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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 100422.
0045
UCT PHY2014F
Electromagnetism 05
April 2010
Professor David Aschman
Room 540, Physics Department
University of Cape Town
UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism
100422.0045 uct-physics-dga 1
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 .
General
Email:
See
UCT PHY2014F electromagnetism website
Google
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 G3 Ch 5
Magnetostatics
Currents I = dq/dt are not time-dependent, but static, or quasi-
static.
Review: No magnetic poles. Lorentz force law, Biot-Savart Law,
Amperes law.
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 G3 5.1
Review magnetic eld concepts
F
mag
= Q(v B)
Cyclotron motion; cycloid motion.
Magnetic forces do no work.
Force on conductor: F
mag
= I
_
dl B
Currents. Line current I, or better I.
Line current element I dl = I dl
Surface current density K
(volume)current density J
Surface current K
If current ows on a surface, dene
K =
dI
dl
where dl
is width of an innitesmal ribbon.

K is the current per unit width-perpendicular-to-ow.
K = v
F
mag
=
_
(v B) da =
_
(K B) da
(Volume) current density J
If current ows through a volume, dene
J =
dI
da
where da
is area of an innitesmal tube.

J is the current per unit area-perpendicular-to-ow.
J = v
F
mag
=
_
(v B) d =
_
(J B) d
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 G3 5.1.3
Continuity equation
Current crossing a surface
I =
_
S
J da
=
_
S
J da
Charge is conserved, so
_
+
( J) d =
d
dt
_
+
d =
_
+
t
d
This holds for ANY volume +, so
J =
t
Point, line, surface, volume currents
n
i=1
(. . .) q
i
v
i
_
line
(. . .) I dl
_
surface
(. . .) Kda
_
volume
(. . .) J d
Lorentz force law
Force on charged particle in electric eld
F = qE
Force on moving charge particle in magnetic eld
F = qv B
RH (right hand) rule. Magnetic eld units: Tesla.
Biot-Savart Law for tiny current element
Using primes to denote the source
Coulomb Law for E
dE(r) =
1
4
0
dq
r
2

r
Biot-Savart Law for B
dB(r) =
0
4
I dl
r
r
2
permeability of vacuum
0
= 4 10
7
TmA
1
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 Chabay & Sherwood 17.7.1
B due to long straight wire
Origin at < 0, 0, 0 >
Field point P at < x, 0, 0 >
Current element at < 0, y, 0 >
r =< x, y, 0 >
r =< x, y, 0 > /[x
2
+ (y)
2
]
1/2
l = y
j
< 0, 1, 0 > < x, y, 0 >=< 0, 0, x >
B =
0
4
I xy
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3/2
k
B =
0
4
I x
_
+L/2
L/2
dy
(x
2
+ y
2
)
3/2
=
0
4
I x
_
_
y
x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
+L/2
L/2
=
0
4
I x
_
_
L/2
x
2
_
x
2
+ (L/2)
2
L/2
x
2
_
x
2
+ (L/2)
2
_
_
=
0
4
_
_
LI
x
_
x
2
+ (L/2)
2
_
_
Note that
i) If L > x then B = (
0
/4)(2I/x).
ii) Axial symmetry. B is circumferential. Using cylindrical polar
coordinates (r, , z), with current along +z-direction
B = B(r)
0
4
2I
r

RH rule for B from long straight current
B eld of long straight wire
dB =
0
4
I ds sin
r
2
B =
_
dB =
0
I
4
2
_

0
sin ds
r
2
=
0
I
4
2
_

0
R
(s
2
+ R
2
)
3/2
ds
=
0
I
4
2
_
s
R(s
2
+ R
2
)
1/2
_
0
=
0
I
2R
Perpendicular distance to a line
3-d geometry. We need to know the perpendicular distance from
a given point P to a straight line.
Let a straight line go through the origin, and the point A.
Let vector r
point from the origin to A. Let r
= r
/r
Let vector r point from the origin to P.

Let C be the point on the line closest to P.
Let d be the vector from C to P.
Clearly r, r
and d lie in a plane. d must be perpendicular to r
.
Let be the angle between r and r
.
The perpendicular distance from P to the line is d = r sin .
The cross product r r
has magnitude r sin .

So d = r r
and d = d

d. We need not know

d.
Easy example with everything in (x, y)-plane.
Line goes through the origin and point A with Cartesian coordi-
nates (2, 2, 0). Let the coordinates of P be (1, 1, 0).
We can easily visualize this. The line is at /4 to the x-axis. So
the perpendicular distance d =
2.
Try our general method. r
= 2 x + 2 y and r
= (1/
2)( x + y).
d = r r
= ( x + y) (1/
2( x + y)) = (1/
2)( z z) =
2( z)
So d =
2. Yay!
We can use this method for a wire going through the origin, but
not in any Cartesian plane, and for an arbitrary point.
Amperes Law
relates line integral of B around ANY closed loop to current
through the loop. In cylindrical polar coords
B = (
0
I/2r)
dl = dr r + r d

+ dz z
_
Bdl =
0
I
2
_
_
1
r
_

r d
=
0
I
2
_
2
0
d
=
0
I
2
(2)
=
0
I
Divergence and curl of B
Biot-Savart using volume current
B =
0
4
_
J
r
r
2
d
G3 5.3.2 shows that

B = .... = 0
B = ... =
0
J(r)
Divergence of B
B =
0
4
_
J
r
r
2
d
B function of (x, y, z), but J function of (x
, y
, z
)
r = (x x
) x + (y y
) y + (z z
) z and d
= dx
dy
dz
B =
0
4
_

_
J

r
r
2
d
_
=
0
4
_
_

r
r
2
( J) J
_

r
r
2
__
d
= 0 + 0
= 0
Curl of B
UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 G3 5.4.1.
Magnetic Vector Potential
Since E = 0 we can have electric scalar potential V where
E = V.
Since B = 0 we can have magnetic vector potential A where
B = A
B =
0
J
( A) = ( A)
2
A
We can make A equal to anything we like without affecting B,
so we choose A = 0. Then
2
A =
0
J
A(r) =
0
4
_
J(r
)
r
d
A scalar U, with B = U does not work.

UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 G3 Ex 5.11
Spinning charged spherical shell
Radius R, uniform surface charge , angular velocity
A(P) =
0
4
_
K
r
da
where K = v, v = r, r = (R
2
+ s
2
2Rs cos )
1/2
and
da = r
2
sin d d
Integrate, . . . , nally
B = A = (2/3)
0
R
Inside, B is uniform.
Spinning charged spherical shell
Summary
Boundary Conditions for B
B = 0 so
_
B da = 0 so B
above
= B
below
_
B dl =
0
Kl
B
j
above
B
j
below
=
0
K
B
above
B
below
=
0
(K n)
A
above
= A
below
A
above
/n A
below
/n =
0
K
Multipole expansion for A
1
r
=
1
r
2
+ r
2
2rr
cos
=
1
r
n=0
_
r
r
_
n
P
n
(cos
)
A(r) =
0
I
4
_
1
r
dl
0
I
4
n=0
1
r
n+1
_
(r
)
n
P
n
(cos
) dl
0
I
4
[
1
r
_
dl
+
1
r
2
_
r
cos
dl
+
1
r
3
_
(r
)
2
_
3
2
cos
2

1
2
_
dl
+ . . . ]
A
dip
=
0
I
4r
2
_
r
cos
dl
= =
0
4
m r
r
2
where the magnetic dipole moment
m =
I
2
_
r
dl
= Ia for at loop
Magnetic eld of pure dipole
Put dipole m at origin, along z-axis. m r = msin

A =
0
4
msin
r
2
B = A =
0
4
m
r
3
(2 cos r + sin

)
Shaky proof that no magnetic elds exist
We use B = 0 and B = A.
V is an arbitrary volume enclosed by surface S , which is spanned
by a curve C.
_
V
Bd = 0 =
_
S
B nda
=
_
S
( A) nda
=
_
C
A dl
A is thus conservative, so A = .
Then B = A = = 0.
This means all magnetic elds are zero???
End Electromagnetism 05

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UCT PHY2014F Electromagnetism 2009 100422.

is width of an innitesmal ribbon.

is area of an innitesmal tube.

point from the origin to A. Let r

Let vector r point from the origin to P.

and d lie in a plane. d must be perpendicular to r

has magnitude r sin .

G3 5.3.2 shows that

B function of (x, y, z), but J function of (x

A scalar U, with B = U does not work.

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