UNIT- I

INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES

HEAT

HEAT AND WORK

CONVERTIONS
WORK can be completely converted into HEAT but HEAT cannot be completely converted into WORK . THE DEVISE WHICH CONVERTS HEAT INTO WORK IS ENGINE

Classifications:
Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines) External Combustion Engines (EC Engines) Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines): IC Engines are those in which combustion of fuels take places inside engine cylinder (Example: Petrol, Diesel,GAS) External Combustion Engines (EC Engines): EC Engines are those in which combustion of fuels take places outside engine cylinder (Example: Steam Engine, Steam turbine)

Classification of IC Engines:

a. According to the cycle of operation Spark ignition engines(Petrol or Constant volume or Otto cycle) Compression ignition engines(Diesel or Constant Pressure) b. According to the type of fuel used Petrol, Diesel, Gas Engine. c. According to the method of fuel SI & CI d. According to the Process of combustion Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual combustion cycle

Basic Parts of IC Engines:

cylinder, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, flywheel Camshaft, crankcase, piston pin, crankpin, piston rings &oil ring

About Petrol Engine:

A petrol engine (also known as a gasoline engine in North America) is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline).

Working Cycles Four Stroke Petrol Engine:

 It is also known as Otto cycle or constant volume cycle.  Cycle of operation is completed in 4-strokes of the piston or 2 revolutions of the crankshaft.  Each stroke consists of 180, of crankshaft rotation and hence a cycle consists of 720of crankshaft rotation.

2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev Principle of Operation:
The series of operations of an ideal four-stroke SI engine are as follows Suction Stroke or charging stroke Compression Stroke Expansion or Power Stroke or working stroke Exhaust Stroke

Principle of Operation

Principle of Operation:

Stroke Suction Stroke Compression Stroke Expansion or Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke

Valve Position Suction Valve open Exhaust Valve closed Both Valves closed Both Valves closed Exhaust Valve open Suction Valve closed

Suction

Compression Ign.-Combn. Expansion

Exhaust

FOUR STROKE SI ENGINE

FOUR STROKE ENGINE

Working Principles of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

Increased pressure of combustion gases acts on piston -> converted to rotary motion Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev Engine stroke: A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC) 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston

Working Principles of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

Strokes Intake Compression

Power Exhaust

Working Principles Of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

Intake stroke Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut Piston travels from TDC to BDC Air drawn in

Compression stroke Intake and exhaust valves shut Piston travels from BDC to TDC Temperature and pressure of air increase

Working Principles Of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

Power stroke Intake and exhaust valves shut Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites Piston forced from TDC to BDC

Exhaust stroke Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open Piston moves from BDC to TDC Combustion gases expelled

FOUR STROKE CI ENGINE

Working Principles Of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Working Principles Of Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Petrol Engine Spark Ignition

Ignition types Diesel Engine Compression Ignition

Two Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine Construction

Construction : A piston reciprocates inside the cylinder It is connected to the crankshaft by means of connecting rod and crank There are no valves in two stroke engines, instead of valves ports are cut on the cylinder walls. There are three ports, namely inlet, exhaust and transfer ports. The closing and opening of the ports are obtained by the movement of piston. The crown of piston is made in to a shape to perform this. A spark plug is also provided.

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Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

First Stroke : (Compression, ignition and inductance) (Upward stroke of piston) (a) compression: The piston moves up from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead Centre (TDC) Both transfer and exhaust ports are covered by the piston. Air fuel mixture which is transferred already into the engine cylinder is compressed by moving piston. The pressure and temperature increases at the end of compression.

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Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working First Stroke : (Compression, ignition and inductance) (Upward stroke of piston) (b) Ignition and Inductance: Piston almost reaches the top dead centre
The air fuel mixture inside the cylinder is ignited by means of an electric spark produced by a spark plug At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the plane. Fresh air fuel mixture enters the crankcase through the inlet port

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Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

Second Stroke: (Downward Stroke of the engine) :

(c)Expansion and Crankcase compression

The burning gases expand in the cylinder The burning gases force the piston to move down. Thus useful work is obtained. When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture in the crankcase is partially compressed. This compression is known as Crank case compression.

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Two stroke cycle Petrol Engines - Working

Second Stroke: (Downward Stroke of the engine) : (d) Exhaust and transfer:
At the end of expansion, exhaust port is uncovered. Burnt gases escape to the atmosphere. Transfer port is also opened. The partially compressed air fuel mixture enters the cylinder through the transfer port. The crown of the piston is made of a deflected shape. So the fresh charge entering the cylinder is deflected upwards in the cylinder. Thus the escape of fresh charge along with the exhaust gases is reduced.

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Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

Compression Intake and exhaust valves shut Piston travels from BDC to TDC Temperature and pressure of air increase Power stroke Intake and exhaust valves shut Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites Piston forced from TDC to BDC

Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

Strokes
Compression

Power (Intake/Exhaust)

Working Principles Of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

Application Of Four stroke Cycle Engine

Used in heavy vehicles Buses, Lorries, Trucks etc.,

Application Of Two stroke Cycle Engine

Used in light vehicles Bikes, Scooters, Mopeds Ship propulsion

Application Of Four stroke Petrol Engine

Buses ,Trucks Mobile electric generating sets. Small pumping sets with side cars

Application Of Four stroke Diesel Engine

30kw-Tractors 40to 100kw jeeps, buses and trucks 200 to 400kw-Earthmoving m/c 100 to 35000kw-Marine application

Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines

Petrol Engines
1. A petrol engine draws a mixture of petrol and air during suction stroke. The carburettor is employed to mix air and petrol in the required proportion and to supply it to the engine during suction stroke. Pressure at the end of compression is about 10 bar. The charge (i.e. petrol and air mixture) is ignited with the help of spark plug.

Diesel Engines
A diesel engine draws only air during suction stroke. The injector or atomiser is employed to inject the fuel at the end of combustion stroke. Pressure at the end of compression is about 35 bar. The fuel is injected in the form of fine spray. The temperature of the compressed air is sufficiently high to ignite the fuel.

2.

3. 4.

Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines (contd..)

10. The maintenance cost is less. 11. The thermal efficiency is about 26%. 12. Overheating trouble is more due to low thermal efficiency. 13. These are high speed engines. 14. The petrol engines are generally employed in light duty vehicle such as scooters, motorcycles and cars. These are also used in aeroplanes. The maintenance cost is more. The thermal efficiency is about 40%. Overheating trouble is less due to high thermal efficiency. These are relatively low speed engines. The diesel engines are generally employed in heavy duty vehicles like buses, trucks, and earth moving machines.

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Engine capacity : 177.4cc Engine type : single cylinder, air cooled 4st Max Power : 17.3bhp @ 8500rpm Max Torque : 1.58kgm @ 6500rpm Gear box : 5 speed constant mesh Fuel system : carbureted Front brake : 270mm petal disc brake Rear brake : 200mm petal disc brake Front suspension : Telescopic hydraulic fork Rear suspension : gas shocks Front tyre: 90/90 x17 Rear tyre : 110/80 x 17 Height : 100mm Length : 2085mm Width : 730mm Ground clearance : 180mm Kerb weight : 137kg Fuel tank capacity : 16 liters