-

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

7 =LEI

I >HA- AHCE=. J L J=E?=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,-- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

57

41

FC  ! ! " " " # # # # # #! #" $ %  + + + + + + + + 1 JH @K 2HE ? FE @A FAH= J=E?= ?E= F=H= 2H ?AII= A J @A - AHCE= $ J=E? I = JAI 2H ?AII= A J @A - AHCE=  1 JAHHKFJ HAI 4AII = JAI +34 ?EH?KEJ @A +=HC= 1 IAHE@ +EH?KEJ # = JA = JA F H *=HH= *=HH= A J 4AII = JA ' = JAI ? A J @A ) E A J= A ! # $ ?E= # % 4AII A J= = JAI  $ & @A K J=E? =+ K =. J L J=E?= /AH=@ H . J L - AHCE= . J L . J L I+ I+ . J L J=E?= =I . J L LAHI HAI -IJ JE? I LAHI HAI 4AII J=E?= A IK=I +=H?JAH IJE?=I  ! " "

LAHI HAI @A ) J= -BE?E I 5EIJA

LAHI HAI ? ?AHI HAI ? = JA

3K=IA 4AII 4AII

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII LAHI H 2=H= A LAHI HAI ? ) E

++ @A 6A I LAHI HAI 4AII ? KI AI ) J= .HAGK *E> E CH=BE=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

64

,7

ABAEJ K ? ? = I K @KJ H= J=E?

B J L @A IA

J=E? E A

B E

>IAHL=@

FA = FHE J K K IA

AEH= LA I E =H

&!' FA @A K

B IE?

BH= ? I -@ J= @ =

K @ *A?GKAHA K ABAEJ J=E?= B E

*A?GKAHA I IA E@ I J= ? E

=F=HA?E

A J

= JA I F H L 

A JHA

I A AJH @ I @A I @A &% K = B J L

GK= @

AIJ= AH= E K IA =F E?=

E =@= FA = ) ABE?E

=EI J=H@A

B J L

B E AIJK@=@

AF HL K = AH=

J= @A && = FHE = B=EN= @A J=E?= B H= IEIJA

AEH= ?

IJHK @= KJE E = @ 2AIGKEI=I A

?E= @AIJ= ?

AI FH JE?=I F=H= = JA? '#" EJAI A JA J A IE@ => H=J HE = JH=>= D K IA

CE= B J L *A @A K

E E?E=@=I LA A @A

I -IJ=@ I 7 E@ I @= J=E?= @A IE ?E C= @KH= @A F=H=

) K IEIJA

HE?= F

= @ ?=@= @A # ) F=HJEH @A A J A J= @A I=J

FH @K EK = FHE

AEH= ? = HA= E

K = B J L

>JA I

=I @A = E )I ?

K =I B J L =J ?= @

J=E?=I H=FE@= II I @E=I K

= AI? I %

D= FHABAHE@= F=H= = = E FHA @=I ? K =I B J L IE@ @A A AJHE?E@=@A A J=E?=I J

A J=

@A I=J

EJAI A AI

FAH

= A?A =IIE

) F=HJEH @ I = H ?KIJ

J=E?=I F=H= =F E?= E E?E=@ I A

AIF=?E=EI JA

E ?A JEL= @

F=H= = CAH=

=HC= AI?= = I >HA CH= @AI

F = AJ= 6H=>= D I I >HA = ?A JH I @A FAIGKEI= @A J @ ABAEJ =JAHE= B J L E JEF J ?= A JH F IA J=E?= K JEF I A I JH @A A B J L E? K B H J=E?

A D HE= @= ABE?E K @ FAH EJA = CAH= A A A J IA @ =K @KJ H =@ E? @EI? LE EC=@

?E= @=I ?

K =I B J L

@A A AJHE?E@=@A @EHAJ= =@ H ? DA?E@ @KJ H GK=

A JA = F=HJEH @= K ? ? ? K = B J L K AC=JEL=

=H KJE E = @ ) ? ? @AIJAI K =

@KJ H ? @EI? = @ @A CAH=H @A K

JH= IB H

J=E?=

=JAHE=

B E @ F=@ KJH

= FAGKA = GK= JE@=@A @A @AIEC =@ K B KN K = = A AHCE= @= K = @AJAH E = IA =

FKHA =I GKA EH

?=HC= F IEJEL= A @ 3K= @ > I

?=HC=

@AIJ= B H ?

CH= @A @E @ A =

= K E IE@A I >HA = ? @EI?

I ELHAI GKA I JH I = ? K = I IA

B H =@ I =

A J=H IA =JH=L I @= K =@ I @

AIJ=>A A?A @ ,AIJ= B H

ELHAI =JH=L I @A K

?EH?K =

2=H= GKA K I E JAH = A JA A ?

=H IA = ABE?EA JA E? K @KJ H A F H ?EH?KEJ ANJAHE H L=

FHA?EI KJH GKA

F H K

=@

GKA =

=E HE= @ I B J

I @

AIFA?JH IAF=H=@ I

=H IA = =>I HLE@= FA

I F HJ=@ HAI @A ?=HC= B J CAH=@ I IA =

AJ=@ I A @E

) FHE IA ? E? A AHCE=

AEH= ? A

@AFA @A @

H @= B=EN= @A A AHCE= FH E>E@=  K DE=J E?= @A ? I @K @= B=EN= A AJH IA E? =>I HLE@ I FA @KJ H ?E= @A ?

A AHC JE?  @ ?E= . J I

@KJ H GKA IAF=H=

=JAHE= = B=EN= A AJH A AHC JE?

E?= @A L=

H GKA = @AIIA DE=J @E EIJ @= H@A = AE

) IACK @= ? ? K =B J L IA E? K @A @K J=E?= @KJ H

@AFA @A @= GK= E@=@A @A B=>HE?= = HA = @A  @E= F @A IAH CAH=@= K = F J A JHA = F J ?E= A

CAH=

= ABE?E

LAHI

@A K

JHE?= CAH=@= A = F J

?E= @A H=@E=

E ?E@A JA I >HA

@E= ? =H IB J L @K

?E= A

JHE?= @A ?A

M=JJI F H

AJH

GK=@H=@

J=E? I B J L J=E? ? K @K IEIJA IB J L = E JAH? J=E? I ? K E? = LE@= A? EC= JE @A L HE=I ? K =I B J L 7 = J=E?=I =? @E?E =@=I A = @K I

K J

= ?=EN= A FH JACE@=I ? =HH= F=HJAI -NEIJA ? L HE I LAEI I D FHE A A

= FA ?K = = JE HABA NEL= A LE@H A

2=H= =K H GKA

A J=H = F J = LA I LAHI = @ K

?E= A

JHE?= B H

IA K

AI I HEA F=H= A

GKA AIJAI

A AI @KH LAEI JA @ KEJ I IE ?E = J =JAHE=EI IA HB I ?KF= GKA

,

@KJ HAI =FH FHE=@ I F=H= = ? GKA I I =EI ? AIF= K B H AI HACK =HAI

B J L D

J=E?= @EBAHA F J

- JHA =I @A A JA

IE ?E

?HEIJ= E

DE@H CA =@ F IE

A JA KI=@ I =EI FH EI H @

AIJHKJKH=

AEH

= HA@A FAHBAEJ=

FAHE @E?= ?HEIJ= 

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

IACK @
2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

@A KJE E =
I /=?E=

=EI HA?A JA A
/

@A LEIJ=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

A? E I J

E? FAHBAEJ= I

AII= FAHE @E?E@=@A ? E FA I=@ I ? A BE K AI BE ? AJ= J

HAIFAEJ=@= I @A DE@H C @A ? K =I I =I I A JA E

) CK I @ I @ABAEJ I GKA =? .E AI KEJ I BE IA @ I @A IE ?E =HAI HA =JEL= A JA ABE?EA JAI FAIGKEI=@ I A JA A K

F= D= = KJH I -IJAI BE IK>IJH=J HB

= AIJHKJKH= DE@H C AI BE J= ? =@ I I K = =JAHE=EI ?

IKBE?EA JAI F=H= = B=>HE?= @A C IE@ B=>HE?=@ I ?

=HIA AJ

I @A +@5 +K 5 A +@5 1 2 AIJ HA =JEL=

K =I @EI?HAJ=I IA @

@AF IEJ=@ I @EHAJ=

E = @A LE@H @A ? @ LAHI = IE ?E

=EI >=H=J I GKA =I F=IJE D=I @A IE ?E K =I I =HAI @A IE ?E K = ABE?E ?E= A A LAH JA? ?HEIJ= E H@A => H=J HE @=I ? ? =J  @A ABE?E  I ?E= ?=I @K I

=> H=J HE HB

F II LA = B=>HE?= >J AIJ

@A ?

=I FH @K E@=I E @KIJHE= DE@H CA =@ A JA 2 H K @ =?E = ?E= =H B J L @A CAH= =EI J=E?=

A JA =FHAIA J= @A B=>HE?=

?E= @=

@A  =  A @A % = &  K =I @A IE ?E JE E A

IA @A  =  IAK ?KIJ A

 @A ABE?E @AIA L

FH @K E@ I @A ?KIJ

H GKA

?HEIJ= E AJH I

KEJ I => H=J HE I A ABE?E

FA D=@ I A

CE=I GKA

I F=H

) A AJHE?E@=@A I I =HAI ? ?E LAHJA =I A A AJHE?E@=@A FH @K FH ?AII A D= = @A ?

IE@AH=@= K =H =

= JA?

CE= A AHC JE?= FH E? @KJ HAI = JAH= JA

EII H= F=HJAI

)I ? L LA LAEI

K =I A =

@EHAJ=

A JA = A AHCE= I ANA?KJ=@

=EI =>K @= JA B H HAIE@K= LA ?E AIJKB= =H B J L ABAEJ

JA @A A AHCE= HA AGKE >HE

F H @EIF IEJEL I IA E>AH=H ?= F AJ

KJH I HAI @K I A F H B J II

@= >E IBAH= +

LAH@=@A IA =IIA A L 7 @K F J JA A? A ? > I ?E= K E?= JH= >A= IA A J LA GKAE = LA

JAIA GKA = I FH ?AII I ?

=EI @A FH @K

@A A AHCE=

>KIJ LAEI ALEJ= F H ? =I I @= F J F AI =@E =@=I

GKA

I IEIJA CAH=

@K =HAI = A AJHE?E@=@A I ?E= HAGKAHE@= F @A @A E?H @K I @=I

J=E?= JA BHAG A JA LE A J

JEF =I =F E?= ) = F E=

AI

I @= =I AI K

A?AII HE I AI ? =I @ CK=

IAH H=FE@= I IEIJA

A JA E IJ= =@ I

>JE@= FA = IE HA=I EI

=I I @AIA L

A JA KI=@ I =I =F E?= K E?= JE?=

=I HAFAJE@ H=I @A FH ?AII= A J

I F= IAI A

AI E@A=EI

K @EIJ= JAI @=I HA@AI @A @EIJHE>KE @A = E A J I IEIJA

@A A AHCE= A

JHE?= ? =KJ

=I @A HABHECAH=

IE = E =

A AJHEBE?=

@A ?AH?=I @A CH= @AI F J =F )J J @ I ? = @A ? L I B J L ?E=I @= ?A JH=EI A J LA ?E H@A A GKE =EI ? A @A @A HAI = E AC=M=JJI JA A J= = HA@A ? HECA I IE@ A FHAA @E@= ? FAH KA FAJEH ? EJEH EJE @ F H IK?AII A? LA AI I =EI @A B=H

) CAH= -7) ? GKA JA @A =F E?= IA

= -KH F= A FH @K E@ = @E AI F H

AH?E= CE=I AL ?

E= @A

>KIJ LAEI B IIAEI

M=JJ D H= @A @= K

=H ?KIJ= @A @ EI = GK=JH

A@E@= GKA =I JA? K? A=HAI

AIIAI ?KIJ I I @A CAH= @A IK=I

E KEH A AIFAH= IA GKA =J

L= @ ?=@= F II=

A AJHE?E@=@A FA = GKAE @ LE@= @= ? LAHI

>KIJ LAEI B IIAEI =JAHE=EI A JA? = @=I B J=E?= K

GKA FAH @A AI?= =I =EI ?

= ANF= I

) @AI? >AHJ= @A

CE=I A = =@ JAI A AHC JE?=I

=?E =I @A FH @K

LA EA JAI F=H= = DK

= E@=@A

241

+ 21 I IA E?

,-

2-4)

,- 7

)+

7 ). @K A

6)1+) = JH A I ABAJEL= @A GKA E? @K J  ? @EBE?= I @A L= E?= I GKA ? I ?E= B=EN= @A I IAGK F A LAEI AJ=EI ?E=

@KJ HAI I @KJ HAI A @A FAHE @E? JH

=JAHE=EI GKA ? =EI @ @A I GKA J E? I I EI ?

A AJHE?E@=@A @A B H IAH ?KF=@ I F H A F H ANA J F I ?D= AIFA?JH

 I A A I E@

A J I ? 7 I

= JAI -IJ= FH FHEA@=@A @A IA =? JA?A

@EHAJ= @= @EIJHE>KE =HH=

LAEI @A A AHCE= GKA F @A =EI BH=?=

I @ I JH

I ?HEIJ=EI =@ I A

A AHC JE? I @EI?HAJ I @ I A =JAHE=EI ?D= A AHCE= FAH

A JA EC=@ I = I =F=HA?A > ?D= IA

=@ I IA

@KJ HAI

@A A AHCE= A AJH

EJE@= A B=EN= @A A AHCE= FH E>E@= J= ) .EC 

=@=I @A B=EN=I FH E>E@=I E? @KJ H

K DE=J I A AHC JE? I

IJH= =I B=EN=I @A A AHCE= @A K

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

Faixa de Conduo

Faixa Proibida Eltrons excitados Faixa de Valncia Eltrons

.EC  .=EN=I @A - AHCE= @A K 5A E? @KJ H

IA @AIJ= B J K LEI LA

JH F=H K @ @K A

?KF= AJH

A JA = B=EN= @A L= @A B J E? B J K @A ?=@= IA KEJ FH NE I GKA = AN?EJ= JH 5A K K

?E= A F @A I @A A AHCE= ?=I

IAH ANEJ=@ I F=H= = B=EN= @A ? =E H GKA = B=EN= FH E>E@= @A IE ?E A JH ?HEIJ= E @= B=EN= @A L=

@K K

IA = F H =CEJ=

J H

E?= IA = FA = =>I H ?=H=?JAH IJE? A D

) =HCKH= ?E= F=H= =

@KJ H =>I HLE@ A JH

A?AII HE

E BH=LAH 5A EIJ ? IAGK

F=H= F @AH AN?EJ=H K

B=EN= @A ?

? HHA @E A ?E= @A K

3K= @ ? @K ?=HC= ? J= J A ? JHE? AC=JEL=I ANJAH I A K JH K

F=II= @= B=EN= @A L= F HJ= @ F J

?E= F=H= = B=EN= @A JH= IF HJA @A IA E? ? @KJ H F JH HE= = @AIIA ?=

A A @AEN= K

>KH=?   K A

=KIA JA JHE>KEH @A JH @ E K

GK= IA ? = @EBAHA A =JAHE= E =@ KJH=

@A LEIJ= @ = FHAIA

= F=HJ ?K = @A ?=HC= F IEJEL= I GK= J F JA ?E= K =H K A I >KH=? I ? LE IA K E? A J= A A AJH AIJ JE? = HACE JHE?=

= @A F JA ?E= B H =F E?=@= JHE?= I A IA ? 5A ? JH I  AC=JEL I F HJ=H A?J=H ? K = @EHA

F=H= = ? HHA JA A F @A @

I >KH=? I IA AIJA ?=I

= @EHA

IJHKE @

IAF=H=H =I ?=HC=I F IEJEL=I @=I = >=JAHE= =I ?=HC=I K BE I =I @K=I HACE AI ?

@KJ H GK= @ A =I

F IEJEL=I IA =?K ?EH?K =H =I ? ? I J= E = B IB H A

AC=JEL=I A

= ? HHA JA A

K =I B J L ? JH > H

J=E?=I @A IE ?E EJA ?

?HEIJ= E =JAHE= IA E?

?=

JHE?

E JAH FKHA =I

B=>HE?=@

F H FH ?AII

@A

=@= A IA AJEL= @ GKA FAH

@KJ H )I E

=EI KJE E =@=I F=H= AIIA BE

IJHKEH E JAH = K =I I = BH=

A JA = >=HHAEH= @A F JA ?E= @AIA =@= =HAI @AFA @A @= E JA IE@=@A @= H=@E= @A L J 2=H= K A JA =J = KJE E = JI IA = ?= ABE?EA JA -IJAI ? =H = F J A @= HA=

) ? HHA JA A E K ? ?D= E =@= A?J=H K =@ I @A ) JA I ?

JHE?= FH @K E@= FA =I ? B H A?E@= @A ? K =I A

@A =FA =I K I HEA =J I ?

FHA?EI K J I I JHE?=

K J @K

IA =JE CEH JA I AI @A = CK I L A?J=@ I A AJHE?=

I A F H IK= LA

?E= A

@AIA =@=

/-4),

4.

6)1+

- 57)5 +)4)+6-4 561+)5

!

- AHCE= . J L 2=E A 5 =H

J=E?= K /AH=@ H . J L ? AI  A J K= ANFHAII= J=E? /.8 ? IJEJK @ /.8 @A I= @= F H K =HH= @A @K I B J L J=E? I

GKA B H A?A K '&%

= JA I

?EH?KEJ

AGKEL= A JA @

IJH=@

= .EC

)*-6- +

661

@A =I AGK=

= ? HHA JA A JA I

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

I Rs FV D
.EC +EH?KEJ

Io
/.8

AGKEL= A JA @A K

I = I FV I o e A( V + RS .I ) 1
V = RS . I + 1 I I ln( FV + 1) A Io



 

@A

I JAH

II

@ABE E@ I ?

? HHA JA @A I= @=

8 JA I @A I= @= HAIEIJ ?E= I HEA 45 1.8 ? HHA JA B J L J=E?= 1 ? HHA JA @A I=JKH= @ ) ? ABE?EA JA @AFA @A JA @= JA
) ? HHA JA B J L J=E?= K = BK

@E @ FAH=JKH=

@= EHH=@E=

=H

I FV I SC = . S . L
@A

!

?JA @AFA @A @

=JAHE= @= ?

K =I ?E= I @

=H

5 15+

IKFAHB ?EA J J= @A E ?E@ ? HHA JA @A ?KHJ EHH=@E= I =H ?EH?KEJ

=H

/.8

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)
L HE I

) .EC ! LAEI @A EHH=@E=

IJH= =I ?KHL=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A K I =H E@A JEBE?= @ = ?KHL= @A NE

/.8 F=H= K =F J

= JA

FAH=JKH= ?

IJ= JA A

?E= CAH=@=

.EC !

+KHL=I +=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A 5= @= @A K

2=E A 5

=H

2=H= K JA I F=H ?KHJ

= @=@= JA

FAH=JKH= 6 A EHH=@E= ! GK=@H= JAI @ @A BK ?E FHE = AEH A J

I I

=H

= .EC ! JA I

IJH= =I ?KHL=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A =H =JK= ? =>AHJ K CAH=@ H I 8 ? 1  ? HHA JA @A  IACK @ A GK=HJ K ? CH=K >EA JA

A @A ? HHA JA A ?EH?KEJ

GK=@H= JA

F=E A I @A ?EH?KEJ

AJH I J FE? I F=H= AIJA

@A EHH=@E= ? IJ= JA

1I? 8  F J ?E= NE = @A I= @= 2 F=H= 1 1 8 8 F=E A I =H =JK= ? ?=HC= ? JA I HALAHI= A ? HHA JA 1 =E H GKA = ? HHA JA 1I? ? HHA JA HALAHI= A JA I 8 =E H GKA = JA I 8 ? ) .EC ! IJH= J= > = F J ?E= NE = LI GK=@H= JA ) .EC ! IJH= J= > = HACE @A JA I A ? HHA JA ? IJ= JA JA FAH=JKH= =

"

+ -

8-45 -4/1) .

4-5 ,- ) 6) -.1+1 6 8 =H 6)1+) = B

+1) 2)4) 24

+-55)

,-

) A AHCE= I FAH = A JA HA

JA = JAH =JEL= E@A= A JA F KE A

FA =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I GKA =FHAIA J= =

=>K @= JA

L LA @E=HE=

FHA K@E?= GK= GKAH A? IIEIJA

"

I 5EIJA I IEIJA

=I . J L

J=E? I =H KB J L J=E? I ? ?=F= AI @A CAH=H A AHCE= A I B J L J=E? I -IIAI F=H= =I @K LAHI H AIJ JE? JHE?= E IJ= J I CAH= A= = F=HJEH JHE?= AI

=I @A A AHCE= I @= K I J

@= IE A

F AI ?=FJ=

=H =JH=L I @ I

@K

A AHCE= A

? HHA JA ?

K= GKA = IACKEH

JH=J=@= F H K

=EI L=HE=@=I =F E?=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)
JH=J=

6 8

6 1+)

I @E=CH= A JHE?= CAH=@= FA

=I @A >

? I @= .EC " I J=E?

IJH=@=I = CK

=I F IIE>E E@=@AI @

A J

@= A AHCE=

/AH=@ H . J L

=
Painel Fotovoltaico * Conv. CC-CC ou CC-CA
=

Sada

= =
Painel Fotovoltaico

=
Banco de Baterias

Conv. CC-CC 1 (Carregador de Baterias)

Conv. CC-CC: Abaixador ou Elevador

=
Conv. CC-CA: Inversor

> .EC " > 5EIJA = 5EIJA J=E? ? =. J L )H J=E? * IE? A J @A - AHCE=

=. J L

= A =

) .EC " = ? LAHI H AIJ JE? I ? = = JA I IF -IJA I JH= IB H ? ?

IJH= K

IEIJA

= @A A AHCE= I ? J

=H > IE? K= A

GK= ?

F=E A J @A K

B J L ? JA

J=E?

= E

A J= K H @ABE E@ GKA ? DA?E@ = BK

GKA JH= IB H ? J K= A NE

= = JA I K = JA I ?E= @

KJH= JA I

K= AIJ LA @A L= ?E= @ABE E@= AIJA J= > ?E= @= ?=HC= A J =H

LAHI HAI ++ ++

K FK I=@ HAI -

K ?D FFAH = > I I ?=I I

IA JH=J= @ ?

LAHI H AIJ JE?

= JAH =@= @A = /.8 IEIJA II E?EJ=

F EJK@A A BHAGK AI @A NE

LAHI H ++ +) J I @A

K E LAHI H @A JA I =F J

LAHI H AIJ JE? =F J

@A =@=FJ=H + A AHCE= A F=H= =F E?=

F @A IAH

>IAHL=@

= .EC " = IAGKA JA

= > IE? = A GK= J FAI

F IIKA GK= GKAH A A D ? K I =H H @E JH= I

= A =@ H @A >A= A J

JHE?= >=JAHE=I + AI F HJ JAEI A J F=H= ?=

A JA BK ?E

-IJA IEIJA

= =@=FJ= IA >A

@A ANEIJ= FEIJ=I A

A?AIIE@=@A @A >=EN KJH I

EII HAI >

@=CK= AGKEF=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

IEIJA K F J = ? ?E= A

= @= .EC " >

= A AHCE= A

JHE?= @ ?

/.8 I F

=H

= A =@= A J I @A NE

>= ?

@A >=JAHE=I =JH=L I @A @ I F J I @A K = B J L ? =I ? NE @E = AI J=E?=

LAHI H AIJ JE? JHE?= @

++ ++ -IJA ? E

LAHI H JA I ?

FHE ?EF= BK

= =@=FJ= = F J

/.8 F=H= ?=HHAC=H =I >=JAHE=I I=   @= K =H ) JA I IA K @= K I J KJH

?E= @= ? =@= A

@AFA @A

@= E JA IE@=@A K D H HE

=H A @= JA ?

FAH=JKH= GKA L=HE= @A =? H@ K ++ +)

>EA J=EI A @

K= @=I >=JAHE=I F @A IAH JH= IB H LAHI H ++ ++

KJH= JA I

@A ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @EBAHA JAI KJE E = @ " I+ I ? LAHI HAI -IJ JE? I

LAHI HAI AIJ JE? I HAFHAIA J=

= F=HJA

KEJ

F HJ= JA F=H= GK= GKAH F = J= @A A AHCE=

= JAH =JEL= -IJA @ALA JAH =I IACKE JAI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I = J= ABE?E = J L= ?E= D=H E?= @= JA I ?E= A ? HHA JA @A I= @= B=J H @A F J = HA@A = JAH =@= FHE ?EF=

>=EN= @EIJ H H@ FAH= H >KIJA ) H= IEIJA F=H=

AIJ LA

FHE A J

AEH @ALA

HAGKEIEJ IAH E E

ALE@A JA ) A AHCE= = JAH =JEL= =E @= E =@=I = JAH =I FAH@=I >=EN=I

?=H= A =I FAH@=I

=I @A FH ?AII= 7

B=J H @A F J

?E= = J

FH N @A  = K@= = * 5+ 76 ? ''

AIFA?E=

A JA

E D=

-;-4 '' +)44216) 2 K FAH@=I @ ?D=LA=@ =K A J= ? FH AIJ @

@L @J

AJ

LA ?E

@A K

LAHI H AIJ JE? A J @A K AIB H

=IIK

A IA = FHE HE K K @A ? HHA JA

= ? HHA = FAH= @ KJH=

A JHA =I @ GKA =

LAHI H A = BHAGK E A=H A JA @ @A ? FAH=

?E= @A ?D=LA= = BHAGK ?D=LA= ?E= A J

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI I @A JA I A J @ ?E= A AJH ?D=LA= ?

I E JAHHKFJ HAI LAHI H 7 =

IK AEJ I = = J I IJHAIIAI ?D=LA=@

A = = J=I FAH@=I 1 GKA ? HHA @ALE@

IEC EBE?=JEL= ?E=I A

@AIL= J=CA
@E @J A =

= E JAHBAH

=C

JE?= -

?=KI=@ I FA

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI ?

?=HC=I E @KJEL=I A =I E @KJ

?=F=?EJ

?E=I F=H=IEJ=I @A IA A JA @AH ? IJH=@ IA FH ?AII= @A =I FAH@=I F H ?D=LA= @A ?EH?KEJ ? > @E @ K A J A K JH=@ ? E JAHHKFJ H ? A IE@AH= I

) BE ?EH?KEJ ?

= .EC # = -IJA = IA = K =B

A JA A ?

L HE=I J F IE@AH=@ E@A=

CE=I @A I HEA ) =I =

LAHI HAI AIJ JE? I

GK= = ? HHA JA @= ?D=LA B KE J= JA @A ? HHA JA 1 HALAHI= @ @E @

=JH=L I @A K F=H= A

= ?=HC= E @KJEL= A A JA

?=HC= E @KJEL= =FH NE FH JE?= = E JAHHKFJ H 3K= @ HALAHI= I >HA IE A JA F

?=HC=

? HHA JA @A HA?KFAH=

F @A =BAJ=H IEC EBE?=JEL=

IJHAIIAI I >HA

E JAHHKFJ H AIJ =HE =@ ECK= 3K= @ JA I

@K E @

= ? HHA JA 1 > GKA=@ A J=

B KE =JH=L I @A A = ? HHA JA 1

@E @ @E @ =I @A

A ?

JH= IA

E JAHHKFJ H AIJ @= B K JA @A = E FAH @

B KE =JH=L I @ =FH NE =

A = JA I @A

E JAHHKFJ H

) .EC # > A J A A =I I

IJH= =I B H

@= @A JA I

A @A ? HHA JA I >HA F EBE?=H = @EI?KII + F=H= ? ?HAI?A ? J J= AIJ=@ @A ?

J?

E JAHHKFJ H A

@A ?D=LA=

AI E A=HAI = BE

IE@AH= @ K

GKA

E JAHHKFJ H AIJ IA K IE = @A ? =JE CEH = @A @E @ ) B H

> L=

GKA=@ H BE =

K )F I

@AJAH JA

E =@ F

E IJ= JA ?KHJ JA A J F

AI

D=>E EJ=@

@K EH =F E?= @ A JA FA @K
 AIJ

= @

) ? HHA JA @AF EI @A K A JA F =HE =@ A = JA I

= J=N= @A IK>E@= =J E JAHHKFJ H

8

@A ?HAI?E

BE?= HALAHI=

I >HA


E JAHHKFJ H @KH= JA KJ=

JHE JBL

J@  JHE = ? HHA JA 1 B KE

@A =JH=I

@= @= .EC # >

IJH= GKA @KH= JA = ? A @A ? HHA JA @A J?

E JAHHKFJ H

E JAHL=

FHAIA JAI L=

HAI CH= @AI @A JA I

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)
@

6 8

6 1+)
F @A IAH

) A AHCE= @EIIEF=@= @KH= JA =FH NE =@= FA = .EC # >

9? 

E JAHL=
1

@A ?
J? 

KJ=

F=H= = ?

@K

E JAHHKFJ H

 # 8@

3K= @ JA?
J

E JAHHKFJ H AIJ = A JA =E H GKA

J J= I JA

A JA ? @K F I @A ? @A ?

@K E @ KJ= @K

= JA I

I >HA A A = A?A A ?

1IJ

@AFA @A @= JA F

CE= @ GKA H

E JAHHKFJ H A @= ? HHA JA GKA ?

E JAHHKFJ H FAH

@K

@KH= JA

) A AHCE= @EIIEF=@= @KH= JA ) BE E JAHL= ?HAI?A ?

JHL

E JAHL= @

@A HA= E =H GKAE K

>

GKAE ?

E JAHHKFJ H L= H @= B

=F E?=@

IE = ?KHJ A J=

@A ? JA F

JH

AC=JEL JA F
J@ BB

,KH= JA = JA I A J

@A >

= JA I A JA F K
J? BB

A =H =JE CEH F

= IK>EH A @AF EI @A K JA @A = E B KE J J= = @A ) B H A = ? HHA JA 1 AIJ

@A =JH=I

= J=N= @A IK>E@= =J BE?= @EHAJ= AH ? @A E JAHHKFJ H A JA JA

@E @ GKAE @

=HE =@

A JA F H A A ) ? HHA JA GKA B KE FA @= @= .EC # > IJH= GKA @KH= JA A @A ? HHA JA HAI CH= @AI @A JA I

8@ )F I

@A ?HAI?E

E JAHHKFJ H ?=E = > K J= A=

E JAHL=
JHL

@A @AI?E@= JBE
J? BB JBE

FHAIA JAI L=

IE

) A AHCE= @EIIEF=@= @KH= JA KJE E = @ IA = .EC # > IJH=

9? BB

E JAHL=
1

@A ?
J? BB

KJ=

F=H=

>

GKAE

E JAHHKFJ H F @A IAH AI?HEJ

 # 8@

) .EC # ?

AI>

@= F J A J
J? 

?E= E IJ= J = BHAGK

A= @KH= JA KJ=

I E JAHL=

I @A ?

KJ=

)I FAH@=I F H ?D=LA=
25  # 8@ 1 BI

?E= @A ?

J? BB

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

Io

Vd

iT

+ vT -

(a)

Sinal de Controle

on off ton (b) Vd Io T off

Von td(on) tri tc(on) Wc(on) Wc(off) tfv td(off) trv tfi tc(off)

(c)
.EC # +=H=?JAH IJE?=I CA = +EH?KEJ > . H =I @A ? 2 J HE?=I  E A=HE =@=I @= + 5E F EBE?=@ A + HHA JA I >HA A= @= @A 6A I KJ=

1 @KJEL

1 JAHKFJ H

?E= 2AH@E@= 1 IJ= J

1IJ JA + ? BHAGK JAH A E E?= E =

HAIK J=@ KJ=

E A

F HJ= JA JA @ FAGKA A J I = J=I BHAGK A J A '%$

LEIJ= GKA =JK= ?

A JA ANEIJA

E JAHHKFJ HAI @A F J BHAGK @ D J= =K K ?E=I = D A J ? FH L KEJ K EII E

?E= ? A AL=@=I A A ?KIJ I ?E= JA A JHA = EJ=@ I K A D H

F I @A ? F

KEJ

1IJ ?E=I J

I ?=F=?EJ= = JH=>= D=H A L= J=CA I = HA@K ?E= 2 H A J I FH KJH =@ 2 HJ= J '&

LAHI HAI JH=>= D= @ @AIL= J=CA ?E= @A ?D=LA= A JA A J

@ I?

A JAI HA=JEL I =K =K A J

@= @A IE@=@A @A F J A J 5JH A J @ ? LAHI H ?

@= BHAGK

@=I FAH@=I F H ?D=LA= HA @E 5-5+ A J '%& @= BHAGK

AJ I @AIJAI ?

LAHI HAI AIJ EJEH K

)4+0-5

744);

J= IA GKA K A JA F H FAH

= HA@K

@=I FAH@=I F H ?D=LA=

KEJ I >A AB ?E I FHE ?EF= ?E= @A JH=>= D

=FH LAEJ=

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI A =K

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

10

-4/1)
=

6 8

6 1+)
@E AI ?E=I

) KJE E = F=H= A BK ?E B H =FH LAEJ= HAI GKA = A J 

@A ?EH?KEJ A J 0 A ?

@A = K@= F J I

KJ=

+)+ ?

K I K>>AH FH F H?E LAHI H GK= @ A J JAI ?D=LA=@=I @= ? HHA JA =FHAIA J=@

A D HAI ? BHAGK

=EI ABE?EA JA @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI @ ?E=I E BAHE HAI @A @EIF=H LEIJ=I ? A IA HAJ=H@=H 8?A +)+

IA JH=>= D= A > GKAE

9 B ?HAI?E +)+

)I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A @AILE=H = =I = .EC $ >

@AIJA ?EH?KEJ

? HHA JA @A ? =I @A

AJ H A =JH=I=H = IK>E@= @= JA I

= .EC $ =

@= 1?J A 8?AJ I

Vce
VCC

Vcc

L D

R Rb

Vce off Ic tf t

Dd

Ld Rd Db Cb

Ic
T

Icon t

=

>

.EC $ >

= ,E=CH= . H = @A

=@

+EH?KEJ

@A ) K@= = + A @A + HHA JA

KJ= 1 JAHHKFJ H

@= @A 6A I

IE ? L K A @ E JAHHKFJ H I? ? K ? KJ= ? K

LA EA JAI @AIJA ?EH?KEJ A ?KIJ I =@E?E KJ= I E IJ= JAI @A ? LAHI HAI 4AII

I I

HAIJHE

AI GK= J

= BHAGK ?

?E= @A JH=>= D

A FH > A

=I GK= J

?EH?KEJ

=EI )I FAH@=I J J=EI @

LAHI H I ?EH?KEJ

= JE@=I

GKA =I FAH@=I @

JH= IBAHE@=I F=H= K ? I ?

=KNE E=H @EIIEF=JEL LAH I FH > A = ? K = =I =FHAIA J=@ I FA = @= J F @A ? CE= @A KJ=

= JAI J

IKHCE@

= BE = E@=@A @A HAI LAHI HAI HAII KJ=

@EIIEF=JEL= LA ?E GKAE ? KJ= >

K 0=H@ 5MEJ?DE C = A K

= JAI I

>E = -IJA JEF

LAHI H ?

= AIJH=J CE= @A ? K I BJ IMEJ?DE C

@EIIEF=JEL= -IJ= AIJH=J CE= F IIE>E EJ= GKA K ? HHA JA

@EIF=H

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI IA HA= E A I > JA I IK=LA

DA?E@= ? I ?

LAHI HAI 4AII FAH=H ? J= = D

= JAI I I ? ?

=@AGK=@ I F=H= IEIJA KJ= A AL=@=  = JAI I K ?

=I @A FH ?AII= =E HAI GKA !

A J

@A A AHCE= B J L = J= ABE?E ?E= K IA = D A JA

J=E?= ?E= K = =

FA @E K @E

B=J E KE =

@A @

BHAGK FAI ?

?E=I @A ? @ I ? F

0  A ?

B=EN= @A '% 2 H AIJA B=J AI = F J

LAHI HAI HAII F=H=@ ?

@A = J= @A IE@=@A @A F J JH= IB H LA ?E = LAHI H ? +

A JAI HA=JEL I @A BE JH=CA

=@ HAI A @EIIEF=@ HAI F=H= IAGKA JA ? HHA

?E= GK= @

E KE ,A K

@ I ?KIJ I @ =B H

LAHI H I? LAHI HAI HAII = JAI F @A ?EH?KEJ IAH ? =IIEBE?=@ I ? HAII = JA

= CAH=

+ + +

LAHI HAI ?

?EH?KEJ 4AII

@A ?=HC= E IAHE@ = JA A = JA

LAHI HAI 5 HEA 4AII LAHI HAI 2=H= A

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

11

-4/1)

6 8
LA ?E

6 1+)
=EI

+ + + ! +

LAHI HAI ? ? ? KJ= KJ=

E JAHHKFJ HAI HAII @ ?EH?KEJ HAII I > JA I F H ? HHA JA *=HH= A J

= JAI

I GK=EI I IAH

B H

=@ I F H E JAHHKFJ HAI ?

E IAHE@ I @A JH

= JA A F @A

K =  85 A K =  +5 @A ) E A J= 4AII = JA GKA F @A IAH @A

LAHI HAI ? A J A J 4AII 4AII

*=HH= *=HH= " +

= JA +) @A JA I = JA ++ @A JA I *=HH= A J @A = E

A @A ? HHA JA A @A ? HHA JA A J= A ) J= .HAGK ?E=

LAHI HAI ?

8-45

4-5 4-55

6-5

24

+-55)

,- -

-4/1) .

6)1+)

> AJEL A ? K =

FHE ?EF= ++ JAH ?

>JA I K JA I

@A K +) =C

LAHI H GKA HA= E A = JH= IB H F EJK@A AIJ LA BHAGK ?E= A = = J= @A IE@=@A @A F J

@= JA I = J

++ @ HA @E

/.8 -IJAI A J A

KJH= JA I LAEI @A E JAHBAH

@A =

K @A BHAGK

?E= @ABE E@=

LAHI HAI @ALA

FHE ?EF= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= K ?E= A AJH JE?= A @A H @E

?E= ?

>=EN I

) IACKEH I +) HAII= J= @ # +

=FHAIA J=@ I = CK I ?

LAHI HAI HAII

= JAI GKA HA= E =

= ?

LAHI

++ ++

K ++

IK=I FHE ?EF=EI L= J=CA I A @AIL= J=CA I 1 JAHHKFJ HAI 4AII = JAI 3K=IA 4AII = JAI +34 AA B H 1 ? 47/) LAHI H B H 61 4 =@= F H

LAHI H ? ? ?AEJ

@A 3K=IA 4AII IEIJA A K LA ?E =EI F H K

?E= B E E JH @K E@ = ? = ? K = @A ? KJ=

= EJAH=JKH= F H . KJ= HAII ?AEJ = JA GKA

-- . '&# GKA ? E JAHHKFJ HAI ? ? LA ?E

IK>IJEJKEH K ?EH?KEJ HAII

K = @A ?

@EIIEF=JEL= @ F @A IAH AI? =HA?E@

=@= F H E JAHHKFJ HAI A@E= JA = .EC %

=EI E IAHE@ I A

= JA -IJA ?

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

12

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

a T1 E D

b I c
=

a T1 c D

>

? .EC % = > ? + + + LAHI H *K? LAHI H *K? LAHI H *K? + LA ?E = ? + K = @A + + + KJ= ,EIIEF=JEL= KJ= KJ= +5 85

3K=IA 4AII 3K=IA 4AII

= JA ? = JA ?

K = @A + K = @A +

)I @EBAHA IAH >IAHL=@=I K? E JAHHKFJ HAI ? HHA JA

=I BK @= = .EC JA I &

A J=EI A JHA =I @K=I J ? E?=I HAII @A I E = @ IJH=@=I =I B H IA ? F AJ= A JA GKA ?

= JAI ?

F=H=@=I ?

= @EIIEF=JEL= F @A I KJ= ?

=I @A

@= @=I JA I AI A ? HHA JAI I >HA = JAI I E JAHHKFJ HAI ?

>IAHL= IA ? =H= K = A E

=I J ? E?=I HAII A JA =I FAH@=I

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

13

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

Lr

Io

Vd

Vin Vs

=

on
Io

Is

Io

Vd

Vs
Vin Vin

> .EC & . H =I @A = + @= @A 6A I KJ= +5 A @A + HHA JA A > ? K KJ= =+ K = 4AII 85 = JA

? GK=IA HAII I +34 + FAH@=I @A ?

LAHI H ? = JA ? @K

LA ?E

FAH= ?

BHAGK ?

?E= BEN= A IAK C= D

? ?

JH

=@

FA

?E?

@A JH=>= D = = ? AI =K =

A GK= J ) @EII IA =I ?E=I =

FAH= ? -IJ=I I

BHAGK

?E= L=HE LA

AIJ JE?

FH F H?E I

FAH=

? HHA JAI A JA I AI ABE?= AI IA ? IJHK @ ?

=E HAI GKA @ FAH= @

LAHI H ?

LA ?E 0

A J= @ HA @E

@K=I @AIL= J=CA I E LAHI HAI

F HJ= JAI 2 H EIJ = BHAGK

KJE E =@ I A ?E= @A 

>=EN=I F J A J

AIJ= JA?

CE= JA

B=EN= @A %# F=H= K

=F J

?E= @A I= @= @A # 9=JJI

LAHI HAI ? I ? LAHI HAI ? A

+EH?KEJ ?EH?KEJ

@A ?=HC= 1 IAHE@ @A ?=HC= E IAHE@ A J

+EH?KEJ ?EH?KEJ HAII

4AII = JA J

= JA IE@ =HC= A JA KJE E =@ I

F=H= =

FAH=

BHAGK

?E=I @A ?D=LA=

IKFAHE H = ! 0

F H FH F H?E

=H >=EN=I FAH@=I A

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

14

-4/1)

6 8
=C

6 1+)
JE?= I

FAGKA ?

I IJHAIIAI

=? I

KJ=

>=EN

@L @J A @E @J

A >=EN I 4AII

LAEI @A E JAHBAH = JA

?E= A AJH

LAHI HAI @AIJA JEF

I 5 HEA 4AII

= JA A

I 2=H= A

+ ?

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII AEH

= JA = JA IJH=@ = .EC ' .+ A J

BI

IACKH= '%$ IKFAHE H

A JA

=EI @EBK @E@

@ALE@

B=J

@A

GKA B E

FHE

= EJAH=JKH= J ? E?= 5+09)4 FAH=H ? BHAGK ?E= @A ?D=LA= ?E= = JA JA ? = > I

- A F @A
B

K E BAHE H

BHAGK

?E= @A HAII =E H GKA = B ? JH

?E= A AI

2=H= BI KJ=

H GKA = B

I E JAHHKFJ HAI ?

KJ=

I > ? HHA JA

I > JA I

K =  85 ?E= @A HAII

I ?=I I = F J

?E= JH= IBAHE@= F=H= = ?=HC=

K =  +5 A F=H= BI

=@= FA =

L=HE=

@= BHAGK ?

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII L=HE=

FHE ?EF=EI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I FH JA FAH=H IA ?=HC=

E JH

IE?= @A I >HA?=HC=

IA IE>E E@=@A

@A ?=HC= A @EBE?K @=@AI F=H=

.EC '

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII

= JA

@E= 2

JA

A@E= JA = E JAHHKF I= @= @ I ? CH= FA= ? IJH= LAHI HAI HAII ? A J

?E?

HAII

= JA F @A IA = JAH=H ?

IE@AH=LA

A JA =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A = E JH @K = JA @A @E @ I @A ) .EC  ''

= JAI 7 = JA ?

= @=I B H CH=

=I @A HA= E =H AIJ= E JAHHKF /-14) @A JA I A J

LAHI H I HEA HAII

= JA .4-16)5 FA=

. - *)4*1 1

LAHI H I HEA HAII

?=F=?EJ H HAII

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

15

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

.EC 

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII

= JA ?

/H=

FA=

A J

@A 6A I

4AII

= JA

)I IACKE JAI L= J=CA I @AIJA ?

LAHI H I = JA L= H @= B JA @A = E A J= ? @K @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI

CH=

FA= A

A J ?

@= JA I @K @AI?

?=F=?EJ H HAII J

FAH=

K= @A ? HHA JA

GKA J H = = A JH=@= A

@EIIEF=JEL= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E A=H A JHA = F J ?E= @A I= @= A = BHAGK ?E= @A ?D=LA= A J

- JHAJ= J =JH=L I @= L=HE= 7JE E = @ E JH @K @= L=HE= 29 ?=F=?EJ H @

AIJ= AIJHKJKH= =E @= =FHAIA J= = @AIL= J=CA @A BI ) IA K IA F = ? @EII =FHAIA J= @EBE?K @=@AI F=H= @ ? ?E?

@A HA= E =H FAH=H IA HAII CH= A

JH

A @A F J

?E= @A I= @=

?=HC= HA= E =@= =JH=L I @= @= JA I ?E= BEN= F H HAII = JA HA= E =@= =JH=L I @K =

KJH= AIJH=J CE= @A E JAHHKF = @=@=I JH A @= JH= IBAH '' ?E= @A F J IJH=

= JA GKA FA= A J

@A E JAHHKFJ HAI =KNE E=HAI ? >JA JA

LAHI H ?

?E= F=H= = ?=HC= -IJ= =C H= BHAGK @E=CH= = @AIJA ? LAHI H

@A =>AHJKH= @AIJAI E JAHHKFJ HAI =KNE E=HAI EIJ *)4*1 1 ) .EC 

.4-16)5

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

16

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

.EC 

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII 4AII

= JA ? 6EF

/H= 29

FA=

A J

@A 6A I

= JA @

)I FHE ?EF=EI L= J=CA I @AIJA ?

LAHI H I JH A 29 KJ= K = JH =@ F H @K = @A

=F J

?E= JH= IBAHE@= FAH= ? FA=

?=HC=

HA= E =@= =JH=L I @A ? J K=

= AIJHKJKH=

? HHA JA @AI? A J A

GKA HA@K =I FAH@=I @A ? KJ= I > JA I = JA ?

I @E @ I @A CH= = ? HHA JA ABE?= BHAGK ?E=

I JH= IEIJ HAI =KNE E=HAI ? A H GKA ?

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI

LAHI H HAII

) FHE ?EF= @AIL= J=CA

@AIJ= AIJHKJKH=

= @A

FAH=H IA

?=HC=

+ ?

LAHI HAI 2=H= A LAHI H 2=H= A 47/) 6- 4

4AII

= JA IJH=@ ) = .EC / ;/  IKHCEK =EI HA?A JA '&% A JA = EJAH=JKH=

4AII

= JA '&#

J ? E?=

-- . +

72),0;); )

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

17

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

.EC 

LAHI H 2=H= A

4AII

= JA

@E= 2

JA

5K=I FHE ?EF=EI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I E JH ?=HC= A HACK = GKA = B A?AIIE@=@A @A FH JA ? A? =

BI

IE?=I I ?

E IA IE>E E@=@A ? IAGK LAHI H F=H= A

I L=HE= HAII

AI @A ?=HC=

FAH=
BI

AI IA AI A A H

F=H= I >HA?=HC= + @A ?=HC=

?E= A AI I

FHABAHE@ I F=H= =F E?= = JA F @A FAH=H ?

F = B=EN= @A L=HE= =E H GKA = B

)I @AIL= J=CA I @ I ?

LAHI HAI I HEA A F=H= A ? JH

HAII

= JAI =FHAIA J=@ I = JAHE H @= BHAGK ? ?E= @A >=HH=

A JA I A J E?= I @ABE E@ I

=F J FH A BK

?E= JH= IBAHE@= F=H= = ?=HC= AJ

=@= FA = L=HE= =@ HAI =IIE

@ I E @KJ HAI ?=F=?EJ HAI A JH= IB H @= A H BHAGK FAH= ? ?E= @A FAH=

= HAIF IJ= @E

I E JAHHKFJ HAI A? IAGKA JA

A AL=@ I L= HA @E A J

HAI @A ? HHA JA ABE?=

GKA FH L ?=

= J=I FAH@=I @A ?

@K

A JA HA@K

@ALE@ =EI ?

I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A I= @= =FHAIA J=HA F AN= @A ? = F J LAHI HAI 2=H= A ?E= @A I= @= ? 4AII JH

F HJ=

A J

E A=H = I

JAIA @ I HACK =@ HAI

) KJE E = =FHAIA J=@= A HAII FAH= ? ?E= IA @ ?

= JA ? '&$

IEIJA

= ? LAHI H

@E?E

=@ H @A A AHCE= JA @= BHAGK FAH=

IE@ ?E= @A =

EJAH=JKH=

*0)6  ,-9)

-IJA ?

FAH= =>=EN ?E= @A

=@= FA = L=HE=

@= BHAGK FAH@=I E

-IJA IEIJA

IE@AH LA AIB H

I E JAHHKFJ HAI =FHAIA J= @

F HJ= JAI

#!

LAHI H ?

) E

A J=

F H *=HH=

A J

4AII

= JA ++ @A 6A I

4A?A JA AIJK@=@ '&$ A 5 F=H= ++ @A + HHA JA

A JA I ?

?AEJ 12

@A *=HH= '&$ A + KJ= >=HH= A J

A J

4AII A

= JA ++ 4AI *=HH= A J

= J ,+ 4AII

 B E E JH @K E@ A J 4AII ,18)

LAHI HAI ++ +) HAIK J= @

@ EI JEF I +

LAHI HAI ?

*=HH=

= JA

74)1  K = JA I

LAHI HAI ? HAII

= JA ++ @A 6A I HA= E =@ I HAIFA?JEL=

?=H=?JAHE =@ I FA =I ?

AI @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI @ = JA @A = E

E LAHI H GKA I A J= IA = K =

I E IJ= JAI A JA

GKA = ? HHA JA

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

18

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

)?

KJ= HA =

@ I E JAHHKFJ HAI I > JA I = I @A ? A J I A E IAGKA JA @ KJ= A JA L

K =  85 A K

AH =K @

8 A J

J=CA 5MEJ?DE C =FHAIA J= K ? ?E= @ ? @K = = ABE?E

= I HEA @A 29 )I

L= J=CA I A ' HA@K E @

I > JA I K A FAI *=HH=

I E LAHI HAI @A JA I A ?KIJ A J E LAHI H

FAH@=I F H ?D=LA=

E =@=I HAIK J= @

LAHI H  = B=EN= @A

IA ?

,A GK= GKAH FH > A =I @A FE?

1 LAHI H ?

4AII

= JA ++ @A 6A I

=FHAIA J= = CK I

6A I 4AII CH= L= B ,EL=

A AL=@=

= I >HAJA I @ALE@ = ? KJ= # LA AI ?EH?KEJ ; '&% E

K L= CH=

FH > A I > JA I H @= B

= CA

HE?

I 1 LAHI HAI ? ?=F=?EJ H HAII A J= L= @ ? HAI FH NE

*=HH=

A J

= JA ++ @A 6A I

K = = JA I JA - @A = E ?

= JA =JE CA +EH?KEJ I # LA AI F H H @= L=

JA I AI @A L= H @= B

H IKFAHE H = A J= 15

LAHI H I =

FA=@ HAI F=IIEL I B H= JA - @A = E 5 A J= 1*1 ,18)

FH F IJ I F=H= E

EJ=H =I I >HAJA I AI A FA=@ H =JEL L=

HA?KFAH= HAI FH NE

@A A AHCE= FH F IJ I =  ! LA AI

EJ= =I I >HAJA I AI A

JA - @A = E = E

+ 4AII K = HAII

F IIE>E E@=@A @= E >=HH= A J 1IJ

F A

A J= KJ= 

@A K AI @ =

@K = F H

29

I 1 LAHI HAI ? I E JAHL= I A ?E?

*=HH=

A J

= JA ++ @A 6A I ?E= ,18)

=I ?

E LAHI H I @K =

HA= E =@=I

GKA = JA I I E JACH=EI @A

?=H=?JAHE = K

=HCKH= @A FK I I A

'&$ ,18)

0-4) 79) ) '&% JA @ ? 9O > AJEL '' '' = A E E = A @AIJAI FH > A =I

. H= ,).? F AN I

HA= E =@ I JH=>= D I @A FAIGKEI= ) L= 4 II

/ '&& .-44-14) )

, L=

HAIK J= @

?EH?KEJ I >=IJ= JA

*H=IE 4AII *)4*1 1 AIB H

J=

>

? HHA ? FK I GKA FAH @

FAIGKEI=I 1 JAHHKF EJA GKA @A @K = @

AIJA IA JE@ +E? HAII 4AII =

. E HA= E =@ = JA @= 6A I =

+ , I?E = ?

LAHI H ? 5 ? JH

*=HH= /)4+1)

A J 2 A  I I

= JA ++ @A 6A I '&' '' KJ=

?EH?KEJ

= JA HA= E A K

=@= =FA =I

E IJ= JAI @A ? I @A JA I

,AIJ= B H

I E JAHHKFJ HAI @

LAHI H I BHAH

. E @AIA L 4AII '' = = JA IJH=@

LE@

J=

>

+ GK= HA@K

LAHI H ? @ +E?

*=HH=

A J @

4AII ,

= JA ++ @A 6A I 5 A J HAII = JA @A L=

+=F=?EJ H ''

E A=H A ? = .EC ! HAI @A JH

1 JAHHKF

@= 6A I L= H @= B

/)4+1) 2  *)4*1 1 A J=

I FE? I @A JA I =  # LA AI

>=HH=

HAI IKFAHE HAI

# F=H= L=

@= B=EN= @A 

JA - @A = E

Inversor e Carga
.EC ! + LAHI H ? 4AII *=HH= = JA A J 4AII = JA ++ @A 6A I 1 JAHHKF @ ? +E? +=F=?EJ H @= 6A I E A=H A ?

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

19

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

-IJA ?EH?KEJ ? JH A @ HAII I? =?E = A J ? ?EH?KEJ = JA

FAH

EJA = IE ?H AE

E =

@ I E IJ= JAI @A HAII @ ?E? HAII

?E= ?

@K =

KJE E =@= F=H= E A=H @

LAHI H F H

@= E JAHHKF

= JA @= JA I

?=F=?EJ H

LAHI HAI ? '&& @A ''

*=HH=

A J

4AII

= JA ++ @A 6A I

JA

IE@

AIJK@=@ I A ?EJ=@ I A

EJAH=JKH=

=E  * IA

IJH= @

GKA AIJAI ?

LAHI HAI =FHAIA J=

IA >=IJ= JA =@AGK=@ I F=H=

J HAI +) @A K E A=H A ? 1 LAHI H @A 6A I 1 JAHHKF IAGKA JA ? @K = ? A J @ @ ? +E? *=HH= @= 6A I BHAGK F K ?E= 8 @A = J E = EIJ =I @A A J FAH 4AII = JA ++ @A 6A I KJ= 0 ? 1IJ =K AH E? BK ?E +=F=?EJ H FAH EJA = IA

) KJE E = 4AII IA = HA@K FAH @ EJA = = JA L K

EJA GKA =I ?

AI @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI A J= @

@EIIEF=JEL=I )IIE A FAI ? @ A ? ?E= @

F @A IA JH=>= D=H ? LAHI H HA = JEF 2 J 29 GKA A E J H A

?E=I IKFAHE HAI =  A @ ? ?

A JA ?KIJ I @ I ?

A JAI HA=JEL I @A BE JH=CA LAHI H ) KJE E = @K = JA @ E =H IA ? D=H ABAEJ  @E?A @A

= @A IE@=@A @A F J FAH= F H FAH J H J= J F IE?E @A E @K @K = @= JA I AEN ? @ IAHL

@AIJA E LAHI H @A FK I I @A = @A @ K @=  @ J H J H @= B H = A J

IKFAHE H = ! FK I I BK ?E = @

K HA@K F II LA A E

K ? HHA JA @A I= @= @ =@ H ) .EC "

LAHI H + IJH= B H

@A A CHA =CA A J= @

>=EN= LA

?E@=@A GK= J

@= @A I= @= @

LAHI H = E

JHEB IE?

=

> .EC " = . H =I @A @= @A 6A I FK I @A A @A + HHA JA @K =

/

= +=HC=

> ,AJ= DA @A K
)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA 2H B 2A@H >H @A ''# , I

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

20

-4/1)
GKA A J

6 8

6 1+)

I ? E LAHI H ? 74)1  6A I -IJA ? B H = @A 7 HA?A JA E IAHE@ >=HH= FAH A A J

LAHI HAI ? KJA 12 '&&

*=HH= ? HHAIF

A J @A @

4AII AH =

= JA ++ @A + HHA JA @K=

FAH

EJA

I E JAHHKFJ HAI @ HAII = JA ++ @A

I > ? HHA JA

K =  +5

?KHHA J 5MEJ?DE C -IJ= J ? E?= B E E JH @K E@= A JAIJ=@= @ I ?EH?KEJ I @A *=HH=

?EH?KEJ

LAHI H

JH

=@

FA = J ? E?= @A ?

@K =

F H ,A IE@=@A @A 2K I I

GKA IE JAJE = =

@= @= ? HHA JA @A I= @= @ + K LAHI H ? EJAH=JKH= = F = JA ? @A *=HH= +

LAHI H +) ,-14) '' 4AII = JA ++ @A 6A I 0 ?=F=?EJ H HAII KJ= @A = JA ? IA I >HAJA I IEIJA A K B E =FHAIA J=@ E @KJ H HAII = JA A@E= JA AIJA E LAHI H A

A J

A JA A HAII

461

2  )8- )4

GK= ?

JA @A E JAHHKFJ HAI A K @K = 29 =

IJH= = .EC # I E JAHHKFJ HAI

IACKA IA HA= E =H = ?

@EIIEF=JEL= @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI @ CAH=H I >HAJA I AI

EJA IA = KJE E =

.EC #

LAHI H ?

*=HH=

A J

4AII

= JA ++ @A 6A I

IA

5 >HAJA I

) .EC $ ? HHA JA I >HA K

IJH= =I B H E JAHHKFJ H

=I @A

@= @A JA I

A @A ? HHA JA KJ=

I A A

AJ I HAII

= JAI A = JA I

>IAHL= IA GKA = ?

@EIEF=JEL=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

21

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

=

>

.EC $ = . H > . H

=I @A =I @A

@= @A JA I @= @= 6A I

A @A ? HHA JA A @= + HHA JA

IA A K

AJ I HAII

= JAI

1 JAHHKFJ H

#"

LAHI HAI 4AII

= JAI ?

*=HH=

A J

@A ) E

A J=

) J= .HAGK

?E=

) ? E LAHJAH @K =@= A )  K

BECKH= IJH=@ @K =

E LAHI H ? = .EC % ?E= )

>=HH= @K =

A J

@A = E ? J

A J= K= @ IJH=

HAII /.8 ?

= JA A ? 29 

= J= BHAGK K = @K = @K =

?E= 0. E @= IA F H= E@= F EJK@A F EJK@A

GK= = JA I

LAHJE@= A

= J= BHAGK

F @A IAH F H =HCKH= @A FK I

F H BHAGK

?E= A =

F EJK@A ) .EC %

LAHI H ?

F H=

DC/AC AC/DC DC/AC

Linha AC

DC Painel Fotovoltaico

Inversor Transformador HF HF

Retificador e Filtro HF

Inversor LF
*=HH= A J @A ) E A J=

RESIDNCIA

.EC % 4AII

5EIJA = JA A

= @A - AHCE= . J L ) J= .HAGK

J=E?= ?

?E= 0. E

E LAHJAH

) KJE E =

@A K

= F HJ=@ H= @A = J= BHAGK

?E=

BAHA?A L HE=I L= J=CA I

B=?E EJ= = BE JH=CA

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

22

-4/1)
A

6 8

6 1+)

=B H J=

= @A = D

@= @= JA I FAI

@A I= @= =FHAIA J= K

= J=N= @A @EIJ H A

D=H

E?= =@ H I

H GKA # HA@K E@ I

A ?KIJ I @ I A A GKA K

A J I HA=JEL I @A BE JH=CA = L= J=CA A IEIJA

JH= IB H

FH @K HK @

E =K@ LA

=I HAIE@A ?E=EI

FHE ? FE K = JA I IA JH= IB H @E @ I )

@A BK ?E E@=

A J ?E= A A BE =

= JA I @K =@= A

K= CAH=@= FA ?E= AIJ= K

F=E A B J L )

J=E?

LAHJE@= A = F JA @A

= JAH =@= A

= J= BHAGK

@= = JAH =@= F=II= F H K HAJEBE?=@= F H K = @A @= IA B=J H @A F J E@= HAJEBE?=@= ?E= K EJ HE J=E?= ?

=@ H F=H= = J= BHAGK @= HAJEBE?=@= @E FAH @

IA?K @ HE A JA = E

@= = JAH =@= ?E= ) B H K = ?=HC= ? K

BE JH=@= F H IKFHAII HAI @A = J= BHAGK A J=H

E LAHJE@= = ?=@= ) .EC >=HH= A J & @A = E

IJH= A J=

?EH?KEJ HAII

GKA F @A IAH KJE E =@ = J= BHAGK ?E= 0. E

IEIJA

= @A A AHCE= B J L

= JA A

E LAHJAH

+ DC Painel Fotovoltaico

Linha AC

.EC &

+EH?KEJ

F=H= ?

LAHI

@A A AHCE= I

=H A

A AHCE= A

JHE?= @A JA I

= JAH =@=

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

23

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

+ 75

-5

)I B @ I ? @ F = AJ=

JAI = JAH =JEL=I @A A AHCE= I @ F J JA =?AII =E @= =I B A AHCE= A JAI ?

A?AIIE@=@A JHE? = LA ?E

K @E= A = B=J

JA @

LEIJ= = FHALEIJ= AI?=IIA

>KIJ LAEI B IIAEI = I=JKH=

?E= DE@H A JHE?= ?

@A GKA ?AH?= @A $ @= F FK =

2=H= ? =JH=L I @A K ?

FAJEH ? = B

LA ?E

=EI @A A AHCE= =

A?AII HE

GKA

?KIJ

@= A AHCE= CAH=@= LA ?E =EI IA

JA = JAH =JEL= IA = HA@K E@ >A AB ?E I ?E= =II ?E=@ ?

LAEI AGKEL= A JAI = I @=I B

JAI ?

IE@AH=H = FHE ? FE ) FH @K F

@A A AHCE= A L

JHE?= ? K

K =I B J L

J=E?=I J=

= F IIE>E E@=@A ? F=H= K ? = ? I

KEJ E@= A J

=JH=A JA F H IAH =EI I >HA A AHCE= @AIJ= B JA @A J=E? I A @A

KA JA A E AIC J LA L LA A =F E?=

A @A JH=>= D I FK> E?=@ I A @AI@A = E JAH EC= A J I A JHE? I =IIE =@=I ?= E@=@AI EI A J E = @A ?

CHAII I E JAH =?E

=H A = L=HEA@=@A @A AGKEF=

A J I E @KIJHE= E =@ I =F

A AHCE= HA

AI @ELAHI=I A= LE JE

@A CH= @AI IEIJA B H A?E

=I B J L

B= A @=I @A ?=J=LA J I = CH= @AI >=HH= FAGKA =I AIJ= FAGKA =JAHE=EI ) KJE E = F=E A ? B J L J=E? ? I + =H EIJ LAHI H @A =? H@ @EIIEF=JEL= GKA ! 0 IA @AIJ= B H @ I ? K I ? ? I ? LAHI HAI HAII =F J JAH I A ? AI @A JA A? I J ? E? I IJ= JAI =L= K E?= @AIA L I =

@A A AJHE?E@=@A =

K =I I

=HAI B J L ?E= @= ?

J=E?=I F @A IAH ?=H=?JAHE =@ LAHI =II ?E=@ JA?

F H

@= ABE?E

CE= @A

= JAI F=H= F=E A

JH=J= JA @

A J A

@= A AHCE= A EJEH = =@=FJ=

JHE?= FH LA EA JA @A K @ BK ?E = A J = B H A J= @ @ = ?E= @AFA @A @ KJ= CH=K =E HAI

= I= @= >=IJ= JA E JAHAII= JA ?E= B H A?E@= FA ?E= ?E= LAHI HAI HAII ABE?E F = JAI HA= E =

F H FAH =I ?

LEIJ= GKA AIJ= F J KJ= ? BHAGK =@ HAI I

@A EHH=@E=

AI @ I E JAHHKFJ HAI @A K ?E=I @A ? HA@K E@ I =K

FAH=

= B=EN= @A '! 6H=>= D=

A JAI HA=JEL I @A BE JH=CA

A JH= IB H

= = @A IE@=@A @A F J

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

24

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

*1* 1

/4). )

)H?DAI

2 '%$  A 6H= IEIJ H @A 2KEII= ?A A 1 26 2 . ?D 0 '%' KIA 1 -L 26 @A K F + KJE

KJ=JE

 6 K

KIA 6D IA @A , ?JAKH 1 C

EAH

)H?DAI

@AI +EH?KEJI @=E@A =

= +

KJ=JE

@AI 6H= IEIJ HI @A

2KEII= ?A 6 K )LA =H 0 + HJE

2 + '' -IJK@ E?= @A 2 J ?E= . HE=

LAHI H *K? % !

,+ 4AII

= JA

111 5A

HE

@A - AJH )LA =H 0 + * AC E 8 7 + HJE

EI 5+ FF = J + 

2 + ''  E -2. HA

,+

4AI

LAHJAH #

9EJD KJ

LAHL

J=CA

5JK@O

B = *K?

LAHJAH

= 1J= E= L B

" FF

E 4 '&$ 4A= E =JE

AM 1 LAHJAH +EH?KEJ B H ,EHA?J 2D J L 1 @ )FF FKJAH + L L JH 1) 1) FF ## #& 2D J L

J=E? - AHCO .AA@>=?

JDA 2K> E? /HE@ 1--- 6H= I * IA * AJ 5OIJA +=HFEJ= 2 = '&#  E?H ?

I = 4AIE@A JE=  FF & B H ?= HA E '

J=E? 2 MAH +

@EJE

E C

 1--- 6H= I > 2 ''

1 @ )FF + JH

5JH=JACO

- AHCO 5J H=CA 5OIJA = 1J= E= L 2 MAH +

B H

,A? KF A@

= = CE C

B 4A=

= @ 4A=?JELA 2 MAH -2- . = JA ,+

" FF #& $! LAHIE 5OIJA  2D, 6DAIEI

+= @AEH= 2 '' 0ECD BHAGKA ?O 5AHEAI 4AI 7 EL 9E I? +DEHCME 6H= I + ? E ) 5JH=J IE =@EI '#' FF "

8=HE=> A 5FAA@ +

IJ= J .HAGKA ?O /A AH=J H 5OIJA

B H )EH?H=BJ

)1-- %& FF !" ! 0ECD .HAGKA ?O 1I =JA@ " 9 2D J L J=E? 1 LAHJAH B H 7JE EJO 1 JAHB=?A 2H ?

AJ = '&!

2+1 + + HJE 2+ + += E -6

BAHA ?A /A ALA E@= 29 + JH =@ F H 2H ?AII=@ H @A 5E =EI 6 5!  1

5AEN=I 2 . ''  1 LAHI H 5A *-2 . 0= E J E HE= F EI ''

* 0 '%$ 5MEJ?DE C

+EH?KEJ 6A?D EGKAI B H 1 4ACK =J HI 1--- 6H= I

FH LE C JDA 5MEJ?DE C 1 @ )FF AM ; H

?E

B 6H= IEIJ H FF

5MEJ?DE C !$" !$'

)  "

K O )KC 1 LAHJAH MEJD *KI *=H 8 J=CA @K =JE B +=F=?EJ H ,EI?D=HCA 1---

,=BA C 9 '&& ) 29 2-5+ FF %& %&" ,A A .2 0= AJJ 8 

'& # FF

 =HCA 5?= A 1 @K?JE $ E $& + LAHJAH )

/A AH=J H B H 2 MAH 5OIJA

I 1--- 6H= I

2)5 ,EL= ,

'&$ 6DA 4AI

= JA ,+

AM

?AFJ

5J=JE? 2 MAH +

LAHIE

1--- 1)5 FF $"& $#% ,EL= , 5 E>E I E / '&%  AH $ % $!" ,EL= , FF , I AH= KM= = % %& *=H>E 1 '&' 7 E HE L + LAHI H *K? E?= @A 2 J = J ,+ ? + KJ= HE= ,EIIEF=JEL= F EI FF $ % @K =@ F H '&% ,A J= @K =JE 5JH=JACEAI B H 4AI =J E 1 LAHJAH 1--- 2-5+ 5MEJ?DE C II 1 LAHJAH B H 0ECD 2 MAH )FF E?=JE I 1--- 1)5 FF

/=H?E= 2

=HCKH= @A 2K I  5A , I /=H?E= 2

@A - AJH E O

?E= 11 5-2 . E 8

*=H>E 1 '' ) .=

B 4AI

J=CA 5 KH?A 1 LAHJAH 1--- 1-+

2HE ?A /H LA +) 75) FF &"" &"'

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

25

-4/1)
MEJD

6 8
LAHL

6 1+)
J=CA

/=H?E= 2

2AHE

*=H>E 1 '' 6DHAA 2D=IA 29 *-2 FF !# !  1 LAHI H E A=H ? 29 ? @ 4AI

4AI

= J ,+

5JHAAII 5 , I /=H?E= 2

*4)-2 +

*=H>E 1

''

+ +E?

KJ=  111 5-2 . ,+ E

,EIIEF=JEL= 7JE E = @ HE= F EI FF ! M 8 !$ J=CA

+=F=?EJ H 4AII , I /=H?E= 2

= JA

1 JAHHKF

*=H>E 1 '' ) 29

5E C A 2D=IA HA

= J

1 LAHJAH MEJD

5JHAAII B H 725 )FF E?=JE , I /=H?E= 2 '' + =HCKH= @A 2K I 7.5+ .HAEJ=I 6A I .HAEJ=I ) -2 . ? HE= A

I -2- .

= 1J= E= L *=HH= A J I >HA

! FF #! #& @A 6A I I ++ 4AII = JA 6AIA @A @K =@ I F H , KJ H=@

LAHI HAI -IJ JE? I ? *=EN F .EI -IB H

@A 6A I

1 JAHHKFJ HAI

CKAEH= @A

*=H>E 1 '' + = JA 111 5A E HE

LAHI H 5 HEA 4AII @A - AJH E?= @A 2 J

= JA ? ?E= .

/H= HE= F

FA=

A J

@=

+=F=?EJ H 4AII '' +

EI 5+ = J

*=H>E 1

IJ= J .HAGKA ?O 29 #%

+=F=?EJ H 8

J=CA + =

FA@ 5AHEAI 4AI

5KFF O )2-+ + .AHHAEH= ) 4 II 8= )

B 4A? FF # 9O 8=

, '' ) /A AHE? 5 BJ 5MEJ?DE C ? B H 0ECD 2 MAH )FF E?=JE ) 9O HA 8= ,

LAHJAH 6 F '& !"

CO MEJD =

2=H= A .AHHAEH= ) 6DAH

E A=H 2+

AJM H 4 II 8= CO

I 1--- 2-5+ FF

'' 6DA " FF $ 

E A=H 4AI

= J 1 LAHJAH

AM 5MEJ?DE C 6 F 1 IJEJKJ =E 5 =JE = 2

-2- . KIA

= 1J= E= L

OJA?DE EGKA @A 6 K '&& ) %"& 1 @K?JE

0=?DAKHI AJ = J ,+ E

@K AKHI )KJ

AI 6 K

KIA '%%

* IA *

1 FH LA@ 4AI

1 LAHJAH B H 1 @K?JE

J H ,HELA 1---

1)5 FF %" =E 5 * IA * E

'' )

J H ,HELA 7IE C = %'' = J + LAHJAH

FH LA@A@ 0ECD .HAGKA ?O 4AI

= JA ,+

1 LAHJAH 1--- 2-5+ FF %'

AA . + '&& 0ECD .HAGKA ?O 3K=IE 4AI %$ AA . + " )>HE HKC= JE 4 2-5+ + AA . + ? B 4A? '&# 5J=JA 2 = A '&& FF !%% !' E 0

6A?D

CEAI 2H ?AA@E C

B 6DA 1--- L

'&# 3K=IE 4AI

= J +

LAHJAH 6 F

CEAI = @ +D=H=?JAHEIJE?I

HKC= JE 4

B 2=H= A 4AI FI J

= J+ FJE

LAHJAH 2-5+ + E A JDA ,AIEC

B 4A?

KHH=O 9 '& 5A A?JE +

B 5 K>>AHI = @ + = )FF L

B 6H= IEIJ H 5MEJ?DE C

LAHJAHI 1--- 6H= I 1 @ '' # 9 1 LAHJAH E FF L

1) $

" FF #! # ! =HCA 2D J L J=E? 2 MAH IJ=JE  -2-

AOAH . H=

0O>HE@ ?

?AFJ B H =

HA

1J= E=

" FF !" !' ) 5 E@ 5J=JA 0ECD 2AHB H = ?A 4A=?JELA 2 MAH + FA I=J H

E C=I 2

I / ''

1--- FF "&' "'% KH=E ; ) 2AHE ) + 4= =C F = EF K= 6 ) '&& 0ECD .HAGKA ?O 5AHEAI 4AI AAJE C + BAHA ?A 4A? H@ FF %% %%' ?E= F=H= + JH A @A GKE =I @A + HHA JA = JA ,+ E 2 MAH + LAHIE  1--- 1)5

'& 2K I=@ HAI J 8 K= AJ = . HE= F EI

6H= IEIJ HAI @A 2 J ,EIIAHJ= 7.5+

'&# 1

L=JELA 7JE EJO 1 JAH=?JELA

,+

)+ 2 MAH +

@EJE

E C 5OIJA

I

1--- 1-+ 5?DM=H

FF "% "%$ 1 FH LA@ AJD @ B 4AI = J +KHHA J 2K IA + JH 1 IJHK @K =JE A J=JE . H 2 MAH + 8 1-+1 ! LAHJAHI =O

. + '%$ ) 1--- 6H= I=?JE

1 @KIJHE= - A?JH

E?I =

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

26

-4/1)

6 8

6 1+)

5E L=

54

5AEN=I

2.

KJH I ''  ' 5= ,EAC

 )

4A=?JELA

2 MAH

5 KH?A B H -N?EJ=JE

B 1 @K?JE

/A AH=J H 1-+ 7F=@DO=O ) 2-5+ + 6D I = C;/ B 4A? 5A

= IAH FK> E?=@  B 0= B *HE@CA 2=H= A 4AI = J + LAHJAH

'&% ) = OIEI = @ ,AIEC

+5. ,ELEIE - LEH A

E?

@KJAKHI 5-5+

5-

'%&  A

6H= IEIJ H

@A 2KEII= ?A @= I I

A J + KH>AL EA .H= ?A E * 6 '' ) 5AHEAI +=F=?EJELA 4A=?J= ?A + 1--- FF '& ' " FA I=J H *=IA@ 8 J=CA

9= C :

,=E 5 5 KH?A 29

LAHJAH

)F IJE = FHAF=H=@= FA *A 0 HE JA LA

2H B 2A@H >H @A ''#

/=?E=

,- 6 7.

27