Image Processing Using ILWIS

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ILWIS

. .



ILWIS

. .




 /



/ .ILWIS

---- :

.
/

/ :
---- :



)(






) (


ILWIS







Import ILWIS






GPS


)(
)(


)(IHS
Decorrelation Stretching




Brovey
IHS




)(

)(

Mahalanobis
) (
RGB
ISODATA





GEMS
.Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, U.K.


ERDAS
.
.

.
ILWIS

.
ILWIS ILWIS 3.0 User's Guide
Help

.

.


.

.


ILWIS .


.
ILWIS
GIS


.


) (
:
ILWIS

http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/geography-alsaleh/default.aspx

:
. .
-




+ :
:
masaleh@ksu.edu.sa
masaleh@windowslive.com



) ( digital image
photograph
film
.

scanners
) (
.
raster columns
rows
Picture Elements Pixels .

. ) Digital Number (DN
.
Panchromatic
Multi-spectral
.

ERDAS
ILWIS IDRISI PCI Geomatica TNTmips
.

. ILWIS
. Integrated ) ILWIS
(Land and Water Information System

GIS
International
) Institute for Areospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC
International
) .Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC
University of Twente Faculty of
) .Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC
)World Institute for Conservation and Environment (WICE
)(

)(
.Version 3.7

ILWIS

.
ILWIS.



) Research (ONR
Remote Sensing Committee on
Geography .

) .(Rees, 1999, Campbell, 2002

).(Fussell, et al., 1986

techniques objects features
areas .

sonar geomagnetic
)( seismic sounding (Rees, medical imaging
) .1999
.

sensors reflected
emitted )( backscattered

photographs )( digital images
processing interpretation
analysis

.


.
Office of Naval



.
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis .
:
( )(.
( .
( .
( .
( .
( .
( .
( ) (.



.


.

.


. .
)(:

) /( .
.
)( )(
.
Bands Cosmic Rays
.
.


)( .

.

:

.
.
scattering
.absorption



) .(Curran, 1985; Lo, 1986; Gibson, 2000
.

.
) .(Curran, 1985
) (

) .(Lo, 1986


.
Windows Atmospheric
.
Infrared
)(
.
.
:


. )(




.

)(
dark .
:
data
sensors platforms
.


.

.


) .(Drury1993


)( Manned
Satellites .


.


.
.

.

.

.
.
Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS
) -1

) . (Drury, 1993


. Landsat
bands
spatial resolution
.

.


.


Landsat
Spot
.
Radarsat

.
High Spatial Resolution
GeoEye

IKONOS .GeoEye-1
Image Referencing System
.
) Worldwide Referencing System (WRS
) .Grid Reference System (GRS
paths
nominal scene center .rows

. .
) -
(- ) - .(-
TM -
- .


:
http://35.8.163.122/ortho

:
.

photographic system line-scanning
) system (across-track or whiskbroom linear array system
) (along-track or pushbroom .radar system

)( )
( IKONOS
) ( .

:
)(


spectral resolution radiometric resolution
.spatial resolution
.

.

) .(Mather, 1999

)( .
) .binary digits (bits
1-bit ) (=
. 8-bit
) (=

) .(Mather, 1999; Gibson, 2000
.8-bit

.
) instantaneous field of view (IFOV
.
-
pixel

.

.

.
:

.

photographs ) ( .digital images
.


.
photographic digital images
) .(imageries
Film
.


.
:

.
.
:
Image Correction
Image Enhancement Image Classification
multi-temporal images Change Detection
.
.
qualitative
quantitative )image (photo
interpretation :
image reading image measurement
image analysis





).(Bhatta, 2008

) (





(Estes and Simonett,
) .1975



.
) (


.


.

.

.


.

mental library
.



Tone/color Pattern Shape Size Shadow.

Spatial Resolution .

Stereoscoping
) ( Images
Mosaic .

multiple images
multi-scale multi-temporal
multi-spectral multi-enhanced
.
) (:

.


.



)(

.Landsat

.


)
(
.

.



.

:
( .
( .
( ) (
.


objects
features areas

)
(
.


.



.
.

.



.
Geographic Information Sciences
Surveying
.Photogrammetry
Cartography Surveying
Photogrammetry Remote Sensing
GIS GPS

.
.
).(Jensen, 2007



.

.
.




.

.

.
band image
spatial resolution .
band

. "" )
(
"" ) ( "" )
( "" ) ( ""
) ( .
image .
"" )
( "" )
( "" )
( " " )
( "" ) ( . spatial
resolution
.

" " ) ( "
" ) ( " " )
( " " ) ( " "
) ( " " ) (
" " " " ) ( .


.

ILWIS

ILWIS
General Public License .ILWIS Open
World Institute for Conservation and Environment
) (WICE

)( ILWIS
http://www.ilwis.org/ .
:
( ILWIS
)( :
http://www.ilwis.org/open_source_gis_ilwis_download.htm

(
.(WinRAR ZIP
( WinRAR archiver
.

( installation
.
(



"".
c
""
(

.

( )(
.
ILWIS .
(
download

(
ILWIS Help
:



.


.
.

.

.
.


.

.


) ( :
http://www.spaceimagingme.com
http://www.digitalglobe.com
http://www.resmap.com/services.html
/http://www.cartographic.com
http://216.241.101.9/MapmartOrdering/Map.aspx




http://glovis.usgs.gov .USGS




.


USGS :

(
:

http://glovis.usgs.gov

(

USGS Global Visualization Viewer

path row

.downloadable
ETM+
L7SLC-off (2003->) List :

(
Landsat
Archive
:
Collection

(
downloadable .
downloadable Add
Submit

:

( Submit
Sign in
Register here
.

( Sign In






:

(
:

(
Status In
Process :

(
.
Processing
Complete :

(

Processing Complete
USGS
.
(
downloadable
USGS Global Visualization Viewer Add
Download

:

(
Download


Sign in

Data
Download

.


(

.

(
TIFF
compressed .rar


ERDAS ILWIS
Import
.



.


) Extract (subset
.
:


import
) subsetting (extracting
.mosaicking


.


.

extract
image mosaic
.
:
Image Correction

. Raw data

.
Radiometric distortion

Geometric distortions ) (
.
pixels

.
radiometric correction
" " .image restoration

.
Geometric correction
.

subtle variations

) (Nearest neighbor or Bilinear or Cubic convolution
Resampling )
(nearest neighbor .

:
Image Enhancement
.

) ( Raw data
.

.
""
.
.Extract

" " trial and error

) .(Lillesand et al., 2004; Mather, 3rd ed, 2004
.

.

. :

contrast stretching .
.

color composite ) (RGB
)intensity-hue-saturation (IHS
) (
.decorrelation stretching
spatial filtering image
) merging (fusion .
band ratioing
) (image division image addition
image subtraction image
multiplication vegetation indices
).principal components analysis (PCA

:
Image Classification

) (land use & land covers .

.
)( supervised classification
) ( .unsupervised classification


) .(Gibson, et al. 2000


clusters
.


.density slicing
.
crude classification

.
) ( .


.
:
Change Detection
.multi-temporal images

.

.


.



.
) (


.


.
ILWIS
formats


formats
.
:ILWIS
( ILWIS
.Import
.formats
) Tagged Image File Format (TIF
. ILWIS
.
( TIF
format ILWIS
folder.
( Catalog ILWIS
.

ILWIS .
( Menu bar ILWIS
Operations Import/Export
Import
) (Import dialog box :

( Import Format
Tagged Image File Format.TIF
) (.tif .
(
Output
Filename
)(

) (- .

(
Output Filename OK
) (Import dialog box .

ILWIS .
( )(
Catalog ILWIS
object collections


.mpr
.mp#
.grf
)( .csy
.
( -
.
Import Format





:
(
Catalog ILWIS
)(

.object collections

(
) Display Option-Raster Map
(dialog box OK
.

single band
(
Representation
Display Option-Raster Map dialog box
OK
.
(
)
( ILWIS
) .(Open Object dialog box
(
OK
) (Display Option-Raster Map dialog box
OK
:




.

.

.
MSS TM
ETM+

MSS

) ( .
TM
) (
.
ETM+
.

) subsetting (extracting
.
ILWIS
.
)(-

.Riyadh_1990_mss
ILWIS
:
( Catalog ILWIS
.
(
.
- -
)( First line First column Number
of lines Number of columns
ILWIS
.

(
First line First column .


.

.


.
) (
) (
( =-) -)
.(=
( Menu bar ILWIS
Operations Spatial
Reference Operations Raster
Sub Map )
.(Sub Map of Raster Map dialog box

( ) ( Sub Map of Raster Map


Raster Map
.
(
.
( Output Raster
Map )( show .


)( image mosaic

.

.
.
ILWIS
:
( ILWIS
.

( Catalog ILWIS


)( .
( Operations
Raster Operations
.
Glue Maps ) (


( ) (


.

( ) (


.
.
(

( .
(
.



) Geometric correction (rectification
geo-coding

Resampling Nearest neighborBilinear
.Cubic convolution

Geo-referencing
grid
.
registration
reference image
.
:
) Systematic distortions (
) Random distortions ( .
)(

. Systematic
distortions .

) (
.
.
.Ground Control Points


.
.
) (
)) Reference points (Tie-points
(
) (
.GPS

)(

.





.
.
:
(

.
( ) .(image mosaic
(
.
(
.
( .
(
.GIS
scanner
. raster
columns rows
.
.

ILWIS

scanner :
( .
( .
( Tie-points
.
( Tie-points
.GPS

ILWIS Coordinates
Projection Ellipsoid or Spheroid Datum


.ILWIS


geographical coordinate
system
) = =
( . grid system
plane coordinates or rectangular coordinates
) (
) (X )(Y
.

UTM .

ERDAS
:
http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/tools/coordinates.aspx
http://www.dmap.co.uk/ll2tm.htm
http://www.oasisphoto.com/navigation/convert_form.php
http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html
http://home.hiwaay.net/~taylorc/toolbox/geography/geoutm.html


.
.
projections .


.

) (.

) / ( Ellipsoid or Spheroid
Horizontal Datum

.
Ellipsoid or Spheroid
Datum .
Ellipsoid Datum

.
.
) ( Ellipsoid or Spheroid
/ ( Ellipse
) (X, Y, Z )
)(
.

.


Ellipsoid or
.
Spheroid
.


Ellipsoids
Ellipsoid
.

. Ellipsoid
WGS84

. Ellipsoid
International 1909
.

Datums
. Datum
Ellipsoid
.
Datum
Ellipsoid
.Local Horizontal Datums

. ) Origin (

.
. Datums
). Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia

WGS84 Geocentric Datum
.
.


Ellipsoid International Datum
).Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia

Ellipsoid WGS84
.
UTM
) Ellipsoid
( International Datum
) .Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia
UTM
.
UTM .

:


)
(registration .
ILWIS
:
( Catalog ILWIS

)( .
( Reference Slave

.

( Reference Slave



. Affine
Transformation
.

)(
.
.
( File
Create
GeoReference )
(
.

(
.


(

.
( Coordinate System
OK
.

( +
)(
.
(
Edit .
(



.
(
.
( )(
)( .
(
+
.

(

row
column .

(
) (X ) (Y
.


( OK
.
(
.

( )(
)( .
reference points
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) or
Sigma
) residuals (DRow and DCol
.
(
row

column
) (X ) (Y
) (X ) (Y
.

(
) residuals (DRow and DCol
.

(

.passive
( residuals
) (DRow and DCol .
( Sigma

.
( Geo-referencing Sigma

.
(
.
( Catalog ILWIS

Properties
) (


( ) (

GeoReference

.

(
pixels
.
( Geo-
referencing )(
grid

.reference image

( Geo-referencing

.scanner
(
Geo-referencing


.Resampling
( Geo-referencing
.
(
Resampling
Operations Spatial
Reference Operations Raster

Resampling

) (


(

.Resampling

.

( ""
.

(

.

(
.

(
)( .

Resampling

:GPS


.
.

.GPS
.
ILWIS :

(

.

.
Affine Transformation
.

)(
.
.
(
) (
:
-
.
-

= :
= :.
-
.
- .
-
.
-
.
- .
-
.
-
.



UTM

.

ERDAS )
(.
( GPS

GPS spheroid
.datum

GPS .
GPS :
- Position Format
)) Geographic (Lat/Lon
.(UTM
- Map Datum
WGS84 )
Ain el Abd 1970
(.

-
UTM


GPS
.
-
.



.
( )
( GPS
.
( File
Create
GeoReference ) (
.


(

.
Coordinate System
( ) -(


.


(
.Coordinate System Name
OK Coordinate
.System Projection


(
Projection UTM
OK
) (Icon

.Datum

Ellipsoid

) (Icon


(

International 1924
.OK


) Ain El Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia
.OK


(


UTM

OK
.

( +
)(
.
(
Edit .
(



.
(
) pixels( .
(
+
.
(

row column
.

)(X

)(Y



(
.

.
(
)( .
reference points
) (X ) (Y

.
( ) (X ) (Y

.
( Root Mean
Square Error (RMSE) or Sigma
residuals (DRow
) and DCol
.

(
) residuals (DRow and DCol
.

(

.passive
( residuals
) (DRow and DCol .
( Sigma

.
( Geo-referencing Sigma


.

(
.
( Catalog ILWIS

Properties
) (
.

( ) (


.
(
pixels
.
( Geo-
referencing )(
grid
.

( Geo-referencing

.scanner
(
Geo-referencing


.Resampling
( Geo-referencing .

(
Resampling
Operations Spatial
Reference Operations Raster
Resampling ) (
.


(

.Resampling

(

.

( ""


( ) -(

) (
.

(
.

(
)( :

Resampling

- ILWIS
Spatial Reference Operations
Raster
Resampling ) (
.
Operations

-


.Resampling

-

.

-

"" .Riyadh_1998_b2_resamp
-


Resampling
.

-

.

-
.




)( .
8-bit )binary digits (bits
) (=

.


. histogram
)( raw data narrow range
.
contrast stretching
.
.


ILWIS linear stretch
) (minimum-maximum histogram
.equalization stretch

.



.
.
ILWIS :
( ILWIS
.
Stretch
Display Option-Raster Map dialog box
.
Color Composite

.Histogram Equalization

(
equalization stretch
Menu bar ILWIS
Operations Image
Processing Stretch
) .(Stretch dialog box
histogram

( Raster Map

.
( Stretch dialog box
Linear Stretching

Histogram
.Equalization
Stretch dialog box

( "" Output Raster Map



.
(
Show
.
( OK

Blue Gray
Representation
.




) .(Curran, 1985 ILWIS
RGB )
(Additive color model

"" ) (

"" ) (
(Color model .(hue-saturation- intensity) HSI

.color composite
) (
)( )visible spectral bands (channels
.

. PCA images
.band ratio images
)
( assign
RGB . )( lights

.
)( true (natural) color composite
.false color composite
Yellow-Magenta-Cyan

Subtractive

)(:

)
( .


.

.
TM ETM+

.


)
( ) (
.
. Bhatta
) (2008, p325
:


ILWIS :
( Catalog ILWIS


)(

.NIR
(
.
( Operations
Raster Operations
Map Calculation ) (
.

(
:
) (
(
.

(
.


.
.
(
( .

) (
(


:
(

.
(


.


(



.
(


.
.
(
Operations
(
Image

Processing
.
) (

Color Composite


(

.

(

.



(
.


(



.
(


.

)(:


) .(false

.
MSS
TM
):Bhatta (2008, p326


) et al. (1982 ) Optimum Index Factor (OIF:

Chavez

:
= )(
.
= )(
.
) (Al-Juaidi, et al,, 2003
OIF


OIF OIF
between-band variances correlations
variances

.data redundancy OIF
total variance
) .(Al-Mokredi and Guangdao, 2007

ETM+
OIF
) (
.

ILWIS
:
( Catalog ILWIS

OIF
Map List
Map List
)( .

( Map List
.ILWIS

) (
(

)( .
OIF

(
.

( ) (
)(
.
) (

(
.

( Map List

.OIF

(

. Map List

Map List
(
Operations
Statistics MapList
Correlation Matrix
) (
.
OIF


(

Map List
.

( Map List
OIF .

( OIF

Catalog
Map List
ILWIS
.
properties

(
OIF.

):intensity-hue-saturation (IHS

)-- (RGB
.IHS
hue-saturation-intensity
) .(HSI
. pixel
)-- (RGB
IHS
)-- (RGB .

) (registered .

)-- .(Gibson, et al., 2000) (RGB
hexcone
) (Lillesand, et al., 2004; Mather,3rd ed, 2004
. ) ( intensity
hue .saturation
( ) ( intensity
brightness )
(
.
.

.
( hue )
( .


.
( saturation .
)(
. )
(crimson
.pink

total

) (:
decorrelation stretching
PCA .

Gaussian stretch axes
.
)-
- (RGB .

. correlation

.TM
contrast stretching
intensity saturation
.pastel hues

decorrelation stretching
).(Lillesand, et al., 2004
) (false
ILWIS :

(

.PCA
( Catalog ILWIS

)( .
(
:
( ILWIS
Operation Image Processing
Color Composite ) (
.

(





.
(

.
(

Output Raster Map )(

.
(
:
(
Map List
Catalog ILWIS
Map List )( .

( Map List
.ILWIS

(
) (

)( .

(
.

( ) (
)(
.

) (

(
.
(
.


Map List


(
Catalog
.
ILWIS

(
/(

( RGB


.
(
YMC HSI.

(


. Map View


Spatial Filtering
)(
. highlight suppress
. spatial frequency
.
.
.

.
.
high spatial frequency
low
spatial frequency
.

. High-pass Filter
.
gradient (directional) filters

ILWIS

Laplacian (non- directional) filters

.

(Smoothing Low-pass Filter

) Filter
.ILWIS

edges
.
) (Edge Enhancement Filter = original laplace


) .(Drury, 1993; Gibson, et al, 2000; Lillesand,et. al., 2004

ILWIS
:
( Catalog ILWIS

)( .
( ILWIS
.

( Operations
Image Processing
.
Filter ) (


(

.

(
.


(





.

(
.

.

value
(


(
.



.spatial resolution
.
TM
.ETM+
panchromatic -
Spot-5 .

ETM+
) .Image merging (fusion
""
.


.
) (registered
.
PCA Fusion
Multiplicative Fusion Brovey Transform
Fusion IHS
Transform Fusion ).(Campbell, 2002; Erdogan, et al., 2008
spectral resolution

: PCA Fusion

Redistribute .

( : ( )(
remapped
)-( numerical range
( pc1 (
inverse PCA
.
.
.

) radiometry (color balance .

:Multiplicative Fusion
)
(
. Pixels
) ( Pixels
.

.

.
intensity
).(Bhatta, 2008; ERDAS, 2008
:Brovey Transform Fusion

Brovey . .
)
(
Pixels
Pixels


.

):(ERDAS, 2008
[DNTM2 / (DNTM2 + DNTM3 + DNTM4)] DNspot-pan = DNnew1
[DNTM3 / (DNTM2 + DNTM3 + DNTM4)] DNspot-pan = DNnew2
[DNTM4 / (DNTM2 + DNTM3 + DNTM4)] DNspot-pan = DNnew3
:
= DNTM4 DNTM3 DNTM2
.
DNspot-pan
= .
= DNnew3 DNnew2 DNnew1 .

spectral range
) (

) .(Shamshad et al., 2004



)-- (RGB
radiometry (color
) balance .
:IHS

IHS Transform Fusion .

.
( :
)-- ( (RGB
( IHS
intensity
( IHS
)-- (RGB .



.

optical images TM
).(ERDAS 2008

PCA Fusion IHS
Transform Fusion ILWIS
Map Calculation
Multiplicative Fusion Brovey Transform Fusion
Brovey ) -
( ILWI 3.0 User's
Guide :
(

.
( Catalog ILWIS

)(
)(-
.
( Operations
Raster Operations
Map Calculation ) (
.

(
:

Multiplicative Fusion


) (
(

Spot_pan
TM : TM
Spot-pan ) (Name_of_tm_band * Name_of_spot_pan
tm_b1*spot_pan tm_b1*spot_pan
.

(
.
(

.

.

(

(
.
( .
(
:
(

TM .
(
) (


Spot_pan
TM :
Brovey Transform Fusion

(tm_b2/tm_b2+ tm_b3+ tm_b4) * spot_pan

:
(tm_b3/tm_b2+ tm_b3+ tm_b4) * spot_pan

:
(tm_b4/tm_b2+ tm_b3+ tm_b4) * spot_pan

(
tm_b2_spot_pan .

(
.

.

(




.


(
.
( .
(
ILWI 3.0 User's Guide :
(

TM .
intensity
(


) (

(tm_b2+ tm_b3+

.tm_b4)/3

(
.intensity
(

.

(



.

(

intensity .


( intensity



:
:
tm_b2/intensity* spot_pan
tm_b3/intensity* spot_pan :
tm_b4/intensity* spot_pan :


(
tm_b2_spot_pan .

(
.


.
.
( .


Band Ratioing image division

pixels
) (
"" .

multi-spectral image
multi-spectral images .multi-temporal images
change
detection
.

.

. band ratio

images
spectral variations
.


shadow .
subtle



Coniferous


- - - -


- -.

.
-

.
.

.



Suppress .


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NIR Red

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(riyadh_1998_b4-riyadh_1998_b3)/(riyadh_1998_b4+riyadh_1998_b3)

: TVI (
Sqrt (name of NIR band-name of Red band)/(name of NIR band+name of Red band)+0.5
sqrt (riyadh_1998_b4-riyadh_1998_b3)/(riyadh_1998_b4+riyadh_1998_b3)+0.5

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http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/coordsys/grids/utm_ups.pdf
http://glovis.usgs.gov
http://home.hiwaay.net/~taylorc/toolbox/geography/geoutm.html
http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum_f.html
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum_f.html
http://www.dmap.co.uk/ll2tm.htm
http://www.esri.com
http://www.ilwis.org/
http://www.knmi.nl/opera/opera2/OPERA_2005_18_Geodetic_datums_in_georeferen
cing.pdf
http://www.oasisphoto.com/navigation/convert_form.php
http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/tools/coordinates.aspx

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