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+L b #,+L b #, @ L b # b #+L b #, @ L b # b # @ L b #=
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OA,+ e +OwBWw 6WwA,+5

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 # dqg +wkhruhp 7144, # @ h##a1 Wkxv/ zh pd| zulwh=
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wkh & frqwlqxlw| ri b dqg *b lpsolhv wkdw Pb& +[R , & Pb& +[ ,= Wkhuhiruh

Pb+[ , @ a& Pb& +[ , @ a& aR Pb& +[R , @ aR a& Pb& +[R , @ aR Pb+[R,=


OA,+ D wA,+AWB 5,"N,AWw 6WwA,+5

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AL LM|@? t|hL?}ih ThLTih|itc i 4t| ThL_i O | @ |LTL*L}U@*


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EDD

surri= Ohw xv vkrz uvw wkdw p p  p  p p 1 Zh nqrz wkdw   L /


khqfh/  *  * 1 Wkxv/ vlqfh *  * / wkh suhfhglqj lqhtxdolw| lpsolhv

 *  * =
Qrz/ * ehlqj lqfuhdvlqj/ *  *  * * @ * +e| lghpsrwhqfh ri * ,1  lv dovr
lqfuhdvlqj/ khqfh zh qdoo| rewdlq  *  *   * / l1h=

p p  p >
zklfk lv wkh uvw lqhtxdolw|1 Vlploduo|/ L  * |lhogv + lqfuhdvlqj,    * 1
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  @    *  + lghpsrwhqw,1 Wkhuhiruh/  *   *  * / l1h=

p  p p =
D vlplodu surri lv xvhg iru wkh uvw sduw ri uhodwlrq +818,1
hLTLt|L? De wi| E& $&$R Mi R ?4Miht tU |@|
;&c & 5 ==c  &   ' R
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6R 6R    62 6 ' 6R ' 6


?R ?R    ?2 ?
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OA,+ D wA,+AWB 5,"N,AWw 6WwA,+5

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surri= Ohw xv suryh iru lqvwdqfh wkh uvw uhodwlrq1 l2  l/ khqfh/ e| uho1 +817,/
p2 p  p 1 Wkhq/ p ehlqj lqfuhdvlqj/ zh kdyh p +p2 p ,  p p / dqg
dsso|lqj djdlq uho1 +817, jlyhv/ vlqfh l  l= p +p2 p ,  p 1 Li zh lwhudwh
wklv surfhvv/ zh qdoo| jhw

pR pR = = = p2 p  p =


3

Frqyhuvho|/ lR3  lR |lhogv/ e| uho1+817,/ pR pR  pR 1 Wkhq/ pR 2 ehlqj
lqfuhdvlqj/ zh kdyh pR 2 +pR pR ,  pR 2 pR / dqg dsso|lqj djdlq uho1+817,/ zh
rewdlq +l  l,= pR 2 +pR pR ,  pR 1 Diwhu lwhudwlqj wklv surfhvv/ zh qdoo|
jhw
3

pR pR = = = p2 p  pR >


3

zklfk frpsohwhv wkh surri ri wkh uvw uhodwlrq1 Vlplodu surri iru wkh vhfrqg rqh1

`i U@? ?L }i |i _i?|L? Lu |i @*|ih?@|?} ti^i?|@* *|iht @?_
ThLi |@| |i) @hi igiU|i*) *|ihtG
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@hi U@**i_ @*|ih?@|?} ti^i?|@* *|iht Lu Lh_ih 
hLTLt|L? DS ; 5 ==c   c |i LTih@|Lht  @?_  @hi *|iht

surri= Wkhvh rshudwruv duh lqfuhdvlqj dv frpsrvlwlrqv ri lqfuhdvlqj pdsslqjv1


Pruhryhu/ zh kdyh=

P P @ +p p3 = = = p2p,+p p3 = = = p2 p,


@ +p p3 = = = p2pp ,+p3 = = = p2 p,
@ p +p3 = = = p2p,
@ P =
Wkh lghpsrwhqfh ri P lv wkxv suryhg1 Wkdw ri Q kdv d vlplodu surri1

De

#tUhi|i 56 hLTih|it

`i @i @*hi@_) t@_ |@| |ihi t ?L ?ii_ uLh _@*|) Mi|ii? |i  <t @?_
|i  <t ?)@)c @? 56 U@??L| Mi ti*u _@*c t?Ui  9'   W? |i Thiti?|

OA,+ D wA,+AWB 5,"N,AWw 6WwA,+5

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@?_ |i Lh_ih hi*@|L?tT Mi|ii? LTih@|Lht @hi Thiti?|i_ `i @*tL _i@* |
?i *|ihtc U @hi _ihi_ uhL4 |i ThiLt L?it @?_ U @hi U@**i_
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tL4i Lu |ih ThLTih|it hiii_
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surri= Zh vkdoo rqo| surri +819,/ vlqfh wkh wzr uhodwlrqv +81:, ghulyh e| gxdolw|1
Wkh iroorzlqj hjdolw| krogv= P P @ p p 3 = = = pn P P 1 Wkhuhiruh/ P ehlqj
lghpsrwhqw/ P P @ p p 3 = = = pn P / l1h1 P P @ P 1
Ohw xv vkrz qrz wkh vhfrqg sduw ri wklv htxdwlrq/ l1h1 P  P P = zh
fdq zulwh P @  P @ + 3 = = =  , P 1 Qrz/ L  * +h{whqvlylw|,/ zklfk
lpsolhv    *1 Wkxv/   *2* / zklfk lq wxuq lpsolhv wkh lqhtxdolw|
2  2 *2 *1 E| lwhudwlqj wkhlv surfhvv/ zh qdoo| rewdlq

 3 = = =    * 3*3 = = =  * @ P =
Wkhuhiruh/ P  P  P / l1h1

P  P P =

Wklv frpsohwhv wkh surri ri wkh uvw uhodwlrq1 Wkhuh lv d vlplodu surri iru wkh

vhfrqg sduw ri uho1 +81:,1
L4T@|M*|) ?_ih 4@}?U@|L?
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U@|L?c i

)& E&f ' &)Efc
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4@}i

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L?G
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 |i |)Ti Lu *|ih E@*|ih?@|?} ti^i?|@* *|ihc @*|ih?@|?} |h@?tTLti_
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|L   {|c uLh @ i_ 4@}i t3i Ai?c |i UL4T|@|L? |4i Lu  c  c i|Ut
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uL4*@t @hi ti_G
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OA,+ S ,AW5 # ,A,# 6WwA,+5

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qrw fuhdwh qhz frqqhfwhg frpsrqhqwv/ lw fdq rqo| hqodujh wkrvh ri  +D,> qrz 
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OA,+ S ,AW5 # ,A,# 6WwA,+5

be

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surri= Zh douhdg| nqrz wkdw s  q , p?pR  pR dqg PR P? @ PR 1 Exw


zh gudz iurp wkh sursrvlwlrq wkdw p? pR @ ? *? R *R  ? R *? *R @ pR = Khqfh
s  l , p pR @ pR / dqg P? PR @ p? ===p ===ppR===p ===p @ PR=

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#i?|L? SS Bi? |L }h@?t c  5 F c L?i t@)t |@|  |LUit c


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nhhs lw xqfkdqjhg +li qrw/ zh zrxog qrw kdyh { 5@ * +D,,1 Khqfh %+DS , lv htxdo

OA,+ S ,AW5 # ,A,# 6WwA,+5

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wr % ^D ^ * +D,`S / dqg qdoo| { 5


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zrxog ehorqj wr * +D,> qrz { 5
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wkh sursrvlwlrq/ % +D, grhv qrw wrxfk * +D,/ qhlwkhu ^D ^ * +D,`q % +D,/ khqfh

% +D, @ % ^D ^ * +D,` dqg qdoo| { 5@ E/ zklfk dfklhyhv wkh surri1
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surri= Frqvlghu d sruh \ ri D/ zlwk \ m Q / dqg d judlq [ ri D zklfk lv


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Wdnh qrz d judlq [ ri D wkdw grhv qrw wrxfk Q / l1h1 vxfk wkdw [ m Q S = Zh
gudz iurp wkh uvw sduw ri wkh surri wkdw hyhu| sruh \ ri D wkdw lv dgmdfhqw wr [
phhwv Q S / khqfh lv qrw lqfoxghg lq Q 1


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AiLhi4 S wi| F Mi @? @_@Ui?U) Thii?|?} UL??iU|L? L? SE.


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wr wdnh wkh xqlrq ri wkh sruhv ri D o|lqj lq Q dqg ri wkh judlqv ri D wrxfklqj

l2

wr wdnh wkh xqlrq D*ri wkh judlqv ri D wrxfklqj P/ dqg wr dgg lw wr wkh
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