Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E j00088
E j00088
ISBN: 978-960-337-082-6
Copyright 2008
, , ( 3 . 2121/1993).
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, SI (Systme Internationale).
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. Leonardo Da Vinci
(14521519)
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. , Edme Mariotte (16201684), (287212 ..).
.
1643 Evangelist Torricelli (. 0.1)
,
.
17 ,
. (15641642) , ,
Isaac Newton (16421727),
. Newton
( ).
. 18
(Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Jean d Alembert,
Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace)
. 0.1.
.
gangelist Torricelli (16081647).
12
Leonard Euler (17071783).
. ,
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Jean d Alembert (17171783) Euler,
: ,
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Chzy, Pitot, Borda,
Weber, Francis, Hagen, Poiseuille, Darcy, Manning, Bazin
Weisbach , (),
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. 0.1.
...
Daniel Bernoulli (17001782).
19 Jean-Louis-Marie Poiseuille
(o )
Gotthilf Hagen.
19 , .
William Froude (18101879) Robert (18461924) . John William Rayleigh (18421919) .
1883 Osborne Reynolds (. 0.1)
Reynolds ( ) .
.
,
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13
, .
, , .
(. )
,
Claude Navier (17851836)
George Stokes (18191903), 1845
.
Navier-Stokes
.
1904, Ludwig Prandtl (. 0.1)
. Prandtl
(.. ), ,
, , Euler
Bernoulli.
.
19 , , ,
(. 0.1).
. 20
,
.
. 0.1.
0.2 .
. . 0.1.
(, ,
Ludwig Prandtl (18751953).
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), ( ) ,
, ( ).
, (
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,
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87,5%
79,4%
8,1%
12,5%
20,6%
14
7,7%
0,4%
. 0.1.
. ,
5 1014 m3 (=500.000 Km3).
, (, ,
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() ...
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, , , , ..).
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0.3 .
( ) .
.
15
(m)
( . ).
. (SI)
Kg.
(E) (
). SI J (Joule).
( x, y, z)
(t, ).
( ), ( ).
,
.
0.4 .
= V/m ( SI m3/Kg)
()
:
(p)
, , ,
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(. 0.4):
) .
) ( .) .
)
) .
, .
) (V): V.
.
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.
,
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,
, .
SI m3.
()
:
= m/V ( SI Kg/m3)
:
= 1/
()
. 0.4.
16
) (p): .
:
p = F/A
.
( , ), (patm).
, 101,3 KPa.
: p =p patm.
( patm).
SI Pa (N/m2).
) (T):
.
.
, (, , ..), , .
.
. , .
, .
273,15 oC.
. , ,
. SI Kelvin.
: = C + 273,15.
, , :
p V= n Rw T p V/T = n Rw (),
: n moles Rw .
.
0.5 .
. , ( ).
, .
0.5.1 .
()
: s , t, v (
) ( ).
17
v = ds
= dv
dt
( SI m/s)
dt
( SI m/s2)
0.5.2 .
s = f(t) , s = f(t).
:
s = f(t)
v = f (t)
= f (t)
:
) (. 0.5),
( ).
s = so + v t
v = .
=0
) (. 0.5),
( ).
1
s = so + v o t + t 2
2
v = vo + t
= .
) .
. , (x, y, z).
.
) . :
( ), SI
s.
=1/ ( ),
SI s-1.
( = d/dt), SI
rad/s.
(r = d/dt), SI
rad/s2.
. 0.5.
t
. 0.5.
18
.
) (. 0.5). .
. v. :
= 2/ = 2 ()
v = R
= 2 R = v2/R
: .
0.6 ( ).
. 0.5.
, .
, m v .
, ( ):
J=mv
SI Kgm/s.
0.7 .
, . . ( ,
..) ( , , ).
, ( ).
( ) ( . )
( ).
SI N (Newton).
: ,
. : ( ), ( ), (
) .
0.7.1 N Newton.
( )
Newton. ,
.
) A ( Newton).
( . ). , , .
) ( Newton). ,
, .
() F dt, :
19
F dt = dJ = d (m v)
= F dt -.
: (
) , .
, , :
F = m dv
dt
F =m
( )
F = 0 = 0 , ( ).
,
( ,
).
,
.
, , F .
: F = F = m v2 /R
) - ( N Newton).
F , .
, .
0.7.2 .
(. 0.7) ( )
. , :
F dt = J
.
. .
.
0.7.3 .
(, W). (
) . (
).
.
:
=/V
J2 = m2 . v2
J1 = m1 . v1
_ F . dt
F . dt
J1 = m1 . v1
J2 = m2 . v2
. 0.7
20
SI, N/m3.
:
= m g = g
: g .
g .
, g =
9,8067 m/s2. , (
9,7805 m/s2,
W12 = Fx dx
: Fx F dx.
0.8, (F, x) .
dx
. 0.8.
21
s:
W12 = Fs s
: Fs .
: (. ) . , ,
.
dW
: P =
/dt
SI W (Watt) = J/s
0.9 .
, . -, , . .
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( 0,005%
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. 0.9.
22
. ,
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. .
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.
0.9.1 .
:
=Fd
, [F, d] : M = F d
(. 0.9).
( F , F ),
d , ( M = F d) , ( , ).
(
), d . .
. ( Newton):
M = I r
: , r .
( ) :
=
mi ri
: mi ri . ,
Ic. Steiner:
= c + m d2
: m d
.
( )
:
L =I
.
. , , .
:
, = 1/2 2
. 0.9.
23
0.9.2 .
( )
,
.
F = 0 [Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0] = 0
F 0, .
M 0, .
0.9.3 .
F
[ , (. 0.9)]. F
. , ,
. ,
F
A
A
F
, _B
,
0.9. ,
B
,
B F
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= F/ .
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0.11 .
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24
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,
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...
:
, (
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: , :
=F
m
: , :
M
r =
I
( ): () :
i= V
Re
: ,
(), (R) :
q =
.
, ,
, , ,
. .
, .
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KE 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
26
1.1 .
( ). ,
. (.. , )
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).
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1.2 .
, , ( , p, ) .
, () u, h s, c.
pv .
( ), ( )
. , ,
k.
, , : , ,
, .
, , . , ,
, , :
27
= (, p)
h = h (, p)
= (, p)
..
, ()
(), . ..
100C (373oK).
p=101,3 KPa T=373o K.
. (, ,
..) .
.
(.. ).
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.
( ) ,
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1.2.1 .
,
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28
, , ( ),
(. 1.2, . 1.2.1.).
-200 -100
100
500
600 700
800
-200 -100
100
500
600 700
800
(oC)
. 1.2.
( ).
.
1.2.1
( patm).
(C)
(C)
< 272,2
268,9
259,1
252,7
218,4
183,0
209,9
195,8
169,0
103,9
77,7
33,4
92,0
21,0
112,0
78,4
116,3
34,6
94,6
56,5
()
29
(C)
(C)
5,5
80,1
0,0
100,0
1,4
113,5
113,5
184,35
38,87
356,9
327,5
1620
419,4
907
800,4
1413
1083
2300
1535
3000
) .
,
. . .
. (
) ( ).
, ().
:
V = V T
(1.1)
: V , T .
10-5 K-1
10-2 10-3 K-1 (. 1.2.2).
,
1.2.2
.
Invar
(10-6 K-1)
(20 C)
0,4
(10-6 K-1)
(20 C)
682
36
(dsx=0,845)
900
50
990
207
1012
181
1184
490
(0 C)
3660
30
. ( ): = 1/.
4 C ( 3,984 C)
1.2. (
). 4 0 C, (
). 0 C .
( . 1.2.6). () 0 C,
9,1% .
.
( )
, .
.
() (.. ), . (1.1):
L = L T
(1.2)
: , 1/3 .
1
10 cm 100 m.
20 60 C,
.
:
. 1.2.2 :
= 3610-6 -1 = /3 = 1210-6 -1.
31
(%)
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,00
0
10
(oC)
. 1.2.
. 1.2.
.
. ,
.
( ), ,
(, , , ..).
()
()
()
. 1.2.
: ) , ) ) .
1.2.2 .
J2
=
m
. v2
_F
.v
J1
, , ,
.
,
1.2. ,
J1 , J2 . ,
F :
J J
J2 J1 = F dt F = 2 1
dt
. 1.2.
32
: dt F .
-,
. ()
.
, ,
.
. ,
(
) ( ):
p V = n Rw T p =
Rw
T
mr
(1.3)
. , ,
() :
p = p p
:
p = p p
33
: p , p , p p .
, ,
. .
,
.
1.2.3 .
,
.
:
m 1
=
V
(y=0m)
. 1.2.
(1.4)
(1.4)
. (1.4) ( = m g)
(1.4) :
=g
(1.4)
( ).
, , ,
(1.4).
, , ,
.
.
(.
), . , , 785
, 100C 1600
.
, , . . ( ) . ( )
. , -
34
, .
, .
, .
1.2.3.
1.2.3
(T = 20 C, p = 101,3 KPa, g = 9,807 m/s2).
Kg/m3
/ m3
()
998,2
9,79
630
5,71
()
1000
9.81
659
6,46
()
1025
10,05
684
6,71
708
6,94
703
6,89
789
7,74
730
7,16
792
7,77
774
7,59
879
8,62
700750
1022
10,0
780820
7,658,04
1489
14,6
Diesel
810860
7,948,43
1590
15,6
9001000
8,839,81
1834
18,0
880940
8,639,22
13550
133
910920
8,929,02
Kg/m3
/ m3
6,867,36
.
(. 1.2.1),
, .
0C 4C:
0C 4C,
(. 1.2). 4C ,
:
(. 1.2).
. , 4 , 17 (.
1.2.2). , 20
(%)
) .
5
4
3
2
1
0
20
40
60
80
(oC)
. 1.2.
100
35
(oC)
(Kg/m3)
(oC)
(Kg/m3)
(oC)
(Kg/m3)
(oC)
(Kg/m3)
999,839
999,901
30
995,647
65
980,502
999,898
999,848
35
994,032
70
977,771
999,940
999,781
40
992,215
75
974,850
999,964
10
999,699
45
990,213
80
971,799
999,972
15
999,099
50
988,037
85
968,621
999,964
20
998,204
55
985,696
90
965,321
999,940
25
997,045
60
983,200
100
958,365
( ) ,
.
, ,
, :
p V = n Rw T =
m
R w T
mr
p=RT
(1.5)
p
R T
(1.5)
: p , R .
,
mr:
R
R= w
(1.5)
mr
: Rw = 8,314 J/(mole K) = 8314 J/(mole K).
, (21% 79% ),
:
36
(m)
.
, . ( ).
. , ( )
(kg/m3)
, 1023
1024 1025
1026
1027
1028
0
,
.
, 500
.
1000
,
( ).
1500
1.2.4. 0C
2000
16
4
12
20
8
24
0
20C o
3
(
C)
1000 Kg/m .
. 1.2.
, .
( -
37
0C
10 C
25C
40C
60C
80C
100C
1007,5
1007,1
1004,1
999,1
990,0
978,5
965,1
1015,1
1014,4
1011,1
1005,9
996,7
985,2
971,9
1030,4
1029,2
1025,3
1019,8
1010,3
998,8
985,5
1061,2
1059,1
1054,1
1048,0
1038,1
1026,4
1013,4
12
1092,4
1089,5
1083,6
1077,0
1066,7
1054,9
1042,0
16
1124,2
1120,6
1114,0
1106,9
1096,2
1084,2
1071,3
20
1156,6
1152,5
1145,3
1137,7
1126,8
1114,6
1101,7
24
1190,0
1185,6
1177,8
1169,7
1158,4
1146,3
1133,1
26
1207,1
1202,5
1194,4
1186,1
1174,7
1162,6
1149,2
1 2, .
: m = m1+ m2. : V V1+V2.
V V1+V2, . ( . 1.2.5) , (
. 1.2 14 ).
, ,
.
) .
, .
:
=
(1.6)
( )
20 C: = 998,2 Kg/m3 ( 1000 Kg/m3).
: = 1,205 Kg/m3 ( = 293 p = 101,3 KPa).
:
= / = ( g)/( g) = / =
( )
( ).
38
1,9
H2SO4
1,8
1,7
HBr
1,6
HNO3
1,5
1,4
H3PO4
NaOH
K2CO3
1,3
MgCl2
HCl
1,2
H2O2
1,1
N2H4
NH4Cl
1,0
0,9
C2H5OH
0,8
0,7
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
(w/w%)
. 1.2.
80
90
100
39
) .
2
10 m3 20C 40C
20C 845 Kg/m3 = 9 10-4 -1.
:
20C: m20 = 20 V m20 = 8450 Kg.
40C: 845 Kg ( 20C
1 m3) :
V = V T V= (1 m3) (9 10-4 -1) (20 ) = 0,018 m3
845 Kg 1,018 m3 :
40 = m/V= 830,5 Kg/m3
m40 = 40 V m40 = 8305 Kg
3
50 lt 0,745.
:
:
= / = = 743,7 Kg/m3
V = 50 lt = 50 10-3 m3
= m/V m = V m = 37,18 Kg
4
(mr = 2) 20C , .
:
(1.5):
mr p
= 0,0832 Kg / m 3
Rw T
: ,= 2/29 = 0,069
, p T:
mr p To
mr po T
40
5
(C2H5OH)
30% 70% .
:
(): o
: V= V+ V
V= 0,3 V
= 789 Kg/m3
m= V= 236,7 V
3
V = 0,7 V
=1000 Kg/m
m = V = 700 V
m= m+m = 936,7 V
= m/V = 936,7 Kg/m3
( . 1.2):
:
m= V= 236,7 V
m = V = 700 V
(w/w%) : (m/m) = 25,3%
1.2 :
= 0,96 = 960 Kg/m3
m = m+m = 936,7 V
: ,
( ), .
6
,
.
:
:
= 1/ = 1/937,6 m3/Kg = 1,0676 10-3 m3/Kg
: =1/ = 1/960 m3/Kg = 1,0417 10-3 m3/Kg
4%
1 = 1025,3 m3/Kg
8%
2 = 1054,1 m3/Kg
:
x%
= 1042,0 m3/Kg
(84), (21)
(x4), (1)
:
(8 4)/(x 4) = (2 1)/( 1) x 4 = 2,32 x = 6,32 %
: , , . x
, . x1 x2,
x 1 2. ,
x:
41
x 2 x1 2 1
=
x x1
1
8
4 m2, 2 m
910 Kg/m3 1 m. .
:
:
m = V = (A y) = (1000 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (2 m) = 8000 Kg
m = V = (A y) = (910 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (1 m) = 3640 Kg
m = m+m = 11.640 Kg
= m g = 114.188 N = 114,19 KN
1.2.4 (. 1.2).
() (),
. .
,
.
,
. , . ( : , , ).
, .
,
. (. ),
, . ,
, ,
.
, .
.
( )
(dV/V) (dp) :
dV / V
1 dV
=
dp
V dp
(1.7)
dp / 1 dp
=
dp
dp
dp
dp
dp
,
(d/)
(dp):
dp
(1.7)
. 1.2.
42
:
= 1/
(1.7)
. . (
10-9 KPa-1 10-7 KPa-1), . , 510-7 KPa-1.
, 80 ,
20.000 .
1.2.6.
(
).
. , ,
( , ). , 10 200 Mbar 12% (
4,9 10-7 KPa-1 4,3 10-7 KPa-1), 200 400 Mbar 4% (4,15
10-7 KPa-1). 1.2, . .
,
(p = R T) :
= 1/p
(1.7)
1.2.6
.
(10-7 KPa-1)
(10-7) KPa-1
0,132
12,5
0,238
0,097
0,218
9,4
0,059
4,8
0,139
8,9
0,073
9,2
0,046
9,1
0,062
3,7
()
0,019
0,100
SAE 30
6,7
(Pyrex)
0,250
6,2
0,410
7,7
2,2
10,3
7,8 5,4
1,20
1,02
1,15
1,00
1,10
0,98
1200C
1000C
800C
600C
1,05
(L/Kg)
43
0,96
1,00
0,94
0,95
0,92
0,90
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,90
1 bar
1 bar
20 bar
(GPa)
. 1.2.
200
20 bar
400
600
800
. 1.2.
, .
( ):
Z=
V
p
=
Vid R T
(1.8)
.
. .
.
1.2
.
1.2.5 .
. ( ) ,
.
, ,
( ),
( ).
u ( )
.
() h,
:
h = u+p = u+
(1.9)
SI J/Kg.
m, :
1000
44
U=mu
(1.10)
=mh=U+pV
(1.10)
, ,
. , ,
.
.
, (. u h
).
, :
q w = u
( ):
q w = h + v
(1.11)
+g y
(1.11)
: q w ,
v y .
, c.
o
1 K. ,
cv. ,
cp. , p . 1.2.7
, 1.2.8
.
( ),
:
u = cu
(1.12)
h = cp
(1.12)
k = cp /cv .
:
cp cv = R
(1.12)
1.2.9 (T, p, , , u, h,
cp, cv, k, R) . ( ) .
, .
( ):
u = cu
h = cp +
(1.13)
(1.14)
45
1.2.7
( ) .
cp
cp
k = cp/ cv
KJ/KgK
KJ/KgK
1,005
1,400
4,18
1,04
1,400
2,55
0,92
1,395
2,46
0,88
1,289
2,13
0,48
1,324
2,05
14,31
1,405
1,74
2,26
1,304
2,62
1,72
1,187
2,22
1,63
1,127
2,09
1,54
1,240
Castor oil
1,97
1,65
1,195
1,97
2,09
1,304
0,14
1.2.8
0 C 100 C (p = 101,3 KPa).
T (C)
Cp (KJ/KgK)
4,192
10
4,181
20
4,177
30
4,178
40
4,180
50
4,184
60
4,190
4,19
70
4,197
4,18
80
4,206
90
4,216
100
4,230
4,24
4,23
Cp (K/KgK)
4,22
4,21
4,20
4,17
20
40
T (oC)
60
80
100
46
1.2.9
.
p = R T p = R T
u = cu
h = cp
p, , T
( = 1/)
()
q w = u
p1 1n = p2 n2
T1 p1
=
T2 p2
n1
2
n =
n1
p1 = p2 = p
n=0
(p = .)
p
q = w = R T ln 1
p2
1 p2
=
2 p1
p1 1k = p2 k2
2
1
n=1
n=k
w=0
q = u = cv (T2 T1)
T1 = T2 = T
k 1
k =
n=0
p1 T1
=
p2 T2
T1 p1
=
T2 p2
w = p (2 1)
q = h = cp (T2 T1)
1 = 2 =
n=1
(T = .)
n1
R T1 p2 n
1
w=
n -1 p1
1 T1
=
2 T2
n=1
( = .)
n=k
(q = 0)
R = Rw/mr
Rw = 8,314 J/KmolK
cp cv = R
cp/cv = k
cp, cv, k, R
k 1
w = u = c (T1 T2)
1.2.6 .
, .
) .
, ,
. .
( ), ( ) , -.
.
47
(. 1.2 1.2).
(
, , ,
..).
( ), -,
(. 1.2).
-
.
, ,
( London, . 1.2).
: ,
(
), .
( ).
:
1000
-
100
-
10
1
( ) ,
( ), .
. ,
, (
). ,
. ,
( ).
(
)
. 1.2.
. 1.2.
.
+
+
+
+
+
. 1.2.
-.
. 1.2.
London.
48
,
. .
) .
.
,
( ), .
, () (
),
.
F 0
(. 1.2).
.
(. 1.2). , , () ...
:
= F/L
. 1.2.
(1.15)
SI N/m.
. d
:
dW = F ds = d
= dW/dA
(1.15)
. 1.2.
49
(/m)
. ,
0,484 N/m, 0,373 N/m.
, 0,0728 N/m,
0,020 N/m ( 20C).
. (, ) ( )
, ().
. .. ,
, , ( ).
(
). 1.2
.
,
.
(
-), . ( )
, . . ,
0,080
(. 1.2).
0,070
,
(>90).
0,060
. ,
0,050
0
20
40
60
80
100
o
(
C)
(< 90 ), . 1.2.
[
(. 1.2)]. (
.
),
.
,
.
( 0),
( 130).
.
:
p p = 2/r
(1.16)
, 1 mm, (
20C ):
. 1.2.
50
p p = 2 0,484/10-3 = 968 Pa
,
( ):
p p = 4/r
(1.16)
, = 2 10-2 N/m, ,
1 mm, :
p p = 4 2 10-2/10-3 = 80 Pa
) .
.
(<90), [. 1.2()],
.
,
. ,
. . :
2r cos = B = V = r2 h
h=
2 cos
r
(1.17)
: , r = d/2, .
, .
, , . ,
( ),
.
1.2() , ( < 90).
h2
h1
h3
()
()
. 1.2.
51
, ( ) ( 0).
, ( > 90, h). 1.2() ( 130).
(, ..).
,
.
( 8 mm),
.
) .
, (. -).
, . ,
( )
,
. .
, (. 1.2).
, ,
.
( ) .
. ,
1.2.10, ,
.
. 1.2.
.
1.2.10
.
pv
25o C (KPa)
22,7
16,7
()
22,4
7,8
21,7
2,8
()
52
20 C (10-3 N/m)
pv
25 C (KPa)
25,2
30,6
25,0
13,1
27,0
26,0
28,4
38,0
29,0
12,6
43,0
0,9
72,8
3,2
484,0
0,00025
, , .
(. 1.2).
, ,
.
. 100C
(101,3 KPa). , 100C .
120 KPa, .
104,8C 120 KPa .
( ).
.
100 C
40
60
80
78,3 C
(Pa)
100
34,6 C
101,3 KPa
20
20
40
60
80
(C)
. 1.2.
100
53
,
. (, . 1.2).
1.2.7 .
(
) .
.
, , .
, . ,
[. 1.2()]. ,
,
[. 1.2()].
, , v. v .
F F . , , , , .
,
, . , F , -,
F, F.
.
. , , . ( ,
).
.
(=F/A)
,
,
v
F
F
()
v
v
()
. 1.2.
.
) . ) .
54
Newton, () :
dv / dy
(1.18)
: , dv dy .
dv/dy ( ).
.
SI N s/m2 = Kg/(m s).
:
(1.19)
, () , .
SI m2/s.
) .
, . (1.18),
, .
(
, ).
,
.
, . .
: ,
(
). (
), .
. , (
) ( ).
, . , . (
, ).
, 1.2.11. 55 ,
( )
.
1.2.11
(20C, 101,3 KPa).
-3
-6
2
-3
10 Kg/ms
10 m /s
10 Kg/ms
0,018
14,5
1,56
0,22
0,36
1,92
10 m2/s
0,12
-6
2,4
()
55
10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m2/s
-6
10 Kg/ms
10 m2/s
21,4
19,1
-3
-6
0,65
0,74
0,967
0,61
SAE 10
104
120
1,00
1,00
SAE 30
290
325
1,20
1,52
1490
1182
) .
. , .
, ,
. , 1 bar 50 bar
10%, 1%.
, , . : .
, ,
. , ,
, . 0C,
100C (1,78810-3 Kg/ms 0,28410-3 Kg/ms 1.2.12).
, .
, (
), . , ,
, . ,
1.2.12
( 1 atm) 0C 100C.
10 Kg/ms
10 m2/s
1,792
1,792
10
1,307
1,307
20
1,003
1,005
30
0,803
0,806
40
0,655
0,660
50
0,551
0,557
60
0,470
0,478
70
0,407
0,416
80
0,357
0,367
90
0,317
0,328
100
0,284
0,296
-3
-6
, Kg/ms (x10-3)
2,0
0,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
, C
56
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
l
oi
or
st
Ca
0,06
0,04
0,03
0,02
, Kg/ms
0,01
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
SA
E3
0
S
AE
10
Crude
oil (0,
86)
0,0006
0,0004
0,0003
0,0002
(0,68
)
0,0001
0,00006
0,00004
0,00003
0,00002
0,00001
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
, C
. 1.2.
(p = 101,3 KPa).
57
8
6
4
3
, m2/S
10-4
8
6
SA
E
SA
30
E
10
4
3
2
10-5
8
6
Crude o
il
4
3
2
10-6
8
6
2
10-7
-20
4
3
(0,86)
20
40
60
, C
. 1.2.
80
100
120
(p=101,3 KPa).
58
ln
T
T
a + b + c
o
(1.20)
+ S
T+S
(1.21)
, S = 110,4 K.
,
(.
1.2 1.2).
) .
Newton (1.18),
( ) dv/dy ( ) . . , , ..
( ) . (1.18) , () .
, ( 1.2):
: .
: .
: .
:
,
):
).
, .
dv/dy
.
. 1.2.
.
59
. ( )
(
, ).
1.2.
,
. ( ).
1,0 cm
8,0 cm
1.2.8 .
,
.
(
) ,
. 1.2.
( ). .
( ).
, .
, ,
, ,
( ) .
.
(
), .
V :
= m/V
: m V ( m
, : m =m).
, ,
, ,
. 1.2() ,
m/V. V=10-9 mm3.
3,31010 2,7107 ( ).
,
(
) ( ) [.
1.2()].
, :
m
V V0 V
= lim
( ), ,
60
1,22 Kg/m3
1,21 Kg/m3
V
1,20 Kg/m3
1,19 Kg/m3
-9
Vo ~10
mm3
~
()
()
. 1.2.
) ) .
. ,
( ) .
(
), ,
. 1.2(), (
) .
1.3 .
.
. , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, .
( ), (English Engineering EE) .
(1799),
. CGS (
: cm, gr, sec) .
, MKS MKSA (
: m, Kg, s, A), 1900 35 .
(General Conference Weights and Measures CGPM)
1960 SI (Systme International dUnits International
System of Units, ).
-
61
.
.
:
) ( ) .
.
,
) ( 10) . , ,
. ,
() (Pa)
(KPa). .
1.3.1 1.3.2
, SI.
1.3.1
SI.
(meter)
(Kilogram)
kg
(second)
(Ampere)
K (Kelvin)
(mole)
mol
(candela)
cd
1.3.2
SI.
deca
da
10
deci
10-1
hecto
102
centi
10-2
kilo
103
milli
10-3
mega
106
micro
10-6
giga
109
nano
10-9
tera
1012
pico
10-12
peta
1015
femto
10-15
exa
1018
atto
10-18
zetta
1021
zepto
10-21
yotta
1024
yocto
10-24
62
, (.. , ) .
(SI). ,
SI. 1.3.3 1.3.4 .
9
SI : 4,5 cm3, 500 s-1, 1017 mbar, 1,2
g/cm3 100 Km/h.
:
4,5 cm3 = 4,5 (cm)3 = 4,5 (102 m)3 = 4,5 106 m3
500 s1 = 500 (s)1 = 5 102 (106 s)1 = 5 108 s1
1017 mbar=1017 (10-3 bar)=1,017 bar = 1,017 105 Pa
1,2 g/cm3 = 1,2 (10-3 Kg)/(10-6 m3) = 1,2 103 Kg/m3
100 Km/h = 100 (103 m)/(3600 s) = 100/3,6 m/s = 27,78 m/s
( ).
10
1000 lbf.
) Kg;
) gmoon/gearth=1/6;
:
) =1000 lbf = 1000 (47,88 N) = 47880 N
gearth= 9,81 m/s2
= m g m = B/g m = 4880,73 Kg
) : m = earth/gearth= moon/gmoon
moon= earth gmoon/gearth= earth/6 moon= 7980 N
11
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR).
SI.
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) = 4293 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 718 m2/(s2 oK)
cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR) = 6010 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 1005 m2/(s2 oK)
: (. 1.2.5) oR
, oR=5/9 oK (. . 1.3.3).
12
Kg/m3 2116 lbf/ft2
60oF.
m/s
Ns/m
m2/s
t
T
Q
v
a
F
p
E
P
J
* (*)
m3/s
9,81
9,81
9,81
1
kgf/m3
kgfs/m2
m2/s
9,81
9,81
9,81
9,81
9,81
(*)
9,81
si
hyl/m3
kgfs
Kgfm/s
Kgfm
kgf/m2
kgf
m/s2
m/s
m3/s
m3
m2
C, K
hyl
...
stokes
poise
dyn/cm3
gr/cm3
grcm/s
erg/s
erg
dyn/cm2
dyn
cm/s2
cm/s
cm3/s
cm3
cm2
grad
gr
cm
CGS
10-4
10-1
10
103
10-5
10-7
10-7
10-1
10-5
10-2
10-2
10-6
10-6
10-4
10-3
10-2
si
ft2/ s
pdls/ft2
pdl/ft3
lb/ft3
lbft/s
ftpdl/s
ftpdl
pdl/ft2
Pdl
ft/s2
ft/s
ft3/s
ft3
ft2
F, R
lb
ft (foot)
...
N/m3
kg/m3
Kgm/s
Pa
m/s2
m3
m2
kg
S.I.
1.3.3
SI.
0,0929
1,488
4,88
16,02
0,1383
0,04214
0,04214
1,488
0,1383
0,3048
0,3048
0,0283
0,0283
0,0929
(*)
0,4536
0,3048
si
ft2/s
lbfs/ft2
lbf/ft3
slug/ft3
lbf s
ft lfbf/s
ft lfbf
lbf/ft2
lbf
ft/s2
ft/s
ft3/s
ft3
ft2
F, R
slug
ft
..
0,0929
47,88
157,1
515,4
4,448
1,356
1,356
47,88
4,448
0,3048
0,3048
0,0283
0,0283
0,0929
(*)
14,59
0,3048
si
63
m3/s
m/s
.
m2/s
Ns/m2
N/m3
kg/m3
Kgm/s
Pa
m/s2
m3
m2
kg
S.I.
g (9,806)
m3/h (1/3600), ft3/min (4,719 10-4), gpm (6,309 10-5), Arce-ft per day (0,0143)
in3 (1,63910-5), gallon US (3,785 10-3), quart US (9,463510-4), Barrels Oil (0,159), L (10-3)
in2 (6,45210-4), Sq. mile (2,59 106), ha (104), (103), Sq. yard (0,8361)
1.3.4
SI.
64
65
:
p = 2116 lbf/ft2 = 2116 (47,88 Pa) = 101.314 Pa
C=5/9(F32) = 15,56 oC T= 288,7o K
mr p
mr p
66
1.4 .
1. 2 in 150 m. 10C 70C,
;
[L = 0,108 m, d = 0,000037 m]
2. 20oC 4 m
3 m. 80C, ;
[V = 37,7 m3, V = 0,081 m3 0,21%]
3. 750 mL 7 N. .
[ = 951,7 Kg/m3]
4. 2 m, 0,8 m
910 Kg/m3 0,5 m. .
[W = 38666 N]
5. 500 Kg 0,925.
[V = 0,541 m3]
6. (mr =16) 20 C
, .
[ = 0,552]
7. (mr=16) (mr=28) 0,935.
.
[ 7,37% CH4, 92,63% C2H4]
8. 5 l 10 l .
[ = 950,3 Kg/m3, V = 14,67 m3]
9. 950 Kg/m3 20 C.
.
[m/m = 0,314]
10. 100 cm3 ( 20 C).
.
[ = 923,3 Kg/m3, V/V = 3,1%]
67
12. 10 m3 30 C,
1 50 bar.
[V = 2,3510-2 m3, 993,3 Kg/m3]
13. 850 Kg/m3 ( 20 C)
3 m. ) . )
20 C 40 C, ; ( =
910-4 -1)
[) y = 1,58 m, ) y = 0,054 m]
14. , 2 m 3 m 20 C.
50 C. (
).
[m = 74 Kg]
15. ( = 36 10-6 -1),
;
[m = 61,1 Kg]
16. 100 MPa 20 C.
[ = 950,3 Kg/m3]
17. 5 in 6 in, 14 oz .
70 oz. SI.
[ = 822,35 Kg/m3]
18. 2 kg 50 C 3 bar. ,
8 bar. .
[1 = 3,24 Kg/m3, 2 = 8,63 Kg/m3]
19. ,
= + bT + cT2, C. ) a, b, c 1.2.4. )
() .
.
[a = 999,18, b = 0,052, c = 0,005]
20. 2 m 20 C.
. 70 C;
[ = 0,91 J, ' = 0,80 J]
21.
4 mm. ;
[ = 0,024 J, p = 484 Pa]
22. 2 mm 4,5 mm.
0,025 N/m.
[p1 = 50 Pa, p2 = 22,2 Pa]
68
23.
0,1 mm, .
0,02 mm;
[p = 1456 Pa, p' = 2000 Pa]
24. 20C 1mm
, 10 .
[h = 0,025 m]
25. 60 C 0,47
N/m 0,0662 N/m .
( ) 0,4 mm ( 0
130 );
[h = 6,75 cm, h = 1,3 cm]
. 1.4.
26. h
, 1.4. h
20C = 0,5 mm 0;
[h = 2 cos/( ), h = 0,0297 m]
27. 20 C ,
, 1012 1 mm3. Avogadro
6,023x1023 /moles, ( Pa) ;
[p = 3,77 Pa]
28. 1,5 acre-ft . )
m3/h ) L/s;
[Q = 77,1 m3/h = 21,41 L/s]
29. 32 lb,
32 lbf/in2 . 3,0 ft3 75 F,
Kg;
[m = 0,116 Kg]
30. , 215 Kgf. ( Kg)
( ) (gmoon = gearth/6).
[m = 215 Kg, e = m = 2109 N, mm = 1290 Kg]
31. ) ;
o
(i) 45 in3
(ii) 3h + 45 min
(iii) 5 Btu/(lb F)
(iv) 5,2 lbf/in3
3
3
(v) 100 ft /h
(vi) 8 m /min
(vii) 25 at
(viii) 1000 erg
(ix) 120 Kgf
(x) 400 dyn/cm
) SI .
69
KE 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 ,
2.6
2.7
2.8
70
2.1 .
, , .
, ( )
. ,
. ,
, . ,
( ,
, ).
, . .
.
, .
, (
), .
.
.
,
.
.
, , .
, , .
,
.
2.2 .
2.2.1 .
(
). ,
(. 2.2) :
Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0
(2.1)
=dmg ( )
, .
, -
F = pA B
. 2.2.
71
. (
,
.
).
.
b, y x. (.
2.2).
Fs
Fsx Fsy :
y
Fs
Fx
Fsx
y
B
Fsy
Fy
. 2.2.
b.
Fsx = Fs sin
Fsy = Fs cos
z ( ), , :
Fz Fz=0
x:
Fx Fsx = 0 px y b = Fs sin = ps s b sin
:
y = s sin px = ps
(1)
.
y:
Fy (Fsy+B) = 0 py x b = Fs cos + = ps s b cos +
(2)
:
x=scos (2) :
(py ps) x b =
:
= V = g V = g (x y b)/2
(2), :
py ps= g y/2
(3)
y (. ),
py = ps.
:
:
px = py = pz = p
(2.2)
g = 0
72
( ).
, .
, . ,
,
,
.
.
p1 dA
2.2 (
d dy) :
dy
F1 + B = F2 F1 F2 = B
p2 dA
p1 dA p2 dA = m g
(p1 p2) dA = g V
dp = g dy
. 2.2.
(2.3)
() (2.3) . : .
(2.3) . ,
, (
).
, (2.3) yo po
, :
p p = g (y y)
p
p
+ y = o + y o = .
(2.4)
: = g .
(2.4) .
p/ [Pa/(N/m3) = (N/m2)/(N/m3) = m]
.
(y = 0)
p = p, (2.4) :
p = p y = p g y
(2.5)
, y ,
(2.5)
( y = 0).
(2.5) . ,
( ) (. 2.2).
: p=p.
( ) g. , (-
p
. 2.2.
73
), .
: , yy' , y . , y ,
, .. h (. . 2.5.2).
1
10, 100 1000 m ( = 1025 Kg/m3).
:
p =101,3 KPa y = 0 m = 1025 Kg/m3
y = 10 m
(2.5) p1 = 201,8 KPa
y = 100 m (2.5) p2 = 1106,8 KPa
y = 1000 m (2.5) p1 = 10.156,5 KPa
10 m . ,
10 m, 100 KPa.
: , (y y0), (h = y y).
(2.5) :
p = p + h = p + g h
2.2.2 .
1
) y.
,
. 1 2 y1 y2
(. 2.2). :
p1 = p y1
p2 = p y2
: p2 p1 = (y1 y2)
:
p = y = g y
y1
y2
. 2.2.
(2.5)
() .
y (y) :
y = (y) = (y) / = V/ = B/
: y,
y .
) .
, ,
. , (p = patm) , , -
74
. , (. 2.2):
P1= P2= P3= P4= P+ g y
(2.5)
. (
) .
) .
(2.5) ,
. :
y = 0 p = 0
(2.5)
ptm
1
y1
p1
y2
y3
y4
p2
p3
p4
. 2.2.
:
y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 p1 = p2 = p3 = p4.
. 2.2.
,
( ), . :
.
,
(p). . :
,
, ( ).
: ,
. ,
. ,
.
(. 2.2), (p1 = p2 = p3 = p)
( ).
:
, , .
, y 0,
(2.5):
p = y = g y
75
) .
:
.
.
( ).
, . , , .
:
, ,
(. 2.2).
' .
( 1 ):
pA = pB
2
,
p1 = p2= p
y=0
pA = p + 1 g y1
pB = p+ 2 g y2
y1
(2.5):
y2
:
p + 1 g y1= p + 2 g y2
. 2.2.
y 1 2
=
(2.5)
y 2 1
: y1 y2 .
2
2.2 (1) ( = 1024 Kg/
m3). y1 = 32 cm y2 = 40 cm, : ) (2) )
.
:
) (2.5) 2 = 1 y1/y2 2 = 819,2 Kg/m3
) pA= p= p + 1 g y1
pA=101,3 KPa +(1024 9,807 0,32)/1000 KPa = 104,5 KPa
) .
(..
), ()
, ().
(2.5):
p = p 1 g y
y = 0 y = y1 : y1
76
. :
p1 = p 1 g y1
(y1<y<y2) :
p = p1 2 g (y y1) p = p p1 g y1 2 g (y y1)
2.2 .
(. 2.2):
, ( ) ( ) .
, , .
p
y=0
y1
p1
p2
y2
. 2.2.
. 2.2.
, .
,
.
(
).
) .
,
.
( ) . ,
g = 0 p = p,
, p.
A2
F2
F1
1 2 1< 2,
A1
(. 2.2). .
1 F1.
:
p = F1/1 = F1/(d12/4)
. 2.2.
77
2, :
F2 = p 2 = p (d22/4)
F2 A 2 d22
=
=
F1 A1 d12
(2.5)
( ),
. d2
d1, F2 = 100 F1. ,
(W = F1 s1= F2 s2).
.
2.2.3 .
) .
.
,
. . ,
. , ,
F.
g :
B
F
g=
=
m
m
, .
. ,
, [. 2.2()].
( ,
, ). ,
:
= g
.
g g.
[.
2.2()]. (2.3) (2.5):
dp = ds
(2.6)
p = p + s
(2.7)
:
s . :
= g 2 +2
(2.7)
y _
s
x
g_
()
()
. 2.2.
78
tan =
(2.7)
2.2:
s = x2 + y2
(2.7)
: y s.
(2.7), pi,
si .
: (2.6) (2.7)
x y:
p
p
dp =
dx + dy
x
y
3
2.2 =1010 Kg/m3
. , 10
100 Km/h. ,
.
:
A
7 cm
: AA = 0,08 m, A = 0,07 m
v = 100 Km/h = 27,8 m/s, t = 10 s, = 1010 Kg/m3
: ymax p, max
:
v = t = 2,78 m/s2
. . :
O
_
8 cm
. 2.2.
, . :
s = cos s = 7,82 cm
(2.7) = 10,2 m/s2
(2.7) p, = 0,806 Pa
) .
.
( ), . ( ) ,
. , . , .
,
. ,
79
( 2.2).
, dm,
r .
dm ( = dm g) F. ,
F= dm , .
,
( F), F:
F = dm
: :
=2 r
: = g+
: = g 2 +2
:
1
p = p s = p g y + 2 r 2
(2.8)
2
: r y
: y=0.
2.2 :
1
2R 2
(2.9)
p A = p gy A + 2R 2 = p y A = h =
2g
2
(V = r2 h/2) h/2 ,
.
: . . ( )
0,34% g.
4
2.2 ,
( = 1024 Kg/m3) .
A
h
O
3 cm
B
7 cm
. 2.2.
4 cm
. 2.2.
80
: ) )
.
:
) .
:
= AB = h/2 = 3 cm = 0,03 m h = 0,06 m
h=
2R 2
2gh
2 = 2 = 27,12 rad / s
2g
R
1
p, = p p = g y + 2 r2
2
3
= 1024 Kg/m , = 27,12 rad/s
y = ( ) = 4 cm = 0,04 m, r = R = 4 cm = 0,04 m
: p,= 1 KPa.
) .
. , . (. 2.2).
,
: .
. , , r.
.
,
.
g
. (2.3) :
dp = dr = 2 r dr
r
:
1
(2.10)
p = p + 2 r 2 ro2
2
: r () r
p.
.
, (centrifugal
g
. 2.2.
81
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
r1
r2
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
. 2.2.
. 2.2.
separators) 2.2.
( g), ( ),
, .
2.2 (de Laval).
5
: )
0,2 m
50%
8000 rpm (. 2.) )
850 Kg/m3;
r1
r2
:
) r1 r2. :
. 2.2.
V = r22 h
:
V = r12 h
: V'/ V = 1 0,5 = 0,5
r2
V'
= 0, 5 12 = 0, 5 r1 = 0, 5 r2 r1 = 0,1414 m
V
r2
= 2 n = 2 (8000/60 s-1) = 837,7 rad/s
1 = 2 r1 = 99.226 m/s2 1 = 10.115 g
2 = 2 r2 = 140.348 m/s2 2 = 14.307 g
) (r2).
(2.10) pmax= 6068 KPa
6
2.2 -
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
r1
r2
A
(2)
(2)
(1)
(1)
. 2.2.
82
1
p = p + 2 (R 2 R 2o )
2
: = 2 n = 2 (5000/60 s-1) = 523,6 rad/s
1
2
2
2
: pB = p A + (R B R A ) pB = 4762 KPa
2
1
2
2
2
: p = pB + (R R ) p = 8532 KPa
2
: , . , ,
. p' = p .
2.3 .
, ( )
, .
1.2.3:
p
=
(1.5)
RT
(2.3) :
dp =
p
dp
g
g dy
dy
=
RT
p
RT
(2.11)
, (2.11) :
gy
cy
p = p o exp
= po e
R T
(2.12)
g
: c =
RT
11 Km 20 Km (T = 56,5 C).
, (y = 0) y 11 Km (),
:
T T b y
T = 15 C
83
(2.6) T T 0,0065 y, :
by
p = po 1
To
g/ (Rb )
0,0065y
= po 1
To
5,26
(2.12)
(2.12) (2.12) .
: (2.12) 0 11 Km (2.12) 11 20 Km.
2.3. ( . ).
R = 287 J/KgK.
60
60
50
50
30
20
10
20,1 Km
- 60
30
20
11,0 Km
, Km
40
- 56,5 oC
, Km
40
10
15 oC
- 40
- 20
0
20
, C
. 2.3.
101,3 KPa
0
40
80
, KPa
120
7
10m, 100m, 1000m,
11.000m 20.000 m .
:
) (011 Km)
p = 101,3 KPa
= 288 R=287 J/KgK
y1 =10 m
(2.12) p1 =101,18 KPa p/p = 0,12%
y2 =100 m
(2.12) p2 =100,10 KPa p/p = 1,18%
y3 =1000 m (2.12) p3 = 89,84 KPa p/p = 11,3%
y4 =11.000 m (2.12) p4 = 22,58 KPa p/p = 77,7%
) 11 20,1 Km (2.12) :
84
2.4 .
2.4.1 : .
2.3, ,
.
. 2.3.
( ),
:
p=101,3 KPa (=1 Atm)
, p .
, p ( ) ( ).
.
1643 Torricelli
(. 2.4) , .
Torricelli
,
,
(
Torricelli, . 2.4).
(y=0) : p = p.
,
y.
. 2.4.
Torricelli.
85
:
p = y p = y
p=0 ()
(2.13)
L y= p/.
( Ly), , , .
( ). (2.13)
:
p = pv+ y
(2.13)
(
20oC, pvHg = 0,16 Pa), .
( ): Hg=132,84 KN/m3.
. 760 mmHg:
760 mm
p=ptm
. 2.4.
Torricelli.
()
()
. 2.4.
) . ) .
86
.
(F=patm A) ,
().
,
. .
2.4.2 .
2
y
1
. . 2.4.
U,
U.
.
. 2.4
. . , ,
,
. , .
2.4 1 1' y1 = y1' p1 = p1'.
(2.5) p1= p1'= p2 (y1' y2) = p2 + (y2 y1)
:
p1 p2 = (y2 y1)
(2.14)
p = y = g y
(2.14)
1
2 :
y = y2 y1 = (p1 p2)/
(2.14) :
(2.14)
,
:
y = y2 y1= (p1 p2)/
(2.14)
( ),
. , ,
( )
, .
U
(. 2.4). ,
. ,
87
.
8
2.4
y = 12 cm,
.
%;
:
x1 .
,
x2= y x1.
:
. 2.4.
.
p
(. 2.4) . , y,
x,
. :
y = x sin
, .. = 30 x = 2 y
,
.
, ,
( ).
Bourdon, 2.4.
.
.
2.4.
2.4.3
.
) , -
y=0
y' = 12,03 cm.
2
y
(y x1) 2 = x1 1
x1 = 0,03 cm
y2
. 2.4.
Bourdon
. 2.4.
Bourdon.
88
()
()
()
. 2.4.
. (), () , () .
. ( ).
) .
()
.
.
) .
) ( ).
, ( ) , :
) ( ) ,
( ). .. -1-2-3-. ( ).
) y , ,
(2.5):
p = y = p g y
.
) ( )
.
pAp 1, 2, 3,
:
pA p = (pA p1) + (p1 p2) + (p2 p3) + (p3 p)
:
) (SI) SI, SI.
) , Pa (=N/m2) :
1 KPa = 1000 Pa = 1 KN/m2
g y (= p) Pa: (Kg/m3) (m/s2) m = Pa. KPa ( ), g y
KPa ( 1000).
89
g y y (= g y),
KN/m3, KPa.
9
,
2.4, -. .
:
1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5
(. 2.4).
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
1
5
32 cm
R=1m
3
10 cm
y3 y4 = y5 y3 = 1 m
: p3, p4, p5
. 2.4.
p2 = 143,8 KPa
0,8
0,6
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3)
p4 p3= 9,81 KPa p4 = 152,6 KPa
p5 p3= g (y5 y3)
0,4
0,2
0
4
110 120 130 140 150 160
Pa
, (2.5):
. 2.4.
p = p5 g (y5 y)
y p 4 (y = 0
m, p = 152,6 KPa) 5 (y =1 m, p =133 KPa)
3 (. 2.4).
10
2.4, .
.
: y1 = 20 cm y2 = 40 cm
:
1, 2, 2', 3, 4, 4', 5 -
y1
4
1
4
y2
2
. 2.4.
2
Y
90
( ):
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 = y3 y4= 0,2 m, y2 = y2 y1 = 0,4 m
: p5
p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) = 53,154 KPa p2 = 154,454 KPa
= p2 = p2' = 154,454 KPa (y2 = y2')
p3 = p2 = 154,454 KPa ()
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) = 1961 Pa = 1,96 KPa p4 =156,4 KPa
p4 = p4' = p5 = 156,4 KPa
: ( )
:
p5 p1 = (p5 p4') + (p4' p4) + (p4 p3) + (p3 p2') + (p2' p2) + (p2 p1) = (p4 p3) + (p2 p1)
p5 p1 = g (y4 y3) Hg g (y2 y1) = g (y3 y4) + Hg g (y1 y2) =
= 55,1 KPa p5 = 156,4 KPa
( ),
.
11
2.4 = /= 0,85:
) (.
2.4).
)
.
:
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
y1 y2= 0,6 m, y3 y4 = 0,8 m, y y = 0,8 m, y y = 2,7 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, / = 0,85 = 850 Kg/m3 , Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p, p, y p .
) p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) p2 = 181,03 KPa
p3 = p2 () p3 = 181,03 KPa
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) p4= 188,9 KPa
p = p4 () p = 188,9 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 195,6 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 222,1 KPa
) , , ( ) (. 2.4). .
y = 0 m, :
(y 0 2,7 m):
p = p g (y y) = 222,1 9,807 y KPa
(y 2,7 3,5 m):
p = p g (y y) = 218,1 8,336 y KPa
(y>3,5 m):
p = p= 188,9 KPa
91
12
2.4
780 Kg/m3.
:
y1 yB' = (0,4 0,14) m = 0,26 m, y1' y2 = 0,08 m, y y2 = 0,20 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 850 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p p
pA pB = (pA p2) + (p2 p1') + (p1' p1) + (p1 pB') + (pB' pB)
pA p2 = (y2 yA) = 1,53 KPa
p2 p1 = Hg (y2 y1) = 10,64 KPa
p1' p1= 0 ()
p1 pB'= (yB' y1) = 2,55 KPa
pB' pB = 0 ()
(1):
pB pA = 6,56 KPa
3
0,6 m
0,8 m
B
3,5
0,8 m
(1)
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
2,7 m
0
185
190
195
200
205 210
Pa
. 2.4.
. 2.4.
40 cm
20 cm
2
1
8 cm
. 2.4.
9 cm
14 cm
215
220
225
92
13
2.4 ( )
. ,
y = 10 cm, .
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 y2 = 0,1 m, y= y
: p p
p p = (p p2) + (p2 p1) + (p1 p)
(1)
p p2 = g (y y2)
(2)
p2 p1 = Hg g (y2 y1)
(2)
p1 p = g (y1 y)
(2)
(1) p p = g (y y2) Hg g (y2 y1) g (y1 y)
p p = g (y1 y2) Hg g (y2 y1)
p p = g (y1 y2) (Hg )
p p= 12,3 KPa
14
2.4.
.
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y y= 0,5 m, = 45, = 0,38 m
pA = 101,3 KPa
: p1
yA y = AB sin yA y= 0,269 m
pB pA = Hg g (yB yA) = Hg g (yA yB) pB= 137 KPa
pB=pB' = 137 KPa
p p'= g (y y) p = p g (y y') p= 132,1 KPa
: , .
, . , ,
. 14 pB>pA p<p.
()
()
1
1
y
2
38 cm
45o
2
. 2.4.
50 cm
. 2.4.
93
. 2.5.
2.5 , .
, . (. 2.5), , ,
.., . .
2.1,
. . ,
. dA p
:
dF = p dA
(2.15)
, (
) :
F = p dA
(2.15)
2.5.1 .
( ) C
, .
()
z, ,
z0. y
(. 2.5):
dA
y
yc
C
A
xc
. 2.5.
94
B x c = x dB (A z ) x c = x (dA z ) x c A = x dA
xc =
yc =
1
x dA
A
(2.16)
1
y dA
A
(2.16)
. ,
,
, . xc yc.
c yc 2.5.1 (. . 102).
(P) .
,
. , .
xp yp.
2.5.2 .
, : , .
) .
( ),
. , , p. (2.15) :
F=pA
(2.17)
,
F ( ) .
) .
, .
.
, ,
(. 2.5). ,
:
F=pA
F = (p + y) A
F = p A + (y A)
F = p A + V
F = F +
P
F
(2.17)
C
(2.17)
. 2.5.
95
,
, .
, :
yP = yC ( xP = xC)
) .
y=0
,
(. 2.5), (.
2.2.1, 2.5):
p = p y = p g y
yc
(2.5)
(2.15) :
C
P
F = (p y) dA = p A y dA
C
P
p
(2.16):
F = (p yc) A = pc A
yp
(2.18)
. 2.5.
: yc,
.
(yc<0) pc .
, ,
.
( ) yp
. F x
C, :
F (y p y c ) = (y y c ) dF = (y y c ) p dA
:
y p y c =
I xc
pc A
(2.19)
: Ixc = y 2 dA , xx . ()
.
, pc,
.
p = 0, pc= yc (2.19) :
yp yc =
Ixc
yc A
(2.19)
:
I xyc
(2.20)
x p x c =
pc A
96
: Ixcy = x y dA x, y
.
, XY = 0
: xp = xC
2.5.1.
) .
(. 2.5).
dA :
dF = p dA
dFo dF ( ). :
d. : dFo = p dA
(2.17)
(2.18) :
Fo = pc A
(2.21)
F = pc Ao
(2.21)
: ,
,
.
F
.
:
F = Fo2 +F2 = pc A o2 + A 2 F = p c A
(2.21)
, , . C hC ( ).
F ( ), x y, C, y
(. 2.5).
F x,
dF:
F y pc = y dF = y p dA
:
y pc = sin
I xc
pc A
(2.22)
:
hp hc = ypc sin
hp hc = sin 2
Ixc
pc A
(2.22)
97
p
hc
hp
p
dF
dF
C
P
dA
dA
dFo
dA
y cp
cp
dA
. 2.5.
. 2.5.
x:
I xyc
(2.23)
p c A
,
, =90.
x cp = sin
: h, :
pc = p hc hC .
) .
. .
,
. dF, dA, , .
F
.
: 1
Fx,
y :
dFy
_
Fx = dFx = p dA y
(2.24)
2.5 ()
(y, z) ()
yz. [ 2.5 z,
(x, y), ,
dFx
Ayx
Fx
Fx
dA
_F
. 2.5.
98
]. p (2.5):
p = p y = p g y
(2.24)
:
(2.25)
Fx = pc Ayz
pc = p g yc .
, ,
.
Fz ( Fx),
,
(y, x):
Fz = pc Ayx
(2.25)
:
(. 2.5,
). ,
:
Fy = B + F = g V + p Axz
(2.26)
, ,
. F , Fy .
(. 2.5),
Fy, .
(2.26).
.
) .
. ,
, (),
,
.
V
Fy
,
Fx
Y
r, L b (.
p
2.5), .
, . 2.5.
, (z, y)
.
99
(x, y) 2.5. F
:
F = pc A = 2 r L pc
:
I
y pc = y p y c = xc
pc A
C
y
: Xc = L (2r)3/12 = 2 L r3/3
,
. ,
() .
F F1 F2
:
F1
y
z
. 2.5.
F2
x
F = F1 + F2
, :
F1 = F2 = r L pc
F1 F2 b L :
r
(2.27)
= F1 / (b L ) = p c
b
(2.27).
,
F1 F2 .
(1 2 ).
p=p+h
E
E
. 2.5.
( ):
F (2r y p ) = F1 2r F1 = F
F y p = F2 2r F2 = F
2r y p
2r
yp
2r
( yp= yc = r F1 = F2 = F/2).
2.5.3 .
a) .
(.. , , , ..). () (. 2.5). ,
:
100
dF = dF dF = (p p) dA = p dA
,
.
, ( h = y) :
p = p
p = p + y
y ( ) :
p = p p = y = p
, , , .
p p'
( ), :
p = (p p') + y
) .
1. ,
, ( ).
:
yc (yc < 0).
pc,
: F= pc, A
:
, .
, (2.19) (2.20)
(yp yc) (xp xc) .
yp , .
, (2.22) (2.23) ycp xcp . (2.22)
hc .
2. ,
.
.
3. ,
.
4. , 2.5.2.
: 2.5
. (, ) :
0 > hc > hp h
) .
,
.
101
. (
),
(x, y), .
, ( ).
(2.5):
p =p _ gy
p = _ gy
F = p dA
()
. ( B B
E
)
.
2.5.
.
.
2.5
. .
, ''.
.
) .
, :
C, ( ) (. 2.5.1): (x, y)
xc yc. yc
,
. , xc = b/2 : b .
, :
.
x :
():
I Xc = y 2 dA
x, y :
I XYc = x y dA
( ).
2.5.1.
. ,
. , b h,
: yc = h/2.
. yc , .
102
2.5.1
.
yc
IXc
IXc
+b
3
h
3
bh
2
1
bh3
36
bh2(2 _ b)
72
b
2
h
2
bh
1
bh3
12
(2 + b)h
3( + b)
( + b)h
2
h3(2 + 4b + b2)
36( + b)
r 2
r 4
4
4r
3
r 2
2
8
9
r4
4r
3
4r
3
r 2
4
16
4
9
r4
2 . sin
3
r 2
r4( _ sincos)
4
b
2
h
2
bh
4
bh 3
64
b
2
4h
3
bh
4
bh 3
16
r
C
C
2r
1
8
4
9
r
r
C
r4
103
, 2.5 :
yc = h/3 xc= (a + b)/3
, :
y = H yoc (< 0)
: 2.5.1 x-y.
. , C. (2.19),
(2.20), (2.22), (2.23) .
, :
I X = I Xc +d2y A
I XY = I XYc +dx d y A
: dx dy .
) .
15
, 2 m
5 m.
:
1 :
(. 2.5).
: = 1000 Kg/m3
AB = 5 m, AA'=2 m
: F, yp, xp.
1. :
yc = AC = 2,5 m
p,c = gyc= 24,525 KPa
A = ' = 10 m2
F = pc, A F = 245,25 KN
2. : P yp:
y p y c =
xoc
b
. 2.5.
y=0
p = _ gy
p,c = _ gyc
1 3
1
3
bh Ic = (AA' )(AB ) I Xc = 20,8m 4
12
12
y p = 3,33m
I Xc =
yoc
I Xc
I
y p = y c Xc
pC, A
pc, A
xp:
. 2.5.
104
2 :
:
y=0
p1
p=p1 _ gy
F = b p,c yc = 245,25 KN
H (x, y) ,
2/3 .
yp = 3,33 m
pc=p1 _ gyc
C
P
C
P
16
1 50 KPa,
;
B
:
. 2.5.
, .
y (. 2.5):
p = p1 gy pc = p1 gyc pc = 74,525 KPa
F = pc A F = 745,25 KN
:
yp = yc
I Xc
y p = 2,77m
pc A
( ,
).
xp : xp = 1 m
17
2.5() ( = 1024 Kg/m3).
2 m.
: ) ) .
:
) [. 2.5()]:
:
y AB
= y AB / 2 =1m hC = (3+1) m = 4 m
2
pC = ghC = 40,17 m2 KPa
y AC =
AB = 22 +2, 52 m = 3,2m
A = (3,2 2) m2 = 6,4 m2
F = pC A F = 278 KPa
105
) :
I
y PC = sin Xc
pC A
1
1
I Xc = bh3 Ic = 2 3,23 m 4
12
12
3m
hC
5m
hp
Xc = 5,46 m4
2.5():
2,5 m
()
: xpc= 0 [.
2.5()].
2m
hCP
F
2,5 m
()
()
0,4 m
1m
1m
. 2.5.
y=0
0,4 m
(2)
200 KPa
1m
C1
C2
1m
()
. 2.5.
()
. 2.5.
()
:
() xy () yz,
y ().
, ( ) (. 2.5):
: yA = 0 m
yB = 0,4 m
y= 1,4 m
y= 2,4 m
3
1 = 800 Kg/m
2 = 1000 Kg/m3
p, = (200 101,3) KPa = 98,7 KPa
(1)
18
2.5 1 = 800
Kg/m3 2 = 1000 Kg/m3.
200 KPa, , 1 Atm.
.
yCP = 0,133 m
2m
106
: F, yp.
, (1) (2) .
1. (1):
:
F1 = pC1 A1
(1)
1 = r2/2 = 1,57 m2
yC1 y = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC1= 0,976 m
pC1 = pA, 1 g yC1 pC1= 106,4 KPa
(1) F1= 167 KN
:
I Xc
y P1 = y C1 1
pC1, A1
8
I Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9
yP1 = 0,981 m
2. (2):
:
F2 = pC2 A2
(2)
2 = 1 = 1,57 m2
y yC2 = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC2 = 1,824 m
pC2 = (pA, 1 g y) 2 g (yC2 y) pC2= 113,83 KPa
(2) F2= 178,7 KN
:
y P2 = y C2 2
I Xc
pC2, A 2
8
Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9
yP2 = 1,83 m
3. .
:
F = F1 + F2 F = 345,8 KPa
: ( ),
:
F1 yP1 + F2 yP2 = F yP yP = 1,42 m
2.5.
107
19
' 2.5 .
:
1. Fx:
0
:
_ 0,4
yz B
2.5 :
= 7 m, = 1 m yCx= AB/2 = 3,5 m
Ayz= (AB) (A) = 7 m2
F1
y Px = y Cx
I Xc =
_ 1,4
F2
I Xc
pCx, A yz
_ 2,4
1 3
1
bh Ic = 173 m 4 I Xc = 28,58m 4
12
12
. 2.5.
E
yPx = 4,67 m
xPx = xCx
5m
2. Fy:
: Fy
:
Fy =BAA'BZE = B1 +B2
Z
7m
5m
(1) :
. 2.5.
A
(1)
B1 = V1 B1 = 97,9 KN
(2) = ' = 5 m:
V2 = r2 L/4
5m
Cx
Cx
Px
Px
(2)
Fx
V2 = 52 1/4 m3 = 19,625 m3
B2 = V2 B2 =192,1 KN
Fy = B1 + B2 Fy = 290 KN
:
. (1)
Z
7m
5m
Py
Fy
B1
B2
Py
. 2.5.
108
Fy2
F=pA
. 2.6.
Fy1
. 2.6.
109
() .
(.
2.5.2):
Fy1 = g V
Fy2 = g V
: V V
.
= Fy = g (V V) = g V
.
( , , ..).
(, , ..).
, , , .
2.6.1 .
, ,
:
F =
().
, :
V= V = V
= g V
=gV
:
= =( ) g V
(2.29)
.
( > ) . = 0 (
). < 0 .
, ,
,
.
.
. , 1000
Kg/m3, 20C, 1,2 g/m3. .
. , , .
, . (
, = m/V).
, . ,
(
), .
110
20
800 85 lt. :
) .
) .
) .
) ;
;
:
: = 800 , V= 0,085 m3,
= 1,2 Kg/m3 ( 20C 101,3 KPa), =1024 Kg/m3
: , , .
) B = m g m = B/g m = 81,6 Kg
= m/V = 960 Kg/m3
) = g V = 1 N ( 0,12% )
) = g V = 853,6 N
) > . F= B = 53,6
N , :
= ' = 800
'= g V' V= 0,0797 m3
V'/V = 0,938 93,8%
21
( ) 500 Kgf.
300 Kgf. : ) ) .
:
: = 500 Kgf = 4905 , = 300 Kgf = 2943 , = 1000 Kg/m3
: V,
) = = = 1962
= g V V' = /( g) V= 0,2 m3
) = /V = 24.525 N/m3
= g = 2500 Kg/m3
(: = ( ) g V = /(g V) = 2500 Kg/m3)
22
10 m 60 cm 1 cm (. 2.6),
15 m. 7200 Kg/m3.
:
:
L = 10 m, d = 0,60 m,
r r = 0,01 m, y = 15 m
=7200 Kg/m3, = 1025 Kg/m3
: W.
O :
V = V V=r2 L r2 L =
= L(r2 r2) V = 0,1854 m3
L
r
. 2.6.
111
B = V = g V B = 13.091 N
= = ( ) g V = 11.230
(F) .
:
W = F y W = 168.440 J = 168,44 KJ
2.7 .
, , , :
( ) .
, ().
(),
F = .
( ), , .
, F = A B.
(),
, ,
. , ,
: = .
.
( ), , .
:
(. 2.7):
=
(2.30)
0:
= 0
(2.30)
, ( = 0) .
, , ;
(. 2.7 2.7)
,
=gV
, d.
=mg
, (, ) = d .
.
. 2.7.
. .
112
,
.
, .
(. 2.7).
, () . (. 2.7).
,
. , ,
.
. ,
M
B
. 2.7.
: (..) ().
B
. 2.7.
: (..) ().
113
, .
, . , 2.7()
2.7() .
(,
, ),
. ,
.
()
()
. 2.7.
) . ) .
2.7.1 .
. .
( ),
(. 2.7). ,
. :
= = g V = g (V+V) (V + V) = /g = m
= m/(V+V)
(2.31)
: m , , V , V
.
. , , :
V= r2 y
( ).
.
.
114
.
. .
.
(, , ..).
, .
. ,
.
Baum ( Baum ). ,
(.. ).
,
(= ). :
= = ( ) g V = ( )/
B
B
(2.32)
. 2.7.
2.8 .
1. 140 Pa; ( = 1025 Kg/m3).
;
[y=3,84 m, p=10,05 KPa]
2. 1005 mbars 400
mm Hg. .
[p=47,18 KPa]
3. 60 m. 98 KPa,
.
[587 KPa, 685 KPa]
4. 780 kg/m3.
3 m 2 m. , .
.
[116,6 KPa, 146 Ka ]
5. 8. 300 20 cm,
, ( ).
[F' = 19.200 N, W = 60 J, s' = 3,1 mm]
115
6. U .
, 10 cm
. 3 cm
.
.
[ = 769 Kg/m3, p = 0,98 KPa]
7. 20 cm 30 cm,
12 cm. : ) . ) 3000 rpm,
.
[) 15,34 rad/s, ) 195,7 KPa, 198,7 KPa]
8. 7, ( = 0,85) 20% ..
20 cm. 6000 rpm, .
[446,5 KPa, 709,5 KPa]
9. 101,35 KPa,
5 m: ) . ) .
;
[) 60 KPa, ) 54 KPa]
10. 1 2.8 .
[p1 = 136,37 KPa]
11. 2.8 0,91.
( = 20) 1 2
. ) L= 5 cm, h=12 cm ,
1 2 . ) ,
1 2 ;
[) 1084,3 Pa, ) 1070,9 Pa, L=0]
2
h
(1)
28 cm
1
L
45 cm
22 cm
. 2.8.
. 2.8.
116
12. 2.8,
. ,
.
[ = 1068,1 Kg/m3]
25 cm
45o
. 2.8.
13.
2.8 .
0,8.
[pB = 106,9 KPa]
14. .
7 ft
12,8 15,5 psi.
SI.
[ = 890 Kg/m3, = 8,725 KN/m3]
15. 2.8
. : )
. ) . ) - .
[p = 215,8 KPa, p = 235,1 KPa]
16. 2.8,
20oC.
) .
)
o
30 C, ;
; (
, 200
KPa).
[P = 310,56 KPa]
17. (
) 2 m
5 m.
[F = 245,25 KN, yp = 3,33 m]
18. ,
38 cm
15 cm
5 cm
B
3 cm
8 cm
4 cm
. 2.8.
3,0 m
2,8 m
2,5 m
2,2 m
2,0 m
0,5 m
. 2.8.
200
pa
3,0 m
2,8 m
2,6 m
A
A
2,0 m
. 2.8.
117
, 50 KPa;
[F = 758,25 KN, = 2,77 m]
19. 2.8
5 m. , :
AB=2,5 m B =1,2 m.
: ) 3 m
. ) ( ).
[) p = 130,73 KPa,
) F = 121 KN, yCP = 0,09 m]
20. 2.8 . =
= 45 = d = 3 m, : ) . )
( ). , ;
[) pA = 168,6 KPa, p =189,4 KPa,
) F = 549,2 KN, yCP= 0,07 m]
ptm
ptm
A
23. 5 m, 4 m 3 m (. 2.8).
2 m .
.
[F = 791 N, yp = 5,07 m, xp = 1,8 m]
24. (D = 8 m, L = 12 m)
(d = 8 cm)
2.8 .
45o
. 2.8.
1,6 bar
3m
. 2.8.
ptm
21. 2.8
4 m.
2 m.
.
[F= 253,5 KN, yp= 3,03 m]
22. 2.8
2 m 1 m.
.
[F= 469,9 KN, yp = 8,68 m]
5 cm
2m
p=50KP
2m
. 2.8.
. 2.8.
10 m
3m
5m
. 2.8.
4m
118
( ): )
. ) 10 m. )
% ; ;
[) F1 = 1972,4 KN, yp = 5 m,
) F1 = 6902,7 KN, yp = 14,29 m, ) 0,0083%, 250%]
25. 2.8, 8 m, .
) .
)
2 cm;
[) Fx = 2956 KN, ) 9052 KN/m2, 9422 KN/m2]
. 2.8.
200
A
26. ,
1 m,
40%
60% . .
1m
3m
. 2.8.
[ = 8534 Kg/m3]
KE 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
120
3.1 .
.
.
. (),
(, , , , , ..). , , , .
.
, , . ,
.
, ... (, ,
) .
, ,
.
( , , , , ..)
.
. , . ( Euler Lagrange
18 ). (
Rayleigh 19 ). .
( Euler, 1940),
.
,
.
( , , ). ,
( )
. ( ,
1 mm3 , 3 1016 , , ,
, ,
8 10-4 mm).
. .
. ,
.
3.1.1 .
) .
, , -
121
( ) , (
). ( ) (..
). ( , ,
..).
,
( ).
. ,
Lagrange, ( )
. (
) . ,
.
, Euler, ,
(, ..). , ,
() ,
. , ,
. , , .
(flow field): . () .
, Euler, .
, , ,
.
( , streamline) , ,
.
, (stream
tube) (. 3.1). ,
.
( ).
.
, ( )
.
(streakline)
.
(pathline)
.
3.1 () ()
. 3.1.
() ().
.
, -
122
()
()
()
. 3.1.
( ).
(control volume) , (
). ,
. ,
, . .
, ,
.
, .
,
). , (Q).
(m
:
= dm
m
Q = dV
m = V
dt
dt
= Q
m
(3.1)
(3.1)
(3.1)
, .
:
=m
(3.1)
m
t
Q=V
(3.1)
123
. , .
.
.
, , , , , ,
... , (..
),
.
.
: , (
). .
, .
, : , .
, , , .
(, , ,
..) .
. , ( ) , .
, .
, ,
(
). , y.
. , ...
() .
,
( , ) .
, .
, ,
.
( ).
( Prandtl o 1904)
( , boundary layer).
,
. V
(
).
.
V
, , ...
. 3.1.
3.1 .
124
, (
, )
. , ,
. ( , no slip condition).
(
) .
,
( )
( ).
(viscid flow). , , (inviscid flow). (
).
, :
.
, (
), .
.
, ,
.
, . (
. 3.3).
, , 3.1. ,
, . ,
. ( ) (laminar flow). ( ,
, . ,
Newton).
() .
(turbulent flow).
.
.
3.1.2 Newton.
. :
, , ,
.
,
,
-
. 3.1.
125
. , ,
,
.
,
(. 3.1). , . .
to F.
:
F = F F
: F .
, F , F = F
F = 0, v. (
, ). -,
, F. ,
( , ), v . ,
:
= F /
.
, .
, F
. , -, .
(
-). ,
,
. .
, (
), (
) ( )
, . :
. v,
, .
0 v. 3.1
F
=F/
dy
v
dv
. 3.1.
. 3.1.
126
.
Newton:
= dv
dy
(3.2)
: .
Newton (
). , dv/dy ( ) . ,
.
,
, F (
) .
(P = F v) ( ).
( ) ,
:
=
F m mv
J
=
=
=
A
At At
(3.3)
: J = m v , F.
, .
.
, (
) ( ). :
, .
, .
3.1.3 .
,
. ,
.
, , ( , )
. , , .
, ,
.
,
dv/dy = F/A (
) (= F/A).
, ( ) : ,
. ,
(. 1.2.7) ( viscosity):
Newton, :
=
: = 0.
,
. 3.1
(1, 2, 3)
: 1 < 2 < 3.
, ,
(
).
.
(3.4)
dv / dy
127
dv/dy
. 3.1.
.
F/A
dy
v
dv
. 3.1.
1
20C. , 30 cm/s, F (. 3.1).
1 cm.
.
:
3.1.2
3.1. :
= dv
dy
, :
= dv
dy
128
2
F , ;
:
= F/A = 3,01210-2 N/m2
y = 1 cm = 10-2 m
= 1,00410-2 Kg/ms
= dv
-2
-2
dy v = y/ v = 3 10 m/s v = 310 m/s = 3 cm/s
= dv
= ' dv'
dy
dy
129
.
. :
.
.
. ,
(Ilya Prigogine, 1977).
,
, , x.
x
. , ()
(. 3.1).
: () ,
.
3
(1)
) .
()
.
.
( ).
,
.
( )
.
.
,
( ) (
). , (
),
( )
(
Reynolds).
Newton:
= E dv
dy
(3.5)
2
. 3.1.
Reynolds.
. 3.1.
, .
V
+5%
_ 5%
. 3.1.
130
, (Newton):
= dv
dy
(3.5)
= ( + E ) dv
dy
(3.5)
,
.
.
. ,
. , ()
.
, . ()
. , ,
. ( ),
( ) .
. .
) Reynolds.
Reynolds 3.1, . ( ),
.
.
.
Reynolds Reynolds. :
, Reynolds. :
Re =
v v
=
(3.6)
: v , l , ,
.
(3.6)
. SI : (ms-1) m /(m2s-1).
Reynolds , . Reynolds
,
( Reynolds).
. ,
l.
131
(), () d. Reynolds :
Re =
v d v d
=
(3.6)
Reynolds 2100. :
Re < 2100.
(2100 < Re < 4000 ).
Re (Re > 4000) . ( ,
Re 2100).
,
, . ( )
:
4A
(3.6)
dh =
L
: L () ( , ).
, Reynolds
.
,
(dh = 42/4 = ).
Reynolds 2100.
,
, Reynolds : Re = 5105 ( ) Re > 5106.
, .
, Reynolds (
).
Reynolds . (3.6) v .
Reynolds (
). , .
(3.6) , (
).
( ),
.
3.1.5 .
3.1.2 , .
, (dv/dy) .
, .
.
, ,
( ,
). , ,
132
,
.
, . .
(. . 3.1.1). , , (
, ).
, ,
, .
) .
. : .
1) : ,
(. 3.1). v.
, , ( ).
y (
3.1). yo v.
.
y ,
v.
3.1
x1, x2 x3 .
( y)
x . x = 0, y = 0. , .
.
Reynolds ,
. ( , x
Reynolds: Re = vx/. , Reynolds
. 5105. : Re < 5105).
, ,
,
3.1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
y
dv/dy, .
v
v
v
v
(,
yo
v
v, .
y
99% ).
2) : x
v ,
. 3.1.
( ).
,
133
. Reynolds
(Re > 5105). , Reynolds 0 ( x = 0)
x. x (. 3.1)
:
v xo
= 5 10 5
x, .
x , (
).
.
,
(x1/2). ,
(x1/2)3 = x3/2.
.
, , . , :
, ,
Reynolds .
, ( ). (
, 0,25 mm).
,
( y
y
).
yo
yo
( , Reynolds
).
dy
.
dv
v
dv/dy
,
. 3.1.
.
, ,
. Prandtl,
v
,
).
,
x
,
. 3.1.
( ).
.
134
) .
() , ,
. ,
X1
X2
,
3.1.
( x1 ),
,
,
. 3.1.
( x2).
.
(yo = d/2)
.
x2,
x2,
, .
Reynolds (Re < 2100),
. Reynolds
0%
50%
100%
(Re > 4000), .
. 3.1.
(.
.
x2), ,
v
.
3.1
.
,
x
x
.
,
. 3.1
,
.
50% (v=vmax/2). , ,
. ,
(
), 80% .
3
20C 2 m/s, (. 3.1). 5 m
;
:
,
135
, . ,
Reynolds. (3.6) x :
Re =
vx vx
=
()
Reynolds x .
Reynolds 5105 Re
>5106.
, x 0 5 m.
1.2.12: = 1,003 10-3 Kg/ms 10-3 Kg/ms
: = 1000 Kg/m3
: v = 2 m/s
() x =
Re
v
Re = 5105 x = 0,25 m
Re = 5106 x = 2,5 m
, x = 0 x = 0,25 m.
x > x = 2,5 m . (
, ).
3.1.6 .
v (. 3.1
3.1).
, . , , (
) , .
. ,
. ( K ,
, ).
, ,
, 3.1.
. , (
). .
, ( -,
).
. , ,
( ). , ( )
( ).
136
3.1
,
. (
)
( . 3.5.3).
B
,
, ,
(
, ..),
( ,
..).
. 3.1.
, .
. , ,
( ).
.
,
:
v2
FD = C D
A
2
(3.7)
CD [
, CD ( 3.1.1)], 3.1.1
.
d
L
CD
. d2
4
L/d = 1
L/d = 2
L/d = 4
0,91
0,85
0,87
d.L
L/d = 1
L/d = 2
L/d = 5
L/d = 10
L/d = 40
0,65
0,68
0,74
0,82
0,98
. d2
4
0,34
. d2
4
1,33
. d2
4
= 60
= 30
0,51
0,34
137
Reynolds.
Re, ()
()
()
(
). Re,
. 3.1.
CD (. 5
CD > CD > CD.
6 ).
CD .
3.1 .
(v ) ,
(), () (),
(CD > CD > CD).
v . .
(,
, ..).
3.2 .
, . ()
. ,
. ,
. ,
, . , ( ). ,
( , , ).
:
, , 3.1.1.
: , .
.
m1 v1
. ,
1
1
,
.
v
, .
Q
A2
(
v2
).
.
.
W
3.2. m2
,
2
. (1)
. 3.2.
( ) 1
.
138
v1 (2) 2 v2.
.
,
.
: . : .
: . , ,
.
(. ), . , ( ),
, .
:
+ = +
: ,
, .
, ( ) . :
= +
( )
:
=
, .
,
( Euler, Navier-Stokes ..). (
) .
, ,
( ) .
, .
,
.
,
. ( ), .
.
,
.
139
3.3 .
) .
v2
v1
A
A
() ,
dV ds,
ds
A1 A2,
(. 3.3). v1
. 3.3.
v2 .
, .
, :
A1 = A2 = A
= m
+dm
m
dt ( :
: m
= dm /dt), m
m
dm
= (dm dm
) / dt) .
( : dm
:
= ds A = ds A m
= V
= 1 v1 A
m
1
1
1
dt
dt
= 2 v 2 A
, : m
= 2 v 2 A 1 v1 A
: dm
dV, :
dm
dm
1 v1 A 2 v 2 A
dp
dm
=
=
dV
dt
dV
A ds
v v
d
1 1 2 2=
ds
dt
d ( v)
d
=
ds
dt
d =
(3.8)
(3.8) ( ) .
( ) , :
( v x ) ( v y ) ( v z )
dp
+
+
=
(3.8)
dt
x
y
z
) .
, :
. ,
.
, . :
140
.
m
dp
dm
=
=0
dt
dV
(3.8) d( v) = 0 dv = v dp
= m
= m
= v A
m
i vi i :
= i v i A i =
m
(3.9)
.
m
. 3.3.
, (.
3.3).
(3.9) :
vi =
m
i A i
=m
i
Ai
(3.9)
,
( = 1/) .
(3.9) ( )
( ).
: (3.9), ( )
.
) .
. (3.9)
:
m
= v A =
Q:
=m
Q=m
.
=m
V
Q
Q = A i v i =
(3.10)
, , ()
.
(3.10) :
vi =
Q
Ai
(3.10)
. , , .
.
, . , ( ),
141
( ) (
). , . (
,
).
(3.10)
. [ (3.9), ].
) .
() :
d2
4
Ai =
(3.10) :
Q=
d2i
4
vi =
(3.11)
v i =
4Q
d2i
(3.11)
(3.11) ,
. , , .
4
887 Kg/m3 3.3.
2 in, 3 in, 1,5 in. .
7 m3/h,
.
:
:
= 887 Kg/m3
dA = 2 in = 0,0508 m
dB = 3 in = 0,0762 m
. 3.3.
d = d = 1,5in = 0,0381 m
QA = Q = 7 m3/h = 7/3600 m3/s
Q = Q
A =m
B =m
+m
.
: m
( ): QA = QB = Q + Q
(3.11)
:
d2i
4Q
Q=
v i = v A =
/ s.
m/s
v A = 0,959 m
4
d2A
142
d2B
: Q =
vB vB = 0,426 m/s
4
2
1
. 3.3.
4Q
v1 =1,33 m / s
d12
2
d12
d22
v1 d 2
[ : Q =
v1 =
v2
= v1 = v 2 / 9 =1,33m / s]
4
4
v 2 d1
v1 =
) ( ) ,
:
V = Q t V= 0,0339 m3/s 600 s V= 20,34 m3
= 1000 Kg/m3
m = V m =20.340 Kg
) Reynolds: Re = v1 d1/v
,
(. 1.2.12) = 10-3 Kg/ms v = / = 10-6 m2/s
: Re = 2,4 105. .
6
60 m/s, 10 bar 900C -
143
A1
A2
. 3.3.
:
(3.9):
= 1 v1 A1 = 2 v 2 A 2 v 2 = v1
m
1 A1
(1)
2 A 2
,
:
p = R T p/ = R T = p/(R T)
(p1 = 10 bar = 1000 KPa, T1 = 900 C = 1173 K) 1 = 2,97 Kg/m3
(p2 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, T2 = 330 C = 603 K) 2 = 0,578 Kg/m3
(1): v2 = 716 m/s
) .
,
. ,
. (. 3.1.5),
( y ). ( 3.9 3.11)
.
dA, : v dA,
: v . ,
.
, :
= dA
m
(3.9) v:
v=
m
A
1
A
v r dA
(3.12)
.
( ,
).
3.4 .
( ),
. .
3.4.1 .
, ( ) (
).
144
: .
,
.
) .
v :
v2
E = m
2
dm dt,
v. :
v2
E = dm
2
m v.
, :
E dm v 2
v2
=
E , = m
dt
dt 2
2
v2
2
SI J/s = W KJ/s =KW.
( )
. :
E , v 2
=
m
2
E ,
Q
E ,
v2
=
/
m
2
145
) .
. dm
:
, = dm g y1
g: y1 .
.
:
:
gy
E
=m
(W, KW)
,
:
,/m = g y1
:
,/mg = y1
:
,/V = y1
(J/Kg, KJ/Kg)
(m)
(Pa, KPa)
) .
( ),
. (
, .
).
,
u ( SI J/Kg KJ/Kg).
dm, :
U = dm u
(u = cvT).
(
), ,
, . , , ,
, . .
) .
,
.
,
. (
). .
3.4, F1 v1
F2
p2
ds 1
F1
p1
dA1
. 3.4.
dA2
146
: F1 = p1 dA
dt : ds = v1 dt
: Wp1 = F1 ds = p1 dA1 ds1 = p1 dV1
: dV1 dt.
( ):
p
=p Q W
=m
dV1 = Q1 dt Wp1 = p1 Q1 dt W
1
p1
1
p1
1
(KW).
:
w=
p
= p (KJ/Kg)
, p/ ( ).
,
: h = u + p/ = u + p
,
p (KJ/m3 = KPa) : p/ (KJ/KN = m).
, . , (
)
: Wp2 = F2 ds = p2 dA2 ds2 = p2 dV2
: Wp = p1 dA1 ds1 p2 dA2 ds2 =
p1 dV1 - p2 dV2
(flow work).
.
, . ,
, . (
), ,
. , W
( ).
.
( ) ,
,
.
.
,
(.. , Wp) (.. , Wt).
) .
, .
, .
147
.
,
. ( , , , ..). (
).
, ,
.
3.4.1 .
3.4.1
.
/t
E/m
E/B
E/V
J
KJ
W
KW
J/Kg
KJ/Kg*
Pa
KPa
* :
m2/s2 = J/Kg
v2
m
2
v2
m
2
v2
2
v2
2g
v2
mgy
gy
m
gy
mu
u
m
mw
w
m
w
=h
g
mq
q
m
q
g
u
g
p
pu
3.4.2 .
3.4.
1 y1, v1 p1. 2 (y2, v2
p2 ).
v2
p2
( = ), :
.
dQ
= E +E
+W
+dQ
E 1 +E 1 +U
1
p1
2
2 +U 2 + Wp2 +dW
U
)+(W
W
) = dW
dQ
( 1 E 2 ) +( E 1 E 2 ) +( U
1
2
p1
p2
:
dW
= dQ
dE +dE +dU+dWp
.
dW
p1
v1
y2
y1
. 3.4.
148
v2
p
m
dW
g y) + d(m
u) + d m
1 = dQ
+ d(m
d
:
dW
(v dv + g dy + du + p d + dp ) = dQ
m
(3.13)
, v , y , u , p ,
: m
( ) dW
( = 1/), dQ
( ).
(3.13) .
(
), :
v 22 v12
p
p
+ g ( y 2 y1 ) + ( u2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q
W
2
2
2
(3.14)
: (3.13) (3.14)
:
:
= E + W
W
E E = Q
E 1 +Q
2
2
1
2
v
hi + 1 + g y i : E i = m
, Q (
) W
( ). :
h = u+p = u+ p
(: u , p , , ).
,
. ,
( )
.
, .
3.4.3 Bernoulli.
.
: 1 = 2 = (3.14) :
v2 v2
p p
W
2 1 + g (y 2 y1 ) + (u 2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q
m
(3.14)
0), ( Q
(u2 u1 0). ( ,
).
149
(3.14),
:
p p 2 v12 v 22
1
m
+
+ g ( y1 y 2 ) = W
2
(3.15)
( , , )
.
(3.15)
( SI W KW).
(3.15) , , (J/Kg KJ/Kg):
p1 p 2
v12 v 22
2
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = w
(3.15)
(3.15) (
),
. (SI: J/m3 = N m/m3
= N/m2=Pa KJ/m3 = KPa):
v 2 v 22
+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w
(p1 p 2 ) + 1
(3.15)
2
( ), (3.15)
=m
g ), :
(B
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h
2g
(3.16)
( SI :
J/N = N m/N = m KJ/KN = m). .
(3.16), p1 p2
v 2 v 22
, (, ), 1
2g
(y1 y 2 ), ,
1 2. h
, .
ht (.. ), ,
hp ( ),
(3.16):
p1 p 2
v12 v 22
2g
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp
(3.16)
: h = 0.
( ).
(..
150
1 2 ),
h 0. (3.10)
:
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = 0
2g
:
p1
v12
2g
+ y1 =
p2
v 22
2g
+ y 2 =
(3.16)
Bernoulli ( 1738):
,
,
.
Bernoulli.
3.4.4 .
) .
, (3.16), (3.16) (3.16)
. .
O p/ ( ) (pressure
head).
O v2/2g ( ) , (velocity head).
y ( )
(elevation head).
, (total head):
H=
p v2
+
+y
2g
(3.17)
, (3.16) :
p1 v12
p 2 v 22
(3.18)
+ y1 + h p =
+
+
+ y 2 + h + h t
2g
2g
(3.17):
1 + hp = 2 + h + ht
(3.18)
.
Bernoulli :
1 = 2 = .
1 = 2 + h
:
1 = 2 + h + ht hp
, h , ht hp .
151
) .
,
y , () ( ) .
p/ .
,
(. 3.4). p/, ()
( ).
.
. : pab = p + p
,
, ( Pitot, . 3.4), . p/
v2/2g (. . 3.5.3, 11). p/, v2/2g.
p/ + v2/2g
p/
. 3.4.
. 3.4.
Pitot.
: y , p/ , v2/2g
Pitot.
. ,
.
(y + p/) ( ) . (. 3.4).
,
. (. 3.4, 3.4).
(3.18) .
3.4
Bernoulli.
, .
, . (
).
152
p v2
H= + + y
2g
pi
i + yi
v i2
2g
p
+y
H=
p v2
+
+y
2.g
h23
hp
h12
ht
h34
pi
i
yi
1
. 3.4.
i
. 3.4.
3.4 (
2) ( 3). hp ht,
h12, h23 h34 .
. ,
3.4, 1-2
(12=h12).
, , . 2 (2'=2+hp). 2-3
(2' 3=h23). 3,
(3 3'=ht). , 3-4: 3' 4=h34. 1 4:
14 = h14 hp+ ht
3.4.5 .
, 3.3:
v=
m
1
= v dA
A A A
,
.
( ),
.
( 3.9),
. ,
.
:
2, 3, 4 5. : (2+3+4+5)/4 = 3,5.
, 3,52=12,25. : (22+32+42+52)/4=13,5.
v 2 v 2 (: v 2 v 2
153
). , . , .
:
2
(3.19)
=v 2
v
, ( 3.16) :
p1 p 2 1v12 2 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h + h t h p
2g
(3.20)
.
( ,
).
, 2: = 2.
: = 1,13 = 1,04.
Reynolds.
Re = 104 = 1,10, Re = 105 = 1,05, Re = 106 = 1,04.
,
, ,
, = 1.
7
10 cm .
1,0 cm :
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
(m/s)
0,00
2,05
2,35
2,53
2,63
2,67
.
:
. 3.4
1 cm
.
() [
, (0+2,05)/2, (2,05+2,35)/2 ..].
(3.12) 1
: v = v :
A
= (r2 r2).
0
2,05
2,35
2,53
2,63
2,67
. 3.4.
154
: v = 1,9 m/s
Reynolds: Re = v d/ = 1,9 105.
: = 1,05.
: , .
3.4.6 : .
, .
.
. ,
, , .
,
.
, . ,
(
), ,
.
:
dW = F ds
:
dW = d
, , :
P = dW/dt
dW , :
P=Fv
P=
(: ).
( ) ( 3.13 3.15) ( ).
P () W
, , (h) (hp)
(ht). :
h = W/B W = h B = h m g = h V g = h V
P = W/t = h V /t
: V/t = Q, :
P=Qh
(3.21)
( ,
g h)
: P = m
155
(3.21) ( Q ).
(3.21) :
Pp = Q hp
(3.21)
Pp ( ). P.
, p:
p = Pp/P
P = Q hp/p
(3.21)
:
Pt = Q ht
(3.21)
.
t (t=Pt/Pt),
:
Pt = t Q ht
(3.21)
SI W (J/s).
KW (J/s).
3.5 .
3.5.1 Torricelli.
1643 Torricelli , , :
, :
v = 2 g h
(3.22)
h .
.
, Torricelli
( Bernoulli) : , ,
.
, Torricelli ( ). , n (
). (3.22) :
v = n 2 g h
(3.22)
8
,
h = 5 m, .
. 0,90;
156
:
A. ( ),
, :
v =
v A
Q
= A = vA
0
A A
p1 v12
p2 v 22
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2
2g
2g
v1 = 0, p1 = p2 = p, y1 y2 = h, : y1 =
v 22
+ y 2 v = max = 2 g h
2g
po = p1 = p2 = patm
v 0 vox voy:
. 3.5.
1
vo
y
2
45
x
. 3.5.
157
Bernoulli 0 1 :
p1 v12
p
v2
+
+ y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g
2g
y=
v 20 v12
y =10,2 m
2g
x1
. :
v1y = v0y g t = 0 t = 1,44 s
x1 = vx t = 20,38 m x2 = 40,76
3.5.2 Venturi.
Venturi (. 3.5) ( ,
) 1 2
( ).
. (
3 : 1 3, ).
10
Venturi 3.5 10 cm 6 cm,
.
1 = 70 cm 2 = 10 cm, . 3 =
66 cm, ;
:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,06 m, p1/ = z1 = 0,70 m, p2/ = z2 =0,10 m.
(3.16) 1 2:
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2g
(1)
: y1 y2 = 0. (h = 0), :
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
=0
2g
(1)
v 22 v12 p1 p2
=
2g
1 2
Q:
(2)
v1 =
4Q
d12
v2 =
4Q
d22
(1) ,
Q. Q:
z1
1
z3
z2
2
. 3.5.
Venturi.
158
2
4Q 4Q
p1 p2
2 2 = 2g
d2 d1
Q = 0,0104 m3/s = 37,43 m3/h
(2) v1 = 1,32 m/s
. :
1 3, :
p1 p3
= h13 h13 = 0,04 m
(Bernoulli), .
Bernoulli ,
( v) :
p A v 2A
p
v2
+
+ y A = B + B + yB
2g
2g
6m
p
p
v2
p
A = B + B A = 7,37m
2g
pA = 73,7 KPa
(
).
175 KPa.
v
B
. 3.5.
159
3.5.4 Pitot.
Pitot (. 3.4.4).
:
p v2
+
2g
y, .
Pitot ( ),
(. 3.5).
12
0,83 3.5 d1=3 in d2=4 in.
,
2 .
:
: d1 = 3 in = 0,0762 m d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m
p1 v12
p
v2
+
+ y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g
2g
: y1 = y2 v1=0 ( ), :
p1 p 2 v 22
=
2g
:
p1 +h = h + p2 p1 p2 = h ( )
(2)
v2
2g
(1) :
v2
m/s
/s
= 2 v 2 = 0,64 m
h
2g
. 3.5.
Pitot.
Q=
d22
v 2 Q = 0,0052 m3/s = 18,7m3/h
4
3.5.5 .
. . .
4 in
. 3.5.
160
.
, (
).
.
.
1
20 m
A
2
B
. 3.5.
13
20 m, 10 cm (. 3.5).
: h = 10 v2/g : v .
.
:
( 3.16) :
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2g
: v1 = v2 = 0 ( ),
y1 y2 = 20 m, p1= p2= patm :
y1 y2 = h h = 20 m
h = 10v2/g v2 = h g/10 v = 4,43 m/s
, :
d22
3
3
Q=
v Q = 0,0348 m /s = 125m /h
4
3.5.6 .
,
( , ..). , . ,
. , .
, hp.
(3.16) hp (ht = 0) :
hp =
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ ( y 2 y1 ) + h
2g
(3.23)
(. 3.4.6), :
Pp = Q hp
(3.21)
,
( , ),
(.. ), (.. ) . (
).
161
14
2
1 bar 2 m3/min
1
6 bar (. 3.5). 20 cm
. 8 cm , 7
cm. ,
,
. 3.5.
.
,
800 Kg/m3;
:
:
p1 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, p2 = 6 bar = 600 KPa, y2 y1 = 0,2 m
d1 = 8 cm = 0,08 m, d2 = 7 cm=0,07 m
Q = 1 m3/min = 1/60 m3/s , = 1000 Kg/m3, ' = 800 Kg/m3
1 2,
:
vi =
4Q
v1 = 3,32 m s , v 2 = 4,33 m s
d12
(3.23):
hp =
p 2 p1
v 22 v12
2g
+ (y 2 y1 ) + h =
2
B
15 m
1
A
. 3.5.
162
= 9,81 KN/m2
v2 :
v2 =
4Q
v 2 = 3,29 m / s
d22
(3.23) hp:
hp =
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ (y 2 y1 ) + h
2g
hp = (0+0,55+15+8) m hp = 23,55 m
( 63,7% ,
2,3% 34% ).
(3.21): Pp = Q hp Pp = 9,63 KW
: Pp/P = 0,70 P = 13,76 KW
. .
(3.16) 3.4.3:
ht =
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) h
2g
Pt = Q ht
(3.24)
(3.21)
3.6 .
1. 60C
, F.
20C ,
;
[v20 = 0,47 v60]
2. 2 cm
163
60 C 1 m/s, .
[ = 2,35 10-2 N/m2 ]
3. 10 Kg 0,2 m2, 3.6. , 1 mm 0,30
N s/m2. .
[0,056 m/s ]
4. 10C 1 m/s, . ( ) 60 cm,
;
[ : x = 0,68 m > 0,60 m ]
5. 8 cm 150 10-3 Kg/ms 900 Kg/m3.
;
20 C;
[79 m3/h, 0,48 m3/h]
6. 6 in 1,5 in.
90 m3/h, Reynolds
. ;
[1,37 m/s 2,1105, 21,9 m/s 8,3105 ]
7. 3.6 800 kg/m3.
. A1 = 0,2 m2, A2 = 0,3 m2, A3 = 0,2
m2, v1 = 2 m/s, v3 = 4 m/s, 1 3 9 m
12 m , .
[4 m/s, 11 m]
8. 5 in 20 m 45 . 180 m3/s. :
h = 2 v2/g.
: )
v
, ) , ) .
[) 169 KPa, ) 107 KPa, ) 138 KPa]
9.
.
10.
10 m, 8 cm.
h = 8 v2/g,
m3/h.
.
[Q = 63,4 m3/h]
11. 3 in, 90
m3/s (. 3.6).
20o
. 3.6.
2
1
. 3.6.
164
. 0,4 v2/g,
(:
). .
, ;
[pAB = 2,1 KPa, pB= 26,1 KPa]
12. 2 m 2 cm. 1,5 L/s. ; ,
; ( ).
[1,16 m]
13. ,
11,5 m. ( ).
[15 m/s]
14. 3.6
, . ; ( ).
[0,133 m, 1,62 m/s ]
15. 1100 Kg/m3 , 1,4 bar. 2 m 4 cm . , .
: ) )
. 0,80.
[) 10,47 m/s, ) 37,9 m3/h]
. 3.6.
h
30 cm
16.
30. 3 m.
; (
).
[15,4 m/s, 10,47 m ]
40 cm
. 3.6.
0,4 m
0,4 m
. 3.6.
165
. 3.6.
[h = 0,37 m]
22.
3.6 3 in, : ) ,
) 0,85. .
[2,5 m/s 41,1 m3/h, 2,7 m/s 44,9 m3/h]
h
1
37 cm
2
. 3.6.
. 3.6.
1 in
. 3.6.
2
8 cm
. 3.6.
166
27. 70%,
5 bar 10
bar, 30 m3/h. 2 m
.
3 m,
.
[56 m, 6,53 KW]
2
15 m
1
A
. 3.6.
KE 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
168
4.1 .
4.1.1 .
(
), :
, , .. ( ). ,
, . (
),
.
.
.
Reynolds (. 3.1.4),
(. 3.1.6). ,
,
, . ( ,
), .
. .
() . , ,
.
, . ,
.
() .
. , .
. , .
, ,
.
4.1.2 .
,
, . ,
, (. ),
. , = 9,807 m (: m ),
45, SI,
.
lb. , (.
) .
169
, ,
(. 1.3), .
, . , SI , ,
(. 1.3.1).
, : ,
. ( ) ,
. ,
. .
, L,
s, l, y, x ... SI
(m), CGS cm ... M m ,
t ,
.
, , ( ). , , L/T = L T 1, , L/T2= L T2,
, Newton
, : M L/T2= M L T2. ,
G :
[G]=L M T
(4.1)
: [G] G , , , , (, ).
,
.
.
() (.. ).
, ( ) ,
. ,
, .
.
4.1.1
.
4.1.1
.
SI
L, l, s, x, y
kg
L2
, S
m2
L3
m3
()
170
SI
ML
kg/m3
L T-1
m/s
LT
, g
m/s2
rad
rad/s
-2
T-1
MLT
F, B
N ( = Kg m s-2)
M L-2 T-2
M L-1 T-2
p, ,
Pa ( = Kg m-1 s-2)
M L T-1
Kg m/s
M L2 T-2
E, Q, W
J ( = Kg m2 s-2)
M L2 T-3
P, Q,
W ( = Kg m2 s-3)
M T-1
Kg/s
L3 T-1
m3/s
M L-1 T-1
L2 T-1
m2/s
M T-2
N/m ( = Kg s-2)
L2 T-2 -1
cp, cv
-2
171
:
(p1 p 2 ) +
v12 v 22
2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w
(3.15)
:
(M L2 T-3)/(L3 T-1) = M L-1 T-2
, (3.15) (/t),
(3.16):
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
(3.16)
+
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h
2g
:
(M L2 T-3)/(M L T-2/) = L
, .
. , , , .
1
1890 Robert Manning,
, .
Manning (BG):
v=
1, 49 2/3 1/2
R S
n
: R , S ( ) n
( Manning).
) ;
) SI;
:
) : L/T = L T-1.
: L2/3 ( S n ).
, .
) 1,49 :
1,49 = n v R-2/3 S-1/2
: (L T-1) (L-2/3) = L1/3 T-1.
1,49 , : L1/3T-1.
( ) : 1,49 ft1/3/s.
SI, :
1,49 ft1/3 s = 1,49 (0,3048 m/ft)1/3/s = 1 m1/3/s
172
SI Manning : v =
1 2/3 1/2
R S
n
: m/s m.
: ( Manning, ),
.
4.1.4 .
, ( ),
, .
(3.16) h :
p1 p2 v12 v 22 (y1 y 2 )
+
+
=1
h 2 g h
h
.
. . , , (
), .
( ).
.
. , ,
,
Reynolds:
Re =
F
F
m
v 2 L2
Lv
=
Re =
(dv / dy) A
vL
: L ( ), v .
, Froude (
), Weber ( ), Mach ( ) ...
4.1.2 .
4.1.2
.
Reynolds
Re, NRe
Froude
Fr, NFr
Lv
v2
Lg
.
()
173
Weber
We, We
Euler
Eu, NEu
Mach
cp/cv
Peclet
Pe, NPc
Prandtl
Pr, NPt
Brinkman
Br, NBr
Nusselt
Nu, NNu
Lv 2
p
kT
cp
cv
vLc p
cp
v 2
hL
(v 2 )
174
, : ,
, ( ), .
, . ,
. ,
. ,
.
:
) ,
, . ,
.
) :
Q = f (Q1, Q2,... Qk)
(4.2)
: Q1, Q2,... Q k , () Q k
.
) ,
. ( , ) :
G = (G1, G2, ... Gn)
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.4)
: Gi, .
C a, b, ... k,
. , -
175
, ,
.
(4.4) :
[Q]=[ Q1]a [Q2]b [Qk]k
(4.5)
j ( j = 3: L, M, T), (4.5),
a, b, ..., k:
,
.
, a, b, ..., k. , . , ,
.
:
2 ( Torricelli)
. h ,
(. 4.1). ( ).
:
1. : v
g, h ,
, .
2. : ,
( 4.1.1):
v: LT-1.
g: LT-2.
h: L
: ML-3.
3. :
v = C ga hb c
4. : , :
L T-1=(L T-2)a Lb (M L-3)c L T-1= La+b-3c Mc T-2a
:
L: 1 = a + b 3c
M: 0 = c
T: 1 = 2a
:
a = 1/2, b = 1/2, c = 0
, :
v2
v = C g1/2 h1/2 = C g h
= C2
gh
2
A
. 4.1.
176
C. ( , ),
C2 = 2.
: ,
. ,
, , m , :
1
mg = mv 2 v = 2gh
2
(. . 3.5.1, Torricelli).
,
. ,
.
3 ( )
, FD (.
3.1.6), 4.1.
D ,
v ,
. ,
;
v
FD
. 4.1.
:
1. : :
FD, d, v, ,
2. : ( )
:
FD
L M T-2
M L-3
M L-1 T-1
L T-1
3. : ( Rayleigh)
:
FD = C da vb c d
(1)
4. : 5: a, b, c, d C.
(1) :
L M T-2 =La (L T-1)b (M L-3)c (M L-1 T-1)d
L M T-2 = La+b-3c-d Mc+d T-b-d
:
L: 1 = a+b3cd
(2)
177
M: 1 = c+d
T: 2= b d
3 4 . ,
( a, b, c) (d):
a=2d
b=2d
c=1d
(1) :
FD = C d2-d v2-d 1-d d
FD =C d2 d-d v2 v-d 1 -d d
FD =C d2 v2 1 (d-1 v-1 -1 )d
(3)
FD = C d v
v d
5. :
Reynolds:
Re = vd/
2
:
= d2/4 d2 = 4/
(3) :
FD = 4C A v 2 Re -d
(4)
(4) . .
( 3),
FD . . FD .
, ( 4.4):
Ci Reidi
FD = A v 2
(5)
: Ci di .
CD:
Ci Redii = f (Re)
CD = 2
(6)
(3.7) 3.1.6:
v2
(7)
A
2
: CD = f (Re), , (. . 3.1.6).
FD = CD
: v2/2 . CD (5).
4.1.7 Buckingham.
178
. Buckingham 1914, ,
, .
,
, ,
:
k=nj
(4.6)
: k , n () j
.
, j=3.
, .
:
f (Q1, Q2,... Qn) = C
(4.7)
: Q1, Q2,... Qn C, .
: Q1aQ2bQkn. j ,
j n . j
, k (n j = k). , k ,
(4.7):
(1, 2, ..., k) = C
(4.8)
i :
i = Q1a Q2b Qkn
(4.9)
v2
v = C gh
gh
=C
= v2 g-1 h-1.
3, (FD, d, v, , ),
(L, M, T). : k = n j = 53 = 2, . , :
d
F
v d
FD = C d v
2 D 2
v d
d v
2
1=
FD
d v2
2
2=
=C
v d
= Re
Buckingham,
179
.
, ( ) .
, , 4.1.2.
, .
4 ( )
, . ,
, .
:
1. :
:
p, d l , () v, . n = 6.
:
f (p, l, d, v, , ) = C
(1)
2. :
:
ML-1T-2
LT-1
ML-3
ML-1T-1
(L, M, T): j = 3.
3. :
:
k = n j = 63 = 3
4. :
. 1, 2 3
. , Rayleigh, Buckingham.
4. Rayleigh: 3, :
p l d v = C
(2)
:
(M L-1 T-2) L L (L T-1) (M L-3) (M L-1 T-1) = 0
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
:
180
L: + + + 3 = 0
M: + + = 0
: 2 = 0
, , , :
= 2 + +
=++
=
(2) :
p l d v-2++ -++ -- = C
p l d v-2 v v - - - = C
(p v-2 -1) (l v -1) (d v -1) = C
p 1 v
2
v
:
d v
=C
p 1 d v
2
v d
=C
(3)
3, ,
(3), :
p 1 d v
,
,
= C
2
d
(4)
4. Buckingham: 1, 2 3 :
(1, 2, 3) = C
(5)
:
= p l d v
(6)
( 4):
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
( 4):
+ + + 3 = 0
(7)
++=0
(7)
2 = 0
(7)
, :
=1, = 0, = 0 = 2, = 1, = 0
(6), :
1=
p
( Euler)
v2
181
() :
= 0, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, =
:
1
d
3:
2=
= = 0, =1 = 1, = 1, = 1
3 =
:
dv
( Reynolds)
p 1 d v
,
,
= C
2
v d
(8)
p = C v 2 F ,Re
d
(8)
4.1.8 .
1: , ,
. = 0, = 1,
= 0 (7).
2: , . , : = = 0, = 1 , : = 1, = 2, = 2 :
4 =
p l2
2
, :
4 = 1 22/32.
= 1, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, = 1
5=
p l
=1 2 3
v
...
:
.
.
.
, , , .
3: , , 3 , .
(7). , ,
Reynolds Euler. ,
Reynolds (Re = vd/), , , (6) ,
182
= Re. : = 0, = 0, = 1, = 1, = 1, = 1.
.
( (7), :
= Re).
, Euler [Eu = p/(v2)], () : = 1, = = 0,
= 2, = 1, = 0.
,
, : , . , ,
.
,
. .
, . , ,
, j.
. (n j = k),
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
5 ( )
h d , g, , (.
4.1). ) . ) h = 3 cm ,
h ,
, , ,
;
:
) .
1. :
h = f (d, g, , , )
(1)
n = 6 .
2. :
( )
h L
d L
g L-2
ML-3
MT-2.
d
h
. 4.1.
183
3. ( ): :
k=nj=63=3
: 3 = ( ).
4. .
: d, g, .
:
1 =
(2)
h
2 = h(dagbc) (L)(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT b = c = 0, a = 1 2 =
d
(3)
gd2
(4)
h
,
= f2
2
d
gd
(5)
(. 1.2.6) (1.17),
:
h
cos
=2
d
g d2
( ).
)
h1
= f2 1 2 ,1
d1
gd2
h2
= f2 2 2 ,2
d2
2gd2
h2
= f2 2 2 2 ,2 =
d2
gd2
1 1
h
2
1
,
= f2
h2 = 1, 5cm
1 =
21g 1 d12
d1
4
: .
6 ( )
wf , L
d , ,
v, (. 4.1).
.
d
, ,
L
. 4.1.
184
:
wf ( ), [/m]=L2 T-2
1. :
wf = f1 (L ,d ,v, , , ).
(1)
2. :
:
:
:
L
d
v
wf
L
L
L
L T-1
L2 T-2
M L-3
M L-1 T-1.
3. ( ):
:
k = n j = 7 3 = 4
4. .
. ,
d ( ,
). L . v, wf . v
. . .
:
= da vb c LaLbT-bMcL-3c = L M T
a=b=c=0=0
:
1 = wf (da vb c)
L2 T-2 (La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c+2Mc T-b-2 = L M T
a = 0, b = 2, c = 0 1=
wf
v2
2 = L (da vb c)
L(La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c+1Mc T-b = L M T
(2)
185
a = 1, b = c = 0 2 =
L
d
(3)
3 = (da vb c)
L(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT La+b-3c+1McT-b =
= L M T a = 1, b = c = 0 3 =
(4)
4 = (da vb c)
M L-1 T-1 (LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = L M T
La+b-3c-1Mc+1T-b-1 = L M T
a = b = c = 1 4 =
vd
(5)
4 :
4 =
vd
vd
= Re
(5)
(1) :
wf
L
= f2 , ,Re
2
v
d d
(6)
: : wf = ghf, hf ( , . . 3.4.3).
(6) :
g hf
v2
= f2 , ,Re
d d
hf =
v2
L
f2 , ,Re
g
d d
(6)
( )
, .
4.2 .
4.2.1 .
. (640-546 ..), ,
, , .
,
.
186
,
(, , , ..),
.
:
) : .
) , :
: .
: .
: .
) : .
) : .
,
, . .
,
() , .. .
, ,
. .
, ,
. , ,
.
;
. :
m= f (m1, m2,... mk)
p = f (p1, p2,... pk),
:
m1= p1, m2= p2,... mk= pk
, , .
: , .
4.2.2 .
.
( ,
). , .
( , ...)
.
:
Lm y m
=
=
Lp y p
(4.10)
187
30 m
3m
10
10
6m
0,6 m
()
()
. 4.2.
1:10.
Sm
= 2
Sp
(4.10)
Vm
= 3
Vp
(4.10)
d1:d2 = 4:1
d1:d2 = 3,5:1
d1:d2 = 3:1
. 4.2.
: ( ).
.
.
,
.
4.2 1:10 . ,
, :
Lm: Lp = 3:30 = 6: 0,6 = Lm: Lp = 1: 10.
10. .
, .
.
, 1:10 . ,
() ... , .
,
.
4.2, , .
188
. ,
, , .
1p
2p
v1p
1m
v2p
v1m=k . v1p
2m v2m=k . v2p
4.2.3 .
. 4.2.
:
,
.
(. )
, .
, .
, : ,
.
.
, .
,
4.2.
.
, , Froude (
, .
):
Frp =
v 2p
Lp g
v 2m
Lm g
= Frm
(4.11)
, . , :
(4.11)
Lm/Lp =
L
= m
v p L p
vm
(4.11)
(4.11)
:
Tm
Tp
Lm / v m
Lp / v p
, , , .
4.2.4 .
,
, . , o .
189
, .
. , .
,
:
Fi.
Fg .
Fp .
Ff.
F.
,
.
. , ,
(. 4.1.4, 4.1.2). .
:
) : , Reynolds
( ) Mach,
.
) : ( ),
, Reynolds.
(.. ) Reynolds,
Froude ( ) . Weber (
) Euler (
).
, Newton
() , ,
:
Fp + Fg + Ff = Fi
,
,
.
4.2 . Fpp
Fgp
Fip
Fpm
Ffp
Fim
()
()
. 4.2.
Fgm
Ffm
190
. , , Reynolds Froude ()
() . .
.
Reynolds Froude ,
. , ( ),
1/2 ( 4.11). Reynolds
:
Re p
v p Lp
p
3
1
v m Lm
v
L
Re m m m m 2 m 2 p
m
p
v p Lp
(4.12)
: m p .
() 1:10, :
= 0,1 3/2 = 0,0316 m = 0,0316 p
, , ,
3,16% , m =3,1610-8 m2/s.
. 1.2.11, ( ) 4 . , Reynolds
. .
Froude, .
, Reynolds
. Reynolds ( ) ( ).
,
, .
.
4.3 .
1. Q L,
:
3
Q = 3,09 L h 2
: h .
ft3/s L h ft. ) 3,09; )
3
SI;
[) L1/2 T -1, ) Q =1,71 L h 2 ]
2. ( ) :
hL =
522 K Q
d4
191
h = 1, 42
L
: L, .
) h;
) ;
) 1,42;
5. : = y
: y .
;
[ , L-1 ]
6. ( )
:
) , v, L, cp
h
) d, , Q, h,
[) , ) ,
,...]
d Q
7. s
g t. s
g, t.
[s = C g t2]
192
8. ,
. .
[P = C Q H]
9. , F
v, d.
: F = f(d, v, ).
[F = C d v]
10. .
, .
p
[a 2 = f ]
P
Q
= f 3 ]
3
D
D
5
13. p, ,
D, , Q. .
p
Q
[ 2 2 = f 3 ]
D
D
14. F, , (D),
(), (), (Q) . F .
F
Q
= f 3 ]
2
D
D
4
15. . ()
(F), (),
(D) ().
.
D2
M
[
= f
]
DF
F
16. ,
, ,
193
. .
[Q = L g
3
2 H 2 f
1
g 2 H3/2 h
, ]
17. ,
, h, g .
) . ( , , g ). ) ;
[)
h
Tg
T g
h
= f , 2
= f ]
, )
18. H Q
, ,
g, h d .
.
h
Q2
[ 5 = f , ]
gd
d
19. , ,
, . .
2
v2
= f 3 2 , ]
dg
d g
20. , D, , ,
v .
.
P
v Dv v
[ 2 3 = f
,
, ]
D v
D
21. 20C. ,
Reynolds.
[v /v = 15,1]
22. 5,6 10-5 m2/s 6 in 250 m3/h.
1:3,
20C, ;
[2,04 m/s]
23. 200 m 35 (knots).
( m/s) 10 m, ;
[2,47 Knots = 0,35 m/s]
194
24. , :
Fm m
=
Fp p
v
m
v
p
L
m
L
p
1:30, 3 m/s
16 Kgf, ( KW) 15
m/s.
[52.974 KW]
KE 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
196
5.1 .
T K . , ,
( ). T K,
. ,
( ).
: (
). .
, ,
: , . , , .
,
. . ,
.
( , ), ,
, .
, , ,
(, , , ,
, , ..).
, .
( ) ,
, , .
,
. , .
(: , ,
Mach 0,4).
, () .
, ,
.
.
:
) .
) , : Q = .
) , : = .
, ( ).
,
:
: (d), (L), ().
: (), (), ().
: (Q), (v).
197
. 5.2.
(5.1) ,
().
( ) d,
v (Re < 2100). ,
, ( , 2100 < Re < 4000).
, (Re > 4000),
,
( , . 3.1.5). .
, , Reynolds,
.
, .
198
. (
), Reynolds
2100, Re=10000.
. , Reynolds .
Reynolds , , . Reynolds
:
F
Re =
(5.1)
F
1
SAE 10, 20C, 8 cm, .
:
: d= d=0,08 m.
Reynolds : Re= Re=2100.
1.2.11 : =110-6 m2/s, =12010-6 m2/s.
vd
Re v
Re =
v=
d
v= 0,026 m/s
v= 3,15 m/s.
2
5 m/s 4 cm.
10 m/s, . ;
:
Reynolds 2100. , 4000:
Re 2100
v1 d
2100 95,3 10-6 m2/s
v2 d
4000 10-4 =100 10-6 m2/s
) .
, 3.1.5,
L , ,
(. 5.2). L,
.
L , ,
: L= F (d, v, , ).
199
L/d Reynolds:
L
d
vd
= F( Re )
v
= F
(5.2)
:
:
L
d
(5.2)
0, 06 Re
p
p
:
L
d
4, 4 Re
(5.2)
: (5.2), :
1
L
0,693 Re 4
d
. 5.2.
(Latzko)
:
L = (25~40) d
(Nikuradse)
, (
Re = 2.100): L,max = 126 d.
, L/d 18 95.
3
3 cm 20 m , 3,5 m/s.
( ).
:
:
d = 0,03 m, L = 20 m,
v = 3,5 m/s,
= 10-6 m2/s ( 1.2.11).
: L
v d
Re =
Re = 105000 = 1,05 10 5
. (5.2):
L/d =4,4 Re1/6 L/d = 30,2 L=0,91 m
L
( , 4,5%).
,
. 5.2,
( ) ,
200
p. 5.2
.
, ,
.
, .
. 5.2.
( ): ) . ) .
) .
L, .
, .
, (. 3.1.5),
.
u r , :
u=0
r = R ( ):
u = umax
r = 0 ( ):
,
. , ,
:
r2
(5.3)
u = umax 1 2
R
,
. , :
r
u u max 1
R
(5.3)
m
v=
A
:
v=
1
A
A u dA
(5.4)
201
: v = 0,5 umax
: 0,5umax < v 0,8umax
,
, v.
A
B
p1 _ p2
)
.
d,
, v ( ).
(
),
(. 5.2). (
)
.
,
1 2,
, r R (. 5.2):
, Fp1:
p1
p2
p3
. 5.2.
Fp1
Fp2
F
. 5.2.
Fp1 = p1 A = r2 p1
, , Fp2 :
Fp2 = p2 A = r2 p2
, , F,
:
F = =2 r L12
( ),
:
Fp1 Fp2 F = 0 R2 (p1 p2) = 2 r L12
p1 p 2 = 2
L 12
r
(5.5)
( ),
, L12. ,
. , , . ,
, .
202
( r=0). ,
, ,
(. . 3.1.4):
= ( + E) dv
dy
: .
5.3 .
, : ( ) ( Bernoulli).
(. 3.3 3.4).
.
5.3.1 .
, Q
:
Q = Ai vi =
(5.6)
: Q , vi Ai i .
() : = d2/4 :
Q=
d2i
v i =
4
, :
vi =
4Q
d2i
(5.7)
(5.7)
,
. Q,
. , ,
. , ,
.
4
5.3 6105 m2/s, 180
3
m /h. : d1= 4 in, d2= 7 in, d3= 2 in.
1, 2 3.
:
:
:
(5.5)
203
,
Q
Reynolds:
v d
Re =
Re1= 2607:
. 5.3.
: (5.7), .
, , ( ). , , . , , (
), ( ).
5.3.2 .
3.4. .
1 , :
E 1
E
v2
p
= 1 = y1 + 1 + 1
mg
Q
2g
(5.8)
(5.8) :
(M L2 T-3)/(M T-1 L T-2) = L
, SI (J/N = N m/N = m).
:
y1
: .
v12 : .
2g
p1
: .
1 2 ,
( ) h, . ,
1 2, h:
p1 v12
p
v2
+ y1 2 + 2 + y 2 = h
+
2g
2g
p1 p 2
v12 v 22
2g
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h
(5.9)
, Bernoulli, .
(. 3.4). , 1 2, (
) ( ), :
204
p1 p 2
v12 v 22
2g
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp
(5.9)
: hp ht .
.
: y1 y2 0.
: p1 p2 0.
: v12 v22 0.
, (5.9) . ,
H, , 1 2
, :
p1 = p2 = patm, v1= v2 0
(5.9) :
y1 y2 = h H = h
1 2 , (. 5.3), :
v1 = v 2 =
(5.9) :
4 Q
d2
p1 p2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
, 5.2, y1 = y2 :
p1 p2
= h
: 3.4, ,
:
( SI W KW):
p p2 v12 v 22
= Q h
Q 1
+
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = W
(5.9)
(SI: J/Kg):
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = w = g h
2
(5.9)
(SI: J/m3=Nm/m3= P
KJ/m3 = KPa):
v 2 v 22
(p1 p2 ) + 1
+ (y1 y 2 ) = p w = h (5.9)
2
(5.9) (
, SI: m) .
p2.A
v
1
p1.A
Ly=y2 _ y1
Lx=x2 _ x1
. 5.3.
205
5
5.3 .
) 2, 1 240 KPa 3 m.
) ;
:
:
) : v1 = v 2 =
4Q
d2
:
p1 p2
(1)
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m
(1)
p1 p2
= 7m p1 p2 = 68,7 KPa p2 = 308,7 KPa.
) (h=0):
p1 p2'
p p 2'
+ (y1 y 2 ) = 0 1
= 10 m p1 p2' = 98,8 KPa p2' = 338,8 KPa.
p2' p2 ].
1
v
2
Q
L=20 m
30o
. 5.3.
Ly
30
. 5.3.
6
5.3 150 m3/h. : =20 m, dA=10 cm, dB=
15 cm. :
() 6,5 m.
() .
() .
206
:
: = 20 m, dA= 0,10 m, dB= 0,15 m
= 30,
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 6,5 m
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 0
() Q = 0.
: pA pB
Bernoulli :
p A pB v 2A v 2B
+
+ (y A y B ) = h.
2 g
(1)
) ( ,
). :
vi =
4Q
vA= 5,3 m/s, vB= 2,36 m/s
d2i
yA yB = AB sin yA yB = 10 m
(1)
p A pB
= 6,5 1,15 ( 10) = 15,35 m p A pB = 150,6 KPa
) , (h=0):
p A pB
= 0 1,15 ( 10) = 8,85 m p A pB = 86,8 KPa
p A pB
p pB
+ (y A y B ) = 0 A
= 10 m
pA pB = 98,1 KPa
5.4 .
, ( ),
.
hf hk .
. ( ) ( , ,
, , ..).
5.4.1 .
,
, , ,
().
, : d,
L , ,
, g:
207
(5.10)
hf = F (d, L, , , , , g)
(. 4.1.8, 6) :
hf =
v2
g
, ,Re
d d
(5.10)
(5.11)
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h f
5.4: y1 y2 = L sin
,
.
:
:
p1 A= p1 R2
p2 A= p2 R2
:
F= w (2R)
: w .
: m g sin = ( R2L) g sin = g R2 ( y2 y1)
, :
p1 R2 p2 R2 g R2 (y2 y1) w (2R) = 0
p1 p 2
+ (y1 y 2 ) =
2 L w
(5.11)
g R
(1) (2) :
hf =
2 L w
g R
(5.12) (w).
.
w
d , ,
v, :
4 L w
(5.12)
g d
p2.A
g . sin
2
g
Ly= y2 _ y1
w = F (d, , v, , )
:
. 5.4.
1
p1.A
208
w
v
= G Re,
(5.13)
(5.12) :
hf =
4 L 2
v G Re,
g d
d
:
f=
v2
8 G Re,
d 2g
d
(5.14)
= 8 G Re, = F Re,
d
d
v
(5.15)
hf =
8 w
f Darcy.
(5.15), f Reynolds (Re = vd/) /d ( ).
(5.14)
:
L v2
(5.16)
hf = f
d 2g
(5.16), DarcyWeisbach,
.
7
6 cm 25 m 60 m3/h.
0,03.
:
:
L = 25 m, d = 0,06 m
Q = 60/3600 m3/s, f = 0,03
: hf
:
4Q
4 (60 / 3600 m 3 / s)
v=
v=
v = 5,7 m / s
d2
(0,06)2
(5.16) :
hf = f
(5,7 m s)2
L v2
25m
hf = 0,03
hf = 22,14m
d 2g
0,06m 2 9,81 m 2
s
5.4.2 f Moody.
DarcyWeisbach (5.16)
, f. , , 20 .
209
, , .
, .
) .
,
. (5.12) (5.16) :
hf =
4 L w
g d
(5.12)
L v2
d 2g
(5.16)
hf = f
:
4 w
= f
v2
(5.17)
Newton (. 1.2.7):
dv
=
dv / dy
dy
dy=dr (y , r ):
dv
dr = dv
dr
w
2
v /2
f
4
(5.20)
210
DarcyWeisbach.
8
100 ft 2 in 0,87 0,1 Kg/(ms). 60 ft3/min.
:
:
Re =
v d v d
=
Re = 1543
L 12
d = 0,06 m L12 = 10 m = 30
= 850 Kg/m3 = 210-4 m2/s
p1 = 250 KPa p2 = 150 KPa.
: () hf, () v, Q.
) 1 2, :
30
p1 p2 v12 v 22
p p
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = hf , v1 = v 2 1 2 + (y1 y 2 ) = hf (1)
2g
y1 y2 = L12 sin30o = 5 m
= g = 8338,5 N/m3 = 8,3385 KN/m3
(1) hf = 7 m.
. 5.4.
211
: 1 2
1 2: hf = 7 m.
: 2 1, (1) ( 1 ). ( ),
.
) , (5.19):
9,81 m (0,06m)
2
32 L
g d2
s
hf =
v v = hf
v = (7m)
v = 3,86 m / s
2
32 L
g d2
32 2 10 4 m (10m)
s
Re =
v d
Re = 1159 < 2300, .
Q=
d2
v Q = 0,0191 m3/s = 39,3 m3/h
4
) .
DarcyWeisbach (5.16). , .
, ,
Moody 1944 .
: ,
Reynolds.
. Prandtl
1935 :
1
f
= 2 log Re f
0, 8
(5.21)
(5.21) .
. , H. Blasius (1913) Reynolds 4000 105:
f = 0, 316 Re
(5.22)
:
Re
f = 1,8 log
6,9
(5.22)
212
0,10
0,08
0,06
0,04
f = 64
Re
1
f 1 /2 = 2
0,02
f=
0,01
103
104
.l
og(
R
e.
1,8 .
log R
e
6,9
f 1/2
)_
0,8
-2
105
106
Re
. 5.4.
( ).
5.4.1
.
(
, )
1
f
1
= 2l o g Ref 2 0,8
f = 0,316 Re
Re
f = 1,8 log
6,9
Reynolds
4000
104
105
106
107
108
0,0399
0,0309
0,0180
0,0116
0,0081
0,0059
0,0397
0,0316
0,0178
0,0100
0,0404
0,0309
0,0178
0,0116
0,0081
0,0060
) .
. , 5.4 (
, ).
, .
, , (. 5.4). .
.
. ,
(. 5.4).
, , , .
213
. 5.4.
. 5.4.
( 700x).
5.4.2 .
, (..
= 0,2 50%).
5.4.2
.
cm
0,0002
50
0,0046
30
0,005
60
0,3
70
0,0046
20
0,015
40
0,012
50
0,026
50
0,0002
50
0,00015
50
0,00015
60
0,001
60
0,0180,06
60
,
. , .
(. . 3.1.5).
, .
, ,
. (/d). /d
214
(. 5.4).
Nikuradse ( ) - d
.
( Reynolds),
. 5.4.
.
.
5.4.
f ,
. , Reynolds ,
(5.21) (5.22) . , Reynolds ,
. , ,
. 5.4,
, (. Reynolds) .
) oody.
Nikuradse . Moody,
, 1944 (.
5.4).
0,10
0,08
0,06
0,04
f
64
Re
0,02
0,01
f=
103
104
1,8 .
log R
e
6,9
Re
. 5.4.
1
f 1/2 = 2 .
-2
log
(R
e.
f 1/2
)_
105
(Nikuradse, 1933).
0,8
106
, f
1.103 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2
Re
64
f = Re
0,008
0,009
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,040
0,050
0,060
0,070
0,080
0,100
0,090
oody.
. 5.4.
3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2
_
Reynolds, Re = v d
3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2
= 0,000001
d
3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2
,
d
= 0,000005
d
0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108
0,00005
0,0001
0,0002
0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,01
0,008
0,015
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
215
216
Moody f. f ( ) Reynolds
( ) /d ():
f = F Re =
vd
,
d
(5.23)
5.4:
/d (..
/d=0,0020).
Reynolds (.. Re=8104).
/d Re.
(f=0,026).
0,100
0,090
0,080
0,070
0,040
0,03
0,02
64
f = Re
0,050
0,04
0,060
0,015
()
()
e/d
0,01
0,008
()
0,006
0,030
0,026
0,0020
0,025
0,020
0,015
1.103 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2
0,002
0,0002
0,0001
0,00005
8 . 104
0,009
0,004
0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,010
0,008
0,05
3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2
0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108
Re
. 5.4.
Moody.
oody:
() [ () (. 5.4)].
Reynolds ( (5.18): f = 64/Re).
, Reynolds 2100
4000, , ,
.
217
0,100
0,090
0,080
0,070
0,050
0,02
64
=
f Re
0,040
0,03
0,04
0,060
0,05
e/d
0,015
()
()
()
0,01
0,008
0,006
0,030
0,004
0,025
0,002
0,020
0,015
0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,0002
0,0001
0,00005
0,010
0,009
0,008
1.103 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2
3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2
0,00001
3 4 5 6 8 1.108
Re
. 5.4.
Moody.
() [ () (. 5.4)]. , ,
. f Reynolds
.
() [ () (. 5.4)].
, .
, .
, ( 5.4), Pigott :
3500
(5.24)
Re =
/d
,
y. :
A y > 5, .
5 > y > 0,3,
.
y < 0,3, .
: y Reynolds (. . 3.1.5, ). y Reynolds.
218
10
6 cm 20C. 20, 40 80 m3/h.
:
:
d=6 cm = 0,06 m
Q1=20/3600 m3/s, Q2=40/3600 m3/s, Q3=80/3600 m3/s.
: f1, f2, f3.
f, /d
Reynolds:
f = F (Re, e/d).
5.4.2 : =0,012 cm.
:
/d = 0,002.
4Q
4 (20 / 3600)
v1 =
m/s
: v i =
2
di
0,062
v1 = 1,965 m/s
v2 = 3,93 m/s
v3 = 7,86 m/s
1.2.11 20C: = 10-6 m2/s
v d
Reynolds: Rei = i
5
Re1 = 1,18 10
Re2 = 2,36 105
d = 10 cm = 0,1 m,
= 2105 m2/s,
v = 3 m/s
: f
5.4.2 : = 0,026 cm.
Reynolds: /d = (0,026 cm)/(10 cm) = 0,0026
Re =
v d (3m s) (0,1m)
=
= 1,5 10 4
5 2
2 10 m / s
Moody:
Moody
(Re= 1,5 104, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0325.
219
12
4 cm
.
:
: d=4 cm = 0,04 m, = 0,026 cm ( 5.4.2).
: f
,
: /d = 0,0065.
Moody
( , /d = 0,0065) f = 0,034.
) .
, .
. ,
. :
, Prandtl (5. 21),
(y > 5):
Re f 12
1
(5.21)
= 2 log Re f 2 0, 8
=
2
log
1
2,
51
2
f
, Reynolds.
von Karman (1930) Reynolds (
, y < 0,3 ):
1
1
f
3,7
= 1,14 2 log ( d )
d
= 2 log
(5.25)
.
Colebrook (1939)
(5 > y>
> 0,3):
2, 51
1
(5.26)
= 2 log
+ d
1
1
3,7
2
f 2
Re f
Colebrook :
Reynolds ,
Colebrook (5.21).
, Reynolds ( )
, (5.26)
(5.25).
(5.26) .
Colebrook . Moody
.
220
, Colebrook
. , .
, 2%, ( Haaland):
1,11
1
6, 9 + d
= 1, 8 log
1
Re 3,7
f 2
(5.27)
SwameeJain (1976) :
1
f
5,74
= 2 log 0,9 + d
Re
3,7
(5.28)
f = A12 + B 8 + C 8
A=
1,5
1
12
(5.29)
64
Re
Re
B=
12900
7 0,9
C = 0,8687ln
0,27
+
d
Re
,
.
,
Microsoft, Excel. ,
( Calk Open Office) .
13
(5.27), (5.28) (5.29)
(20C) 1, 3, 5, 7 m/s:
) 6 cm,
) 8 cm.
:
:
= 10-6
: v =
d = 6 cm = 0,06 m
d = 8 cm = 0,08 m
1 m/s
3 m/s
5 m/s
7 m/s
1 m/s
3 m/s
5 m/s
7 m/s
221
,
(/d) Reynolds (Re = vd/).
Excel (1 4) (.
5.4).
Reynolds ( 6
7) (. 5.4).
( ) f ( 9, 10
11).
f.
/d=
0,00433
Re=
6,0E+04
m2/s
0,000001
d=
0,06
(5.27) f =
0,0307
0,00026
10
(5.28) f =
0,0311
v=
m/s
11
(5.29) f =
0,0311
. 5.4.
. 5.4.
, ( 2, 3 4 ).
, , , .
X 6 cm
A 8 cm
1 m/s
2 m/s
5 m/s
7 m/s
1 m/s
2 m/s
5 m/s
7 m/s
(5.27) f
0,0307
0,0297
0,0295
0,0294
0,0188
0,0151
0,0139
0,0131
(5.28) f
0,0311
0,0299
0,0296
0,0295
0,0189
0,0152
0,0140
0,0132
(5.29) f
0,0311
0,0298
0,0296
0,0294
0,0189
0,0153
0,0140
0,0133
, 1,5%.
1: ( )
/d = B3/B2
Re = B4*B2/B1
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 + (6/3,7) ^ 1,11))) ^2
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 ^ 0,9 + (6/3,7)))) ^ 2
f =((64/B7)^12+((B7/12900)^16+((0,8687*LN((7/B7)^0,9+0,27*B6))^2)^8)^1,5)^(1/12).
2: Colebrook (5.26),
. , , .
14
5.10
Moody.
222
:
):
Moody
) (Re=6,0104, /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,031
Moody
5
) (Re=1,810 , /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,030
Moody
5
f = 0,023
) (Re=3,010 , /d = 0,0043)
Moody
5
) (Re=4,210 , /d = 0,0043)
f = 0,023
Moody
f = 0,019
) (Re=8,0104, /d = 0,000025)
Moody
) (Re=2,4105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 0153
Moody
) (Re=4,0105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 014
) (Re=5,6105, /d = 0,000025)
Reynolds (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Moody
f = 0,0135 .
( ).
3: Moody, , , . , f 1%.
5.5 .
, ( ) ,
( ).
.
(. 5.2).
,
(), ( ), (), .
( ). . , ,
.
,
( v2/2g)
:
v2
(5.30)
hi = K i
2g
. ( ), . , (5.30):
Ki =
hi
2
v / 2g
(5.30)
( ) ,
(5.7). ,
(1) (2) (.
5.5). y1y2. (
), (5.9) :
223
p1 p2
= hi (5.30) :
Ki =
hi
v / 2g
(5.30)
v 2 / 2
: ( ), v
.
, ,
, Reynolds.
, (
).
(5.30), .
(Leq), (d):
=
:
hi = f
L eq
(5.31)
L eq v 2
d 2g
(5.31)
hi = f
L eq v 2
Leq K
v2
= K
=
d
f
d 2g
2g
(5.31)
.
( ).
,
.
h
Ki = 2 i .
v /2 g
. 5.5.
5.5.1 .
(. 5.2 ),
, . .
(. 5.5):
) :
-
= 0,8
= 0,5
()
()
= 0,02 _ 0,5
()
. 5.5.
.
) . )
. ) .
224
. : = 0,8.
) : , :
= 0,5.
,
.
) : ,
, ( ): = 0,020,5.
5.5.
0,5
0,4
d
0,3
0,2
= 1,0
()
0,1
0,0
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
R/d
. 5.5.
0,25
= 1,0
()
= 1,0
()
. 5.5.
.
) . )
. )
.
5.5.2 .
(. 5.5), 1: = 1.
,
(
):
v2
v2
= h = K K = 1
2g
2g
5.5.3 , .
( , )
( , ).
:
) :
45
= 0,4
60
= 0,6
90
= 1,2.
) :
. ,
.
90, 0,2 0,7.
225
1,0
d (in)
1/2
2,0
1,5
0,95
0,64
0,8
/d
=0
,01
0,6
, 60 ,
0,15 0,5 45, 0,1
0,4.
90,
5.5.
45
60, :
45 = 0,60 90
60 = 0,78 90.
,
,
[ ( )]. ,
() 90,
, :
0,5
/d
=0
,00
2
/d
=0
,
/d 001
=0
,00
05
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
90,
1 (1/2") 0,2 (4")
() ,
0,4 0,15.
, 180.
: = 2 (
90, = 2 1,2 = 2,4).
2
3
4
5 6
R/d
10
. 5.5.
90.
v1
v2
. 5.5.
5.5.4 , .
. , .
) ().
. 5.5,
, (
). 1
2 :
p1 p2 v12 v 22
v12
+
= hi = K
2g
2g
226
- (. ):
p1
:
d12
d2
(v1 v 2 ).
p2 2 = m
4
4
= Q
m
d12
d22
Q=
v1 =
v2.
4
4
, :
d2
K = 1 12
d2
h =K
v12
2g
(5.32)
1,0
() (5.32)
.
5.5.
, (5.30)
d1:
(5.32)
0,8
0,6
0,4
d1
v 1 d2
0,2
0,0
0,2
) .
0,8
1,0
. 5.5.
.
1,2
d1/d2=0
d1/d2=0,2
1,0
(). ,
.
, .
( 14).
,
,
. 5.5.
(<30). ,
0,4
0,6
d1/d2
0,8
d1/d2=0,4
0,6
d1
d1/d2=0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
d2
d1/d2=0,8
0
30
60
90
. 5.5.
120
150
180
227
40, ,
( 180).
) .
( ) 5.5. . 1
. , .
, . , 2 ( 1).
vena contracta ,
(.. ).
1
1
2
,
, .
vena contracta,
. v2
v1
5.5.
d2/d1<0,76
:
2
. 5.5.
(5.33)
,
0,1
(
).
) ().
(.
5.5) , .
,
. ,
.
:
= 30, = 0,02
= 45, = 0,04
= 60, = 0,07
,
.
.
0,5
d2
K = 0, 42 1 22
d
1
0,4
0,3
0,2
d1
v1
d2
0,1
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
d2/d1
. 5.5.
d1
v1
. 5.5.
d2
v2
1,0
228
, (5.30) v2 ( d2).
h=K
v 22
(5.33)
2g
:
2
4Q
4Q
d
v2
v2
h = K 2 = K' 1 K v 22 = K' v12 K 2 = K' 2 K' = K 1
d
d
2g
2g
d2
2
1
(5.34)
5.5.1
.
5.5.1
, , , , .
1.
0,8
0,5
2.
3.
4.
0,020,5
1,0
90o
1,2
60o
0,6
45o
0,4
90o
0,2 0,7
180o
2,0
d2/d1 = 0,2
0,45
d2/d1 = 0,4
0,4
d2/d1 = 0,6
0,3
d2/d1 = 0,8
0,13
d1
d2
0,05 0,25
()
229
d1/d2=0,2
d1/d2=0,4
d1/d2=0,6
d1/d2=0,8
0,95
0,75
0,4
0,15
( < 30)
d1
d2
0,10 0,60
5.5.5 .
, , () ( ), ,
. ( ), . , ,
, Reynolds.
(valves) .
, , , ( ) (. 5.5), , ... , ,
. ,
( ), Reynolds.
5.5.2 :
5.5.2
.
,
0,5"
1"
2"
4"
1"
2"
4"
8"
20"
14
8,2
6,9
5,7
13
8,5
5,8
5,5
0,3
0,24
0,16
0,11
0,80
0,35
0,16
0,07
0,03
5,1
2,9
2,1
4,7
4,5
2,4
, . h D. 5.5
(1) (2) .
, ,
, -
. 5.5.
) , ) , ) ) .
230
20
:
18
=90 = 0,2 0,3 ( )
16
=60 = 3 4
14
=40 = 20 30
12
, 10
( ). 8
,
(2)
6
(4
90),
Reynolds.
(1)
2
5.5.3.
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
h/D
(),
. 5.5.
( .
0,04).
,
. ,
50% . , 5.5.4.
5.5.3
.
0,5"
1"
2"
4"
1"
2"
4"
8"
20"
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,24
0,19
0,14
0,10
0,07
2,4
1,8
1,4
1,1
1,0
0,8
0,64
0,58
0,41
5.5.4
.
,
0,17
, (120 in)
4,0 14
. 5.5.2
4 60
. 5.5
, (120 in)
0,03 0,8
. 5.5.2
0,3 60
. 5.5
, (120 in)
1,0 9,0
. 5.5.2
() (120 in)
2,0 2,9
. 5.5.2
2,3 4,3
0,2 0,3
0,3 60
()
231
1-6,5
15
0,07 0,9
. 5.5.3
0,4 2,4
. 5.5.3
0,04
15
5.5., 2 in.
:
,
, , (
) () 90. .
. 5.5.1
0,8
. 5.5.1
1,0
,
2" ()
. 5.5.2
26,9
. 5.5.3
0,9
. 5.5.3
1,4
. 5.5.3
31,2
90 , ()
=21,5
: =21,5
. 5.5.
5.6 .
h (. 5.3.2)
, , ( ) ( )
:
h = hf + hi
Darcy Weisbach:
hf = f
L v2
d 2g
(5.16)
, :
hi = K i
v2
2g
(5.30)
232
, (5.34)
:
2
L
v
(5.35)
h = f + i
d
2g
Ki .
, .
(5.35) :
v=
(5.35) -
h =
4Q
d2
(5.7)
:
f + i Q 2
gd d
(5.35)
(5.35) .
Reynolds ( ),
f ( /d). :
f + i
gd d
(5.35) :
h = Q2
(5.35)
(5.35)
h , d. , :
8
hf =
hi =
Q2
(5.36)
K i Q2
(5.37)
g
d
, :
8
g d4
, 24 = 16 25 = 32 (
f, ).
5.7 .
, 4 :
d2i
Q=
v i = .
:
(5.7)
4
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
(Bernoulli):
(5.9)
2g
233
(DarcyWeisbach):
2
L
v
h = f + i
d
2g
h =
f + i Q 2
gd d
v d
f = F Re =
,
d
Moody:
(5.35)
(5.35)
(5.23)
( Bernoulli) ( ). ( Darcy-Weisbach), ,
.
, , .
, , (5.18) (f=64/Re)
. , .
Moody, 5.4.2: Colebrook (5.26) (5.27), (5.28), (5.29). , .
, f,
Moody.
, :
: L, d, (. 5.4.1).
: , (. 1.2.3 1.2.11 ).
: Q, v, Reynolds Re, f,
i.
: h, (y1y2),
(v12 v22)/2g (p1p2 )/.
( ):
h ( p).
.
.
. , ,
(.. p, y).
, , : Moody (5.18),
(5.19):
64
(5.18)
f =
Re
h f, =
64 L v 2 32 L
=
v
Re d 2g
g d2
(5.19)
, .
2 3 5.4.2.
234
, , .
5.7.1 : .
h, (, , ), ( , ),
Ki, .
, Moody.
( ), (Bernoulli).
16
, 10 cm 50 m 90 m3/h. 4 90.
) .
) y1 y2 = 2 m, .
:
:
L
v
h = f + K i 2
d
2g
Q=
(1)
d2
4 Q
v v =
4
d2
v d
f = F Re =
,
d
(. 5.4)
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
(2)
(3)
(4)
) DarcyWeisbach (1).
: h, f, , v. v,
f Ki.
v ( ):
(2) v =
f:
Re =
3
4 0,025 m
2
(0,1 m)
s v = 3,18 m s
vd
Re = 0,318106 = 3,18105, /d = 0,0026
235
. 5.5, 90 /d=
0,0026, 0,2 0,6. , 5.5.1
0,2 0,7. :
90 0,5 = 4 90 = 2.
:
m 2
50m
(3,18 s )
+ 2
h = 7,73 m
(1) h = 0,026
0,1m
2 9,81m 2
s
) (4).
:
(4)
p1 p2
= h (y1 y 2 )
p1 p2
= 5,73m p1 p2 = 56,2 KPa
: f, Moody,
5.27:
1,11
1
1
6,9 d
= 1,8 log
+
1 = 6,25 f = 0,0256
Re
3,7
f 2
f 2
h
( : L, d, , Q, , ):
1. (5.5), v.
2. Moody, f.
3. (5.35), h.
4. ( )
(5.9).
5.7.2 .
Q, (, ,
), ( , ), Ki h.
,
( , ), Bernoulli.
: , Moody.
,
: h ,
, . .
17
5.7 2
in 50 m. () ()
236
90. .
:
:
L = 50 m, d = 2 in = 0,0508 m,
= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2),
= 9,81 /m3 (. 1.2.3),
=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
y1 y2=15 m.
: Q.
15m
2
. 5.7.
L
v
h = f + i 2
d
2g
Q=
(1)
d2
4 Q
v v=
4
d2
v d
f = F Re =
,
d
(2)
(. 5.4)
(3)
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
(4)
Ki,
( ) .
1 2:
:
1= 0,8
(. 5.5.1)
:
2= 1,0
(. 5.5.1)
() 90:
3=2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
:
4=2 6,9 (. 5.5.2)
:
i = 17,6.
237
, (/d)
Reynolds (Re=vd/). Reynolds, ( :
v Q).
( ,
Moody) ( Q, v, f).
, . ,
.
, Q' h' ( , . 5.7.1). h' h (: h = 15 m)
Q Q'. :
h'> h Q'> Q
h'< h Q'< Q.
, .
:
h' h Q' Q
:
) ():
Q'=60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 8,22 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =4,18 105) f = 0,025
(1) h' = 145,7 m>15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 60 m3/h
Q':
Q = 20 m3/h = 20/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,74 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,39 105) f = 0,0255
(1) h' = 16,36 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 20 m3/h.
Q = 18 m3/h = 18/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,47 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,25 105) f = 0,0256
(1) h' = 13,29 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 18 m3/h.
: 18 m3/h < Q < 20 m3/h. :
Q = 19 m3/h = 19/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,6 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,32 105) f = 0,0256
(1) h' = 14,79 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 19 m3/h.
Q = 19,2 m3/h = 19,2/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,63 m/s
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,34 105) f = 0,0256
238
(1) h' = 15,10 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 19,2 m3/h.
Q. , h' h, : Q' Q. ,
: h' h 0,01 m, Q 19,2 m3/h. (.. h' h 0,01 m), :
Q = 19,15 m3/h = 19,15/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,62 m/s,
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,33 105) f = 0,0256
f = 0,0256
v' (m/s)
Re
h'
h' h
60
8,223
4,18105
0,0249
145,07
130,07
Q<60
20
2,741
1,39105
0,0255
16,36
1,36
Q<20
18
2,467
1,25105
0,0256
13,29
1,71
Q>18
19
2,604
1,32105
0,0256
14,79
0,21
Q>19
19,2
2,631
1,34105
0,0256
15,10
0,10
Q<19,2
19,15
2,625
1,33105
0,0256
15,02
0,02
Q<19,15
19,14
2,623
1,33105
0,0256
15,002
0,00
Q=19,14
239
Reynolds,
, . ,
, Moody ()
. , , () . ,
( f Q).
.
) ( , ):
. Moody ( 5.25), ,
f:
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, ) f' = 0,0245
() :
(1) 15 =
8
9,81 0,0508 4
2
50
0,0245
+ 17,6 Q 2
0,0508
8
50
0,0256
+ 17,6 Q 2
4
9,81 0,0508
0,0508
Q ( : L, d, , h, K, ):
) :
1. () Q'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' () h:
h' > h Q'> Q, 2 Q'.
240
(1)
d2
4Q
Q=
v v =
4
d2
(2)
v d
(. 5.4)
f = F Re =
,
d
(3)
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
(4)
241
: , - DarcyWeisbach (1).
, d, f. Moody
f, Reynolds,
/d. : ()
d' h' ( , . 5.7.1). h
. , :
h' > h d > d' ( d' ).
h' < h d d' ( d' ,
).
(v, f, d) ( , , Moody). ( ,
, , ).
d' =10 cm = 0,10 m
(2) v' = 2,122 m/s
Moody
(Re' = vd/ = 2,1 105, /d = 0,0015) f' = 0,0227
242
v' (m/s)
/d'
Re'
f'
h' (m)
h'h
d (cm)
0,0227
1,96
6,04
d 10
10
2,122
0,00150
2,1210
8,488
0,00300
4,24105
0,0265
53,62
45,62
d>5
0,0244
10,49
2,49
d>7
4,331
0,00214
3,0310
3,316
0,00188
2,65105
0,0237
5,56
2,44
d8
7,5
3,773
0,00200
2,83105
0,0240
7,55
0,45
d7,5
0,00203
0,0241
8,05
0,05
d>7,4
7,4
3,875
2,8710
, (h 8 m)
. , ,
. .
19
5.7, 2 bar. , 25 m.
) ( 0,5 cm),
40 m3/h.
) .
:
:
1
5m
2
. 5.7.
L
v
h = f + K i
d
2g
(1)
d2
4 Q
Q=
v v =
4
d2
(2)
243
v d (. 5.4)
f = F Re =
,
d
(3)
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
(4)
) (1), h.
:
: 1 = 0,8
(. 5.5.1)
() 90 :
2 =2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
:
i = 3,2.
h, 1 2 (v1 = 0,
v2 = v):
(4)
p1 p 2
v2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
h =
(200 101,3)KPa
v2
+ 5m
2g
9,81KN 3
m
h = 15,06
v2
(SI)
2 g
(5)
h, (5) . (1),
:
2
v2
L
v
15,06
= f + K i
2 g d
2g
2
L
v
15,06m = f + i + 1
d
2g
(1)
() d', . ( ):
d' = 10 cm = 0,10 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0012, YET) f=0,0205
(1) v' = 5,626 m/s
(2) Q' = 159,1 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 10 cm
Q'. ( ) ,
.
40 m3/h.
d' = 5 cm = 0,05 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0024, YET) f=0,0246
(1) v' = 4,232 m/s
(2) Q' = 29,9 m3/h < 40 m3/h d > 5 cm
244
d' = 7 cm = 0,07 m
Moody
(/d = 0,0017, YET) f = 0,0225
5,5 cm < d 6 cm d = 6 cm
:
d' (cm)
/d'
f' ()
v' (m/s)
Q'
Q'Q
10
0,00120
0,0205
5,626
159,08
119,08
d<=10
0,00240
0,0246
4,232
29,91
10,09
d>5
0,00171
0,0225
4,915
68,09
28,09
d<=7
0,00200
0,0234
4,601
46,83
6,83
d<=6
5,5
0,00218
0,0240
4,424
37,84
2,16
d>5,5
) (5):
h = 15,06
v2
2 g
(SI) h= 14 m
Q 6 cm:
Q = 46,4 m3/h
d:
245
1: : L, , Q, K,
hmax:
1. () , d'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' hmax:
h' > hmax d >d'. 2 d'.
h' hmax d d'. d' , . 2 d'.
2: : L, , h, K,
Qmin:
1. () , d'.
2. Q' ( . ).
3. Q' Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d >d'. 2 d'.
Q' Qmin d d'. d' ,
. 2 d'.
, . , ,
.
5.8 .
1. 20C 8 cm 5 m3/h. Reynolds : ) , ) SAE 10, ) , ) ,
) , ) .
[Re: 19, 184, 9210, 22105, 184207, 1524]
2. SAE 10 2 in.
: ) 20C, ) 60C.
[) 5 m/s, ) 1 m/s]
3. 60 ft 1 in 20C, 30 l/min. .
[Re = 2,5 104, 3,3%]
4. 5.8, 6 cm 20C 100 l/min. 2,1 3,7 bar .
Reynolds, ( ).
10 m
. 5.8.
246
, ) .
[v1 = 2,284 m/s, v2 = 82,23 m/s, ) p1 = 3480 KPa,
) p1 = 3547 KPa]
d1
6. 2 mm 30 cm,
3 cm3/s.
1,110-6 m2/s,
.
[hf = 25,7 cm]
d2
v1
v2
. 5.8.
12
15
45
. 5.8.
. 5.8.
247
2m
28 cm
13. .
f,
.
5
1
2]
[ Q1
= d
Q 2 d2
14. , 800 m 3 in, 20C.
60 m3/h, .
[h = 133,9 m, p = 1313,5 KPa]
. 5.8.
L2
p1
H2
H1
L
1
15. 150 m
6 in, 0,88 . 5.8.
410-5 m2/s.
8 . 150
m3/h, .
[h = 8,64 m, p = 254,8 KPa]
248
20 m
20
27. 5.8
6 cm. , 2 W.
10.
[Q = 316 m3/s]
. 5.8.
20 m
249
90 .
100 m ( 1),
( m3/h) .
[Q = 11,23 m3/h, hf = 98,35 m]
29. 3 Km 12 in, , 60 m.
, .
[Q = 629 m3/h]
30. 950 Kg/m3 10-5 m2/s,
, 30 cm 100 m. 8 m,
.
[v = 2,54 m/s, Q = 287,5 m3/s]
31. 15 cm, 120 m 0,001 cm, 45o
5 cm. 30 m
,
.
[Q = 320 m3/h, v = 45,3 m/s]
32. 12 m3 , 20 m
1 in.
30 m .
[1h 30 min 10 sec]
33. , 100 m 20C.
40 kPa
2
60 m3/h,
( mm).
[d 44 mm]
45o
45o
. 5.8.
. 5.8.
250
5 m. 100
m. ,
10. 10 l/s,
( )
.
[dmin = 89 mm, Q = 10,2 l/s]
KE 6
6.1 -
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
252
6.1 .
(
) .
, :
( ) Bernoulli ( ).
,
. Newton,
, ,
, .
,
, . .
, , , .
( , . . 3.3)
. ,
, .
, , , ...
Newton, ( ) , ,
:
d m v dJ
(6.1)
F
dt
dt
:
J=mv
(6.2)
(6.1), :
, ,
.
(6.1) :
2
(6.3)
J2 J1 = F dt
1
= F dt
2
(6.4)
-:
, :
(6.5)
J2 J1 =
. ,
( ). , , (6.3) x, y z,
:
253
2
J 2x J1x = Fx dt
(6.3)
J 2y J1y = Fy dt
(6.3)
J 2z J1z = Fz dt
(6.3)
, , , .
( , ), (6.3)
() :
(6.3)
J2 J1 = F t
-,
, .
1
1000 Kg, 100 Km/h, 30,
20 m. )
, .
. ) .
:
:
: F .
) , F
, :
F = m v 2 R F= 38.580 N = 38,58 KN
:
= mg B = 9810 N = 9,81 KN
: F = 3,93 B
) ( ) ,
() . x y.
( )
30o ( . 6.1), :
J1 = J2= m v = 27.778 Kg m/s
:
J1, J2 J1 = 180 75 = 105o
. v2
30o
m . v1
J2
J2 _ J1
J1
. 6.1.
254
:
( ):
J1x = J1 = 27.778 Kgm/s
J1y = 0
J2x = J2 cos 30o = 24.056 Kg m/s
= 2x + 2y =14.379 Kg m s
tan( J1 , )= y
x
(J1, ) = 75o
: (6.3), . , .
, M .
, ,
. , ( ,
). , , (..
, ).
6.2 .
(6.1), ,
. , ,
. . , ( ,
. 3.1.1) .
12
6.2. (. 3.1.1)
.
dA1,
v
1 ( dA1) , dA2
v
2 ( dA2). dt dA1
, dm1 dA2, dm2. ,
dt, :
12 :
--:
dJ2 dJ1 = dF dt
:
dF dt = dm 2 v 2 dm1 v 1
dm v dm v
2
2
1
1
dF =
dt
v1y
v1
1
v1x
. 6.2.
v2
v2x
255
2 v 2 dm
1 v1
dF = dm
= dQ
dm
(6.6)
dQ = v dA
(6.6) :
dF = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA 2 dA 1
(6.7)
6.2:
F = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA1
A2
(6.8)
A1
v 1 1 v 2
2, (6.8) :
F = ( v 2 ) v 2 A 2 ( v1 ) v1 A1
(6.8)
, :
Q1 = Q2 = Q v1 A1 = v2 A2= Q
:
F = Q (v 2 v1 )
(6.9)
, , ,
,
.
(6.9) .
.
( ) () x, y z
:
Fx = Q (v 2x v1x )
(6.9)
Fy = Q (v 2y v1y )
(6.9)
Fz = Q (v 2z v1z )
(6.9)
( .. ),
(x, y) , .
(.. ), x
.
,
. , :
J = Q v
(6.10)
dt
(.. ).
(6.9). , - :
J J
F =
F = Q i v i Q j v j (6.11)
dt
256
(6.11) .
(6.9),
.
2
, 3 cm,
2 m (. 6.2).
,
.
:
: h=2 m, =9,81 KN/m3, d=0,03 m.
: v2, J2/t, F.
, Bernoulli 1
( ) 2 ( ).
, :
(y1 y 2 ) +
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= h
2g
(1)
y1 y2 = h
p1 = p2 = p p1 p2 = 0
v1 = 0
v2
h K 2
2g
(1) v 2 = 2gh
v2
(2)
(K + 1)
= 0,5 (. 5.5.2, )
(2) v2= 5,11 m/s.
. 6.2.
: , :
, , . ,
. v2 ,
J2, , x:
J2x J1x = J2x = J2.
Newton ( 6.1):
dJ/dt =F J2/t =F
:
d22
v 2 Q = 0,0036 m3/s
4
(6.9):
Q=
257
1
v1
2
v2
3
. 6.2.
2 in, 420
L/min. , 6.2
. .
:
:
d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 =0,1016 m
Q = 420 L/min = 0,07 m3/s
= 1000 Kg/m3.
: F
() x. ,
. :
F = Fx, v1 = v1x, v2 = v2x
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x) F = Q (v2v1) (1)
:
vi =
4Q
v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s.
d2i
(1) : F = 18,13 .
( , x).
4
3 in, 0,8 60 m3/h. 90, .
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m, Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/h,
= 0,8, 90.
: F
, ,
x y. .
. (
, . 12
).
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x)
(1)
Fx = Q (v2xv1x)
(2)
1 2 v, .
258
6.2 :
v1x = v
v1y = 0
v2x= 0
v2y = v
:
2
1
4Q
v = 3,655 m s
vi =
d2i
60
(1) Fx = (0,8 1000)
(0 3,655) N Fx = 48,73 N
3600
60
(2) Fx = (0,8 1000)
(3,655 0) N Fx = 48,73 N
3600
(. 6.2):
Fy
Fx
y
. 6.2.
F
Fy
v2
v1
F
y
tan = 1 = 135o
. 6.2.
6.3 .
[ 6.9
(6.9), (6.9), (6.9)],
. , ,
.
. , , : , . , .
, . ,
,
. .
(. 3.4.5). .
,
. , , (
).
, u v .
(6.8), ,
:
J / t = u u dA
(6.12)
A
( , ).
n () , :
u = u n
(6.10) :
259
J / t = n u 2 dA
(6.12)
v, :
J / t = v2 n A = v Q n
:
(6.12)
dA = v Q
,
. , v
:
dA = v Q = v 2 A
:
=
1
2
v A
u2 dA
(6.13)
(6.9) ,
:
(6.14)
F = Q ( 2 v 2 1 v1 )
(6.10) (6.11).
,
. (.
5.2):
r2
(5.3)
u = u max 1 2
R
, :
u u max 1
R
1
1
n
9
5
(5.3)
: = 4/3
= 1,33.
, : = 1,04 ( n = 1/5) = 1,01 ( n = 1/9).
, , =1 ( ).
5
1,26 1,18 10-3 m2/s 2 in, 420 L/min. 1
2
6.3
.
v1
.
v
:
:
d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 = 0,1016 m
. 6.3
260
vi =
4Q
v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s
d2i
Reynolds :
Re =
v i di
Re1 = 148,7 Re2 = 74,3
. 1 = 2 = 4/3 ( 6.12):
F = Q (2 v2 1 v1) F = 30,46
: , : F = 22,85 ,
25%. , ,
.
6.4 .
, ,
.
.
, . , ,
. :
) 1 2 (. 6.4):
(6.15)
Fp1 = p1 A1 n1
Fp2 = -p 2 A 2 n 2
(6.15)
: n1 n 2 1 2 (
- ) p1, p2 1 2.
:
Fp1 = p1 A1
(6.15)
Fp2 = p2 A2
(6.15)
Fp2 , v2.
: , ,
, ( ),
(. 2.5.3).
) , (. 6.4) ( ,
) :
261
Fp2 = _ p2A2n2
A2
n2
A2
F
A1
A1
n1
F
n1
Fp1 = _ p1A1n1
. 6.4.
. 6.4.
, , .
=mg=V=Qt
(6.16)
: , V , Q t .
, ( ) :
t = L/v (:L ). (6.16) :
B = QL / v
B=
d2
L
4
(6.16)
.
(.. ).
) , F .
:
, F ( ), (
). ,
( ).
, . .
, F .
( ). ,
,
,
, . , () .
. ,
:
F = F +F
, :
262
F = ( Fp1 + Fp2 ) + B + F
(6.17)
, . (6.15) :
Fx = (Fp1x+ Fp2x)+Bx+ Fx
(6.17)
Fy = (Fp1y+ Fp2y)+By+ Fy
(6.17)
Fz = (Fp1z+ Fp2z)+Bz+ Fz
(6.17)
, :
F , , (
6.9).
Fp1 Fp2 (6.15),
.
(6.16).
F ,
. (6.17).
, , ( ). F .
F, (
- Newton).
:
1. . (6.9), (6.9) (6.9), , .
2. ()
( ).
3. F, (6.17).
4. -, ,
F:
F = F
, , , .
6.5 .
6.5.1 .
, L d,
Q (. 6.5). F
y,
Fp1
Fp2
.
v
, ,
. 6.5.
.
.
263
x,
.
. , ( ). , .
, :
F = 0
Fp1 Fp2 F = 0
F = ( p1 p 2 ) A =
d2
4
(6.18)
( p1 p 2 )
,
. , Bernoulli.
:
y1 y2 = 0
( )
v1 = v2 = v
( )
h = hf
( )
Bernoulli :
p1 p 2
= hf p1 p 2 = hf
DarcyWeisbach:
8
L
f 5 Q2
2
g
d
8
L
p1 p 2 = 2 f 5 Q 2
d
hf =
(2), :
F =
L
d
Q2
(6.19)
, , .
, . , ,
, .
6
, 2,5 in, 20 m
30 , ( ) 60 m3/h.
.
:
: d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m,
L = 20 m, = 0,00012 m, = 30
= 1000 Kg/m3
Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/s
264
: F, F
x ( 30 ,
6.5).
x
Fp2
1: : F = 0.
2: x
, v
F
x. :
x
F = 0 Fp1 Fp2 F x = 0
(1)
x:
2
Fp1
d
L ( 6.16) = 621,4
4
= sin 30o = B 0,5 = 310,7 N
B=
. 6.5.
Bernoulli,
:
v=
4Q
v = 5,26 m/s
d2
Moody
(/d = 0,0019, Re = 4,18105 ) f = 0,0236
h = hf =
8
L
f 5 Q 2 hf = 10, 5 m
2
g d
(y1 y 2 ) +
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= h
2g
(2)
y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m
p1 p 2
= 10, 5 (SI) p1 p2 = 201.105 Pa
d2
Fp1 Fp2 = (p1 p2) =
(p1 p2) Fp1 Fp2 = 636,9 N
4
3: :
(2) 10 +
(1)
4: -, x : F = F = 15,5
: F , , . (
) .
6.5.2 .
d1, d2 (.
6.5). , ,
. ,
.
( ),
() . x (
265
), : F = Q (v2
v1).
, Fp1, Fp2
F. F. ,
(
),
. 6.5
dFy :
d1
d2
v1
v2
. 6.5.
dF
F
dF
dFy
F = dFx
, ,
.
,
.
. 6.5.
: .
, .
, .
7
, 2,5 in, 3/4
in. 30 m/s.
) = 0,05
, .
) ;
:
: d1 = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m
d2 = 3/4 in = 0,019 m
v2 = 30 m/s
p2 = 101,3KPa
K = 0,05
=1000 Kg/m3
: F
) . x.
1: :
F = Q (v2 v1)
(1)
Q v1 :
d22
Q=
v 2 Q = 0,00855 m3/s
4
v1 =
(1)
4 Q
v1 = 2,7 m/s
d12
F = Fx = 233,4 N
2:
266
x, Fp1 Fp2,
F.
6.5 :
F = Fp1 Fp2 F
(2)
2
Fp2 = p2 d2 Fp2 = 0
4
d12
(3)
Fp1 = p
4
p1 Bernoulli, .
(y1 y 2 ) +
Fp1
Fp2
. 6.5.
p1 p2 v12 v 22
p p 2 v12 v 22
v2
+
= h 1
+
=K 2
2g
2g
2g
p1 = p2 +
(K + 1) v 22 v12
(0,05 + 1) 30 2 2,72
p1 = 101,3 10 3 + 1000
Pa
2
2
p1 = 570.155 Pa p1 = 468.855 Pa
(3)
Fp1= 1485 N
3: :
(2)
4: F . -, , :
F = 1251,5 N
) , : h = 0. ,
Bernoulli:
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+
= 0 p1' = 547.655 Pa p1' = 446.355 Pa
2g
(3)
(2)
Fp1'= 1414 N
F' = F = 1180 N
() , :
F = F F = 71,5
6.5.3 ().
, .
, . (. 6.5).
4,
(x y) . (6.9) (6.9), Fx Fy. (
267
,
z).
.
6.5 x y, ,
. Fp1 Fp2 (
) F.
( . ),
.
8
12 cm, 180 m3/h. ,
45, .
210 KPa.
.
y
v2
v2y
4Q
v1 = v2 = v =
v = 4,42 m/s
d2
xy (. 6.5) (,
):
v1x = v1 = 4,42 m
v2x = v2 cos = 3,126 m
. 6.5.
y
Fp2y
Fp2
F
Fy
Fp1
Fp2x
Fx
. 6.5.
y
v2
v1y = 0,
v2y = v2 sin = 3,126 m
x y
( 6.9, 6.9) Fx Fy (. 6.5):
v2x
:
:
d = 12 cm = 0,12 m,
Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s,
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 45, p2 = 210 KPa
: F, F
1: .
v1 v2 .
:
v1
v2y
45
v1
v2x
Fx= 64, 7
. 6.5.
Fy=+156,3
F = F + F
2
x
2
y
F = 169,2
Fy
:
tan =
Fy
Fx
Fx
. 6.5.
45
268
2: .
, Bernoulli. (
,
, ). : = 0,4 (. 5.5.3):
(y1 y 2 ) +
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
p p
v2
+
= h 1 2 = K
2g
2g
d2
Fp1 =
p1 Fp1 = 1295,7 N
4
Fp2y
Fp2
F
Fy
Fp1
Fx
Fp2x
. 6.5.
F = Fx2 + Fy2
F = 1137 N
:
tan =
Fy
Fx
4 : .
F
6.5:
F = F
:
F = 1137 N
269
6.5.4 .
, .
( , ),
.
, ,
(6.9) (
), (6.11).
6.5 :
J
= Q1 v1
dt
J
= (Q 2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 )
dt
(6.11) :
F = (Q2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 Q1 v1 )
F
Fy
Fx
. 6.5.
d3 v2
Q3
d1
v1
(6.20)
Q = Q
Fx
Fy
Q1
(6.20),
,
F. ,
.
, , , :
45
v3
d2
Q2
. 6.5.
v2
v1
6.5:
130o
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
3
,
. 6.5.
(
).
. .
9
6.5, 120 m3/h.
d1 = 4 in, d2 = d3 = 3 in.
p2 = p3 = 120 Kpa. , o
2 3 .
:
:
d1 = 4 in = 0,1016 cm,
d2 = d3 = 3 in = 0,0762 m
270
Q1 = 120/3600 m3/s
Q2 = Q3 = 1000 Kg/m3
p2 = p3 =120.000 Pa
h = 0
: F
1: .
:
v2
v1
50
v1, v2 v2
:
130o
v3
4Q
v1 = 4,112 m/s,
v=
d2
v2 = v3 = 3,656 m/s
. 6.5.
(6.20) x y. (.
6.5):
v1x= v1= 4,112 m/s
v1y= 0
v2x= 0
v2y = v2= 3,656 m/s
o
v3x= v3 cos 50 = 2,35 m/s
v3y= v3 sin 50o = 2,8 m/s
(6.20) :
Fx = (Q2 v2x + Q3 v3x Q1 v1x)
(1)
(2)
Fp2 = Fp2y
Fp1 = Fp1x
F
Fp3
Fy
50
Fp3y
Fp3x
(1) Fx = 97,90
. 6.5.
(2) Fy = 14,25
2: .
. x y.
p1 Bernoulli:
p p
v 2 v 2
+
= 0 p1 = 118.226 Pa
2g
:
d2i
Fpi = A i p i =
p i Fp 1 = 958, 5 N
4
Fp2 = Fp3 =547,2
6.5. :
Fp1x = Fp1 = 958,5 N
Fp2y = 0
Fp2x = 0
3: .
. Fx
Fy ().
(6.17) (6.17) ( ):
271
4: .
F
6.5:
F = F
:
F = 719 N
6.5.5 .
F
168,6
50
,
F
, ,
v, .
.
,
. . 6.5.
,
v
F
, v2
v1
F
.
, .
, ,
.
. 6.5.
F,
. , F
F.
, ,
, (
, F).
10
10 cm, 4
cm. o 100 m3/h, ,
(. 6.5).
) , .
) , .
( ).
272
:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,04 m, Q = 100/3600 m3/s,
= 1000 Kg/m3 p2 = p
: () F () F/F
) v1 :
4Q
v1 =
v1 = 3,58 m/s
v2 =22,1 m/s
d2
v2 =22,1 m/s .
, yz , 6.5. xy,
, ,
v2 v3=v4=v. , Q/2.
x y 2 :
Fx = (Q3 v3x + Q4 v4x Q2 v2x)
Fy = (Q3 v3y + Q4 v4y Q2 v2y)
: Q2 = Q, Q2 = Q3 = Q/2
v2x=v2
v3x=v4x=0
v2y= 0
v3y=v3
v4y=v4
:
Fx = Q v2
(1)
Q
(2)
(v 3 + v 4 )
2
(1) : Fx = 614 N
(2), v3 = v4, : Fy = 0
: F = Fx = 614 N
2, 3 4 :
p2 = p3 = p4 = p
. ,
F (. 6.5). :
F = F
Fy =
. 6.5.
y
v3
Q/2
v2
v1
Q
v4
Q/2
. 6.5.
) , 12, 7 6.5.2.
1 2
x:
F = Q (v2 v1) F = Fx = 233,4 N
, x,
Fp1 Fp2, F. :
273
F = Fp1 Fp2 F
(3)
d22
Fp2 = p2
Fp2 = 0
4
d21
Fp1 = p1
(4)
4
p1 Bernoulli. :
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
v 22 v 21
(y1 y 2 ) +
+
= h
+
= 0 p1 = p2 +
2g
2g
2
p1 = 339.358 Pa p1 = 238.058 Pa
(4)
Fp1= 1354 N
:
(3)
F (
) :
F = 1354 N
F/F = 0,453
6.5.6 .
, , .
, () , , (, , ..). () .
, , . , (. :
).
( ).
, ( ),
. , .
( ) :
, (
):
p1 = p2 = p p1 = p2 = 0.
11
, 4 cm, 40 m3/h 6.5, 40.
90% .
) .
274
) 3 m/s
;
:
:
v2
v1
. 6.5.
y
v2 = 0,9 v2
v2
() v = 0 () v = 3 m/s.
: ) F, h ) F.
)
( . 6.5
).
1: .
v1
:
4Q
v1 =
v1 = 8,84 m/s
d2
v2 = 0,9 v1 v2 = 7,96 m/s.
xy :
v1x = v1 = 8,84 m/s
v1y = 0,
v2x = v2 cos = 6,1 m/s v2y = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s.
v1
. 6.5.
y
F
v1
v2
Fy
8,2
11
Fx
Fy
Fx
. 6.5.
x y ( 6.9, 6.9)
Fx Fy :
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fx = 30,5
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fy = 56,8 .
2: .
:
p1 = p2 = p
.
, F.
3-4: (. 6.5).
:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8
F =
F2 + Fy2
tan =
Fy
Fx
F = 64,5 N
275
:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8
F = F
v2
v1
h
Bernoulli. :
y1 y2 = 0 p1 p2 = 0, :
v1
v2
v
. 6.5.
v12 v 22
= h h = 0,76 m
2g
) (. 6.5) , x
v = 3 m/s, :
vx = 3 m/s
v1x, = v1 vx = 5,84 m/s
v2x, = v2 cos vx = 3,1 m/s
vy = 0
v1y, = 0,
v2y, = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s
. v1 = v1x, =
= 5,84 m/s:
d2
Q' =
v1 Q' = 0,00734 m3/s (= 26,43 m3/h)
4
:
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fx = 20,16
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fy = 37,55
Fx = 20,16
Fy = 37,55
F =
F2 + Fy2 F = 42,6 N
F = F
.
.
6.6 .
,
( angular momentum).
,
(linear momentum) .
, :
276
L =I
(6.21)
.
m , :
L=I
= m r2
=v
:
L = r (m v)
: r, .
, :
L = r (m v)
(6.21)
: ( , , , ) .
, (6.21),
(6.23) (6.24).
,
:
= r F
r F ( ,
F, ). r, F [. 6.6()].
[. 6.6()].
( ). :
= r F sin
M=rxF
L = r x (m . v)
x
r
x
F
y
()
m.v
r
y
()
. 6.6.
()
277
: .
, , [. 6.6()] :
L = r (m v) sin
(6.21)
: ,
.
( ),
, .
: Newton,
, , :
2
d [r (m v)
]
dL
=
=
L 2 L1 = dt
(6.22)
dt
dt
1
6.2, :
i r v i m
j rvj
= m
:
mi = Qi, mj = Qj
(6.23)
Q i = Q i
:
1 =m
2 =m
= Q :
m
= Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 )
(6.24)
, . ,
xy, z.
x y:
(6.24)
Mz = Q (r2xy v 2xy r1xy v1xy )
(6.24)
(6.24)
( ) , ,
z. , (6.24) .
. , ,
.
, ,
.
278
, ,
.
12
6.6, 1 2 . 1 290 KPa 2, 220 KPa.
90 m3/h , 3 in.
h1 = 10 cm, h2 = 30 cm.
:
:
h2 = 0,3 m
: MA
, :
4Q
v1 = v2 = v = 5,48 m/s
d2
(6.24) 1 2
:
(1)
M = Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 )
v=
xy,
: = z
r v hv, h
. (1) :
= Q (h2 v2 h1 v1)= Q v (h2 h1)
: = 27,4 Nm.
,
1 2
. (:
):
= Fp1 h1 Fp2 h2 + MA
(2)
d2
Fp1 =
p1 Fp1 = 1322,5 N
4
Fp2 =
h1
h2
. 6.6.
d2
p2 Fp2 = 1003,3 N
4
. 6.6.
279
5 mm , 40o
. :
) .
) o .
) .
) 35 rpm.
:
:
R = 0,16 m
po, = 30 KPa
: ) v,
d = 0,005 m
= 40
) = 0,
) =35 rpm.
) .
, :
Q = Q/2= 8,3310-5 m3/s
v=
4Q
v = 4,24 m/s
d2
)
.
M :
(1)
M + M = 0
: .
40. xy (. 6.6):
vxy = v cos = 3,25 m/s.
v
xy ( 6.6):
v1xy = v 2xy
vz
z
: v1z = v 2z
: r1 = r2 = R, r1 = r2
vxy
.
, (6.23) :
1 r1 v 1 + m
2 r2 v 2 m
o ro v o
M = m
= (Q1 r 1 v1 + Q 2 r2 v 2 Q o ro v o )
: 1 2 ()
0 .
: Q1 = Q2 = Q/2, ro = 0, :
Q
= ( r1 v1 + r2 v 2 )
2
xy
z:
. 6.6.
vxy
vxy
. 6.6.
280
Q
= (r1 v1xy + r2 v 2xy + r1 v1z + r2 v 2z )
2
: r1 v1z + r2 v 2z = r1 v1z +( r2 ) v 2z = 0
= Q r1 v1xy
(2)
= 0,0864 Nm
,
, (. 6.6).
,
:
(1)
M
=
)
, .
, (v = R),
vxy (. 6.6). xy :
v1xy, = v1xy v = v1xy R
(2) :
= Q r1 (v1xy v )
(3)
: = Q R (v1xy R )
(4)
( ). :
= 0 v1xy R =0 v1xy = R = v1xy/R = 20,3 rad/s = 193,9 rpm
) = 30 rpm = 30 2/60 rad/s = rad/s
M (. 6.6), :
+M = 0
= = Q R (v1xy R )
(4)
v2
r2
r1
. 6.6.
r2
r1
=0
v2
r2
r1
v1
v2
v1
= 0
. 6.6.
v1
. 6.6.
281
6.7 .
T K . ,
Bernoulli. ,
, (
: ). , ,
. , , .
6.7.1 Reynolds.
(. 3.2), (
, , ), :
= +
.
(control volume, cv) . , , ( ).
dm d.
, :
= d dm
(6.25)
d = dm = dV
, sys , :
sys =
dV
(6.26)
sys
, :
) , t : cv
( , ).
) , , .
) , .
sys = cv +
:
d
d
d
d
dt = dt + dt dt
sys
cv
:
=
dV + v d v d
dt sys t cv
(6.27)
(6.27) Reynolds. , , , , , .
, .
6.7.2 .
m, :
= dm
dm
=1
, (6.27) :
282
dV + v d v d = 0
t cv
(6.28)
:
. , .
(6.28) :
v d =
v d
(6.28)
, = = (6.28) :
v d =
v d
(6.28)
(. 3.3).
6.7.3 .
= = e ( ).
: (dE / dt)sys = Q W
. (6.27) :
W
= e dV + e v d
Q
e v d
t cv
A
(6.29)
: e = u + v2/2 + g y
3.4.3 ,
Bernoulli.
6.7.4 .
, : = J = m v , = v
Reynolds , :
d(m v)
F =
= v dV + v v d v v d
dt sys t cv
A
A
v dm
F = v dV + v dm
t cv
A
(6.30)
. , , . x :
v x dm
F = v dV + v x dm
(6.30)
t cv
A
, :
v dV = 0
t cv
:
F =
dm
dm
(6.30)
(6.30), (6.9), (.
6.2).
283
(6.30) ( . ). , :
v dm
F dm cv = v dV + v dm
(6.30)
t cv
cv
A
A
6.7.5 .
:
= L = r (mv) = r v
Reynolds :
r v dm
M = r v dV + r v dm
t cv
A
(6.31)
r v dV = 0 :
t cv
M =
rv
dm
rv
dm
(6.31)
, , (6.24).
,
( 11 6.5.6).
6.7.6 .
,
, ,
. :
:
u u u
+ ux
+ uy
+ uz
+ x + y + z = 0
t
x
y
z
y
z
x
(6.32)
, = :
u x u y u z
+
+
=0
x
y
z
:
g x
g y
g z
p
x
p
y
p
z
x
y
y
y
yy
y
yz
y
(6.32)
u
u
u
u
ux u y uz
z
x
y
z
t
(6.33)
u y
u y
u y
u y
ux
uy
uz
z
x
y
z
t
(6.33)
u z
u
u
u
ux z u y z uz z
z
x
y
z
t
(6.33)
zy
zz
NavierStokes:
Navier Stokes
:
284
g x
2u
2u
u
u
u
2u
p
u
2x 2x 2x x u x u y u z
x
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
(6.34)
g y
2u
2u
u
u
u
2u
u
p
2y 2y 2y y u x y u y y u z y
y
y
z
x
y
z
t
x
(6.34)
g z
2u
2u
2u
p
2z 2z 2z
z
y
z
x
(6.34)
u
u
u
u z
ux z u y z uz z
t
x
y
NavierStokes
, . . .
,
. , .
6.8 .
1. 1 in,
3 m (. 6.8).
: ) ) =
0,5.
[) 7,67 m/s, 29,8 N, ) 6,26 m/s, 19,9 N]
2. 0,8 10-5 m2/s,
, 3 in 20 m 30 .
60 m3/h, ,
.
[Fx = 174 N, Fy = 620 N]
3. 12 cm 5 cm.
80 m3/h 0,05.
, .
[F=2123 N]
4. , 3 in,
1,5 in . 2 bar. = 0,05, : ) ( m3/h) ,
)
.
[) Q = 82,6 m3/h v = 20,1 m/s, ) F= 565,7 N]
5. 6.8 d1 =12 in d2
= 6 in, 2,6 bar 16 m/s.
z
.
[F= 11767 N]
6. d1 = 6 cm d2 = 4 cm,
3m
2
v2
. 6.8.
d1
v1
. 6.8.
d2
v2
285
v2 = 8 m/s.
500 KPa. ,
, .
= 10 Kg/s, F = 836 N]
[v1 = 3,56 m/s, m
d1
v1
d2
h
. 6.8.
8. 6.8 (orifice)
. 10 cm 6 cm
1900 L/min, 145 KPa.
orifice .
[F = 912 N, K = 1,4]
9. 90 KPa
8 cm, 500 KPa
5 cm (. 6.8). 80 m3/h,
.
[F = 1108 N, hp = 46 m]
v2
2
v1
v2
. 6.8.
V2
V1
. 6.8.
10. 5 cm 6 m/s.
,
8 cm.
300 KPa.
.
=11,78 Kg/s, F = 904 N]
[m
. 6.8.
V2
V1
. 6.8.
286
50 cm
50 cm
= 40.
10 cm 3 cm. 50
m3/h 1 2,3 bar. 1 (
).
[F = 2060 N, = 175,6]
V2
. 6.8.
V
[F =14.745 N, = 76 , = 1768 m]
v
15. , 3 cm,
6.8.
23 , ;
[v = 5,7 m/s]
. 6.8.
19. 6.8 5 cm
.
700 , .
= 37,1 Kg/s]
[v =18,9 m/s, m
vc
. 6.8.
V
v
. 6.8.
v
v
. 6.8.
287
20. 6.8,
,
. .
.
[Q1/Q2= (1+cos )/(1cos )]
21. 5 cm 1,5 m3/min
45 . .
[F = 225 N]
V1
F
v2
. 6.8.
v
v
. 6.8.
23. 6.8 ,
4 cm 8 m/s,
=
60. h,
.
[h = 4,9 m, F = 40,2 N, A=69,6 N]
. 6.8.
v
. 6.8.
V
[ = 10,5 ]
26. 6.8,
.
: d1 = 6 in, d2 = 3 in, d3 = 4 in 2 3 1: 2 = 30, 3 =
40. 110 m3/h
. 6.8.
288
1 170 KPa, : )
2 3, )
.
[) p2 =165,8 KPa, p3 =169,6 KPa, ) F = 2083 N]
27. 6.8,
,
, R
. ,
,
( )
.
[ = Q R2 ]
28. 6.8, 16 cm, 12 L/min, .
8 mm, : )
)
.
[) 0,166 Nm, ) 310 rpm]
29. (. 6.8)
15 cm,
1 cm,
1,7 m3/h. = 20 (:
), ( rpm): ) o , ) o
25%
.
[) = 360 rpm, ) = 270 rpm]
30. 200 L/min
1 in ,
6.8, h= 10 cm.
1 2 200 KPa 165 KPa .
A.
[=10,6 Nm]
31. 6.8
30 Kg/s. 8 cm
4 cm. =0,2 , 1
h = 12 m.
[p1, = 144 KPa, MA = 96,4 Nm]
v2
1
v1
3
3
. 6.8.
v3
v
R
vo
. 6.8.
. 6.8.
. 6.8.
. 6.8.
. 6.8.
1
v2
h
KE 7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
290
7.1 .
, .
,
, .
( )
( , , ..).
, . .
.
.
. : , ,
, ..
, () :
, ( ), (), (, ), (, , ),
(, , ..).
, .
, . ,
( ). ,
,
. ( )
().
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
. , , .
, , ,
, ....
. ,
, (
, 7.1.6) .
,
, .
:
) .
( ). , . ,
, ,
.
) .
.
291
( , , ), , .
.
, . , .
) .
(.. ),
(.. ). .
) .
, , (.. ) . ,
.
(, ..)
(
, ).
) (, ).
.
, , . , , ,
.
, .
, (
). ,
, .
, , .
,
, ,
, .
7.1.1 .
,
. , .
(, ) ,
(, ..),
. 20 ,
(, ).
, ,
,
.
292
) .
( ) :
.
.
,
( ) .
, , , , .
,
.
,
. , , .
:
(0,050,3%):
.
(0,30,6%): ( ) (.. ).
(0,62%): .
.
, : (Seamless pipe, tubing)
(welded pipe).
, ( ) , ,
.
(. 7.1).
5 12 .
. ,
, ....
. 7.1.
.
, (. 7.1). ,
( ).
,
. 7.1.
.
.
.
293
, (, ,
, , ..).
. 7.1.
,
,
.
(. 7.1). .
. , ...
. , ,
(, ).
,
. . , .
, ,
. ,
(, ).
, . , .
, ( , , , ..). ,
. . .
, .
,
,
,
.
:
( )
( ).
, , ()
( ),
(. 7.1).
. 7.1.
.
294
( ). , .
. ( 10).
, .
:
.
.
.
( ).
.
.
.
.
.
, .
( ).
.
,
, 6% ,
( ).
, .
( , ,
, ..). .
, . , , . . ,
. . ,
. .
( 500C), .
) .
() .
, 6%.
,
. , ,
:
, , .
,
,
.
( ). , , , ( .. ) ,
( ).
295
) .
, , (
6,5 ),
, ( ),
...
,
, (
) .
, ,
.
.
, . .
(
), , .
, ( 80%) , .
) .
.
, , , .
.
, .
) .
.
20 ( 1948
). ( , ), 7.1.1 (
).
:
() .
( 1/7 ).
.
.
.
.
, , :
( ).
.
(
).
296
.
(, , ,
..).
.
, ,
( ).
(BUNA , , , ..),
. ,
. , ,
(.. )
( ).
7.1.1
.
PVC
CPVC
LDPE
MDPE
HDPE
PP
PVDF
PVDC
PCTFE
---- (Halar)(1)
PTFE
-- (Teflon)(1)
ETFE
---
ECTFE
----
FEP
ABS
-- (Buna-N)(1) (E)(2)
FKM, FPM
IIR
NR SBR
CR
CPE
(E)(2)
(1): .
(2): : .
297
) .
: .
,
. ,
. .
.
(..
), .
, .
, .
. ,
. ( , ..).
, (. 7.1.2) , () ,
(. 7.1.3).
7.1.2
.
Kg/m3
Kg/m3
910
7875
PP
7751
MDPE
930940
75298027
HDPE
940965
71977335
PB
920
7197
PVC
1450
8941
CPVC
1540
8470-8747
PVDF
1760
ABS
1080
PVDC
1750
11341
2685-2713
7.1.3
.
, , , , .
, , .
, .
, , .
, .
, , , .
, .
298
7.1.2 .
, , , , ,
...
, . ,
.
) .
(standardization) 20 . 1901 (British Standards Institute, BSI).
(: DIN, : AFNOR, :
ANSI ..). ,
(International Standards Organization, SO), . ISO
, ,
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 1961 (CEN), -
, (HD) ().
, CENELEC.
, , 1976, ()
. ISO, IEC, CEN
CENELEC
.
, .
ISO/TC 37, , , ISO
( ISO, IEC ISO/IEC). ,
, .
(standardization) ,
, . ,
, .
(standard) (technical specification).
(.. , , , ). , , ,
. , ,
, ,
... ,
. (..
)
(.. ). (EN) CEN,
( ). (ISO) -
299
ISO,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
( ) , .
. , CEN . ,
( ).
,
. ,
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials), 1898.
7.1.4 .
( )
7.1.4
.
. .
. .
ISO
CEN
DIN
BSI
AFNOR
AENOR
UNI
NEN
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut
ANSI
JIS
FIEC
CEFIC
ASTM
API
ASME
ASQC
MSS
AISI
SAE
AWS
NIST
300
, ,
. (
) (
, ). ( ), , ,
.
, ISO
9000 (Quality management systems):
ISO 9000: ISO 9000. 81
.
ISO 9001: , ,
, , . ,
,
, , ,
.
ISO 9002: .
.
ISO 9003: .
, ,
.
ISO 9004: ,
. .
) .
, :
, .
: , ( ) .
.
,
. , ,
. (. 7.1).
,
. ANSI ASTM ( API,
SAE ASME), , ISO CEN, DIN. , .
, , ,
() , (
) .
:
, .
301
. 7.1.
( ) . (.. ), (..
), ( )
(.. ).
( ,
..).
(.. 1335:
).
.
, 10020 (2000,
), 10079 ( ) ... ,
:
: ( 2%) ,
7.1.5.
7.1.5
.
Al
Bi
% w/w
% w/w
0,10
Ni
0,30
0,0008
Pb
0,40
0,10
Se
0,10
Co
0,30
Si
0,60
Cr
0,30
Te
0,10
Cu
0,40
Ti
0,05
La
0,10
0,10
Mn
1,65
0,30
Mo
0,08
Zr
0,05
Nb
0,06
(*)
0,10
(*) , , , .
302
,
7.1.5, .
:
10,50 % , 1,20 % , ( 10020: 5.2.2.2.1).
:
( 10 020: 4.2.2), .
, EN 10027-1 (1992)
. , St37-2 ( DIN 17100) S235 [S: , 235 (N/mm2): ].
(.. S235 J2G3). , (.. X2CrNi18-9).
ISO (ISO 4948-1 Steels Classification Part 1: Classification of Steels into Unalloyed and Alloy Steels Based on Chemical Composition 1982, ISO TR 4949:1989 Steel names based on letter symbols ..).
, P (), M
( ) K (). N ( ), S
( ) H ( ).
, 12, ISO
.
, ,
. ,
(CEN) (ISO).
) .
1. .
, ,
, ,
.
(Nominal Diameter, DN): mm in ,
() ,
.
D (Outside Diameter, OD): ,
(. 7.1.6). : ,
.
d (Inside Diameter, ID):
D d
,
, .
,
.
b
b (Wall thickness):
. 7.1.
( ),
, .
.
,
303
. (. 7.1),
:
Dd
(7.1)
2
, ,
:
d=D2b
(7.1)
b=
, ( 10% ) ().
(: , ) (. 7.1).
()
d1
d2
d3
b1
b2
b3
()
()
. 7.1.
: ) , ) ) .
:
, (
):
d2
A=
4
(7.2)
( ) ,
.
, S:
S=D
(7.3)
, ( ).
(7.1), (7.2) (7.3), ,
D b.
1
100 (ISO) 4 mm.
:
7.1.6 : D = 110 mm = 0,11 m.
304
d2
A = 0,00817 m2
A=
4
S = D S = 0,346 m2
2. .
,
, , m/L (, ).
m
( D2 d 2 )
=
= b (D b)
L
4
(7.4)
.
,
. ,
( , , ..), . ,
() .
() , . ,
. ,
.
, , . ,
, ,
.
, .
,
. , , .
, , .
ISO (SI),
,
. 7.1.6
, ISO ANSI. , , ( ANSI
Lbf/in2 = psi DIN Kp/cm2) (ANSI: Lbf/ft, DIN:
Kp/m). (
). ,
, .
7.1.7 ,
7.1.8 .
305
7.1.6
ISO ANSI.
ISO
mm
in
6
0,236
ANSI
D
mm
in
10
in
/8
/4
0,394
mm
in
3,2
mm
0,41
10,3
6,4
0,54
13,7
0,315
12
0,472
10
0,394
16
0,630
9,5
0,68
17,1
0,787
/2
/4
12,7
0,84
21,3
19,1
1,05
26,7
15
0,591
20
/8
20
0,787
25
0,984
25
0,984
32
1,260
25,4
1,32
33,4
1,575
1 /4
31,8
1,66
42,2
1 /2
2
38,1
1,90
48,3
50,8
2,38
60,3
63,5
2,88
73,0
76,2
3,50
88,9
32
1,260
40
40
1,575
50
1,969
50
1,969
63
2,480
65
2,559
75
2,953
80
3,150
90
3,543
2 /2
3
100
3,937
110
4,331
101,6
4,50
114,3
125
4,921
140
5,512
127,0
5,56
141,3
150
5,906
160
6,299
152,4
6,63
168,3
200
7,874
225
8,858
203,2
8,63
219,1
250
9,843
280
11,02
10
254,0
10,75
273,1
300
11,81
315
12,40
12
304,8
12,75
323,9
350
13,78
356
14,00
14
355,6
14,00
355,6
400
15,75
407
16,00
16
406,4
16,00
406,4
450
17,72
457
18,00
18
457,2
18,00
457,2
500
19,69
508
20,00
20
508,0
20,00
508,0
550
21,65
559
22,00
600
23,62
610
24,02
650
25,59
660
25,98
700
27,56
711
27,99
28
711,2
28,00
711,2
750
29,53
762
30,00
30
762,0
30,00
762,0
800
31,50
813
32,00
32
812,8
32,00
812,8
850
33,46
864
34,02
900
35,43
914
35,98
36
914,4
36,00
914,4
1000
39,37
1016
40,00
40
1016,0
40,00
1016,0
1050
41,34
1067
42,00
1100
43,31
1118
44,00
44
1117,6
44,00
1117,6
1200
47,24
1219
48,00
48
1219,2
48,00
1219,2
1300
51,18
1321
52,00
52
1320,8
52,00
1320,8
1400
55,12
1422
56,00
56
1422,4
56,00
1422,4
1500
59,06
1524
60,00
60
1524,0
60,00
1524,0
-24
609,6
24,00
609,6
--
--
--
306
7.1.7
.
496
1982
497
- 1982
1136
1990
EN 10220
2004
EN 10297
2003
EN 10216
2002
EN 10217
2005
280
1983
281
, 1979
EN ISO 1127
,
1996
EN 10312
2003
EN 545 E2
, ,
2003
616
1982
1121
1988
EN 12449
1999
273
1979
391
1982
710
1982
734
(PE)
1982
EN 1452
() (PVC-U) 1999
50
1980
1979
307
7.1.8
.
ISO 65 L2
BS 1387(L)
271
ISO 2
m/L
ISO 1
ISO 65 L1
270
ISO ME DIUM
ISO 65
BS 1387 M
DIN 244
269
ISO HEAVY
ISO 65
BS 1387
DIN 2441
268
m/L
m/L
m/L
m/L
mm
in
mm
mm
Kg/m
mm
Kg/m
mm
Kg/m
mm Kp/m
Kg/m
mm
Kg/m
15
21,3
1,8
0,874
2,0
0,95
2,3
1,08
2,6 1,08
1,21
3,2
1,44
20
26,9
2,0
1,24
2,3
1,38
2,3
1,39
2,6 1,39
1,56
3,2
1,87
25
33,7
2,2
1,71
2,6
1,98
2,9
2,20
3,2 2,2
2,41
4,0
2,93
32
42,4
2,3
2,29
2,6
2,54
2,9
2,82
3,2 2,82
3,10
4,0
3,79
40
48,3
2,4
2,710
2,9
3,23
2,9
3,24
3,2 3,24
3,56
4,0
4,37
50
60,3
2,5
3,56
2,9
4,08
3,2
4,49
3,6 4,490
5,03
4,5
6,19
65
76,1
2,7
4,89
3,2
5,71
3,2
5,73
3,6 5,73
6,42
4,5
7,93
80
88,9
2,9
6,20
3,2
6,72
3,6
7,55
4,0 7,55
8,36
5,0
10,3
100
114,3
3,1
8,55
3,6
9,75
4,0
10,8
4,5 10,80
12,2
5,4
14,5
125
139,7
5,0
16,6
5,4
17,9
150
165,1
5,0
19,8
5,4
21,3
) .
,
, (. 7.1).
,
.
, , ,
.
, .
. ( ) . 7.1.
308
. , .
BS 1710, (
) 7.1.9.
.
7.1.9
BS 1710.
RAL
BS 4800
6010
12D45
9006
10A03
Biscuit
1006
08C35
5012
20E51
4001
22C37
8001
06C39
9005
00E53
2003
06E51
3000
04E53
(DIN 2403) .
, . ,
: , ,
, , , (. 7.1.10).
7.1.10
DIN 2403.
RAL
DIN 6164
6018
23:7:3
3000
7:8:3
7001
18:1:3
(*)
1021
2:6:1
(*)
9005
N:0:9,5
2003
5:5:1
4001
11:2:4
(*)
8001
3:5:4
()
309
(*)
(*)
RAL
DIN 6164
9005
N:0:9,5
5015
17:5:2
, ANSI A13.1, , : (, ,
, , ),
( ) .
, (. 7.1.11).
7.1.11
ANSI A13.1.
, , CO2, Halon ..
, . ISO
14726 (1999, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems
Part 1: Main colours and media) , ,
, ( ).
ISO 14726-2 (2002, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for
the content of piping systems Part 2: Additional colours for different media and/or functions)
, (. 7.1).
7.1.12 .
7.1.13
( ). (
132 72).
310
: ISO/DIS 14726 (2007, Ships and marine
technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems) , ( )
. 7.1.12 7.1.13 .
. 7.1.
ISO 14726.
7.1.12
ISO 14726.
RAL
BK
9005
BU
5015
BN
8001
GN
6018
GY
7001
(*)
MN
8015
OG
2003
SR
9006
RD
3000
VT
4001
WH
9010
YE
1021
(*) Air and sounding pipes ISO 14726-1. Masses (dry and wet).
7.1.13
.
Waste media
BK
Non-flammable gases
GY
Black water
BK
BU
BK
OG
BK
BN
BK
Steam
SR
Bilge water
BK
GN
BK
Fire fighting
RD
Exhaust gas
BK
GY
BK
Acids, alkalis
VT
Grey water
BK
WH
BK
Ventilation system
WH
()
311
Sewage, contaminated
BK
Fresh water
YE
BK
Flammable gases
BU
YE
OG
BU
BN
BU
Thermal fluid
OG
BU
OG
Potable water
BU
GN
BU
OG
GN
OG
Distillate
BU
GY
BU
Hydraulic fluid
OG
GY
OG
BU
OG
BU
OG
SR
OG
Feed Water
BU
SR
BU
OG
VT
OG
BU
VT
BU
OG
YE
OG
Chilled water
BU
WH
BU
Steam
Condensate
BU
YE
BU
SR
BK
SR
Exhaust steam
SR
WT
SR
SR
YE
SR
Fuel
BN
SR
BN
BK
BN
Supply steam
Aviation fuel
BN
BU
BN
Fire fighting/protection
Biological fuel
BN
VT
BN
Fire-fighting water
RD
GN
RD
Gas-turbine fuel
BN
WH
BN
Fire-fighting gas
RD
GY
RD
BN
YE
BN
Sprinkler water
RD
OG
RD
Spray water
RD
VT
RD
Sea water
GN
RD
Decontamination water
GN
BU
GN
Fire-fighting powder
RD
WH
RD
GN
BN
GN
Fire-fighting foam
RD
YE
RD
Ballast water
GN
VT
GN
Acids, Alkalis
VT
GN
YE
GN
WH
Non-flammable gases
GY
discharge air
WH
BK
WH
Oxygen
GY
BU
GY
WH
BU
WH
Inert gas
GY
BN
GY
WH
BN
WH
Nitrogen
GY
GN
GY
Atmospheric air
WH
GN
WH
Refrigerant
GY
MN
GY
WH
GY
WH
Compressed air LP
GY
OG
GY
WH
MN
WH
Compressed air HP
GY
RD
GY
WH
OG
WH
GY
VT
GY
WH
SR
WH
Breathing air
GY
WH
GY
Smoke clearance
WH
RD
WH
Breathing gas
GY
YE
GY
WH
VT
WH
WH
YE
WH
Waste media
BK
Flammable gases
YE
Fresh water
BU
Hydrogen
YE
BU
YE
Fuel
BN
Acetylene
YE
GY
YE
Sea water
GN
Liquid gas
YE
VT
YE
312
.
:
.
(, , ).
.
3 5 ( ).
7.2 .
, , ,
,
. , 7.1.2: (), (), (-), ,
... , ,
.
7.2.1 .
, . , .
,
.
:
[butt-welded, BW, . 7.2()]. ,
,
.
[ , screwed joint, . 7.2()].
. ( ).
.
(, ..).
[ , socket-weld, SW, . 7.2()].
.
( 7.2). ,
()
()
. 7.2.
()
:
) , ) ) .
313
(. 7.2). , . , , , .
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
( 4, 8, 16, 32, ,
, 2 3 ) .
() , ,
... ,
(flange ring).
, (
).
,
. ,
. 7.2.
,
.
,
(union, raccord) (. 7.2). .
(
).
. ,
(
) .
( ),
( ).
,
. 7.2.
.
.
,
. , ,
(.
7.1.1), .
.
:
,
. , . 7.2.
.
.
314
, .
: )
(hub and spigot) ) (hubless).
(hub)
().
(spigot) , , . : (. 7.2)
(. 7.2).
,
, .
,
7.2,
. ,
, ( 5)
. 7.2.
. .
, ( )
( ) ,
.
(. 7.2),
,
() .
. , .
(hubless) (. 7.2).
, (. 7.2). . 7.2.
.
,
.
:
.
.
(. 7.2) . .
().
( ) .
. 7.2.
.
-
315
. 7.2.
. 7.2.
. ,
. (hub),
.
, ,
.
(. 7.2): , , . ,
(solvent cementing). ,
(heat fusion). , , ,
. , ,
.
. , ,
. 7.2.1 .
7.2.1
.
ABS
PVC
CPVC
PVDF
**
( ).
, .
**
PP
PE
316
, ,
, ,
.
7.2.2 .
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
, (.. )
.
, ,
: , ( ),
(), , ... .
.
,
(. 5.5). 7.3 10, 11, 12, 13 14.
7.2.3 ().
, .
( ) ,
(elbows). .
, . 90, 60, 45 30. (.. 90+30=120,
90+90=180). 180 (). 90 (. 7.2).
, R.
.
, ( ),
. (R = 1 x D), (R = 1,5 x D), (R = 3 x D). , .
. 7.2.
90
(R = 1,5 D).
317
,
. .
,
(Mitered Elbow). .
, , .
(
90 180) .
7.2.4 .
, : ( ) () (. 7.2). (. 5.5.4) vena contracta ( )
, .
. : . .
.
, . , (. 5.5.4),
. , ( ) .
7.2.5 .
(. 7.2).
( ). .
, (stub-in, coupling).
, .
7.2.6 .
,
. , , .
, (, ).
(
), .
...
. 7.2.
7.2.7 ().
(valves) , . , , ,
. ,
.
. (
. 7.2.
318
, , , ..),
. ,
, .
.
, ,
. , , ( on-off),
( ),
( ), ( ), ...
,
.
: 2 cm 2 m. , .
,
: ()
. ( ).
.
,
.
) (Gate valves).
( ) (. 7.2) . on-off .
, .
0,3 0,8 (
).
,
.
on-off,
.
. ,
, .
7.2 .
. 7.2.
) (Globe valves).
(. 7.2)
().
,
(
).
,
. ( )
. 7.2.
319
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
.
4 14 ( ) 60
. (. 7.2)
.
) (Angle valves).
, , (). 7.2,
,
90. 90, ,
. , ,
( ).
( )
. , , , .
.
1 9 ( ).
. 7.2.
) (Check valves).
.
(backflow). , 7.2,
.
.
, -,
.
, , ( 2 3).
,
.
. 7.2.
) (Ball valves).
(. 7.2)
. -
. 7.2.
320
,
.
, 90, on ( )
off ( ).
, .
, (<0,2).
) (Butterfly valves).
(. 7.2) . -,
.
( ).
90
. 7.2.
( ),
.
( ). ,
.
, . 0,2 0,3 (
). on-off,
. , (
).
) (Relief valves).
( ) .
, . ,
( ),
. ,
. ( ,
, ) .
7.2 .
) (Control valves).
.
( )
. (
). ,
.
7.3 .
7.3.1 .
. .
321
. 7.2.
, , .
, .
, , .
, , .
( , , ..),
. ,
(. . 1.2.1).
,
(. 2.4.2). , , . ,
(gauge). ,
, .
, : (
) . .
( ). , .
(.
3.4.4). (
), .
, h, :
h= p
p = h
(7.5)
. pab :
p ab = p+p = h+p
(7.5)
322
7.3.2 .
,
: ) ( ) ) ,
.
(pressure differential devices) 18 .
Pitot (1732) Venturi (1797) . (flow
nozzle) 1800 (orifice) 20 . ,
, . , , ,
, , ,
...
: ,
( Pitot,
).
( ), Bernoulli
.
) Pitot.
Pitot (. 7.3) , . : ,
, ,
. 7.3
Pitot, . ,
Pitot.
, 1, v
1.
Bernoulli 1 1 , :
1/2
v12 v 2A p1 p A
p A p1 v 2
p p1
+
=0
=
v = 2 A
y1 y 2 +
2g
2g
(7.6)
, :
Q=
p p1
d2
2 A
4
:
1 .
, (
). ,
Cv, . (7.7) :
p p1
d2
Q = Cv
2 A
4
(7.7)
(7.7)
Pitot
. 7.3.
Pitot.
323
p A p1
p p1
=h A
= gh
:
(7.7) :
Q = Cv
d2
2gh
4
(7.7)
h, .
Pitot, , .
) Venturi.
Venturi 3.5.2. , (
) (. 7.3). h
1 2 (
2). Bernoulli (
) :
v12 v 22 p1 p 2
y1 y 2 +
+
=0
2g
p1 p 2 v 22 v12
2g
(7.8)
2
d12
d22
V d
Q=
v1 =
v 2 1 = 2 = 2
4
4
V2 d1
(7.8)
d22
p1 p 2
Q = Cv
2
4
(1 4 )
(7.9)
: = d2/d1 Cv ( , 0,97).
:
p1 p2
p p2
=h 1
= gh
(7.9) :
d22
2gh
Q = Cv
2
4
(1 4 )
(7.9)
Venturi
. 7.3.
Venturi.
324
( , ,
)
, .
,
.
, .
d2
d3
) orifice.
. 7.3.
(orifice) orifice.
Venturi. ( ) Venturi,
(. 7.3). , , vena contracta (. . 5.5.4).
, orifice (2),
(3). , 3 7.3
. 1 3:
(p1 p3)/ = h
(7.10)
Bernoulli 1 3 ,
(7.9):
d23
p1 p 3
Q = Cv
2
4
1 (d3 / d1 )4
(7.10)
vena contacta d3 .
, : Cc= 3/2. :
2
d
A
C c = 3 = 3 d3 = C c d2
A 2 d2
(7.10) = d2/d1, :
p1 p 3
d22
Q = C v Cc
2
4
1 C2c 4
(7.11)
(7.10), (7.11) :
Q = C v Cc
d22
2gh
1 C2c 4
(7.11)
0,6 0,7 ( ,
orifice Reynolds).
325
: Venturi Cc=1. , Venturi vena contacta. Pitot
Cc=1 =0. (7.11) (7.11)
.
orifice ,
:
.
, 1
2
.
.
. 7.3.
.
.
, .
( ), ,
( ).
) (nozzle).
( )
Venturi orifice. A2/A1=
(. 7.3). . ( orifice),
vena contracta (Cc 1).
(7.11) (7.11) . 0,2 0,8.
Venturi,
orifice. .
. , . Venturi,
.
, . ISO 5167 (2003: Measurement
of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full) , (Part 1: General principles
and requirements, Part 2: Orifice plates, Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles, Part 4: Venturi tubes).
7.3 .
, (7.11) . , (7.11) :
d22
2gh
Q = Cd
4
1 4
(7.11)
326
Cd = f (, Re)
(7.12)
,
. orifice
:
0,5
10 6
(7.12)
Cd 0,9965 - 0,00653
Re
D
Ellipse
2d
3
d
Bevel angle:
45o to 60o
0,6d
d
Flow
Flow
Edge thickness:
0,005D to 0,02D
t2 <13mm
Plate thickness:
up to 0,05D
t1 < 0,15D
()
()
Conical
diffuser:
ISA 1932
nozzle shape
Throat tap
D
2
< 15
0,7d
d
2
Flow
()
. 7.3.
ISO :
a) , ) orifice ) Venturi.
327
. Reynolds 10.000,
Venturi 7500 o orifice 4000.
) .
, .
,
, , . , (turbine meter), ( ) , ,
, .
(vortex flowmeters), (Ultrasonic flowmeters),
...
, , . ,
Bernoulli, . .
. ,
:
.
, ,
.
, .
( ),
( ),
( LaserDoppler).
7.4 .
, , . ,
(
). ( ),
, , ,
. .
, , .
, ,
, .
, , (,
, ). ,
( CAD),
, (3D model) (. 7.4).
,
. , (
). . , , (
), .
,
328
. 7.4.
KE 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
330
8.1 .
.
,
. , , . ,
, , .
, , .
, .
, . ,
[. , , ()
]. .
, , ,
.
.
( ) . (. ), , , (.
). .
(1) (2) (. 8.1).
, :
(8.1)
Q = . Q = Q1 = Q2
d12
d22
v1 =
v2
4
4
d12 v = d22 v 2
d
v
1 = 2
v 2 d1
. 8.1.
(8.1)
, ( )
(1), (2).
Bernoulli ( 1), ( 2) ( ):
v 2 v 2B p A pB
(8.2)
A B : y A yB + A
+
= h1
2g
B : y y +
v 2B v 2 pB p
+
= h2
2g
(8.2)
v 2A v 2 p A p
+
= h
2g
(8.2)
A : y A y +
(8.2) . :
h = h1 + h2
(8.2)
331
: Bernoulli ,
( ). ,
. ,
, . 8.1:
hk =
v12
2g
(8.2)
(DarcyWeisbach):
L
v2
Q2
8 L
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 = 2 f1 1 + K1 4
d1
2g g d1
d1
L
v2
Q2
8 L
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 = 2 f2 2 + K 2 4
d2
2g g d2
d1
(8.2) :
h =
L1
1 L2
1 2
8
+
+
+
4 Q
1
2
2
4
1
2 g d1
d1 d2
d2
(8.3)
, , (8.1) (8.2)
. :
:
) .
) ( ):
Q = Q1 = Q2 = ...
(8.1)
h = h1 + h2 + ...
(8.2)
, , Bernoulli ( ), ,
, , Moody .
, :
.
.
.
, .
8.1.1 .
,
(Li, di, i) Q ( ). h.
( ). Bernoulli, h.
1
8.1 , 100 m 120 m
12 cm 10 cm . 3. 60 m3/h h
.
332
:
: L1 = 100 m L2 = 120 m
d1 = 0,12 m d2 = 0,10 m
1 = 2 = 3
1 = 2 = 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)
=10-6 m2/s ()
Q =60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
: h,
, (8.1) (8.2):
Q1 = Q2 = Q
(1)
h = h1 + h2
(2)
(1)
B
(2)
. 8.1.
v1 =
4 Q1
d12
v1 = 1,47 m s
v1 d1
Moody
Re1 = 1,8 10 5 , / d1 = 0,00217) f1 = 0,025
L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 2,62 m
d1
2g
(Re1 =
(2):
v2 =
4 Q2
d22
v 2 = 2,12 m s
v 2 d2
Moody
Re2 = 2,1 10 5 , / d2 = 0,00216) f2 = 0,0258
L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 7,80 m
d2
2g
(Re2 =
:
(8.2) h = 10,5 m
( ) Bernoulli:
y1 y 2 +
v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h H = y1 y 2 = h H = 10,5 m
2g
: , :
.
333
8.1.2 .
, (Li, di, i),
. h. ,
h, Bernoulli.
, h.
2
, 15 m,
( ).
:
:
L1 = 100 m
L2 = 120 m
d2 = 0,10 m
d1 = 0,12 m
1 = 2 = 0,00026 m =10-6 m2/s
1 = 2 = 3
= 15 m
: Q
. :
Q1 = Q2 = Q
(1)
h = h1 + h2
(2)
( H = y1 y2), Bernoulli :
y1 y 2 +
v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h H = y1 y 2 = h h = 15 m
2g
,
. , . :
1 ():
( ) Q' , h1' h2' ( 1).
(8.2) .
) ,
(h1'+ h2'> h),
(Q < Q').
, .
) (h1'+ h2'< h),
(Q > Q').
, .
) h1'+ h2' h, .
,
, .
:
1 : Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s
(1):
334
v1 =
4 Q1
d12
v1 = 2,46 m s
v1 d1
Moody
f1 = 0,0245
Re1 = 310 5 , / d1 = 0,00217)
L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 7,2 m
d1
2g
(Re1 =
(2):
v2 =
4 Q2
d22
v 2 = 3,54 m / s
v 2 d2
Moody
f2 = 0,0256
Re2 = 3,5 10 5 , / d2 = 0,0026)
L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 21,48 m
d2
2g
(Re2 =
.
Q'
v1
m3/h
m/s
100
2,46
50
f1
h1
v2
m/s
0,0245
7,20
3,54
1,23
0,0250
1,83
75
1,84
0,0247
70
1,72
72
1,77
f2
h2
h'
m3/h
0,0256
21,48
28,67 > 15
Q < 100
1,77
0,0259
5,44
7,27 < 15
Q > 50
4,07
2,65
0,0257
12,13
16,21 > 15
Q < 75
0,0247
3,55
2,48
0,0257
10,58
14,14 < 15
Q > 70
0,0247
3,76
2,55
0,0257
11,19
14,95 15
Q 72
335
2 ( ):
, f1 f2: ,
Reynolds. (. 5.7.2),
(
) Moody f1 f2.
(8.3):
h =
1 L2
1 2
8 L1
4 Q
+
+
+
1
2
2
4
1
2 g d1
d1 d2
d2
, Q, .
( , Reynolds f1 f2
Moody). f1 f2 ,
(8.3) .
: . ,
, SI:
hi = i Q12
(SI)
(8.3)
: i :
i
1
8 Li
i
f
2 i d
4
g i
di
(SI)
(8.3)
( i m-5s2)
, (8.3) :
h (1 + 2 ) Q2
(8.3)
1/2
h
Q=
1 + 2
(8.3)
:
, :
(1):
Moody
(/d1= 0,0021, ) f1= 0,024
(8.3) 1 = 9141 (SI) h1 = 9141Q2 (SI)
(2):
Moody
(/d2= 0,0026, ) f2= 0,025
(8.3) 2 = 27410 (SI) h2 = 27410 Q2 (SI)
(8.3) 15 = 36551 Q2 (S) Q = 0,02026 m3/s = 72,9 m3/h
:
4Q
Moody
v1 =
v1 = 1,8 m/s Re1 = 2,15105 f1= 0,0247
2
d1
336
v2 =
4Q
d22
Moody
v2 = 1,8 m/s Re2 = 2,15105 f2= 0,0257
f 3%. .
, f, :
():
1 = 9387 (SI), 2 = 27970 (SI)
(8.3) Q = 0,02004 m3/s = 72,1 m3/h
, , .
:
: ( ).
(
).
8.1.3 .
, . ( ) .
, ,
.
3
, 5 m
40 m, , 12 cm, 25 m.
( mm) ,
50 m3/h. .
:
:
L1 = 25 m d1 = 0,12 cm
1= 2= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2)
L2 = 15 m = 0
Q 50 m3/h
y1 y2 = 5 m
: d2
, ( y1 y2),
Bernoulli:
y1 y 2 +
v12 v 22 p1 p2
+
= h = y1 y 2 = h h = 5 m
2g
, (8.3):
h =
1 L
1
8 L1
f1 + 1 4 + f2 2 + 2 4 Q 2
g d1
d1 d2
d2
2
, d2 ( )
f1 f2. , .
Moody f1
f2. f2 ,
2/d2. , , d2' , Q' ( 2)
Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d2 > d2' ( d2' ).
337
h
Q=
1 +2
(8.3)
Q'
m3/h
4175
0,0346
d2 100
97559
99189
0,0071
d2 > 50
0,0225
16584
18214
0,0166
d2 70
0,0020
0,0234
37330
38960
0,0113
d2 > 60
65
0,0018
0,0229
24493
26123
0,0138
d2 > 65
66
0,0018
0,0228
22602
24232
0,0144
d2 66
d2'
mm
/d2
f2
1+2
100
0,0012
0,0205
2545
50
0,0024
0,0246
70
0,0017
60
d2
338
, , 65 66 mm:
65 mm < d2 66 mm
66 mm,
( ) ( ):
:
v1 =
v2 =
:
4Q
d12
4Q
d22
Moody
v1 = 1,25 m/s Re1= 1,5105 f1= 0,0213 0,0196
Moody
v2 = 4,12 m/s Re2= 2,7105 f2= 0,0235 0,0228
1 = 1767 (SI),
2 = 23263 (SI)
(8.3) Q' = 0,0141 m3/s = 50,9 m3/h (>Qmin=50 m3/h)
d2 = 66 mm
( Q = 50,9 m3/h)
,
.
, . , () (
). , .
, ,
, (
) ( ).
Q1
8.2 .
Q
, Q2
() , (by pass).
. 8.2.
.
( ) .
(1) (2) 8.2, . , Q, Q1 Q2. .
:
Q = . Q = Q
Q = Q1 + Q2
(8.4)
, .
:
339
Q = . Q = Q Q1 + Q2 = Q
(8.4).
( ),
(8.2.1) :
d12
d22
d2
v =
v1 +
v 2 d2 v = d12 v1 +d22 v 2
4
4
4
(8.4)
Bernoulli (1), B, :
p A pB v 2A v 2B
+
= h1
2g
(8.5)
p A pB v 2A v 2B
y A yB +
+
= h2
2g
(8.5)
y A yB +
(2):
, :
h = h1= h2
(8.5)
.
:
L1
Q12 L 2
Q 22
+
f
1
2
1
2 4
4
d1
d1 d2
d2
:
f1
L1
d15
Q12 = f2
L2
d25
Q 22
(8.5)
(8.5)
i:
1 Q12 = 2 Q 22
(8.5)
(8.4) (8.5) ()
:
Q= Q1 + Q2 +...
(8.4)
h = h1= h2 = ...
(8.5)
:
.
.
: , ,
. ,
( )
.
8.2.1 .
,
340
. , .
4
8.2 , 3 cm, 4 cm 5 cm
60 m, 40 m, 60 m .
15 L/s,
. : 1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 3.
:
:
d1 = 0,03 m d2 = 0,04 m
L1 = 60 m
L2 = 40 m
1 = 3
2 =1
= 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)
Q = 20 L /s = 0,015 m3/s
: h Q1 Q2 Q3
d3 = 0,05 m
L3 = 60 m
3 = 3
= 10-6 m2/s
Q1
Q
Q2
Q3
. 8.2.
, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4)
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
(1)
(8.5)
h = h1 = h2 = h3
(2)
,
. . , :
1 ():
h'. , (2),
. () Qi' (
).
(1):
Q'> Q h'> h. h'.
Q'< Q h'< h. h'.
Q' Q h' h .
, , ( ),
, . ,
( ), .
2 ():
, , , ( Moody).
, i:
(1):
Moody
(/d1= 0,0087, ) f1= 0,036
2
1 = 7677922 (SI) h1 = h = 7677922 Q1 (SI)
(3)
(2):
Moody
(/d2= 0,0065, ) f2= 0,033
2
2 = 1097388 (SI) h2 = h = 1097388 Q 2 (SI)
(3):
Moody
(/d3= 0,0052, ) f3= 0,0307
(3)
341
2
(3)
Q1 = h
Q 2 = h
Q 3 = h
1
2
3
Q1 = 0,000361 h
(SI)
(4)
Q 2 = 0,000955 h
(SI)
(4)
Q1 = 0,001377 h
(SI)
(4)
Qi (1), h:
(SI)
(SI)
(4, 4, 4), :
(4) Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s
(4) Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s
(4) Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s
: , . f ,
.
Moody
1: v1 = 2,84 m/s Re1 = 8,5104 f1 = 0,0369
Moody
2: v2 = 4,23 m/s Re2 = 1,7105 f2 = 0,0335
Moody
3: v3 = 2,84 m/s Re3 = 8,5104 f3 = 0,0312
2%,
. :
h = 31 m
Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s = 2,01 L/s
Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s = 5,32 L/s
Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s = 7,67 L/s
: : h = 31,5 m, Q1= 1,99 L/s, Q2= 5,28 L/s, Q3= 7,61 L/s
8.2.2 .
. ,
. , .
342
5
(1), (2) (3) 8.2 8, 6 4 cm, 100, 150 80
m 0,24, 0,12 0,20 mm. 150 KPa
5 m ,
( m3/h). .
:
: d1 = 0,08 m
L1 = 100 m
1 =0,00024 m
= 10-6 m2/s
pApB = 150 KPa
d2 = 0,06 m
d3 = 0,04 m
L2 = 150 m
L3 = 80 m
2 =0,00012 m 3 =0,00020 m
= 9,81 KN/m3
yAyB = 5 m
Q1
Q
Q2
Q3
. 8.2
Q1 Q2 Q3
, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
(1)
(8.5) h = h1 = h2 = h3
(2)
, Bernoulli,
:
v 2A v 2B p A pB
+
= h
2g
p pB
y A yB + A
= h h = 20,3 m
A B : y A yB +
( 2),
( ).
(1):
Moody
(/d1 = 0,003, ) f1 = 0,0265
2
(3):
Moody
(/d3 = 0,005, ) f3 = 0,0307
343
Moody
: v3= 2,56 m/s Re2=1105 f2= 0,0313
Q1 = 62,8 m3/h
Q2 = 26,0 m3/h
Q3 = 11,4 m3/h
8.2.3 .
, ,
,
. ,
.
6
10 cm .
8 m, 10 m
, 15 m3/h (. 8.2).
Q2
( mm), 60
Q
Q1
A
m3/h. : 1 = 0, 2 = 5
:
:
. 8.2.
L2 = 10 m
1=0 2=5
1 = 2 = 0,000046 m
(. 5.4.2)
= 10-6 m2/s
Q 1 60/3600 m3/s
Q2 = 15/3600 m3/s
: d 2
,
( ):
2
h1,max = 1 Q1,max
(1)
(1)
:
(1) Q1 = Q1,max = 60/3600 m3/s:
v1 =
v1 d1
4Q
v
2,12
m
s
Re
=
=
Re1 = 2,1 10 5
1
1
2
d1
Moody
(Re1= 2,1105, /d1 = 0,00046) f1= 0,018
L
v2
h1 = f1 1 + 1 1 h1 = h2 = h = 0,337 m
d1
2g
: hmax = 0,337 m
, ,
o . 5.7.3 ( 18), :
1 : d2'= 100 mm = 0,1 m.
344
v'2 =
4 Q2
2
d'2
v1 d1
Re2' = 5,3104
Moody
(Re2' = 5,3104, /d2' = 0,00046) f2'= 0,022
L
v2
h2 = f2 2 + 2 2 h2' = 0,103 m
d2
2g
h2' < hmax d2' d2 d2 100 mm
2 : 100 mm :
d2' =50 mm = 0,05 m h2' = 2,138 m > hmax d2 > 50 mm
d2'
mm
100
50
70
80
75
77
76
e/d2'
v2'
m/s
Re2'
0,00046
0,53
2,12
0,00092
0,000657
0,000575
0,000613
0,000597
0,000605
1,08
0,83
0,94
0,89
0,92
f2'
h2'
m
hmax
d2
mm
5,3104
0,0219
0,103
< 0,337
d2 100
0,0216
2,138
> 0,337
d2 > 50
0,0214
0,481
> 0,337
d2 > 70
0,0215
0,269
< 0,337
d2 80
0,0215
0,356
> 0,337
d2 > 75
0,0215
0,318
< 0,337
d2 77
0,0215
0,336
< 0,337
d2 76
1,110
7,610
6,610
7,110
6,910
7,010
, , : d2 = 76 mm
8.3 .
, ,
8.3.
. , 8.3
:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q3 = Q4 + Q5
:
Q = Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = Q2 + (Q4 + Q5) = Q6 = Q7
(8.6)
, :
h4 = h5 h2 = h3+ h4
:
h = h1 + h2 + h6 + h7
(8.7)
. ,
, (DarcyWeisbach) :
h i = i Q2i Qi = i-0,5 h 0,5
i
, 3, 4 5 , :
(8.8)
345
-0,5
0,5
Q 3 = Q 4 + Q 5 Q 3 = ( -0,5
4 + 5 ) h 4
i ( ),
, (Q3, Q4, Q5), (Q3, h4) .
. , ,
,
. , 8.3
4 5, . 3, 2
(3, 4, 5) , 2, 6, 7 (2, 3, 4, 5).
, .
8.3 ,
1, 6 7. (8.7) 2
. , 3,
. , 4 5, ( ).
2
2
1
6
B
5
. 8.3.
. 8.3.
7
8.3,
:
L1 = 30 m
d1 = 12 cm
L4 = 4 m
d4 = 3 cm
L2 = 15 m
d2 = 6 cm
L5 = 7 m
d5 = 3 cm
L3 = 8 m
d3 = 6 cm
L6 = 20 m
d6 = 10 cm
(1) 60 m3/h. , . (
).
:
( ):
Q1 = 60/3600 m3/s
= 0,00012 m
y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 = y5 = y6
: Qi, hi
:
346
Q1 = Q2+Q3 = Q6
(1)
Q3 = Q4+Q5
(1)
hAB = h1+h2+h6
(2)
h2 = h3+h4
(2)
h4 = h5
(2)
v1 d1
Moody
Re1 = 1,8 105, /d1 = 0,001) f1 =0,021
L1 v12
h1 = 0,58 m
h1 = f1
d1 2g
( Re1 =
(6):
v6 =
4 Q6
d26
v6 = 2,12 m/s
v 6 d6
Moody
Re6 = 2,1105, /d6 = 0,0012) f2 =0,0216
L v2
h6 = f6 6 6 h6 = 0,99 m
d6 2g
( Re6 =
Moody
(3/d3 = 0,002, ) f3 = 0,0237
(4):
(5):
(3)
(4)
Moody
(4/d4 = 0,004, ) f4 = 0,0287
2
(8.3) 4 = 390564 h4 = 390564 Q 4
(5)
Moody
(5/d5= 0,004, ) f5= 0,0287
2
(8.3) 5 = 683487 h5 = 683487 Q 5
(6)
.
(4) (5) :
347
2
h4 = h5 390564 Q 4 = 390564 Q 5
Q4 = 1,323Q5
(7)
Q3 = 2,323Q5
2
2
2
h3 + h5 37808 Q 2 = 20164 Q 3 + 683487 Q 5
2
2
37808 Q 2 = 20164 (2,323Q5)2 +683487 Q 5
2
2
37808 Q 2 = 792287 Q 5 Q2 = 4,578Q5
(8)
Q3 = Q4 + Q5 Q3 = 1,323 Q5 + Q5
h2 =
(9)
(10)
Q1 , :
(10) Q5 = 0,00242 m3/s = 8,70 m3/ h
(7) Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
(8) Q3 = 0,00561 m3/s = 20,20 m3/ h
(9) Q2 = 0,01106 m3/s = 39,80 m3/ h
, .
(3) (f2 = 0,0248).
:
Q5 = 0,00241 m3/s = 8,66 m3/ h
Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
Q3 = 0,00560 m3/s = 20,16 m3/ h
Q2 = 0,01107 m3/s = 39,84 m3/ h
:
hAB = h1 + h2 + h6
h2 =
L2 2
8
f
Q 2 h2= 4,71 m
2
2 g d25
hAB = 6,29 m
Bernoulli :
y A yB +
v 2A v 2B p A pB
p pB
v 2 v 22
+
= h AB A
= h AB 1
p A pB = 61,7KPa
2g
2g
8.4 .
, . ( ) .
,
(, ), (.. ).
(. 8.4).
(1)
(2)
(3)
A
. 8.4.
348
Q = Q
(8.9)
, (8.9)
. , , Q1 ( ), Q2 Q3
. (8.9) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
(8.9)
(2) ,
(8.9) :
(8.9)
Q1 + Q2 = Q3
, .
:
, .
, .
, :
Q = 0 Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0
(8.9)
(8.9), ,
.
: , (8.9).
.
,
.
.
, . .
8.4.1 .
(1), (2) (3) , , , y1, y2 y3 (. 8.4).
:
y1 > y2 > y3
( ), ,
. . :
y2 (y1), ,
. (y3), .
:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0
(8.9)
, (+) ( ), () (
).
349
(8.9)
y1
y2
(1)
3
y3
(2)
(3)
, ,
(. 8.4).
. 8.4.
.
y1 y3 (y1
> > y3).
Bernoulli 1
,
, :
y1 P+
v12 v P2 p1 pp
+
= h1 y1 P = h1
2g
y1 - h1 = P
(8.10)
(8.10)
, :
(y2 > ),
Bernoulli 2 :
y 2 P = h2
y 2 h2 = P
(8.10)
(y2 < ),
Bernoulli 2:
P y 2 = h2
h2+y 2 = P
(8.10)
(y2 = ), Bernoulli :
y 2 P = h2 h2 = 0 Q 2 = 0
(8.10) (8.10)
:
y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h 3 = P
(8.10)
1: : hi = hi
2: Q2 h2 ( ) , (8.9)
(8.10), , ( ), ( ), . : (8.9) (8.10) y1 > y2 > y3.
, .
:
: (d1, L1, 1), (d2, L2, 2), (d3, L3, 3).
y1, y2, y3 ( ).
350
y1 _ y2
A
1
2
y1 _ y3
3
. 8.4.
:
:
d1 = 0,30 m
L1 = 500 m
1 = 0,00026 m
d2 = 0,15 m
L2 = 250 m
2 = 0,00026 m
d3 = 0,25 m
L3 = 200 m
3 = 0,00026 m
y1 = 60 m
y2 =45 m
3
Q2 = 100/3600 m /s ( ) = 10-6 m2/s
: y1 y3, Q1, Q3
2
, , : hi = i Q i .
,
(1 , ). , (2).
1: (2).
v2 =
4 Q2
d22
( Re2 =
v2 = 1,57 m/s
v 2 d2
Moody
Re2 = 2,36105, 2/d2= 0,0017 ) f2 = 0,0233
351
h2 = f2
L 2 v 22
d2 2g
h2 = 4,9 m
2: (1).
(8.10)
(1) ( ):
(8.10)
y1 h1 = y2 + h2 h1 = y1 y2 h2 h1 = 10,1 m
: . , ,
( x. 8.4), . , ()
. , h1 .
2 ( ),
:
Moody
(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193
h1 =
L2 2
8
f
Moody
: v2 = 2,48 m/s Re1 = 7,5105 f1 = 0,0193
3: , (3).
, , (8.9),
.
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 (+630 m3/h) + (100 m3/h) + Q3 = 0
Q3 = 530 m3/h ,
Q3 = 530 m3/h ( )
:
v3 =
4 Q3
v3 = 3,0 m/s
d23
( Re3
v 3 d3
Moody
Re3 = 7,5105, 3/d3 = 0,001) f3 = 0,0202
h3 = f3
L 3 v 23
h3 = 7,41 m
d3 2g
:
(8.10)
y1 h1 = y3 + h3 y1 y3 = h1 + h3 y1 y3 = 17,51 m
(y3 = 42,49 m)
) .
: , (
) .
: .
352
,
.
9
8.4
:
d1 = 6 in,
L1 = 60 m,
d2 = 4 in, d3 = 5 in,
L2 = 20 m, L3 = 30 m.
y1 _ y2
A
1
y1 _ y3
3
. 8.4.
5 m
150 m3/h, : Q2 Q3 ( m3/h).
:
:
d1 = 6 in = 0,1778 m
L1= 60 m
1=0,00012 m
d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m
L2= 20 m
2=0,00012 m
d3 = 5 in = 0,127 m
L3= 30 m
3=0,00012 m
y2 y3 = 5 m
Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( ) =10-6 m2/s
: y3, Q2, Q3
,
, . , ,
. , , :
y3= 0 m, y2= 5 m.
,
. (1).
(8.10) .
1: (1).
v1 =
4 Q1
v1 = 2,28 m/s
d12
v1 d2
Moody
Re1 = 3,5105, 1/d1 = 0,00079) f1 = 0,0194
L v2
h1 = f1 1 1 h1 = 2,04 m
d1 2g
( Re1 =
. (8.10), h2 h3, ,
:
( y1, h2)
(8.10) y1 = h1 = y 2 h2
(8.10)
y1 h1 = y3 + h3
( y1, h3)
.
(Q1), (Q2'), -
353
(8.9) (Q3').
Q2', Q3', h2' h3'.
(8.10), (Q2').
, Q2' = 0,
h2' = 0:
1 : Q2' = 0 h2' = 0
(8.9) Q3' = Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( )
(3):
4 Q3
v3 =
v3 = 3,29 m/s
d23
v d
Moody
( Re3 = 3 3 Re3 = 4,2105, 1/d1 = 0,00094) f1 = 0,02
L v2
h2 = f2 2 2 h3' = 2,65 m
d2 2g
: (8.10) y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 y 2 y 3 = h3 h2 = 5 m
:
h3' h2' = h3' = 2,65 m < 5 m h3' < h3 Q3' < Q3 Q3 >150 m3/h Q3 > Q1
, .
(8.9) (8.10) :
Q1 + Q2 = Q3
y1 h1 = y2 h2 = y3 + h3 = P
(1)
(2)
(2) :
y2 y3 = h3 + h2 h3 + h2 = 5 m
(3)
Q3'
f2'
h2'
(2 Q22)
f3'
h3'
(3 Q32)
h2'+h3'
Q2
h2+h3=5
m3/h
150
0,0000
0,0201
2,61
2,61
2,61<5
Q2>0
50
200
0,0218
0,64
0,0199
4,61
5,25
5,25>5
Q2<50
40
190
0,0220
0,42
0,0199
4,16
4,58
4,58<5
Q2>40
45
195
0,0219
0,52
0,0199
4,38
4,90
4,90<5
Q2>45
47
197
0,0218
0,57
0,0199
4,47
5,04
5,04>5
Q2<47
46
196
0,0219
0,54
0,0199
4,43
4,97
4,97<5
Q2>46
46,4
196,4
0,0218
0,55
0,0199
4,44
5,00
5,00 = 5
Q2 = 46,4
354
Q2 = 46,4 m3/h ()
Q3 = 196,4 m3/h ()
h2 = 0,55 m
h3 = 4,44 m
(2), (8.10):
:
y1 h1 y 2 h2 = y 3 +h3 = P
y1, y2, y3 (). P,
() h1', h2' h3'. , Q1', Q2'
Q3'. (8.9) .
,
. , :
h2' = 0 P' = y2
Q1' Q3' (Q2' = 0) :
Q1' > Q3' , P > y2.
Q1' < Q3' , P < y2.
, , (8.9) (8.10) .
10
8.4 , (1) L1 = 450
m d1 = 30 cm. (2) (3) L2 = 250 m, d2 = 15
cm, L3 = 350 m, d3 = 20 cm. 6 m
18 m . = 10-6 m2/s, .
:
:
d1 = 0,30 m
L1 = 450 m
1 = 0,00026 m
d2 = 0,15 m
L2 = 250 m
2 = 0,00012 m
355
d3 = 0,20 m
L3 = 350 m
y1 y2 = 6 m
y1 y3 = 18 m
3 = 0,00012 m
: Q1, Q2 , Q3
() ,
. ( ). y3 = 0 m:
y3 = 0 m y1 = 18 m y2 = 12 m
1 : P'= y2 = 12 m
(8.10) h2' = 0 Q2' = 0
(8.10) y1 h1'= P' h1'= 6 m
y3 + h3' = P' h3' = 12 m
(1):
Moody
(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193
:
Q1' Q2' Q3' = Q1' Q3' = 201,8 m3/h Q1' > Q3'
P > y2
:
(8.9) Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0 Q1 = Q2 + Q3
[]
(8.10) y1 h1 = y2 +h2 = y3 + h3 = P
(1)
(2)
(2) h1 = y1 P
(2)
h2 = P y2
(2)
h3 = P y3
(2)
(1) (2).
P > y2:
2 : P' = 15 m
(1): (1) 1
( ):
2
h1 = 295 Q1
(SI)
(2) h1' = 3 m
(3)
356
2 = 5144 (SI)
2
h2 = 5144 Q 2 (SI)
(3)
(2) h2' = 3 m
(3) Q2'= 0,024 m3/s = 86,9 m3/h
(3): ( ):
2
h3 = 1600 Q 3 (SI)
(3)
(2) h3' = 15 m
(3) Q3' = 0,097 m3/s = 348,6 m3/h
: 363,1 m3/h < (86,9+ 348,6) m3/h Q1'< Q1 h1'< h1 P<15 m
:
P'
m
h1'
h2'
h3'
Q1'
Q2'
Q3'
m /h
Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0
m /h
m /h
12,00
6,00
0,00
12,00
513,6
0,0
311,8
201,8
P>12
15,00
3,00
3,00
15,00
363,1
86,9
348,6
72,4
P<15
13,00
5,00
1,00
13,00
468,8
50,2
324,5
94,1
P>13
14,00
4,00
2,00
14,00
419,3
71,0
336,7
11,6
P>14
14,50
3,50
2,50
14,50
392,2
79,4
342,7
29,8
P<14,5
14,10
3,90
2,10
14,10
414,0
72,7
338,0
3,3
P>14,1
14,15
3,85
2,15
14,15
411,4
73,6
338,6
0,8
P<14,15
14,14
3,86
2,14
14,14
411,9
73,4
338,4
0,05
P=14,14
,
f, , (3)
Q:
:
(1): v1 = 1,62 m/s Re1 = 4,9105 f1 = 0,0195 0,0193
(2): v2 = 1,15 m/s Re2 =1,7105 f2 = 0,0203 0,0189
2
f3 = 0,018 0,0177
: :
357
( ) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
: 411,9 71,1 + 338,4 = 409,5
2,4 m3/h , :
Q1= 410,7 m3/h Q2= 71,4 m3/h Q3= 339,3 m3/h
:
(2). (
0,5%), .
8.4.2 .
. 8.4.
, , .
y1, y2 y3. ,
1, 2 3. :
v12 p1
+
2g
(8.11)
H2 = y 2 +
v 22 p2
+
2g
(8.11)
H3 = y 3 +
v 23 p3
+
2g
(8.11)
H1 = y1 +
(8.9) . (8.10)
yi, Hi. (1)
(3) , (8.10) :
H1 + h1 = H2 h2 = H3 + h 3 = P
(8.11)
Qi = 0
(8.12)
, (+ , ). ,
(+ ,
), :
i hi = P
(8.13)
, -
1
2
(1)
(2)
3
(3)
. 8.4.
358
.
8.5 .
(. 5.4.2). ( ),
. , ,
, .
, , Excel
Microsoft, Calc Open Office, Spread ...
, :
( ). .
, ,
, . , Bernoulli,
: , , Moody.
, ,
. .
) .
Q = Q1= Q2 = ...
h = h1 + h2 +...
1.1: , .
1. Q = Q1= Q2 = ...
hi
2. h = h1 + h2 +...
1.2: , .
1 ():
1. (, ) Q'.
2. h' .
3. h' h .
h' > h Q' > Q Q', 1.
h' < h Q' < Q Q', 1.
2 : ( , ):
1. fi'
2. i hi = i Q2 (SI)
3. h = i Q2 Q
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
1.3: , ( ).
1. Q o hmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. h' di'.
4. h' h .
h'> h di' < di di', 2.
h'< h di' di di', 2.
359
) .
Q = Q1 + Q2 +...
h= h1= h2 = ...
2.1: , .
1. fi'
2
2. i hi = i Q i (SI) Qi = i h0,5 (i = 1/i0,5)
3. Q = Qi Q = i h0,5
h
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
2.2: , .
1. h= h1= h2 = ... Qi
2. Q = Q1 + Q2 +... Q
2.3: , ( ).
1. h Qmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. Q' di'.
4. Q' Q .
Q'> Q di' < di di', 2.
Q' < Q di' di di', 2.
) .
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0
y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 = P
3.1: (.. : y1, y2, Q1).
.
1. (Q1 h1).
2.
(h2).
3. (h2 Q2).
4. (Q3).
5. (Q3 h3).
6. (y3).
3.2: (..: y1, y2, Q3).
.
1. (Q3 h3).
2. (y1 y2 = h1 h2).
3. , (Q1' Q2').
4. (Q1' h1', Q2' h2').
5. :
h1' h2' > y1 y2 Q1' > Q1: 3.
h1' h2' < y1 y2 Q1' < Q1: 3.
h1' h2' y1 y2 Q1' Q1: .
6. (y3).
360
3.3: (y1, y2, y3).
.
1.
h1 = 1 Q1
h2 = 2 Q2
h3 = 3 Q3
2.
' = y2
[h1' Q1'],
[Q2' = 0],
[h3' Q3']
Q1'> Q3'
' = y2 <
Q1'< Q3'
' = y2 >
3. ' h1', h2', h3' ( ).
4. : h1' Q1', h2' Q2', h3' Q3'
5. , :
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' > : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' < : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' 0 ' : .
6. , , .
: Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.
() .
:
f: /d Reynolds, (5.27):
1,11
1,11
1
6,9
6,9 d
= 1,08 log
+
f = 1,8 log
+ d
1
Re
Re
3,7
3,7
f 2
, :
B1, d B2, B3, B4, Q B5
/d
B6: = B3/B2
B7: =4*B5/PI()/B2^2
Re
B8: =B7*B2/B4
B9: =(1,8*LOG(6,9/B8+(B6/3,7)^1,11))^2
1
f
3,7
3,7
= 2 log
= 1,14 2 log ( ) f = 2 log
d
d
d
/d
f
i: , , :
hi = i Q i2
:
361
i =
Li
1
fi + i 4
g di
di
8
2
f. f 9
( ) ( ) 10, 11 :
= 8/ PI()^2/9,81*(B9*B1/B2+B10)/B2^4
, , .
C, D .. ,
.
, .
,
. -
, . , ,
, , . ,
.
,
, .
8.6 .
1. 8.6 200 m 220 m 7 in 5
in . 180 m3/h,
. ( ).
[h = = 38,07 m]
2. 8.6 , 25 m
2 4 .
[Q = 139,2 m3/h]
3. 12 m, ,
, 100 m 120 m 15 cm 10 cm .
,
1
. ;
[Q = 79,6 m3/h]
(1)
4. 8.6
. ,
40 m 10 cm. (
mm) , 20 m,
60 m3/h.
, = 0,9 = 4,5.
[dAB,min = 91 mm]
5. 50
m, 70 m 40 m 5 cm, 7 cm 4 cm
, .
B
(2)
. 8.6.
B
7m
. 8.6.
362
180 KPa 5 m ,
, . ( = 1,110-6 m2/s,
).
[Q = 15,2 m3/h, h1 = 6,09 m, h2 = 1,45 m, h3 = 15,8 m]
6. , ,
;
[Q = 110,3 m3/h, 27,2% 55,9% 16,9%]
7. 8.6 (1) 10 cm 4 m,
(2), 2 cm 6 m. .
0,2 L/s, Q
. ( .
).
[Q = 18,3 L/s, pA pB = 2,75 KPa]
8. 8.6 L1 = 80 m, L2 = 60 m
d1 = 3 in, d2 = 2 in. 20oC, 0,82
30 KPa, (
, ).
[Q1 = 64,7 m3/h, Q1 = 25,5 m3/h]
9. ( = 0,0002 m) , 400 ft, 300 ft
500 ft 2 in, 3 in 4 in . 0,6
ft3/s, ( m3/h). (
0,86, = 810-5 m2/s,
).
(2)
[h = 5,1 m, Q1 = 4,34 m3/h, Q2 = 20,57 m3/h,
Q3 = 36,25 m3/h]
10.
8.6, L1 = 60 m,
L2 = 55 m, d1= 5 cm, d2 = 4 cm
0,9 4,410-6 m2/s. (2) ,
p =
2,5.
14 m3/h,
.
[Q1 = 9 m3/h, Q2 = 5 m3/h, pA pB = 28,6 KPa]
11.
hp = 50 m
15 KPa,
.
3
(1)
. 8.6.
(2)
A
(1)
. 8.6.
(1)
A
(2)
. 8.6.
363
(2)
. 8.6.
(1)
(2)
(4)
(3)
. 8.6.
16. 8.6 , 8 cm :
LAB= 100 m, L= 50 m, L= 70 m
.
: ) , )
=0,5.
[) Q = 60,7 m3/h,
) Q = 69,8 m3/h]
17. 8.6,
:
L1 =200 m
d1 = 20 cm
L2 = 100 m
d2 = 14 cm
L3 = 150 m
d3 = 12 cm
150 m3/
h,
Q1 Q2.
[y1 y2 = 14,37 m, Q1 = 322 m3/h,
Q2 = 172 m3/h]
(3)
25 m
A
5m
20 m
. 8.6.
1
25 m
2
(1)
(2)
. 8.6.
(3)
364
18. 8.6
:
L1 =1200 m
d1 = 30 cm
L2 = 500 m
d2 = 15 cm
L3 = 600 m
d3 = 20 cm
.
500 m3/h,
Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 40 m, Q2 = 189,5 m3/h,
Q3 = 310,5 m3/h]
19. 8.6 :
L1 = 300 m
d1 = 15 cm
L2 = 200 m
d2 = 10 cm
L3 = 250 m
d3 = 10 cm
15 L/s,
Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 14,84 m, Q1 = 27 L/s, Q3 = 12 L/s]
20. 8.6 :
d1 = 6 in,
d2 =3 in,
d3 = 4 in,
L1 =180 ft, L2 = 60 ft, L3 = 90 ft
2,2 ft
3
/s. : H
Q2 Q3 (
ft 3/s).
[y1 y3= 11,7 m, Q2 = 0,5 ft 3/s,
Q3 = 1,7 ft 3/s]
21. 8.6 :
L1 = 30 m
d1 = 5 cm
K1 = 3
L2 = 20 m
d2 = 5 cm
K2 = 2
L3 = 25 m d3 = 7 cm
K3 = 5
20 m3/h,
.
[y1 y2= 4,30 m, Q1 = 22,1 m3/h,
Q3 = 42,1 m3/h]
22. 8.6 :
L1 = 120 m d1 =12cm
1
50 m
2
(1)
(3)
(2)
. 8.6.
1
10 m
2
(1)
(3)
(2)
. 8.6.
1
2
(1)
(3)
(2)
3 6m
. 8.6.
16 m
(1)
(2)
(3)
. 8.6.
A
1
2
. 8.6.
365
L2 = 30 m
d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m
d3 = 8 cm
7 m 5 m
, . (
).
[Q1 = 73,5 m3/h, Q2 = 24,2 m3/h, Q3 = 49,3 m3/h]
23. 8.6 : L1
= 80 m, L2 = 30 m, L3 = 70 m : d1 = 8 cm, d2 = 4 cm, d3 = 7 cm.
4 m 12 m,
. ( ).
[Q1 = 41,4 m3/h, Q2 = 4,9 m3/h, Q3 = 46,3 m3/h]
24. , (3), (
);
[d3 = 6,4 cm]
25. , , y1 = 25 m, y2 = 75 m
y3 = 60 m, (1), (2) (3) 8.6.
d1 = d2 = d3 = 8 in : L1 = 95 m, L2 = 125 m, L3 = 160 m.
.
[Q1 = 908 m3/h (), Q2 = 636 m3/h (), Q3 = 272 m3/h ()]
26. 8.6
L1 = 1800 ft, L2 = 1200 ft, L3 = 1600 ft
d1 = 8 in, d2 = 6 in, d3 = 5 in.
y 1= 20 ft, y2= 100 ft y3 =
50 ft.
.
[Q1 = 198 m3/h (), Q2 = 171 m3/h
(), Q3 = 27 m3/h ()]
27. 8.6
:
L1 =100 m
d1 = 8 cm
L2 = 60 m
d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m
d3 = 8 cm
60 m3/h, pA
.
[pA, = 373 KPa, Q1 = 85,1 m3/h,
Q2 = 25,1 m3/h]
28. 8.6 :
L1= 20 m
d1= 8 cm
(2)
(3)
(1)
. 8.6.
pA
1m
6m
(1)
(2)
(3)
. 8.6.
1
2
(1)
(2)
6m
3
(3)
. 8.6.
366
L2= 40 m
d2= 6 cm
L3= 50 m
d3= 8 cm
: L1 (1) 1 . (1) 80 m3/h, 1 (2) (3).
[p1, = 85,2 KPa, Q2 = 18,1 m3/h, Q3 = 61,9 m3/h]
29. 8.6 :
L1= 220 m
d1= 8 cm
L2= 150 m
d2= 5 cm
L3= 170 m
d3= 6 cm
(1) () = 0,5.
.
[Q1 = 32,9 m3/h, Q2 = 9,25 m3/h, Q3 = 23,65 m3/h]
30.
8.6 ,
(),
(2) .
(3);
[Q1 = Q3 = 18,7 m3/h, =220]
()
(1)
15 m
(2)
. 8.6.
(3)
25 m
3
KE 9
9.1
9.2
9.3 Hardy Cross
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
368
9.1 .
.
. , , , .
, . ,
:
, , , , , , ,
, , ...
,
. , , .
, ,
.
. , ,
... (
), , , , (
Halon, ), ...
.
, .
,
(, , ,
..). , : (tree system), (grid system) (loop
system). 9.1 :
,
()
()
. 9.1.
: ) , ) ) .
()
369
.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
: ,
, , , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
9.2 .
, , ( ), [. 9.2(), 9.2()]
.
. [. 9.2()], .
()
()
. 9.2.
()
: ) , ) ) .
, ,
. , . ,
.
, , .
, . () ,
.
, ( ) , :
= m
m
(9.1)
:
370
Q = Q
(9.1)
, , .
(+ , ), :
Q = 0
9.2:
(9.1)
Q1 Q2 + Q3 Q4 Q5 = 0
Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4 + Q5
(9.1)
, . ,
, , . , 9.2,
, : ----.
. .
, [. 9.2()].
2
. 9.2.
B.
. 9.2.
9.2,
(, , , ) (, , , ).
, Bernoulli , :
h = h h + h = h + h
h + h h h = 0
(9.2)
, +
, (9.2)
:
h + h + h + h = 0
h = 0
(9.2)
371
9.2, (9.2).
()
(DarcyWeisbach):
Li
2
8
hi = 2
f
Qi
i
i
g di4 di
h i = i Q2i
i =
g di4
fi i + i
di
(9.3)
(9.3)
,
(9.1), (9.2) (9.3) ( , ).
(Hardy Cross, NewtonRaphson,
), . Hardy
Cross (1936) .
9.3 Hardy Cross.
(), ( ) . ( ) (
).
.
, : , .
, . ,
. Hardy Cross . , :
) ,
( , , .. 9.3).
( ).
9.3 : Q = (100+40) L/s = 140 L/s
:
20L/s
Q = (30+20+30+20+20+20) L/s = 140 L/s
30L/s
100L/s
,
30L/s
, 20L/s
Li, di, i
20L/s
i.
, 20L/s
(. , 40L/s
),
. 9.3.
.
.
372
) .
, (. 9.3 , , , , , , , , , ).
) (. 9.3). , . , , .
.
. .
. ,
(
). , : I, II, III, IV V.
20L/s
100L/s
A
30L/s
20L/s
20L/s
100L/s
30L/s
20L/s
20L/s
20L/s
40L/s
. 9.3.
II
20L/s
K
30L/s
IV
III
30L/s
20L/s
40L/s
. 9.3.
: .
: .
(SI)
(9.3)
i: (, , ..).
( , 14), (
) .
:
, I J .
, I [ (9.3)] .
(9.1) (9.2).
N N1 (
). J . ,
373
. ,
: I = J + N1
9.3 : I = 14, N = 10, J = 5. 14 , 9 5 .
. :
(9.1) .
(9.2) .
:
1. : ( ). .
, N1 . ( +1 = J)
. , 14 , 5 .
, .
( ).
, , 100 L/s
60 L/s,
40 L/s, (9.1): 100 = 60+40.
,
.
9.3 () .
, . ,
.
9.3 . ,
. .
2. : (9.2),
,
2.
:
(9.2.1)
:
h = hAB + h + h h h hA = 0
:
h = h h h h = 0
(9.2.2)
20
100
30
A
15
20
K
30
40
35
. 9.3.
20
I
10
B
60
15
15
30
I
30
20
K
V
10
20
. 9.3.
II
10
35 IV
10
30
10
III
20
10
40
: ().
374
:
V:
V:
h = h h + h = 0
hV = hK hEH + hHK = 0
hV = hK h + hH = 0
(9.2.3)
(9.2.4)
(9.2.5)
Q j =
( h'i ) j
2 i Qi
(9.4)
j
, Qj j, i j Qi .
(
3), .
, j :
,
() Q : Qi' = Qi + Qi
, : Qi' = Qi Qi
,
.
, , .
, .
5. : 2.
,
(9.2). 3 4 (, ). 4
, .
: (9.4) :
Qi, : Qi +Q. ,
, :
375
Q (9.4).
.
, Q Qi. . , .
,
. , , () .
.
. , .
9.4 .
1
9.4 = 10 m, = 12
m, = 8 m 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm .
. .
.
:
: L = 10 m d = 0,05 m = 0,00015 m
L = 12 m d = 0,06 m = 0,00015 m
L = 8 m
d = 0,07 m = 0,00015 m
3
Q =0,010 m /s ()
Q =0,006 m3/s ()
Q =0,004 m3/s ()
= 10-6 m2/s
: Q, Q, Q
, .
(. 9.4) 1, 2 3.
- :
Moody
: (/d = 0,003, ) f = 0,0262
2
(SI)
(1)
(SI)
(2)
(SI)
(3)
B 6L/s
B 6L/s
10L/s
10L/s
A
. 9.4.
4L/s
4L/s
. 9.4.
376
Q =
h
( 1,02)
Q =
2 i Q i
2 (69.180 0,003 + 31.720 0,007 + 9385 0,003)
B 6L/s
3+1,1=4,1
3
I
10L/s
10L/s
3 _1,1=1,9
A
7
. 9.4.
4L/s
7 _1,1=5,9
. 9.4.
4L/s
377
Q, :
(1) h = 1,17 m
(2) h = 1,10 m
(3) h = 0,03 m
(4) h' = +0,03 m 0
Q = 0,00004 m3/s = 0,04 L/s
( 1,9% ). :
Q = 0,00406 m3/s = 4,06 L/s
Q = 0,00594 m3/s = 5,94 L/s
Q = 0,00194 m3/s = 1,94 L/s
( ).
:
QA = QAB + QA
(1)
Q = QAB + Q
2
2
2
Q AB Q B Q A = 0
(2)
(3)
20 cm
15 cm
100 L/s
15 cm
30 cm
20 cm
2
9.4
:
= = = = 150 m
= = = 200 m.
, 9.4.
15 cm
E
40 L/s
. 9.4.
378
d (m)
0,3
0,2
0,15
0,20
0,20
0,15
0,15
L (m)
150
200
150
200
150
200
150
(m)
0,00026
: 7 , pA pZ.
: ( ),
. ( , , :
). 6 7.
( ). :
1 .
. Hardy Cross:
. ,
, ,
-, .
:
/d
0,00087
0,00130
0,00173
0,00130
0,00130
0,00173
0,00173
0,0190
0,0210
0,0226
0,0210
0,0210
0,0226
0,0226
(SI)
97
1082
3681
1082
812
4908
3681
97 Q AB
1082 Q EZ
3681 Q EZ
1082 Q EZ
812 Q EZ
4908 Q EZ
3681 Q EZ
379
,
. : 80+20 = 100.
(
9.4)
.
200 L/s
A
80
2. :
,
:
h = hAB + hBE + h hA = 0
h = h + h h h = 0
120
40
20
100 L/s
80
60 L/s
II
20
20
40 L/s
. 9.4.
(1)
(2)
3. :
(SI)
97
1082
3681
1082
812
4908
3681
0,120
0,080
0,020
0,040
0,080
0,020
0,020
97 Q AB
h(m)
1082 Q EZ
1,393
3681 Q EZ
6,925
1,472
1082 Q EZ
812 Q EZ
1,731
4908 Q EZ
5,194
3681 Q EZ
1,963
1,472
Q I =
hI'
( 2,328)
2,328
Q I =
=
2 i Q i
2 (97 0,12 + 1082 0,08 + 3681 0,02 + 1082 0,4) 430,1
Q II =
hII
( +3,953)
3,953
Q II =
=
2 i Q i
2 (1082 0,04 + 812 0,08 + 4908 0,02 + 3681 0,4)
430,1
200 L/s
A 120+5,4
80
_ 5,4
100 L/s
20 _ 5,4
60 L/s
80+(_7,1)
40
II
+5,4
_(_7,1)
20
+(_7,1)
E 20 _ (_7,1)
40 L/s
. 9.4.
380
2 :
( , ,
), . hi'.
, (1) (2) , h' h':
(SI)
Q
h
h(m)
97
1082
3681
1082
812
4908
3681
0,1254
0,0746
0,0254
0,0525
0,0729
0,0129
0,0271
1082 Q EZ
97 Q AB
1,522
3681 Q EZ
6,020
1082 Q EZ
2,377
812 Q EZ
2,979
4908 Q EZ
4,317
3681 Q EZ
0,822
2,695
Q I =
hI'
0,858
Q I =
Q I = 0,00177 m 3 / s = 1,8 L s
2 i Q i
486
Q II =
hII'
0,535
Q II =
Q II = 0,00096 m3 / s = 0,96 L s
2 i Q i
558
:
Q = (125,4 1,8) L/s = 123,6 L/s
Q = (74,6 + 1,8) L/s = 76,4 L/s
Q = (25,4 1,8) L/s = 23,6 L/s
Q = (52,5 1,8 0,96) L/s = 49,74 L/s
Q = (72,9 + 0,96) L/s = 73,86 L/s
Q = (12,9 + 0,96) L/s = 13,86 L/s
Q = ( 27,1 0,96) L/s = 26,14 L/s
3 :
(SI)
97
1082
3681
1082
812
4908
3681
0,1236
0,0764
0,0236
0,0497
0,0739
0,0139
0,0261
97 Q AB
h(m)
1,479
1082 Q EZ
6,308
3681 Q EZ
2,058
1082 Q EZ
2,678
812 Q EZ
4,432
4908 Q EZ
0,948
3681 Q EZ
2,508
381
Q I =
hI
( 0,858)
Q I =
Q I = 0,0002 m 3 / s = 0,2 L s
2 i Q i
471
Q II =
hII
0,194
Q II =
Q II = 0,00035 m3 / s = 0,35 L s
2 i Q i
556
hI' hI' . ,
:
Q =(123,6+0,2) L/s
Q =123,8 L/s
Q = 76,2 L/s
Q = 23,8 L/s
Q = 50,3 L/s
Q = 73,5 L/s
Q = 13,5 L/s
Q = 26,5 L/s
200 L/s
A
123,8
76,2
100 L/s
23,8
50,3
73,5
60 L/s
II
13,5
26,5
40 L/s
. 9.4.
, , . ,
. 9.4 .
:
. ,
(hAZ = hAZ = hAZ = hAZ):
2
h AZ = h AB + h + h h AZ = Q 2AB + Q 2B + Q
2
2
h AZ = 97 Q 2AB + 812 Q B
+ 4908 Q
(SI) h AZ = 6,77 m
Bernoulli ,
:
yA yZ +
v 2A v 2Z p A pz
+
= h p A p Z = h p A p Z = 66,5KPa
2g
1: ,
( ) :
Q = 0,08 L/s, Q = 0,04 L/s
2:
, , .
, , .
382
3: , .
, .
( ) ,
, . ,
.
(1) (2).
2, ,
.
. ,
9.3 , , (14
10 ). , , ,
(Excel, Calc ..) .
3
9.4, , , .
9.4,
.
:
:
L, m
25
50
40
30
30
40
50
40
30
30
50
30
25
40
d, cm
10
10
10
12
30L/s
B
20L/s
20L/s
30L/s
I
20L/s
. 9.4.
100L/s
40L/s
30L/s
B
I
20L/s
II
20L/s
K
20L/s
IV
. 9.4.
III
40L/s
30L/s
20L/s
383
.
.
Excel. , ( SI)
: 1-5, - .
(6) /d:
5 3 d, 6: = 5/3
- C6-O6.
/d ( 6-6).
, (7) f (8),
i.
A
1
25
50
40
30
30
40
50
40
30
30
50
30
25
40
0,1
0,1
0,08
0,08
0,06
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,08
0,06
0,06
0,06
0,06
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,00012
0,0012
0,0012
0,0015
0,0015
0,002
0,002
0,0015
0,0012
0,001
0,0015
0,002
0,002
0,002
0,002
6 /d
7
0,0205
0,0205
0,0217
0,0217
0,0234
0,0234
0,0217
0,0205
0,0196
0,0217
0,0234
0,0234
0,0234
0,0234
6721
10137
27966
24505
100161
125047
33445
7614
2753
20470
149934
100161
74967
118672
f
(5.25):
3,7
f = 2 log
7: = (2*LOG(3,7/B6))^2 - C7-O7.
8 :
i =
1
8 Li
f + i 4
2 i
g di
di
8: = 8/PI()^2/9,81*(B7*B2/B3+B4)/B3^4 C8-O8.
/d, f (
6, 7 8 ).
1. : ( ) . ( ) .
,
, ,
. , ,
, . 5 ( ).
:
QAI = 60 L/s
384
20 L/s
Q = 10 L/s
Q = 40 L/s
Q = 25 L/s
30 L/s
100 L/s
Q = 15 L/s
: Q = 5 L/s
: Q = 25 L/s,
Q = 15 L/s Q= 15 L/s
:
Q = 5 L/s
Q = 15 L/s
25
40
20 L/s
15
60
: Q = 15 L/s Q = 25 L/s
10
40
25
II 5
15
5
IV
15
25
V
15
20 L/s
30 L/s
III
20 L/s
15
40 L/s
. 9.4.
: 25+25 = 15+20+15.
9.4
( 9, m3/s).
2. :
, :
():
hI = hAB + h h h h hAI = 0
(1)
():
hII = h + h h + h = 0
(2)
():
hII = h h + h = 0
(3)
(V):
hIV = h h + h = 0
(4)
(V):
hV = h h h = 0
(5)
Excel ( 10-14):
, +1 1, .
, ( ). , 10
h , 11, ...
3. : (hi = i
Qi2) (1) (5). :
A
6721
10137
27966
24505
100161
125047
33445
7614
2753
20470
149934
100161
74967
118672
0,04
0,01
0,025
0,005
0,005
0,015
0,015
0,04
0,06
0,015
0,015
0,025
0,025
0,015
10
11
II
12
III
13
IV
14
15
16
17
18
hV
19
hV
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10,75
1,01
1
12,18
17,48
0,61
9,91
4,61
4,61
2,50
hII
11,04
33,74
28,14
26,70
7,53
61,79
46,85
33,74
hI
hIII
62,60
62,60
1,07
hIV
69,63
26,70
46,85
hV
23,27
385
15 19, . 15 ( ) . 15 : =
10*8*9. .
20 h' . , C20 : = SUM(B15:
O15). F20, I20, L20 O20.
4. : (9.4) .
C21 , F21 .. ,
:
()
C21 = C20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B10:O10))/2
()
F21 = F20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B11:O11))/2
()
21 = I20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B12:O12))/2
(V)
L21 = L20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B13:O13))/2
(V)
O21 = O20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B14:O14))/2
:
A
20
hI
21
QI
61,79
hII
0,0102
QII
11,04
hIII
0,0016
QII
1,07
hIV
0,0001
QIV
69,63
hV
23,27
0,0053
QV
0,0024
, ,
( 1014).
:
A
21
QI
0,0102
QII
0,0016
QII
0,0001
QIV
0,0053
QV
0,0024
0,0502
0,0202
0,0066
0,0049
0,0126
0,0298
0,0064
0,0081
0,0172
0,0202
22
0,0266
0,0151
0,0498
0,0173
. :
22 = B9+B10*$C21+B11*$F21+B12*$I21+B13*$L21+B14*$O21
9.4.
, .
. , ,
(
m3/s L/s):
20 L/s
100 L/s
30 L/s
B
50,2
49,8
29,8
I
17,2
6,4
20,2
20 L/s
26,6
20 L/s
8,1
K
V
4,9
17,3 IV
20,2
12,6
. 9.4.
30 L/s
6,6
II
III
15,1
40 L/s
20 L/s
386
hI
15,38
hII
QI
0,0033
0,0535
0,0235
53,5
23,5
12,07
hIII
QII
0,0027
0,0239
0,0039
0,0025
23,9
3,9
2,5
22,18
hIV
QII
0,0023
0,0175
0,0107
0,0265
17,5
10,7
26,5
8,81
hV
13,18
QIV
0,0008
QV
0,0019
0,0465
0,0004
0,0116
0,0162
0,0158
0,0171
46,5
0,4
11,6
16,2
15,8
17,1
, , ( hj ).
m3/s:
0,0535
0,0235
0,0239
0,0039
0,0025
0,0175
0,0107
0,0265
0,0465
0,0004
0,0116
0,0162
0,0158
0,0171
0,0547
0,0247
0,0247
0,0047
0,0029
0,0171
0,0089
0,0253
0,0133
0,0164
0,0185
0,0557
0,0257
0,0239
0,0039
0,0024
0,0176
0,0089
0,0243
0,0443
0,0018
0,0113
0,0141
0,0154
0,0171
0,0557
0,0257
0,0245
0,0045
0,0028
0,0172
0,0080
0,0243
0,0443
0,0012
0,0103
0,0129
0,0162
0,0179
0,0562
0,0262
0,0242
0,0042
0,0026
0,0174
0,0082
0,0238
0,0438
0,0020
0,0112
0,0136
0,0156
0,0172
0,0561
0,0261
0,0246
0,0046
0,0028
0,0172
0,0077
0,0239
0,0439
0,0015
0,0106
0,0129
0,0162
0,0177
0,0564
0,0264
0,0245
0,0045
0,0027
0,0173
0,0079
0,0236
0,0436
0,0019
0,0110
0,0134
0,0157
0,0172
, ( )
. , : ()
(), , :
():
hI = hAB + h + h h h hAI = 0
(1)
():
hII = h + h h h = 0
(2)
, 10 (1) 11 (1).
.
,
9.4 :
QAB = 0,0564 m3/s = 56,4 L/s
. (
387
20 L/s
100 L/s
30 L/s
B
56,4
43,6
23,6
15,7
24,5
20 L/s
30 L/s
4,5
1,9
26,4
13,4
2,7
11,0
17,2
7,9
20 L/s
. 9.4.
17,3
40 L/s
20 L/s
. 9.5.
y A yE +
v 2A v 2E p A pE
P
v 2 v 2E p A
+
= h E hp E = y A y E + A
+
h AE + hp
2g
2g
(
3 m/s ),
:
pE
p
(9.5)
= y A y E + A h AE + h p
: hAE = hAB + h + h =
9.2.
9.5.1 .
9.5,
(9.5), .
.
.
,
388
. 9.5, ,
.
. , h,
hp. (. ,
, ), Bernoulli :
y yE +
p p E
= h hp
y y +
p p
= h
yE y +
pE p
= h
:
(h hp) + h + h = 0
(9.6)
. , :
h + h + h = 0
, , ( ), .
(9.2) :
(9.6)
( h i h p,i ) = 0
hi,j = hp,j
(9.6)
: i j .
(9.6), hp,j :
,
.
. 9.3, :
Q j =
( h p,i h i ) j
2 i Qi
. 9.5.
(9.7)
70 L/s
: i j.
, ,
(ht).
4
9.5 -
40 L/s
. 9.5.
30 L/s
389
:
LAB = L = 200 m, LA = L = 150 m, L = 120 m
dAB = d = 5 in, d = d= 4 in, d = 3 in
, 10 m. :
) .
) pA =3 bar, yA y = 8 m.
( ).
:
:
L (m)
200
150
120
150
200
d (m)
0,127
0,127
0,0762
0,1016
0,1016
: () Qi, () p
) 2 : () ().
i ( . 9.3):
(SI)
200
150
120
150
200
0,127
0,127
0,0762
0,1016
0,1016
/d
0,00118
0,00118
0,00197
0,00148
0,00148
0,0205
0,0205
0,0233
0,0216
0,0216
10.232
7.674
90.010
24.773
33.031
1. : ( ) (. 9.5).
i, .
: Q = 40 L/s Q = 30 L/s
: Q = 10 L/s () Q = 10 L/s
: Q = (30 10) L/s = 20 L/s
: : 20+10 = 30
70 L/s
2. :
(): h = (h hp) h h = 0
2
h = Q AB Q B Q A = 10 (1)
(): h = h h + h = 0
2
40
P
I
30
h = Q B Q + Q = 0
(2)
10
40 L/s
10
II
20
. 9.5.
30 L/s
390
3. :
hI
hII
16,37 m
6,91 m
9,00 m
2,48m
13,21 m
0,46 10
1,73 0
4. :
(9.7):
(9.7) Q I =
h t hI
Q I = 0,0031 m3 / s
2 i Q i I
(9.7) Q II =
hII
Q II = 0,0005 m3 / s
2 i Q i II
:
Q = (0,040 + 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0431 m3/s
Q = (0,030 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0269 m3/s
Q = (0,010 0,0031 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0074 m3/s
Q = (0,010 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0105 m3/s
Q = (0,020 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0195 m3/s
- .
:
Q
QI
QII
0,0431
0,0269
0,0074
0,0105
0,0195
8,54 4,96
0,00055
0,00158
0,0437
0,0263
0,0084
0,0121
0,0179
7,80 0,66
0,00078
0,0002
0,0444
0,0256
0,0078
0,0123
0,0177
9,67 1,15
0,00012
0,00036
0,0446
0,0254
0,0081
0,0126
0,0174
9,49 0,17
0,0000440
0,0000126
0,0447
0,0253
0,0079
0,0127
0,0173
9,92 0,27
0,0000066
0,0000197
0,0448
0,0252
0,0080
0,0128
0,0172
9,88 0,04
0,0000103
0,0000030
0,0448
0,0252
0,0080
0,0128
0,0172
9,98 0,06
0,0000016
0,0000046
0,0448
0,0252
0,0080
0,0128
0,0172
9,97 0,01
0,0000024
0,0000007
0,0448
0,0252
0,0080
0,0128
0,0172
10,00 0,01
0,0000004
0,0000011
(. 9.5):
Q = 44,8 L/s
Q = 25,2 L/s
Q = 8 L/s
Q = 12,8 L/s
Q = 17,2 L/s
) Bernoulli () ,
:
391
1
70 L/s
44,8
P
Q1
25,2
40 L/s
Q2
Q
12,8
II
17,2
30 L/s
QE
. 9.5.
y A y +
. 9.5.
p A p
p p
= h hp A
= h hp (y A y )
, :
p A p
= h AB + h hp (y A y ) = h +h (y A y )
: , . , hp ,
.
9.5.2 .
. , ,
( 9.5).
9.5, Q1 Q2 ,
( ) . 2 , 5 4 .
5 3 2
. 7 5
.
:
Q = Q
Q1 + Q2 = QB + Q + Q + QE
(9.8)
(9.8)
, Bernoulli .
392
1
p p
v 2 v 22
y1 y 2 + 1 2 + 1
= h12 y1 y 2 = h12
2g
II
Q1
, 12.
(, 9.5)
, 12.
.
(9.6) :
hIII = y
A
Q2
II
QE
Q
. 9.5.
(9.9)
(9.9) ( 9.6) , .
, ,
y = y1 y2 (
, ).
hp, y,
.
- () (9.7)
( ):
y - hi,j
(9.10)
Q j =
2 i Q i j
, ( ,
, ).
Hardy Cross.
,
, . , (1)
9.5 (2) , y p/.
:
p p1 - p2
(9.9)
hi,j =
=
Q j =
p / - hi,j
2 i Q i
(9.10)
, (j) ,
, :
p
(9.9)
+ hp
h i, j = y +
Q j =
( y + p
+ h p ) h i, j
2 i Qi j
(9.10)
5
9.5, .
393
. .
,
, :
L
m
d
cm
L/s
y
m
300
30
60
250
20
110
10
220
20
85
230
15
25
180
20
250
20
280
25
y1 = 37 m
y2 = 34 m
= 0,00026 m
:
() () , ( ) - () (. 9.5). ,
i (), () ():
(SI)
300
250
220
230
180
250
280
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,15
0,2
0,2
0,25
0,00026
0,00026
0,00026
0,00026
0,00026
0,00026
0,00026
/d
0,00087
0,00130
0,00130
0,00173
0,00130
0,00130
0,00104
0,0190
0,0210
0,0210
0,0226
0,0210
0,0210
0,0198
193
1353
1190
5644
974
1353
470
1. : ( ) .
i ,
(. 9.5).
: (9.8):
Q1 + Q2= 280 L/s
II
Q1 = 180 L/s = 0,18 m3/s
3
Q2= 100 L/s= 0,1 m /s.
180
100
50
70
: : Q = 10 L/s
Q + Q = Q + Q Q= 50 L/s
: Q+ Q = Q + Q
Q = 25 L/s
, :
Q = Q+ Q+ Q (100 = 25+25+50)
110
: Q1 = Q + Q + Q
: Q = 70 L/s Q = 50 L/s
60
10 II
I
50
25
85
. 9.5.
25
394
2. :
h = h + h h = 0
h = h + h h = 0
h = h h + h + h = 3
()
()
()
: hi= iQi2.
() (). (9.9) y = y1 y2 =
(3734) m. y
.
3. :
hAB
hI
6,27
6,63
2,98
0,56
2,43
0,85
4,70
4,22
hII
hIII
2,15 5,77
4. :
(9.4) QI = 0,010 m3/s,
(9.10) Q III =
QI = 0,00775 m3/s
y hIII
2 i Q i III
(m3/s):
QAB
0,18
0,07
0,1739
0,0538
Q
0,05
0,01
0,05
0,025
0,1
0,0600 0,0078
0,0484
0,0327
0,1061
Q . () ():
h= h h h = 0
()
h= h + h + h = 0
()
[, h = Q 2 :
h = Q|Q|, () ()].
- .
:
QAB
QI
QII
QIII
0,1739
0,0538
0,0600
0,0078
0,0484
0,0327
0,1061
0,00187
0,00181
0,00197
0,1758
0,0577
0,0581
0,0077
0,0446
0,0346
0,1042
0,00038 0,00005
0,00110
0,1747
0,0562
0,0585
0,0080
0,0458
0,0345
0,1053
0,00043
0,00023
0,00015
0,1749
0,0568
0,0581
0,0078
0,0454
0,0347
0,1051
0,00001
0,00009
0,00021
0,1747
0,0566
0,0581
0,0079
0,0455
0,0348
0,1053
0,00011
0,00007
0,00002
0,1746
0,0567
0,0580
0,0079
0,0454
0,0349
0,1054
0,00002
0,00004
0,00005
()
395
0,1746
0,0566
0,0580
0,0079
0,0455
0,0350
0,1054
0,00003
0,00003
0,00002
0,1746
0,0567
0,0579
0,0079
0,0454
0,0350
0,1054
0,00001
0,00002
0,00002
0,1746
0,0566
0,0579
0,0079
0,0454
0,0350
0,1054
0,00001
0,00001
0,00001
( m):
hAB
hI
hII
hIII
5,90
4,34
3,99
0,35
2,01
1,66
5,22
0,00
0,00
3,00
: Bernoulli (1)
:
p1 pB
= h1B pB, = (y1 y B h1B )
: y1 y B +
: p, = (y1 y hAB h)
p, = 164,5 KPa
: p, = (y1 y hAB h)
p, = 266,0 KPa
: p, = (y1 y hAB h + h)
: ,
. , . , .
Bernoulli :
yE y +
p E p
= h p = p + (y y E + h )
, Bernoulli .
9.5.3 HazenWilliams.
, ,
DarcyWeisbach. ,
: hi = i Qi2. , ,
, , fi
i. ( , ).
, ,
, DarcyWeisbach, Hazen
Williams. , ,
,
. ( SI):
396
v = 0,849 C R 0,63 ( h f L )0,54
(9.11)
: R , hf/L (
).
, DarcyWeisbach.
HazenWilliams, SI, :
hf =
10,665 L
1,852
Q1,852
d4,871
(9.12)
: hf L d.
C , HazenWilliams.
. 9.5.1
. C ( ).
9.5.1
HazenWilliams.
HazenWilliam C
130 140
120
110
140 150
120 140
DarcyWeisbach, HazenWilliams, :
hi = A i Qni
DarcyWeisbach:
A i = i =
8
2
fi
Li
di5
(9.13)
n=2
(9.13)
n = 1,852
(9.13)
HazenWilliams:
Ai =
10,665
1,852
Li
di4,871
, :
Q j =
h j'
n1
n A i Qi
(9.14)
HazenWilliams Darcy-Weisbach, C. , f
( , Reynolds)
Moody ( 5.4.2).
. :
DarcyWeisbach
. ,
DarcyWeisbach, . ,
DarcyWeisbach (. . 4.1.8, 6).
: (.. , ), ,
397
ChezyManning:
hf = 4,1 n2
5,33
Q2
: n, ( Manning).
.
6
9.5 HazenWilliams.
:
2, DarcyWeisbach. hi = iQi2 (
DarcyWeisbach) (9.13):
hi = A i Qin
:
Ai =
10,665
Li
4,871
di
1,852
n = 1,852
, (9.14).
( , ), i.
, C 9.5.1 ( ): C = 130. (9.13)
:
(SI)
0,3
0,2
0,15
0,20
0,20
0,15
0,15
150
200
150
200
150
200
150
68,5
658,6
2005,8
658,6
494,0
2674,4
2005,8
hi = A i Q1,852
i
(SI)
0,3
0,2
0,15
0,20
0,20
0,15
0,15
150
200
150
200
150
200
150
0,12
0,08
0,02
0,04
0,08
0,02
0,02
hi
1,35
6,13
1,43
1,70
4,59
1,91
1,43
2005,8
h h:
h = 1,65 m
h = 3,37 m
(9.14):
30 cm
20 cm
60 L/s
15 cm
hi :
200 L/s
A
20 cm
( 1
2) (. 9.5).
:
hI = hAB + hBE + h h = 0
(1)
hI = hB + h h h = 0
(2)
15 cm
100 L/s
15 cm
E
40 L/s
. 9.5.
200 L/s
A
80
100 L/s
120
20
40
80
60 L/s
II
20
20
40 L/s
. 9.5.
398
Q j =
h j'
1,852 A i Q 0,852
i
0,1200
0,0800
0,0200
0,0400
0,0800
0,0200
0,0200
0,1244
0,0756
0,0244
0,0512
0,0732
0,0132
0,0268
0,1227
0,0773
0,0227
0,0488
0,0739
0,0139
0,0261
0,1229
0,0771
0,0229
0,0493
0,0736
0,0136
0,0264
0,1228
0,0772
0,0228
0,0492
0,0736
0,0136
0,0264
3
4
L/s ( 2, DarcyWeisbach) :
QAB = 122,8 L/s
(123,8 L/s)
(76,2 L/s)
QA = 77,2 L/s
(23,8 L/s)
Q = 22,8 L/s
(50,3 L/s)
Q = 49,2 L/s
(73,5 L/s)
Q = 73,6 L/s
(13,5 L/s)
Q = 13,6 L/s
(26,5 L/s)
Q = 26,4 L/s
Darcy-Weisbach,
.
9.6 .
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
, :
( , , ).
(, , ).
(, ).
. .
( ).
, ( , , , , , -
399
, , ..),
( , , , , ,
..), ( , ,
..).
, . ,
, (, , ..).
( , , ..),
(, ..). ,
. .
9.6.1 .
, .
:
) :
, ,
. .
,
. , .
, .
) : ( )
. , , ,
, .
. .
, .
) : ,
, .
) : ,
.
, , ...
) :
. , .
,
,
, . , ,
. ,
.
.
,
.
) : (
)
( ). , ()
, .
, .
400
9.6.2 .
, ( ). .
, , ,
.
9.6.3 .
. .
.
9.6.4 .
, , ,
. ( , ,
), ( ,
, ).
, .
.
(sludge tank),
-,
.
9.6.5 .
, .
. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
9.6.6 -.
, , ,
.
.
. , ,
.
, , , , ,
, , , .
401
. (
) . . ,
ISO 14617 (1999, Ships and
marine technology -- Identification colours for the content of piping systems), (. 7.4).
9.7 .
1. 9.7 :
= 150 m, = 150 m, = 100 m : 8 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm . (
).
100 L/s
. 9.7.
3. ( L/s)
9.7.
: = 100 m, = 150 m,
= 200 m, = 150 m, = 200 m.
( ).
[QA = 36,5, Q = 25,32, Q = 10,32,
Q = 13,5, Q = 11,18 ( L/s)]
5.
pA pB = 15 psi,
. (:
).
[QAB = 3,47, Q = 2,38, Q = 0,58,
Q = 2,9, Q = 5,27 ( ft3/s)]
6. 9.7
. 9.7.
B
8 cm
8 cm
5 cm
50 L/s
15 L/s
5 cm
5 cm
. 9.7.
A
6 in
4. 9.7,
f = 0,025, = = 600 ft,
= = 450 ft, = 750 ft, . QA= 3
ft3/s,
. 120 psi,
, .
[QAB =1,78, QA = 1,22, Q = 1,48, Q = 0,3,
Q = 2,7 (ft3/s), pB =116,1, p =114,2, p =105,1 (psi)]
50 L/s
8 in
9i
3 in
2. 9.7
QA = 0,32 m3/s (), Q = 0,28 m3/s () Q
= 0,10 m3/s (). , 25 cm = = 200 m = =
100 m.
[QAB = 0,218, QA = 0,102, QA = 0,062,
QA = 0,202 (m3/s)]
8 in
. 9.7.
402
( , =10-6 m2/s).
[Q = 28,7, Q = 46,9, Q = 24,4
Q = 28,7, Q = 6,3, Q = 18,1 ( L/s)]
8. 9.7
:
==100 m = =150 m
===120 m.
3 in ,
9.7.
. ( , yA = y).
[QAB =25,4, QA =24,6, Q =16,1, Q = 9,3,
Q = 1,1, Q = 4,6, Q = 13,9 (L/s),
pAZ = 887 KPa]
9.
9.7. :
L (m)
d (cm)
150
12
150
15
100
180
150
120
180
10
0,5
ft3/s
0,5
ft3/s
. 9.7.
100 L/s
d=10 cm
d=10 cm
d=8 cm
d=8 cm
d=8 cm
d=5 cm
65 L/s
E
35 L/s
. 9.7.
50 L/s
A
15 L/s
20 L/s
15 L/s
. 9.7.
150 m3/h
50 m3/h
3
50 m /h
. 9.7.
403
= 300 m, = = = =150 m
= = = = =120 m
[Q = 103, Q = 97, Q = 58,9, Q = 38,1, Q = 22,
Q = 11,9, Q = 63,1, Q = 39,9, Q = 10,1 (L/s)]
20 cm
25 cm
L,
m
60
15
0
10
0
60
80
80
50
80
10
0
6
0
8
0
80
50
d,
cm
12
10
10
12
120 L/s
40 L/s
L = 500 m,
L = 300 m, L =150 m,
L = L = L = L = 120 m
dAB = d= 20 cm,
d = d =10 cm
50
L/
s
. 9.7.
13. 9.7,
(1) (y1=128 m) (2) (y2=122 m).
. : QB=Q=60 L/s, Q= Q=40 L/s.
. :
yB = yE= 40 m
y=50 m
y = 28 m
15 cm
15 cm
25 cm
12. 9.7
: LAB = LE
= 150 m, LAE = LE = 200 m, L = 120 m dAB =
d = 10 cm, d = d = d = 8 cm.
30 m.
, pA = 8 bar, yA= y
= 20 m.
[Q = 36,6, QE = 33,4, QBE = 5,8, Q = 30,8
Q = 19,2 (L/s), p = 200,2 KPa]
20 cm
10
0
L/
s
20 cm
20 cm
15 cm
L/
s
30 cm
50
11. 9.7,
. , .
: )
, ) , yA
yZ = 4 m.
:
200 L/s
30 L/s
30 L/s
20 L/s
40 L/s
Z
60 L/s
. 9.7.
70 L/s
20 L/s
B
. 9.7.
1
20 L/s
50 L/s
. 9.7.
404
d = d = 8 cm, d =6 cm
[Q = 105,1, Q = 20,7, QB = 24,4, Q = 9,0, Q = 28,3 Q = 26,6 Q = 94,9 (L/s)
P = 570,2 KPa, P = 367,3 KPa, P = 215,5 KPa, P = 562,9 KPa]
14. , , 9.7 45
m 8 cm. , ,
, , :
p = 950 kPa
p = 350 kPa
p = 675 kPa
p = 100 kPa
,
( = 10-6 m2/s).
[QAK = 38,1 L/s, QKB = 23,7 L/s, QK = 23,0 L/s, QK = 37,4 L/s]
15. 9.7 . :
y1 = 150 m, yB = 50 m, y = 53 m, y = 45 m,
A
y = 65 m, y = 60 m, y = 30 m, y = 35 m.
B
L (m)
d
(cm)
L
(m)
d
(cm)
200
15
100
10
40
10
50
25
. 9.7.
1
30
20
. 9.7.
KE 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4 ( )
10.5 ( )
10.6
406
10.1 .
, o .
,
, ,
,
(, ,
..). ,
, ( , , ..).
,
. , (,
, , ..).
,
.
(.. ,
)
. .
() .
.
300 ..
( )
.
(287
212 ..),
, ,
(. 10.1).
.
,
.
(285222 ..), ,
(- ), -
. 10.1.
. 10.1.
(
Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, 1637).
. 10.1.
,
l-Jazari: The Book of Knowledge of
Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206).
407
. , (260180 ..) ,
(), (). (
)
(, ..).
, , (chain pump),
.
, , (1 . .., . 10.1). ,
( ). ,
(Al-Jazari, 1200, . 10.1).
( ), ,
. , ,
, .
,
. , . 18 ,
(Papin). 19
(H. Worthington, 1840) (. 10.1), (Osborne Reynolds, 1875) ... , .
(, , ).
. 10.1.
Worthington.
408
, (, , ) .
10.2 .
. , ( ) ,
, ( ). ,
, ,
( ). (
)
() . .
, ( )
. ( ),
.
,
, , .
( )
,
.
,
. ,
:
) ( )
.
) (, ),
(
).
, ( ), .
, , ,
, ().
( ),
, , ( ), ( ), ( ). ,
.
,
. :
( ) , ( ,
, .. ). ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
10.2, (1)
(2), . ,
409
, . : W W . W = W W
.
:
W
W
W
W
W
. 10.2.
(10.1)
: () ( ,
).
:
) . .
( ), ( , , ..).
) , ,
( , , ..).
( ) .
, , . ,
. , ,
,
.
, , . ,
, , (,
), , , ,
, ... .
, , , ... ,
.
, .
, , .
10.3 .
10.3.1 .
, .
, , ( ), , , (.. ).
, ,
410
( ). , 10.3()
, ( )
, .
. ,
,
, ,
,
[. 10.3()].
, , ,
, .
( ),
, , . ,
, . ,
.
(
),
.
, :
( )
.
,
. . (. 10.3).
, .
, ,
. , .
B
()
()
. 10.3.
)
) .
. 10.3.
411
, . . , .
:
) , ( ).
) ( , .
).
) , ( ) .
, (, , , , ..), .
,
. , ( ).
10.3.2 .
,
, . , , , , , ... ,
. ,
. , , , ...
,
, ( ) .
, . ,
.
,
: ( )
( ).
) .
,
, .
dF
ds, :
dW = dF ds
, , dA , :
p = dF/dA
,
. ,
412
, , , . (
) , . ,
.
, ( ). :
,
. ( ,
). , ,
.
, , ,
10.3.1.
) .
, ,
( ).
(impeller). , , . ,
10.3.1
.
413
, , , ,
( ) . ,
, .
, (v = R). , ,
. , ,
, ( ) ,
. , ,
. .
, ,
( ) (
). ,
( ).
,
, ( )
, ( ). ,
, (Jet
pumps).
.
( ), 10.3.2.
10.3.2
.
()
414
, , , .
,
. , ,
, .
( ), , , , ,
...
, , (
) . ( Diesel, , , ), ,
. , .
( , ..),
.
(
).
10.4 ( ).
, :
. . , .
.
10.4.1 .
,
(. 10.4) ,
. , , ,
. , , ,
( ) ,
.
( ).
, ,
, . ,
[. 10.4()].
, , ,
. 10.4.
. ,
.
[. 10.4()].
415
,
. ( ) ( ).
, ,
10.4() ( ),
.
( ).
, (. 10.4).
.
,
[. 10.4(), p2 = n R T/V2]. ,
, , [. 10.4()].
()
. , ,
. ,
, .
, (
). D, L n,
:
Q =
D2
Ln
4
(10.2)
n
n .. R
R .. T
T
V
V11=
= pp
1
1
()
()
()
()
n
n .. R
R .. T
T
V
V22=
= pp
2
2
()
()
()
. 10.4.
. 10.4.
416
( ), .
, v, Q
Q:
Q
(10.3)
v =
Q
() :
Q =
D2
L
4
(10.4)
, , ,
, . ,
.
(. 10.4), , , ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, . ,
. ,
. .
10.4(), , (
), ()
( ).
:
( 2D2 d2 )
(10.5)
Ln
4
: D , d
, L , v
n .
,
,
(
).
(. 10.4)
, , , ,
Q =
()
A
Q
()
. 10.4.
417
, ... ,
, .
, .
: , . : ,
, , , . (),
, ,
() .
, ,
, , ,
.
. (.
10.4),
(
).
,
.
10.4.2 .
(
. 10.4.
. 10.4.
(Worthington).
418
), .
, , , , ( ), ...
,
.
, .
.
. ,
, .
( ). .
, V ,
, n , :
Q = V n
(10.6)
, :
Q = v Q = V
(10.7)
: v .
, n. .
, , . ,
, .
, , , , , (, ..), ...
) (xternal gear pumps).
, (.
10.4). .
, , .
, ( )
( ). . ,
. ( )
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
, , -
419
. , ,
.
,
,
, , .
650 rpm,
, .
,
. 10.4
.
. 10.4.
) (nternal gear
pumps).
.
, . ,
( )
. ,
,
(. 10.4).
.
,
.
1200 rpm
.
, (
),
.
. 10.4.
(Viking).
) (Lobe pumps).
,
, .
. 10.4.
420
, , (. 10.4).
.
, , ,
. ,
. . .
, ,
, .
) (Rotary vane pumps).
, ,
.
, ( ),
.
,
(. 10.4). ,
( ),
.
, ,
. . 10.4.
, ,
.
.
34
, .
1000 rpm ,
. , .
, , .
) (Screw pumps).
. ,
.
()
.
(
. 10.4.
421
. 10.4.
. 10.4), (
) .
. - .
, , ...
10.5 ( ).
( )
: , ,
, , ...
( ) ,
, .
, , ( impeller),
.
.
.
, , , ,
.
, :
) (centifugal pumps).
) (axial flow pumps).
) (mixed flow pumps).
) (turbine pumps).
,
. ,
. ,
. .
, ,
( ). ,
.
422
, ,
, . (jet pumps).
10.5.1 .
(centrifugal pumps)
.
, , .
(. 10.5) , , . ()
.
. ,
.
, .
. ,
( )
. , .
, .
.
, (),
, ,
. ( )
. , :
.
, .
,
. 10.5.
(Weir).
. 10.5.
(Flowserve).
423
( R),
. v (v = R), . , ,
.
, , ( ) ( ).
( ) (. 10.5),
. ,
.
. ,
( ).
(), . . ,
, .
, ,
(. 10.5). , .
,
. ,
.
()
()
()
. ,
. 10.5.
: ) , )
) .
,
,
. . ,
(. 10.5).
,
()
,
(
). , ,
. 10.5.
(Flowserve).
.
424
( . ). ,
,
. , .
,
.
, ,
.
. . , ,
, , , , ...
.
:
) ( ).
. ()
, (. 10.5).
(, ) , .
,
. , , (
), . (
, ). , . ,
, , ( ) ,
Bernoulli, .
( ). ,
,
.
, , ,
,
.
, (
) 10 bar.
, . (
)
(. 10.5). , ,
.
, . 10.5.
, .
.
425
.
,
.
) .
, 10.5. , ,
(). ,
( ),
,
. ,
.
,
, 90%.
. 10.5.
5 .
) .
(. 10.5).
,
. ( ). ,
.
- . ,
, ,
,
.
. 10.5.
10.5.2 (
).
,
. ,
. , ,
. 10.5.
426
, , . , ,
(. 10.5 10.5). ,
, ,
. , ,
.
, (1,52 bar).
, .
, (
).
, , ,
. ,
(ballast pump, ), (heeling and trimming pump, ).
, ,
, .
, ,
, . , .
. 10.5.
(Weir).
()
()
. 10.5.
. 10.5.
()
: ) , ) )
(: edraulic Institute).
427
. ,
.
10.5.3 .
, ,
( ), , . ,
, (. 10.5).
, ,
. , , . , .
, ,
. .
, , (. 10.5).
. 10.5.
(Sulzer).
10.5.4 A .
,
( ,
). .
, .
(. 10.5). ,
, (. 10.5).
( ) .
: -
428
. 10.5.
. 10.5.
(Mepco).
, , ,
... ,
. , ( ). , ,
. , .
, ,
. ,
(Peripheral pumps).
, , .
( 20% ). .
.
10.5.5 .
(jet pumps) , (
Giffard ), .
, () ,
. , (. 10.5).
.
d1, v1
p1 d2, v2 p2, : p2 < p1. , , :
Q=
d12
d22
v1 =
v2
4
4
d
v 2 = v1 1
d2
(10.8)
429
Bernoulli:
y1 y 2 +
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
= hj
2g
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+
= hj
2g
p1 p2 =
(v 22 v12 )
+ hj
2
(10.8):
4
v12 d1
(10.9)
p1 p 2 =
1 + h j
2
d 2
(10.9) . , , 1 m/s
4 (d1/d2 = 4), ,
(10.9) : p1 p2 = 255 KPa.
: (v12/2g) (hj) ,
Bernoulli ( ):
p1 p2 =
v 22
2
(10.9)
( 2 10.5) 3,
.
. (), .
( ). ,
. , , .
, ...
, ,
, ...
10.6 .
,
.
. 10.5.
430
, . ,
,
.
,
,
:
) , , . 25.000 m3/h (
100.000 m3/h),
1000 m3/h.
) ( 1200 2000 rpm).
) , .
) , , .
) ( , ,
).
:
) ,
. , .
) ( ).
610-4 m2/s,
1,3 m2/s.
) . ,
, .
)
( ),
, .
) ( ) .
, , , .
,
. , ,
( ), , ,
.
,
:
) .
.
431
) , .
.
) ,
,
.
) , , . .
(Viking Pump Inc) (. 10.6.1):
10.6.1
Viking.
(m3/h)
363
7,3
184
640
(bar)
17
172
27
14
4,410-1
1,6510-2
4,4 10-1
510-4
370
230
205
260
(m2/s)
(C)
, ,
.
( ), , ( m3/h 25.000 m3/h)
, ( 7 bar),
( 400 bar).
, ,
.
.
.
m3/h
100.000 m3/h ( 300.000 m3/h). 2 bar,
,
( 30 bar).
( -
432
, ). , , .
, , ( ), .
.
, KW 5000 KW.
,
. , ,
, .
KE 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
434
11.1 .
A
K
. ,
.
,
()
,
2
1
,
.
.
,
,
K
.
,
1
A
Bernoulli
()
( , . 3.3 3.4),
.
. 11.1.
.
11.1(), :
1-, -2, , .
1 (
y1, p1 v1) 2 ( :
y2, p2, v2).
1 2 . ,
11.1(), 1 2 .
(v1 = v2 = 0),
(v v) . ( , ).
11.1.1 .
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
(.. ).
. ,
. . , ,
.
,
:
, .
, .
435
,
:
Q = A v = .
(11.1)
: Q , A v
.
: A = d2/4, A = d2/4,
(11.1) :
d4
d4
(11.1)
v =
v
Q = Av =
4
4
: v v .
, .
, :
d < d v > v
( ),
. , ,
(11.1). ( ) , .
11.1.2 .
,
Bernoulli. , ,
. . Bernoulli , .
Bernoulli .
11.1,
Bernoulli 1 2.
( ) ,
, ( )
( ):
H1 =
p1 v12
+
+ y1
2g
(11.2)
H2 =
p2 v 22
+
+ y2
2g
(11.2)
(1-) (-2) Q,
:
h = h + h
(11.2)
, H .
( ) :
1 + = 2 + h = (2 1) + h
H1 H2 :
(11.2)
436
p2 p1 v 22 v12
o = (y 2 y1 ) +
+
+ h
2g
(11.2)
H
y2 y1, . , H y y1,
H, y2 y. :
= y2 y1 = H + + hp
(11.2)
: hp = yK yA , .
(10.3) :
o = H +
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
(11.2)
(11.2)
:
1: ( : = y2 y1).
p p1
2: ( : 2
).
v 22 v12
).
2g
4: ( : h = h + h ).
3: ( :
4 (11.2),
h. . :
() . , ( 1
2 ).
, (.. ,
..)
(. 11.1), ,
(11.2) :
(11.2)
= + h
1 2, (
).
. , , .
:
Ho =
p2 p1
+ h
(11.2)
, .
437
.
(.11.1), .
, (
, ). ( ),
(v1 = 0) (v2
0). , , ,
. .
( 2),
d2 , , v2 .
1
,
11.1
:
y1 = 10 m, p1 = p
y2 = 5 m, p2 = 300 KPa, v2 = 3 m/s
:
. , ( 1).
2 ( )
v2 ( ).
: = y2 y1 H = 15 m
:
9,81 KN / m3
y2 _ y1
H
. 11.1.
. 11.1.
438
1 2 :
H = (15+20,24+0,46) m H = 35,7 m
T :
/ = 15/35,7 = 0,42 42%
, 56,7%,
, 1,3%.
35,7 m,
, h (
11.2).
(11.2),
:
h = h +h h =
Q2
Q2
8 L
8 L
4
4
2
2 g d
d
d g d
h = Q2 + Q2 h = ( + ) Q2
i =
1
8 Li
fi + i 4
g di
di
2
(10.3), :
o = H +
:
p 2 p1
+ ( + ) Q2 o = + Q2
p p
= H + 2 1
(11.3)
(11.3)
:
v2 = v1
v 22 v12
= 0 = +
2g
1 L
1
8 L
f
+ 4 + f + 4
2
g d
d
d d
(11.3)
v 22 v12 v 2
8
=
= 2
Q 2 :
v1 = 0, v2 = v
4
2g
2g g d
=
1 L
1
8 L
f
1
+
+
+
+
4
4
2 g d
d
d d
(11.3)
v1 = 0, v2 > v ( d2)
v 22 v12 v 22
8
=
= 2
Q 2 :
2g
2g g d24
1 L
1
8 L
1
f
+
+
4
4
4
2 g d
d d2
d d
(11.3)
439
(11.3) ,
.
(11.3)
, (11.3)
.
, P.
H,
(11.2). = m g,
:
Wo = Ho m g
, ( ) :
Po =
Wo Ho m g
g
=
= Ho m
t
t
m
= Q
= m
Q
g = ,
:
Po = Q Ho
(11.4)
: , Q H
.
(11.4) ,
, .
,
(11.3), :
Po = Q ( + Q2)
Po = Q + Q3
(11.5)
440
, ( ).
, , Darcy
Weisbach Moody.
2) . ,
:
, (11.2). ,
.
Po, (11.4).
.
( ,
Moody) Ho
:
p p v2 v2
(11.2)
Ho = H + 2 1 + 2 1 + h
2g
P = Q Ho
(11.4)
, ( ),
, (11.2). , ,
(.. ,
, ).
.
:
1: Q.
Po.
. :
1. .
2. ( 11.2).
3. P ( 11.4).
2: P.
Q.
1 ()
( ), .
-:
1. (, ) Q' h', Ho', P' ( 1).
2. P' P:
P' > P Q' > Q. 1 .
P' < P Q' < Q. 1 .
P' P, .
, :
1. ,
f f.
2. (11.3) (11.3 ).
441
3. (11.5), Q.
4. , , f .
: (11.5) Q, ,
(-). .
3: , ,
P Q.
.
1. ( 11.4).
2. ( 11.2).
.
3.
( ) .
4.
( , . 5.7.3).
.
1. (11.2) ( ). 1 2 , :
Ho = H + h.
2. (
). , ,
.
) .
2
11.1
220 m3/h, 140 mm
120 mm. . , 90,
.
:
: 1 (
) 2 ( ). 20 m
2
,
.
11.1 :
8m
= (3+8) m = 11 m
:
3m
L 3 m, L= (8+20) m = 28 m
11.1,
, -
. 11.1.
442
5.5.1 5.5.4 :
(=0,8) (=2), :
= 2,8.
90 ( = 0,5), ( 0,5)
( = 2), : = 3.
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00015 m ( 5.4.2). :
:
L = 3 m
d = 0,14 m
= 2,8
= 0,00015 m
L = 28 m
d = 0,12 m
= 3
= 0,00015 m
3
-6 2
= 9,81 KN/m
= 10 m /s
v1 = 0
v2 = v
= 11 m
p1 = p2 = p
Q = 220/3600 m3/s
: Ho, Po
1: :
:
v =
4Q
v = 3,97 m / s
d2
v d
Moody
Re = 5, 56 10 5 , /d =0,00107)
f = 0,0205
v
L
v2
h = f + h = 2,60 m
d
2g
(Re =
v =
4Q
v = 5, 4 m / s
d2
(Re =
v d
Moody
Re = 6, 48 10 5 , /d =0,0017) f = 0,0211
v
L
v2
h = f + h = 11,80 m
d
2g
:
h = h + h h = 14,40 m
2: :
Ho = H +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
(11.2)
v 2
Ho = H +
+ h Ho = 26,89 m
2g
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 16,12 KW
:
1. ( 18% ) -
443
2
.
2. , 5,5%
. 41%
1
( ) 53,5% .
3. ,
: = 20,2 m, Po
. 11.1.
= 12,1 m. .
, ,
.
( ).
4. , .
3
11.1, .
2 m 12 cm, , 160 m
10 cm. 5 m. 300 m3. 2 10 ,
. ( , 11.1).
:
: 1 (
) 2 ( ). : v1 = v2 = 0.
: = y2 y1 = 5 m
(. 5.5.1 5.5.4):
: =0,8
: 90 = 0,5+1= 1,5
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00026 m (, 5.4.2).
: VB tB
. ,
:
Q=V
t
: V t.
:
:
L = 2 m
L= 160 m
3
d=0,12 m
= 0,8
= 0,00026 m
d = 0,10 m
= 1,5
= 0,00026 m
v2 = 0
-6
= 9,81 KN/m
=10 m /s
v1 = 0
= 5 m
p1 = p2 = patm
V = 300 m3
t = 2 h, 10 min = 7800 s
444
: Po
Q=
VB
tB
Q = 0,0385 m 3 / s
1: :
:
v =
4Q
v = 3, 4 m s
d2
v d
Re = 4,08 10 5 , /d =0,00217)
v
L
v 2
h = f
+ h = 0,71 m
d
2g
(Re =
Moody
f = 0,0243
v =
4Q
v = 4,9 m s
d2
(Re =
v d
Moody
Re = 4,9 10 5 , /d =0,0026) f = 0,0255
v
L
v2
h = f + h = 51,64 m
d
2g
:
h = h + h h = 52,35 m
2: :
Ho = H +
p 2 p1
v 22 v12
2g
+ h
(11.2)
= + h = 57,35 m
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 21,64 KW
,
. , : Po = 20,68 KW.
4
12 W, .
:
:
L = 2 m
L= 160 m
= 9,81 KN/m3
= 5 m
Po = 12 kW
d = 0,12 m
d = 0,10 m
= 10-6 m2/s
p1 = p2 = p
= 0,8
= 1,5
v1 = 0
V = 300 m3
= 0,00026 m
= 0,00026 m
v2 = 0
445
: t
:
Q=V t=V
t
Q
Q.
,
:
1: Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s.
' [ () ]:
:
v' = 2,46 m/s Re' = 2,95 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0245 h' = 0,37 m
:
v' = 3,54 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0256 h' = 27,04 m
:
h = h + h h' = 27,41 m
:
= + h ' = 32,41 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 8,83 KW
2: , ()
Po = 12 KW.
() Po', Po:
Po > Po' Q > Q' Q > 100 m3/h
1 :
1: Q' = 120 m3/h = 120/3600 m3/s.
:
v' = 2,95 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0244 h = 0,53 m
:
v' = 4,24 m/s Re' = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0255 h' = 38,85 m
:
h = h + h h' = 39,38 m
:
Ho = H + h ' = 44,38 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 14,51 KW
( ):
Po < Po' Q < Q' Q < 120 m3/h
, , Po Po':
446
Q'
m3/h
h'
m
h'
m
h'
m
Ho'
m
Po'
KW
:
Po=12 KW
Q
m3/h
100
0,37
27,04
27,41
32,41
8,83
Po > Po'
Q > 100
120
0,53
38,85
39,38
44,38
14,51
Po < Po'
Q < 120
110
0,45
32,68
33,13
38,13
11,43
Po > Po'
Q > 110
112
0,47
33,87
34,34
39,34
12,01
Po Po'
Q = 112
t=V
t = 9643 s = 2 h, 40 mim, 43 s
:
1: f f:
Moody
(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,024
Moody
(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,025
2: (11.3):
(11.3) = 5 (SI)
(10.3) = 34.960 (SI)
3: (11.3):
(11.3) 12 = 5 9,81 Q + 34.9609,81Q 3 (SI)
:
Q' = 100/3600 m3/s 12 < 8,8 Q > 100/3600 m3/s
Q' = 120/3600 m3/s 12 > 14,5 Q < 120/3600 m3/s
Q' = 110/3600 m3/s 12 < 11,4 Q > 110/3600 m3/s
Q' = 112/3600 m3/s 12 11,98 Q 112/3600 m3/s
4: :
Moody
v = 2,75 m/s Re = 3,3 105 f= 0,0244 0,024
Moody
v = 3,96 m/s Re = 3,96105 f = 0,0255 0,025
: Q =112 m3/h = 0,0311 m3/s
5
11.1, 12 KW
250 m3/h.
() ( ),
() ( 90), () ( ) (IV) ( ).
o .
2
80 m
(II)
(III)
1
1m
10 m
(I)
. 11.1.
2m
(IV)
447
) ( 1 cm).
) 50% ,
;
:
:
h = 0
L = 86 m
= 0,00012 m 0,5+0,5+2+1 = 4 (. 5.3.1, 5.5.4)
= 9,81 KN/m3 = 10-6 m2/s
v1 = 0 v2 = 0 p1=p2 = p
= (1+10+2) m = 11 m ( )
Q = 250/3600 m3/s Po, max = 12 kW
: () d
() d' = 1,5d Po'
) :
1: ( 11.4):
(11.4) Ho =
Po
o,max = 17,61 m
Q
2: ( 11.2):
(11.2) = + h hmax= 6,61 m
3: :
h = 0
h = h + h h,max= 6,61 m
4: :
d'= 10 cm = 0,1 m
v' = 4Q/( d2 ) v = 8,84 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 8,84 105, /d = 0,0012) f' = 0,0208
2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 87,36 m
d
2g
: h' > h,max = 6,61 m d > d' = 10 cm
10 cm . :
d'= 30 cm = 0,3 m
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 0,98 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 2,95 105, /d = 0,0004) f' = 0,0175
2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 0, 44 m
d
2g
448
. ,
:
d'
(m)
v'
(m/s)
Re'
/ d'
f'
h'
(m)
:
h,max = 6,61 m
d
(cm)
0,1
8,84
8,84105
0,0012
0,0208
87,4
d > 10
0,3
0,98
2,95105
0,0004
0,0175
0,44
d 30
0,2
2,21
4,4210
0,0006
0,0183
2,95
d 20
0,17
3,06
5,20 105
0,00071
0,0187
6,43
d 17
3,45
0,00075
0,0189
8,62
d >16
0,16
5,5310
: 16 cm < d 17 cm d = 17 cm
:
h = 6,43 m, = 17,43 m, = 11,88 KW.
) d' = 1,5d = 25,5 cm,
:
1: :
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 1,36 m/s,
Moody
(Re = 3,47105, /d = 0,00047) f' = 0,0177
2
L
v
h = f + i h ' = 0,94 m
d
2g
h = h + h h = 0,94 m
2: :
= + h = 11,94 m
3: :
(11.4) = 8,15 KW
: , Po, = Q = 7,5 KW .
, .
11.2 .
,
. , .
. , ,
,
().
. 11.2.
.
449
(. 11.2). Bernoulli 1 (
) ( ) :
y1 y A +
p1 p A v12 v 2A
p p A v 2A
+
= h H + 1
= h
2g
2g
p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h
2g
v2
p A = p1 + A + h
2g
(11.6)
(11.6)
. (11.6), ,
2
, v A /2g, h. ,
, .
:
: p .
, p1 = p = 101,3 KPa,
, pA . ,
:
p1 p A (101,3 0) KPa
<
(11.7)
( = 9,81 KN/m3):
(11.6):
p1 p A
< 10,33 m
p1 p A
v2
= + A + h < 10,33 m
2g
(11.7)
,
10,33 m. 1 (h 0)
2
( v /2g 0),
10,33 m. , :
< 10,33 m
:
H <
(11.7)
: .
,
. (. 1.2.6),
450
.
(pv) . ,
25C, pv = 3,2 KPa, , pv = 12,6 KPa
(. 1.2.10). . , 60C,
pv = 19,9 KPa (. 11.2.1). (
), .
, , (p)
(pv ).
: (p)
, (pv).
(11.7):
(p p v )
p1 p A
= atm
max
(11.7)
, , :
p pv
(11.7)
H < atm
, 25C,
:
,v ,25o
<
p1 p v,25
(101,3 3,2)KPa
H
< 10 m
,v ,25
9,81 KN / m 3
o
60 C:
,v ,60 o
<
p1 p v,60
(101,3 20)KPa
H
< 8,3 m
,v ,60
9,81 KN / m3
o
11.2.1, 0 101C.
11.2.1
.
t, C
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
0,6
1,2
2,3
4,2
7,4
12,3
19,9
31,2
47,3
70,1
101,3
1
0,7
1,3
2,5
4,5
7,8
13,0
20,9
32,5
49,3
72,8
105,0
2
0,7
1,4
2,6
4,8
8,2
13,6
21,8
33,9
51,3
75,6
3
0,8
1,5
2,8
5,0
8,6
14,3
22,8
35,4
53,4
78,5
4
0,8
1,6
3,0
5,3
9,1
15,0
23,9
37,0
55,6
81,4
5
0,9
1,7
3,2
5,6
9,6
15,7
25,0
38,5
57,8
84,5
6
0,9
1,8
3,4
5,9
10,1
16,5
26,1
40,2
60,1
87,7
7
1,0
1,9
3,6
6,3
10,6
17,3
27,3
41,9
62,5
90,9
8
1,1
2,1
3,8
6,6
11,2
18,1
28,5
43,6
64,9
94,3
9
1,1
2,2
4,0
7,0
11,7
19,0
29,8
45,5
67,5
97,7
451
:
. ,
, , ,
. Bernoulli ' ,
' , :
p A p A ' v 2A v 2A'
+
= h
2g
p A ' p v 2A
v2
=
+
h + A'
(11.8)
2g
2g
h ' (. 11.2),
. ' (
, ), :
H = h +
v 2A'
2g
p A ' p A v 2A
(11.8)
=
+
2g
pA pv.
p pv:
p A v 2A p v
pA' pv
+
2g
(11.8)
p/
, p/.
( ,
,
),
.
(11.8) :
p1 p A '
v2
= H + 1 + h +
2g
p1/
(11.8)
NPSH
(Net Positive Suction Head)
, ,
:
pA /+v2/2g
pv /
pA /
. 11.2.
NPSr
452
p
v2 p
p p v v 2
(11.9)
+
NPSH = A + v =
2g
2g
NPSH,
,
( ) .
, , ( ) ' ( , )
H, . H
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Required) . (11.8) :
p
v2 p
p p A' v 2
(11.9)
NPSHr = A + A' =
+
2g
2g
, NPSH (11.9) (
), NPSHa (Net Positive Suction
Head Available). , (11.9),
, NPSHa. ,
. , NPSHa ( p ).
, :
NPSHa > NPSHr
,
(p' = pv), :
p' = pv NPSHa = NPSHr
NPSHa , NPSHr,
.
,
11.2. , , ', ,
NPSHa.
,max :
H,max = H ,max +
v 2
p pv
+ h = 1
NPSHr
2g
(11.10)
.
,max 18C ( ).
,max :
H,max
p1 p v v12
p1 p v v 2
=
h =
h NPSHr
2g
2g
(11.10)
453
|,max|.
,
, (11.12) :
H,max =
p1 p v
p pv
= 1
NPSHr
(11.10)
, . , ,max
,max.
, ,
, (11.10) (11.10) .
.
6
(p1 = 101,3 Pa).
8 m 10 cm. 4,7 m
120 m3/h,
NPSHa , 25C 70C.
, 16 cm
5 m;
:
) :
d = 0,10 m
L = 8 m
= 0,00026 m
3
p1 = 101,3 KPa Q = 120/3600 m /s = 4,7 m
: p1 p,
NPSHa 25C 70C.
:
4Q
v =
v = 4,2 m s
d2
= 9,81 KN/m3
v d
Moody
Re = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0255
v
L v2
h = f 5 h = 1,87 m
d 2g
(Re =
(11.6)
p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h p1p= 73,5 KPa
2g
(11.9) NPSHa =
p A p v v 2
+
2g
NPSHa
25 C 70C. 11.2.1 :
pv,25 = 3,2 KPa
pv,70 = 31,2 KPa
pA = P1 73,5 KPa = 27,8 KPa
454
25C:
70C:
NPSHa = 3,43 m
NPSHa = 0,57 m
) L = 5 m
d = 0,16 m, , . , :
v = 1,66 m/s
h = 0,10 m
(11.6) p1 p= 48,5 KPa
(11.9) 25C:
NPSHa = 5,20 m
70 C:
NPSHa = 2,35 m
NPSHa, . , , NPSHr, .
,
. ,
, ,
,
.
11.3 .
( )
, :
) ( = g).
(p/). ( ) .
. (11.4),
.
) .
.
. , ( ).
, (
) . . .
) , .
, (NPSHa) ,max,
. (.
), .
) .
, ,
455
, ( ),
(). ,
( Henry).
,
. , , , .
) .
. , , , . ,
. , pH 04 ( ,
, , , ),
( : PVC 60C, 120C).
p 46 . p 69 ,
p 914 ( i-Cu).
( ) .
) .
, , , .
, , .
, .
: ,
.
. ,
.
11.4 .
, ,
. ,
. .
.
( ): , , .
11.4.1 .
. , ,
, .
456
) .
(. 11.4). (11.2) :
1. ( ) , .
,
.
.
,
. p ( ), :
= y2 y1 = + + p
(11.11)
: y1 y2 .
2. .
, (p/).
.
:
p p1
(11.12)
p = 2
(p1 = p2),
11.4, .
(p p1)/, (p2 p)/ (p p)/.
( : pA < p1 p2 < p).
, (p < p), ,
, .
2
. .
3. .
(v2/2g).
.
v1 = v2 . , ,
(.. ).
4. .
-
K
A
hv
H
1
. 11.4.
457
.
:
h = h + h
(11.13)
,
,
(
).
p/
1
ptm/
5. (
), .
.
:
Ho = H +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
(11.2)
(11.2),
,
,
.
) .
. 11.4.
, : (p),
(m), [(vK2 vA2 )/2g], (hp). ,
, ,
.
( ),
, .
1. .
, , .
, , , ,
, , .
, ,
. ( , , ).
, Hm.
458
,
. , .
.
11.4,
() ().
,
:
Hm =
p p A
(11.14)
. 11.4.
(11.2) :
Ho = p +
p p A v 2K v 2A
+
2g
(11.15)
: p= yK yA (
). ,
,
.
(11.14) (11.15), :
v 2K v 2A
Ho = m +
+ p
2g
(11.16)
, (
NPSHa). , . p
. ,
m.
:
Hm =
p p
(11.17)
459
.
(11.14), (11.17) (11.17) :
m = Hm m
(11.17)
7
11.4, .
3 in 4 m , 2,5 in
50 m. , 0,6 bar , 5,92
bar. , ,
. ( , yA yK).
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m
L = 4 m
d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m
L= 50 m
= = 0,00015 m
= 10-6 m2/s,
= 9,81 KN/m3
yA yK y2 yK= 7 m
yA y1 = 3 m
Hm =
Hm =
Hm =
p A p
pK p
Hm = 6,11 m
Hm = 60,35 m
pK p A
= Hm Hm
Hm = 66,46 m
Bernoulli
( 1 ), :
y1 y A +
p1 p A v12 v 2A
+
= h
2g
7m
K
L v2
p p A v 2
y1 y A + 1
= f
2g
d 2g
y1 y A +
p1 p A L v 2
= f
+ 1
d
2g
A
3m
(1)
(1) .
. 11.4.
460
, f:
Moody
(, /d =0,00197) f= 0,0233
y1 yA= 3 m, p1 pA= 60 KPa
(1) v = 5,243 m/s
Moody
: Re = v d/ = 4 105 f = 0,0238
d2
Q=
v Q = 0,0238 m3/s = 85,6 m3/h
4
4Q
v =
v= 7,51 m/s
d2
:
1 : :
Ho = Hm +
v 2 v 2A
= 67,95 m
2g
(11.16)
2 : (
):
h = f
L v 2
h = 1,73 m
d 2g
Moody
(Re = 4, 8 105, /d = 0,00236) f = 0,0248
h = f
L v 2
h = 56,23 m
d 2g
Ho = +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
= + h + h = 67,95 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po= 15,86 KW
1: (Hm = 66,46 m,
= 67,95 m, 2%). , ,
, . , ,
, ,
( ,
).
2:
. 1
2 ( ) .
,
:
461
p p1
p1 = p2 = p Hm = A
p p
Hm = 2
(
) ( ).
3: () (p/) . .
( )
( ) (. 11.4).
2. .
. :
= + hp
(11.18)
,
. .
3. .
,
11.2. (NPSHa NPSHr ),
(,max). :
NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Available)
, :
p
v2 p
p p v v 2
+
NPSHa = A + - v = A
2g
2g
(11.9)
NPSHa .
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Required) :
p
v2 p
p p A' v 2
NPSHr = A + A' = A
+
2g
2g
(11.9)
NPSHr .
,max
(
):
H,max = H,max +
v 2
p p
+h = 1 v NPSHr
2g
(11.10)
,max,
:
462
H,max
p1 p v v12
p1 p v v 2
=
h =
h NPSHr
2g
2g
(11.10)
11.4.2 .
,
, ,
.
, Q
( ). ,
. , ,
, .
, .
( ,
DarcyWeisbach, ),
. (11.3):
= + Q2
(11.3)
(11.3) (11.3).
(.. ,
..) , , .
.
, ,
, :
Qn ,
. ,
,
.
.
Q . , ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
:
(11.19)
Q = Q + Q
Q :
Q = Q + Q + Q
(11.20)
: Q Q .
: Q < Q < Q.
Q.
, .
463
11.4.3 .
. , , . ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
:
, . , :
) P ( ) .
.
. , , P, KW KW.
) P
.
. :
P = P
(11.21)
(
, . ), = 1 .
.
) P ( ,
) .
, , (, ).
:
P = P Pm = Q
(11.22)
: Pm Pp
(Pp = Q hp).
) P
. . ( Q, Q). ,
:
464
P = P P Pp
(11.23)
: P Pp
: Pp = Q hp.
(. ) .
Ho Q. , , :
Po = Q Ho
(11.4)
: .
11.4.4 .
, . (
), . ( )
, .
, ( Ho) Q
. , ,
.
, :
) h ( ) Ho
() H:
H
h = o
(11.24)
H
= + hp ( 11.18) :
h =
Ho
<1
Ho + hp
(11.24)
: hp ( ) .
(11.24), ,
.
) v
Q Q:
Q
(11.25)
=
Q
(11.19): Q = Q + Q, (11.25) :
Q
<1
Q + Q
(11.25)
) m P (.
) P (
):
465
m =
P
P
(11.26)
(11.22) : = + Pm :
m =
P
<1
P + Pm
(11.26)
: Pm .
) .
, .
( ) ( ):
Po
P
(11.27)
(11.4) : Po = Q .
(11.26) (11.22) :
P =
P Q
=
m
m
(11.27) :
Po
Q
Q
=
= m
P Q / m
Q
= m v h
(11.28)
, .
. 70% 90%. (.
),
.
11.4 .
= m
. 11.4.
466
11.5 .
1. 11.5, 300
KPa.
18 m/s. y = 30 m.
) ,
. ) 18 m,
.
[) 30 m, 20,25 m, 16,51 m, ) = 26,26 m]
2.
6 cm :
h = 15.650Q2 (SI),
.
[Po = 33,35 KW]
3. 11.5, 130 m3/h.
120 mm 80 mm.
11.5. ()
(), .
,
75%.
[ = 16,7 KW, = 22,3 KW]
4.
11.5, 150 m3/h. 0,86 810-6 m2/s.
4 in 10
m.
,
p2 = 7 bar.
5 m.
. (
).
[o = 79,55 m, Po = 28 KW]
5.
11.5
150 m3/h. :
y
p
. 11.5.
20 m
5m
8m
(II)
2,5 m
(I)
. 11.5.
. 11.5.
467
(i): .
(ii): .
(iii): 90.
(iv): .
120 mm , 100 mm.
.
[ = 18 m, = 7,35 KW]
6. , 800 m
20 in, 1600 m3/h.
75%,
: )
, )
20 m
.
[) = 21,16 m, P = 123 KW,
) = 41,16 m, P = 239,3 KW]
1m
6m
(iv)
8m
(iii)
(ii)
1m
(i)
2m
. 11.5.
2
10 m
7. 11.5
, 250 m3, 2 40 .
120 m, 8 cm .
)
. 11.5.
,
. ) , 10 cm, ,
;
[) = 14,2 KW, ) Q = 134 m3/h, 1 h 52 min]
8. 40 KW,
300 m 6 m. )
5 in, . )
300 m3/h; , ;
, ; (
).
[Qmax = 213,2 m3/h]
9. , 15 m . 100 m 4 in.
26 W 75%. =5 , ( m3/h).
[Q = 164,5 m3/h]
468
50 m
2m
. 11.5.
(iii)
50 m
15 m
(ii)
1m
(i)
2m
. 11.5.
469
15. 7 m
8 cm. ,
4,5 m, = 0,8 65 m3/h.
NPSHa : ) 20C ) 0,82 22 KPa.
[) p = 71,1 KPa, NPSHa = 3,4 m, ) p = 58,3 KPa, NPSHa = 2,6 m]
16. 11.5, .
12 cm,
8 m = 2,5. 10 cm, 70 m
= 8. 25 KW
2,5 m. 20C. ) 15 m
. )
,
)
H
.
[) NPSHa = 3,27 m, H,max = 3,77 m,
. 11.5.
24 m
3,5 m
. 11.5.
470
76%,
, 20C.
[Po = 94,9 KW, Pa = 124,9 KW, NPSHa = 3,04 m]
KE 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
472
12.1 .
.
, : ( ), ( ). ,
,
. ( )
,
.
, ,
,
. , , . ,
, ( )
, [. 10.4.1,
(10.4) (10.5)]. (
). [ (10.7)]. ,
.
, .
, . ,
( ), ,
... , , .
, .
( ),
.
, .
, :
) , (, ) 100%. , . ,
.
,
. .
) .
, . (
), ,
.
, , . 12.1 :
-1: , , (1) r1.
.
(. 11.2) .
1-2: ,
473
,
,
(1) r1 (2) r2. ,
, .
,
.
.
2-: ,
, . ,
.
. 12.1.
.
12.1.1 .
,
. :
) ( ).
)
. (perfect guidance). (
). , ,
r ( ),
.
,
( Bernoulli), (
, . 0.9 ).
12.1 ,
.
1 ( )
, . (
) u1 ( ) w1.
v1:
v1 = u1 + w1
(12.1)
1 v1 u1
( ).
v1 .
2 ( ) u2
w2, v2:
v 2 = u2 + w 2
(12.2)
:
474
v2
u2
w2
2
w1
v1
1
1
u1
r1
r2
. 12.1.
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
(12.2)
, :
, , :
u1 = r1
(12.3)
u 2 = r2
(12.3)
r2 r1, u2 u1:
u 2 r2
=
(12.3)
u1 r1
, . dA ,
w 1 2.
, , dA. ,
,
w , .
, 1 2, u
w. 2
v2 u2 1 1 (
. 12.1).
475
2
w2
2, ,
v2, .
w2
(2 90). :
2 < 90.
u w
. 12.1
2,
,
, .
v2 :
vr2 vu2.
(. 12.1), :
v2
w2
vr2
vr2
2
2
vu2
w2
u2
. 12.1.
.
w1
v1
vr1
u1
vu1
. 12.1.
v r2 = v 2 sin 2
(12.4)
v u2 = v 2 cos 2
(12.4)
m 2 (, . 0.9):
L 2 = I2 = m r22
v u2
L 2 = m r2 v 2 cos 2
r2
(12.4)
1 (. 12.1), :
vr1 = v1 sin 1
(12.5)
vu1 = v1 cos 1
(12.5)
L1 = m r1 v1 cos 1
(12.5)
1 = 90:
vr1 = v1 vu1 = 0
,
2,
. , (12.4) (12.5), m
:
m
= Q
=m
t
Newton , :
t = L2 L1 = m (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)
476
(12.6)
(12.6) ,
v2 Q2.
,
:
P = M P = Q (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)
(12.7)
, 1 (12.6) :
P = Q r2 v2 cos 2
(12.7)
(12.7) (12.7) () .
( )
, :
P = Q H H = ( r2 v 2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 2 )
(12.8)
g
1 = 90 :
(12.8)
H = r2 v 2 cos 2
g
, :
2 v2. .
( 2) vr2:
Q = A 2 v r2 v r2 = Q
A2
12.1:
vu2 = v2 cos 2
v
v r2
tan 2 =
v u2 = v 2 cos 2 = u 2 u2
u 2 v u2
tan 2
u2 = r2 (12.8), :
H=
2 r22
r2
Q
g
g A 2 tan 2
(12.9)
, :
H=ABQ
:
A=
2 r22
r2
, B=
g
g A 2 tan 2
(12.9)
(12.9)
H-Q ,
2:
477
P = Q H P = 2 r22 Q
r2
Q2
A 2 tan 2
(12.10)
Bernoulli , ,
( ):
H=
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+
2g
(12.11)
(-1) (2-), .
Bernoulli (
) :
(12.11)
p p2 v 22 v 2
=
2g
(12.11)
(12.11)
, (
NPSHr (. 11.4.1).
(12.11)
, .
( ). ,
. -
p p1 v12 v 2
=
2g
Q
. 12.1.
478
.
, .
( = = ),
.
, .
.
12.1.2 .
(12.9),
, . ,
, , .
12.1
, (12.9) (2
< 90).
.
) .
2 12.1 2'
2. :
,
.
,
.
. ,
. 12.1()
. (
).
Q
,
. 12.1.
. .
, 12.1().
(
: u = r).
,
2'
v2. 2'
w2' u2'.
:
u2' = r2 = u2
, 12.1,
()
()
. 12.1.
479
2' 2.
(12.8).
,
:
(12.7),
.
) .
v2
v2
w2
w2
vu2
2
u2
vu2
. 12.1.
(
) o (
). ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
) :
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
(12.12)
+ hp
H =
+
2g
: hp .
, , . ,
(. 12.1).
.
) .
,
v2,
. 2 (. 12.1),
, ,
. , , ( ) , (
). (h).
(hp)
(h) .
,
. , ,
. Q
(
) Q.
.
, , ,
.. .
. (diffuser)
480
,
.
( , . 10.5.1).
( ) ,
.
12.1.3 .
,
.
, .
12.1.1,
, m = 1. (m < 1).
:
) .
, .
, .
.
) .
() ()
, .
, , , .
,
.
( ) .
,
. ().
:
1. .
, , ,
, ( ).
.
2. .
.
3. .
,
.
, (wearing ring). , . ,
, .
, , .
481
12.1 . . Qn
,
.
,
.
12.1.4 .
Po
12.1.1,
100%: m = v = h = = 1. , , (m< 1) (v< 1)
(h< 1).
( < 1).
, ( 11.27),
: = /.
12.1, , , ,
. ,
. ,
(Q 0), .
( ) ( ,
). , , .
( ),
, . , , .
,
. , ,
12.1. , , . Qn. , .
12.1.
.
max
Qn
Qn
. 12.1.
. 12.1.
482
12.2 .
( ) , 12.1, . ,
. , r1 r2 b. ,
1 2. ,
. , ,
. , ,
n ( = 2n).
, Bernoulli ( ). ,
. ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
, . 12.1). (12.12):
H =
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
+ hp
+
2g
(12.12)
:
(12.13)
Q = i vri
: i ri ,
( ). 2
: 2 = 2r2 b. , : 1 = 2r1 b
, :
Q2 = 2 r1 b1 vr1 = 2 r2 b2 vr2
(12.13)
(12.13) b1 = b2,
() :
r1 vr1 = r2 vr2
:
1 90 r1 1
(12.13)
r2 = v2 sin 2'
(. 12.1 12.1),
. , v w u
vr vu :
v i = w i + ui = v ri + v ui
(12.14)
,
. 2:
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
(12.14)
483
1, 1 90:
v1 = vr1
(12.14)
, (12.13) vr ,
u :
ui = ri = 2 n ri
(12.15)
1
12.2
8 cm 36 cm.
1,65 cm
2 = 60.
1200 rpm, 30 L/s. (1 90)
, :
) , ) , ) 1, )
)
d = 10 cm v = 1.
. 12.2.
w1
v1 = vr1
1
1
u1
:
:
. 12.2.
H =
:
= 2 n
2 = 2r2b
(1):
2 r22
r2
Q
g
g A 2 tan 2
(1)
= 125,7 rad/s
2 = 0,01866 m2
H = 50 m
) H :
P=QH
P = 14,71 KW
) 1 (. 12.2).
1 90o, v1 = vr1.
(12.13) Q= 2 r1 b1 vr1 v1 = vr1 = 7,23 m/s
(12.15) u1 = 2 n r1 u1 = 5,03 m/s
v
tan 1 = 1 tan 1 = 1,44 1 = 55,2
u1
) , Bernoulli 1 2:
484
H =
p2 p1 v 22 v12
p p
v2 v2
+
2 1 = H 2 1
2g
2g
(2)
:
(12.13) Q = 2 r2 b v r2 v r2 =
Q
v r2 = 1,608 m/s
2 r2 b
(. 12.2):
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
w2 = vr2/sin 2
u2 = r2
(3)
v 22
(3)
w2 = 1,856 m/s
u2 = 22,62 m/s
(2), :
p2 p1
21,612 7,232
= 50
m = 28,87 p2 p1 = 283 KPa = 2,83 bar
2 9,81
) v =1 Q = Q = 0,03 m3/s
, :
v =
4Q
v = 3,82 m / s
d12
Bernoulli
(12.11):
p p2 v 22 v 2
p p2
=
= 23,07 m p p2 = 226,3 KPa
2g
H =
p p1 v 2 v12
p p1
v 2 v12
p p1
+
= H
= 50 m ( 1,92 m) p p1 = 509,5 KPa
2g
2g
2
o 95%,
90%, .
:
: ,
.
:
m = 0,95,
: , Po
h = 0,90,
w2
2
v2
vr2
vr2
2
vu2
v = 0,90
. 12.2.
w2
u2
485
(11.28):
= m v h = 0,77 77%
[ (11.27)]:
Po
P
P = o
P
(1)
, o (. 11.4.4):
h =
v =
Ho
Ho = h H Ho = 45 m
H
Q
Q = v Q Q = 0,027 m3/s
Q
: Po = Q Ho Po= 11,92 KW
(1): P = 15,49 KW
:
:
P
P
m = P = P = 11,92 KW
P
m
,
.
3
20C 12.2, . 14 cm, 6 m 2, , 11 cm, 140 m 12 . ,
1750 rpm, 16 cm 36 cm, 2 cm
1 = 50 2 = 60.
: h1 = 30 Q2
200 m3/s, 95%
93%, :
)
,
.
) , , 15 m
.
) .
:
: , ( ):
, : (. 12.2).
: , .
5m
A
. 12.2.
486
1, 2: .
: , .
(. 12.2) :
Q
H
pA
p1
p2
pB
T:
vA
v1
v2
vB
hp
. 12.2.
.
.
, ( . 11.1.3). ,
, (
).
( ), Bernoulli (, 1, 1-2, 2).
: d = 0,14 m , L = 6 m,
= 0,00026 m, = 2
d = 0,11 m, L = 140 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12
r1 = 0,08 m, r2 = 0,18 m, b = 0,02 m,
1 = 50, 2 = 60, n = 1750/60 rps
Q = 200/3600 m3/s,
m = 0,95,
v = 0,93
3
p = p = 101,3 KPa,
= 9,81 KN/m
pv = 3,2 KPa ( 20 C, 1.2.10)
: ) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max
) Ho, H, P, P, Po,
) p, p1, p2, p
) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max.
:
p v 2 p v p p v v 2
NPSHa = +
=
+
2g
2g
(11.9)
. .
v :
4Q
v =
v = 3,61 m / s
d2
Bernoulli :
p A p v 2A v 2
p p A
v 2
+
y A y +
= h
=
H
h
2g
2g
(1)
487
:
Moody
(/d = 0,00186, Re = v d/ = 5 105) f = 0,0233
L
v2
h = f + h = 1,99 m
d
2g
(1) p/ = 2,67 m
(11.9) NPSHa = 3,01 m
(11.9),
, :
p v 2 p1 p p1 v 2
+
NPSHr = + =
2g
2g
(2)
: 1
.
, :
v = Q/Q Q = Q/v Q = 0,05974 m3/s = 215 m3/h
(12.13):
Q = 2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2
(12.13)
1 = 90 v1 = vr1 (12.13) :
v1 =
Q
v1 = 5,94 m/s
2 r1 b
Bernoulli 1:
p p1 v 2 v12
p1 p v 2 v12
= h1 =
+
h1
+
2g
2g
(3)
h1 = 30 Q2 = 0,09 m
(3) p1/ = 1,44 m
(11.9) NPSHr = 1,89 m
: NPSHr . NPSHr
,
.
To (11.10):
H,max = H,max +
v 2
p pv
+ h1 = 1
NPSHr H,max = 8,11 m
2g
:
H,max = 7,35 m
) Ho, H, P, P, Po, .
-
488
. (11.2):
Ho = H +
pB p A v 2B v 2A
+
+ h Ho = H + h
2g
(4)
h = h+ h
:
h = 1,99 m
:
4Q
v =
v = 5,85 m/s
d2
Moody
(/d = 0,00236, Re = v d/ = 6,4 105) f = 0,0248
L
v 2
+ h = 75,81 m h= 77,8 m
h = f
d
2g
(4) = 97,8 m
(11.4):
Po = Q Ho = 53,24 KW
, , :
. 1 = 90,
(12.9):
H =
2 r22
r2
Q
g
g A 2 tan 2
(5)
= 2 n = 183,26 rad/s
(5) He = 105,8 m
:
h =
Ho
v = 0,924
H
(11.22):
P = Q = 62 KW
(5)
(11.28):
= m h v = 0,817
:
Po
P =
Po
P = 65,26 KW
P = 65,26 KW , = 62
KW , (3,26 KW) .
62 KW, = 53,24 KW , (8,76 KW)
.
489
) p, p1, p2, p.
() , 1:
p/ = 2,78 m p = 26,20 KPa
p1/ = 1,55 m p1 = 14,15 KPa
[
, (11.15)], (p = 0):
Ho = Hp +
p p v 2 v 2
p
v 2 v 2
p
= Ho +
p/ = 99,4 m p = 975,1 KPa
+
2g
2g
2, (1-2):
p2 p1 v 22 v12
p2
p1 v 22 v12
H =
+ h12
= H +
h12
+
2g
2g
(6)
vr2 :
Q =2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2 vr2 = 2,64 m/s
(. 12.2):
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2
w2 = vr2/ sin 2
w2 = 3,05 m/s
u2 = r2
u2 = 32,99 m/s
(7)
w2
2
v2
vr2
vr2
2
vu2
. 12.2.
w2
u2
490
. ,
12.1.2 12.1.3.
.
. ,
, .
.
( )
( DarcyWeisbach Moody)
( Bernoulli).
.
, .
.
( ),
.
, ,
.
12.3.1 .
(. 12.1.1)
(12.8),
:
n
(12.16)
Q
g = ( 2 n r2 )2
b tan 2
g H ( )
(. . 3.4.1). ,
( ).
(12.16), : Q, n
( r, b, ).
. .
12.1.2, (
=/), . ,
:
g H = f (Q, n, d, , , , l, )
(12.17)
9 , (M, L, T). , Buckingham (.
4.1.7), :
k=nj=93=6
12.3.1
:
491
12.3.1
.
gH
L2 -2
3
-1
()
L T
T-1
M1 L-3
1
-1
-1
M L T
:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = C
(12.17)
( ), : 6 = .
5 :
= (gH) Q n d l
(12.17)
(12.17) :
M L T= M+ L2+3+-3-++ T-2---
:
+=0
2 + 3 + 3 + + = 0
2 = 0
(12.18)
(12.18)
(12.18)
(12.18)
n, d , (. . 4.1.7):
= 1, = = = = 0 1 = g H
(12.19)
n 2 d2
=1, = = = = 0 2 = Q
n d3
n d2 n d2
=
= 1, = = = = 0 =
4
d
= 1, = = = = 0 3 =
= 1, = = = = 0 = l
5
d
(12.17) :
(12.19)
(12.19)
(12.19)
(12.19)
492
gH
Q n d2 l
g H
2 2 ,
,
, , , = C 2 2 = F
3
d d
n d
n d nd
Q n d2 l
,
, , ,
3
d d
nd
(12.19)
P:
P = QH = gQH gH =
P
gH
P
2 2=
2
Q
n d
n d2 Q
(12.20)
(. .
4.1.8, 2):
P
Q
P
=
2
3
pn d Q nd
n 3 d5
2
(12.20)
Q n d2 l
f
=
n d3 , v , d , d ,
n3 d5
(12.20)
: , (12.17), (l).
, ,
, , .. ,
(l/d). . ,
, 1,
NPSH.
(12.19) Reynolds (
):
u = d/2 = d n
n d2 u (d /)
n d2
=
Re =
v
v
v
(12.21)
, (12.19) Froude
( ):
1
g H
= 2 2
Fr n d
(12.22)
(12.19) . :
Q
nd
d b vr
( u / ) d
= 2
vr b
u d
(12.23)
, 12.3.2.
493
12.3.2
.
Nh =
gH
n 2 d2
NQ =
NP =
n d3
P
n3 d5
NRe =
Nr =
n d2 n d2
=
( )
Reynolds
, . , ,
, .
12.3.2 .
, ,
( )
. ,
, .
4.2,
. ,
, . :
Pm
P
=
3
5
5
n d
m n 3m dm
(12.24)
gH
gH
= 2 m2
2
2
n d
n m dm
(12.24)
Qm
Q
=
3
nd
nm d3m
(12.24)
n d2 nm d2m
=
v
vm
(12.24)
m
=
d dm
(12.24)
494
l lm
=
d dm
(12.24)
(12.24-),
, . ,
4.4, .
, :
) . ,
.
, .
, ,
(12.24) (12.24).
:
dm m lm
(12.25)
=
=
=
d
l
, . :
m m
(12.25)
=
=1
(. 4.2.2):
Sm
(12.25)
= 2
S
Vm
(12.25)
= 3
V
) . , ,
. ,
, ,
. (12.24),
, :
Q
nd
Q
n m d 3m
(12.26)
.
, .
) . : ( ), ( )
. , ,
. (12.24):
n d2 n m d2m
=
= Re
v
v
(12.27)
495
g H
n2 d2
g Hm
n2m d2m
1
Fr
(12.28)
(12.24) .
, .
, ( ) ,
, . , .
,
.
. ,
.
12 in 80% .
. = 1,
. ,
n1 n2, ,
, .
:
(12.26)
Q1
Q2
=
3
n1 d
n 2 d3
(12.28)
(12.24)
g H1
gH
= 2 22
2
2
n1 d
n2 d
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(12.29)
n
H
1 = 1
H2 n 2
P1
P2
=
3
5
n1 d
n 32 d5
P n
1 = 1
P2 n2
(12.30)
(12.31)
, . .
, Q, n.
(12.29) .
.
12.4 .
12.4.1 .
-
496
, , , . ,
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, : (
n: = 2 n), Q .
.
12.3.2. , NS NQ
d :
NQ =
Q
Q
d3 =
3
n N
nd
gH
(g H)0,5
(g H)1,5
3
Nh = 2 2 d =
d = 3 1,5
n d
n N0,5
n Nh
h
:
NQ
NQ
Q
(g )1,5
Q
Q 0,5
= 3 1,5 n2
=
n
n NQ h
(g H)1,5 N1,5
Nh0,75
(g H)0,75
h
(12.32)
n ,
:
N0,5
Q 0,5
Q
2 0,75 =
(12.32)
Nh
(g H)0,75
(12.32)
su. ,
:
N SU =
Q0,5
Q0,5
2
n
=
( g H )0,75
( g H )0,75
(12.33)
NSU1 = 2 n1
Q10,5
H10,75
497
NSU2 = 2 n2
:
NSU1 n1 Q1
=
NSU2 n2 Q 2
0,5
Q 0,5
2
H0,75
2
H
2
H1
0,75
i (12.29) (12.30), :
NSU1 n1
=
NSU2 n2
n
1
n2
0,5
n 2
2
n1
0,75
NSU1
= 1 NSU1 = NSU2
NSU2
,
(.. ), , (12.33). ( ),
, ,
.
, .
( )
(BEP: Best Efficiency Point), ,
, , Qn:
NSU = 2 n
Q 0,5
n
(g Hn )0,75
(12.33)
(12.33)
.
, ( ).
, . .
, .
SU (Universal Specific Speed), , .
12.4.2 .
, ,
, . , ,
.
..., gpm (gallons US per min).
gpm, rpm
ft. , , . ,
, .
498
2. :
0,5
Q(gpm)
NS (US) n(rpm)
H(ft)0,75
(12.34)
,
( ).
, , rpm m3/h.
g 2:
0,5
Q(m 3 / h)
(12.34)
NS (Metric) n(rpm)
0,75
H(m)
, ( NSU), :
Ns = n
( Q )0,5
( Q )0,75
(12.34)
:
[Ns] = [L]0,75[T]1,5
NS
.
,
(12.34), :
NS
, .
Hydraulic Institute,
Europump,
( rpm),
1 m ( USA 1 ft) 1 m3/h ( USA 1
gpm).
SI, SI: rps
(= s-1), m3/s, m. ,
(rpm rps), .
,
. , .
. , (
n, Q, H):
:
NSU
US: (rpm, gpm, ft),
NS (US)
Metric: (rpm, m3/h, m),
NS (M)
499
NS (SI)
4
1600 rpm , 380
3
m /h 85 m. SI
, US, Metric SI.
:
: n = 1600 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 85 m
: NSU, NS(US), NS(M), NS(SI)
NSU,
.
SI: n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m, g = 9,81 m/s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
: 1.3.3:
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = (380/3600)/0,0283 ft3/s
H = 85/0,3048 ft, g = 9,81/0,3048 ft /s2 = 32,185 ft /s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
NSU, ,
.
US (rpm, gpm, ft):
n = 1600 rpm
Q = (380/3600)/(6,30910-5) gpm = 1673 gpm ( 1.3.4)
= 85/0,3048 ft = 278,9 ft
(12.34) NS(US) = 959
Metric (rpm, m3/h, m):
n = 1800 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 40 m
(12.34) NS(M) = 1114,2
SI (rps, m3/s, m):
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m
(12.34) NS(SI) = 0,31
12.4.1 ,
, :
12.4.1
NS.
SU
NS(SI)
NS(M)
NS(US)
0,882
3176
2734
1,13
3600
3100
3,1510-4
2,7810-4
0,861
3,6610-4
3,2310-4
1,162
SU
500
, NSU NS,
SI. SU S :
NSU = 2 NS(SI)/g0,75 NSU = 1,13 NS(SI)
(12.35)
Hydraulic Institute,
, ,
, . SI: n =
NS HS = 1 m QS = 1 m3/s.
:
Po = Q Ho S = W (SI)
,
.
, ,
(12.34) :
NS
0,5
P / ( H)
n
n
(H)0,75
P0,5
0,5 ( )1,25
N SP = N S 0,5 n
P 0,5
( H )1,25
(12.36)
NSP .
(12.36), NS (
).
, .
,
.
, (
):
SP
,
.
, :
NSP = NS
(12.36)
, SI
:
(12.36)
SP (SI) = 3.13 NS (SI)
, (
).
12.4.3 .
.
(12.34),
. , .
NS .
, . , () ,
501
r2
r2
r1
r2/r1>2
r1
6,00
5,00
15000
3,00
3,50
4,00
2,50
2,00
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1,50
4000
1,00
3000
0,80
2000
0,60
0,50
1500
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,25
0,20
600
700
800
900
1000
500
0,15
(
).
, ,
.
. , ( ). ,
.
, ,
.
12.4 .
() NSU
0,17 1,5 [( 500 4000 NS(US)]. , 1,5 3,2 (4000 9000, US)
( ), 3,2 ( 9000, US).
10.6: ,
.
Nsu
Ns(US)
r2
r1
r2/r1<1,5
M
r2/r1 = 1
. 12.4.
.
( SI/HI 1.1-2.-2000)
: NSU , . (, , )
, .
. 12.4
.
, , . ,
. , -
502
0,01
0,1
0,15
Nsu
. 12.4.
.
, ,
. 12.4 . , . .
( ).
. , NSU = 0,25 100 250 m3/
h, 68%, NSU =0,65
80%. ( )
, NSU = 0,65.
,
.
, , ,
.
( ).
,
.
5
0,5 (SI) 150 l/s
70 m. ) )
1600 rpm 12.4, ,
.
:
: NS(SI) = 0,5, Qn= 150 l/s = 0,15 m3/s, Hn= 70 m, = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) nn, ) n = 1600 rpm, H, Q, P
) S
(12.34):
H0,75
n
(12.34) n n = NS 0,5
Qn
SI :
nn = 31,24 rps = 1875 rpm
) , (12.29) (12.30):
503
90
250 - 500 m3/h
0 m3/h
100 - 25
m3/h
100
0
5
m3 /h
- 50
5
2
80
70
500 - 2
>200
000 m
0 m3
3/
/h
h
60
r2
r2
6,00
5,00
15000
3,00
3,50
4,00
Nsu
Ns(US)
r2
r1
r1
2,50
2,00
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
1,50
4000
1,00
3000
0,80
2000
0,60
0,50
1500
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,25
600
700
800
900
1000
500
0,15
40
0,20
50
r1
r2/r1>2
r2/r1<1,5
r2/r1 = 1
. 12.4.
(12.29)
Qn nn
n
=
Q1 = Q n 1 Q1 = 0,128 m3/s = 128 l/s
Q1 n1
nn
2
n
n
H
(12.30) n = n H1 = Hn 1 H1 = 51 m
H1 n1
nn
:
Po = Q Ho P1= 64 KW
(12.35) NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) NSU = 0,565
12.4, NSU = 0,565 Q = 0,15 3600 = 540 m3/h, :
= 0,84
: = / =/ P = 76,2 KW
6
600 m3/h 60 m.
504
1500 rpm .
, , .
:
: Q = 600/3600 m3/s, H = 60 m, n = 1500 rpm, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS, NSP, P
(12.34):
NS = nn
Q n0,5
Hn0,75
NS(SI) = 0,475
NSP
P0,5
N
= n 1,25 P = SP H2,5 P = 98,1 KW
H
n
: P = Q H P = 98,1 KW
:
. , ( ),
.
(. 12.5.3) ,
, .
7
6 , 360 m3/h 180 m.
1600 rpm.
210 KW.
:
: Q = 360 m3/h = 0,1 m3/s, H = 180 m, n = 1600 rpm,
P = 210 KW, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS,
:
H = H/6 = 30 m
NS = nn
Q 0,5
n
0,75 NS(SI) = 0,658 NSU = 0,743
Hn
:
P = Q H P = 176,6 KW
Po
P
= 0,841 73,6 %
505
(
) 6.
12.5 .
,
, . ,
. , ( ), . , . ,
. ,
.
( ). (cavitation)
.
12.5.1 .
(. 11.2),
. ,
,
(. . 1.2.6). ,
, .
NPSHa (Net Positive
Suction Head Available), 11.2 ( 11.9).
, :
HA = y A +
p A v 2
+
2g
(12.37)
, ,
pv. , , :
Hv = y A +
,
pv
(12.37)
:
PSHa = HA Hv
p
v2 p
p p v v 2
= NPSHa = A + v = A
+
2g
2g
(12.37)
, .
()
, 12.5. ,
Bernoulli, . ,
. , (
506
), (. 12.5).
( ,
).
,
.
( ),
.
NPSHr
..
A
. 12.5.
, NPSHr (Net Positive
Suction Head Required) .
NPSHr, Bernoulli
:
p A v 2A p A v 2A
+
+
= h AA'
2g
2g
p
v2 p
v2
NPSHr = A + A A' = h AA' + A'
2g
2g
(12.38)
(12.38), , . hA'
, ' (
),
.
.
NPSHr ,
12.5.
, NPSH . , .
3% ,
507
NPSH.
NPSH , .
,
(NPSHa)
(NPSHr):
NPSHa > NPSHr
(12.39)
: ,
3%, .
Hydraulic Institute
, NPSHa NPSHr.
:
= NPSHa NPSHr
(12.39)
. 12.5.
PSHr.
8
60C, , 80 m3/h. O , 8 cm
4 m. 2.
) 3 m,
;
) NPSHr 3,5 m,
;
:
:
(y1 y A ) +
p1 p A v12 v 2A
+
= h
2g
(1)
yA y1 = H
o :
4Q
v = 4,42 m/s
d2
v d
Moody
( Re = Re = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00325) f = 0,0271
v
L
v 2
h = f
+ h = 3,34
d
2g
v =
508
(1)
p1 p A
v2
= H + A + h p1 p = 72,0 KPa pA = 29,3 KPa
2g
NPSHa =
p A p v v 2
+
2g
NPSHa = 1,95 m
NPSHa =
(2)
p A p v v 2
p pv
v2
+
A
= NPSHa
2g
2g
pA pv
> 2,5m p A p v > 24,56KPa p A > 44,46 KPa
p1 p A v 2
h H <1,45 m
(1) H =
2g
1,45 m.
.
12.5.2 .
(12.39)
. ,
( ). ,
. , :
NPSHa NPSHr
(12.40)
,
NPSH,
NPSH, . 12.5.1 NPSHa:
12.5.1
NPSH.
NPSHa
1. (h)
NPSHa.
2. ()
NPSHa.
3. (p1)
NPSHa. , patm NPSHa.
4.
pv,
NPSHa.
509
. 12.5.
510
, mm
.
,
.
12.5 (Worster-1956, Rayleigh).
,
. ,
.
, 25C 3,17 KPa.
, 104,8 KJ/Kg, , 2547,3 KJ/Kg. 2442,5 KJ/Kg
( ) .
1 Kg 25C 3,17 KPa, . ,
( ),
.
, ( . 12.5). ,
,
. ,
, 12.5,
12.5. (1-9)
( 0,5 ms).
(1), (2, 3, 4). 4 ( ), (4, 5,
6) . , .
12.5 . , (implode). ,
,
(microjet) (
microjet , 400 m/s). , -
2
P = 3 KPa
P = 30 KPa
7
0,001
0,002
, sec
. 12.5.
0,003
0,004
. 12.5.
511
. 12.5.
(
200060.000 , ), (shock wave).
, , , . ,
. , ( )
. , 25C , gr , 2,44 KJ.
,
, (.
12.5). , .
( 3 4 ms). ,
. 12.5.
. ) ( 1)
( 2), ) 2.
512
,
.
.
microjet, . , .
, .
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
(. 12.5).
.
:
.
.
.
, . ,
.
( ),
. ,
(). ,
.
12.5.3 .
NPSH ,
.
, NPSH , .
.
20 , , .
,
L. Moody D. Thoma (1922).
. 12.5.
513
:
=
NPSHr
H
(12.41)
,
. ,
NPSHr , NPSHr, .
(
Worthington Co, Karassik 1937).
, NPSHr . ,
,
:
N SSU = 2
Q0,5
n
( g NPSHr )0,75
(12.42)
, :
N SS =
Q0,5
n
NPSHr 0,75
(12.43)
:
NSS
, .
,
NS (. 12.4.2).
, NPSHr,
,
.
(12.43) ( ).
SS. (
), NPSH.
NPSHa , .
NPSHa,
( NPSHr).
,
. ,
,
, .
, 2,2 4,4
(SS) 6000 12.000 (US). ,
, ,
.
514
SSA ( )
SS ( ).
(12.42) (12.43):
NSSUA = 2
Q 0,5
n
(12.42)
(g NPSHa)0,75
NSSA =
Q 0,5
NPSHa
(12.43)
:
SSA > SS
(12.43)
( Hydraylic Institute)
3,1 (SSUA) 8500
(US). , 4 (SSU) .
9
680 m3/h,
9 m;
:
: Q = 680 m3/h = 680/3600 m3/s,
NPSHa = 9 m
: n
, : SSUA = 3,1.
,
(.. 1800 rpm).
, ,
.
.
12.5
,
.
19
6,0
17
5,5
5,0
15
4,5
13
4,0
11
3,5
3,0
2,5
40
, SI, rps
NPSHa 0,75
n = 32,7 rps = 1962 rpm
Q 0,5
, US:1000
(12.42) n = NSSA
50
60
70
80
(%
)
. 12.5.
515
, (inducer). ,
, . ,
(SSU = 7,5 ).
12.5.4 .
() , , ,
. Henry,
, ( ).
, ( , , ), .
, . ,
. ,
.
.
(
).
, (Gaseous Cavitation), (Vaporous Cavitation) .
,
. :
.
,
,
( ) .
.
,
.
.
, . ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
.
, , (. 12.4).
, .
, 0,2(SI),
5% . , 1,0(SI),
516
10% .
.
. 1,0 ,
40%, .
, ,
, ,
. .
12.6 .
1. : r1 =10 cm, r2 = 20 cm, b = 2 cm, 1 =
62. 200 m3/h.
1300 rpm,
.
[v1 = vr1 = 4,42 m/s, vr2 = 2,21 m/s, v2 = 26,15 m/s]
2. ,
10 m, . d= 14 cm d= 12 cm .
, hi = 560Q2
, : hc = 340 Q2. O 93%. ,
,
.
[ = 69,5 m, Po = 35,2 KW, h = 59,5 m, p p = 677,2 KPa]
3. 20 cm 32 cm.
3 cm 2 = 62.
(1 90). 1400 rpm, 400 m3/h.
, ,
.
H
A
. 12.6.
517
= 2, , d = 10 cm, L = 90 m = 8. 4 m 15 m. ,
1800 rpm, 10 cm 27 cm, 2 cm
2 = 60. : h1 = 550Q2.
140 m3/s, 95%
93%, : )
, . )
, , . ) .
[) NPSHa = 3,76 m, NPSHr = 2,30 m, Ha, max = 7,37 m, ) = 59,45 m, = 62,32 m,
P = 26,9 KW, P = 25,56 KW, P = 22,68 KW ) p = 38,3 KPa, p1 = 21,6 KPa,
p2 = 329,1 KPa, p = 615,2 KPa]
6. S(SI) = 0,63 520 m3/h 39 m.
) . ) 1300 rpm, , .
[) nn= 1552 rpm, ) Q = 435,5 m3/h, Ho = 27,36 m, Po = 32,47 KW]
7. , 1350
rpm, 390 m3/h 49 m. )
. )
, 1600 rpm.
[) NSU = 0,453, ) Q = 462,2 m3/h, Ho = 68,3 m, Po = 86,7 KW]
8. 540 m3/h 70 m.
1600 rpm . ) , . )
3,2 m, ; )
1200 rpm ;
[) NSU = 0,484 Po = 103 KW, ) NSSU = 3,46 ) Po= 43,46 KW]
9. 4 , 1600 rpm
420 m3/h 180 m. ) 82% ) 240 m; ;
[) NSU= 0,594 P= 251,2 KW, ) n = 1848 rpm, Q = 485 m3/h]
10. 45 C,
, 180 m3/h. O , 12 cm
6 m. 2. )
4 m,
; ) NPSHr 3 m,
;
[) NPSHr < 2,15 m, ) H,max = 3,15 m]
11. (25C) 680 m3/h.
, 30 cm, 5 m 3.
518
, 1 m. ) . )
;
[) NPSHa = 7,79 m, ) n = 1770 rpm]
12. 1300 gpm (gal(US)/min) 150 ft, 1750 rpm. 20 ft. )
)
.
[) NSU = 0,54 NSSUA= 2,44, ) , ]
13. 1600 rpm NSS(SI) = 3,
350 m3/h 90 m. NS(SI)
,
1,5.
[NS(SI) = 0,285 (rps, SI), NPSHa = 5,84 m]
KE 13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
520
13.1 .
, ,
.
, .
, : , ,
, . ,
.
.
;
; ,
().
;
,
,
, .
, ,
, .
.
.
.
(. 12.1.1), () (Q, H, P, ) . ,
, :
H =
= Q
:
:
2 r22
r2
Q
g
g A 2 tan 2
A=
2 r22
r2
, B=
g
g A 2 tan 2
, :
r2
P = 2 r22 Q
Q2
A 2 tan 2
P = A Q B Q 2
(13.1)
(13.1)
(13.1)
(13.2)
(13.2)
(13.1) (13.2),
. - (
) . ,
521
100% ( = 1), .
. ,
( , , . . 12.1.2),
( , , , , , . . 12.1.3). ,
.
- -
(13.1) (13.2). , . () 12.1, 12.1 12.1).
,
.
(. 12.3.1),
Q, H, P:
Q n d2 l
g H
f
=
(13.3)
n d3 , v , d , d ,
n2 d2
Q n d2 l
P
f
=
,
, , ,
3
v d d
n3 d5
nd
(13.4)
. ,
NS,
(13.3):
0,5
NQ
gH
Q
NSU = 0,75
NQ =
: Nh = 2 2 ,
Nh
n d
n d3
-, -, -
-,
. , .
,
( ).
.
, .
, , .
13.1.1 = f1(Q) Q ( ).
, ()
(13.3). , , :
Q.
( ).
( ) n.
D ( ).
.
522
, ( = 10-6
m2/s). - ,
. (n)
(D), :
.
, n D,
Q:
n D Ho = f1(Q)
(13.5)
(13.5) ( ) Q.
Q , 12.1. ,
Q NS,
.
H Q:
Q: , , .
13.1 11 11.
:
Q 0 max
, Q.
Q ( 2 . 13.1):
, max Q 0.
0 Q ,
. ,
.
( , , ) Q.
, H Q . , .
. ,
. ()
,
.
H2max
Q H1max
1
, ,
2
. ,
NS,
.
1
13.1 .
2
, 1
, ,
-. Q
.
. 13.1.
Q .
523
( ) ,
,
.
-
.
: ( ), ( ). (. . 3.4.1 3.4.1):
H=
p
p = H
= 10 m , :
po = (10 m)(9,81 KN/m3) = 98,1 KPa.
13.1.2 P = f2 (Q) P Q ( ).
- (13.4).
-. . , n D, :
n D P = f2 (Q)
(13.6)
(13.6)
Q. - ( .
12.1), 13.1. ( , 1 4 ),
( ). ,
( 3 ) . ,
, ( 2
).
P Q .
4
,
1
H Q, , . , 3
2
2
. , 4
3
H Q 1
.
.
Q
(
) P Q
. 13.1.
. 13.1 Q : (1), (4) 1, 2 3 , , (2) (3) .
4 .
(1), (2), (3) , (4) .
524
.
13.1.4 NPSHr = f4 (Q)
NPSHrQ.
( )
,
,
NPSHr
Q. 12.5.1, NPSHr ( ) (12.38):
NPSHr = h AA' +
v 2A'
2g
Qn
. 13.1.
Q
.
525
hAA' vA' . , ,
( , ). ' ,
:
n D NPSHr = f4 (Q)
(13.8)
: Q
Q
,
: /n, /n, Q/Qn (%).
SHr
NPSHr-Q 13.1.
NPSHr . ,
. (
, . 12.5.3) NPSHr BEP
.
.
13.1.5
.
,
,
.
Q, P Q, Q
NPSHrQ.
,
, Q. ,
( Q) .
13.1 (
).
.
, ( ):
Q
. 13.1.
NPSHr Q .
BEP
H
P
P
NPSHr
I
II
II
IV
NPSHr
Qn
. 13.1.
526
(), BEP.
( ) .
() , , , ( ) .
, (IV) , ( NPSHr) . ,
. , .
, ,
4 (, P, , NPSHr)
.
( ) .
O ISO, 13.1,
, . , ( ).
(BEP) Q = 210 m3/h, Ho = 89 m, P =
60 KW 85%.
, . ,
13.1 1500 rpm, (
BEP) :
Q 0,5
n
NSU = 2 n
NSU = 0,236
(g Hn )0,75
(. 12.4.3).
( P Q).
,
. ,
, :
Po = Q Ho Po =
,
:
Po = Q Ho
= 50,9 KW
Po =
= 51,0 KW
1: .
. ,
.
2: , . ,
,
:
P = Q Ho /
P = Q Ho / P = P
1
13.1 0,9 150 m3/h, , , ,
527
, m
120
H_Q
100
BEP
80
100
80
60
P_Q
40
, KW
60
20
90
80
70
60
40
20
30
15
20
10
PSHr _ Q
10
PSHr, m
50
0
0
100
200
Q, m3/h
. 13.1.
ISO.
.
:
: = 0,9, Q = 150 m3/h, 13.1
: , P, P, , NPSHr
(150 m3/h) H Q, P
Q, Q NPSHr Q. . :
H = = 99 m
P = 50 W
= 81,5 %
NPSHr = 5 m
528
, :
P = P = 45 KW
13.1 , :
= Q Ho Po = 36,4 W
(: = P Po = 36,6 W)
13.2 .
n D ( NPSHr, D). ,
. , , ,
NPSHr :
= f1(Q, n, D)
= f2 (Q, n, D)
= f3 (Q, n, D)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n, D)
H_Q
100
BEP
80
60
100
80
60
P_Q
40
20
90
, KW
80
70
60
50
40
20
15
30
20
PSHr _ Q
10
0
100
200
3
Q, m /h
. 13.1.
10
5
0
PSHr, m
, m
120
529
, .
,
D = , :
= f1 (Q, n)
= f2 (Q, n)
= f3 (Q, n)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n)
n5
n4
n3
n
n2
n1
(
)
NPSHr
Q,
n
. n5
, ,
n4
n3
. n
n2
, n1
(
).
Q
, . 13.2.
,
(
(D ).
). ,
. , (,
, , NPSHr).
, , ( Q), - (Q),
. ,
(BEP). Q, ,
.
13.2 ()
. ,
, :
n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5
. BEP
.
n, n2 < n < n3, n2 n3.
, .
530
13.2 ( ) NPSHr.
,
. , .
(. 12.3.2), :
n D
Q
=
1 = 1 1
3
3
Q 2 n2 D2
n1 D1 n2 D2
Q1
Q2
n
H
= 2 2 1 = 1
2
2
H 2 n2
n1 D1 n2 D 2
H1
H2
P n
= 3 5 1 = 1
3
5
P 2 n2
n1 D1 n 2 D2
P1
P2
(13.9)
D
1
D2
D
1
D2
(13.9)
(13.9)
: D1/D2= , .
(=1) , :
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(13.10)
H1 n1
=
H2 n 2
(13.10)
(13.10)
,
, :
Q1 D1
=
Q2 D2
H1 D1
=
H2 D 2
P1 D1
=
P2 D2
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
(13.11)
NPSHr
(13.11)
(13.11)
: (13.11) ( ) .
, -
P1 n1
=
P2 n2
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
Q
. 13.2.
(n ).
531
. (back pullout pumps) (
). ,
. () 13.2.
, NPSHr ,
, .
, , . , (13.10)
.
.
,
. ISO 9906
(1999): Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests.
, ,
( ANSI/HI 1.6 2.6).
13.2, 13.2 13.2
. 13.2 1500
rpm .
, , NPSHr.
53%
63%
1500 RPM
N, sg=1
69%
74%
76%
77%
76%
(25,5) 250
275 mm
74%
69%
254 mm
(20,4) 200
63%
53%
(15,3) 150
22KW
18,5KW
15KW
(10,2) 100
11KW
7,5KW
(5,1) 50
NPSHr
(0,0) 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
, m3/h
. 13.2.
(Armstrong).
350
532
140
120
30%
50%
60%
1150
63%
80 1050
50
60%
75HP
850
66%
30 650
2400
20
2000
15
1800
1200
1000
800
7,5
600
400
200
NPSHr
10
1600
10
25 30
2200
67%
20
NPSHR (Feet)
40 750
40
50 60
3000
60
REPRIMING LIFTS
RPM
FEET
650
9
750
12
850
15
950
17
1050
20
1150
21
1250
22
1350
23
63%
950
2800
70
2600
90
40%
1400
110 1250
100
Suction: 8''
Discharge: 8''
Impeller Diameter: 14.75''
Max. Solid Sphere: 3.00''
OPERATING RANGE
130 1350
(Veir).
13.2, ,
( US, Hydraulic Institute).
13.2 , 1480 rpm
ISO 9906.
:
. , . , (. 12.5.4) HQ (
) . ,
, HQ .
2
13.2 315 mm 180 m3/h. ,
() 1500 rpm () 1300 rpm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h, = 9,81 KN/m3, D = 315 mm, 13.2.
: o, Po, P, () n = 1500 rpm () n = 1500
) (n = 1500 rpm) :
= 233 KPa Ho = 23,75 m
P 16 KW
75,2 %
533
1480 1/mim
4000
40
3000
6000
8000
5000
7000
Q min
H [m]
78
80
10000
Q [US.GPM]
12000
Q [.GPM]
9000
120
82
ft
84
30
100
85
84
80
82
80
78
75
70
20
60
420/335
40
401/297
10
20
387/266
372/232
0
200
400
600
0
Q [l/s]
800
24
NPSH [m]
70
20
420/335
ft
16
50
372/232
12
30
8
4
200
200
400
600
800
Q [l/s]
250
P [kW] 160
420/335 210
120
401/297
387/266
80
372/232
40
200
400
950
1450
600
1950
800
2450
2950
Rate of flow
. 13.2.
(KSB).
170
130
90
Q [l/s]
Q [m3/h]
hp
534
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(Q1 = 180 m3/h, n1 = 1300 rpm, n2 = 1500 rpm) Q2 = 207,7 m3/h
, 207,7 m3/h 1500 rpm.
13.2 :
2 = 215 KPa H2 = 21,92 m
P2 16,7 KW
2 73,8 %
NPSHr 22 KPa NPSHr2 2,25 m
: Po2 = Q H Po2 = 12,4 KW (: Po = P Po = 12,3 KW).
2
H1 n1
= 1 = 16,47 m
H2 n 2
3
P1 n1
= 1 10,9 KW
P2 n2
2
NPSHr1 n1
= NPSHr1 1,7 m
NPSHr2 n 2
Po1= Q H1 Po1= 8,1 KW
: = Po/P 74,3%
.
, , . 13.2 13.2,
13.2. ,
.
,
- , .
.
. .
13.2.
13.3 .
10.4.1, ,
535
53%
63%
1500 RPM
N, sg=1
69%
74%
76%
77%
76%
(25,5) 250
74%
275 mm
69%
254 mm
(20,4) 200
63%
(15,3) 150
53%
22KW
18,5KW
15KW
(10,2) 100
11KW
7,5KW
(5,1) 50
(0,0) 0
NPSHr
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
, m3/h
. 13.2.
FLOW - 1450 RPM (50 Hz)
80
ft
300
50
200
100
150
400
190
600
800
500
800
2300
1400 m3/h
1100
3800
5300
6800 gpm
m ft
200
250
60
50
26
150
60
200
18
40
22
150
40
10
100
20
13
5
6
50
27
21
100
25
28
24
11 12
7
2 3
23
20
19
15
29
20
17
16
50
10
14
0
0
200
50
30
400
600
100
150
800
1000
200
227 400
2800
4600
800
. 13.2.
(Flowserve).
1200
6400
0 0
8200 gpm
1600 m3/h
536
Q - :
Q = v
(2D2 d2 )
Ln
4
, .
. .
, ,
v , .
(
HQ).
- 13.3.
( ),
, . (
- - ) 50000 cst
, 13.3.
13.4 .
( HQ)
. , .
, ,
.
15
Power (Kilowatt)
13.4.1 .
14 bar
12,5
9 bar
10
6 bar
3 bar
0 - 1.72 bar
7,5
5
2,5
0
15
0 bar
3 bar
6 bar
9 bar
14 bar
Flow (m3/h)
12,5
10
7,5
5
2,5
0
Q
. 13.3.
Q .
40
80
120
160
200
Speed (RPM)
. 13.3.
240
280
537
.
, , ( ,
). ,
(. 11.1.2), (11.2) (
Bernoulli ):
p2 p1 v 22 v12
= +
+
+ h
(11.2)
2g
, :
) ( L, d, ,
).
) = y2 y1.
) p1 p2.
, 11.1.2, :
= + Q2
= H +
p2 p1
1 L
1
8 L
1
f
+ 4 + f + 4 + 4
2
g d
d d2
d d
(13.12)
(13.12)
(13.12)
( , d2 1/ d2 = 0)
Q2
, .
, ,
f f, .
. f f
.
(13.12) .
, , ,
13.4. (
) ( ).
(13.12)
.
+
=
.
,
(
).
, Q
. ,
. 13.4.
, .
538
1m
(iii)
(iv)
50 m
15 m
. ,
. ,
,
, .
,
( )
(. ).
.
(ii)
1m
(i)
2m
. 13.4.
3
(. 13.4)
d = 12 cm d = 10 cm. : (i):
(ii): (iii): 90 (iv): .
1,5 bar. () , () h/d = 0,3.
:
: ,
(, Q). (, Q) , , .
:
Q.
f f
(13.12) (13.12) ( Bernoulli DarcyWeisbach)
.
f f (
) . ,
, .
.
: d = 12 cm, L = 2 m, d = 10 cm, L = 65 m, = = 0,00026 m
p1 = 101,3 KPa, p2 = 150 KPa, = (1+15+1) m = 15 m (. 13.4)
(. 5.5):
i =0,8, iii = 0,5, iv = 1,0 ii() = 6, ii() = 13 (. 5.5).
) = 0,8, =7,5
Ho = H +
= H +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ (h + h ) H = + Q 2
2g
p2 p1
=19,96 m
(1)
539
1 L
1
8 L
f
+ 4 + f + 4
2
g d
d
d d
(2)
Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0239
Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0252
(4)
(Q, H) Q [ () . 13.4)],
().
Q
(m3/h)
() H
(m)
() H
(m)
, m
Q H
180
160
()
140
19,96
19,96
50
23,86
24,97
100
35,53
40,00
150
55,00
65,04
60
40
200
82,24
100,10
20
250
117,28
145,17
300
160,09
200,26
()
120
100
80
50
100
150
200
250
Q, m3/h
300
350
. 13.4.
.
: ,
.
13.4.2 .
Q, ,
.
540
. ,
.
Q, , .
. .
,
. ,
. , Q :
Ho = f1(Q)
Ho = + Q 2
Q_
H
,
. , , , , , ,
(. 13.4).
Q
Q, (operating point, , ).
.
, ( ) Q, , .
, (
)
Q _H
Q.
,
Q
.
_
13.4.3
.
P S H
NPSHr
) .
, . Q, ,
P, ,
:
, -
Q
. 13.4.
541
Q . P Q.
Q
= + Q2.
, Q ( ).
Q, , P .
2, H Q, . (Qi, i). ,
, .
Bernoulli :
= +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
Qi , i,
(. 11.1.3), , ,
i. .
( ),
. (
13.3) :
, ,
, : = + Q2
.
, (Q, ) ( ).
: :
= Q
= / (
).
) .
4
13.4, 150 m
6 m. 1600 rpm. 15 cm. ,
.
.
:
: L = 150 m, d = 0,15 m, = 0,00012 m, = 10-6 m2/s
= 6 m, n = 1600 rpm
: Q, P, P,
542
60
20
80
100
1800 rpm
150
60%
65%
, m
300
380
70%
73%
75%
76%
76%
1600
15
200
75%
1400
73%
10
70%
1200
65%
6
5
, PS
17
15
1800 rpm
10
1600
8
1400
6
5
4
60
1200
80
100
150
200
300
Q,
380
m3/h
. 13.4.
( ).
) Q 1600 rpm: ()
) : Q Bernoulli .
= +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h
2g
543
H = H + h H = H +
8
L
f 5 Q2
2
g d
(1)
(1) H = 6,83 m
Q :
Q
m3/h
v
m/s
Q
m3/h
v
m/s
60
0,94
0,0206
6,93
150
2,56
0,0195
11,52
80
1,26
0,0202
7,62
200
3,14
0,0193
15,72
100
1,57
0,0199
8,50
240
3,77
0,0192
19,92
Q , () (. 13.4).
, m
60
20
80
100
150
60% 65%
1800 rpm
15
1600
200
300
70%
()
73%
75%
76%
76%
75%
1400
73%
10
8
380
70%
1200
65%
()
6
5
, PS
4
17
15
1800 rpm
10
1600
8
6
1400
5
4
60
1200
80
100
150
200
300
Q,
. 13.4.
m3/h
380
544
) () ()
.
) (. 13.4):
Q = 170 m3/h
= 13 m
= 72,5 %
P = 11,2 PS = 8,25 KW
:
P = Q H P = 6,02 KW
(: P = P/ P = 8,25 KW)
, :
Moody
(/d = 0,00217, ) f =0,019
(1) H = 6 + 3120 Q2 (SI) (2)
(2) :
Q
m3/h
Q
m3/h
Q
m3/h
60
6,87
100
8,41
200
15,63
80
7,54
150
11,42
240
19,86
,
, ( 0,5 %).
5
13.4,
20 m. 7 cm 50 m
= 3,5. ) Q,
, , . )
= 30, ;
:
: L = 50 m, d = 0,07 m, = 0,00026 m
=20 m, ) = 3,5 ) = 30
: Q, , , ,
) = f(Q) .
: . , ( , ). :
= + h
h =
8
L
f + K Q2
4
gd d
Moody
(/d = 0,0037, ) f = 0,028
(1)
545
(m /h)
(m)
40
30,0
60
42,5
70
50,6
80
60,0
90
70,6
100
82,4
().
( ) 2 H Q (. 13.4).
:
90
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
70
90
60
40
30
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
40
60
()
80
60
()
70
60
50
40
30
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
35
30
, PS
, PS
20
80
50
, m
, m
80
25
20
15
20
40
60
80 100
Q, m3/h
. 13.4.
120
140
35
30
25
20
15
20
40
Q, m3/h
. 13.4.
546
Q
m3/h
40
41,3
80
105
60
67,8
30
31,9
70
85,1
50
53,2
, (), ().
(). :
Q = 65 m3/h
= 70,5%
= 26 PS = 19,1 KW
P = Q H P = 13,5 KW
(: P = P= 13,5 KW)
: , .
13.4.4 NPSHQ .
NPSHrQ. ,
NPSHr.
NPSHa. , ,
13.4 13.4 NPSHrQ.
NPSH , 12.5, .
,
NPSHa Q. , NPSHaQ . (. 12.5.1):
p
v2 p
NPSHa = A + v
2g
(13.13)
547
y1 y A +
p1 p A v12 v 2A
p
p v2
+
= h A = 1 A H h
2g
2g
(13.13)
: = yA y1, .
(13.13) :
NPSHa =
p1 p v
H h
(13.11)
h =
8
f
+ K Q2
4
g d d
(13.13) :
PSHa = a b Q2
a=
b=
p1 p v
H
g d4
(13.14)
(13.14)
+ K
f
d
(13.14)
(13.14) . NPSHaQ.
,
: Q
NPSHa. 13.4.
NPSHr ( ) , NPSHa (
) .
, Qar,
:
Q > Qar NPSHr > NPSHa
12.5,
NPSH
( ). H
Q
.
, H Q . , -
NPSH
NPSHa _ Q
NPSHr _ Q
Q
. 13.4.
NPSH.
548
NPSH
, H Q ,
H _ Q
13.4.
,
(
,
H _ Q
).
_
NPSHrQ,
NPSHa Q
a
NPSHaQ .
(13.14),
NPSHr _ Q
a (
NPSHaQ ),
b (
Qar
Q
). .
13.4.
(
H Q .
). ,
( , ).
6
13.1 40C. ,
. , 12 cm 5
m.
) 2 m
) 2 m .
:
: L = 5 m, d = 0,12 m, = 0,00026 m, = 0,8 ( )
p1 = 101,3 KPa, pv = 7,4 KPa (. 11.2.1), = 9,81 KN/m3
() = 2 m, () = 2 m
: Qar
NPSHrQ NPSHaQ . , , (13.14).
) Q = 0 NPSHa = a NPSHa =
101,3 7,4
2 = 7,57 m
9,81
549
:
Q
m3/h
NPSa
m
0
50
100
150
200
220
240
7,57
7,43
7,00
6,32
5,35
4,88
4,37
() 13.4, NPSHr. :
Qar= 185 m3/h
13.5 .
,
.
,
.
. ,
80
100
60
80
60
P-Q
40
20
I, KW
(),
.
.
,
NPSHa
.
100
90
80
70
60
50
20
40
30
20
10
0
()
()
PSHr - Q
0
100
200
Q m3/h
. 13.4.
15
10
5
0
PSHr, m
, m
) a (13.14),
4 m ( 7,57 11,57 m). , NPSHa
4 m.
() 13.4 NPSHr
120
-Q
:
550
=+ . Q 2
=1=2
1=2
H=f(Q)
H=f1(Q)
Q/2
.13.5.
Q1
2Q1
.13.5.
. ,
, ,
.
13.5.1 .
) .
( )
( ). 13.5
.
H = f1(Q),
H = f(Q) :
Q : i Qi ,
(.
).
( ):
Hi = H1i = H2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i = 2Q1i
, =f1(Q) (. )
, = f(Q) (.
13.5).
, Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 3Q1,
.
: =
f(Q), = + Q2.
= f(Q) = + Q2. :
Q/2 ( ).
(. 13.5). -
551
, NPSHr .
,
' 1'.
, , Q
( ) :
Q1' < Q < 2Q1'
= 1= 2 > 1'
: = f1(Q)
( Q = 0), .
,
. . Q.
7
13.4, . , 120 m
18 cm. 2 m 1200 rpm.
) , ,
. ) ;
:
: L =120 m, d = 0,18 m, = 0,00026 m, = 10-6m2/s, = 9,81 KN/m3
= 2 m, n=1200 rpm
: Q, H, P, P,
1: () 1200 rpm
. :
= 8,4 m Q1 = 75 m3/h
Q = 150 m3/h
H = 8,2 m Q1 = 93 m3/h
Q = 186 m3/h
= +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
8
L
+
+ h H = H + 2 f 5 Q 2
2g
g d
(1)
(1) H = 3,34 m
Q :
552
20
60
80
100
150
1800 rpm
15
60%
65%
200
300
380
70%
73%
75%
76%
1600
, m
76%
75%
1400
73%
10
70%
1200
65%
()
()
()
, PS
17
15
1800 rpm
10
1600
8
1400
6
5
4
1200
60
80
100
150
Q, m3/h
. 13.5.
200
300
380
553
Q
m3/h
v
m/s
Q
m3/h
v
m/s
60
0,65
80
0,0231
3,34
200
2,18
0,0221
6,57
0,87
0,0228
3,60
240
2,62
0,0220
8,13
100
1,09
0,0226
3,91
300
3,27
0,0219
11,00
150
1,64
0,0222
5,03
Q , () 13.5 (
).
3: () ()
().
13.5 :
Q = 230 m3/h
= 7,7 m
4:
('):
= 68,5 %
P = 4,7 PS = 3,46 KW
: P = (Q/2) H P = 2,4 KW (: P = P P = 2,37 KW)
: : = 2 = 6,92 KW.
: , . , (),
() ().
13.5 :
Q = 173 m3/h
= 5,7 m
= 72,5 %
P = 5,1 PS = 3,75 KW
P = Q H P = 2,7 KW
,
33%, ,
.
) .
- = f1(Q) =
f2(Q) , = f(Q).
.
i ,
554
:
i = 1i = 2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i
= f(Q) (. 13.5).
( 1),
(
13.5, , ).
= + Q2
() = f(Q).
1 2. ,
NPSHr .
Q
=+ . Q 2
Q1',
Q2i
Q1i
H1', Q2', H2' ,
1
2
, :
=1=2
H > H1' > H2'
H=f(Q)
H=f2(Q)
,
,
,
.
, .
H=f1(Q)
Q1
. 13.5.
4
H1
) .
()
()
( 13 23
. 13.5).
Q2
H2
3
1
()
2
(I)
. 13.5.
555
, ( 34).
23 .
.
.
13.5: < . ()
(), :
=
'. 13,
3 '. '
:
h13 = Q2
". , 13: h13 = Q2
:
" = " h13.
, 3-4 , ()
( ) "
. ( ,
23). " .
= f(Q).
234 :
= + Q2
= f(Q) = +Q2
.
= f(Q)
13.5.
13.5.2
.
, .
( )
() ,
.
,
.
.
II
=1=2
=+ . Q 2
I
2
H=fI(Q)
H=f(Q)
H=fII(Q)
h13=13 . Q 2
Q2
Q1
. 13.5.
556
( )
.
, . ,
, :
Q = Q1 = Q2
H = H1 + H2 = 2H1
, = f1(Q). = f (Q) (. 13.5).
= + Q2,
.
:
Q1 = Q2 = Q
H1 = H1 = H/2
13.5
, , NPSHr .
,
= f1(Q) = + Q2, ' 13.5.
(
). ( ).
: 1' < < 21' Q1' < Q
13.5.3 .
( ) ,
. = f(Q),
: 1
H=f(Q)
= 1+1Q12 2 = 2+2Q22.
=+ . Q 2
.
=21
, 1 = 2 = (= +p/
H=f1(Q)
)
1=2
(1) (2)
13.5.
1=2
(
).
(1), (2):
= 1 = 2
(1) Q1
Q1=Q2
. 13.5.
Q=Q1=Q2
557
(2) Q2,
:
(1)
Q = Q1 + Q2
,
(3).
= f(Q) . Q
. :
= 1 = 2
1=+ 1 . Q 1 2
2=+ 2 . Q 2 2
(2)
2
H=1=2
(3)
H=f(Q)
Q1
Q2 Q2
Q=Q1=Q2
. 13.5.
(1) (2)
Q1 Q2 (Q = Q1 + Q2).
, (1),
(2, 2' Q2').
( ).
,
:
= 1+2 = (d12+d22)/4
13.6 .
1.
13.2, 13.2, 13.2, 13.4.
[NSU: 0,52, 0,84, 1,8, 1,2]
2. 13.1 0,86
Qn. N : , ,
.
[H = 89 m, = 0,85, P = 51,6 KW, P = 43,9 KW, NPSHr = 6,5 m]
3. 13.2 70 ft. N
: ( m3/h), ( KW) .
[Q = 327 m3/h, P = 32 KW, P = 20,2 KW, = 0,63]
4. 13.2 295 mm 1750 rpm 200 m3/h. ,
.
[H = 28,6 m, P = 20,5 KW, P = 15,6 KW, = 0,762]
558
5. 13.6,
d = 5 in, d = 4 in L = 6 m, L = 60 m. : ():
( = 3) () (V): 90 (): (V):
. : )
) h/d = 0,3. ,
50 m.
[) Q = 208,3 m3/h, Po = 28,7 KW, ) Q = 136 m3/h, Po = 18,6 KW]
6. , 25C. NPSHaQ
) 150 ) 200 m3/h.
[) NPSHa = 3,44 m, ) NPSHa = 1,46 m]
7. 13.1, 40 m
2 m. 3 bar
. 8 cm.
, , NPSHa . .
[Q = 187 m3/h, H = 93 m, P = 57 KW, = 0,852, NPSHa = 5,2 m]
8. 13.2, 401/297,
10 m. 36 cm
50 m. = 5.
Q, , , .
[Q = 585 L/s, H = 23 m, P = 157 KW, = 0,842, NPSHa = 8,4 m]
9. , , 20,
;
[Q = 430 L/s, H = 30 m, P = 160 KW,
= 0,78, NPSHa = 10,2 m]
10.
13.4, 1300 rpm
10 m
5 m.
14 cm. )
, ,
5. )
1500 rpm;
[) Q = 165 m3/h, P = 4,6 KW, = 0,74,
) Q = 205 m3/h, P = 7 KW, = 0,752]
11.
13.4,
7 cm 50 m.
(V)
(V)
18 m
()
()
4m
()
. 13.6
559
O 2,5. , , 20 m.
[Q = 90 m3/h, Po = 16,7 KW, P = 22,1 KW, = 0,75]
12. 13.4, 70 m 1400 rpm. 6 in.
4 m. , ,
.
[Q = 190 m3/h, H = 8,4 m, P = 5,9 KW, = 0,75]
13. ,
.
.
[Q = 234 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,4 KW, = 0,655]
14. 13.4, 1 m.
1600 rpm 5 m. ) 200 m3/h,
, . ) 24 cm,
, .
[) = 0,754, P = 8,5 KW, h = 6,7 m, ) Q = 208 m3/h, = 0,758, P = 8,5 KW]
15. 13.4, 200 m 3 m,
18 cm. 1400 rpm, , ,
.
[Q = 244 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,9 KW, = 0,675]
16. 13.4,
15 m. 60 m, 6 cm . 4. ,
, .
[Q = 67 m3/h, H = 76 m, P = 19,2 KW, P = 13,8 KW, = 0,71]
17. 15 m,
50 m 3 in.
4. 3.4. , , : ) . )
) .
[) Q =110 m3/h, H = 60 m, P = 24,3 KW, = 0,73. ) Q = 128 m3/h, H = 76 m,
P = 38,2 KW, = 0,70. ) Q = 137 m3/h, H = 86 m, P = 52,8 KW, = 0,62]
18. 13.2 295
mm, .
, 120 m 16 cm.
12 m 6. ) , -
560
, m
100
NPSHr, m
,
. )
;
[) Q = 243 m3/h, H = 24,9 m, P = 22,4
KW, P = 16,4 KW, = 0,73
) Q = 180 m3/h, H = 19,8 m, P = 13 KW,
P = 9,7 KW, = 0,748]
80
60
40
20
0
2,5
2,0
1,5
19. HQ
1,0
NPSHrQ 13.6, 0,5
0,0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
25C.
, L/s
, . 13.6.
.
, 9 cm 6 m
2.
5 m.
[Q = 27 L/s]
20. , , 60 m 8 cm, 5
, 15 m. ,
.
[Q = 21,2 L/s, H = 70 m, Po = 14,4 KW]
KE 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5 (LCC Analysis)
14.6 H
562
14.1 .
,
.
,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
.
:
.
.
.
.
, .
. ,
.
. , ,
,
. ,
,
, 15 20 .
: , . (
). ,
. (.. , , ).
, , ,
(.. )
. 14.1.
,
(BEP) . BEP , ,
() Qn n:
BEP:
= max
Q = Qn
H = Hn
, ,
, Q.
( )
, , ,
: , ,
. , (
563
. 14.1
().
), ,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
: ,
,
. .
.
( ),
.
, ,
, .
,
.
14.2 .
, ( )
, .
, NPSHa ,
NPSH:
M = NPSHa NPSHr
25% NPSH .
(13.14), (13.14) (13.14), NPSHa : )
) .
564
, , ( ).
,
, ,
.
:
) .
,
. . ,
, (, hollow vortex) (. 14.2), ,
12.5.4. ,
. Hydraulic Institute, (Smin)
:
S min = d E +2,3 v E
dE
g
(14.1)
: dE vE . ,
( >2,5 dE) .
1
,
180 m3/h , 22 cm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, dE = 0,22 m
: Smin
:
vE =
4 QE
d2E
vE = 1,32 m/s
. 14.2.
565
, ,
. , :
:
1 1,5 m/s,
:
1,0 m/s,
:
0,5 m/s
:
0,6 m/s
,
1 m/s.
, .
(. 5.5.4) , .
) . (.. ). (), .
,
.
.
(. 5.5.1) , ,
0,02 0,8. , .
,
.
, , . ,
= 2 = 6.
14.2 ,
.
) :
, . .
,
. ,
,
(. 12.5.4).
, ,
. 14.2.
.
.
566
14.3 .
,
.
. , .
, . , ,
. , ( , , , ,
..). ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
5 bar, p/ = 51 m. 15 m,
. 20 m/s, v2/2g = 20,4 m. , (
), .
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
, .
, , Qn Hn. , , , . ,
,
.
.
14.3,
d1<d2<d3
- ( ), (2)
(1)
(3)
,
.
,
.
.
Q
2
. 14.3.
hQ
.
567
15 m . 13.2.
3 m 12. 150 m.
( mm),
.
:
: H = 15 m, h = 3 m, Q 13.2.
L= 150 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12, = 10-6 m2/s
: d
1: Q 13.2,
( 335 mm):
Qn 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, Hn 30 m
.
2: :
Ho = H +
p2 p1 v 22 v12
+
+ h Ho = H + h h =15 m h = h h h =12 m
2g
3:
(. . 5.7.3). :
h =
L
1
2
f
K
2 Qn
2
g d
d
8
.
( d f Moody).
(
, ):
d' (mm)
v' (m/s)
/d'
Re'
f'
h' (m)
h'h
d (mm)
100
6,37
0,00260
6,37 105
0,0254
103,5
91,5
d > 100
200
1,59
0,00130
3,18 105
0,0217
3,65
8,35
d < 200
150
2,83
0,00173
4,24 105
0,0230
14,29
2,29
d > 150
160
2,49
0,00163
3,98 105
0,0227
10,49
1,51
d < 160
155
2,65
0,00168
4,11 105
0,0228
12,20
0,20
d 155
, d 155 mm.
, ,
:
) ,
) BEP
568
)
( ).
,
,
40% .
,
, ( . 14.3.
).
.
.
,
:
) (, , ).
) .
) ( ).
,
, ( ).
( ) , , 14.3.
. (
).
, . ,
,
1,4 3,5 m/s.
, , 14.2.
,
.
, , ...
14.4 .
, .
.
10.6
. .
569
.
. , :
) :
.
.
,
. ,
( .. ), .
, . (
), ,
>2010-6 m2/s.
,
. ,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
.
. , 90C,
, .
,
. , ,
.
) :
. , .
.
,
. 12.4,
, . (Universal Specific Speed) SU,
( 12.33):
N SU = 2 n
Q0,5
n
( g Hn )0,75
NS (US, Metric,
SI), 12.4.1.
, ,
. ,
. ,
570
(m)
,
. ,
,
10000
A
, (
)
B
( ).
14.4
1000
,
.
D
C
(
100
,
) D (
, ).
C ( , ) 10
. ,
( - ),
.
10
100
500
1000
, Q m3/h
.
- ,
Qn = 100 m3/
h, n = 1750 rpm
. 14.4.
NSU ,
.
12.33, (. 14.4.1):
14.4.1
.
NSU
n
rpm
Qn
m3/h
Hn
m
0,2
1750
100
83,21
1,0
1750
100
9,73
2,0
1750
100
3,86
4,0
1750
100
1,53
5,0
1750
100
1,14
.
(12.33),
571
14.4. , ( ), ( ).
( 14.4.
( ). 100 l/s, 1500 rpm
20 m, NSU = 0,95. (
(12.33), : NSU = 0,947).
,
. , .
14.4.1 NSU = 2 1600 rpm,
:
3000
2000
1000
800
600
400
300
100
80
n,
,5
0
8,00
6,00
5,00
4,00
60
3,00
40
30
20
2,00
5
1,50
1,00
0,80
10
10
80
0,60
0,50
0,40
20
30
4
3
40
50
60
1
500 600
0
30
0
10
0,30
0
20
0,20
0
40
0,15
0,10
0,08
800 1000
1500
2000
3000 4000
6000
8000 10000
n, rpm
. 14.4.
() NSU.
su
Qn, 1/s
200
572
Qn n
=
Q'n n'
Hn n
=
H'n n'
Hn' = 3,23m
, ( ,
, ). ,
.
, ( . 13.2) ( ) .
. ,
, .
14.4 ( ,
, ).
) :
- , NPSHr . NPSH,
. ,
n = 2900 1/min
10 US.gpm 20
30
20
IM.gpm 10
200
40 50
30
100
40 50
200
100
200
1000
1000
500
40 -315
100
32 -250
50 -315
40 -250
400
65 -315
50 -250
80-315
300
200
65 -250 80 -250
50
25 -200
40
32 -200
50 -200
40 -200
65 -200
80 -200
100 -200
30
32 -160
32 -160
50 -160
20
32 -125
32 -125
H
ft
100
65 -160 80 -160
50
40 -160
40
10
1,8 2
4
3
Q L/s 1
5 Q m3/h 10
2
3
20
4
30
40 50
10
. 14.4.
20
100
30
200
40 50
300 360
(KSB).
573
. NPSH
NPSH ,
, ( ,
, ).
) : (
), . .
.
,
.
,
: (
).
(
NPSH).
3
50 m 2000 m3/h,
. 8000 .
, 82%
78%, ;
0,05 KWh. ,
96%.
:
:
574
:
Q/P1 = 5,77 m3/KWh = 1,60 m3/J
Q/P2 = 5,50 m3/KWh = 1,53 m3/J
,
, ( ), , , ( )
, ,
, ...
, ,
. . ISO (. 14.6.1 ),
. ANSI/HI,
ISO.
. .
.
.
,
. ( ) () , (.
11.4, . 11.4.4). ( ).
:
=
(14.2)
, , . ,
(, ..).
,
.
(.. Diesel).
. , .
. , , . , , 50 60 Hz
14.4.2.
, (
). (motor speed
controllers) . , (gearboxes)
,
.
575
14.4.2
(IEC).
10
12
14
50 Hz
2900
1450
960
725
580
480
415
60 Hz
3500
1750
1160
875
700
580
500
, .
, . ,
(
).
.
.
, .
. , ,
. ( ).
, , ,
. ,
(bypass) ,
.
(bypass valve)
.
, .
(throttle valves). ,
(
).
, , ( ). ,
, (ASD).
14.4 : , ,
QA .
QA Q, :
) bypass
QA Q. ,
. .
576
(3)
n1
(2)
(1)
n2
Qr
PA
P
n1
QB
P
n2
Q
. 14.4.
) 1 2 ( ). ( ). ()
. .
BEP, .
) HQ , n1 n2. .
. ,
, .
,
. ,
(bypass ) , .
14.5 (LCC Analysis).
, ,
, , ( ).
, 3, 35.000
,
5 . 15 , .
577
. ,
. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis.
Europump Hydraulic Institute (Pump Life
Cycle Costs), .
, , . LCC
:
(14.3)
: C
. :
ic (initial cost): (, , ..).
in (installation): .
e (energy): ( ).
o (operating): ( ).
m (maintenance): .
s: (loss of production): (down time).
env (environmental): .
d (decommissioning): .
,
, .
( ) 14.5.
, .
, (
) ( ).
, ,
...
, :
)
: (, , ,
..).
, , ,
...
)
,
.
) . 14.5.
( )
. (.. .
578
).
) . , ,
. ,
.
) . .
, .
14.6 .
, , ( ISO/TC 115: Pumps Business Plan, 2004).
) , 300.000
, ,
. 3%.
) ( ) :
38%
10%
6%
5%
5%
37%
30%
22%
15%
, . , , ,
(Flowserve/IDP, ITT Group, Weir/Warman/Envirotech, Ebara, Grundfos, KSB ..).
40% 10 .
) , :
64%
12%
11%
9%
4%
579
) , , :
16%
16%
--
16%
14%
11%
27%
, 14.6.1 ISO,
, .
14.6.1
ISO ( 30.7.2004).
ISO
ISO 2858:1975
ISO 3661:1977
ISO 5198:1987
Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps - Code for hydraulic performance
tests - Precision grade (*)
ISO 3069:2000
ISO 9905:1994
ISO 5199:2002
ISO 9908:1993
ISO 9906:1999
ISO 15783:2002
ISO 14847:1999
ISO 16330:2003
580
ISO
ISO 13709:2003
ISO 21049:2004
582
.
1.
.
( , , , )
T
C
kg/m3
m2/s
1000
1,7910-06
3,98
1000
1,5710-06
10
1000
20
N/m
Kpa-1
7,5610-02
5,0310-07
1,3110-06
7,4210-02
4,7210-07
998
110-06
7,2810-02
4,5210-07
30
996
8,0610-07
2,2610-02
3,4010-07
40
992
6,5810-07
6,9610-02
4,3710-07
50
988
5,5710-07
6,7910-02
4,3710-07
60
983
4,7810-07
6,6210-02
4,3810-07
70
978
4,1610-07
6,6410-02
4,4610-07
80
972
3,6710-07
6,2610-02
4,5510-07
90
965
3,2810-07
100
958
2,9610-07
5,8910-02
4,8310-07
806
2,210-06
2,4110-02
9,8010-07
20
789
1,5210-06
2,2810-02
1,1110-06
40
772
1,0810-06
1,2710-06
60
754
0,78510-06
1,4710-06
20
1117
19,110-06
40
1110
8,310-06
60
1090
4,5410-06
80
1070
2,8210-06
100
1060
1,8810-06
900
1,0110-06
3,0210-02
8,1310-07
20
881
0,74210-06
2,8810-02
7,1410-07
40
858
0,58610-06
1,110-06
60
836
0,469 10-06
1,2810-06
80
815
0,40410-06
1,5410-06
18
841
8,410-06
20
814
2,3710-06
2,9010-02
810
1,0110-06
2,4510-02
10
801
20
791
4,6710-07
4,8410-02
1,0710-06
1,1410-06
0,75610-06
2,2610-02
1,2210-06
()
583
T
C
kg/m3
()
N/m
m2/s
Kpa-1
30
783
0,65110-06
1,29 10-06
40
774
0,58110-06
1,38 10-06
50
765
0,51810-06
1,47 10-06
718
0,98310-06
1 10-06
20
703
0,77210-06
1,2 10-06
25
40
686
0,63110-06
1,34 10-06
13600
0,12410-06
4 10-08
13590
20
13550
0,11510-06
40
13500
0,10710-06
60
13450
0,10210-06
80
13400
0,097010-06
100
13350
0,092910-06
48,410-02
4 10-08
1.
.
1000
700
20
10
20
30
, C
40
30
10_
30 _20 _10
50
40
70
100
200
pv, KPa
300
500
400
50
60
70
80
584
2.
.
200
150
100
70
50
40
30
pv, KP
20
10
70
50
40
30
20
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
_
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 80
100
120
150
, C
3.
.
3000
2000
1000
pv, KP
700
500
400
300
200
150
100
50
40
30
20
40
50
70
80
90 100
120
150
o
, C
200
585
4.
.
_
10 3 P-s
200
100
190
170
80
70
60
50
160
40
180
150
30
140
20
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
30
10
28
8
7
6
5
26
24
20
2
18
40
Y 16
30
14
20
22
1
0,8
0,7
0,6
12
10
10
0,5
_10
0,4
0,3
0,2
2
_20
_30
10
X
12
14
16
18
20
0,1
X Y 2. X = 10,2
Y = 13. (X, Y) (.. 70C) ,
.
586
2.
X Y .
, 100%
, 40%
10,5
6,5
6,0
13,8
16,6
23,6
, 100%
, 35%
, 100%
, 26%
15,2
14,5
7,9
12,6
10,1
4,8
7,2
15,0
2,0
13,9
8,1
18,7
12,5
10,9
, 100%
, 50%
2,0
6,9
12,9
30,0
19,6
8,6
11,6
0,3
15,2
7,1
14,6
8,9
14,7
7,0
, 98%
, 60%
14,1
7,0
10,2
8,4
24,8
21,3
9,8
12,9
10,2
16,9
, 90%
, 40%
12,3
7,8
10,2
11,8
15,5
13,0
12,8
13,8
(meta)
13,9
10,6
13,7
10,0
14,9
5,2
12,7
13,1
13,7
10,4
18,4
16,4
, 50%
3,2
25,8
, 31,5%
13,0
16,6
12,8
13,8
12,3
12,4
14,4
10,2
Freon-11
14,4
9,0
Freon-12
16,8
5,6
Freon-21
15,7
7,5
Freon-22
17,2
4,7
Freon-113
12,5
11,4
587
3.
(VG) ISO.
(
), SAE, SUS, ANSI, BSI, oE, RI .., 1975 ISO. ISO 3448:1992 (Industrial liquid lubricants -- ISO viscosity
classification)
,
, . (ISO V.G.)
SI (m2/s).
ISO
VG
(10%)
(+10%)
2,2
1.98
2.42
3,2
2.88
3.52
4,6
4.14
5.06
6,8
6.12
7.48
10
10
9.00
11.0
15
15
13.5
16.5
22
22
19.8
24.2
32
32
28.8
35.2
46
46
41.4
50.6
68
68
61.2
74.8
100
100
90.0
110
150
150
135
165
220
220
198
242
320
320
288
352
460
460
414
506
680
680
612
748
1000
1000
900
1100
1500
1500
1350
1650
588
4.
.
_
10 6m2/s
40 C
2000
100 C
70
60
1000
800
600
50
40
30
500
20
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
ISO
VG
SAE
Crancaase
SAE
Gear
10
9
8
AGMA
Grade
100 F
8000
1000
6000
5000
250
4000
8
680
300
200
3000
140
7
320
60
220
50
150
40
100
30
80W
1000
90
800
80
600
500
70
400
46
300
32
22
1
15
75W
60
55
20
1500
100
90
85W
68
2000
200
50
45
150
10
5W, 0W
100
15
10
200 F
10000
1500
460
400
300
Saybolt
SUS
10
60
40
CD
0,06
0,1
0,2
0,4
1
0,8
0,6
10
8
6
4
20
100
80
60
40
200
400
10
_1
6 8
10
6 8
10 1
10 3
6 8
Reynolds Re
10 2
6 8
6 8
10 4
6 8
10 5
6 8
10 6
589
5.
.
CD
0,1
0,0001
1,0
10
102
103
104
106
0,001
0,01
0,1
10
Reynolds Re
1,0
102
103
104
105
106
590
6.
, , .
591
.
20%
10%
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
75
U
75
U
75
U
75
53
U
U
U
113
113
U
113
102
U
U
U
59
113
U
113
113
U
41
41
U
U
102
U
41
41
U
U
113
47
U
U
175
113
102
41
U
U
164
159
97
47
47
47
U
U
81
41
41
41
U
U
113
U
219
91
U
U
113
U
219
91
U
U
113
108
41
41
103
159
113
108
113
113
119
219
164
47
113
47
119
219
113
113
113
53
U
191
75
97
97
75
219
191
75
108
80
136
108
258
75
64
136
U
75
136
119
108
47
97
97
75
219
191
75
108
80
136
108
258
75
41
119
U
64
136
119
97
75
86
97
30
219
219
75
U
U
108
108
258
75
69
108
U
75
41
81
81
69
86
86
30
219
219
75
U
U
108
75
258
75
81
97
U
53
U
53
81
47
64
97
164
219
191
86
81
75
137
119
258
75
97
153
47
U
97
53
219
191
75
97
81
137
119
258
75
97
153
75
81
97
164
219
219
75
108
81
108
137
258
75
97
153
108
86
137
119
108
69
80
97
75
219
108
75
86
41
108
119
258
75
64
164
U
58
136
108
108
53
103
103
164
219
219
75
108
81
108
142
103
119
U
191
U
30
219
113
75
108
53
108
97
258
69
86
142
U
U
U
47
U
U
81
75
164
219
103
75
86
U
108
113
258
47
81
137
103
142
103
125
U
191
U
30
219
113
75
108
53
108
97
258
69
86
142
U
U
U
47
U
20%
10%
30%
10%
10%
U
U
U
U
30%
U
U
U
U
30%
10-85%
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel
20%
U
U
U
U
5.
.
35
142
81
53
81
258
75
91
81
147
108
119
108
592
75
97
113
164
219
219
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
97
153
86
97
164
219
219
75
86
81
108
113
258
75
102
97
113
219
158
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
97
153
102
91
113
219
164
75
119
108
108
108
258
108
81
108
108
258
75
75 81
86
153 153
147
108
108
137 108 108 113
131 142 142 119
119 119 119 97
113 108 97 97
75
102
113
164
219
219
75
108
80
108
108
258
75
97
153
108
113
142
119
131
U
U
97
53
219
191
75
U
U
108
53
258
U
64
137
75
U
47
91
U
69
102
113
219
86
75
53
U
108
80
258
75
69
153
75
103
97
153
219
219
30 41
30 113
U 191
U 113
U
U 47 108
U
U 113 41
U
U 53 41
10%
75
97
97
164
219
175
75
108
53
108
113
258
75
53
113
U
108
136
80
80
41
102
108
113
219
102
75
105
41
153
119
258
75
U
153 153
108
U 102
142 97
119 75
119 81
41
U
U
97
164
219
U
75
108
U
108
119
258
47
30
5%
113
113
113
113
113
190
U
U
U
41
10%
30%
10%
113
113
113
113
164
191
U
U
U
53 113 102
64 86 113
53 113 113
97 65
113 113 124
113 113 164
113 113 191
113 113 113
113 113 113
191 191 191
U
U
U
U
80
47
53
41
45
113
113
113
113
136
191
97 191
41
U
219 113
41
U
20%
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel
()
, 50%
10%
6.
.
U
U
U
U
U
136
41
108
108
U
108
75
97
113
164
219
102
75
108
97
108
119
258
75
97
153
75
102
97
164
219
219
75
86
80
108
108
258
75
91
142
80 136 164
142 142 142
113 86 86
119 108 97
75
97
113
164
219
219
75
108
69
108
119
258
75
97
153
108
113
142
119
97
75
97
102
164
219
30
75
108
80
136
119
258
75
47
113
102 136
U 142
69 136
91 97
593
7.
.
164
75
47
75 131
53
53
53
41
81
53
41
81 113 108
53 191 191
81 191 136
81 191 108
108
53
41 191 191
41
53
41
, Pearlitic
113 108
164
Hastelloy C
Inconel
102 113
41
47 113 113
53 108
Monel
47 113 113
53 108
53
113
41 113 113
113
41
30 113 108
53 137 137
81 113 108
113 108
54
ABS
BUtyl
86
U 103
CPVC
EPDM
164
FEP
219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 242
64
97
U 219 191
HDPE
64
Neoprene
N-RUbber
53
U 103
U
U 113
U 159
FKM
75
164
75
69
81
75
97
97
81 113
75 164
75
97 219 219
75
75
75
41
U 108
86
75
86 108 108
41
81
75
41
81
64
59
U
PFA
PP
119
PTFE
258 258 258 259 259 258 164 258 258 258 258 258 258
75
97
PVC Type 2
75
PVDC
47
41
81
80 153
108
U 108
PVDF
SBR Styrene
58
97
81
75
75
41
97
75
91
64 153
81
75
47 164
59 164
47 142
86
47
53
81
59
97
30
30
75
35
75
81
81
81
43
108 108
86
41
81
97
80
75
113
119
41 119 108
47 119
47
97 113
81 113 113
86 113
64
75
594
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel
53 47 75
53 47 191
53 102 108
41
41
47 108 108
75
164
97
97
113 47 137
113 47 86
47
U
113
U
219
164
64
U
U
108
80
258
75
80
153
U
164
81 108 175 53
41 47
81 53 53 47
53 53 41
147 41 53
81 113 41 219
U
219
214
108
108
U
108
91
258
75
64 64
153 153
108
137 137
137 137
119 108 41
136 119 108
U
47
U
108
75
153
U
81 U
108
U
U
219 219 219
97 97 219
U
75
47 108 U
U
U
U
108 108 108
U
U
35
258 258 258
U
75
47 81 41
153 137
U
U
U
81 137 81
142 153 75
41 47 41
97 53 97
113
47
91
113
219
219
47
U
97
U
219
219
41
108
U
108
47
258
75
64
142
U
137
137
81
147
81
97
53 219
81 113 137 47
47
81 47
113
47
47
53
81 113 137
81 113 137
53
U
97
U
219
219
U
108
U
108
35
258
75
64
153
U
125
108
47
U
97 97
U
U
75 219
108 103
108
108
59 U
258 258
75 75
108 137
41
137
108
81
64
64
137
113
75
U
75
U
219
219
41
U
U
108
59
258
75
81
153
U
119
142
81
113
47
41
Transformer Oil
Naphtha
Motor Oil
Machine Oil
Lubricating Oil
Kerosene
81 113 113 91 91
81 108 191 219 191
81 108 191 91 191
81 47 47
47
U
53
U
219
219
64
41
U
108
53
258
Gasoline, Refined
Gasohol
Fuel Oil
Diesel Fuels
Crude Oil
Gasoline, unleaded
8.
.
41
47
41
47
47
47
41
41
97
U
219
103
41
53
U
81
258
47
47
47
47
U
97
U
219
219
75
69
U
108
58
258
142
U
U
124
119
108 164
595
41
97
136
219
102
75
113
113
136
108
119
258
75
91
153
108
164
136
119
97
313
30
U
41
136
136
113
47
U
U
U
U
75
75
U
113
30
219
102
75
U
80
U
113
45
113
108
75
113
113
113
164
97
97
219
75
91
153
113
113
108
242
242
75
75
97
136
219
102
75
113
80
108
119
258
75
91
153
113
136
136
86
113
97
164
219
102
75
108
80
108
119
258
75
91
153
108
113
108
108
113
75
258
75
97
119
U
142
119
97
U
136
41
41
47
164
41
136
41
41
136
75
102
97
136
219
102
75
113
80
108
119
258
75
97
153
108
113
97
97
41
U
U
U
U
108
U
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
97
113
113
53
136
47
41
47
313
41
136
47
41
136
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C
Inconel
Monel
9.
.
30
164
191
91
41
97
97
47
47
53
75
47
47
41
97
113
219
102
75
86
86
158
219
219
75
86
108
119
258
75
91
136
108
80
258
75
108
136
64
80
97
169
219
219
75
108
80
113
97
258
41
97
53
108
41
75
5 9, (C)
.
1,27 mm . ,
. U: unsatisfactory ().
596
10.
().
..
(Volt)
min
max
(Mg)
, Zn
, Cd
Mild Steel
Stainless steel Type 410 (13% Cr)
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni)(*)
, Ni
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni-3 Mo)
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe)
Aluminium Bronze (92 Cu-8 Al)
Navel Brass (60 Cu-39 Zn)
Yellow Brass (65 Cu-35 Zn)
Red Brass (85 Cu-15 Zn)
Muntz Metal (alpha-beta brass, 60 Cu-40 Zn)
, Cu
, Sn
Aluminium Brass (76 Cu-22 Zn-2 Al)
50-50 Lead/Tin Solder ( )
Stainless Steel, Type 410 (13 Cr) (passive)
Admiralty Brass (71 Cu-28 Zn-1 Sn)
Manganese Bronze (58.5 Cu-39 Zn-1 Sn-1 Fe-0.3 Mn)
Bronze Composition G (88 Cu-2 Zn-10 Sn)
Bronze Composition M (88 Cu-3 Zn-6.5 Sn-1.5 Pb)
Silicon Bronze (96 Cu, Max- Fe-Zn-Si-Mn-Sn)
90 Cu-10Ni
75 Cu-20 Ni-5 Zn
, Pb
70 Cu-30 Ni
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe) (Passive)
Stainless Steel 17-4 PH
Nickel 200
, Ag
Monel 400 (70 Ni-30 Cu), K-500
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18-8), (passive)
Stainless Steel, Type 316 (18-8, 3 Mo) (passive)
Titanium
Inconel 625
Hastelloy C
, Pt
1,62
1,01
0,88
0,73
0,66
0,66
0,66
0,65
0,52
0,52
0,52
0,49
0,41
0,37
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,35
0,32
0,32
0,32
0,31
0,31
0,30
0,29
0,28
0,28
0,26
0,25
0,22
0,22
0,20
0,16
0,15
0,15
0,12
0,09
0,08
0,05
0,01
0,03
0,03
0,22
0,25
1,63
1,03
1,00
0,76
0,71
0,72
0,71
0,70
0,58
0,58
0,58
0,54
0,46
0,42
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,40
0,36
0,33
0,36
0,35
0,35
0,34
0,33
0,31
0,31
0,27
0,28
0,25
0,25
0,22
0,17
0,20
0,20
0,14
0,14
0,10
0,10
0,05
0,04
0,04
+0,18
+0,20
1,60
0,98
0,76
0,70
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,60
0,46
0,46
0,46
0,43
0,35
0,31
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,30
0,28
0,31
0,28
0,26
0,26
0,25
0,25
0,24
0,24
0,24
0,21
0,19
0,19
0,18
0,14
0,10
0,10
0,09
0,04
0,05
0,00
+0,06
+0,10
+0,10
+0,25
+0,30
(*) , % .
597
11.
.
, 5%
, 5%
( )
, 5%
( )
, 5%
()
00,5
13.000
0,1
1-50
8100
0,55
1580
00,2
25
01
0,215
250
215
1501500
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
18
00,2
0,110
0,110
15400
10400
100010000
00,2
5500
0,1 2
0,215
02
10150
1006000
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
00,2
<0,1
00,2
00,2
00,2
01
235
210
0,1 1500
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
01
<0,1
00,2
00,2
00,2
0200
0100
0 0,5
02
<0,1
<1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
00,2
520
00,5
2500
2500
100400
<0,1
<0,2
<0,1
<0,1
10100
<0,1
0,11
00,5
15200
0,510
0,510
600800
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
0,1
<0,5
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
598
ISO.
12.
ISO .
ISO 7-1
Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimensions,
Tolerances and Designation Third Edition
ISO 8
Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verification
by Means of Limit Gauges First Edition
ISO 228-1
Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimensions, Tolerances and Designation Third Edition
ISO 228-2
Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verification by Means of Limit Gauges Second Edition
ISO 392
Asbestos-Cement Pipe Fittings for Building and Sanitary Purposes First Edition
ISO 580
ISO 1179
Pipe Connections, Threaded to ISO 228/1, for Plain End Steel and Other Metal Tubes in
Industrial Applications Second Edition
ISO 2035
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Moulded Fittings for Elastic Sealing Ring Type
Joints for Use Under PressurePressure-Resistance Test First Edition
ISO 2044
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Injection- Moulded Solvent-Welded Socket Fittings for Use with Pressure PipeHydraulic Internal Pressure Test First Edition
ISO 2284
Hand Taps for Parallel and Taper Pipe ThreadsGeneral Dimensions and Marking Third
Edition
ISO 2507-1
ISO 2507-2
ISO 2507-3
Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 3: Test Conditions for Acrylonitrile / Butadiene / Styrene (ABS) and Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylic Ester
(ASA) Pipes and Fittings First Edition
ISO 2852
Stainless Steel Clamp Pipe Couplings for the Food Industry Second Edition
ISO 3183-1
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery ConditionsPart 1: Pipes of Requirement Class A Second Edition
ISO 3183-2
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery ConditionsPart 2: Pipes of Requirements Class B Second Edition
ISO TR 3313
599
ISO 3458
Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leakproofness Under Internal Pressure First Edition
ISO 3459
ISO 3477
ISO 3503
Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leakproofness Under Internal Pressure When Subjected to Bending First Edition
ISO 3514
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipes and FittingsSpecification and Determination of Density First Edition
ISO 3603
Fittings for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness First Edition
ISO 3604
Fitting for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness Under Conditions of External Hydraulic Pressure First Edition
ISO 4059
ISO 4230
Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Taper Pipe ThreadsR Series
Second Edition
ISO 4231
Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Parallel Pipe ThreadsG Series
Second Edition
ISO 4434
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under PressureLaying Length and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition
ISO 4439
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes and FittingsDetermination and Specification of Density First Edition
ISO 4451
ISO 4488
AsbestosCement Pipes and Joints for Thrust-Boring and Pipe Jacking First Edition
ISO 5168
ISO 5969
Ground Thread Taps for Pipe Threads G Series and Rp SeriesTolerances on the Threaded Portion First Edition; (Corrigendum 11991)
ISO 6605
ISO 6964
ISO 7268
ISO 7278-2
600
ISO 7387-1
ISO 7608
ISO 8142
Thermal InsulationBonded Preformed Man-Made Mineral Fibre Pipe SectionsSpecification First Edition
ISO 8361-1
ISO 8361-2
Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 2: Test Conditions for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings First Edition
ISO 8361-3
Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 3: Test Conditions for Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings First Edition
ISO 8497
ISO TR 9080
Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of FluidsMethods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength of Thermoplastics Pipe Materials First Edition
ISO 9261
ISO 9356
Polyolefin Pipe Assemblies with or Without Jointed FittingsResistance to Internal PressureTest Method First Edition
ISO 9691
ISO TR 9824-1
ISO TR 9824-2
ISO 9853
ISO 10400
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFormulae and Calculation for Casing, Tubing, Drill
Pipe and Line Pipe Properties First Edition
ISO 10420
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFlexible Pipe Systems for Subsea and Marine Riser
Applications First Edition
ISO 10422
ISO 11413
ISO 11414
ISO 11420
Method for the Assessment of the Degree of Carbon Black Dispersion in Polyolefin Pipes,
Fittings and Compounds First Edition
()
601
ISO TR 11647
ISO 11961
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipes for Use as Drill PipeSpecification
First Edition
ISO 13783
ISO 540
ISO 1635-2
Seamless Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy TubePart 2: Technical Conditions of Delivery for Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tubes First Edition
ISO 1651
ISO 1684
Wire, Bar and Tube Drawing DiesSpecifications First Edition; Amendment 21982
ISO 2718
Standard Layout for a Method of Chemical Analysis by Gas Chromatography First Edition
ISO 2804
Wire, Bar or Tube Drawing DiesAs-Sintered Pellets of Hardmetal (Carbide)Dimensions Second Edition
ISO 4397
Fluid Power Systems and ComponentsConnectors and Associated ComponentsNominal Outside Diameters of Tubes and Nominal Inside Diameters of Hoses Second Edition
ISO 5361-5
Tracheal TubesPart 5: Requirements and Methods of Test for Cuffs and Tubes First Edition; (CSA CAN/CSA-Z536194)
ISO 5730
Stationary Shell Boilers of Welded Construction (Other Than Water-Tube Boilers) First
Edition
ISO 6207
ISO 7228
ISO 8434-1
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degree Compression Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)
ISO 8434-2
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)
ISO 8434-3
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
Fittings First Edition
ISO 8434-4
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 4: 24 Degree Cone Connectors with O-Ring Weld-On Nipples First Edition
ISO 8434-5
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 5: Test Methods for
Threaded Hydraulic Fluid Power Connections First Edition
ISO 8491
ISO 8492
602
ISO 8493
ISO 8494
ISO 8495
ISO 8496
ISO 8762
ISO 9095
Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identification First Edition
ISO 9455-12
Soft Soldering FluxesTest MethodsPart 12: Steel Tube Corrosion Test First Edition
(CENELEC EN ISO 9455-121994)
ISO 9486
ISO 9487
ISO 11496
Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesUltrasonic Testing of Tube
Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition
ISO 13664
Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
the Tube Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition
ISO 13665
Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
the Tube Body for the Detection of Surface Imperfections First Edition
ISO 49
Malleable Cast Iron Fittings Threaded to ISO 7-1 Second Edition; Corrigendum 1 02/15/
1997
ISO 264
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings With Plain Sockets for Pipes Under PressureLaying LengthMetric Series First Edition; Addendum 11982
ISO 265-1
Pipes and Fittings of Plastics MaterialsFittings for Domestic and Industrial Waste
PipesBasic Dimensions: Metric SeriesPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVCU) First Edition
ISO 727
ISO 881
Asbestos-Cement Pipes, Joints and Fittings for Sewerage and Drainage First Edition
ISO 2016
Capillary Solder Fittings for Copper TubesAssembly Dimensions and Tests First Edition
ISO 2048
ISO 2531
Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings and Accessories for Pressure Pipelines Fourth Edition
()
603
ISO 2851
Metal Pipes and FittingsStainless Steel Bends and Tees for the Food Industry First Edition
ISO 3253
Hose Connections for Equipment for Welding, Cutting and Related Processes First Edition
ISO 3419
ISO 3501
Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Resistance to Pull out First Edition
ISO 3545-1
Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 1: Tubes and Tubular
Accessories with Circular Cross-Section First Edition
ISO 3545-2
Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 2: Square and Rectangular Hollow Sections First Edition
ISO 3545-3
Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 3: Tubular Fittings with
Circular Cross-Section First Edition
ISO 3586
Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGeneral Rules for Testing, Handling and Use First
Edition
ISO 3587
Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsPipeline and Fittings of Nominal Bore 15 to 150 mm
Compatibility and Interchangeability First Edition; (Erratum1979)
ISO 3633
Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 4056
ISO 4132
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under PressureLaying Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition
ISO 4144
ISO 4145
ISO 4422-1
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 1: General First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990
ISO 4422-2
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 2: Pipes (With or Without Integral Sockets) First Edition
ISO 4422-3
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 3: Fittings and Joints First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990
ISO 4422-5
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecificationsPart 5: Fitness for Purpose of the System First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990
ISO 4435
Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and
Sewerage SystemsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 4440-1
604
ISO 4440-2
ISO 4486
ISO 4704
Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGlass Plant Components First Edition; (Erratum
1979)
ISO 5251
ISO 5256
Steel Pipes and Fittings for Buried or Submerged PipelinesExternal and Internal Coating
by Bitumen or Coal Tar Derived Materials First Edition
ISO 6447
Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Gas Supply Pipes and FittingsSpecification for Material First Edition
ISO 6448
Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Petroleum Product Supply Pipes and FittingsSpecification for Material First Edition
ISO 6455
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings with Elastic Sealing Ring Type Joints for
Pipes Under PressureDimensions of Laying LengthsMetric Series First Edition
ISO 6594
Cast Iron Drainage Pipes and FittingsSpigot Series First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted1985)
ISO 6761
Steel TubesPreparation of Ends of Tubes and Fittings for Welding First Edition
ISO TR 7074
Performance Requirements for Plastic Pipes and Fittings for Use in Underground Drainage
and Sewage First Edition
ISO 7245
ISO 7246
ISO 7279
Polypropylene (PP) Fittings for Pipes Under PressureSockets for Fusion Using Heated
ToolsMetric SeriesDimensions of Sockets First Edition
ISO 7370
Glass Fibre Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and FittingsNominal Diameters, Specified Diameters and Standard Lengths First Edition
ISO 7671
Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings (Jointed by Means of Elastomeric Sealing Rings) for
Soil and Waste Discharge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 7675
Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 7682
Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 7686
ISO 8283-1
Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems Inside BuildingsPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) and Chlorinated Poly
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) First Edition
()
605
ISO 8283-2
Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 2: Polyethylene (PE) First Edition
ISO 8283-3
Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 3: Polypropylene (PP) First Edition
ISO 8283-4
Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
Inside BuildingsPart 4: Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) First Edition
ISO 8434-1
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degrees Compression Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)
ISO 8434-2
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)
ISO 8434-3
Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
Fittings First Edition
ISO 8572
ISO 8770
High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge (Low
and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 8772
High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage
Systems Specifications First Edition
ISO 8773
Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage SystemsSpecifications First Edition
ISO 8796
Polyethylene (PE) 25 Pipes for Irrigation Laterals Susceptibility to Environmental StressCracking Induced by Insert-Type FittingsTest Method and Specification First Edition
ISO 9095
Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identification First Edition
ISO 9623
PE/Metal and PP/Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes for Fluids Under PressureDesign
Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition
ISO 9625
Mechanical Joint Fittings for Use with Polyethylene Pressure Pipes for Irrigation Purposes
First Edition
ISO 9803
ISO 9808
Solar Water HeatersElastomeric Materials for Absorbers, Connecting Pipes and FittingsMethod of Assessment First Edition
ISO 10147
ISO TR 10358
ISO 10508
Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings for Hot and Cold Water Systems First Edition
()
606
ISO 10806
PipeworkNon-Alloyed and Stainless Steel Fittings for Corrugated Flexible Metallic Hoses
First Edition
ISO TR 10837
Determination of the Thermal Stability of Polyethylene (PE) for Use in Gas Pipes and Fittings First Edition
ISO 10928
Plastics Piping SystemsGlass-Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and FittingsMethods for Regression Analysis and Their Use First Edition
ISO 10931-3
ISO TR 11295
Techniques for Rehabilitation of Pipeline Systems by the Use of Plastics Pipes and Fittings
First Edition
ISO 12162
ISO 13761
Plastics Pipes and FittingsPressure Reduction Factors for Polyethylene Pipeline Systems
for Use at Temperatures Above 20 Degrees C First Edition
13.
ISO .
ISO 666
ISO 1609
ISO 2536
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes and Fittings, Metric SeriesDimensions of Flanges First Edition
ISO 3019-1
ISO 3019-2
ISO 3019-3
ISO 3663
Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, Metric SeriesDimensions of Flanges First
Edition
ISO 3669
ISO 5211-1
ISO 5211-2
Part-Turn Valve Actuator AttachmentPart 2: Flange and Coupling Performance Characteristics First Edition
()
607
ISO 5429
Coated AbrasivesFlap Wheels with Incorporated Flanges or Separate FlangesDesignation and Dimensions First Edition
ISO 6580
ISO 7005-1
ISO 7005-2
Metallic FlangesPart 2: Cast Iron Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes ISO 2084, ISO 2229
and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.2: 1995)
ISO 7005-3
Metallic FlangesPart 3: Copper Alloy and Composite Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes
ISO 2084, ISO 2229 and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.3: 1995)
ISO 7299
ISO 9624
ISO 12129-2
Plain BearingPart 2: Tolerances on Form and Position and Surface Roughness for Shafts,
Flanges and Thrust Collars First Edition
ISO 4708
ISO 4709
ISO 5892
ISO 7483
Dimensions of Gaskets for Use with Flanges to ISO 7005 First Edition; (Corrigendum 1
1995)
ISO 225
Fasteners-Bolts, Screws, Studs and NutsSymbols and Designations of Dimensions Second Edition
ISO 262
ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsSelected Sizes for Screws, Bolts and Nuts
ISO 263
ISO Inch Screw Threads-General Plan and Selection for Screws, Bolts and Nuts-Diameter
Range 0.06 to 6 in First Edition
ISO 273
FastenersClearance Holes for Bolts and Screws First Edition; Amendment Slip1979;
NZS/ISO 273: 1979
ISO 885
General Purpose Bolts and ScrewsMetric SeriesRadii Under the Head First Edition
ISO 887
Plain Washers for Metric Bolts, Screws and NutsGeneral Plan First Edition
ISO 888
Bolts, Screws and StudsNominal Lengths, and Thread Lengths for General Purpose
Bolts First Edition
ISO 898-1
Mechanical Properties of FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs Second Edition; AS/
NZS 4291.1: 1995
ISO 898-7
ISO 965-2
ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsTolerances Part 2: Limits of Sizes for General Purpose Bolt and Nut ThreadsMedium Quality Second Edition
()
608
ISO R1501
ISO 1891
ISO 4014
Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grades A and B Second Edition; (AS/NZS 1110: 1995)
ISO 4015
Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grade BReduced Shank (Shank Diameter is Approximately Equal to Pitch Diameter) First Edition
ISO 4016
ISO 4162
ISO 4759-1
Tolerances for FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters Greater
Than or Equal to 1,6 and Less Than or Equal to 150 mm and Product Grades A, B and C
First Edition
ISO 4759-2
Tolerances for FastenersPart 2: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters from 1 up
to 3 mm and Product Grade F, for Fine Mechanics First Edition; (Amendment Slip1980)
ISO 4759-3
Tolerances for FastenersPart 3: Plain Washers for Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Nominal
Thread Diameters from 1 mm up to and Including 150 mmProduct Grades A and C Second Edition
ISO 6157-1
FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs for General Requirements First Edition
ISO 6157-3
FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 3: Bolts, Screws and Studs for Special Requirements First Edition
ISO 7378
FastenersBolts, Screws and StudsSplit Pin Holes and Wire Holes First Edition
ISO 7411
Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Thread
Lengths According to ISO 888)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First
Edition
ISO 7412
Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Short
Thread Length)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First Edition
ISO 8677
Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Large HeadProduct Grade C First Edition
ISO 8678
Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Small Head and Short NeckProduct Grade B First
Edition
ISO 8765
Hexagon Head Bolts with Metric Fine Pitch ThreadProduct Grades A and B First Edition
ISO 8839
ISO 8992
609
14.
ISO .
ISO 683-15
Heat-Treatable Steels, Alloy Steels and Free-Cutting SteelsPart 15: Valve Steels for Internal Combustion Engines Second Edition
ISO 4126-1
ISO 4401
ISO 4411
ISO 4422-4
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water SupplySpecifications Part 4: Valves and Ancillary Equipment First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990
ISO 5208
ISO 5209
ISO 5210
ISO 5599-1
ISO 5599-2
ISO 5599-3
ISO 5752
Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe SystemsFaceto- Face and Centre-to-Face Dimensions Second Edition
ISO 5781
Hydraulic Fluid PowerPressure-Control Valves (Excluding Pressure-Relief Valves), Sequences Valves, Unloading Valves, Throttle Valves and Check ValvesMounting Surfaces
First Edition
ISO 5783
Hydraulic Fluid PowerCode for Identification of Valve Mounting Surfaces and Cartridge
Valve Cavities Second Edition
ISO 5996
ISO 6002
ISO 6182-2
ISO 6182-3
ISO 6182-4
ISO 6182-5
610
ISO 6263
ISO 6264
ISO 6403
Hydraulic Fluid PowerValves Controlling Flow and Pressure-Test Methods First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted1989)
ISO 6404
ISO 7121
ISO 7244
Air Distribution and Air DiffusionAerodynamic Testing of Dampers and Valves First
Edition
ISO 7259
Predominantly Key-Operated Cast Iron Gate Valves for Underground Use First Edition
ISO 7349
ISO 7368
ISO 7508
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U) Valves for Pipes Under PressureBasic DimensionsMetric Series First Edition
ISO 7714
ISO 7790
Hydraulic Fluid Power Four-Port Modular Stack Valves and Four-Port Directional Control
Valves, Sizes 03 and 05Clamping Dimensions First Edition
ISO 7967-3
ISO 8233
ISO 8242
ISO 8659
ISO 9393-1
ISO 9393-2
ISO 9635
ISO 9644
ISO 9911
ISO 9952
ISO 10418
611
ISO 10419
ISO 10423
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecification for Valves, Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment First Edition
ISO 10433
Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecification for Wellhead Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves for Offshore Service
First Edition
ISO 10497
ISO 10522
ISO 10631
ISO 10931-4
ISO 10933
(511)
:
Herbert O: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics
Schweitzer, Philip, A., P.E., Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems
US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping
KSB:
Stephen C. Dexter: Galvanic Corrosion, University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program, Marine
Advisory Service (MAS) notes
Practical Galvanic Series, MIL-STD-889
Denny Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice-Hall, 1996
R. E. Bolz, G. L. Tuve, CRC Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd edition, CRC
Press 1973.
(12-14) :
Piping Handbook, edited by Mohinder L. Nayyar, 7th ed McGraw-Hill 2000
612
()
()
( )
( )
dimensionless
number
dimensionless groups
pure constants
radial flow
nozzle
pump
jet pump
gear pump
lobe pump
rotary vane pump
screw pump
centrifugal pump
axial flow pump
mixed flow pump
turbine pump
peripheral pump
buoyancy
axial flow
waste
distillate
sudden expansion
sudden contraction
inviscid flow
(, )
calibration
valve
angle valve
ball valve
butterfly valve
check valve
control valve
gate valve
globe valve
relief valve
Best Efficiency Point
(BEP)
sounding pipe
( )
fresh water
streamline
elbow
mitered elbow
tank
clearance
diameter
Nominal
Diameter (ND)
Outside Diameter
(OD)
Inside Diameter
(ID)
( )
vena contracta
conservation of
energy
conservation of mass
dilatant
dimensionally
homogeneous
dimensional variables
dimensional
constants
dimensional analysis
shear stress
differential analysis
diffuser
inertia forces
buoyancy force
implode
jet
weir
submersion
continuity equation
inducer
surface tension
( )
thixotropic
,
,
streakline
viscosity
viscous flow, viscid
flow
power
sewage
modulus of elasticity
unsteady flow
microjet
steady flow
613
ballast water
potable water
feedwater
()
,
,
,
,
,
control volume
grey water
total head
similarity
orifice
drag
black water
boundary layer
jet boundary
momentum
linear momentum
,
(h = p/ = p/g)
boundary-layer
thickness
wall thickness
flow field
volute, casing
hydraulic grade line
pressure
absolute pressure
gage (gauge)
pressure
pressure drop
pressure force
vapor pressure
pressure head
hub
hub and spigot
standard
blade
vane
impeller
( )
rheopectic
resins
fluid flow
streamtube
moment
moment of inertia
operating point
cavitation
gaseous
cavitation
vaporous
cavitation
eddy
laminar flow
compressibility
(),
,
compressible flow
condensate
contraction
vortex
angular momentum
cohesion
joint
universal joint
heat fusion
flanged joint
screwed joint
sleeve joint
socket-weld, SW
welded joint
butt-welded, BW
no slip condition
pipe
expansion pipe
seamless pipe, tubing
welded pipe
( )
reservoir
stress
velocity
technical
specification
perfect guidance
roughness
friction
capillary phenomena
capillary tube
pathline
standardization
turbulent boundary
layer
turbulent flow
( )
altitude
pump suction lift
head loss
velocity head
centrifugal pump
centrifugal separator
centrifugal force
hollow vortex
cast iron pipe
hubless
( )
pseudoplastic
614
altitude
angular momentum
axial flow
dilatant
ballast water
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
black water
blade
boundary layer
boundary-layer thickness
buoyancy
buoyancy force
butt-welded, BW
,
,
C
calibration
capillary phenomena
capillary tube
cast iron pipe
cavitation
gaseous cavitation
vaporous cavitation
cavity
center of buoyancy
center of gravity
center of pressure
centrifugal force
centrifugal pump
centrifugal separator
clearance
cohesion
compressibility
compressible flow
condensate
conservation of energy
conservation of mass
continuity equation
contraction
control volume
(),
D
diameter
Nominal Diameter
Outside Diameter
Inside Diameter
differential analysis
diffuser
dimensional analysis
dimensionally homogeneous
dimensional variables
dimensional constants
dimensionless groups
dimensionless number
distillate
drag
(
)
elbow
mitered elbow
eddy
expansion pipe
F
feedwater
flow field
fluid flow
fresh water
friction
G
grey water
H
head loss
heat fusion
hub
hub and spigot
hubless
hydraulic grade line
I
impeller
implode
inducer
inertia forces
inviscid flow
J
jet
jet boundary
joint
flanged joint
screwed joint
sleeve joint
socket-weld, SW
universal joint
615
welded joint
L
laminar flow
linear momentum
()
M
microjet
modulus of elasticity
moment
moment of inertia
momentum
N
Net Positive Suction Head
no slip condition
nozzle
operating point
orifice
P
pathline
perfect guidance
pipe
seamless pipe, tubing
welded pipe
potable water
power
pressure
absolute pressure
gage (gauge) pressure
pressure drop
pressure force
vapor pressure
pressure head
pseudoplastic
pump
jet pump
gear pump
lobe pump
rotary vane pump
screw pump
centifugal pump
axial flow pump
mixed flow pump
turbine pump
peripheral pump
(h = p/ = p/g)
(
)
()
( )
R
radial flow
resins
rheopectic
reservoir
roughness
(
)
,
S
sewage
shear stress
shock wave
similarity
solvent cementing
sounding pipe
standard
standardization
steady flow
streakline
streamline
streamtube
stress
submersion
sudden contraction
sudden expansion
surface tension
, (
)
(
)
(
)
T
tank
technical specification
thixotropic
total head
turbulent boundary layer
turbulent flow
(
)
()
U
unsteady flow
V
valve
angle valve
ball valve
butterfly valve
check valve
control valve
gate valve
globe valve
relief valve
vane
velocity
, (, )
( )
616
velocity head
vena contracta
viscid flow
viscosity
viscous flow
volute, casing
( )
,
,
vortex
hollow vortex
,
,
W
wall thickness
waste
weir
617
, S
b
b
b
Br
c
cp
cv
C
Cc
CD
Cv
d
dh
dx, dy
D
D
DN,
E
E
E
Eu
f
ff
F
FD
F
Fr
g
h
h
hf
hk, hi
hi
hp
ht
K
,max
Hm
m
N
m
m
m
J/KgK
J/KgK
J/KgK
m
m
m
m
m
Kg/ms
J
J
J
W
N
N
N
m/s2
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
()
Brinkman
Hazen-Williams
(orifice)
( )
( )
Euler
Fanning
Froude
( )
i
( )
618
H
H
H
h
H
X
XY
J
k
L, l
L
eq
L,L
m
m
mr
M
n
n
n
n
n
n
NS
SU
NSP
NSS
NSSU
SSA
SSUA
NPSHa
NPSHr
Nu
p
p
p
pv
P
P
P
P
P
Po
Pe
Pr
q
m
m
m
J/Kg
J
Kg m2
m4
m4
Kgm/s
Pa
m
m
Kgm2/s
Kg
Kg/s
g/mole
Nm
s1
moles
m
m
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
W
W
W
W
W
W
J/Kg
W
()
()
()
x
x, y
(k = cp/ cv)
,
Mach
( )
()
Manning
(SI, Metric, US)
(, universal)
()
()
Nusselt
( )
Peclet
Prandtl
()
()
619
Q
Q
Q
Qn
R, r
R
Rw
Re
S
Smin
t
u
u
u
U
v
vr
vu
V
y
y
w
w
W
We
, W
Qj
h
m
v
,
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m3/s
m
J/KgK
J/mole oK
m2/m
m
K
s
s
m/s
m/s
J/Kg
J
m/s
m/s
m/s
m3
m
m
m/s
J/Kg
J
m/s2
K-1
rad
m/s2
m/s2
rad/s2
K-1
Pa-1
N/m3
m3/s
m
rad
()
Rw = 8,314 J/mole oK
Reynolds
()
()
()
()
Weber
,
j
620
h
hj
x, y, z
Kg/ms
m2/s
Kg/m3
N/m
m
m
Pa
Pa
m3/Kg
rad/s
Kgm/s
m
K
( )
621
ABS
AFNOR
ANSI
API
ASME
ASTM
BEP
BSI
CEN
CPE
CPVC
DIN
DN
ECTFE
EPDM
ETFE
FEP
FKM
gpm
HDPE
HI
HVAC
ID
IEC
ISO
FKM
JIS
LCC
NPSHa
NPSHr
NR
OD
PE
PFA
PP
psi
PTFE
PVC
PVDC
PVDF
rpm
rps
SAE
SBR
SI
SSU
UNI
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
Association Francaise de Normalisation
American National Standards Institute
American Petroleum Institute
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society for Testing and Materials
Best Efficiency Point
British Standards Institute
Comite Europeen de Normalization
Chlorinated Poly-Ethylene
Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
Deutsches Institut fr Normung
Nominal Diameter
Ethylene-Chloro-Tri-Fluoro-Ethylene
European Standard
Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer
Ethylene-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene
Fluoro-Ethylene-Propylene
Fluoroelastomer
gallons per minute
High Density Poly-Ethylene
Hydraulic Institute
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
Inside Diameter
International Electrotechnical Commission
International Standards Organization
Fluoroelastomer
Japan Industrial Standards
Life Cycle Cost
Net Positive Suction Head available
Net Positive Suction Head Required
Natural rubber
Outside Diameter
Poly-Ethylene
Per-Fluoro-Alkoxyethylene
Polypropylene
Pounds per square inch
Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (Teflon)
Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
Poly-Vinyl-Dene-Chloride
Poly-Vinyli-Dene-Fluoride
Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per second
Society of Automotive Engineers
styrene butadiene rubber
Systeme International d Units
Seconds Saybolt Universal (same as SUS)
Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
622
. .
1. .: , 2, 1970.
2. .: , , .
3. .: , 4 , , 1986.
4. M., Trusler M., : , 1997.
5. .: , , 1979.
6. .: , 1982.
7. . .: , , 2003.
8. .: , , 2000.
9. .: , 2001.
10. .: , 1975.
11. . .: , 3 , , 1999.
12. .: , , 1993.
13. .: , 1995.
14. .: -, , , 2003.
15. .: , 1977.
16. Brodkey R., Hershey H: , -, 1989.
17. Daugherty R. Franzini J. , , .
18. Hughes W. Brighton J.: , 3 , 2005.
19. Mc Kabe W. Smith C.: , 2 , Mc Graw-Hill,
, 1971).
20. KSB: , - ., 1982.
21. Steeter V. Benjamin W.: , , 2000.
. .
1. Bachus L. Custodio A.: Know and understand centrifugal pumps, Elsevier Ltd 2003.
2. Bloomer J.: Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, Dekker 2000.
3. Brennen CE.: Hydrodynamics of Pumps, Oxford University Press, 1994.
4. Brennen CE.: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics, Oxford University Press 1995.
5. Bruce H.: Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers, New Zealand 1995.
6. Chaurette J.: Pump System Analysis and Sizing, 5th Ed, Fluide Design Inc. 2003.
7. Chaurette J.: Tutorial Centrifugal Pump Systems, Fluide Design Inc. 2005.
8. Darby R.: Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Dekker 2001.
9. Dorf R. (Ed.): The Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 2000.
10. Fenton J.: Numerical methods, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2006.
11. Fenton J.: A First Course in Hydraulics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
12. Fenton J.: Hydromechanics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
13. Frankel M.: Facility Piping Systems Handbook, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill 2002.
14. Herbert O.: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Springer-Verlag New York 2004.
15. Karassik I. Messina J. Cooper P. Heald C.: Pump Handbook, 3th ed, McGraw-Hill 2001.
16. Kreith F. Raton B.: Mechanical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999.
17. Kundu R. Cohen I.: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Academic Press 2002.
18. Lobanoff V. Ross R.: Centrifugal pumps, design & application, 2th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann 1992.
19. Marghitu Dan B.: Mechanical Engineers Handbook, Academic Press 2001.
20. Mohinder L. Nayyar: Piping Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 2000.
21. Nakayama Y.: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann 1999.
22. Parisher R. Rhea R.: Pipe Drafting and Design, 2th ed, ButterworthHeinemann 2002.
23. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 1997.
623
24. Poling B. Prausnitz J., OConnell P.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill,
2004.
25. Schweitzer P.: Corrosion Resistance Tables, 4th Ed, Dekker, New York 1995.
26. Upp E., La Nasa P.: Fluid Flow Measurement, 2th ed., Butterworth Heinemann, 2002.
27. White F: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
28. Zappe, W: Valve Selection Handbook 4th ed, Elsevier Science 1999.
29. Dictionary of Engineering, 2th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
30. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, DOE-HDBK 1992.
31. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Mechanical Science, DOE-HDBK 1993.
32. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings, DOE-HDBK 1993.
33. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM): The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed.,
2006.
34. NCEES: Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook, 8th ed, National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying, USA 2007.
35. US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping, Washington 1999.
36. Europump and the Hydraulic Institute: Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis of Pumps and
Pumping Systems, 2001.
37. Europump and the Hydraulic Institute: Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications,
2004.
38 KSB: Selecting Centrifugal Pumps 4th ed, KSB Aktiengesellschaft 2005.
. .
me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH451/
www.ansi.org
www.armstrongpumps.com/
www.bipm.org/en/si/
www.chemengg.com
www.eere.energy.gov
www.efluids.com/
www.efunda.com
www.elot.gr
www.emis.de
www.energy.gov/intustry/
www.engineering.com
www.engineeringpage.com
www.engineeringtoolbox.com
www.europump.org
www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/engineering/
www.iso.org
www.fluidedesign.com
www.flowserve.com
www.ksb.com
www.lightmypump.com
www.physics.nist.gov/Pubs
www.pumplearning.org
www.pump-magazine.com
www.pumps.org
www.pumpschool.com
www.reference.com
www.rheology.org
www.vikingpump.com
www.weirsp.com/
www.wikipedia.org/wiki
www.windows.ucar.edu/
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.10
0.11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.1 ewton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
23
23
23
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
26
27
31
33
41
43
46
53
59
60
66
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
70
70
73
77
82
625
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4 - Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Bernoulli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.6 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 rricelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4 Pitot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
120
124
126
128
131
135
137
139
143
143
147
148
150
152
154
155
155
157
158
159
159
160
162
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168
168
168
170
172
173
626
4.1.6 Rayleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.7 Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
177
181
185
185
186
188
188
190
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.2 f Moody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.4 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.7.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.5.3 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
6.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
6.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.1 Reynolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
627
6.7.2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.3. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.4 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.7 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
8.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Hardy Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
628
9.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
9.5.3 HazenWilliams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
9.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.4 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10.5 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
10.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
10.5.2 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
10.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
11.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
11.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
11.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
12.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
629
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
12.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
12.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
12.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
12.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
12.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
12.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
12.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
13.1.1 = f1(Q) -Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
13.1.2 P = f2(Q) P-Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
13.1.3 = f3(Q) -Q (BEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.4 NPSHr = f4(Q) NPSHr-Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
13.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.4.4 NPSHQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
13.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
13.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
13.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
(LCC Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
630
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
2. X Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
3. (VG) ISO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
6. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
10. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
12. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
13. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
14. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624