Sound Waves and Doppler Shift

1. A stone is dropped into a well that is 7.35 m deep. How long does it take before an observer at the well hears the splash? Use the speed of sound as 330 m/s. The time until the splash is heard is the sum of two time intervals: t1: the time for the stone to drop a distance d t2: the time for the sound to travel a distance d
1 2 g t1 , we obtain t1 = 2 2d = g 2(7.35 m) = 1.224s . 9.81m/s 2 d 7.35 m = = 0.0223s . v 330 m/s

Since d =

To calculate t2, we have d = v t2 , and t2 =

Hence, the sum of the two time intervals is (1.224 + 0.0223) s = 1.25 s.

2. A mosquito flaps its wings 600 vibrations per second, which produces a 600 Hz buzz. How far does the sound travel between wing beats? Use the speed of sound as 330 m/s. The distance a wave travels for the time equal to one period is the wavelength.

v 330 m/s = = 0.550 m f 600s -1

3. The frequency of middle C on a keyboard is 256 Hz. a. What is the period of one vibration of this tone?
T= 1 1 = = 3.91 103 s f 256 s -1

b. If the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, what is the wavelength of middle C?

v 340 m/s = = 1.33m f 256 s -1

4. Your friend is using a tuning fork to produce a tone of 440 Hz. Using vair = 343 m/s, its speed at 20oC, what frequency do you hear as you: a. approach your friend with a speed of 11.0 m/s:
11.0 m/s u When you move toward your friend, f ' = (1 + ) f = 1 + 440 Hz = 454 Hz . 343m/s v

b. move away from your friend with a speed of 11.0 m/s:

11.0 m/s When you move away, f ' = (1 u / v) f = 1 440 Hz = 426 Hz . 343m/s

5. An open organ pipe has a fundamental frequency of 300 Hz in air. The first overtone produced in a closed organ pipe has the same frequency as the first overtone of the open pipe. How long is each pipe? Use vair = 343 m/s, its speed at 20oC. For an open pipe, the fundamental frequency is given by f1 = is:
Lopen = v 343m/s = = 0.5717 m = 0.572 m 2 f1 2 (300 / s) v so the length of the open pipe 2L

and the first overtone (second harmonic) for the open pipe is given by
f2 = 2v = 2 f1 = 2(300 Hz) = 600Hz 2L

For a closed pipe, the first overtone (third harmonic) is given by

f3 = 3v 4L 3 v 3(343m/s) = = 0.429 m 4 f 3 4 (600 Hz)

So,

Lclosed =