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I1U SR-N\1-001953 1991-06, L1S 300 102-1 1990-12,

A1&1 801-802-100 1989-05
ISDN ,Integrated Serices Digital Network, is an all digital communications
line that allows or the transmission o oice, data, ideo and graphics, at
ery high speeds, oer standard communication lines. ISDN proides a
single, common interace with which to access digital communications
serices that are required by arying deices, while remaining transparent to
the user. Due to the large amounts o inormation that ISDN lines can
carry, ISDN applications are reolutionizing the way businesses
communicate.
ISDN is not restricted to public telephone networks alone, it may be
transmitted ia packet switched networks, telex, CA1V networks, etc.
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Public Telephone Network
Packet Switched Network
Telex
CATV Network
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&8078
&8078
D` aicatiov.
1he ollowing protocols are described in this chapter:
LAPD: Link Access Protocol - Channel D.
ISDN: Integrated Serices Digital Network.
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LAPD
I1U Q.921 ,Blue Book,
1he LAPD ,Link Access Protocol - Channel D, is a layer 2 protocol which
is deined in CCI11 Q.920,921. LAPD works in the Asynchronous
Balanced Mode ,ABM,. 1his mode is totally balanced ,i.e., no master,slae
relationship,. Lach station may initialize, superise, recoer rom errors, and
send rames at any time. 1he protocol treats the D1L and DCL as equals.
1he ormat o a standard LAPD rame is as ollows:
Flag Address field Control field Information FCS Flag
.PD frave .trvctvre
F|a
1he alue o the lag is always ,0xL,. In order to ensure that the bit pattern
o the rame delimiter lag does not appear in the data ield o the rame
,and thereore cause rame misalignment,, a technique known as Bit Stuing
is used by both the transmitter and the receier.
Address fie|d
1he irst two bytes o the rame ater the header lag is known as the
address ield. 1he ormat o the address ield is as ollows:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SAPI C/R EA1
TEI EA2
.PD aaare.. fiea
LA1 lirst Address Lxtension bit which is always set to 0.
C,R Command,Response bit. lrames rom the user with this bit set to 0
are command rames, as are rames rom the network with this bit set
to 1. Other alues indicate a response rame.
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SAPI Serice Access Point Identiier. Valid alues are as ollows:
0 Call-Control procedures.
1 Packet-mode communications using I.451 call-control
procedures.
16 Packet communication conorming to X.25 leel 3.
63 Layer 2 management procedures.
LA2 Second Address Lxtension bit which is always set to 1.
1LI 1erminal Lndpoint Identiier. Valid alues are as ollows:
0-63 Used by non-automatic 1LI assignment user
equipment.
64-126 Used by automatic 1LI assignment equipment.
12 Used or a broadcast connection meant or all
1erminal Lndpoints.
Contro| fie|d
1he ield ollowing the Address lield is called the Control lield and seres
to identiy the type o the rame. In addition, it includes sequence numbers,
control eatures and error tracking according to the rame type.
FCS
1he lrame Check Sequence ,lCS, enables a high leel o physical error
control by allowing the integrity o the transmitted rame data to be
checked. 1he sequence is irst calculated by the transmitter using an
algorithm based on the alues o all the bits in the rame. 1he receier then
perorms the same calculation on the receied rame and compares its alue
to the CRC.
Window site
LAPD supports an extended window size ,modulo 128, where the number
o possible outstanding rames or acknowledgement is raised rom 8 to
128. 1his extension is generally used or satellite transmissions where the
acknowledgement delay is signiicantly greater than the rame transmission
times. 1he type o the link initialization rame determines the modulo o the
session and an L` is added to the basic rame type name ,e.g., SABM
becomes SABML,.
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7,20 9508
1he ollowing are the Superisory lrame 1ypes in LAPD:
RR Inormation rame acknowledgement and indication to receie
more.
RLJ Request or retransmission o all rames ater a gien sequence
number.
RNR Indicates a state o temporary occupation o station ,e.g., window
ull,.
1he ollowing are the Unnumbered lrame 1ypes in LAPD:
DISC Request disconnection.
UA Acknowledgement rame.
DM Response to DISC indicating disconnected mode.
lRMR lrame reject.
SABM Initiator or asynchronous balanced mode. No master,slae
relationship.
SABML SABM in extended mode.
UI Unnumbered Inormation.
XID Lxchange Inormation.
1here is one Inormation lrame 1ype in LAPD:
Ino Inormation transer rame.
D` aecoae
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Internationa| Variants of ISDN
1he organization primarily responsible or producing the ISDN standards is
the CCI11. 1he CCI11 study group responsible or ISDN irst published a
set o ISDN recommendations in 1984 ,Red Books,. Prior to this
publication, arious geographical areas had deeloped dierent ersions o
ISDN. 1his resulted in the CCI11 recommendation o a common ISDN
standard or all countries, in addition to allocated ariants deinable or each
country.
1he use o nation-speciic inormation elements is enabled by using the
Codeset mechanism which allows dierent areas to use their own
inormation elements within the data rames.
1he ollowing is a description o most ISDN ariants:
Nationa| ISDN1 (8e||core)
SR-N\1-001953 1991-06
1his ariant is used in the USA by Bellcore. It has our network-speciic
message types. It does not hae any single octet inormation elements. In
addition to Codeset 0 elements it has our Codeset 5 and ie Codeset 6
inormation elements.
Nationa| ISDN2 (8e||core)
SR-N\1-002361 1992-12
1he main dierence between National ISDN-1 and ISDN-2 is parameter
downloading ia components ,a component being a sub-element o the
Lxtended lacility inormation element,. 1hese components are used to
communicate parameter inormation between ISDN user equipment, such
as an ISDN telephone, and the ISDN switch.
Other changes are the addition o the SLGMLN1, lACILI1\ and
RLGIS1LR message types and the Segmented Message and Lxtended
lacility inormation elements. Also, some meanings o ield alues hae
changed and some new accepted ield alues hae been added.
5ESS (AT&T)
A1&1 801-802-100 1989-05
1his ariant is used in the USA by A1&1. It is the most widely used o the
ISDN protocols and contains 19 network-speciic message types. It has no
Internationa| Variants of ISDN 299
Codeset 5, but does hae 18 Codeset 6 elements and an extensie
inormation management element.
Euro ISDN (ETSI)
L1S 300 102-1 1990-12
1his ariant is to be adopted by all o the Luropean countries. Presently, it
contains single octet message types and has ie single octet inormation
elements. \ithin the ramework o the protocol there are no Codeset 5 and
Codeset 6 elements, howeer each country is permitted to deine its own
indiidual elements.
VN3, VN4 (France)
DGP1: CSL P 22-30 A 1994-08
1hese ariants are prealent in lrance. 1he VN3 decoding and some o its
error messages are translated into lrench. It is a sub-set o the CCI11
document and only has single octet message types. 1he more recent VN4 is
not ully backward compatible but closely ollows the CCI11
recommendations. As with VN3, some translation has taken place. It has
only single octet message types, ie single octet inormation elements, and
two Codeset 6 elements.
1TR (Germany)
1 1R 6 1990-08
1his ariant is prealent in Germany. It is a sub-set o the CCI11 ersion,
with minor amendments. 1he protocol is part Lnglish and part German.
ISDN 30 [DASS2| (En|and)
B1NR 190 1992-0
1his ariant is used by British 1elecom in addition to L1SI ,see aboe,. At
layers 2 and 3 this standard does not conorm to CCI11 structure. lrames
are headed by one octet and optionally ollowed by inormation. Howeer
most o the inormation is IA5 coded, and thereore ASCII decoded
Austra|ia
AP IX-123-L
1his protocol is being superseded by a new Australian protocol. ,1he name
o the protocol has not been released,. It is a subset o the CCI11 standard
and has only single octet message types and inormation elements, it only
has Codeset 5 elements.
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TS014 Austra|ia
1S014 ,Austel, 1995
1his is the new Australian ISDN PRI standard issued by Austel. 1his
standard is ery similar to L1SI.
NTT|apan
INS-NL1 Interace and Serices 1993-03
1he Japanese ISDN serice proided by N11 is known as INS-Net and its
main eatures are as ollows:
Proides a user-network interace that conorms to the CCI11
Recommendation Blue Book.
Proides both basic and primary rate interaces.
Proides a packet-mode using Case B.
Supported by Signalling System No. ISDN User Part with the network.
Oered as a public network serice.
ARINC 74
ARINC Characteristic 46-4 1996-04
In passenger airplanes today there are phones in ront o each passenger.
1hese telephones are connected in a 11 network and the conersation is
transerred ia a satellite. 1he signalling protocol used is based on Q.931,
but with a ew modiications and is known as ARINC 46. 1he leading
companies in this area are G1L and A1&1. In order to analyze ARINC, the
LAPD ariant should also be speciied as #.
ARINC 74 Attachment 11
ARINC Characteristic 46-4 1996-04
ARINC ,Aeronautical Radio, INC., Attachment 11 describes the Network
Layer ,layer 3, message transer necessary or equipment control and circuit
switched call control procedures between the Cabin 1elecommunications
Unit ,C1U, and SA1COM system, North American 1elephone System
,NA1S,, and 1errestrial llight 1elephone System ,1l1S,. 1he interace
described in this attachment is deried rom the CCI11 recommendations
Q.930, Q.931 and Q.932 or call control and the ISO,OSI standards DIS
9595 and DIS 9596 or equipment control. 1hese Network Layer messages
should be transported in the inormation ield o the Data Link Layer rame.
ARINC 74 Attachment 17
ARINC Characteristic 46-4 1996-04
ARINC ,Aeronautical Radio, INC., Attachment 1 represents a system
which proides passenger and cabin crew access to serices proided by the
Internationa| Variants of ISDN 301
C1U and intelligent cabin equipment. 1he distribution portion o the CDS
transports the signalling and oice channels rom headend units to the
indiidual seat units. Lach zone within the aircrat has a zone unit that
controls and serices seat units within that zone.
Northern Te|ecom DMS 100
NIS S208-6 Issue 1.1 1992-08
1his ariant represents Northern 1elecom`s implementation o National
ISDN-1. It proides ISDN BRI user-network interaces between the
Northern 1elecom ISDN DMS-100 switch and terminals designed or the
BRI DSL. It is based on CCI11 ISDN-1 and Q Series Recommendations
and the ISDN Basic Interace Call Control Switching and Signalling
Requirements and supplementary serice 1echnical Reerences published by
Bellcore.
DPNSS1
B1NR 188 1995-01
DPNSS1 ,Digital Priate Network Signalling System No. 1, is a common-
channel signalling system used in Great Britain. It extends acilities normally
only aailable between extensions on a single PBX to all extensions on
PBXs that are connected together in a priate network. It is primarily
intended or use between PBXs in priate networks ia time-slot 16 o a
2048 kbit,s digital transmission system. Similarly it may be used in time-slot
24 o a 1.544 kbit,s digital transmission system. Note that the LAPD ariant
should also be selected to be DPNSS1.
Swiss Te|ecom
P11 840.3.2 1995-06
1he ISDN ariant operated by the Swiss 1elecom P11 is called SwissNet.
1he DSS1 protocol or SwissNet is ully based on L1S. Amendments to
this standard or SwissNet all into the category o deinitions o arious
options in the standard and o missing requirements. 1hey also address
SwissNet-speciic conditions, e.g., assuring compatibility between user
equipment and SwissNet exchanges o dierent eolution steps.
SIG
ISO,ILC 1152 1995
QSIG is a modern, powerul and intelligent inter-priate PABX signalling
system. QSIG standards speciy a signalling system at the Q reerence point
which is primarily intended or use on a common channel, e.g. a G.03
interace. Howeer, QSIG will work on any suitable method o connecting
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the PINX equipment. 1he QSIG protocol stack is identical in structure to
the DSSI protocol stack. Both ollow the ISO reerence model. Both can
hae an identical layer 1 and layer 2 ,LAPD,, howeer, at layer 3 QSIG and
DSS1 dier.
ISDN Frame Structure 303
ISDN Frame Structure
Shown below is the general structure o the ISDN rame.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Protocol discriminator
0 0 0 0 Length of reference call value
Flag Call reference value
0 Message type
Other information elements as required
D` frave .trvctvre
Protoco| discriminator
1he protocol used to encode the remainder o the Layer.
Lenth of ca|| reference va|ue
Deines the length o the next ield. 1he Call reerence may be one or two
octets long depending on the size o the alue being encoded.
F|a
Set to zero or messages sent by the party that allocated the call reerence
alue, otherwise set to one.
Ca|| reference va|ue
An arbitrary alue that is allocated or the duration o the speciic session,
which identiies the call between the deice maintaining the call and the
ISDN switch.
Messae type
Deines the primary purpose o the rame. 1he message type may be one
octet or two octets ,or network speciic messages,. \hen there is more
than one octet, the irst octet is coded as eight zeros. A complete list o
message types is gien in D` Me..age 1ype. below.
304 ISDN
ISDN Informat|on E|ements
1here are two types o inormation elements: single octet and ariable
length.
S|n|e octet |nformat|on e|ements
1he single octet inormation element appears as ollows:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 Information element identifier Information element
ivge octet ivforvatiov eevevt
1he ollowing are the aailable single octet inormation elements:
1 000 ---- Resered
1 001 ---- Shit
1 010 0000 More data
1 010 0001 Sending Complete
1 011 ---- Congestion Leel
1 101 ---- Repeat indicator
Var|ab|e |enth |nformat|on e|ements
1he ollowing is the ormat o the ariable length inormation element:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 Information element identifier
Length of information elements
Information elements (multiple bytes)
1ariabe evgtb ivforvatiov eevevt
1he inormation element identiier identiies the chosen element and is
unique only within the gien Codeset. 1he length o the inormation
element inorms the receier as to the amount o the ollowing octets
belonging to each inormation element. 1he ollowing are possible ariable
length inormation elements:
0 0000000 Segmented Message
0 0000100 Bearer Capability
0 0001000 Cause
0 0010100 Call identiy
0 0010100 Call state
0 0011000 Channel identiication
0 0011100 lacility
ISDN Frame Structure 305
0 0011110 Progress indicator
0 0100000 Network-speciic acilities
0 0100111 Notiication indicator
0 0101000 Display
0 0101001 Date,time
0 0101100 Keypad acility
0 0110100 Signal
0 0110110 Switchhook
0 0111000 leature actiation
0 0111001 leature indication
0 1000000 Inormation rate
0 1000010 Lnd-to-end transit delay
0 1000011 1ransit delay selection and indication
0 1000100 Packet layer binary parameters
0 1000101 Packet layer window size
0 1000110 Packet size
0 1101100 Calling party number
0 1101101 Calling party subaddress
0 1110000 Called party number
0 1110001 Called Party subaddress
0 1110100 Redirecting number
0 1111000 1ransit network selection
0 1111001 Restart indicator
0 1111100 Low layer compatibility
0 1111101 High layer compatibility
0 1111110 User-user
0 1111111 Lscape or extension
Other alues Resered
ISDN Messae Types
1he ollowing are possible ISDN message types:
Ca|| Estab|ishment
000 00001 Alerting
000 00010 Call Proceeding
000 00011 Progress
000 00101 Setup
000 00111 Connect
000 01101 Setup Acknowledge
000 01111 Connect Acknowledge
30 ISDN
Ca|| Informat|on Phase
001 00000 User Inormation
001 00001 Suspend Reject
001 00010 Resume Reject
001 00100 Hold
001 00101 Suspend
001 00110 Resume
001 01000 Hold Acknowledge
001 01101 Suspend Acknowledge
001 01110 Resume Acknowledge
001 10000 Hold Reject
001 10001 Retriee
001 10011 Retriee Acknowledge
001 10111 Retriee Reject
Ca|| C|ear|n
010 00101 Disconnect
010 00110 Restart
010 01101 Release
010 01110 Restart Acknowledge
010 11010 Release Complete
M|sce||aneous
011 00000 Segment
011 00010 lacility
011 00100 Register
011 01110 Notiy
011 10101 Status inquiry
011 11001 Congestion Control
011 11011 Inormation
011 11101 Status
ISDN Termino|oy 307
ISDN Termino|oy
8RI
1he Basic Rate Interace is one o the two serices proided by ISDN. BRI
is comprised o two B-channels and one D-channel ,2B-D,. 1he
B-channels each operate at 64 Kbps and the D-channel operates at 16 Kbps.
It is used by single line business customers or typical desk-top type
applications.
C/R
C,R reers to Command or Response. 1he C,R bit in the address ield
deines the rame as either a command rame or a response rame to the
preious command.
Codeset
1hree main Codesets are deined. In each Codeset, a section o the
inormation elements are deined by the associated ariant o the protocol:
Codeset 0 1he deault code, reerring to the CCI11 set o
inormation elements.
Codeset 5 1he national speciic Codeset.
Codeset 6 1he network speciic Codeset.
1he same alue may hae dierent meanings in arious Codesets. Most
elements usually appear only once in each rame.
In order to change codesets two methods are deined:
Shit 1his method enables a temporary change to another
Codeset. Also termed as non-locking shit, the shit only
applies to the next inormation element.
Shit Lock 1his method implements a permanent change until
indicated otherwise. Shit-Lock may only change to a
higher Codeset.
CPE
Customer Premises Lquipment - reers to all ISDN compatible equipment
connected at the user sight. Lxamples o deices are telephone, PC, 1elex,
lacsimile, etc. 1he exception is the lCC deinition o N11. 1he lCC iews
the N11 as a CPL because it is on the customer sight, but the CCI11 iews
N11 as part o the network. Consequently the network reerence point o
the network boundary is dependent on the ariant in use.
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ISDN channe|s 8, D and H
1he three logical digital communication channels o ISDN perorm the
ollowing unctions:
B-Channel Carries user serice inormation including: digital data,
ideo, and oice.
D-Channel Carries signals and data packets between the user and the
network.
H-Channel Perorms the same unction as B-Channels, but operates at
rates exceeding DS-0 ,64 Kbps,.
ISDN devices
Deices connecting a CPL and a network. In addition to acsimile, telex,
PC, telephone, ISDN deices may include the ollowing:
1A 1erminal Adapters - deices that are used to portray non-ISDN
equipment as ISDN compatible.
LL Local Lxchange - ISDN central oice ,CO,. 1he LL implements
the ISDN protocol and is part o the network.
L1 Local 1ermination - used to express the LL responsible or the
unctions associated with the end o the Local Loop.
L1 Lxchange 1ermination - used to express the LL responsible or the
switching unctions.
N1 Network 1ermination equipment exists in two orms and is reerred
to accordingly. 1he two orms are each responsible or dierent
operations and unctions.
N11 - Is the termination o the connection between the user
sight and the LL. N11 is responsible or perormance,
monitoring, power transer, and multiplexing o the channels.
N12 - May be any deice that is responsible or proiding user
sight switching, multiplexing, and concentration: LANs,
mainrame computers, terminal controllers, etc. In ISDN
residential enironments there is no N12.
1L 1erminal Lquipment - any user deice e.g.: telephone or acsimile.
1here are two orms o terminal equipment:
1L1 - Lquipment is ISDN compatible.
1L2 - Lquipment is not ISDN compatible.
ISDN Termino|oy 309
ISDN reference points
Reerence points deine the communication points between dierent
deices and suggest that dierent protocols may be used at each side o the
point. 1he main points are as ollows:
R A communication reerence point between a non-ISDN compatible
1L and a 1A.
S A communication reerence link between the 1L or 1A and the N1
equipment.
1 A communication reerence point between user switching
equipment and a Local Loop 1erminator.
U A communication reerence point between the N1 equipment and
the LL. 1his reerence point may be reerred to as the network
boundary when the lCC deinition o the Network terminal is used.
1he ollowing diagram illustrates the ISDN lunctional Deices and
Reerence Points:
I SDN Ter mi nal
Equi pment
( TE1)
Cust omer Pr emi ses
Swi t chi ng
Equi pment
( NT2)
Local Loop
Ter mi nat or ( NT1)
I SDN Local
Exchange
( LE)
S T U
Net wor k Boundar y
( CCI TT)
Net wor k Boundar y i n
USA ( NO CCI TT)
I ncompat i bl e I SDN Devi ces and Ref er ence Poi nt s
Compat i bl e I SDN Devi ces and Ref er ence Poi nt s
NON- I SDN Ter mi nal
Equi pment
( TE2)
Ter mi nal Adapt er
( TA)
Cust omer Pr emi ses
Swi t chi ng
Equi pment
( NT2)
R
S
T
St andar d as per TA Manuf act ur er
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LAPD
1he Link Access Protocol on the D-channel. LAPD is a bit orientated
protocol on the data link layer o the OSI reerence model. Its prime
unction is ensuring the error ree transmission o bits on the physical layer
,layer 1,.
PRI
1he Primary Rate Interace is one o the two serices proided by ISDN.
PRI is standard dependent and thus aries according to country. In North
America, PRI has twenty-three B-channels and one D-channel ,23B-D,. In
Lurope, PRI has thirty B-channels and one D-channel ,30B-D,.
1he American B- and D-channels operate at an equal rate o 64 Kbps.
Consequently, the D-channel is sometimes not actiated on certain
interaces, thus allowing the time slot to be used as another B-channel. 1he
23B-D PRI operates at the CCI11 designated rate o 1544 Kbps.
1he Luropean PRI is comprised o thirty B-channels and one D-channel
,30B-D,. As in the American PRI all the channels operate at 64 Kbps.
Howeer, the 30B-D PRI operates at the CCI11 designated rate o
2048 Kbps.
SAPI
Serice Access Point Identiier, the irst part o the address o each rame.
TEI
1erminal Lnd Point Identiier, the second part o the address o each rame.