Kalkulus-1 Podgotovki PDF

1
1
070 255-791/dopolnitelnicasovi@gmail.com
//

1.
. ,
, .
. .
. D c R. f D R D
R, .
.
:
D /
R / / /
= ( )
,
.
.
. ( ) ( )
= => ( ) = ( )
:

= ,
: ,
.
:
.
.
0, 1
( ) = 1 , 1 1
, 1

, 0
| |=
, < 0

1. = | |
2. | | = | || |
3. | |=
| |
| |
, 0
4. | + | | | + | |
5.
= | | !!!
: 070 255-791/dopolnitelnicasovi@gmail.com
Page 2
//
2.

. ( ) ( )
=
:
1. ( + )( ) = ( ) + ( )
2. ( )( ) = ( ) ( )
3. ( )( ) = ( ) ( )
( )
( )=
4.
, ( ) 0
( )
:

( )( ) =
( ) , = ( ) }
g
( )( ) =
( ) , = ( ) }
( )( ) ( )( )
= ( ) + -
= ( ) -
= ( + ) - x
= ( ) - x
= ( ) - -
= ( ) - -
Page 3
//

=
>1
0<
( )
< 1 - c
= ( )
>1
- -
0 < < 1 - - c

-:
- (,) (, -)
.
,

-:
- (,) ,
(-, ) .
( ) = ( ) .
:

(,) , (-,-)
.
( ) = ( )
.
Page 4
//
3.

,
.
( )=
c

=
1. P , > 0 =>
=
+
b , m
=
+
m , b
p
o -
o (0,0), (1,1), (1,1)
o =
p-
o

o (0,0), (1,1), (-1,-1)
o =
Page 5
//
2.
, > 0 => =
=
o : \{0}
o =0 , =
p-
o -
o (1,1), (-1,1)
o =
p-
o

o (1,1), (-1,-1)
o =
= => =
p-
o : 0
o =
p-
o
o =

o
o
( )
( )
P(x) Q(x)
Q(x)=0
Page 6
//
=
(
+ ) =
(
+ )
-
o >1
o 0<A<1
-
o >1
o 0< <1

sin[
< 0 -
>0 -
cos [
=
o (0,1)
o > 1, =
o 0 < < 1, =
o = 1, =
o : (, +)
o : (0, +)
o log
= <=>
: (0, +)
: (, +)
o A > 0 1 log
o
o
Page 7
//

o
= ln x <=> =
o
=
=
=

=
=
=
=

> 0, 1, > 0, > 0,
1.
( )=
+
2.
( )=
3.
4.
( )=
5.
)=
+
R
(
)
=
y2
y2 - y1
y- y1
y1
x1
x2
> 0 -
= 0 - -
< 0 -
:

1.
||
=
2.

= 1, ..
=
Page 8
//
4. .
. ( ) L, ,
L ( ) .
lim ( ) =
. ( ) L, , ,
> L ( ) .
lim ( ) =
. ( ) L, , ,
< L ( ) .
lim ( ) =
:
( )
.
lim ( ) = lim ( ) = = lim ( )

. ( ) , ..
( ) = + lim
( ) = + . . lim ( ) = +
lim
( ) , ..
( ) = lim
( ) = . . lim ( ) =
lim
( ) = ( )
( ) = +
( ) = +
lim
lim
( ) =
( ) =
lim
lim
..
5.
: k . :
lim
=
lim
=
lim
lim
: lim ( ) = lim ( ) =
a) lim [ ( ) + ( )] = lim ( ) + lim ( ) = +
b) lim [ ( ) ( )] = lim ( ) lim ( ) =
c) lim [ ( ) ( )] = lim ( ) lim ( ) =
( )
( )
d) lim
=
= ,
0
( )
( )
e) lim
f)
lim
( )=
= +
k . :
lim ( ) =
> 0 = 2
( ) = lim
lim ( ) =
lim ( ) =
Page 9
//
: ( ) = +
++

lim ( ) = +
++
= ( )
: lim
( ) = lim
lim + +
lim
: ( ) =
=
( )
( )
++
++
) = lim
= ( )
+ lim
+ + lim
= lim
, .
a) ( ) 0 lim ( ) = ( )
b) ( ) = 0 ( ) 0 lim ( ) .
:
1) +
2)
3) + ,
:
1) ( ) 0
( ) = lim ( )
( )
( ) lim
( )
=
=
= ( )
( ) lim ( )
( )
( ) = lim ( ) = 0
( ) = lim ( ) 0
lim ( ) = lim
2)
( ) ( )
.
6. .
. ( ) L x ,
( )=
lim
( ) L x ,
( )=
lim
,
lim
1+
lim ( ( )) = ( lim
lim
( )=
lim
lim
( ))
( )
lim
=0
(1 + ) =
lim
Page 10
//

. ( ) +
lim
( ) = +
lim
( ) = +
( ) +
lim
( ) =
lim
( ) =

lim
= + , = 1,2,3,4 . .
lim
, = 1,3,5,
+, = 2,4,6,

) = lim
lim ( +
+ +
lim
ln
lim
ln
++
= +
=
+ +
lim
= +
lim
=0
lim
=0
lim
= +
7.
. ( ) ,
, . L ( ) , ..
lim ( ) = ( > 0) ( > 0) | ( ) | < 0 < | | <

. ( ) ,
.
lim ( ) = ( > 0) ( > 0) | ( ) | < < < 0
. ( ) ,
.
lim ( ) = ( > 0) ( > 0) | ( ) | < 0 < <

. ( )
lim ( ) = ( > 0) ( > 0) | ( ) | < >
. ( )
lim ( ) = ( > 0) ( < 0) | ( ) | < <
Page 11
//

. . ( ) , ,
.
lim ( ) = + ( > 0) ( > 0) ( ) > 0 < | | <
. ( ) ,
.
lim ( ) = ( < 0) ( > 0) ( ) < 0 < | | <
8.
. ( ) = :
1) ( ) = , .. ( )
2) lim ( )
3) lim ( ) = ( )
( ) = ,
.

( ) (, b)
(, b)
( ) (, +)
.
: lim
: lim
( )= ( )
( )= ( )
. ( ) [, b]
:
1) ( ) (, b)
2) ( )
3) ( ) b
: ( ) ( ) ,
:
1) ( + )( )
3) ( )( )
2) ( )( )
4) ( ), ( ) 0
: ( ) ( ) , lim ( ) = ( ) lim ( ) = ( )
1) lim
2) lim
( + ) ( ) = lim
( ) ( ) = lim
( ) ( ) = lim
3) lim
4) lim
( )( ) =
( )
( )
( ( ) + ( )) = lim ( ) + lim ( ) = ( ) + ( ) = ( + )( )
( ( ) ( )) = lim ( ) lim ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( )( )
( ( ) ( )) = lim ( ) lim ( ) = ( ) ( ) = ( )( )
=
( )
( )
= ( )
Page 12
//
:
a)
b) -
, .
- .

:
lim ( ) =
( )
lim ( ( )) = ( ). lim ( ( )) = (lim ( ))
lim , lim , lim , lim
:
a) ( ) , (),
.
: ( ) c, : lim ( ) = ( )
( ), : lim ( ) ( ) = ( ( ))
( ) = lim ( ) =
( ) = ( )( )
lim ( )( ) = lim
b) ( ) ( ) ,
.
:
[a,b], k
( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ), ,
[a,b] ( ) = .
: ( )
[a,b], ( ) ( )
, ( ) = 0
(a,b).
9. ,

: ,

lim sin = sin ,
lim cos
= cos ,
, (2 + 1) ,
2
= ctg , ,
lim tg =
lim ctg

: -- ,

,
Page 13
//

: > 0 1
a)
(, +)
b) log (0, +)
: ( )
( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
, . lim ( ) = lim ( ) =
lim ( ) =
lim
:
:
sin
lim
=1
=1
lim
=0
sin
=
=
2
2
1
=
= , : =
2
2

=
=
2
2
:
sin

/ 2
2
2
2
sin , 0
2
sin =>

sin
1
sin
sin
<=>
=>
cos
cos
Page 14
//
cos
sin
1, 0
2
[0, ] . [ , 0]

0 => = 0
sin
sin
sin( ) sin
cos = cos( ) = cos
=
=
=
sin
=> cos
1 , 0
2
, cos
1,
lim cos = 1
lim 1 = 1 => lim
lim
1 cos
lim

=1
=0
= lim
= lim
= lim
lim
= 1 = 0
Page 15
//

1.

= ( ),
:

=
[ , ],
( ) ( ),
( ) ( )
=
:
( ) ( )
( ) = lim
() P( , ( )) :
( ) ( )
=
() P( , ( )) :
( ) ( )
= lim
= ( ). ()
[ , ] :
( ) ( )
=
=
:
( ) ( )
=
( ) = lim
2.
. = ( )
f .
, f . :
( ) ( )
( ) = lim
( ) e () f
.
f. ( )
f ( , ( )) . :
( ) = ( )( )
Page 16
//
( )
( )
. : ( ) = lim
,
.

( ) ( )
( ) = lim
( )
, ..
(a,b)
(a,b)
(, +)
:
.

. f
( ) = lim
( ) = ( ), lim
lim
( ) ( )
( )=
lim ( ) ( ) = lim
( ) ( )
= lim
lim ( ) =
( ) ( )=0
( )0 = 0
, ..

( ) = lim
( ) = lim
Page 17
//
f [a, b]
f e (a, b)
f e a
f e b
:
( + ) ( )
( ) = lim

( + ) ( )
= lim
= lim

3.
: f , 0. [ ] = 0
( ) ( )
: ( ) = ( ) = lim
= lim
=0
: (
:(
) = lim
( )
( )
= lim
) =
= lim
++
r a (
)(
) =
: f
( )( )=

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
(
: ( ) ( )=lim
= lim
c , c f
( )
)
= lim
( )
( )
( )
: f g , f+g f-g
( + )( )= ( )+ ( ) ( )( )= ( ) ( )

:
(
)( ) (
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( ) ( )] [ (
)( )
( + ) ( ) = lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
[ ( )
( )]
+ lim
[ ( )
( )]
( )+
( )]
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )+ ( )
= lim
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
= lim
[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]
= lim
lim
= ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) = lim
: f g , fg
( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )

Page 18
//
:
( ) ( ) = lim
= lim
= lim
)( ) (
)( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= lim
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ( )
( )] ( )
( )[ ( )
( )]
( )
= lim
( )
lim
=
[ ( )
= lim
( ) + lim
( )=
( ) = lim
= lim
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
)
( )]
( ) ( )+ ( ) ( )
,
( )
( )
= lim
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
= lim
( ) ( )
) ( ) ( )
(
( )
(
( )
( )[ ( )
+ lim
[ ( )]
( ) ( )
( )
( ) lim
( ) ( )
( )] ( )
: f g

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
= lim
( )
(
( )
)
( ) ( )
) ( ) ( )
(
( )
(
( )
)
( )
=
( )
(
( )
( )
)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
[ ( )]
: n ( ) =
:
, < 0 => = , > 0
1
=
=
(
) =(
) =

( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) = (
( )( )
= 0 > , ( ) ( ) = 0
) ( )
( )(
)=(
)( )

( )=
( )=
( )=
( )(
)=
)
(
( )
)
Page 19
//
4.
( ) = lim
( ) ( )
: =
= lim
( + ) ( )
(sin ) = cos
sin( + ) sin
sin cos cos sin sin
(sin ) = lim
= lim
sin (cos 1) + cos sin

(1 cos )
sin
= lim
= sin lim
+ cos lim
= sin 0 + cos 1 = cos
(cos ) = sin
cos( + ) cos
cos cos sin sin cos
(cos ) = lim
= lim
cos (cos 1) sin sin

(1 cos )
sin
= lim
= cos lim
sin lim
= cos 0 sin 1 = sin
(tg ) =
sin
(sin ) cos sin (cos )
cos + sin
(tg ) = (
) =
=
cos
cos
cos
1
cos
(ctg ) =
cos
(cos ) sin cos (sin )
sin cos
(ctg ) = (
) =
=
sin
sin
sin
1
sin
(sec ) = (
) =
cos
cos cos
1
cos
= sec tg
1
cos
(csc ) = (
) =
= csc ctg
sin
sin sin
5.
: g f ( ), fg

( ) ( ) = ( ( )) ( )
Page 20
//
= ( )
6.
- ( y) ,
( x) , .. y=f(x)
- ( x) ,
( y) . . yx+y+1=x
. x y y=f(x)
.
.
+
= 1 = 1

( ) = 1 ( ) = 1
7. .
( ).

.
= ( ) + ( )( )
( ) ( )

=>
( )
( ) ( )
( )(
( ) ( )+
( )(
( )
/:
0 =>
( )
8.
.
:
( ) = ,

( ( )) =

, . :
, .
( ) = ,
( )) =
e ,
: ( ) ( ) a
, .. ( ).
: .
Page 21
//

.
.
= ( ) =
( )
= ..
= .
, .
: ( ) > 0 ( ) < 0

.
. , e
, e
e .

.

.
,

(
( )) 0. (
( )) 0
1
(
) ( ) =
[
( )] =
(
( ))
: ( , ) ( , ( )) ( ) 0.
( , ) :
= ( )( )

:
= ( )( )
=
( )
( )

( , ). ,

( , ) = ( ,
( ) ) :
=(
) ( )( )
(
) ( ) =
(
( ))
: ( ) > 0. ( ) =
( ) .
( )
O ( ) > 0 ( ) lim
, = ( ) = ( )
( ) = ( ) = ,
( ) ( )
1
=
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
. lim
lim
lim
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
:
( ) 0
( )
Page 22
//
( ) > 0, ( ( ) < 0,
1
1 (
( )) 0
( )
= ( )
=>
=(
=>
= ( ) ( ) = ( ) (
) ( ) =
) ( )
( ))
9.
=
(n )
= 1,
=
(
) =
=
,
f(x)= b>0 b1
( )=
() b (f(x) )
f(x)=
x . Df=(-,+).
- f(x)= e (-,+) Rf=(0,+ ).
b>0 b1 x>0, b x
( ) = log

b x.
: (0, +). : (, +)
b=10
b=e e2.718282 ( ln x)
:
= ln x <=> =
( )=

( ) = log
( ) =
e
log
= ln
=
=
=

> 0, 1, > 0, > 0,
6. log ( ) = log
+ log
7. log ( ) = log
8. log (
log
) = rlog
9. log ( ) = log
10. log
Page 23
//
= lim 1 +
= lim
1+
= lim (1 + )
lim
= +
lim
=0
lim
lim
=0
lim
= +
lim
ln
ln
= +

(log
) = log
log
1
1
= lim [
log ] = lim [
log
= lim [
log (1 +
)] = lim [ log 1 +
: =
=> 0
1
1
= lim log (1 + ) = log
(log
) = lim
log
+( )
(log
) =
) =
=
=
>0
ln
x = log
1
=
= ln
1
ln
: => (
:
=
ln = ln | |
=
=
>0
> 0, 1
(ln ) =
,
=
(ln | |) =
) =
>0
ln
) =
: =
u v - x,
(ln
).
Page 24
//
10.
sin
(arcsin x) sinx, a
cos
(arccos x) cos x, 0 x
tg
(arctg x) tanx ,
sec
(arcsec x) a secx, 0 x
sec
= cos
sin
+ cos
cos (sin
sin (cos
sin
+ cos
= cos
) = 1 +
sin (sec
)=
, |x| 1
| |
sin ( ) = sin
tg ( ) = tg
) = 1
) = 1
x
)=
1
tg (sin
sin
sec (tg
2
=
=>
= sin
, = cos
= sin
=>
+ cos

= arcsin => = sin 1
=
=>
1
(sin
) =
= arccos => = cos 1 1 0

=
=
=
=
=> (cos
) =
= arctg => = tg
=
=>
(tg
) =
= arctg => = ctg + 0

=
=
=
=
=
=> (ctg
= sec
(sec
x=
) =
| |
=> = cos
1
) =
Page 25
//
11. .
lim

lim
( )
( )
( ) = 0 lim
( )=0.

lim ( ) = ( ) = 0
lim
( )= ( )=0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
lim

( )
( ) ( )
( )
lim
= lim
= lim
=
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
lim

:

lim ( ) = 0 lim ( ) = 0 .
lim
( )
( )
+ - => lim
( )
( )
( )
( )
+ - => lim
( )
( )
:

lim ( ) = lim ( ) = .
lim
= lim
( )
( )

= lim
( )
( )
0 -
():
(+) + (+) +
(+) () +
() (+)
:
(+) (+)
() ()

(+) + ()
() + ()
() + (+)
: 0
1

lim ( ) ( ) / ln
= ( )
( )
=> lim ln
= lim [ ( )ln ( )]
ln ,
, => ,
Page 26
//
12.
12.1.
. I
.
1. ( ) < ( )
< , I
2. ( ) > ( )
< , I
3. ( ) = ( ) , , I
: [a,b]
(a,b)
1. ( ) > 0 ( , ), [a,b]
2. ( ) < 0 ( , ), [a,b]
3. ( ) = 0 ( , ), [a,b]
12.2.
.
( , ( ))
1. (, )
I . I , ( , ( ))

2. (, )
I . I , ( , ( ))

: I
1. ( ) > 0 I , (, ) I
2. ( ) < 0 I , (, ) I
. ,
( , ( )),
. ( ) = 0
Page 27
//
12.3.
()
.
1. , I
, . ( ) ( )
2. , I
, . ( ) ( )
.
:
.
= ( ) = 0 f .
: .
1.
2. ( , )
, ( ) = 0. ( ) > 0
. ,
( ) < 0 . ( ) = 0
() = 0 ( )
() f.
( ) = 0 f.
( ( ) ) .
:
f .
1. ( ) > 0
( ) < 0
f .
2. ( ) < 0
( ) > 0
f .
3. ( )
:
.
1. ( ) = 0 ( ) > 0 .
2. ( ) = 0 ( ) < 0 .
3. ( ) = 0 ( ) = 0 () ..
, .
Page 28
//
12.4.
1.
2.
3. x y
4. +, ,
5. ( ) ,
6.
7. ( ) ,
.
8.
13. ()
.
1. ()
I
( ) ( ) I
2. ()
, I
, ( ) ( ) I
()
.
: [a,b], min
max .
:
(a,b) .
.
:
1. f (a , b)
2. a b
3. 2 max, min .
:
lim
( ) = +
lim
( ) =
lim
( ) =
lim
( ) = +
lim
( ) = +
lim
( ) =
lim
( ) = + lim
( ) =
=> min
=> max
=>
Page 29
//
lim
( ) = +
lim
lim
( ) = +
lim
=> min
( ) = lim
( ) =
lim
=> max
( ) =
lim
( ) = + lim
( ) = +
( ) =
=>
: I
.
1. , ( ) I
2. , ( ) I
14. .
:

[a,b]
(a,b). ( ) = ( )
( , ) .. ( ) = 0
: :
( )=0
1. (a,b) , ( , )
2. (a,b).

( ).
( , ) ,
( )=0
:
, ( ) = 0,
( , ( )) -
( , ( )) ( , ( )) -.
.
:

[a,b]
( ) ( )
(a,b). ( , ) .. ( ) =
: ( , ( )) ( , ( )) :
( )
( )
( )=
( )
( ) ( )
( )+ ( )
=
Page 30
//
:
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )[ ( )+
( )]
[a,b] [a,b].
(a,b)
(a,b).
( ) ( )
( )= ( ) ( )+
( ) =0
( ) ( )
( )= ( ) ( )+
( ) =0
,
( , ) .. ( ) = 0
( ) ( )
( )= ( )
( ) ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) ( )
( )=
:
( , ( )) ( , ( )) ,

( , ( )) ( , ( )).

: [a,b]
(a,b)
1. ( ) > 0 ( , ), [a,b]
2. ( ) < 0 ( , ), [a,b]
3. ( ) = 0 ( , ), [a,b]
: 1.
,
[a,b]
< . ( ) < ( )
[ , ] [ , ] [ , ].
( ) ( )
, [ , ]. .. ( ) =
( ) > 0 =>
<
=>
( ) ( )
>0
>0
=>
( ) ( ) >0
=>
( )> ( )
Page 31
//
:
[ , ], ( ) = ( ) [ , ].
, ..
( )= ( )+ ,
[ , ]
: ,
[a,b]
<
[ , ] [ , ] [ , ].
( ) = ( ) ( )
[a,b] [a,b].
(a,b)
(a,b).
( ) = ( ) ( ) = 0
( ) = , [ , ]
( ) ( )=
( ) = ( ) + , [ , ]
Page 32

Kalkulus-1 Podgotovki PDF

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Copyright:

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Kalkulus-1 Podgotovki PDF

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Copyright:

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1

sin (cos 1) + cos sin

= sin 0 + cos 1 = cos

cos (cos 1) sin sin

= cos 0 sin 1 = sin

= arccos => = cos 1 1 0

= arctg => = ctg + 0

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