 3 yu
288
t tach bit nhau bng mt ch ngung. Dim ngung thong c ngoi Czech
cho la s giam xung trc mt ting g to hn, nhng mt ngoi Phap thi lai
cho rng no s giam sau ting g ln hn trong khi o mt ngoi Ba Lan lai
nghe mt im ngung thanh mt ting g sau mt ting g ln hn. Nhung tri
nhn khac nhau tng ung chinh xac vi vi tri cua trong m tu trong cac ngn
ngu cua nhung ngoi thi nghim: trong ting Czech trong m nm o m tit
u, trong ting Phap trong m ri vao m tit cui con trong ting Ba Lan
trong m lai ri vao m tit ap chot. Khi nhung ting g ca c tao ra vi
ln bng nhau nhng vi khoang cach dai hn sau 3 ting mt ln, thi
ngoi Czech s qui ting thanh ln hn vao ting g thu nht, ngoi Ba Lan
lai qui vao ting thu hai, con ngoi Phap lai qui vao m tit thu ba.
Nu cung trn binh din thinh giac (tai), vic phn tich ting noi s c
kin truc xet v cac i lp m vi lng phn, thi nhim v thuc cht s c
lam thanh d hiu va co th ap ung nhung tng lin mi nht (most
instructive) cua cac net khu bit.
Con i vi vic nghin cuu m thanh ting noi o khia canh m hoc, thi
toan b su phat trin cua no la thin v hng miu ta co tinh cht lua chon
hn cac kich thich m thanh. Ca nhung cng c s dng ln cach hiu du liu
do ho ghi co thin hng tach cac n vi thich hp. Cac nha nghin cuu i
n mt cach hiu la cac ong song co chua rt nhiu thng tin va phai cung
cp nhung yu t o cho vic lua chon nhung thng tin c ban. Min sao moi
ngoi hiu la tiu chi ung cua su lua chon la cn yu ngn ngu (c th
hin bng cac thut ngu lng phn), nhung vn m hoc cua cac m thanh
loi noi tim thy mt giai phap xac inh hn trong tng lai. Tng tu giai
oan cu m cua loi noi phai c xac inh xet v phng tin s dng
nm bt mt cp hiu qua i lp bt ki. Vi d, vi ngn ngu s dng i lp tu
do la trm va bng, nn chung ta nghin cuu nhung tng lin m hoc cua cac
gia tri ngn ngu ang ban va nhung iu kin cu m tin quyt cua nhung
kich thich nay.
Tom lai, v vic nghin cuu cac m thanh ting noi o binh din bt ki thi
chuc nng ngn ngu cua chung la co tinh quyt inh.
Mt c gng thu vi do B. Bloch nghi nhm giai oan m hinh m vi
cua mt ngn ngu chi tu cng trinh nghin cuu v s lng vua u cac phat
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ngn ghi. Tuy nhin, no ham chi hai gia thuyt ngn ngu mt cach nghim
ngt. Gia thuyt thu nht la cua ienner: 'Trong vn giai m, thng tin
quan trong nht ma chung ta co th x li la tri thuc ma chung ta ang oc
khng phai la cu sai ngu phap. Diu nay tng ung vi kin thuc ma mt
ngoi nghe nao o danh c tu vic at ti cai goi la ng1ng tri gi.c, khi
cac m thanh nghe bt u c tri nhn la cac m thanh ting noi. Do no
la ting noi, nn gia thuyt thu hai tip theo sau vi t cach nh mt ceteris
paribus cua gia thuyt thu nht: trong m hinh m thanh mt ngn ngu bt ki
hoat ng vi cac net khu bit cuc oan va ring bit, va su cuc oan nay
khin chung ta co th phat hin ra mt c trng bt ki co chuc nng la su cu
m.
R rang la mt nhim v giai oan nh th tro nn kho hn trong nhiu
trong hp thong c goi la ' m chuyn i (sitching code) boi cac k
s truyn thng hay 'cac h thng m vi cung tn tai boi cac nha ngn ngu
hoc. Tng lp qui tc Nga o th ki trc bng su chuyn m ting noi giua hai
ngn ngu mt cach lin tc cua minh tu ting Nga sang ting Phap va ngc
lai ngay trong mt cu n cho ta mt vi d minh hoa in hinh. Mt vi d
khac ly tu mt s ngn ngu vn hoa Mohamedan bng mt s tu tu y thm
vao. Hai phong cach cua cung mt ngn ngu co th co nhiu m phn ly va co
lin kt qua lai trong mt phat ngn hoc thm chi trong mt cu. Vi d, ting
Czech trong giao tip khu ngu o thi thong hay dao ng bt thong giua
ngn ngu vn chng va ting noi dn tc Czech, mi mt loat bin th u
th hin mt m hinh m vi ring cua no.
Ti l lng phn c ngn ngu t ln trn vn m t rt nhiu theo
cach tng tu nh gam m nguyn c khung nhac t ln trn vn m
thanh. Nhng chi la mt gam nhac khng thi thi lai khng th nao nm bt
c nu khng cp n vn m thanh, vi vy trong khi phn tich cac
net khu bit thi su qui chiu nh th la khng th nao tranh c. Knut
Togeby chung minh iu nay mt cach hung bin bng mt gia thuyt
vung chc v i lp. Khng th nao xac inh c mt net khu bit ma lai
khng vin n cac c im ring cua no.
Mt cng trinh nghin cuu nh vy s c b sung nhng khng th
nao thay th no chi do nhu cu thm inh th phn b cua cac net khu bit nay
290
trong nhiu chui loi noi. M. oos quan sat, va cho rng m i /au/ (c
anh vn la ou nh trong tu counci* 'hi ng) trong mt tu n ting Anh
khng bao gio co cac m t p b I v m ung sau, c im phn b nay
xac inh lp cac ph m mi mi ting Anh. Tuy nhin, mt quan nim nh
vy thong tin gia inh vic xac inh mt ph m o nhiu ln xut hin khac
nhau. Chung ta phai bit rng /t/ trong tu rout la ging vi /t/ trong tu rite i
lp vi /p/ trong tu ripe la trm i lp vi bng xet v mt phat m. Ngc
lai, chung ta s khng bit c rng trong tu rout thi m i /au/ co /t/ i sau
chu khng phai la /p/, va chung ta khng th nao chung minh c quan nim
trn.
Vi vy, i vi vic xac inh m /p/ va cac m vi khac, thi vic cp n
c tinh ring cua mi mt net khu bit trong chum cac net khu bit cua no la
bt buc. Nhng con v cac giai oan chuyn tip m thanh co tinh cht lin
tc thi chung ta s cp n cai gi y? Trong khi giai m mt thng ip
nhn c tu (A), ngoi nghe thong phai thao tac ngn liu thm nhn (B)
nhn c tu nhung phan ung cua tai (C) i vi nhung kich thich m hoc (D)
do cac c quan cu m cua (A) phat ra. Chung ta cang nghin cuu su hn vao
ich n cua thng ip (vi d nh su tri nhn thng ip cua ngoi nhn) thi
chung ta cang co c nhung thng tin chinh xac c chuyn tai boi m hinh
m thanh cua thng ip. Diu nay xac inh h thng thao tac cua cac cp
thich hp giam dn: thm nhn, thinh giac, m hoc va cu m (cu m khng
truyn tai thng tin truc tip n ngoi nhn). Su kham pha mang tinh h thng
cua hai binh din: thm nhn va thinh giac thuc v tng lai va la mt nhim
v cp thit hin nay.
Mt trong bn giai oan lin tc, tu cu m n thm nhn, co th c
du oan tu giai oan trc. Boi vi vi mi giai oan lin tc thi vic lua chon
tng ln, thi vic du oan nay la khng th ao ln c va mt s thong
bin cua mt giai oan trc la khng cn yu i vi giai oan sau. Vic o
ac chinh xac lung m thanh cho phep tinh toan song m nhng co th thu
c hin tng m hoc tng tu bng cac phng tin khac nhau cung luc.
Tng tu, thuc tinh xac inh bt ki cua mt cam giac thinh giac co th la kt
qua cua cac thong bin vt li khac nhau khng co mi quan h mt - i -
mt giua cac phng din cua mt kich thich m hoc va thuc tinh thinh giac.
291
Cai trc khng th oan c tu cai sau, nhng tng cac phng din cua
mt kich thich thong cho ta thuc tinh co th du oan c.
Tom lai, vic xac inh cac i lp m vi co th c thuc hin trong mi
quan h vi mt giai oan bt ki cua mt su kin loi noi tu cu m n thm
nhn va vic giai m, dua trn iu kin c ban cho rng cac thong bin cua
cac giai oan trc c chon lua va tng lin v phia cac giai oan sau, cho
ta mt thuc t hin nhin la chung ta noi nghe va hiu.
8.2.2. Cc nt khu bit ngn diu v c hu
Cac net khu bit c chia thanh hai lp: 1. c huu va 2. ngn iu. Net
sau gi ln net trc va gp lai cung vi chung tao thanh cac m vi. Th i
lp trm va bng, c va long, hay huu thanh i lp vi v thanh, va bt ki
mt i lp nao khac cua cac net khu bit c huu xut hin trong mt chui
cac m vi nhng, ngc lai, co th xac inh c ma khng cn cp n t
hp. Khng tin hanh so sanh hai im trong mt loat thoi gian. Ngc lai,
cac net ngn iu chi co th xac inh c co lin quan n loat thoi gian.
Mt vai vi d co th lam r quan nim nay.
Mt m vi m tit tinh i lp vi m vi phi m tit tinh cua cung mt
m tit nho net tri cua mi quan h. Phn ln m tit la mt chuc nng duy
nht cua cac nguyn m. Nhung trong hp khi mt s nguyn m va m
nc, v mt phat m, mang i lp khu bit m tit tinh i lp vi phi m
tit tinh la cuc him. Vi d, chui ting Czech c - r # u thay i y nghia
ph thuc vao c im m tit tinh hay phi m tit tinh cua /r/.
R rang du /r/ co tao thanh mt ln m thanh cuc ai hay khng thi
cung chi co th c xac inh bng cach so sanh vi ln m thanh cua cac
m vi khac cua cung mt chui.
Trong mt chui cac m tit net ni bt quan h tinh i lp mt m vi
m tit tinh vi cac m vi khac cua cung mt chui nh co trong m i lp
vi khng co trong m. Trong nhiu ngn ngu, v mt phat m, nhiu tu co vi
tri trong m khac nhau, vi d, tu -i**o" /b`ilou/ - -e*o" /bil`ou/ cua ting Anh.
Net tri ln hn va kem hn cua cac net m tit tinh la mt khai nim tng
i ma chi co th c xac inh bng cach so sanh toan b cac net m tit
tinh thuc cung mt chui. Tng tu nh vai khu bit cua mi quan h khng
phai cua cac muc m lng ma la cua cac muc cao cua giong noi. Trong
292
cng thuc cua K. L. Pike 'c trng quan trong la cao tng i cua mt
m tit trong mi quan h vi cac m tit ung trc hoc ung sau.
Khi o trong hay bn canh vi tri thang thi m hinh ong vai tro lam vai
khu bit, thi chung ta xac inh c ong net cao hay m lng cua mt
m vi bng cach so sanh hai im vi nhau trong mt loat thoi gian. Vi d,
cao xung cua ting Lat - vi, i lp vi cao ln va tu thuc vao ng
tac ha thp cua tn s, ma thong kem theo su giam xung cua bin , c
xac inh bng cach so sanh cac phin oan u va cui ma nguyn m tac
ng. Bng phep so sanh tng tu chung ta xac inh c 'm lng xung
cua giong noi trong ting Dan Mach (cai goi la st#*) tu thuc vao su
giam xung cua bin thong kem theo su giam xung cua tn s.
Di lp iu tinh dai va ngn (phn bit cac m vi n vi bn vung hay
cac m vi n vi cac m vi rut gon) dua trn trong tng i, chu khng
phai tuyt i, cua cac m vi trong mt t hp xac inh. Thoi lng tuyt i
cua chung la mt chuc nng cua tc cua loi noi. Vi d, trong cac tu
praC.ypr.Cay praCaM praM Cay co nghia la 'phai, ung trong ting Czech,
nguyn m u cua tu thu nht c xac inh la ngn trong mi quan h vi
nguyn m thu hai la nguyn m dai, trong khi o thi tu thu hai lai biu din
mi quan h ngc lai.
8.2.3. Cc d}c trng khu bit so vi cc d}c trng khc cua m
Dn vi nho nht co nghia trong ngn ngu la hinh vi. Mt cn t, mt tin t
va mt hu t la cac hinh vi. Mt tu cn la mt tu hinh vi (morpheme ord). Cac
net khu bit va cac m vi u khng co nghia tu thn. Ganh nng ngu nghia cua
chung la chi biu thi mt hinh vi ma v mt phat m, biu hin mt c trng i
lp la mt hinh vi khac so sanh /gip/, /gib/ va /gid/. Chuc nng khu bit nay co
th c gia inh boi hn mt c trng (va m vi) nh trong trong hp /bit/ va
/sed/.
Khng co su khac bit nao v mt chuc nng giua cac c trng a dang
(va cac m vi). Vi d, cai gi la cai so biu ring cua cac ph m mui hay c
bit la cua /m/ trong ting Anh, la mt cu hoi v nghia. /m/ trong cac tu map5
mess5 aim trn binh din ngu nghia khng co mt mu s chung nao phn
bit no khac vi /n/ hay /b/ ca. Chinh khng co su khac bit v ngu nghia nay
giua cac net khu bit a dang khin chung tro thanh cac n vi khu bit hinh
293
thuc thun tuy ma noi cach khac no la rng rut. No tach chung ra khoi toan
b cac c trng khac cua m ang hanh chuc trong ngn ngu. Chi co cac n
vi rng nghia thun tuy khu bit v mt hinh thuc nay dung kin truc toan
b khi cac hinh vi cua tt ca cac ngn ngu trn th gii.
3.c @Qc tr1ng h}nh th_ la cac c trng bao hiu su phn chia chui m
thanh cua phat ngn vao cac n vi ngu phap vi cac muc phuc tap khac
nhau. Vi d, o nhiu ngn ngu trong m gn lin vi m tit u (hoc cui)
va kt qua la, khng th lam net khu bit c ma no chi co chuc nng lam
chi t ranh gii chi su bt u (hay kt thuc) cua tu. Ngc lai, trong mt
ngn ngu ma co trong m tu do (vi d, co th ri vao mt m tit bt ki trong
tu) thi vi tri cua no biu din chuc nng khu bit va khng mang cai so chi
ring.
Tu cac c trng miu ta va cac c trng rom khac nhau cua ngu iu
ting Anh, . S. Harris trich dn ra 3 n vi cu thanh ban th la: '/?/ chi
su i ln, /./ chi su i xung, /,/ chi m vuc trung binh (i lp vi m vuc
thp ong - nn), /./ chi su kt thuc cua cu va /?/ chi su nghi vn ma theo
cac thut ngu hinh thuc chi su kt thuc cua cu b sung thm bng mt cu
tra loi vi d, su kt thuc ngm cua phat ngn nhng lai la su cha kt thuc
cua cuc hi thoai. Khi c s dng nh cac net khu bit thi su i ln va i
xung u khng co mt chuc nng nao khac ngoai chuc nng phn bit cac
hinh vi, nhng khi chung ong chuc nng lam hinh thuc thi chung mang mt
cai so chi ring vi d. i xung biu thi su kt thuc cua mt cu, va ngu iu
i ln, thm chi nu t chng ln mt ting mui thi nhung ngoi nghe la
ngoi Anh xac inh c ngay la cu hoi.
3.c @Qc tr1ng miSu tW la cac c trng biu thi nhung thai tinh cam
cua ngoi noi va su nhn manh ma anh ta t vao mt s yu t c bit nm
trong phat ngn cua anh ta phat ra. D s dng vi d cua D. ones, trong khi
phat m tu enormous cua ting Anh thi trong m/ su nhn manh co th bi anh
hong boi 'su tng manh cua cong kt hp vi su gia tng v trong
cua nguyn m va cach s dng ngu iu ring (pham vi ln hn cua ngu
iu i xung). Trong s cac c trng miu ta, chung ta giai quyt mt kiu
quan h c bit. Loat bin th trung hoa va khng co tinh biu cam kt hp
vi loat bin th biu hin 'gam chuyn sc (gracing garnut) theo thut ngu
294
cua Sapir - ngoi inh nghia kiu quan h nay theo mt cach rt ring.
Ging nh cac c trng hinh thuc, cac c trng miu ta u co cai so chi
ring cua minh. Trong ting Anh, trong m cong , i lp vi trong m
thng thong, biu thi su nhn manh, va su gia tng thm cua trong m, biu
thi thai nhn manh hn.
Cac net khu bit va cac net cu thanh hinh th chi cac n vi co nghia ca
phat ngn cac c trng miu ta, i vi thai cua ngoi noi va cac net
rom biu thi mt nguyn m i sau. Vic mang mt cai so chi ring kt hp
vi cac net rom vi cac c trng cu thanh va miu ta va tach chung ra khoi
cac net khu bit. 'Net rng nghia cua cac c trng khu bit khin cho
nhung net nay tach ra khoi tt ca cac c trng khac cua m.
Cng trinh nghin cuu sau y la hng vao cac net khu bit c huu.
Cac c trng ngn iu va nhiu vn khac bao gm su sp xp theo tuyn
tinh, c bit la vic chit oan chui s c giai quyt ring.
8.2.4. Ranh gii m v|
Vi nhiu mc ich thuc hanh nn mi m vi co th c biu din bng
mt anh quang ph cach u nhau trong o ham truyn dn la khng i theo
thoi gian, tru trong trong hp co nhung anh hong nht thoi. Nhung anh
hong nht thoi nay, vn c sinh ra do nhung bin i nhanh o ham ngun,
co th ong vai tro gii han cac m vi trong chui. Nhung bin i nhanh
trong ham truyn dn chuyn i mau le o vi tri cua cac c quan ang phat
m cung chi ra su mo u hoc kt thuc (ranh gii) cua mt m cung chi ra su
mo u hoc kt thuc (ranh gii) cua mt m vi. Tuy nhin, o y ti l thay
i cuc tiu phai c xac inh bng thuc nghim i vi mi trong hp.
Nhung dao ng nhanh trong cong cua ca song ngn ngu cung cp mt
phng tin b sung xac inh vi tri cua mt ong ranh gii m vi.
8.2.5. t dng di lp vi khng dt dng
` Kch thch
Thoai m t ngt i lp vi thoai m tu tu. Trong nhiu anh ph, cac
m vi thoai m t ngt u c anh du bng mt kt oan sc hn,
nhng iu nay thng thong kem tri hn so vi mt khoi m t ngt.
` an sinh
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Lung hi bi dung t ngt boi ng tac nen lai hoc khep lai cua thanh
hu.
` Din bin
Nhiu loat bin th nht inh cua cac m tc t ngt, c goi la thanh
hu hoa, xut hin o nhiu ting ban ia o chu Mi, chu Phi, vung Vin
Dng va Cap - ca vi d, anh ph cua cac m tc thanh hu hoa trong ting
Circassia va ting Navaho th hin net tng ng ni bt cua cu truc.
Vi d: cac m tc t ngt i lp vi cac m tc khng t ngt: cac tu
ting Circassia nh /t`a/ 'ao! - /ta/ 'chung ta, chung ti /c`a/ 'tn - /ca/
'rng /p`a/ 'ni, vi tri - /pa/ 'tt tho!. Khng r rang va khng ph bin
nht la su thanh hu hoa cua cac m tht quan sat c o trong ting
Tlingit (Ty Bc Mi) va ting Kabardia (Bc Cap - ca).
nhung ngn ngu ma co th i lp cac m tc t ngt va khng t
ngt, thi m lt t ngt ('goi la m tc thanh hu) co lin quan n m
lt khng t ngt (u c hay dn dn) vi t cach nh mt ph m thanh
hu hoa la i lp vi net phi thanh hu hoa tng ung.
8.2.6. Ging the th di lp vi ging d|u
` Kch thch
Cac m t ma co dang song bt thong c goi la the the (strident).
Trong anh chp quang ph cac m t kiu nh vy c th hin ra o su phn
b khng theo trt tu cua cac vung en. Chung i lp vi cac m t co dang
song u n hn. Cac m t co dang song u n hn c goi la cac m
diu (mello) va co anh ph ma trong o nhung vung en co th tao thanh
nhiu ong soc ung hoc ngang. Vic o ac chinh xac thuc tinh nay la
mt ham tng lin tu ng (auto correlation Iunction). Cac m t diu co su
tng lin tu ng rng hn so vi cac m t the the tng ung v khia canh
phat m, vi d nu nh cac m t ang ban c chun hoa chinh thuc.
Trong trong hp cac m tht, thi net diu la kt qua cua su gii han i
vi su hn loan trong th phn b v nng lng i lp vi tn s. Trong khi
khng co cac vung Iormant r rang co th nhin thy c trn anh ph cua m
the the /s/, thi chung ta lai co th nhin thy chung mt cach d dang trong m
diu //. Cac biu dao ng cho thy tinh chu ki va tinh ng nht cao hn
296
c bit o nhung m tht diu chng han nh // so vi /s/ va nhiu m tht
the the khac.
Trong hp cac m tc, co th at c net diu bng cach gii han ln
su hn loan cua pha. So vi nhn xet tht thich hp cua Licklider:
'... Cac yu t cu thanh khac nhau cua tn s cua ting n trng n inh
cac goc pha cua chung mt cach lung tung cac b phn cu thanh cua tn s
cua mach n u at ti bin cuc ai cua chung tai thoi im t 0, va
chung tu trit tiu ln nhau o tt ca cac thoi im khac. Kt qua la, chung ta
nghe thy ting n trng nh sshhhh va mach n nh pt.
Cac vi d: cac m tht the the i lp vi diu: ting Anh sin - thin /`in/,
-reeze /br`iiz/ - -reathe /br`ii/ ting e (Ty Phi) /Iu/ 'lng chim - /u/
'xng, /vu/ 'nc mt - /u/ 'thuyn ting Lo Sorbia /i/ 'khu
- /i/ 'binh tinh , ting Circassia /y/ 'bin - /xy/ 'li. Cac m tc the
the va diu: ting Duc: zah*5 /sa:/ 's - ta*, /ta:l/ 'thung lung -
pIanne, /Inn/ 'cai chao - panne, /pan/ 'su tan v, ting Czech
ce*o /elo/ 'lng may - te*o /celo/ 'c th ting Chuckchee (o
Dng Bc Siberia) /ale/ 'mu cung - /kale/ ' hoa.
Cac m tc the the c goi la cac m tc xat (aIIricate). Phn bit chui
m tc cng tht vi mt m tc xat bng mt cuc tiu cong xen thm
vao, ma co th nhin thy no trn man hinh v song m thanh ngn ngu vi t
cach nh mt ham thoi gian. So sanh: ting Ba Lan cz, /i/ 'hoc -
trz, /ti/ '(s) 3, czech /ex/ 'ngoi Czech, ting Czech - trzech /tex/
'thuc s 3.
` an sinh
Cac m vi the the co c trng chu yu la ting n tu theo su hn loan
tai vi tri cu m. Su hn loan manh nay, n lt minh lai la h qua cua mt
su can tro phuc tap hn phn bit cac ph m the the vi cac m diu tng
ung: cac m mi - rng vi cac m hai mi, cac m xuyt thanh ting va cac
m xuyt khng thanh ting vi cac m rng va cac m vom khng xuyt, va
cac m li con vi cac m mac chinh danh (velars proper). Mt vt can ph
thong gy ra mt su tro ngai ln hn i vi lung hi la cn thit trong
trong hp cac m the the. Vi vy, bn canh cac m mi, vn tao thanh vt
297
can duy nht s dng trong qua trinh san sinh cac m hai mi, cac m mi -
rng cung gm ca rng. Ngoai cac vt can c s dng trong cac ph m diu
tng ung, cac m xuyt (sibilants) con dung ca rng ham di va cac m li
con nua. Su chuyn ng manh cua khng khi p vao mt vt can ph kiu
nh vy tip theo su giai phong cac m tc the the sinh ra mt anh hong xat
c trng khin phn bit cac m tc nay vi cac m tc khac.
` Thm nhn
Nhung cng trinh thuc nghim cua L. G. ones trong o khoi m cua cac
m tht ghi c (nh s) bi xoa mt cho thy min la khoang m duy tri
o muc tu hn 25 - 30 milisec ph m c nhiu ngoi nghe la mt ph m
tc xat (nh s) trong khi o mt khoang m ngn hn lai c xac
inh la mt m tc mt (nh t).
` Din bin
Net khu bit cuc ai, vi vy la tt nht giua cac ph m va cac nguyn
m co th at c bng cach hoc la nghet lai hoan toan hoc bng cach tinh
xp xi gn nht vi ting n. Muc nghet cao thong thy o cac m tc
mt, trong khi o thi ting n c cac m tc the the lam cho gn nht. Vi
vy m tht tt nht la m tc the the, trong khi o thi m tc tt nht la mt
m mt va o nhiu ngn ngu thi th i lp tht va tc kt hp vi the the va
mt/ diu. Vi d, trong ting Phap tt ca cac m tht u la /I v s z /
the the va tt ca cac m tc u la /p b t d k q/ mt.
nhung ngn ngu nay thi th i lp the the va mt/ diu la cn yu va
hng huu su khac nhau giua cac m tc vi cac m tht tro thanh mt net d
ma, trong nhung iu kin nht inh, co th khng c th hoa c. Diu nay
xay ra trong ting B Dao Nha trong o cac m d b g giua hai nguyn
m tro thanh cac m tht mt khin chung i lp vi /z v
/ khng nhung bng net tc ma con bng ca net mt nua. nhiu ngn
ngu khac co su kt hp cua ca hai th i lp trn, thi net the the co th tro
nn d/ rom, nu nh mt s trong s cac m vi tc, it nht la trong nhung
iu kin nht inh, c biu din bng cac m tc xat.
Ngoai cac m tc the the va cac m tc mt ra, nhiu ngn ngu con co
nhiu lp m vi kiu nh cac m tc the the (cac m tc xat) va/ hoc cac m
298
tc mt. Vi d, ting Duc va ting Czech, bn canh cac m /s/ va /t/ con co
cac m tc xat tng ung /s/, so sanh ting Duc reissen 'xe, ng tu, reitten
'ci, reizen 'gheo. Hn nua, bn canh /I/ va /p/ ting Duc con co ca /I/
va ting Czech co // bn canh m tht the the // va m tc mt /c/.
Ngc lai, bn canh /s z/ va /t d/ ting Anh con co cac m tht mt / /,
ca hai m nay u anh vn la th.
Khi, bn canh cac m tht the the va cac m tc mt/ diu, mt ngn ngu
nao o con co cac m tc the the tng ung chng han nh ting Duc hoc cac
m tht mt nh ting Arp, co th hiu th i lp nay theo mt th i lp
n: tht tt nht i lp vi tc tt nht. Nu chung ta ki hiu v trc bng
du ' va v sau bng du '- thi mt m phuc chng han nh m tc the the
hay mt m tht mt s bng du 't . Tng tu iu nay co th ap dng
c cho trong trong hp khi, nh trong ting Anh mt cp tht tt nht va
tc tt nht (vi d: /s/ - /t/) c b sung bng mt m tc mt (//) va mt
cp khac (// - /k/) bng mt m tc the the (//): ca hai n vi phuc nay
u co th c biu din bng cung mt ki hiu t . tng i it mt vai
ngn ngu co ca bn n vi trong mt loat, chng han, cac ngn ngu Cap - ca
phia Bc co m tht the the //, m tc mt /k/, m tht mt /x/ va m tc
the the //, chung ta phai thao tac vi hai th i lp tu do - tht i lp vi
tc va the the i lp vi mt. Hn nua, cho n nay ngoi ta vn thich giai
quyt cac tinh hung chi co hai kha nng lua chon va ngoai tru nhung tinh
hung phuc tap, thi hai th i lp nay co th c x tach ring trong trong
hp cac loat tam phn, vi d nh trong ting Anh.
Ngoai cac ph m chinh danh, cac m nc co th tham gia vao th i
lp the the i lp vi mt. Mt vai ngn ngu, chng han nh ting Czech
u co mt m the the tng ung i kem cua m vi /r/. Loat m rung xuyt nay
c anh vn la r: so sanh ra#a 'hang, ra#a 'hi ng. Mt s ngn
ngu cua th dn da o chu Mi, chu Phi va Cap - ca u co cac m the the i
kem cua m vi /l/ - cac m tc xat bn va/ hoc cac m tht. Mc du su tt dn
ln cua cac Iormant cua chung nhng tt ca cac m vi nay vn con lu giu
du vt m hoc rt r v mi quan h giua chung vi cac m nc. Chung la
nhung m nc co net the the gi ln nhau.
299
8.2.7. Ngun b sung - Hu thanh di lp vi v thanh
` Kch thch
Cac m vi huu thanh hay 'ku (buzz) nh /d b z v/ i lp vi cac m
vi v thanh hay 'xuyt c trng boi su gi ln nhau cua mt ngun m thanh
hoa m ln ngun n cua cai sau. Di vi cac ph m huu thanh iu nay co
nghia la su hin din kt hp cua hai ngun m. Anh ph cua cac ph m huu
thanh bao gm cac Iormant vn tu thuc vao ngun hoa m. Net tri nht
cua 'su huu thanh la su xut hin cua b phn thp manh ma c biu din
bng vach huu thanh doc theo ong nn cua anh ph.
` an sinh
Cac m vi huu thanh bi tinh lc boi cac xung inh ki i kem cua cac dai
m thanh va cac m vi v thanh ma khng co cac xung nh th.
` Din bin
Vic s dng th i lp ph m tinh khu bit huu thanh i lp vi v
thanh la ph bin trn th gii vi d, o chu u ngoi ta tim thy o tt ca cac
ngn ngu Slav cung nh trong ting Hungary: so sanh ting Nga /don/
'Don - /ton/ 'thanh iu. Vic mo rng net nay n cac m nc la cuc ki
him hoi vi d, trong ting Gaele cac m /r l/ huu thanh va cac m /r l/
v thanh tng ung co th xut hin o trong cung nhiu vi tri.
Cac nguyn m u c phat m mt cach binh thong. Ngoi ta vn
thong nghi ngo rng co nhiu ngn ngu trong o song song vi i lp vi
ph m tinh huu thanh va v thanh thi thuc su con co mt th i lp khu bit
tng tu nua giua cac nguyn m huu thanh va thi thao, nh thng bao v
mt vai ngn ngu Anh ing chu Mi, chng han nh ting Comanche. Hoc
la m thi thao khng phai la mt net khu bit va chi ong chuc nng lam chi
t ranh gii, hoc la no co th la mt m xay ra kem theo cua th i lp cng
- chung.
nhung ngn ngu ma khng co th i lp tu do cua cac ph m huu
thanh va v thanh, thi v sau (thanh) hoc la chi c s dng nh mt yu t
i kem cua th i lp cac ph m cng va chung, chng han nh trong ting
Anh hoc la cac m ming la v thanh mt cach thng thong, chng han nh
o nhiu phng ngu ting Phn Lan. y su khac nhau giua cac ng tac
'xuyt va 'ku vi t cach nh mt yu t i kem cua th i lp nguyn m
300
- ph m. mt s ngn ngu nay, mt ng tac phat m tu ng cua cac ph
m din ra trong nhung bi canh m vi nht inh.
8.2.8. Cc nt vang
Lp nay bao gm:
1) 3 kiu net sinh ra trong khoang cng hong chinh: a) net c, b) ba
net thanh tinh, c) net cng,
2) Net mui hoa tu thuc vao khoang cng hong b sung.
` Kch thch
Cac m vi c c trng boi su ni tri tng i cua mt vung Iormant
(hay Iormant) o vi tri trung tm. Chung i lp vi m vi long va o nhung
m vi nay mt hoc nhiu Iormant hay vung Iormant phi trung tm tri ln.
Cac nguyn m c i lp vi long: Ting Anh (Cach phat m Chp
nhn c) pet /pet/ - pit /pit/ pat /pat/ - putt /pt/ pot /pot/ -
put /put/. Cac ph m c i lp vi long: ki** - pi** hoc ti** shi** - fi**
hoc si** #ing /di/ - #im hay #in. M hinh cn xung cua cac ph m
ming c va long trong ting Czech cho ta nhung vi d v tng ung mt -
i - mt: ti /ci/ 'ho - t, /ti/ 'ho, ngi thu ba s.* /a:l/ 'khn choang -
s.* /sa:l/ 'hi trong k*uk /kluk/ 'con trai - p*uk /pluk/ 'oan, by roh
/rox/ 'sung - roC /roI/ 'ma.
Trong hp cac nguyn m net nay chu yu tu biu hin bng vi tri cua
Iormant thu nht: khi Iormant sau cao hn (vi d, gn hn Iormant thu ba va
cao hn cac Iormant khac) thi m vi s c hn. Formant thu nht cang gn
sat vi cac Iormant trn thi muc cong cua vung phia trn Iormant thu
nht s cao hn, c bit la muc cong giua cac inh.
cac ph m, net c c hin thi bng mt vung Iormant tri, t tai
trung tm, nh i lp vi nhung m vi ma trong o mt vung khng phai
trung tm tri ln (so sanh: cng trinh nghin cuu phn tich cac m tc ting
Thuy Din cua Fant). Cac m mui c co mt vung Iormant tri giua cac
Iormant mui c trng (200 cps va 2500 cps). Nhung quan sat cua Delattre v
nhung vi tri cua Iormant thu nht o cac m tc va cac m mui lam chung cho
mi quan h song song giua net c o cac nguyn m va ph m.
301
Ngoi ta nghi rng vic o chinh xac net c s ging vi vic xac
inh phn tan trong nganh thng k hoc. Vic o ac thng thong net c
nay la xung lng thu hai v phng tin. Nhung c tinh bc u v
phng phap nay nh la mt net o co th v net c. Nhung cu hoi xac
ang xem xet ganh nng chinh cua anh ph tn s i lp vi cong hin
vn con bo ngo: c bit la liu mt ganh nng nh ong net cong binh
ng co nn c ap dng cho nhung anh ph trc khi tinh m cac xung
lng (moment).
`an sinh
Su khac bit c ban v mt cu m giua cac m vi c va long nm
trong mi quan h giua th tich cua cac khoang cng hong trc ng tac
bop hep nht va nhung khoang cng hong o sau ng tac nay. Ti l cua cac
khoang trc ng tac bop hep nht so vi nhung khoang o sau ng tac bop
hep nht la cao hn i vi cac m vi c so vi cac m vi long tng ung.
Vi vy, nhung ph m c phat m ngc lai vi cac m ngac cung va ngac
mm s c hn so vi nhung ph m c cu m o b phn trc cua
khoang ming. Trong hp cac nguyn m net c tng vi su tng ln o
vung giao din cua mt li tht bt ki. Vi vy cac nguyn m mo la c nht
trong khi o cac nguyn m long la khep nht.
Ti l cua khoang trc ln hn so vi th tich cua khoang sau. Cung co
th at c bng cach tt hong. Dy la trong hp xut hin trong phat m
cac ph m c. cac ph m long tng ung khoang hu c keo dai ra
bng cach nng cao ngac mm va ha thp xng hoid. Cac anh chp bng tia
ng tac cu m cac nguyn m ting Phn Lan va nhung thng s cua
chung do Doviarvi thuc hin c bit th hin rt r o khia canh nay. Th
tich cua khoang hu i vi mt m vi long lun lun ln hn so vi mt m
vi c (v mt phat m) tng ung.
`Thm nhn
Vi cp tng th cao hn thong gn vi thoi oan dai hn, cho nn
cac m vi c th hin mt 'nng lng ngu m cao hn so vi cac m vi
long, v mt phat m. Nhung kt qua tinh toan cua Fletcher cho ta 'cac gia
tri trung binh sau y i vi cac ph m ting Anh Mi (va nhung kt qua
tng tu i vi cac nguyn m):
302
Dc Long
/k/ 3.0 /t/ 2.7 /p/ 1.0
/g/ 3.3 /d/ 1.7 /b/ 1.1
//
11.0 /s/ 0.9 /I/ 1.0
//
12.0 /n/ 4.1 /m/ 2.9
binh din thm nhn mt lin tong khu bit thong lin kt i lp
ph m tinh va nguyn m tinh cua net c va net long. Theo ln thuc
nghim gn y tai Trung tm Thuc nghim Haskins cho thy 'mt m tc
nhn tao di dang gian tng tu c ai a s moi ngoi anh gia la
p khi cp i vi i va u, nhng lai la k khi cp i vi
a. Tip xuc vi a, mt nguyn m c nht, va vi i va u,
cac nguyn m long nht trong s tt ca cac nguyn m thuc y su kt hp
cua m tc nay vi k, mt ph m c nht, va vi p, mt ph m
long nht trong s cac m tc. Tng tu, ti l v ln, vi d, ki hiu nho
i lp vi ln lin kt mt cach r rang i vi nhung ngoi nghe kho
manh vi i lp c va long, cng vic tin hanh tng tu i vi cac
nguyn m va i vi cac ph m.
Th i lp Dc va Long trong m hinh nguyn m la c trng duy
nht co th th hin mt giai oan trung gian ngoai hai giai oan o hai thai
cuc. binh din thm nhn thi nhiu ln thuc nghim cho thy cac giai oan
trung gian nh th thng qua hn hp gm mt nguyn m c vi mt
nguyn m long tng ung dong nh khng inh cu truc c bit cua net
nguyn m tinh nay, ma thong t no ring ra khoi cac c trng c huu
khac.
` Din bin
Net khu bit giua cac nguyn m c va long r rang la co tinh cht ph
quat. Mt vai ngn ngu phn b rai rac nh ting Tahiti va Kasimov - Tatar
khng co cac ph m c (ca cac m mac ln cac m ngac). Thong thong
cac ph m c chi xut hin o cac ph m tc, chng han nh trong ting Dan
Mach.
Nhng trong khi cac ph m thong tun thu theo nguyn tc phn i
mt cach nghim ngt va co th hoc la c hoc la long thi trang thai song
hanh trong m hinh nguyn m tinh la thong xuyn xut hin nhng khng
303
mang tinh ph quat. Vi d, trong ting Rumani (va cac quan h tng tu cung
tn tai o trong nhiu ngn ngu khac) m /a/ mo va m // khep, chng han
nh trong tu ra# 'Ti cao ru - ri# 'Ti coi la i lp vi nhau theo th
c va long. Nguyn m giua // tng ung la long so vi /a/ mo va (so
sanh rai 'xu - rai 'thin ong) nhng ng thoi lai la c so vi // (so
sanh Car 'anh em ho - Cir 'Ti gii thiu). Vi vy net c va long co
th xem la hai th i lp, mt th i lp ki hiu bng 'du cng va th i
lp kia bng 'du tru -: vi vy khi o // s la t . Tuy nhin, th i lp gm
hai v i lp nay co th phn tich thanh hai i lp lng phn cua cac mu
thun: c va khng c va long va khng long. Trong trong hp nay, //
s la hai ln m - ca khng c ln khng long.
8.2.9. Cc nt thanh tnh
Tiu lp cac net vang nay bao gm ba net lng phn khu bit co th
tng tac qua lai vi nhau mt cach khac nhau: a) c trng trong lng, b)
c trng bet/ det va c) c trng lam ic.
`Kch thch
et v mt m hoc thi c trng nay ham chi net tri cua mt bn cua b
phn co y nghia cua anh ph ln b phn khac. Khi phn di cua anh ph
tri ln thi m vi c xac inh la trm khi phn trn cua m vi tri ln thi
m vi c xac inh la bng. Hai kt qua tu th hin minh la chinh danh i
vi c trng nay: a) tm vung va, b) mmen thu ba v tm vung. Nh noi
o trn, trc khi ap dng nhung tiu chi nay chun hoa cac anh ph nay
theo cach nay la cn thit. Hin tai thi ham chun hoa chinh thuc vn cha
c xac inh.
Thun tin ln cua mmen thu ba la o ch o y phn di cua anh ph
tri ln s cho ta nhung gia tri tiu cuc, trong khi o phn trn cua anh ph
tri ln cho ta nhung gia tri tich cuc. Vi vy, chung ta co th xac inh trong
luc hay net bng cua mt m ma khng cn phai qui v mt chun bt ki nao.
Tuy nhin, co mt thuc t la chung ta phai xac inh lu thua ba mt trong s
cac thong bin ma chung ta co (khac bit v tn s) dong nh khin phai
o ca mmen thu ba cuc ki t nhi ma co th c s dng cuc ki cn thn.
304
Khi s dng tm vung chung ta thong tranh nhung kho khn nay,
nhng ng thoi chung ta cung anh mt nhung c hi thun li vua noi trn.
Cac tri tuyt i cua tm vung khng th chi ra c la liu mt m vi la trm
hay bng, boi vi tm vung cua mt m vi bng cung co th thp hn so vi
tm vung cua mt m vi trm so sanh tm vung cua m /e/ bng va cua m /I/
trm trong tu #eaf 'ic cua ting Anh. Vi vy ma khng th quyt inh
c la liu mt m vi cho trc la trm hay bng ma lai khng bit it nht
mt s trong s nhiu c trng khac ma m vi o co.
Cac nguyn m trm va bng: ting Th Nhi Ki: /ks/ 'xu bng, /kis/
'khi u, /kus/ 'nn ra!, /kys/ 'rut ngn lai!, /an/ 'chc, lat - /en/ 'chiu
rng, /on/ 'moi - /n/ 'ng trc.
Vi tri cua Iormant thu hai trong th tng quan vi vi tri cua cac Iormant
khac trn anh ph la chi s c trng nht cua cac c trng nay: khi no sat
hn vao Iormant thu nht thi m vi la trm khi no gn sat hn vao Iormant
thu ba va cac Iormant cao hn thi no la bng.
Cac ph m trm i lp vi cac ph m bng: fi** - si**5 pi** - ti**5 -i** -
#i**5 mi** - ni*. Khi xac inh net trm cua mt ph m thi tt hn ca la quan sat
Iormant thu hai o nguyn m bn canh, nu co: no bi ha thp trong trong hp
cac ph m trm, va c nng cao nu ph m la bng. Dy la phng phap
bt ngun tu nganh khoa hoc Loi noi thi giac (Visual Speech). Trong mt s
trong hp vi tri cua Iormant thu ba va thm chi cac Iormant cao hn cung co
th bi anh hong.
`an sinh
Net trm cua mt ph m hay mt nguyn m c sinh ra do khoang
ming mo rng hn hoc khng, trong khi o net bng c sinh ra trong
khoang nhiu hn va nho hn. y net trm c trng cho cac ph m mi
nh i lp vi cac ph m rng, cung nh cac m ngac i lp vi cac ph
m mac va tng tu, cac nguyn m sau c cu m vi su tht vao cua
li i lp vi cac nguyn m trc thi li the ra.
Tuy nhin, thng thong mt yu t b sung ni bt trong khi hinh thanh
nn cac m vi trm (cac nguyn m sau va cac ph m mi cung nh cac m
mac nu nh i lp vi cac m ngac) la su co lai cua mt sau cua khoang cng
hong ming, thng qua ng tac thu hep thanh quan, trong khi o thi cac m
305
vi bng tng ung (cac ph m rng va ngac va cac nguyn m trc) c tao
ra vi t th thanh quan mo rng. Vi d, chiu cua giao din cua khoang hong
i vi hai lp cac ph m ting Czech phat trin lch hng khoi chiu rng
cua no trong mt khoang lng (13.3mm) la nh sau (cac kt qua o c tinh
bng mm):
Trm Bng
/u/ - 3.8 /i/ 15.2
/o/ - 5.5 /e/ 4.0
/I/ - 4.7 /s/ 6.3
/x/ - 3.8
//
1.7
/p/ - 2.5 /t/ 0.5
/k/ - 2.6 /c/ 12.7
/m/ - 2.5 /n/ 8.9
8.2.1. Dt di lp vi bng phng
` Kch thch
Dng tac det tu biu hin bng mt thay i i xung cua nhiu Iormant
hay thm chi cua tt ca cac Iormant trong anh ph.
Cac nguyn m det i lp vi bng phng: Ting Th Nhi Ki /kus/
- /ks/, /kys/ - /kis/ /on/ - /an/ /n/ - /en/. Chung ti dung thut ngu m
nhac theo qui c dan nhn cho c trng nay va trong khi phin m ngu
m hoc chung ta co th s dng mt du giang m nhac ' ai cao hoc ai
thp chi cac ph m det. Cac vi d ly tu Rutulia, mt ngn ngu Cap - ca o
phia Bc: /iak
b
/ 'sang, nhe - /iak/ 'thit, /
b
ar/ 'hn, nua - /
b
ar/ 'ma
a.
` an sinh
Dng tac lam det chu yu c sinh ra bng cach rut ngn b mt cua
mi (tron mi) vi su gia tng i kem v dai cua ng tac mim mi. y
th i lp det va bng phng v mt ngun gc c xac inh bng thut ngu
'su thay i b mt va th i lp trm va bng la 'thay i khoang cng
hong.
Thay vi b mt trc cua khoang ming, cung hong, n lt minh co
th lin quan n nhung anh hong tng tu cua ng tac lam bet. Dng tac
tht hong c lp nay, c goi la hong hoa tac ng n cac ph m bng va
306
lam long net bng cua chung. Thuc t la nhiu dn tc khng co cac ph m
hong hoa o ting me cua ho, chng han nh ting Bantus va ting zbeks,
thay th cac ng tac cu m mi hoa i vi cac ph m hong hoa va tron
mi. Hai qua trinh nay khng th xay ra trong mt ngn ngu. Do o chung s
c c x nh la hai bin th cua mt th i lp bet va bng phng. Hai ki
hiu ngu m t va t ln lt dung cho cac ph m hong hoa va tron
mi co th c thay th bng mt ki hiu n khi phin m ngu m hoc. Du
giang trong m nhac c ai cao hoc ai thp ma chung ti dung cho cac ph
m tron mi ting Cap - ca, cung co th dung cho cac ph m hong hoa ting A
rp: /d
b
irs/ 'rng ham - /dirs/ 'ui con lac a, /salb/ 'su ong inh vao gia
chu thp - /salb/ 'su cp oat.
V vic s dng tu do 'su thay i mt sau i vi cac ph m tron va
i vi cac ph m bng.
8.2.11. ic di lp vi bng phng
`Kch thch
Dc trng nay tu biu thi vi ng tac hi i ln mt chut cua Iormant
thu hai va n mt muc nao o cung cua cac Iormant cao hn.
Cac vi d: Ting Nga /m`at/ 'lam nhau - /m`at/ 'me - /m`at/ 'su tht
bai, /kr`oI/ 'mau - /kr`oI/ 'tru, o.
` an sinh
D gy anh hong c trng nay, khoang ming c rut ngn bng
cach nng ln mt phn li ti vao ngac. Su iu chinh nay, c goi la su
ngac hoa, c thuc hin ng thoi vi ng tac cu m chinh cua mt ph
m cho trc va lin kt vi co gin ln hn cua cung hong so vi cac
ph m bng phng tng ung. D gin no hong cua cac ph m bng bng
phng c gia thm cho cac ph m ic. Dng tac co tht hong cua cac ph
m trm bng phng c thay th bng mt ng tac co gin cho cac ph m
ic. Do o ng tac cua hong la c bit quan trong trong khi lam ic cac
ph m trm va co th, trong mt s hoan canh nht inh, tro thanh nhn t
chinh cua no.
` Thm nhn cc nt thanh tnh
307
D d hiu cua cac ph m bng bi suy giam nghim trong bng cach loai
bo tn s cao cua chung, trong khi o cac m vi trm la kho co th nhn ra
c khi mt cac tn s thp. Ph m phac c linh hi la t khi phu
cho cac tn s cao hn mt cach c thu va la p khi phu cho cac tn s
thp mt cach c thu.
Hai m vi i lp nhau theo tiu chi trm va bng (vi d., /u/ va /y/
hoc // va /i/ hoc /I/ va /s/) c xac nhn mt cach d dang la c va sang
boi cac chu th ap loi co inh hng, trong khi o i lp bet va bng phng,
/u/ va // hoc /y/ va /i/ tao ra cam giac v su, rng, suc nng va
cun i lp vi mong, cao, sang va choi. Nghin cuu su hn vao
hai phng din nay cua cam giac thinh giac trong mi quan h cua chung vi
cac kich thich m hoc khac nhau va vi nhung phan ung cua cung nhiu
ngoi nghe v net c co th gop phn lam sang to va gii han nhung thuc
tinh m thanh khac nhau.
Truyn thng ngu phap A rp tai ' cung va ' beo mp gia tng
cho cac ph m hong hoa xet v mt kinh nghim thinh giac c cac nha
quan sat Cap - ca ap dng tng tu cho cac ph m tron mi. Cac ph m
bng ic nh /s/, /t/ c nhung ngoi thi nghim cho bit la chung
sang hn mt chut xiu so vi /s/, /t/ va cac m /I/, /p/ trm ic la mt cai
gi o c hn so vi /I/, /p/.
Nhiu ngoi c troi phu cho co i tai ngu m nhay cam mau sc
thong cp cac nguyn m la huu sc con cac ph m la v sc, hi ti.
Di lp giua cac m vi trm va bng co tng quan vi nhung phan ung trng
- en, vang - xanh va xanh - o, trong khi o cac m vi c thong c gn
vi nhung mau sc o khoang cach ln nht tu trc trng - en. Nhung thi
nghim trong khi pha trn nguyn m cho thy cac nguyn m trm va bng
khi c nghe ng thoi thi lai khng c xac nhn la mt nguyn m n.
Phep th nay co th em so sanh vi mt kinh nghim tng tu v cac mau -
trn thuc t cac mau vang hi xanh (hi xanh da troi) va mau xanh (xanh la
cy) hi o la khng tn tai.
308
` Din bin cua cc nt thanh tnh
Mi ngn ngu u th hin it nht mt net thanh tinh. Chung ti goi no
la ca -Wn (primary). Hn nua, mt ngn ngu co th co mt hoc hai net thanh
tinh thu yu.
`Nt thanh tnh c ban
Cac ph m hu ht u co mt net thanh tinh. Nh mt qui lut, cac ph
m long th hin th i lp trm va bng, vn cung thong thy co o cac
ph m c. Noi cach khac, cac m hinh ph m thong gm co ca cac m
rng ln cac m mi va cung thong i lp ln nhau giua cac m mac va cac
m ngac. Chng han nh o mt s ngn ngu Trung u nh ting Czech,
Slovak, Serbocroatia va ting Hungary. Cac m vi ph m cua nhung ngn
ngu nay tao thanh mt hinh vung, trong khi o o nhiu ngn ngu nh ting
Anh va ting Phap thong khng tach cac ph m c cua chung ra thanh cac
m vi trm, v mt phat m va bng, va khung hinh nay s tro thanh mt
hinh tam giac:
Ting Czech Ting Phap
mt vai ngn ngu chu Mi va chu Phi khng co cac m mi, su vng
mt cua nhung m nay phn ln, u co th ln theo du vt n cach dung
truyn thng cua cac m mi trn (labret). Hn nua, hu ht cac m hinh ph
m him hoi nay, vn u khng co th i lp trm va bng, nhng lai co
mt net thanh tinh khac: Det va bng phng, chng han nh cac ngn ngu
Tlingit (Alaska), roquoi va itchita (klahoma), so sanh vi d, cac cp tu
ting Tlingit nh a:k 'ca n - a:k 'hn, so.
nhiu m hinh nguyn m chi co mt net thanh tinh thi thy 3 trong
hp sau y: a) ring chi co th i lp trm va bng b) Him thy ring th
p t
k c
Trm
Bng
Dc
Long
k
p t
Trm
Bng
309
i lp det va bng phng c) rt thong xuyn su pha trn giua hai th i
lp nay. Nhung vi d v kiu loai thu nht la ting ichita va ting Slovak
vi nhung cp tu ting Slovak nh mat /mac/ 'me - mt /mc/ 'bac ha,
hay ring Nht trong o m vi trm i lp vi m /i/ c tao ra ma khng
co cac ng tac tron mi. Trong ting Nga minh hoa cho kiu loai thu hai cac
m vi khep /u/ va /i/ i lp vi nhau chi o net det/ bet (tron mi) vi bng
phng (khng tron mi) boi vi o nhung vi tri nht inh ca hai m vi nay u
c biu hin bng cac bin th trc va o mt s vi tri khac biu hin bng
cac bin th sau: yd`it 'chi khm - yd`it 'hut
thuc, rv`u 'Ti xe - rv` 'cac con hao. Trong nhung trong
hp nay chi mt trong hai qua trinh la cn yu mang tinh m vi, trong khi o
thi qua trinh kia la mt net d chi xut hin o nhung bi canh nht inh. Kiu
loai thu ba, mt su pha trn khng th phn tich c cua ca hai qua trinh,
u din ra trong ting Ty Ban Nha va ting Y: vi d ting Ty Ban Nha
/puso/ 'No () bo - /piso/ 'bc i - /poso/ 'cn, cau - /peso/ 'trong
lng. y trong th i lp trm va bng thi khoang ming khng ngn
rng la lun lun co ng tac chum tron mi i kem, trong khi o thi mt
khoang c ngn nho hn lai khng bao gio co ng tac tron mi i kem.
Vi vy trong nhung khun hinh nay chi co trm tt nht va bng tt nht la co
i lp nhau ma thi.
Nu chi co duy nht mt net thanh tinh o cac nguyn m cua mt ngn
ngu nao o, thi no co th c gp ca vao net thanh tinh (hoc chi la) c ban
cua cac ph m, khng k mt khun hinh nao trong ba khun hinh trn thuc
su xay ra. Vi d, ting Nga s dng mt th i lp (bet/ det va bng phng)
nh mt net thanh tinh trong cac nguyn m, con th i lp kia (trm va
bng) nh mt net thanh tinh c ban trong cac ph m. Tuy nhin, su khac
nhau giua cac net nay la thua boi vi no thong i kem vi th i lp giua cac
nguyn m va cac ph m, va kt qua la o y chi co nhn t cn yu la yu t
inh danh chung cua hai net thanh tinh nay.
Net thanh tinh c ban hay duy nht thong gn lin vi cac nguyn m
long. y, cac nguyn m, cung nh cac ph m, tao thanh mt hinh tam
giac hoc mt hinh vung hai hoa.
Ting ichita Ting A rp
310
` Cc nt thanh tnh th yu
Trong nhiu ngn ngu cac ph m s dng th i lp bet/ det va bng
phng vi t cach nh mt c trng thu yu, ngoai c trng c ban, chng
han th i lp trm va bng. Su lam bet c tao ra bng cach ang tu trang
thai chum tron mi thi nhanh ra nh trong ting Caucasus va cung xut hin
trong mt s ngn ngu ban ia o chu A, chu Phi va chu Mi. No chu yu
anh hong n cac m mac, nhng i khi lai lan ti ca nhung ph m khac
nua. Loat cac m vi lam bet khac, cac ph m hong hoa (cai goi la nhn
manh) xut hin trong nhiu ngn ngu Semit ( mit) va cac ngn ngu ln
cn. ua trinh nay co anh hong n cac ph m bng long (ph m rng)
va lam long i net bng cua chung, trong khi o o cac ph m c, no lai
thong pha trn vi th i lp c ban trm i lp vi bng va lam tng su
khac bit giua cac m ngac va cac m mac bng cach anh trao ln cac m
mac ng tac xit hong manh.
Su khac bit giua cac ph m rng va qut li c bit c trng cua
nhiu ngn ngu o An D, la mt biu hin khac cua cung mt th i lp. Ca
ng tac xit hong ln ng tac keo dai cua khoang ang cng hong din ra
trong khi tao ra cac ph m nhn manh la qui trinh thu nht, con i vi ph
m qut li thi qui trinh thu hai hinh nh thich hp hn.
Cac m lt va cac m nc cung trai qua qua trinh tron mi hay hong
hoa va co th tham gia vao th i lp bet/ det va bng phng. Vi th ma ting
Circassia va ng tac bop thanh hu tron mi va khng tron mi: /a/ 'Noi!
- /a/ 'tay. Ting A rp thong co su bt hi cung vi va khng cung vi
ng tac xit hong /hab
b
dam/ 'No keo xung. Th i lp cua cac ph m
ic va cac ph m bng phng ong mt phn quan trong, chng han, trong
u
i
a
i
Tr
m
Bng
a
u
Tr
m
B
ng
Dc
Lo
ng
311
ting Gaelic, Rumani, Ba Lan, ting Nga va nhiu ngn ngu khac cung vi
ting Nga. No chu yu anh hong n cac ph m bng long (cac m rng),
nhng i khi cung mo rng n nhiu lp khac (cac m mi va cac m mac).
Trong mt vai ngn ngu cac ph m tron mi (bet/ det) va cac ph m
ngac hoa (ic) co th cung tn tai, vi d ting Abkhazia o Caucasus thong
i lp mt m vi bng phng nh /g/ vi m /g
b
/ bet tng ung mt ng va
vi m /g/ ic mt phia khac. Trong cac ngn ngu n lp chng han nh
ting Trung Dungan va ting Kashmiri, thi hai th i lp cung tn tai hin
thuc hoa ca bn kt hp co th: 1) khng ngac hoa tron mi, 2) khng ngac
hoa khng tron mi, 3) ngac hoa tron mi, 4) ngac hoa khng tron mi. (So
sanh cac loat m /u/ - // - /y/ - /i/). Ting Kashmiri phn bit o khia canh
nay bn hinh thuc khac nhau cua ng tu ('lam): /kar
b
/ - /kar/ - /kar/ -
/kar
b
/. cac m vi ngac hoa tron mi thi Iormant thu hai di chuyn gn hn
vao Iormant thu ba trong khi o ng thoi tt ca cac Iormant u di chuyn
xung tn s thp.
Cui cung kt hp giua cac m det/ bet va cac m ic trong mt ngn
ngu co th co mt hinh thuc khac. Bn canh cac ngn ngu chng han nh
ting A rp vn han ch vai tro tu do cua hong vao ng tac xit lai cua no
i vi ng tac lam long cac ph m bng, con co mt vai ngn ngu o
Caucasus Dng Bc vn thong s dng ng tac mo rng hong lam ic
cac ph m trm. Dy la c im c ban cua cai goi la 'su lam mm nhn
manh. Ca hai qua trinh nay - co th c rut ngn lai xung thanh mt n
vi inh danh thng thong: su mt dn c trng c ban thng qua su thay
i khoang hong. Kt qua la chung ta co th phin chuyn cac m rng co
khoang hong thu hep theo mt va chi cach tng tu. Cac vi d ly tu ting
Lakkia (Caucasus Dng Bc): /da:/ 'o giua - /da:/ 'n va /ma/ 'cai
sang - /ma/ 'co no.
Trong rt nhiu ngn ngu mt trong hai th i lp - trm va bng va bet
va bng phng - hoat ng mt cach ring bit trong m hinh ngu m.
312
9. C IM NG AM C BN C TING VIT
9.1. Am tit ting Vit
9.1.1. D n lu n
Ting Vit c xem la mt ngn ngu n lp tiu biu ma c im c
ban cua no la: m tit giu mt vai tro c ban trong h thng cac n vi ngn
ngu vn tu vung c ban cua ting Vit u la tu n tit va mi m tit u
co kha nng tim tang tro thanh tu cac tu khng bin hinh mt m tit cung
ng thoi la mt hinh vi va y nghia ngu phap c th hin chu yu bng trt
tu tu...
Trn phng din ngu m, m tit ting Vit c xem la mt n vi c
ban (trong cac ngn ngu bin hinh o la m vi). m tit ting Vit co cu
truc n gian, lun gn lin vi thanh iu, c tach bit trong chui loi noi
va ca trong hinh thuc chu vit.
Nhm lam sang to hn cac c im ngu m cua ting Vit cung nh
phc v cho cac mc ich khac chung ti mun:
- Da ra mt phng phap c th nhm thng k tt ca cac m tit xet v
mt kha nng co th tao ra c trong ting Vit va bc u xac inh trong
thuc t co bao nhiu m tit c s dng
- Trn c so cac con s thng k, chung ti chi ra cac qui tc ngu m chi
phi thuc t s dng cac m tit ting Vit.
9.1.2. Phng pha p
D co th tin hanh thng k c tt ca cac m tit xet v mt kha nng,
chung ti nghi mt cu truc m tit cho ting Vit va cung vi no la cac
loai hinh m tit.
a- Cu truc m tit
m tit
Thanh iu
Ph m u
Vn
m m m chinh m cui
Trong cu truc nay vi tri nguyn m va thanh iu la bt buc tn tai, cac
vi tri khac co th thiu.
b- Loai hinh m tit
Theo cu truc trn co bn loai hinh m tit:
242
Loai 1: Nguyn m
Loai 2: Nguyn m ph m cui
Loai 3: Ph m u Nguyn m
Loai`4: Ph m u Nguyn m ph m cui
- vi tri cua nguyn m ung c lp kt hp vi thanh lam thanh mt
m tit co th co: 9 nguyn m n (co 3 nguyn m ngn |, , o va
| la khng tn tai c lp lam m tit) 24 nguyn m i va 16 nguyn
m ba.
- vi tri ph m u co 21 ph m
- vi tri m cui co 6 ph m
- vi tri thanh iu co 6 thanh (vi cac m tit co ph m cui la -p, -t,
-c/ ch chi kt hp c vi hai thanh)
Cn cu vao h thng chu quc ngu hin hanh va qui tc kt hp cua
chung, chung ti co th tinh c tt ca cac m tit co kha nng hinh thanh
trong ting Vit theo 4 loai cu truc m tit nu trn.
ST
T
m tit Thanh iu
ATSD ATKSD
Ph m
u
m
chinh
m
cui
Ngang Huyn Ng Hoi Sc Nng
1 i i i i i i i 6 0
2 i m im im m im im im 2 4
3 l i li li li li li li 5 1
4 l i m lim lim lim lim lim lim 4 2
4/0 3/1 1/3 4/0 2/2 3/1 17 7
Ofng Q-<. C,% t/%c ,0 t-3t =c h-nh thanh
D xac inh c s lng m tit thuc t s dng trong ting Vit,
chung ti dua vao hai cun tu in cua Hoang Ph:
- Tu in ting Vit, NB Da Nng, 1992
- Tu in chinh ta, NB Da Nng,
Nhung m tit c s dng cung c dua vao cac tiu chi:
- Nhung m tit co y nghia tu vung
- S dng trong tu lay (du ban thn hin nay khng co nghia hoc mo nghia)
- Cac m tit co ngun gc la cac ngn ngu dn tc nhng c m tit hoa
- S dng trong ting ia phng
243
- Tn ring thng dng (y la vn mo khng ai co th nm bt c
tt ca cac tn ring). Vi vy chung ti chi thng k nhung tn thng dng ma
thi.
Thuc t, nhung m tit c s dng chi c tinh n mt thoi im
nht inh va s con thay i. S con nhiu m tit c dung trong cac tu ia
phng la cha th thng k c.
Theo hang ngang, chung ta s cng c s m tit s dng va khng s
dng. Theo hang doc, chung ta s cng c s lng m tit s dng va
khng s dng theo thanh iu.
9.1.3. K t qua
S lng m tit ting Vit: kha nng hinh thanh va thuc t s dng
a- Bang kt qua thng k
b- Nhn xet v s lng m tit ting Vit
ua thng k chung ti nhn thy:
et v mt cu truc m tit ting Vit thi v mt ly thuyt co ca thay la
18.958 m tit. Tinh kha nng trong mi loai hinh cu truc chung ti nhn thy
nh sau
Loai hinh 1: Nguyn m
loai hinh nay s lng m tit c tao ra v mt li thuyt nhiu nht
o nguyn m i chim 0,81 tng s m tit ting Vit xet v mt kha nng.
Thuc t s dng thi s lng nguyn m i cung c s dng nhiu
nht chim 0,69 tng s m tit s dng trong thuc t.
- Loai hinh 2: Nguyn m Ph m cui
Trong loai hinh nay thi kha nng cua nguyn m n ph m cui (m,
n, ng/nh) va nguyn m i Ph m cui (m, n, ng/nh) co s lng bng
nhau va chim 1,14 tng s m tit ting Vit xet v mt cu truc vi s
lng la 216 m tit. Cung tng tu nh kt hp vi ph m cui m, n, ng/nh
thi o kt hp vi p, t, c/ch nguyn m n va nguyn m i cung co kha
nng tao ra s lng m tit nh nhau ln lt la 72 m tit.
- Loai hinh 3: Ph m u Nguyn m
Chung ta nhn thy o loai hinh nay kha nng tao ra m tit cua cac ph
m xat nguyn m la ln nht chim 12,24. Nhng thuc t s dng lai cho
244
thy khng phai ph m xat chim s lng ln nht ma la ph m tc
nguyn m chim 13,17 m tit s dng.
Ph m bn nguyn m co s lng m tit v mt cu truc bng vi
s lng ph m bn nguyn m tao ra la 282 m tit mi loai chim 1,48
cho tung loai.
Nhng vy tng quat lai thi s lng m tit o loai hinh nay la 6114 m
tit trong khi o chi s dng vi s lng la 2712 m tit.
- Loai hinh 4: Ph m Nguyn m Nguyn m cui
Trong loai hinh nay s lng m tit kha nng tao ra la 11.960 m tit
trong o s lng m tit s dng chi co 3667. Nh vy la s lng m tit s
dng la it hn rt nhiu ln so vi s lng m tit tao ra.
m tit c s dng trong loai hinh nay chi chim 19,09 tng s m
tit ting Vit. Kha nng tao ra m tit thi loai co cu truc ph m xat ph
m cui m, n, ng/nh la ln nht vi s lng la 2856 chim 15,06 trong khi
o thuc t s dng chi co 816 m tit chim 12,27.
ua s liu thng k chung ta nhn thy kha nng hinh thanh m tit co
dang ph m xat nguyn m la ln nht so vi cac loai m tit khac ph m
khac.
S lng m tit ting Vit: phn b theo thanh iu
a- Bang kt qua thng k
b- Nhn xet v phn b thanh iu i vi m tit ting Vit
Nh bit thanh iu lun lun co mt o moi kiu loai m tit. 6655
m tit s dng ng thoi cung la 6655 thanh iu. Sau thanh iu cua ting
Vit phn b o moi tiu loai, c th la nh sau:
- Loai hinh 1: Nguyn m
Co tng s 105 thanh iu c s dng trn tng s 300 thanh iu tao
ra. S lng thanh iu c s dng nhiu nht o thanh ngang: o loai hinh
nay s lng thanh ngang la 50 trong o co dung 29 thanh va m tit co cu
tao la nguyn m i la nhiu nht. Ngc lai thanh ng la thanh c s
dng it nht.
- Loai hinh 2: Nguyn m Ph m
584 m tit ng thoi cung la 584 thanh. Trn tng s 584 thanh chi co
174 thanh la c s dng. V kha nng, s lng m tit la nguyn m n
245
ph m bng s lng m tit co cu tao nguyn m i ph m. Ring
m tit la cac nguyn m ba co s lng rt it. Do o s lng thanh iu
cung it. Thuc t s dng cua loai hinh thanh iu nay la 174 chim2,61.
- Loai hinh 3: Ph m u Nguyn m
Trn tng s 6114 m tit tao ra chi co 2712 m tit la c s dng,
trong o thanh ng co s lng it nht va thanh ngang co s lng ln nht.
- Loai hinh 4: Ph m Nguyn m Ph m cui
Trn tng s 11960 thanh iu tao ra chi co 3667 thanh iu s dng
trong o thanh sc chim s lng ln nht va thanh ng co s lng it nht.
lng thanh sc v nng di vi ph m cui p t c/ch l rt ln
1166 thanh chim 615 tng s thanh diu v m}t kha nng hnh
thnh v chim 1752 tng s thanh diu su dng.
Loai
hinh
Tiu loai
Tng s
m tit (v
mt ly
thuyt)
18.958
ly
thuyt
Tng s
m tit
s dng
6.655
s
dng
s dng
trn ly
thuyt
1 Nguyn m N
Dn 54 0,28 35 0,53 0,18
Di 156 0,82 64 0,69 0,33
Ba 90 0,47 6 0,09 0,03
300 1,58 105 1,57 0,54
2 N Ph m P cui
NA n PA cui m, n, ng/nh 216 1,14 73 1,09 0,38
p, t, c/ch 72 0,38 48 0,72 0,25
NA i PA cui m, n, ng/nh 216 1,14 15 0,23 0,07
p, t, c/ch
NA ba PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1 0,005 1 0,00 0,00
p, t, c/ch 1 0,005 1 0,01 0,00
584 3,08 174 2,57 0,89
3 P du N
PA mui NA 1098 5,79 455 6,84 2,37
PA bn NA 282 1,48 160 2,40 0,83
PA rung NA 282 1,48 124 1,86 0,64
PA qut li NA 846 4,46 362 5,44 1,88
PA xat NA 2322 12,24 735 11,04 3,82
PA tc NA 1662 8,76 876 13,77 4,56
6114 33,25 2712 40,76 14,12
4 P du N P cui
PA mui NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1632 8,60 399 5,99 2,07
p, t, c/ch 544 2,86 196 2,95 1,02
PA bn NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 2,15 174 2,61 0,90
p, t, c/ch 136 0,71 64 0,96 0,33
PA rung NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 2,15 101 1,52 0,52
p, t, c/ch 136 0,13 48 0,72 0,25
PA qut li NA PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
1224 6,45 253 3,80 1,31
p, t, c/ch 408 2,15 129 1,94 0,67
PA xat NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 2856 15,06 816 12,27 4,25
246
p, t, c/ch 952 5,02 313 4,70 1,63
PA tc NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 2448 12,91 792 11,90 3,79
p, t, c/ch 816 4,30 380 5,71
11.960 63,08 3667 55,08 19,09
Ofng Q- ?.Cac loa- h-nh ,0 t-3t co th3 =c h-nh thanh S3 l2 th%23t Sa thc t3
Loai
hinh
Tiu loai Ngang Huyn Ng Hoi Sc Nng
Tng
s

1 Nguyn m
Dn 9 9 9 9 9 9 54 0,28
Di 26 26 26 26 26 26 156 0,81
Ba 15 15 15 15 15 15 90 0,41
50 50 50 50 50 50 300 1,57
2 N P cui
NA n PA cui m, n, ng/nh 36 36 36 36 36 36 216 1,13
p,t, c/ch 36 36 72 0,38
NA i PA cui m, n, ng/nh 36 36 36 36 36 36 216 1,13
p,t, c/ch 36 36 72 0,38
NA ba PA cui m, n, ng/nh 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 0,03
p,t, c/ch 1 1 2 0,00
73 73 73 73 146 146 584 3,08
3 P N
PA mui NA 183 183 183 183 183 183 1098 5,67
PA bn NA 47 47 47 47 47 47 282 1,48
PA rung NA 47 47 47 47 47 47 282 1,48
PA qut li NA 141 141 141 141 141 141 846 4,46
PA xat NA 387 387 387 387 387 387 3222 12,24
PA tc NA 277 277 277 277 277 277 1662 8,56
1019 1019 1019 1019 1019 1019 6114 32,25
4 P du N P cui
PA mui NA PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
272 272 272 272 272 272 1632 2,86
p, t, c/ch 272 272 544 2,15
PA bn NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 68 68 68 68 68 68 408 0,71
p, t, c/ch 68 68 136 2,15
PA rung NA PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
68 68 68 68 68 68 408 6,46
p, t, c/ch 68 68 136 2,15
PA qut li NA PA cui m, n,
ng/nh
204 204 204 204 204 204 1224 2,15
p, t, c/ch 204 204 408 15,06
PA xat NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 476 476 476 476 476 476 2856 5,02
p, t, c/ch 476 476 952 12,91
PA tc NA PA cui m, n, ng/nh 408 408 408 408 408 408 2448 4,30
p, t, c/ch 408 408 816 63,09
1496 1496 1496 1496 2992 2992 11.960 100
2668 2668 2668 2668 4262 4262 18.95
8
Ofng Q- F. 'D ph,n b thanh =-% t/3n t7ng s ,0 t-:t c; Mhf n]ng hnh th.nh h1K.Q<Kj
4.2. H ormant cua nguyn m ting Vit
H thng nguyn m n ting Vit c nhiu nha nghin cuu
phn loai va miu ta bng phng phap cam th thinh giac truyn thng.
247
Tuy nhin, nghin cuu cac c trng m hoc, trc tin la Iormant cua
h nguyn m ting Vit mi chi c cac tac gia Nguyn Vn Ai va Vu Ba
Hung cp n ln u tin.
Tac gia Nguyn Vn Ai (1973, 1974) xac inh tt ca cac Iormant cua
mi nguyn m ting Vit va a ra mt s phn b cua cac Iormant. Theo
s nay, ngoi oc phai tu tim gia tri tuyt i cua mi Iormant i vi mi
nguyn m, tinh theo n vi Hertz (Hz).
Hai tac gia Nguyn Vn Ai va Vu Ba Hung (1975) nghin cuu va a
ra kt qua hai Iormant quan trong nht (Fl va F2) i vi h thng nguyn m
n ting Vit trong khi so sanh chung vi h thng nguyn m ting Duc.
Nhung tin b va iu kin ki thut hin nay, c bit la cng ngh
thng tin cho phep nghin cuu mt cach toan in va co h thng cac c
trng m hoc cua ting Vit noi chung va cua cac nguyn m noi ring phc
v cac oi hoi v li thuyt va thuc tin.
Khao sat lai h Iormant cua 9 nguyn m n ting Ha Ni nhm cac
mc ich sau:
- Ting Ha Ni noi chung hay cach phat m Ha Ni la tiu biu cho
phng ngu Bc B. Tu trc n nay, ting Ha Ni vn giu vai tro la ngn
ngu toan dn trong cac linh vuc: sang tac vn hoc, biu din ngh thut, day
hoc, s dng trn cac phng tin thng tin ai chung... Vic xy ung c
mt h Iormant cac nguyn m n theo cach phat m chun Ha Ni la c so
tip tc nghin cuu cht lng cac nguyn m cua cac phng ngu khac
trong ting Vit va so sanh chung vi nhau nhm a n nhung kin giai m
vi hoc.
- Su phat trin cua khoa hoc ki thut c hit la cng ngh thng tin t
ra nhu cu phai x li tin hiu m thanh ngn ngu bng ki thut s.
Chung ti lua chon 10 cng tac vin (CTV) la ngoi Ha Ni (5 nam
va 5 nu) trong o co 6 CTV la phat thanh vin cua Dai phat thanh va truyn
hinh Ha Ni oc bang t liu phn tich gm 9 nguyn m n, dai va co kha
nng ung c lp lam m tit trong ting Vit: /i, e, , , , a, u, o, /
Chung ti chu inh nghin cuu h Iormant cua cac nguyn m nay trong
bi canh c lp tuc la khng ph thuc vao m u va m cui. Do vy, hai
nguyn m ngn / va / cha c xem xet ti. Mi nguyn m c
248
tung CTV oc 3 ln (tng cng 27 ln oc cho mt bang t liu phn tich i
vi mi CTV).
Cac CTV c lua chon it nht u la th h thu hai c sinh ra va ln
ln o Ha Ni. Cach phat m cua ho c cac nha chuyn mn xac inh mang
c trng cua giong Ha Ni.
Vic ghi m c tin hanh tai phong ba m Trung tm ngu m hoe thuc
nghim, Vin ngn ngu hoc va tai phong thu cua Dai phat thanh va truyn
hinh Ha Ni bng may ghi m s chuyn dng M - R3 SNY.
Cac nguyn m c phn tich trn may Sonagraph 5500 cua Trung tm
ngu m hoc thuc nghim cua Vin ngn ngu hoc. Vi cac nguyn m c oc
c lp, khng bi bi canh chi phi nn chung ti co th o c gia tri tuyt
i cac Iormant cua tung nguyn m dua vao anh ph (spectrogram). Mt
nguyn m co th co nhiu Iormant, tuy nhin chung ti chi lua chon ba
Iormant c ban: F1, F2 va F3 cho mi nguyn m theo cach lam cua Lindlom,
B. (1986) va Deterding, D. (1997).
Chung ti s dng phng phap thng k tinh gia tri trung binh cua
tung Iormant trong mi nguyn m i vi mi CTV va gia tri Iormant trung
binh cua 9 nguyn m n i vi giong nam va nu.
Kt qua nghin cuu c trinh bay thanh hai phn:
Cac gia tri trung binh cua F1, F2 va F3 cua cac nguyn m n tinh bng
n vi Hertz (Hz) theo phng phap truyn thng (Bang 1, 2 va 3) - Cac gia
tri trung binh cua F1 va F2 cua cac nguyn m n tinh bng n vi Bark (xin
xem giai thich o phn sau) phan anh cam nhn cao chu quan i vi su
thay i cao khach quan cua m thanh (Bang 4, 5 va 6)
Khai nim Iormant ln u tin c nha vt li hoc Hermann, L.(1889)
a ra chi su gia tng v cong m thanh cua mt hay mt nhom tn s,
tao nn c trng cua mi nguyn m. Nhung nghin cuu tip tc cua cac nha
ngn ngu hoc ngay cang hoan thin khai nim nay (Lindblom, B., 1986
LadeIoged, P. Maddieson, ., 1990).
Mi nguyn m c xac inh bng hai Iormant c ban: Fl lin quan n
su cng hong cua khoang sau (khoang hong) F2 lin quan n su cng
hong cua khoang trc (khoang ming). Ngoai ra, ngoi ta con tinh c F3
lin quan n khoang hong va cac Iormant khac. Ngoai Fl va F2 co gia tri khu
249
bit giua cac nguyn m vi nhau, cac Iormant khac th hin sc thai ca nhn
cua ngoi noi.
Di y la kt qua nghin cuu:
CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 CTV4 CTV5
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
i 313 2440 3193 290 2220 3220 350 2300 2667 367 2380 3093 260 2473 3193
e 553 2158 2856 427 2200 2713 480 2240 2786 420 2106 3006 520 2020 2566
633 2093 2740 620 2053 2907 660 1947 2406 657 1913 2720 607 2247 2893
380 1303 2580 320 1440 2540 340 1320 2606 293 1533 2266 393 1313 2666
500 1273 2746 400 1453 2353 500 1333 2753 467 1320 2660 440 1393 2497
a 820 1662 2546 960 1840 2660 860 1626 2480 733 1563 3326 906 1620 3280
u 326 666 2840 280 693 2270 351 713 2650 386 706 2730 313 833 2690
o 480 826 3026 420 787 3253 486 826 2826 458 753 3026 447 853 3000
660 1080 2793 553 967 2346 720 1000 2673 713 1067 2658 661 1053 2820
Ofng Q-K. P- t/V t/%ng bnh cc Fo/0ant ca Q v) =n t-:ng H. v@- 8o cc C*G
na0 pht ,0 h=n SV l. Hj
250
CTV2 CTV3 CTV4
F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
2680 3610 493 2993 3606 480 3030 3570 433 2907 3490
2510 3173 467 2620 3353 467 2600 3327 493 2710 3190
2420 3050 460 2746 3387 455 2530 3380 560 2510 3213
1340 2787 500 1280 3310 487 1390 3320 440 1253 3044
1467 2727 480 1293 3340 554 1467 3440 420 1267 3160
1490 3060 940 1660 3050 960 1550 2813 950 1847 2500
660 480 720 980 500 767 453 890
840 3140 480 940 3300 467 940 3370 467 850 3190
1000 3190 500 894 2700 700 1140 2400 700 1110 3300
Ofng 6.<- Gia tri trung binh cac Iormant cua 9 nguyn m n ting Ha
Ni do cac CTV nu phat m (n vi la Hz)
NAM N
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
i 316 2363 3073 453 2914 3539
e 480 2145 2785 465 2608 3257
635 2050 2733 506 2560 3222
345 1382 2532 460 1298 3044
461 1354 2602 488 1379 3149
a 856 1662 2858 950 1669 2813
u 331 722 2690 468 759
o 458 809 3026 480 915 3210
661 1033 2658 654 1070 3134
Ofng 6.?- Cac gia tri trung binh cua F
1,
F
vh&n xrtE
- Su khac bit v cao cua cac Iormant giua giong nam va giong nu
nh la mt tt yu vi tn s c ban cua giong nu lun cao hn giong nam va
co th cac khoang cng hong cua ho co th tich nho hn la cua nam gii.
- Di vi hu ht cac giong nu ma chung ti nghin cuu, vic xac inh
F1 va F2 cua cac nguyn m dong sau tron mi la tng i kho khn. Nhiu
trong hp khng tim c F3 vn nay cung c nhiu nha nghin cuu
nc ngoai cp n (ivonen, A., 1992 Deterding, D., 1997).
Cac Iormant uc trinh bay tinh bng n vi Hz mang tinh cht khach
quan, nhng v phng din cam th, thi vic nhn thy su khac bit v cao
251
lai mang tinh cht chu quan, khng hoan toan tng ung vi cao khach
quan, vi d: tn s thp, ngoi nghe cam nhn c su thay i cao tu
600 Hz n 700 Hz, nhng o tn s cao, mt cam nhn tng tu chnh nhau
ti 250 Hz, chng han tu 3500 Hz n 3750 Hz (LadeIoged, P., 1999, tr. 79).
D xac inh su tng quan giua cao khach quan (n vi Hz) va su
cam nhn cao chu quan, cac n vi Mel hay Bark (co th goi la gam thinh
hoc) c cac nha khoa hoc nu ra thng qua cac thi nghim tm li - m hoc:
- Ti l Mel giua F1 va F2 (Peterson Barney, 1952 LadeIoged, 1975
Bladon Fant 1978 right, 1986).
- Ti l Bark giua F1 va F2 (Traunmller, 1976, 1981 ivonen, 1987,
1989, 1992 icker Terhardt, 1980).
Mi tng quan giua ba n vi Hz, Mel va Bark c Peter LadeIoged
trinh bay nh bang di y:
Tn s o bng Cao o bng Tn s o bng Cao o bng
Hz Mels Hz Bark
20 0 20 0
160 250 100 1
394 500 200 2
670 750 800 3
1.000 1000 400 4
1420 1250 510 5
1900 1500 630 6
2450 1750 770 7
3120 2000 920 8
4000 2250 1080 9
1270 10
1480 11
1720 12
2000 13
2820 14
2700 15
252
3150 16
8700 17
4400 18
(LadeIoged, 1975, tr. 81)
Di y chung ti trinh bay mi quan h giua F1 va F2 cua h nguyn
m ting Ha Ni trong mi tng quan giua n vi Hertz va Bark:
Hnh 6.1- Gia tri trung binh cua F
l
va F
2
cua cac nguyn m n giong
nam
Hnh 6.- Gia tri trung binh cua F
l
va F
2
cua cac nguyn m n giong
nu
Nh>n EtM
Cn cu vao cac hinh 4.1 va 4.2 co th rut ra nhn xet: co su khac bit kha
xa v khoang cach gam thinh hoc tinh theo n vi Bark giua hai giong nam va
nu:
253
- Di vi giong nam, khoang cach cac nguyn m v mo tinh theo Fl
tng i u n tao thanh mt tam giac nguyn m hai hoa (Tn s cua F1
lin quan n khoang hong. Kt qua nu trn chung to, i vi giong nam khi
phat m cac nguyn m, su thay i th tich cua khoang hong la kha r rang.
Ngc lai, i vi giong nu, tru nguyn m /a/, cac nguyn m con lai co
F1 rt gn nhau. Diu o chung to khoang hong, o giong nu, khi phat m cac
nguyn m con lai khng co su thay i ln v th tich. Su khac bit giua cac
nguyn m chi th hin r o F2 tuc la su thay i th tich cua khoang ming.
Trong thuc t, khi phn tich cac giong nu, rt it CTV co F3 o cac nguyn
m dong sau tron mi. Trong khi o o cac CTV nam co th tim c ca F4
cac nguyn m nay.
Nh chung ti trinh bay, vn Iormant cua nguyn m ting Vit
c tac gia Nguyn Vn Ai ln u tin ban ti (1973, 1974).
Tac gia dung Sonagraph nghin cuu Iormant cua 11 nguyn m (co
hai nguyn m ngn) trn 3 CTV (1 nu, 2 nam). S lng CTV cho nghin
cuu, theo chung ti, la con it. Mt khac, tac gia khng noi r CTV la ngoi
vung nao. V kt qua, tac gia chi nu ra vung tn s cua nguyn m /a/ la tu
800 Hz n 1300 Hz con Iormant cua cac nguyn m khac chi c tnnh bay
di dang mt s phn b (Nguyn Vn Ai, 1974, tr.37).
Hai tac gia Nguyn Vn Ai va Vu Ba Hung tip tc nghin cuu v
Iormant cua nguyn m ting Vit o 10 CTV (5 nam, 5 nu) trong bai vit tip
theo (1975). Vn ang ban la cac tac gia cung khng xac inh r CTV la
ngoi vung nao. Thuc t cho thy cht lng cua cac nguyn m thuc cac
vung phng ngu khac nhau o Vit Nam la rt khac bit. Mt khac, trong
phn kt qua, cac tac gia cung khng phn bit hai gia tri Iormant cua giong
nam va giong nu ng thoi gia tri cua F1 va F2 cua cac Iormant c eng
b la mt dai tn s kha rng.
Nhung kt qua nguyn cuu v h Iormant cua 9 nguyn m n ting Ha
Ni oc tach roi ma chung ti trinh bay gii han pham vi nghin cuu la
cac CTV ngoi Ha Ni va kt qua nghin cuu c tinh theo gii tinh. Vic
trinh bay gia tri khach quan cua Iormant tinh bng Hz trong mi tng quan
vi gia tri cam nhn tinh bng n vi Bark cho phep chung ti a ra cac nhn
xet v su phn b cua h thng nguyn m n ting Ha Ni. Dy s la c so
254
chung ti tip tc nghin cuu cac Iormant nay trong chui loi noi lin tc
cung nh cac nguyn m co su tac ng cua thanh iu. Cac c trng m hoc
khac cua ting Vit c nghin cuu theo trinh tu m t (nguyn m, ph m),
m tit bao gm ca thanh iu va chui loi noi gop phn lam sang to c im
n lp cua ting Vit.
4.3. Mt s vn d v phu m ting Vit hin dai
4.3.1. }t vn d
Trong ting Vit hin ai, phH ,0 co mt vai tro c bit quan trong,
lam thanh mt chinh th m thanh c phat m tu nhin nht: ,0 t-:t. Ph
m ting Vit co cac c im:
a) V vi tri, ph m ung o 2 vi tri trong m tit: Mo u hoc kt thuc
m tit
b) V mt cu truc, ph m ting Vit u la cac ph m n, khng co
t hp ph m.
V mt lich s, ph m co lin quan n lich s hinh thanh h thng
thanh iu ting Vit. Chinh su chuyn i cua ph m (va co th mt phn
cua nguyn m) nn lam nay sinh va phn chia h thanh iu Vit ra thanh
hai vung m vuc cao, thp, tao thanh 6 thanh iu ( hoc 8 thanh iu) nh
hin nay. ia hat nay, co th noi vic nghin cuu ph m va mi quan h
cua no vi cac thanh t ngu m khac co mt y nghia cuc ki quan trong vi no
lin quan n c im loai hinh hoc n lp cua ting Vit. Dng thoi, kt
qua nghin cuu ph m ting Vit cung co ong gop khng nho vao vic
nghin cuu cac ngn ngu cung loai hinh noi chung trong khu vuc.
V mt phng din nao o, ph m ting Vit hin nay ang co mt s
vn mang tinh thoi su t ra cho cac nha ngu m hoc va cho nganh giao
dc hoc, la:
a) Vn su chuyn i ( giam dn) cua h thng phP \m @'u o phng
ngu Bc, tiu biu la hin tng /l/-/n/ bn canh cac hin tng khac nh
/c/-//, /s/-//, /z/-//-/r/
b) Vn giam bt s lng cua h thng ph m cui cua cac phng
ngu khac.
255
Tu c im phng ngu cua h thng ph m n vn chun hoa
chung trong x hi noi chung, c bit la i vi giao dc ting Vit trong
nha trong oi hoi tinh cp bach cua vic nghin cuu ph m va vic
xut cac giai phap chun hoa.
Vic chon c mt ting ia phng chun (trong o co h thng ph
m chun) nghin cuu chung o goc thuc nghim, xac inh cac thng s
m hoc phc v cho cng ngh tng hp va nhn dang ting Vit trong cng
ngh thng tin cang oi hoi cac nha ngu m hoc ting Vit phai quan tm. So
vi cac thanh t ngu m khac, trong ngu m hoc th gii hin vn cha co
mt b n vi xac inh ph m o goc m hoc. Do o, vic miu ta, xac
inh tung ph m o goc m hoc la mt thach thuc to ln i vi cac nha
ngu m hoc ting Vit.
Tu nhung vn t ra, cho nn chung ti tin hanh nghin cuu h thng
ph m ting Vit o hai goc : a) Theo truyn thng, miu ta ph m o goc
sinh li cu m b) ac inh cac thng s m hoc cua cac ph m. Mi goc
oi hoi chung ti phai co nhung phng phap nghin cuu ring. Va so di
chung ti tin hanh nghin cuu ph m o hai goc khac nhau vi kt qua at
c o mi goc co th b sung ln cho nhau, cai nay lam tin cho cai
kia va ngc lai. Mc ich cui cung la a ra c mt cach xac inh cac
ph m khac nhau o goc m hoc va trn c so o lam c so cho vic m ta
m vi hoc cac ph m.
Chung ti cung trinh bay mt vn v h thng ph m ting Vit la:
vic nghin cuu ph m ting Vit o goc sinh li cu m c rt nhiu
chuyn gia ngu m hoc nghin cuu va co lich s lu dai. Do o, o linh vuc
nay, kt qua nghin cuu ph m thanh cng hn nhiu so vi o linh vuc kia.
Vi th, chung ti s k thua mt cach ti a nhung thanh tuu nghin cuu ph
m cua cac hoc gia i trc. Thu hai, vic nghin cuu va m ta ph m ting
Vit o goc ngu m hoc thuc nghim hin vn cha co mt cng trinh
nghin cuu nao, do ch cha co mt b n vi xac inh chung khin cho
vic nghin cuu chung o goc nay lam ngai ngung cac nha ngu m hoc noi
chung. Vi vy, v phng din nay, chung ti s phai 'phat huy ti a nhung
quan sat ki lng co th co kt qua tin cy cho cng ngh tng hp va nhn
dang ting Vit. Co th noi, y la toan b cng suc va la nhung ong gop
256
cua chung ti. Tuy nhin, chung ti khng t hi vong nhiu vao vic kt qua
nghin cuu v ph m cua chung ti la 'chinh xac hoan toan, vi y mi chi
la c gng bc u ma thi. Rt cn su thao lun tu cac chuyn gia ngu m
hoc cung nh cac ki s lp trinh ting Vit.
4.3.2. Phng php
D xac inh s lng va cht lng cua cac ph m o mi goc nghin
cuu khac nhau, chung ti dua vao nhung c so sau y:
6.+..1 vg%>n ng5 l-%
Chung ti chon 10 cng tac vin (CTV), gm 5 nam va 5 nu cung cp
t liu. Cac CTV c yu cu oc 1 bang tu th c chung ti thit k sn
co chua tt ca cac ph m ting Vit. Ngu liu oc cua cac CTV c ghi thu
vao may tinh va c x li, phn tich.
6.+.. !hng php cf0 thH thnh g-c
D xac inh s lng va cht lng cac ph m o goc sinh li cu m,
chung ti s dng phng phap cam th thinh giac. Dy la mt phng phap
truyn thng dung trong m ta cac ph m cung nh cac nguyn m va cac
yu t ngu m khac cua cac thu ting noi chung. Cai mi trong vic s dng
phng phap nay la thu phap i lp trong vic miu ta. Toan b du liu cua
tung ph m u c nghe trong su i lp vi cac ph m khac trong h
thng. C th chung ti s dng cac tiu chi sau y trong khi xac inh cac
ph m:
- Vi tri cu m (tu hai mi tro vao trong n thanh hu)
- Phng thuc cu m (gm: tc, xat, tc xat, rung)
- Thanh tinh: huu thanh/ v thanh
- Bt hi: bt hi/ khng bt hi
6.+..+ !hng php thDc ngh-0
Chung ti quan sat va phn tich cac ph m o hai phng din khac
nhau: a) dang song (aveIorm) vi su hu thun tu vic quan sat anh ph
(spectrum) va b) din tin cua tung ph m theo thoi gian (o bng mili giy
- ms). Do o, chung ti chu yu tp trung vao vic m ta 8-nn t-:n ca phH
,0 th1o th_- g-an bZng 0s. Dy cung la kt nghin cuu chinh cua chung ti
v ph m o goc thuc nghim.
257
4.3.3. Gii hn
Vi ting Vit co nhiu phng ngu va th ngu khac nhau cho nn chung
ti tu gii han pham vi nghin cuu cua chung ti la phng ngu Bc, c th la
ting Ha Ni bng cach chon cac CTV la nhung ngoi sinh ra va ln ln o Ha
Ni. Do o, nhung kt qua nghin cuu v ph m c trinh bay la cua ting
Ha Ni.
4.3.4. Kt qua
6.+.6.1. H thng phH ,0 =a%
Co th trinh bay h thng ph m u ting Ha Ni gm 19 ph m
bng bang khai quat di y:
inh
vi
M
i
u li M
t
li
G
c
li
T
hanh
hu
phng thuc b
et
q
ut
T
c

n
Bt hi t
`
K
hng
bt hi
V

thanh
p t c k
H
uu
thanh
b d
Vang (mui) m n

at

n
V

thanh
I s

h
H
uu
thanh
v z

Vang (bn) l
Oang 6.F- Danh sach phu m u ting Ha Ni
258
So vi cac tac gia khac, s h thng ph m u cua chung ti co mt
vai im cn c giai thich.
- Trong h thng ph m u ting Ha Ni tn tai ph m |p| ma theo
cac tac gia khac cho la cha nhp h. Trong thuc t ting Ha Ni cung nh
ting Vit noi chung cac tu tng thanh nh png png... (ting sung n)
nhn danh hay ia danh cac ngn ngu dn tc o Vit Nam nh Plycu, Sa
pa...hay nhung tu nhp ngoai in hinh nh: pin5 pS - nS - Ei - *in... c
ngoi noi s dng ph bin.
- Trong quan im cua minh, tac gia Doan Thin Thut co cp n m
tc thanh hu ||. Thuc t khi phat m cac nguyn m v nguyn tc hai dy
thanh o thanh hu phai khep lai sau o bt ra tao nn dao ng cua dy
thanh c goi la tn s c ban. Do vy o chi la nhung hoat ng tu nhin
cua dy thanh khi tao ra nguyn m. Mt khac hiu qua m hoc nay c tao
ra o thanh hu la vi tri cua cac hin tng tao m (phonation) khac vi cac vi
tri tao ra ph m hay nguyn m o b phn cu m (articulation). Do vy
chung ti khng xem || la mt ph m trong ting Ha Ni.
)O tW c.c phP \m @'u tiBng H NAi
a- |p|/ |b| la hai ph m mi, tc i lp vi nhau v thanh tinh: v
thanh/ huu thanh
b- |t|/ |d| la hai ph m u li - rng, tc i lp vi nhau v thanh
tinh: v thanh/ huu thanh.
c- |c| la mt ph m li giua - ngac cung, tc v thanh
d- |k| la mt ph m gc li - ngac mm, tc v thanh
- |I|/ |v| la ph m mi - rng, xat i lp vi nhau v thanh tinh: v
thanh/ huu thanh.
e- |s|/ |z| la ph m u li rng, xat i lp vi nhau v thanh tinh: v
thanh/ huu thanh.
I- || / || la ph m gc li - ngac mm, xat i lp vi nhau v
thanh tinh: v thanh/ huu thanh.
g- |m| la ph m mi, mui va lun la ph m huu thanh.
h- |n| la ph m u li - rng, mui va lun la ph m huu thanh.
259
i- || la ph m mt li giua - ngac cung, mui va lun la ph m huu
thanh.
k- || la ph m gc li - ngac mm, mui va lun la ph m huu thanh
l - |t`| la ph m u li - rng, bt hi duy nht trong h thng ph m
u ting Ha Ni, v thanh
m- |l| la ph m u li - rng, xat bn, huu thanh.
n- |h| la ph m xat hong: no c tao ra do lung hi tu phi i ra xat
vao thanh hong, v thanh.
6.+.6.. M4 tf h thng phH ,0 c%- t-:ng H. v@-
Dc im chung cua cac ngn ngu n lp co thanh iu la m tit co
cu truc rt cht ch va s lng ph m cuoi co han nhng lun tao thanh th
di lp bn vung.
et v mt ngu m, h thng ph m cui ting Ha Ni gm 8 ph m
i lp theo hai tiu chi: vi tri cu m va phng thuc cu m. Ban thn su
khac bit v phng thuc cua cac ph m nay tao nn su i lp v thanh
tinh: Cac ph m cui mui la huu thanh con cac ph m cui tc lun la v
thanh. Cac ph m tc cui lam cho m tit chi co th kt hp c vi hai
thanh: 'sc va 'nng. Cac ph m cui trong ting Ha Ni c trinh bay
nh sau:
Vi tri
Phng thuc
Mi
Du
li - rng
Mt
li - ngac
cung
Gc
li - ngac
mm
Mui m n

Tc p t c k
a- |m|/ |p| la cac ph m mi chi i lp vi nhau v phng thuc: mui
va tc.
b- |n|/ |t| la cac ph m u li - rng chi i lp vi nhau v phng
thuc: mui va tc.
c- ||/ |c| la cac ph m mt li giua - ngac cung chi i lp vi nhau
v phng thuc: mui va tc.
260
d- ||/ |k| la cac ph m gc li - ngac mm chi i lp vi nhau v
phng thuc: mui va tc.
V mt m vi hoc thi cac ph m ||/ |c| va ||/ |k| co th chi c
xem la cac bin th cua hai m vi duy nht /// /k/ vi chung o vao th phn
b b tuc khi kt hp vi cac nguyn m. Tuy nhin, v c trng ngu m thi
o la nhung m t co hiu qua m hoc hoan toan khac nhau cn phai c
phn loai va m ta.
6.+.6.+. !hH ,0 t-:ng G-t s g;c =@ ,0 hec
Mi mt ph m trong mt m tit tach roi u c tung CTV phat m
3 ln. Trong cua mi ln oc mt ph m s c xac inh mt cach chi
tit o phn ph lc. y chung ti chi a ra trong trung binh cua tung
ph m do mi CTV phat m. Tu o, co th khai quat trong trung binh
cua mi ph m o tung gii: trung binh nam va trung binh nu. Trt tu cac ph
m phn loai theo trong s c chung ti thuc hin ngay sau y ( s(
*iu cP th_ Eem ph'n phP *Pc):
a. Tr1?ng h2p opq
- |p| co dai trung binh khoang 28 ms (giong nam), va khoang 27 ms
(giong nu).
-. Tr1?ng h2p otq
- |t| co dai trung binh khoang 24ms (giong nam), va 28ms (giong nu).
c. Tr1?ng h2p okq
- |k| co trong trung binh khoang 24ms (giong nam), 24 ms (giong nu).
#. Tr1?ng h2p o-q
- |b| co dai trung binh khoang 78 ms (giong nam), va 81 ms (giong nu).
@. Tr1?ng h2p o#q
- |d| co trong trung binh khoang 98ms (giong nam), 100ms (giong nu).
e. Tr1?ng h2p o q
- || co trong trung binh khoang 100ms (giong nam), 112ms (giong
nu)
Nh vy, cac cp ph m trn tuy cung vi tri cu m va khac nhau v th
i lp v thanh/ huu thanh tao nn su khac bit kha ln v trong : Cac
261
ph m v thanh ngn hn hn cac ph m huu thanh tng ung. Nu tinh
trung binh cua tung nhom, co th thy cac ph m v thanh chi bng khoang
28 so vi cac ph m huu thanh (giong nam): so sanh 76ms va 276ms va
bng khoang 27 (giong nu): so sanh 79ms va 293ms.
By gio chung ta xet n cac trong hp cac ph m mui cung vi tri vi
cac ph m trn la |m|, |n|, || xem co su khac nhau v trong hay
khng giua chung do anh hong cua phng thuc cu m va net thanh tinh
can thip.
h. Tr1?ng h2p omq
- |m| co trong trung binh khoang 97ms (giong nam) va 87ms (giong
nu).
i. Tr1?ng h2p onq
- |n| co trong trung binh khoang 97 ms (giong nam), 101 ms (giong nu)
k. Tr1?ng h2p o q
- || co trong trung binh khoang 112ms (giong nam), 104 ms
(giong nu)
So sanh cac nhom ph m trn vi nhau chung ta co th thy c rng
nhom cac ph m mui khac xa vi cac ph m kia v trong (i vi giong
nam). Tuy nhin, tinh hinh co khac trong trong hp giong nu. Trong
trung binh cua nhom m mui rt gn vi trong cua cac ph m |b, d, |
(so sanh 292 ms va 293 ms). Do o, phn bit c 2 nhom ph m nay
vi nhau trong nhn dang tu ng phai gp rt nhiu kho khn. Tinh hinh
o chung ti phai dua thm vao nhiu tiu chi khac ngu m khac cua ph
m.
*. Tr1?ng h2p o q
- || co trong trung binh khoang 82,6 ms (giong nam), 100 ms
(giong nu)
m. Tr1?ng h2p ocq
- |c| co trong trung binh khoang 64,5 ms (giong nam), 65 ms (giong
nu)
n. Tr1?ng h2p ofqy oCq
262
- |I| co trong trung binh khoang 132,5 ms (giong nam), 138,5 ms
(giong nu)
- |v| co trong trung binh khoang 110 ms (nam), 115 ms (nu)
|I|/ |v| la cac ph m mi-rng, xat i lp vi nhau v thanh tinh. Su co
mt cua net huu thanh o |v| khng lam cho trong cua no dai hn ma con
lam cho no ngn hn so vi ph m tng ung v thanh. Dy la mt trong
hp c bit, khac vi su co mt cua net huu thanh o cac ph m khac. Tu
y, chung ti coi |v| phai c xp vao nhom ph m v thanh.
o. Tr1?ng h2p osqy ozq
- |s| co trong trung binh khoang 108,9 ms (nam), 166,7 ms (nu)
- |z| co trong trung binh khoang 128,4 ms (nam), 122,7 ms (nu)
Dy ging nh trong hp |I|/ |v|.
Nh vy, nhom cac ph m xat, v thanh |I, s, c| co trong tng i
ln, hn hn so vi cac ph m xat huu thanh tng ung.
O. Tr1?ng h2p o q
- || co trong trung binh khoang 147,1 ms (nam), 137,3 ms (nu)
p. Tr1?ng h2p o t` q
- |t`| co trong trung binh khoang 57 ms (nam), 65 ms (nu)
Dy la mt ph m bt hi duy nht trong h thng ph m u ting
Vit. Cn cu vao trong co th xp no gn vi cac ph m |b, d, |.
+. Tr1?ng h2p o*q
- Dy la mt ph m xat bn duy nht trong h thng. |l| co trong
trung binh khoang 102,7 ms (nam), 100,5 ms (nu). Cn cu vao trong cua
|l| chung ta co th khng inh y la mt ph m xat chinh danh vi no rt gn
gui vi cac ph m xat khac trong h thng.
Tuy nhin, co mt thuc t i vi |l| o phng ngu Bc ting Vit la no
rt d bi nhm ln vi |n| trong phat m (va a s cac trong hp cac m tit
co |l| u c phat m thanh |n|). Trong cua hai ph m nay tng i
gn nhau (so sanh 102,7 ms cua |l| vi 97 ms cua |n| o giong nam, 100,5 ms
cua |l| vi 101 ms cua |n| o giong nu). D khc phc tinh trang nay, trc
263
mt, theo chung ti, khi tin hanh nhn dang giong noi ca nhn, cn chon cac
cng tac vin phat m phn bit hai ph m u nay.
s. Tr1?ng h2p ohq
- |h| co trong trung binh khoang 99,2 ms (nam), 85 ms (nu).
6.+.6.6.*/_ng =@ cc phH ,0 c%-
Danh sach cac ph m cui c chung ti a ra o phn trn (m ta
cac ph m cui o goc phat m). Di y la trong cua tung ph m.
a. Tr1?ng h2p omqy opq
- |m| co trong trung binh khoang 196,7 ms (nam), 192 ms (nu)
- |p| co trong trung binh khoang 23,7 ms (nam), 18,8 ms (nu)
-. Tr1?ng h2p onqy otq
- |n| co trong trung binh khoang 207,3 ms (nam), 194,7 ms (nu)
- |t| co trong trung binh khoang 22,9 ms (nam), 18,4 ms (nu)
c. Tr1?ng h2p o qy okq
- || co trong trung binh khoang 240,4 ms (nam), 210,5 ms (nu)
- |k| co trong trung binh khoang 21,4 ms (nam), 22,6 ms (nu)
#. Tr1?ng h2p o qy ocq
- || co trong trung binh khoang 248,8 ms (nam), 233,6 ms (nu)
- |c| co trong trung binh khoang 20,8 ms (nam), 19,7 ms (nu)
So sanh trong cua nhom cac ph m tc, huu thanh vi cac ph m
tc v thanh chung ta thy trong cac ph m tc huu thanh ln hn rt
nhiu so vi cac ph m tc v thanh tng ung theo tung cp i mt. Vi
trong cua cac ph m cui tc, v thanh ngn nh vy, cho nn vic nhn
dang chung gp rt nhiu kho khn. Nhiu khi chung chi nh la mt n tng
tc chu khng hn la ph m tc chinh danh. Su xac inh chung phai dua vao
nhiu yu t khac cua cac yu t ung trc no.
264
4.3.5. Kt lun
Chung ti miu ta va phn tich phng din sinh li cu m cua cac
ph m ting Ha Ni cung nh cac thng s m hoc c th la dai cua h
thng ph m ting Ha Ni c o ac, cac thng s c x li va anh
gia khach quan.
a- Trn phng din sinh li cu m, ph m la su tng hoa cua cac yu t:
- Su tham gia cua cac c quan cu m.
- Vi tri tip xuc chu yu cua cac c quan cu m.
- Muc long, cht cua su tip xuc giua cac c quan cu m.
- Cach giai toa lung hi cu m.
b- Trn phng din m hoc, thi gia tri trong la quan trong nht gop
phn phn loai h thng ph m va xac inh chung thuc vao cac nhom:
- Ph m tc
- Ph m xat
- Ph m mui, vang va bn cua ting Ha Ni
Chung ti rut ra mt s kt lun sau:
6.+.<.1. GJ cc phH ,0 =a%
Cac ph m u c phn tich va miu ta v mt sinh li - cu m theo
trinh tu vi tri tu phia ngoai nhich vao phia trong.
Khi cu m cac ph m mi, hoat ng cua hai mi (mi di bao gio
cung tich cuc hn mi trn) la c ban va lun kem theo su rt re v sau cua
li.
Su tham gia cua li vao vic cu m cac ph m u ting Vit cho
thy hoat ng cua li trc la hoat ng chu yu cu tao cac ph m u
(7/19 m). Do o s lng cua cac ph m li trc chim mt ti l ang k.
Cac tac gia i trc mi chi ra c mt (u li) trong hai b phn
cua li trc (u li va vanh li) tham gia vao vic cu m. Di vi
nhung tac gia nay, cac m li trc chinh la m u li. Chung ti khng
inh, khng chi u li ma ngay ca vanh li cung tham gia vao hoat ng
cu m. Noi cach khac, cac m li trc bao gm ca vanh li va ca m u
265
li. Hai b phn nay la hai khi quan phat m linh ng nht, gn nh khng
co phng thuc cu m nao la no khng tham gia.
Tinh cng, li cua c co anh hong n vi tri cu m cua cac ph m.
Trong cung mt nhom cung mt phng thuc cu m nhng cac m cng bao
gio cung co vi tri cu m trc hn cac m li, chng han trong cac m tc
vanh li |t5 #5 n5 t

| thi |t| co vi tri cu m o trc nht |n| co vi tri cu m o

sau nht. Trong cac m xat u li thi || co vi tri cu m o sau hn |k| va
|x| lai co vi tri cu m o sau hn ||...
Muc tip xuc long , cht giua cac khi quan phat m hay muc hoat
ng cua cac c trong qua trinh cu m u co quan h truc tip vi thanh
tinh cua cac ph m. Co th nhn xet mt cach khai quat rng, nhung ph m
co cu m cng la nhung ph m v thanh, nhung ph m co cu m li la
nhung ph m huu thanh.
O cac ph m tc, mo cua ham, cua ming va nng cua li
thong ln hn cac ph m xat cung vi tri tng ung, vy phai chng cac
thng s cu m nay co lin quan n phng thuc cu m: Vic tao khe xat
(ting xat) cua cac ph m xat khng cn n mo ham, mo ming va
nng cua li ln nh khi tao ting n cua cac ph m tc || cac mo noi
trn (ham va ming) cung ln dn tu m u li trc n m li giua, li
sau. Diu o chung to, cu m cang su thi mo cua ming cua ham cang
ln.
6.+.<.. GJ cc phH ,0 c%-
Ngoai tru hai ph m mi |-p, -m| cac ph m cui con lai u la m
li. Su hoat ng cn i cac b phn cua li, tao nn su cn i cua cac
ph m cui. Noi cach khac, ta co hai ph m cui li trc, hai ph m
cui li giua va hai ph m cui li sau. V mt cu m, cac m nay tao
thanh nhung cp ng vi.
v mt cu m, cac cp ' ng vi qua la nhung m co cung vi tri cu m
|-p| va |-m| la cac cp m cui mi - mi
|-t| va |-n| la cac cp m cui li trc (vanh li)
|-c| va |-| la cac cp m cui giua (mt li)
|-k| va |-| la cac cp m cui li sau (gc li)
266
V phng thuc cu m, cac cp m cui ng vi u la nhung ph m
tc nhng la nhung ph m tc ngm. Noi cach khac cac m cui u la
nhung m manh u. Dy la c im ang lu y cua ting Vit va cac ngn
ngu cung loai hinh, khac vi ph m cui cua cac ngn ngu n u.
Su hoat ng cua dy thanh va ngac mm tao nn th tng lin v
thanh tinh o tung cp m cui, mt bn la cac ph m v thanh, mt bn la
cac ph m vang mui.
Tng tu nh o cac ph m u, th tng lin v muc hoat ng cu
m cua c, tuc th tng lin cng li o tung cp m cui ng vi u tng
ung vi th tng lin v thanh tinh.
Cung vi chuc nng khac nhau trong cu truc m cua m tit, cac thng
s cu m cua ph m u va ph m cui cho thy, nhin chung cac ph m
cui co mo cua ham cua ming, nng cua li ln hn so vi cac ph
m tng ung. Cac s liu nay cang chung to cac ph m u va cac ph m
cui thuc hai h thng ph m khac nhau chu khng phai cung mt h thng.
Phai chng y la net ring c trng cho phng din sinh li cu m cua cac
ph m khng chi trong ting Vit ma trong cac ngn ngu cung loai hinh - cac
ngn ngu n lp.
Nh bit, trong ting Vit , ph m la yu t i kem, c phn b
cht ch trong cu truc cua m tit, do o no co y nghia ln i vi su tip
nhn ngn ngu theo hai khia canh: hiu ngn ngu va san sinh ra ngn ngu.
Vi nhung kt qua at c, tai trinh bay mt vai kha nng ung dng thuc
tin...
Phc hi chuc nng ngn ngu cho tr em cm ic nhm mc ich giup
tr hoc noi, hoc vit, trc ht la bit cach cu m cac ph m ting Vit trn
s so tn dng ti a kha nng hoat ng cua cac giac quan khac va phn
thinh luc con lai.
Tuy nhin cung phai thua nhn rng, mc du co c gng nhng cu m
cua tr vn bi lch lac, do khng giam sat c hiu qua cua su cu m. Cho
nn, yu cu t ra la trong pham vi cho phep, giup tr it nhiu co th noi
c du con rt han ch va ht suc kho khn.
Cac ph m c khao sat, trong thuc t s dng cung co nhung bin
th khac nhau song song tn tai. Nhung bin th nay phan anh mi quan h
267
giua 'chun ia phng va 'chun chung, giua 'chun h thng va 'chun
s dng ...
Trn quan im ngn ngu hoc x hi, chung ti cho rng, cac bin th
nay tn tai, phat trin hoc bi loai bo... tu thuc vao pham vi va chuc nng
giao tip x hi cua chung. Noi cach khac, nu c x hi chon va thua nhn
thi bin th o s tro thanh chun muc ngu m.
Tuy nhin, i vi cac ph m, yu cu cua chun chinh ta bt buc va
cao hn chun chinh m.
4.4. Cc thanh diu cua ting Vit
Thanh iu la su nng cao hoc ha thp giong noi trong mt m tit, co
tac dng phn bit cac tu co nghia ging nhau. Su khac nhau giua la va la
la su khac nhau v cao : m tit la c phat m cao, m tit la c
phat m thp.
Thanh iu la loai m vi siu oan tinh, no biu hin trong toan b phn
huu thanh cua m tit. muc vt ly, phn thanh cua thanh iu chinh la
ong net cua tn s m c ban F0. V cam th, thanh iu la su cam nhn v
thay i cao F0 (pitch) cua m tit .
Nh vy, nu ngu iu la c trng cua cu, trong m la c trng cua tu
thi thanh iu la c trng cua m tit. Khng phai ngn ngu nao cung co
thanh iu. Ting Han, ting Vit, ting Lao co thanh iu. Cac ngn ngu
Anh, Phap, Nga, Kh me khng co.
Ting Vit co sau thanh iu. Trn chu vit, nm thanh c ghi lai bng
nm du: huyn |`|, sc ||, hoi | | ng |`|, nng |.|, con mt thanh khng
c ghi lai bng mt du nao ca, ngoi ta goi o la thanh khng du.
Sau thanh iu cua ting Vit c chia lam hai nhom ln la bng va
trc. Thanh khng du va thanh huyn thuc loai thanh bng co ong net
tng i n gian. Thanh hoi, thanh ng, thanh sc va thanh nng la nhung
thanh trc co ong net thanh iu phuc tap. Cac thanh ngang, sc ng thuc
m vuc cao con cac thanh huyn, hoi va nng thuc m vuc thp.
Thanh khOng #u: y la thanh iu cao, co ong net vn ng bng
phng tu u n cui.
268
Thanh hu,bn: So vi thanh khng du, thanh huyn la mt thanh thp.
Dong net vn ng cua thanh nay cung bng phng nh thanh khng du tuy
v cui co hi i xung. Nh vy, su khac nhau giua thanh khng du va
thanh huyn chu yu la o cao. Mt s sinh vin nc ngoai hoc ting Vit
phat m ba thanh ba hoc ngc lai, la do khng phn bit c hai
muc cao thp cua chung.
Thanh ng: Thanh ng bt u o cao gn ngang thanh huyn nhng
khng i ngang ma vut ln kt thuc o cao cao hn ca thanh khng du.
thanh ng, ong net vn ng bi gy o giua do qua trinh phat m co hin
tng bi tc thanh hu. Dy la ch kho phat m i vi tr em va i vi
ngoi nc ngoai hoc ting Vit vi hay bi phat m thanh sc.
Thanh hi: y la mt thanh thp va co ong net gy o giua. D cao luc
bt u cua thanh hoi ngang thanh huyn. Sau khi i ngang mt oan, thanh
nay i xung va lai i ln cn xung vi ong i xung. D cao luc kt thuc
bng cao luc ban u. tr em mi hoc noi, thanh hoi thong c phat
m thanh thanh nng, vi d mo ca - mo cua. min Nam va min
Trung, hai thanh ng va hoi khng c phn bit vi vy hay xay ra tinh trang
ln ln du ng va du hoi khi vit chinh ta.
Thanh sc: luc bt u, cao cua thanh sc gn ngang vi thanh khng
du nhng thanh sc khng i ngang ma i ln. nhung m tit co m cui la
/p, t, k/ nh bt coc, np thi thanh sc vut cao ngay, gy n tng ngn.
phng ngu min Trung co vung phat m mt s m tit mang sc thai thanh
thanh hoi, vi d y chi thanh y chi.
Thanh nQng: thanh nng la mt thanh thp va co ong net xung dn.
nhung m tit co m cui /p, k, t/ nh hoc tp, mt thanh nng c phat
m xung ngay. thanh nng cung co hin tng tc thanh hu trong qua
trinh phat m.
Su phn b thanh iu trong m tit lin quan cht ch vi thanh phn
m cui. nhung m tit co m cui la ph m tc v thanh /p, t, k/ chi co
th co thanh nng hoc thanh sc. Cac thanh khng du, huyn, ng, hoi
khng th tn tai c o nhung m tit loai nay. nhung m tit co m cui
khng v thanh, tt ca cac thanh iu u co th xut hin.
269
Nh vy, trong 6 thanh iu thi 2 thanh sc va nng co pham vi phn b
rng nht o tt ca cac kiu m tit.
Khi cac thanh iu cao thp khac nhau i lin nhau thong co anh hong
ln nhau, thanh cao i trc thanh thp i sau thi thanh thp s bt u hi
cao hn thong l, ngc lai thanh cao i sau thanh thp thi s bt u thp
hn thong l.
270
PHJ LJC I
TRNG TRUNG BINH C PHJ AM AU
m
TB
Nam 1
TB
Nam 2
TB
Nam3
TB
Nam 4
TB
Nam 5
TB
Nam
TB
Nu 1
TB
Nu 2
TB
Nu 3
TB
Nu 4
TB
Nu 5
TB
Nu
pi 28,53 26,23 26,73 28,50 27,40 27,478 27,30 26,06 26,33 30,06 27,16 27,382
pa 26,70 24,86 27,86 27,56 25,60 26,516 25,90 26,20 24,40 26,90 27,26 26,132
pu 26,5 28,03 26,36 28,70 30,83 28,078 32,40 33,90 30,10 25,03 25,36 29,358
ti 23,76 25,00 27,13 30,96 32,20 27,81 28,80 29,20 29,30 27,36 23,46 27,624
ta 20,66 21,00 20,93 20,76 24,46 21,562 25,16 23,30 24,76 28,40 23,70 25,064
tu 23,60 22,50 21,50 23,53 24,96 23,218 30,80 28,83 32,83 30,83 30,86 30,83
ki 24,46 25,33 26,30 33,33 27,53 27,39 27,80 24,66 26,93 27,43 27,90 26,932
ca 19,90 22,73 22,80 25,36 21,63 22,484 23,06 22,66 20,46 24,96 20,83 22,394
cu 20,90 26,00 18,46 23,60 21,40 22,072 25,16 21,83 23,90 22,40 25,26 23,71
thi 49,66 56,00 61,13 57,36 56,30 56,09 60,10 74,93 62,26 58,13 62,70 63,624
tha 56,66 53,40 56,36 57,60 57,33 56,27 62,46 84,83 65,60 65,86 64,70 68,69
thu 44,90 68,10 55,96 64,00 61,36 58,864 66,73 82,56 73,16 53,03 46,73 64,442
chi 66,83 68,63 64,86 78,96 67,26 69,308 64,56 77,60 67,30 64,20 71,23 68,978
cha 67,53 57,86 54,00 66,96 56,30 60,50 60,46 63,90 62,30 61,76 64,03 62,436
chu 66,56 61,43 59,80 74,00 57,56 63,87 67,03 60,73 67,53 60,46 62,23 63,596
bi 75,00 78,00 89,10 63,63 63,66 73,878 87,70 84,80 86,20 71,53 72,83 76,078
ba 54,53 88,53 71,03 87,96 72,80 74,97 82,90 77,16 71,93 78,40 70,00 76,078
bu 97,66 87,40 82,36 98,30 63,46 85,836 69,93 78,46 103,13 107,90 77,13 87,31
i 75,93 84,50 77,03 73,63 88,60 79,938 83,56 64,90 88,93 95,93 67,96 80,256
a 84,63 70,90 71,90 90,90 62,90 76,246 63,40 71,23 85,03 105,96 59,40 77,004
u 109,50 76,36 69,36 84,13 70,16 81,902 65,50 67,10 107,16 90,76 89,93 84,09
phi 141,13 127,46 143,06 151,80 122,73 137,236 133,66 137,33 140,23 137,96 141,40 138,116
pha 111,13 91,60 133,50 193,53 105,33 127,018 130,90 138,90 149,23 146,30 128,60 138,786
phu 117,33 109,16 122,63 161,53 155,46 133,222 134,06 133,03 153,26 136,03 137,53 138,782
xi 174,43 142,16 158,63 227,30 131,30 166,764 185,06 201,33 163,83 166,86 170,90 177,596
xa 174,30 137,16 170,76 178,80 138,33 159,87 173,30 120,00 182,13 147,10 141,60 152,826
xu 166,16 130,46 167,23 201,96 149,33 163,028 173,73 174,73 162,23 172,30 168,10 169,818
khi 135,00 125,00 155,53 186,60 113,73 143,172 157,23 144,33 152,46 142,30 155,16 150,296
kha 121,13 152,16 108,43 192,60 124,83 139,83 151,53 139,66 152,90 145,90 116,16 141,23
khu 142,83 150,73 152,10 213,20 133,33 158,438 130,36 130,30 105,03 130,10 105,73 120,304
hi 104,50 91,76 91,50 105,33 94,30 97,478 90,16 98,70 83,36 74,66 84,13 86,202
ha 115,00 110,83 113,46 134,33 94,00 113,524 91,00 93,03 99,43 78,16 75,80 87,484
hu 82,53 80,93 79,83 114,26 76,13 86,736 82,66 83,83 84,96 77,06 77,43 81,188
vi 101,43 112,23 114,06 115,50 96,73 107,99 108,73 124,26 123,36 102,76 112,30 114,282
va 105,50 114,93 95,83 124,56 93,03 106,77 105,80 106,23 102,66 113,83 124,76 110,656
vu 127,13 104,40 121,03 126,23 96,73 115,104 130,00 110,50 122,53 119,60 116,90 119,906
di 132,46 121,96 123,83 123,70 140,33 128,456 118,80 134,13 135,46 134,66 113,66 127,342
da 130,03 120,13 113,46 121,03 111,50 119,23 110,80 110,33 113,83 118,70 118,10 114,352
du 116,26 110,30 108,00 115,66 121,20 137,536 119,63 138,90 123,70 132,13 118,00 126,472
ghi 182,56 169,73 167,238 170,02 171,60 171,58 181,09 173,273 175,081 175,021 174,987 175,171
ga 140.31 138,298 130,984 140,07 141,875 140,325 150,050 148,345 148,00 151,060 150,05 150,028
gu 120,01 118,257 123,85 125,926 126,012 126,028 128,937 130,02 129,281 129,873 130.00 130,015
mi 111,93 105,70 97,06 102,86 86,33 100,776 87,06 70,43 81,40 91,76 71,86 80,502
ma 108,96 84,46 80,36 92,83 86,73 94,112 88,26 76,60 81,56 87,10 89,43 84,59
mu 107,56 89,70 88,50 98,80 86,00 94,112 96,46 90,63 98,43 99,66 87,63 94,562
ni 99,10 94,16 98,76 79,66 78,06 89,948 107,66 95,96 96,03 111,46 117,20 105,662
na 108,33 84,53 84,70 128,96 76,70 969,644 104,66 108,80 100,13 103,20 102,83 103,924
nu 118,66 92,43 92,50 121,63 93,63 103,77 95,00 98,13 97,26 97,86 87,70 95,19
nhi 65,66 62,50 72,46 80,73 65,83 69,436 105,70 116,96 105,70 116,63 111,70 111,338
nha 90,06 80,16 96,90 94,53 78,40 88,01 87,66 97,66 89,26 95,63 91,36 92,314
nhu 89,00 89,93 105,03 94,36 83,56 90,376 100,36 90,30 107,66 100,40 93,23 98,39
nghi 103,30 101,73 103,96 128,33 84,80 104,424 100,86 93,83 109,76 101,10 106,46 102,402
271
nga 117,96 105,50 93,16 109,93 88,70 103,05 106,70 82,70 107,90 112,13 122,03 106,292
ngu 117,06 134,43 117,23 143,93 127,43 128,016 103,83 110,10 95,63 99,86 105,70 103,024
li 115,16 98,43 86,16 97,30 112,56 101,922 92,00 89,96 97,73 85,53 97,26 92,496
la 107,03 109,46 90,56 108,66 90,86 101,314 101,10 105,43 103,43 102,40 104,93 103,458
lu 107,46 102,06 96,63 133,56 85,56 105,054 101,80 103,00 104,13 109,83 106,93 105,138
272
PHJ LJC II
TRNG TRUNG BINH C PHJ AM CUI
m
TB
Nam
1
TB
Nam 2
TB
Nam3
TB
Nam 4
TB
Nam 5
TB
Nam
TB
Nu 1
TB
Nu 2
TB
Nu 3
TB
Nu 4
TB
Nu 5
TB
Nu
im 226,80 155,30 167,03 206,06 191,40 189,318 227,50 204,33 193,36 186,30 172,76 196,85
am 222,33 189,30 156,53 196,43 199,50 192,818 202,03 176,76 139,23 201,00 144,36 172,676
um 281,96 187,30 171,03 199,36 200,23 207,936 250,60 212,73 182,83 203,33 182,66 206,43
in 276,80 182,50 172,50 196,26 204,76 206,564 250,70 200,23 193,56 210,26 168,53 204,656
an 232,90 190,53 173,36 200,06 210,10 201,39 211,93 170,93 158,36 185,8 192,93 183,99
un 284,86 186,60 194,06 205,76 199,76 214,208 221,53 197,90 184,86 192,20 180,63 195,424
inh 337,33 221,66 234,00 251,50 233,50 255,598 300,63 269,00 223,56 260,30 246,90 260,078
anh 310,60 220,53 229,23 219,93 187,23 233,624 261,83 206,76 216,46 230,70 204,20 223,99
nh 337,90 216,90 226,10 246,53 190,03 243,492 280,26 191,13 193,26 223,40 196,63 216,936
ung 364,23 236,30 228,23 229,23 228,16 257,23 222,40 197,33 237,93 236,23 185,93 215,964
ang 281,30 196,66 170,93 198,90 210,66 211,69 224,03 206,56 160,26 193,70 181,00 193,11
ng 368,66 234,40 239,93 198,93 219,10 252,20 293,93 177,20 237,83 203,20 200,73 222,578
ip 25,83 21,46 26,33 25,43 21,96 24,202 19,76 19,46 17,53 18,70 16,56 18,402
ap 19,66 21,53 22,60 19,93 19,60 20,664 21,90 19,06 15,30 19,26 18,00 18,704
up 24,63 27,56 28,16 28,20 23,30 26,37 18,16 17,20 18,16 23,96 19,13 19,342
it 23,63 18,43 26,36 20,40 20,13 21,79 20,96 18,76 20,30 22,60 20,30 20,584
at 26,60 22,50 25,86 22,56 20,20 23,544 19,83 13,76 13,06 18,03 14,00 15,736
ut 22,56 24,33 26,93 23,76 19,13 23,342 20,83 17,66 19,26 18,30 17,83 18,776
ich 23,73 24,30 23,86 18,93 22,70 22,704 20,16 21,96 21,93 21,56 17,53 20,628
ch 19,50 21,03 21,10 20,43 19,13 20,238 17,90 18,26 19,10 16,90 15,66 17,564
ach 20,73 19,03 19,43 18,73 19,76 19,536 17,66 19,61 22,36 19,10 26,30 21,006
c 21,96 22,23 23,46 23,06 19,93 22,128 18,66 23,73 18,13 26,1 24,56 22,236
uc 21,80 21,33 24,26 24,10 22,73 22,844 20,00 25,76 21,30 21,03 24,76 22,57
ac 19,86 19,50 20,06 18,20 19,23 19,37 18,03 26,86 27,26 21,06 22,86 23,214
273
TI LIU THM KHAO
Chng 1 v chng 2
1. Ngu,dn s0n i5 Tim hiu v vung tn s Iooc-man cua cac nguyn
m ting Vit bng phng phap thuc nghim, Tyc NgOn ngR5 s( 5
8gp.
2. Ngu,dn s0n Gi5 Ban v s lng va su phn b Iooc-man cua cac
nguyn m n ting Vit qua ban ghi -na-g-rap, Tyc NgOn
ngR5 s( 85 8g.
3. Ngu,en san Gi un# su <a Hung5 Vergleichende ntersuchungen
deutcher und vietnamesischer soka*e5 8gh. Trong eitschrift fr
Hhonetik Kprach"issenschaft un# Nommunikationsforschung5 <an#
;. Heft py Gka#emie - ser*ag5 <er*in5 8gh.
4. $eter#ing $.5 The Formant oI Monothong Voels in Standard
Southern British nglish Pronunciation, nourna* of lnternationa*
Hhonetic Gssociation. so*ume ; Num-er 8 ~ ;5 8gg.
5. %ant L.5 Acoustic Theory oI Speech Production, The Haguey
HarisM )onton5 8gtf.
6. %*anagan n.5 Speech Analysis, Synthesis and Perception, ;# e#.
Ne" xorkM Kpringer ser*ag5 8g;.
7. liConen G.5 Regional German Voels Studies, )imeographe@
Keries ofthe $epartment of Hhonetics5 zniCersit, of He*sinki 8h5
8gg.
8. liConen G.5 Articulatory voel gesture presented in a Psycho -
Acoustical F1/F2 space, Ktu#ies in Logope#ics an# Hhonetics p5
Iei4o Gu*anko ~ )atti Lehtiha*mes58gg;.
9. La#efoge# H.5 )a##ieson l.5 Voels oI the orld's Languages,
nourna* of phonetics 85 8ggf.
10. La#efoge# H.5 lements oI Acoustic Phonetics, 3hicago (secon#
e#ition)5 zmCersit, of 3hicago Hress5 8ggt.
274
11. Lin#-*om <.5 Phonetic niversals in Voel system, 9Eperimenta*
Hhono*og, (n.n. Dha*a ~ n.n. naeger5 e#s.)5 Dr*an#oM Gca#emic
Hress5 8gt.
12. Ju.ch Tun Ng&c5 ly tin hiu s, Nh Eut -Wn Li.o #Pc5 8ggg.
13. Traunm**er H.5 inise aspekte ahrnehmung quasiststionrer
Vokale, Hapers from the lnstitute of Linguistics5 zniCersit, of
Ktockho*m.
Chng 3
Dialogic Card:
14. Voice AP, Dialogic Corporation Press.
15. Voice Features, Dialogic Corporation Press.
16. SRL AP, Dialogic Corporation Press
Chng 4
17. G.Lersho an# I.).Lra,5 Vector uantization and Sign
Compresion,
18. Ia-iner5 Fundamental oI Speech Recognition.
19. x.Lin#e5 G.<uzo5 an# I.).Lra,5 An algorithm Ior Vector uantizer
Design, 4anuar, 8gf.
Chng 5
20. s Nim <Wng5 H Iormant cua nguyn m ting Ha Ni, T*c NgOn ngR5
s( 8h5 ;ff;.
21. s Nim <Wng5 Nhn xet v trong thanh iu qua phng ngu Ha
Ni va phng ngu Nam B (cu liu thuc nghim) - NhRng Cn @b
ngOn ngR h&c Cb c.c ngOn ngR ph1ang TOng - sin ThOng tin Nhoa h&c
F hAi.
22. s Nim <Wng5 Nghin cuu ting Ha Ni trn phng din vt ly - m
hoc, NgOn ngR ~ s0n ho. ggf n0m Th0ng Long - H NAi. H NAi ;fff.
23. T}nh 3ao5 Ting Ha Ni trong quan h vi ngn ngu chung cua dn tc
- H NAi nhRng Cn @b ngOn ngR C0n ho. - NF< s0n ho. ThOng tin. H
NAi5 ;ff8.
275
24. Hong Th/ 3h\u5 Ting Vit trn cac min t nc, NF< Nhoa h&c F
hAi5 H NAi5 8gt.
25. Hoa ng 3ao 31ang5 Suy nghi thm v thanh iu ting Vit, Tyc NgOn
ng1 sO p5 ;ffp.
26. 3ao Fu\n Ha o5 Ting Vit my vn v ng m, ng phap, ng
nghia. NE- Li.o $Pc5 8gg.
27. Ngu,S n Juang HO ng5 m tit ting Vit, chc nng va cu truc cua no,
Tyc NgOn ng1 sO p5 8gt.
28. Toa n ThiS n Thu\ t5 Ng m ting Vit. NE- THJLHN 8ggg.
29. wright .T., The Behaviour oI Nasalized Voels in the Perceptual
Voel Space, 9Eperimenta* Hhono*og, (n.n. Dha*a ~ n.n. naeger5 e#s.)5
rlando: Hea#emic Hress5 8gt.
30. "icker 9.5 ~ Terhar#t 9.5 Analytical xpression Ior Critical - band
Rate and Critical Bandidth as a Function oI Frequency, ournal of the
Acoustical Kociet, of Gmerica 68 (h)5 8gf.
31. in#er LI5 Ng m hoc ai cng, NE- L$5 8gt.
Chng 6
32. G. Kamoue*ian5 Knoledge based approach to consonant recognition,
$epartment of e*ectrica* an# 3omputer 9ngineering5 zniCersit, of
wo**ongong5 Northfie*#s GCennue5 wo**ongong5 NKw ;h;;5 Gustra*ia.
33. s Nim <Wng5 Khai nim ngu m hoc, Tp ch ngOn ngR s( h 8ggg.
34. s Nim <Wng5 H Formant cua 9 nguyn m n ting Ha Ni, Tp ch
ngOn ngR s( 8h-;ff;.nie hu5 %ei-*i 3hen5 The analysis and application
oI a ne endpoint detection method based on distance oI aurocorrelated
similarity, KnTz ~ <e** La-s 3ommunications Gn# Net"ork noint
La-orator, Khanghai niao Tong zniCersit,5 Khanghai niao Tong
zniCersit,5 Khanghai5 ;fffpf5 H.I.3hina.
35. B Toolkit CSL: http://cslu.ece.ogi.edu/toolkit
36. 3ar* $.)itche** an# Gnan# I.Ket*ur5 mprove spelling recognition using
a tree based Iast lexical match, Lucent Techno*ogies <e** La-oratories
;fff N.NaperCi**e I#. NaperCi**e5 lL tfhtt5 zKG5 l3GKKH 8ggg5 pp.;-
;g.
276
37. La"rence I. Ia-iner5 Ktephen 9. LeCinson5 G Kpeaker-ln#epen#ent,
Syntax-Directed, Connected ord Recognition System Based on
Hidden Markov Models and Level Building, l999 Transaction on
Gcoustic5 Kpeech an# Kigna* Hrocessing5 so* GKKH-pp5 N. p5 nune 8gh5
pp ht8-hp.
38. La"rence Ia-iner5 Fundamental oI speech recognition, 8ggh.
39. ). l-nkah*a5 Application oI neural netorks to digital communications
- a survey, Kigna* Hrocesing f(;fff)5 pp.88h-8;8h.
40. Tan Lee an# H.3. 3hing5 A Neural Netork Based Speech Recognition
System Ior solated Cantonese Syllables, $epartment of e*ectronic
9ngineering5 The 3hinese zniCersit, of Hong Nong5 N.T.5 Hong Nong5
l3GKKH - 8gg5 pp.p;tg-p;;.
41. Tung Hui 3hiang5 ..CCLMDS`96: Toards a Speaker - ndependent
Large -Vocabulary Mandarin Dictation System. l3GKKH 8gg5 pp
8gg-8f;.
Chng 7
42. Ngu,dn H[ng 3!n5 V vn phn inh tu loai trong ting Vit Tyc
NgOn ngR s( ; (8th) n0m ;ffp - sin NgOn ngR h&c5 Trung t\m Nhoa
h&c E hAi C Nh\n C0n +u(c gia5 trang pt - t.
43. %rank san 9,n#e an# $af,## Li--on5 Lexicon Development For
Speech and Language Processing, p 8g-8tp.
44. names G**en5 Natural Language nderstanding.
45. Lz Khinan5 H9 Lin5 xang xufang5 3GD nianfen, Prosodic control in
Chinese TTS system, lnstitute of Gcoustics5 Gca#emia.
46. Io-ert 9#"ar# $onoCan5 Trainable speech synthesis, Hh$ thesis5 8ggt.
47. Iui+iang hang5 9zra <*ack5 Gn#re" %inch5 xoshinori Kagisaka5 A
tagger-aided language model ith a stack decoder, l3GKKH ;fff.
48. Khimei Han5 wu-in weng5 Designing a Speech Corpus Ior
nstance-base Spoken language generation.
277
49. Ngu,dn s0n Ton5 Hong NiBm5 Tinh Tibn5 Mt cach tip cn cho vic
phn tu ting Vit, Ton C0n -.o c.o khoa h&c ;ff8 - sin 3Ong ngh
thOng tin.
50. Nh^m snCoice5 Problems oI ntergrating a VietNamese Text-To-Speech
Module into MS System, Ton C0n -.o c.o khoa h&c ;ff8 - sin
3Ong ngh thOng tin.
51. F.Huang5 G.Gcero5 H.Hon5 x.nu5 n.Liu5 K.)ere#ith5 ).H*umpe5 Recent
improvements on MicrosoIt`s trainable text-to-speech system-
HSTLR, l3GKKH 8gg5 pp. ghg - gt;.
52. hi"ei xing an# Fiaohua Khi5 An RNN-based Algorithm to Detect
Prosodic Phrase Ior Chinese TTS, l3GKKH ;ff85 paper 8hp.
1. <a*#on R.A.., %ant L, A to - Iormant model and the cardinal
voels, KTL JHIK85 8 - , 8g.
2. $eter#ing $.5 The Formant oI Monothong Voels in Standard
Southern British nglish Pronunciation, nourna* of lnternationa* Hhonetic
Gssociation. so*ume ; Num-er 8 2, 8gg
3. %ant L.5 Acoustic Theory oI Speech Production, The Haguey HarisM
)onton5 8gtf.
4. %*anagan n.5 Speech Analysis, Synthesis, and Perception, 2d e#.
Ne" xork: Kpringer ser*ag5 8g;.
5. Hermann L.5 Abhandlungen in PIlgers Archiv I.d. ges Physiologie,
<#. h5 8gg.
6. liConen G.5 Regional German Voels Studies, )imeographe@ Keries
ofthe $epartment of Hhonetics5 zniCersit, of He*sinki 8h5 8gg.
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279
280
MJC LJC
1. PHUONG PHAP PHN TICH TENG NO TH CAC DAC TRUNG .............1
2. CAC M HINH UNG DUNG CH NHAN DANG TENG NO........................28
3. HAN LYEN VA NHAN DANG TENG NO..................................................76
4. M TRUNG TIN HE TENG NO TRN DEN THA...........................119
5. TICH HOP MDL TONG HOP TENG VET VA CAC CHAN TICH HOP
TENG NO...............................................................................................................151
6. CO S D LE NG M CH NHAN DANG VA TONG HOP TENG VET
165
7. TONG HOP TENG VET....................................................................................193
8. DAC TRUNG M HOC VA M VI HOC CUA TENG NO...........................234
9. DAC D M NGU M CO BA N CUA TENG VET..........................................242
TA LE THAM KHA........................................................................................274