Enzymes

What is induced fit hypothesis?

It is the idea that the enzyme molecule changes shape when it encounters the substrate, so that it can bind the substrate more effectively - it "fits" around the substrate molecule. The active site of the enzyme is not always rigid, some enzymes are more flexible, and therefore they are altered to a shape that fits to the substrate.

The rate of reaction depend on: (1) Temperature (2) PH (3) Substrate concentration (4) Enzyme concentration

The effect of temperature on enzymes:

At low temperature, the enzyme activity is slow. When the temperature increases the enzymes gain kinetic energy. The stability of the enzyme decreases. The activation energy of the reaction decreases (when enzymes are added).

The activity of the enzyme increases (the rate of reaction increases) More collisions of the substrate with the active site leads to the
formation of activated enzyme-substrate complex.

The optimum temperature is the temperature at which an enzyme

produces the highest rate of reaction for a specific reaction.

If the temperature exceeds the optimum temperature, the increase in

the amount of heat causes the enzyme to move more violently, breaking the bonds and denatures the enzyme.

The effect of PH on an enzyme: As the PH increases, the rate of reaction increases. More substrate fits the active site. The optimum PH is the level that the enzyme works the most
effectively at.

The rate or reaction decreases at above or below the optimum PH. The change in the rate of reaction occurs due to bonds that are made
and broken which changes the shape of the active site.

The optimum PH is at (a) or (b)

Effects of Substrate concentration when the enzyme concentration is constant.

If the enzyme concentration is kept constant the substrate concentration remains constant. When the concentration of enzymes increases the concentration of substrate decreases When the concentration of enzymes decreases the concentration of substrate remains higher than the enzyme concentration. So, if the enzyme concentration is kept constant, there will be no change in the concentration of the substrate.