STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

1NC COUNTERPLAN TEXT

ALL 50

STATE GOVERNMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ESTABLISH RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS REQUIRING THAT 20% OF ALL ENERGY PRODUCED WITHIN THEIR STATES COME FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES BY THE YEAR 2020.

OR

ALL 50

STATE GOVERNMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE INCENTIVES FOR BRIGHTFIELDS PRO ECTS! PROVIDING TAX CREDITS FOR CLEAN UP AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON FEDERALLY DESIGNATED BROWNFIELD SITES.

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

1NC GENERIC SOLVENCY

STATE
GOVERNMENTS HAVE ALREADY TA"EN THE LEAD ON ALTERNATIVE ENERGY. THEY ARE THE "EY INNOVATORS AND DECISION MA"ERS. THEY ARE FULLY CAPABLE OF LEADING THE RENEWABLE REVOLUTION. REPORTER FOR THE WASHINGTON POST, 200# COME('! SITENODEID*13#+LANGUAGEID*1+CONTENTID*,,-#,.

PEIRCE!

$NEIL! %%ENERGY FEDERALISM&' HAS

IT'S TIME HTTP&))WWW.STATELINE.ORG)LIVE)VIEWPAGE.ACTION(

States are starting to come to the nations rescue, passing a range o energ!"sa#ing measures to counteract o icia$ Washingtons m!opia on the peri$s o g$o%a$ &arming an' our o#er&he$ming 'epen'ence on oreign oi$(
Thats the message rom the state PIRGs ) pu%$ic interest research groups acti#e in *+ states( The! ma,e a strong case that not&ithstan'ing Presi'ent -ushs ne& oun'

its in states that the most hope u$, scienti ica$$! soun' energ!"sa#ing programs are ta,ing shape( I the -ush a'ministration is serious a%out mo#ing in a ne& 'irection on energ!, sa! the critics, there are %rea,through state strategies it can support an' emu$ate( First, push a strong s&itch to such rene&a%$e energ! sources as &in', so$ar, %iomass, geotherma$ an' other /c$ean0 energ! a$ternati#es( -! 1+12, the rene&a%$e energ! re3uirements that 1+ states an' the 4istrict o 5o$um%ia ha#e a$rea'! passe' &i$$ sa#e enough ossi$ ue$ to pro#i'e e$ectricit! or 1+ mi$$ion homes( The Western Go#ernors Association has set a goa$ o *+,+++ mega&atts o ne& c$ean energ! in its region %! 1+16 rom such sources as rene&a%$es an' a'#ance' natura$"gas techno$ogies( 5a$i ornia has $eapt to nationa$ $ea'ership on so$ar energ! in particu$ar &ith Go#( Arno$'
recognition o America.s /a''iction to oi$,0

Sch&ar7eneggers initiati#es to reach /a mi$$ion so$ar roo s0 %! 1+12, the 8* %i$$ion cost co#ere' %! a mo'est surcharge on energ! %i$$s(The secon' an', a'#ocates sa!, astest an' cheapest &a! to sa#e energ!9 higher e icienc! stan'ar's on machines an' app$iances( Frustrate' %! tortuous$!

s$o& e'era$ action, 1+ states ha#e set more stringent stan'ar's( :assachusetts recent$! $e' the nation &ith tough ne& e

icienc! stan'ar's or urnaces an' %oi$ers( I the ;(S( o$$o&e' suit, sa! the PIRGs, &e' sa#e 8<(6 %i$$ion an' 1 percent o to'a!s natura$ gas consumption(Thir' potentia$9 ma=or cuts in greenhouse gas emissions rom po&er p$ants( >e' %! Ne& ?or,s Go#( George Pata,i, eight

Northeastern states @:aine to :ar!$an', :assachusetts eAcepte'B ha#e a'opte' a cap on car%on re$eases into the atmosphere, a$$o&ing or tra'ing to in' the $east"cost &a!s to re'uce emissions ( Sch&ar7enegger has set a goa$ to cut 5a$i ornias emissions to $ess than 1+++ $e#e$s in the neAt i#e !ears( Oregon an' Washington are mo#ing in the same 'irection( Go#s( Canet Napo$itano @Ari7onaB an' -i$$ Richar'son @N(:(B ha#e agree' to a para$$e$ regiona$ accor'( Fourth9 /c$ean cars0 through signi icant re'uctions in car%on 'ioAi'e rom auto tai$pipe emissions ( Ten states ) 5a$i ornia, Oregon, Washington, Ne& ?or,, Ne& Cerse!, :assachusetts, Rho'e Is$an', 5onnecticut, Dermont an' :aine ) ha#e recent$! gone &e$$ %e!on' eAisting e'era$ re3uirements on this issue( A$though automa,ers continue to ight the tougher re3uirements, the 1+ states ha#e such a huge cumu$ati#e popu$ation that their ne& ru$es are $i,e$! to remo#e the po$$ution create' %! 6++"mega&att coa$" ire' p$ants in a !ear, or the nationa$ g$o%a$ &arming emissions rom a$$ %ut <2 o the &or$'s countries to'a!( A
i th approach9 action to promote such promising ue$s as ethano$ an' %io'iese$, &hich are a$most tota$$! po$$ution" ree, as su%stitutes or oi$( State an' e'era$ 'ea'$ines to s&itch go#ernment $eets to %io ue$s &ou$' %e a signi icant start( One reason9 a%out 8E(6+ is the real price o a ga$$on o gaso$ine i one counts the costs &e %ear to 'e en' the $o& o Persian Gu$ oi$, to purchase other supp$ies o cru'e o#erseas, an' the impact o perio'ic /oi$ shoc,s0 to our econom!, accor'ing to the Nationa$ 4e ense 5ounci$ Foun'ation, a conser#ati#e non"pro it( SiAth9 eApan' energ!"sa#ing $ight rai$ s!stems or metro regions through man! more /ne& starts0

than the e'era$ go#ernment has so ar authori7e', com%ine' &ith %o$' initiati#es @a$so a#ore' %! man! states, &ith Washington oot"'raggingB to eApan' passenger an' reight rai$ ser#ice across the countr! ( Se#enth9 /green0 %ui$'ing ) e#er! measure rom impro#e' materia$s an' insu$ation to %asic 'esign
an' siting as a &a! to re'uce energ! 'eman' in homes, o ice %ui$'ings, schoo$s an' stores( The cha$$enge is immense9 %ui$'ings account or a%out ha$ o ;(S( g$o%a$ &arming emissions, an' &ere a''ing 6 %i$$ion s3uare eet to our eAisting stoc, each !ear( Fe'era$ incenti#es an' ne& state regu$ations can he$p the ;(S( architecture an' %ui$'ing in'ustr! 'o a 3uic, a%out"turn to /green0 as the norm, not the eAception( Wh! ha#e these agen'as %ecome so critica$F A t&o"&or' ans&er9 g$o%a$ &arming( In Ne& Cerse!, peop$e are &orrie' their ame' shore$ine &i$$ %e engu$ e'( In 5o$ora'o, it is 'rought in agricu$ture an' 'isappearing sno&s or a s,i econom!( Internationa$$!, reports suggest the &or$' ma! %e approaching an irre#ersi%$e g$o%a$ &arming GGtipping point.. &ith inca$cu$a%$e 'amage to en#ironments an' economies(

Americans ha#e %egun to un'erstan' the threat( State go#ernments ha#e starte' to act( With e'era$ action a$rea'! $ong o#er'ue, it seems that the states or no& must %e our ,e! inno#ators( It.s heartening that more an' more o them
are starting to &or, co$$ecti#e$! on ,e! energ! issues( We ha#e, in act, $itt$e time to &aste(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

SOLVENCY& BROWNFIELDS
STATE PROGRAMS CAN HELP LIMIT RIS" AND CUT COST FOR TURNING BROWNFIELDS INTO BRIGHTFIELDS DANA! PROFESSOR! NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW! 2005 @4ADI4 A( 4ANA(. NEW ?ORH ;NIDERSIT? ENDIRON:ENTA> >AW CO;RNA>9 /STATE BROWNFIELDS PROGRAMS AS LABORATORIES OF DEMOCRACY(01 Inno#ati#e state programs to support %ro&n ie$' inancing he$p to $e#e$ the economic p$a!ing ie$' %et&een %ro&n ie$' sites an' un'e#e$ope' propert!. These /non"cash0 too$s an' strategies %ui$' on practica$ opportunities to $in, programs an' $e#erage a''itiona$ resources( A%out ha$ a 'o7en state programs accomp$ish this in #arious &a!s2%! $imiting ris, or o setting critica$ costs( These approaches are getting more attention in tight %u'get c$imates( STATE INCENTIVES AND ASSISTANCE ARE "EY TO SOLVING FOR BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT EPA 200- @ENDIRON:ENTA> PROTE5TION AGEN5?( FINAN5ING -ROWNFIE>4S9 STATE PROGRA: HIGH>IGHTB ON>INE9 HTTP9IIWWW(EPA(GODI-ROWNFIE>4SIPARTNERSIFINANJ-ROWNFIE>4SJEPAJPRINT(P4F -ecause o these costs, pu%$ic inancing or inancia$ incenti#es are o ten nee'e' to =ump"start a %ro&n ie$' reuse pro=ect( Pu%$ic inancing ma! he$p %a$ance the economic sca$e %et&een green ie$'s an' %ro&n ie$'s . Increasing$!, states are stepping in to assist communities an' the pri#ate sector in %ri'ging the inancing gap associate' &ith %ro&n ie$'s re'e#e$opment( States o er a #ariet! o incenti#e programs, o ten to meet one o se#era$ o%=ecti#es9 K Re'uce the $en'ers ris, %! pro#i'ing o "setting incenti#es such as $oan guarantees, insurance, or propert!"speci ic $ega$ c$ari ications, in or'er to ma,e capita$ more rea'i$! a#ai$a%$eL K Re'uce the %orro&ers cost o inancing %! su%si'i7ing $oan carr!ing costs or %! pro#i'ing assistance that re'uces $oan un'er&riting an' 'ocumentation eApenses( Such assistance ma! increase the economic #ia%i$it! o sma$$er pro=ectsL K Ease a purchasers inancia$ ris, %! pro#i'ing incenti#es that can he$p impro#e the pro=ects cash $o&, such as taA cre'its or a%atementsL an' K Pro#i'e 'irect inancia$ assistance, inc$u'ing $oans or grants to he$p pa! or site assessment or c$eanup acti#ities an' support %roa'er re'e#e$opment nee's( States o er an arra! o inancia$ too$s an' incenti#es that ocus on #arious aspects o the %ro&n ie$' re'e#e$opment process, inc$u'ing site assessment, c$eanup, site preparation @inc$u'ing 'emo$itionB, an' re'e#e$opment( State %ro&n ie$' inancing programs are %ecoming more common, as &e$$ as more 'i#erse( A$though %ro&n ie$'s inancing incenti#es #ar! consi'era%$! across states, the! can %e rough$! organi7e' into three categories9 K TaA incenti#es $in,e' to site reuseL Page 1 K 4irect inancing assistanceL an' K O sets to %ro&n ie$' inancing nee's, inc$u'ing technica$ assistance, process aci$itation, an' pro=ect support(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

SOLVENCY& BROWNFIELDS
THERE
ALREADY EXISTS LOGISITICAL SUPPORT FOR STATE BROWNFIELDS PROGRAMS. WITH STATE GOVERNMENTS ON THE ISSUE ALL THE TIME.

THE EPA

WOR"S

ESSO"A 2003 @4;:-E, 4R( OF PHI>OSOPH? M 4RENE>, -ROWNFIE>4S REDITA>IOATION PROCE5TS9 4ISP>A5E:ENT OF THE 4ISPOSSESSE4B ON>INE9 HTTP9II4SPA5E(>I-RAR?(4RENE>(E4;IHAN4>EI1EP+I1+P O#er the past e& !ears, a num%er o states ha#e 'ra&n up memoran'a o agreement @:OAB &ith the EPA that pro#i'e or eApe'ite' c$eanups %! ac,no&$e'ging the accepta%i$it! o state programs @Russ, 1+++91*B( The agreements gi#e assurances that the e'era$ go#ernment &i$$ honor the stipu$ations o an! contract ma'e %et&een the state an' %ro&n ie$'s program participants( Thus, D5Ps ha#e pro#en success u$ in a$$o&ing stateIregiona$ partnerships to 'eci'e on the most appropriate courses o action or %ro&n ie$'s pro=ects #ia :OA &ith the e'era$ go#ernment, an' the! ha#e pro#en use u$ in encouraging re'e#e$opment &ithout the threat o &hat are sometimes eApensi#e an' cum%ersome e'era$ regu$ati#e stan'ar's( THE

STATES HAVE ALREADY PROVEN THEMSELVES TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AT SOLVING FOR BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT PRO ECTS

CRAIN'S DETROIT BUSINESS 200, @/:I4WEST STATES A:ONG >EA4ERS IN RE4EDE>OP:ENT0 -? :ARTI -ENE4ETTI ON>INE9 HTTP9IIWWW(5RAINS4ETROIT(5O:IAPPSIP-5S(4>>IARTI5>EFAI4QI1++E+6+6IS;-IE+6+6+*1+I"1B The creati#e approaches %! :i'&estern states to comp$eting success u$ %ro&n ie$' re'e#e$opment pro=ects ha#e ma'e them mo'e$s or the rest o the countr!, accor'ing to %ro&n ie$' re'e#e$opment $ea'ers( /These states ha#e a #er! 'i#erse an' rich set o o erings to a''ress %ro&n ie$' issues,0 sai' 5har$ie -artsch, senior e$$o& at I5F Internationa$,
a Washington"%ase' consu$ting compan!( Coe 4u ic!, chie o the %ro&n ie$' section or the En#ironmenta$ Protection Agenc!.s Region 6, sai' that I$$inois an' :innesota ha' $egis$ation in p$ace or %ro&n ie$' c$eanup as ear$! as 1RE2( It &asn.t unti$ 1RR6 that the EPA ma'e its irst %ig push to pro#i'e mone! or %ro&n ie$' re'e#e$opment(

R Region 6 @&hich inc$u'es :ichigan, In'iana, I$$inois, :innesota, Ohio an' WisconsinB is ahea' o the e'era$ go#ernment in a''ressing %ro&n ie$' issues. Pro=ects in these states get 'one %! piecing together a #ariet! o state an' e'era$ programs( Tom
4ar'en, 5EO o Ra$eigh, N(5("%ase' 5hero,ee In#estment Partners >(>(5(, a pri#ate"e3uit! compan! that has in#este' in more than 6++ %ro&n ie$'s since 1RR+, sai' pro=ects nee' to ma,e soun' economic sense %ut ha#e an a''itiona$ %ene it o communit! ser#ice(

ALL

50

STATES HAVE ALREADY DEVELOPED PROGRAMS TO ACCOMMODATE REDEVELOPMENT. EVEN CONGRESS CONCEDES STATES SOLVE BETTER.

BROWNFIELD

SCHNEC" 2003 4DANIEL A. SCHNEC". UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF LAW. 5ONNE5TI5;T INS;RAN5E >AW CO;RNA>9 GOVERNMENT REINSURANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL 5CLEANUP5 POLICIES1 -! a$$ocating some o the Super un' or grants, the EPA initiate' a -ro&n ie$'s Program in 1RR6 to urther promote the re'e#e$opment o %ro&n ie$'s( The EPA.s -ro&n ie$'s Program has pro#i'e' o#er 8 16+ mi$$ion in un'ing to states, tri%es an' $oca$ go#ernments( These un's ha#e success u$$! $e#erage' 8 *(2 %i$$ion in %ro&n ie$'s reme'iation( In'i#i'ua$ states ha#e a$so 'e#e$ope' their o&n %ro&n ie$' programs . -! 1RRE thirt!" i#e @*6B states 'e#e$ope' acti#e state" un'e' %ro&n ie$' programs an' #o$unteer c$ean up initiati#es . Recent $egis$ation re$ies hea#i$! on these state programs, &hich are current$! a#ai$a%$e in a$$ 6+ statesL in act, 5ongress state' that most sites &i$$ not %e reme'iate' un'er EPA authorit! %ut un'er state authorit!(

<

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

SOLVENCY& RPS
STATES ARE ALREADY TA"ING THE LEAD ON RPS. A>I5E "ASWAN, PROFESSOR OF >AW, ;NIDERSIT? OF SAN FRAN5IS5O S5HOO> OF >AW, ;NIDERSIT? OF SAN FRAN5IS5O >AW REDIEW, S;::ER 200-, P( <P"2 The states ha#e respon'e' to the a%sence o 'irect e'era$ regu$ation o greenhouse gas emissions &ith a surprising$! #ita$ response( An eAp$oration o se$ect state programs &i$$ a$so 'emonstrate &h! man! o these e orts are &orth preser#ing, &ith or &ithout su%se3uent e'era$ regu$ation( Pro essor Cohn 4ern%ach o Wi'ener ;ni#ersit! Schoo$ o >a&, the mo'erator o the con erence.s pane$ on state initiati#es, note' at the outset that some&here %et&een i teen an' t&ent! go#ernors sa! their states are S$ea'ingS on c$imate change( He note' that states are using a #ariet! o too$s " not =ust greenhouse gas re'uction targets " to a''ress the issue( :an! ha#e a'opte' rene&a%$e port o$io stan'ar's, e icienc! re3uirements, an' state an' regiona$
emissions registr! programs( ;SF.s con erence ocuse' on se#era$ o the most ar"reaching state initiati#es ta,en to 'ate9 5a$i ornia.s restrictions on motor #ehic$e emissions, 5a$i ornia.s G$o%a$ Warming So$utions Act, an' the Northeastern states Regiona$ Greenhouse Gas Initiati#e (

It is, ho&e#er, important to ac,no&$e'ge that, prior to these e orts, #arious regiona$, state, an' $oca$ actions to a''ress c$imate change ha' a$rea'! %een un'erta,en, an' that a''itiona$ regiona$, state, an' $oca$ initiati#es are un'er&a!( LOTS
OF STATES ALREADY HAVE RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS! PROVING THAT THEY CAN DO THE PLAN.

-ARR? RABE, PROFESSOR OF P;->I5 PO>I5? AN4 ENDIRON:ENTA> PO>I5? AT THE ;NIDERSIT? OF :I5HIGAN, S;STAINA->E 4EDE>OP:ENT >AW T PO>I5?, SPRING 200-! P( 1+ The ro$e o ;(S( state go#ernments in 'e#e$oping po$icies to re'uce greenhouse gas @SGHGSB emissions continues to eApan'( One o the most &i'e$!"use' po$ic! too$s is a rene&a%$e port o$io stan'ar' @SRPSSB( RPSs man'ate that uti$ities operating &ithin a state must pro#i'e a 'esignate' amount o po&er rom rene&a%$e sources as a portion o their o#era$$ pro#ision o e$ectricit!( This po$ic! is not uni3ue to the ;nite' States, %ut the RPS has pro$i erate' among the ;(S( states at a rapi' rate( T&ent!"three states an' the 4istrict o 5o$um%ia ha#e a'opte' an RPS
as o mi'"1++2, &ith a strong $i,e$ihoo' o continue' eApansion(

EVERY REGION OF THE U.S. HAS AT LEAST ONE RPS STATE 6 STATES ARE ACTING NOW -ARR? RABE, PROFESSOR OF P;->I5 PO>I5? AN4 ENDIRON:ENTA> PO>I5? AT THE ;NIDERSIT? OF :I5HIGAN, S;STAINA->E 4EDE>OP:ENT >AW T PO>I5?, SPRING 200-! P( 1+ The RPS com%ines the po$ic! strategies o regu$ation an' re$iance on mar,et mechanisms that is a ha$$mar, o more recent inno#ations in ;(S( en#ironmenta$ an' energ! po$ic!( For most states, esta%$ishing an RPS mere$! in#o$#es an incrementa$ eApansion o eAisting regu$ator! po&ers o#er e$ectricit! generation an' 'istri%ution( A$ongsi'e their historic ro$es in o#erseeing regu$ate' uti$ities, mar,et restructuring, appro#a$ an' siting o ne& generating aci$ities, an' e$ectricit! rate"setting an' taAation, states ha#e or 'eca'es sought &a!s to promote rene&a%$e energ! sources as &e$$ as energ! conser#ation( 5onse3uent$!, man! state o icia$s #ie& RPSs as simp$! a ne& mechanism to respon' to pu%$ic 'eman' or a re$ia%$e, ineApensi#e, an' en#ironmenta$$! rien'$! e$ectricit! supp$!( With the eAception o the Southeast, e#er! region in the ;nite' States has at $east one RPS in operation at this point( :an! states &ith the $argest popu$ations an' $e#e$s o e$ectricit! consumption ha#e enacte' RPSs, inc$u'ing 5a$i ornia, I$$inois, Ne& ?or,, Penns!$#ania, an' TeAas(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

SOLVENCY& RPS
STATE BASED RPS SOLVES BEST BECAUSE IT CAN BE FLEXIBLE TO THE DIVERSE NEEDS OF EACH LOCALITY. :AR? ANN RALLS, THE A;THOR COINE4 THE NATIONA> R;RA> E>E5TRI5 5OOPERATIDE ASSO5IATION @NRE5AB AS SENIOR REG;>ATOR? 5O;NSE> IN APRI> 1++6, ENERG? >AW CO;RNA> 200#( >ENIS Rene&a%$e a'#ocates ha#e %een urging $eAi%i$it! in 'esigning rene&a%$e programs or !ears( In 1++1, the TeAas RPS &as toute' as a success in that it 'emonstrate' that a RPS, i 'esigne' proper$!, can 'e$i#er a S$o&" cost, $eAi%$e, an' e ecti#e support mechanism or rene&a%$e energ!(S nE* :oreo#er, an ana$!sis o state programs un'erta,en in 1++1 conc$u'e' that state eAperiences sho&e' that San RPS can %e ine ecti#e un$ess care u$ attention is gi#en to the 'etai$s o the RPS 'esign(S nE< It is essentia$ to 'esign a rene&a%$e stan'ar' or goa$ that incorporates man! separate e$ements inc$u'ing structure, si7e, a'ministration, po$ic! goa$s, resource e$igi%i$it!, pro'uction targets, an' coor'ination &ith other po$icies such as inancia$ incenti#es, an' most important$!, the $eAi%i$it! to reassess an' re ine a$$ o the a%o#e( nE6 The congressiona$ 'e%ate o S( Am't( 2R1 ocuse' on &hether or not e$ements o the propose' RPS &ou$' pro#e too intracta%$e concerning actors such as re$ia%i$it!, costs, an' e$igi%$e rene&a%$e sources to ensure its o&n e ecti#eness( It is o ten sai' Sthe 'e#i$ is in the 'etai$s,S &hich is precise$! the reason &h! rene&a%$e programs shou$' %e $e t to those &ho un'erstan' the mechanics o o%taining c$eaner po&er that is a$so re$ia%$e an' cost"e ecti#e(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

A2& /RACE TO BOTTOM0

THEY'VE GOT IT BAC"WARDS. STATE INCENTIVES CAUSE A RACE TO THE HIGHEST REGULATION STANDRD BECAUSE IT'S MOST PROFITABLE FOR BUSINESS. A>I5E "ASWAN! PROFESSOR OF >AW, ;NIDERSIT? OF SAN FRAN5IS5O S5HOO> OF >AW, 200- U;NIDERSIT? OF SAN FRAN5IS5O >AW REDIEW, S;::ER 1++2, P( PP"2V States ma! %e ta,ing more action than eApecte' un'er a race to the %ottom mo'e$ %ecause o the percei#e' economic %ene its o ta,ing ear$! action( Go#ernor Sch&ar7enegger emphasi7e' that 5a$i ornia.s c$imate change initiati#es &i$$ not =ust impose economic costs, the! cou$' a$so create economic opportunities or companies in#esting in ne& techno$ogies( At the con erence, 4e#ra Wang, the 4irector o the 5a$i ornia Energ! Program at the Natura$ Resources 4e ense 5ounci$ an' one o the origina$ architects o A- *1, stresse' the economic %ene its to 5a$i ornia o $ea'ing the &a! in c$imate change re'uctions( Re'uction re3uirements are ine#ita%$e, an' i 5a$i ornia regu$ates sooner rather than $ater, 5a$i ornia %usinesses &i$$ %ecome the eAporters o cutting"e'ge techno$og!, rather than, at a $ater point, ha#ing to import inno#ations 'e#e$ope' in other states( Some states ma! thus %e racing to the top " racing to 'e#e$op their response to c$imate change " rather than racing to the %ottom(

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A2& /UNCONSTITUTIONAL0
THERE ARE WAYS TO CRAFT THE RPS THAT DON'T VIOLATE THE COMMERCE CLAUSE AND NO STATE RPS HAS EVER FACED A LEGAL CHALLENGE. -ARR? RABE! A PROFESSOR OF P;->I5 PO>I5? AT THE GERA>4 R( FOR4 S5HOO> OF P;->I5 PO>I5? E ;NIDERSIT? OF :I5HIGAN, 200- US;STAINA->E 4EDE>OP:ENT >AW T PO>I5?, SPRING 1++2, P( 1+" 11V Rene&a%$e energ!""an' RPSs""ma! o er simi$ar opportunities or states, much as other states are %eginning to =oin common cause on other c$imate initiati#es( Such co$$a%orati#e prece'ents might ruit u$$! gui'e states a&a! rom steps that signi icant$! constrain interstate mo#ement o rene&a%$e energ! an' potentia$$! #io$ate the 5ommerce 5$ause o the ;(S( 5onstitution( It is concei#a%$e that po$icies that are in some &a! 'esigne' to minimi7e the ro$e o out"o "state rene&a%$es in meeting RPS targets cou$' ace a 5onstitutiona$ cha$$enge( EAamp$es o such po$icies inc$u'e those that con ine accepta%$e imports to those that arri#e #ia a 'e'icate' transmission $ine, most nota%$! Ne#a'a an' TeAas( The 5onstitutiona$ %oun'aries are not at a$$ c$ear in this area, especia$$! gi#en the recent 'eparture rom the Supreme 5ourt o Custices Wi$$iam Rehn3uist an' San'ra 4a! O.5onnor, &ho he$' strong #ie&s on the po&er o states in re$ation to the e'era$ go#ernment( To 'ate, no $ega$ cha$$enges in#o,ing the 5ommerce 5$ause ha#e %een %rought against a state RPS(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

A2& CALIFORNIA DISAD

NON";NIW;E " 5A>IFORNIAS E5ONO:? CAN'T SOLVE :ER5;R?
OB LOSS

6 IT WILL CRASH ANYWAY ;NE:P>O?:ENT RATE RISES0,

NEWS -71871+0,! U/SI>I5ON DA>>E? HTTP&))WWW.MERCURYNEWS.COM)CI98832115 V

Si$icon Da$$e! poste' anemic =o% gro&th $ast month, %ut in a state that economists sa! is in a S=o%s recession,S an! gro&th is goo'( :ore than 1(1 mi$$ion 5a$i ornians are unemp$o!e', accor'ing to igures re$ease' Fri'a! %! the state Emp$o!ment 4e#e$opment 4epartment( 5a$i ornia.s seasona$$! a'=uste' unemp$o!ment rate &as P(R percent, up rom P(E percent in :a!L the #a$$e!.s rate =umpe' rom a seasona$$! una'=uste' 6(P percent in :a! to P(1 percent in Cune( Seasona$ a'=ustments ta,e account o #ariations in the =o% mar,et 'uring the !ear, such as the %urst in hiring aroun' the ho$i'a!s( Santa 5$ara an' San -enito counties a''e' *,+++ =o%s rom :a! to Cune or a tota$ &or, orce o R1*,1++( That is ha$ the a#erage =o% gro&th the area has seen or the past 1E !ears, the E44 reporte'( Sti$$, it &as the #a$$e!.s 12th consecuti#e month o =o% gains( :an! o the #a$$e!.s $argest companies ha#e %een cutting =o%s( >a!o s com%ine' &ith construction an' inancia$ unemp$o!ment %ooste' the num%er o peop$e $oo,ing or &or, an' una%$e to in' it( Whi$e the nationa$ econom! is a 'rag on the #a$$e!, the tech"'ri#en region is 'oing much %etter than the state, &here =o% $e#e$s ha#e 'ec$ine' or the past t&o 3uarters( The state.s =o%$ess rate Ste$$s us that the 5a$i ornia econom! is in a recession,S sai' Stephen >e#! o the 5enter or the 5ontinuing Stu'! o the 5a$i ornia Econom!( NO NEE4 TO WORR? " THE -;4GET 5RISIS WI>> -E SO>DE4 -? -ORROWING FRO: RAIN?"4A? F;N4S( >OS ANGE>ES TI:ES -71,71+0,!U /5A>IFORNIA -;4GET FIN 5O;>4 RAISE SA>ES TANES0, HTTP&))WWW.LATIMES.COM)NEWS)PRINTEDITION)FRONT)LA7ME7ARNOLD1,7 200, UL1,!0!33#-,21.STORYV SA5RA:ENTO "" >egis$ati#e $ea'ers are 'ra ting a comp$icate' scheme to he$p c$ose the state.s massi#e 'e icit %! rai'ing un's #oters ha#e set asi'e or transportation an' $oca$ go#ernment ser#ices, Go#( Arno$' Sch&ar7enegger sai' Thurs'a!, a''ing that it pro%a%$! &ou$' orce a state sa$es taA hi,e( SIt is not a goo' i'ea,S the go#ernor sai' in an inter#ie& &ith The Times( -ut Sch&ar7enegger, anAious to get a %u'get passe' %e ore the state eAperiences a cash crisis, 'i' not ru$e out signing o on such a p$an(

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVENCY
STATE
ACTION WILL CAUSE A RACE TO THE BOTTOM. THE LAC" OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS MEANS STATES WILL FREE RIDE AND TRY TO BENEFIT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE WHILE PAYING THE LEAST AMOUNT.

FURMAN 200, @4ONA>4, SENIOR DI5E PRESI4ENT, I-ER4RO>A RENEWA->ES, 5ONGRESSIONA> TESTI:ON?, TRANSMISSION OF RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY, C;NE 12, >NB
The ;(S( e$ectric gri' &as not origina$$! 'esigne' to %e operate' on a $arge integrate' %asis( Instea', the gri' &as initia$$! %ui$t primari$! to ena%$e in'i#i'ua$ uti$ities to meet customer nee's &ith $oca$$! generate' e$ectricit!( There &as not much nee' to accommo'ate transactions spanning se#era$ state %or'ers or across regions( Regu$ator! o#ersight &as set up accor'ing$!, at the state $e#e$, &ith $imite' authorit! pro#i'e' to the Fe'era$ Energ! Regu$ator! 5ommission @SFER5SB( The t&o main %arriers to transmission 'e#e$opment are cost a$$ocation an' siting o transmission $ines( 5ost a$$ocation is a cha$$enge %ecause o the incenti#e to ree ri'e( :an! states, uti$ities, an' en' users across a &i'e region an' o#er a $ong time perio' %ene it rom interstate transmission, an' it is not in an! o their interests to pa! or something that %ene its so man! others ( With =uris'iction $arge$! at the state $e#e$, &here state pu%$ic uti$it! commissions @SP;5sSB genera$$! permit cost reco#er! o on$! those costs that pro#i'e 'irect %ene its to that state.s ratepa!ers, it is 'i icu$t to gain appro#a$ or the reco#er! o costs associate' &ith interstate transmission ( The situation &ith siting is simi$ar( State siting appro#a$s are %ase' on 'emonstrations o nee' &here Snee'S is 'e ine' as impacts &ithin the state ( Interstate $ines that %ene it a region an' the nation can %e pre#ente' rom %eing %ui$t %! in'i#i'ua$ states ( States ma! a$so ai$ to consi'er regiona$ nee's &hen appro#ing the $ocation o speci ic transmission $ines( :oreo#er, uti$ities ha#e $itt$e regu$ator! incenti#e to %ui$' transmission aci$ities o the appropriate si7e( A 2P6 ,# %ac,%one transmission aci$it! can transmit much more e$ectricit! more e icient$! than a *<6 ,# $ine &hich might %e o su icient si7e or a uti$it! to ser#e its tra'itiona$ customers( State regu$ators are un$i,e$! to permit uti$ities to reco#er the costs o these $arger $ines &hich pro#i'e %roa'er %ene its(

WITHOUT

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ACTION! STATES WILL BE INCAPABLEOF GETTING ACCESS TO FEDERALLY OWNED LANDS TO BUILD WHATS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE RENEWABLE ENERGIES. GODERNORS OF

WESTERN GOVERNORS' ASSOCIATION ORGANIOATION REPRESENTING THE DATE UTHE REALITY OF PERMITTING INTERSTATE TRANSMISSION FACILITIES V

1R

STATES, NO

Fe'era$ preemption o state siting an' eminent 'omain processes &i$$ =eopar'i7e the construction o nee'e' transmission aci$ities %!9 @1B centra$i7ing $an' use 'ecisions in Washington, 4(5(, ar rom those impacte'L @1B imposing ne& re3uirements on transmission $ine permitting @e(g(, NEPA re3uirements in areas &here XEISs are not current$! re3uire'BL an' @*B re3uiring FER5, an agenc! a$rea'! o#er%ur'ene' &ith its current &or,$oa' an' re3uent$! una%$e to ma,e time$! 'ecisions, to ta,e on massi#e ne& responsi%i$ities( Granting FER5 eminent 'omain authorit! &i$$ un'ermine eAisting state
processes that are &or,ing( As out$ine' %e$o&, the acts 'o not support an argument or e'era$ preemption o state authorit!( The e'era$ go#ernment nee's to act to get its o&n house in or'er( THE WESTERN INTER5ONNE5TION K No state has e#er 'enie' a permit or an interstate transmission $ine( K The ma=or cha$$enge to siting transmission in the Western Interconnection is securing rights"o "&a! across e'era$ $an's( K A Protoco$ has %een signe' %! Western states an' e'era$ agencies to orma$i7e cooperation in the re#ie& o propose' interstate transmission aci$ities( One o the reasons or this ster$ing recor' is that or the past 1+ !ears the states an' pro#inces in the Western Interconnection ha#e %een sharing in ormation on transmission issues through the Western Interstate Energ! -oar's 5ommittee on Regiona$ E$ectricit! Po&er 5ooperation( The common #ie& o the interconnecte' nature o transmission issues that has emerge' has smoothe' the &a! or state action on in'i#i'ua$ interstate transmission proposa$s( The ma=or cha$$enge to securing permits or interstate transmission aci$ities

in the West has %een securing permits rom e'era$ agencies( This is particu$ar$! trou%$esome in the West &here the e'era$ go#ernment o&ns #ast tracts o $an' in the West @e(g(, the e'era$ go#ernment o&ns E*Y o the $an' in Ne#a'a, P6Y o ;tah, P*Y o I'aho, 6*Y o Oregon, 6+Y o W!oming, <PY o Ari7ona, <6Y o 5a$i ornia, *PY o 5o$ora'o, *<Y o Ne& :eAico, 1RY o Washington, an' 1EY o :ontana(B Fe'era$ $an' management agencies operate un'er a m!ria' o $a&s(

1+

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVE RPS

THE COUNTEPRLAN VIOLATES THE COMMERCE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION. IT WILL BE STRUC" DOWN IN COURT! MEANING IT SOLVES NONE OF THE AFF. -ENCA:IN H( SOVACOOL!! SENIOR RESEAR5H FE>>OW AT THE NETWORH FOR NEW ENERG? 5HOI5ES IN NEW ?ORH, /-IG IS -EA;TIF;>, THE 5ASE FOR A NATIONA> RENEWA->E PORTFO>IO STAN4AR40, THE ELECTRICITY JOURNAL, 200-( Coe$ -( Eisen 'oesnt mince &or's in 'ec$aring his %e$ie that the retai$ e$ectricit! mar,et represents the essence o interstate commerce9 E$ectricit! in#o$#es a nationa$ mar,etp$ace that reaches e#er! American an' cannot %e car#e' into neat$! 'e ine' or c$ear$! 'istinct mar,ets an' regu$ator! =uris'ictions( It is perhaps the c$earest case o un ettere' 5ommerce 5$ause =uris'iction eAtant to'a!( ?et, state RPS man'ates remain at perpetua$ ris, rom constitutiona$ $ega$ cha$$enges( In man! &a!s, the tension o state RPS po$icies regu$ating an interstate e$ectricit! mar,et is oun'e' on a $ega$ house o car's that cou$' co$$apse at an! time( Artic$e 1, section E o the 5onstitution grants 5ongress the po&er ZZto regu$ate commerce &ith oreign nations, an' among the se#era$ states, an' &ith In'ian tri%es( In the man! !ears since rati ication o the 5onstitution, the ;(S( Supreme 5ourt an' other $o&er courts ha#e consistent$! repea$e' state $egis$ation that ma! hin'er or prohi%it interstate tra'e( THE STATE MODEL CREATES UNCERTAINTY FOR BUSINESSES AND INVESTORS ALI"E. THE FEDERAL MODEL CREATES UNIFORMITY AND CERTAINTY FOR BUSINESS WHICH SPURS INVESTMENT. -ENCA:IN H( SOVACOOL!, SENIOR RESEAR5H FE>>OW AT THE NETWORH FOR NEW ENERG? 5HOI5ES IN NEW ?ORH, /-IG IS -EA;TIF;>, THE 5ASE FOR A NATIONA> RENEWA->E PORTFO>IO STAN4AR40, THE ELECTRICITY JOURNAL, 200-. It shou$' %e apparent that a e'era$ RPS &ou$' pro#i'e more c$arit! than a mishmash o state $a&s simp$! %! preempting poor$! conceptua$i7e' state statutes an' pro#i'ing a consistent regu$ator! rame&or,( A e'era$ man'ate, or eAamp$e, cou$' c$ear$! esta%$ish &hich uti$ities are su%=ect to the regu$ation an' cou$' a'opt a precise %ut $eAi%$e 'e inition o e$igi%$e rene&a%$e resources( The %est approach &ou$' re rain rom man'ating speci ic rene&a%$e energ! techno$ogies, a'opting instea' a re3uirement that e$igi%$e e$ectricit! %e 'eri#e' rom rene&a%$e ue$s( For eAamp$e, a e'era$ RPS cou$' 'e ine as ZZrene&a%$e an! e$ectricit! 'eri#e' rom so$ar, &in', geotherma$, sustaina%$e %iomass, or &ater energ!, &ithout speci !ing the techno$og! re3uire' to harness that energ!(

11

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVE RPS

VAGUE
AND DIVERGENT STATE INTERPRETATIONS OF WHAT COUNTS FOR /RENEWABLE ENERGY0 DECREASE BUSINESS INVESTMENT AND UNDERMINE THE RENEWABLE MAR"ET.

-ENCA:IN H( SOVACOOL! SENIOR RESEAR5H FE>>OW AT THE NETWORH FOR NEW ENERG? 5HOI5ES IN NEW ?ORH, 200- U/-IG IS -EA;TIF;>, THE 5ASE FOR A NATIONA> RENEWA->E PORTFO>IO STAN4AR40, THE ELECTRICITY JOURNALV Ami' this comp$eA tang$e o regu$ations, sta,eho$'ers an' in#estors must not on$! grapp$e &ith inconsistencies, the! are orce' to 'ecipher #ague an' o ten competing state statutes(1P In 5onnecticut, an unc$ear 'escription o ZZe$ectric supp$iers ena%$e' the states 4epartment o Pu%$ic ;ti$it! 5ontro$ to eAempt t&o o the states $argest uti$ities rom RPS o%$igations( These eAemptions create' uncertaint! o#er &hether the statute &ou$' %e en orce'
against an! uti$ities at a$$(12 In testimon! %e ore the ;(S( Senate 5ommittee on Energ! an' Natura$ Resources, 4on Furman, a senior #ice presi'ent at Paci i5orp, $amente' ho& ZZ or mu$ti"state uti$ities, a series o inconsistent re3uirements an' regu$ator! rame&or,s &i$$ ma,e p$anning, %ui$'ing, an' ac3uiring generating

The current state"%!"state approach to RPS is a$so creating unanticipate' 'i icu$ties to the eApansion o 'istri%ute' generation techno$ogies( %! orcing unusua$$! prohi%iti#e operationa$ proce'ures( Inconsistent tari structures an' interconnection re3uirements a'' comp$eAit! @an' there ore costB to
capacit! on a mu$ti" state %asis con using an' contra'ictor!(1E 'istri%ute' generation pro=ects( In act, the 5$ean Energ! Group, a coa$ition o e$ectric generating an' e$ectric 'istri%ution companies committe' to responsi%$e en#ironmenta$ ste&ar'ship, orecasts that ue$ ce$$s an' communit!"sca$e &in' energ! pro=ects are un$i,e$! to p$a! a meaning u$ ro$e in state RPS mar,ets unti$

5ontra'ictor! an' imprecise 'e initions o ZZrene&a%$e energ! in state RPS man'ates ma,e 'eci'ing &hat 3ua$i ies as a ZZrene&a%$e energ! cre'it eAcee'ing$! 'i icu$t( State"%!"state 'i erences an' restrictions ha#e sp$intere' the nationa$ rene&a%$e energ! mar,et into regiona$ an' state mar,ets &ith con $icting ru$es on the treatment an' #a$ue o RE5s(
po$ic!ma,ers a'opt a more comprehensi#e an' uni orm approach(1

BECAUSE

THEY FEAR THAT STATE BASED RPS IS NOT DURABLE OR CONSISTENT! BUSINESSES WILL BE TOO AFRAID TO INVEST SIGNIFICANTLY IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY.

-ENCA:IN H( SOVACOOL IS A SENIOR RESEAR5H FE>>OW AT THE NETWORH FOR NEW ENERG? 5HOI5ES IN NEW ?ORH, /-IG IS -EA;TIF;>, THE 5ASE FOR A NATIONA> RENEWA->E PORTFO>IO STAN4AR40, THE ELECTRICITY JOURNAL, 200-. The comp$eAit! o state"%ase' RPS statutes is compoun'e' %! uncertaint! o#er the 'uration o man! state RPS programs( Sta,eho$'ers tr!ing to p$an in#estments in state rene&a%$e energ! mar,ets are tormente' &ith un,no&ns(12 Ne& Cerse!, Ne& ?or,, an' Rho'e Is$an', or eAamp$e, &i$$ re#ie& an' potentia$$! mo'i ! their RPS schemes in 1++E, 1++R, an' 1+1+, respecti#e$!( Ha&aiis stan'ar' eApress$! a$$o&s or its re3uirements to %e &ai#e' i the! pro#e to %e ZZtoo cost$! or retai$ e$ectric pro#i'ers an' consumers(1E Ari7ona, Ne& :eAico, an' :aine ma! terminate their RPS programs entire$!(1R When po$ic! sta%i$it! is assure', $ong"term pro=ect inancing o$$o&s( -ut potentia$ in#estors are $ess $i,e$! to assume ris,s &here $egis$ati#e or regu$ator! commitments are &ea, or constant$! changing( Ten !ears ago, researchers at >a&rence -er,e$e! Nationa$ >a%orator! estimate' that these uncertainties ma! increase the costs o rene&a%$e energ! pro=ects up to 6+ percent compare' &ith the pro%a%$e costs un'er sta%$e regu$ator! en#ironments (*+ It is not h!per%o$e to suggest, there ore, that the insta%i$it! inherent in a state"%ase' approach to RPS is 'ramatica$$! 'istorting pri#ate in#estments in rene&a%$e energ! generation nationa$$!(

11

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVE BROWNFIELDS

THE
COUNTERPLAN ADDS TO THE NUMBER OF AGENCIES INVOLVED IN REDEVELOPMENT EFFORT. THIS CAUSES CONFUSION! WHICH HURT BROWNFIELDS CLEAN UP EFFORT. IT ALSO CAUSES URISDICTION FIGHTS AND DELAYS PERMITS.

:IRA> A>ENA SIGURANI" AN ARIOONA ASSISTANT ATTORNE? GENERA> IN THE TAN, -ANHR;PT5? T 5O>>E5TION SE5TION( " 4E5E:-ER, 200#" -ROWNFIE>4S9 5ONDERGING GREEN, 5O::;NIT? AN4 INDEST:ENT 5ON5ERNS(" <* AO A TTORNE? *E" STATE -AR OF ARIOONA" ARIOONA ATTORNE?" >ENIS NENIS One ma=or 'isa'#antage to re'e#e$oping a %ro&n ie$' site is the amount o paper&or, an' num%er o appro#a$s re3uire'( n*< Parties intereste' in a site o ten nee' to &or, &ith mu$tip$e state an' e'era$ agencies ! as &e$$ as $oca$ authorities, to o%tain permits an' 7oning appro#a$s( n*6 -ecause the process can %e comp$icate', it cou$' eAten' the time rame re3uire' or the comp$etion o the pro=ect, &hich cou$' raise its cost( ONLY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES SOLVE BECAUSE THEIR INVOLVEMENT SIGNIFIES UNIFORMITY AND FINALITY! BOTH OF WHICH ARE NECESSARY TO ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT IN BROWNFIELD CLEAN UP. HEI4I GORODITO ROBERTSON! C(4(, C(S(4(, ASSO5IATE PROFESSOR OF >AW, 5>EDE>AN4 :ARSHA>> 5O>>EGE OF >AWL ASSO5IATE PROFESSOR OF ENDIRON:ENTA> ST;4IES, >EDIN 5O>>EGE OF ;R-AN AFFAIRS, 5>EDE>AN4 STATE ;NID, 1888" UR;TGERS >AW REDIEW" DO>;:E 61 S;::ER 1RRR " ONE PIE5E OF THE P;OO>E9 WH? STATE -ROWNFEI>4 PROGRA:S 5ANT >;RE -;SSINESS TO THE ;R-AN 5ORES WITHO;T FIN4ING THE :ISSING PIE5ES" ON>INE" PAPERS(SSRN(5O:ISO>*IPAPERS(5F:FA-STRA5TJI4Q1+PP21EV ;ncertain c$eanup stan'ar's at the state :;< =><>?:@ @>A>@B a$so hin'er %ro&n iet' re'e#e$opmentS The u%i3uitous 3uestion /ho& c$ean is c$ean0 app$ies to %ro&n $e$' c$eanups =ust as it 'oes to otherc$eanups( In a''ition to pro%$ems &ith imprecise $anguage regar'ingcurrent$! app$ica%$e c$eanup stan'ar's, 'e#e$opers an' propert! o&n"ers &on'er &hether stan'ar's consi'ere' c$ean to'a! &i$$ %e accept"a%$e in the utureS There ore( prospecti#e %ro&n ie$' re'e#e$opers ear a $ac, o ina$it!(.

1*

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVE BROWNFIELDS

THE TANO
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS EXPLICIT AUTHORITY OVER AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR AMERICAN LANDS! WHERE MANY BROWNFIELDS ARE LOCATED.

NATIVE

1RRR @:ER?DN, INTERNATIONA> INSTIT;TE FOR IN4IGENO;S RESO;R5E :ANAGE:ENT UHTTP9IIWWW(IIIR:(ORGIP;->I5ATIONSIARTI5>ESY1+REPORTS Y1+PAPERSIRISHIAST:S?:POSI;:(P4FV RISH ASSESS:ENTS AN4 HAOAR4O;S WASTE 5>EAN;P IN IN4IAN 5O;NTR?9 THE RO>E OF THE FE4ERA>"IN4IAN TR;ST RE>ATIONSHIPI 1RRRB A$though most statutes go#erning non"tri%a$ agenc! action are not $i,e$! to contain eApress i'uciar! $anguage, 5ongress, ne#erthe$ess, ma'e its intent to impose i'uciar! o%$igations c$ear in at $east one important en#ironmenta$ statute. 5ER5>A pro#i'es or reco#er! o natura$ resource 'amages associate' &ith the re$ease o ha7ar'ous &aste su%stances on %oth pu%$ic an' In'ian $an's. 5ER5>A a$so pro#i'es an eAemption rom $ia%i$it! or re$eases that are authori7e' un'er e'era$ permits or $icensesL ho&e#er, in the case o 'amage to In'ian $an's, 5ER5>A pro#i'es an eAemption on$! /i the issuance o that permit or $icense is not inconsistent &ith the i'uciar! 'ut! o the ;nite' States &ith respect to such In'ian tri%e(0 This $anguage re $ects an eAp$icit 5ongressiona$ recognition o a i'uciar! 'ut! that imp$icates the u$$ range o e'era$ permit 'ecisions a ecting In'ian $an's( A''itiona$$!, the ;(S( En#ironmenta$ Protection Agenc! has or se#era$ !ears eApress$! recogni7e' a i'uciar! 'ut! to&ar' In'ian tri%es. The EPA Statement on In'ian Po$ic! states9 /EPA recogni7es that a trust responsi%i$it! 'eri#es rom the historica$ re$ationship %et&een the Fe'era$ Go#ernment an' In'ian Tri%es as eApresse' in certain treaties an' Fe'era$ In'ian $a&( In ,eeping &ith that trust responsi%i$it!, the Agenc! &i$$ en'ea#or to protect the en#ironmenta$ interests o In'ian Tri%es &hen carr!ing out its responsi%i$ities that ma! a ect the reser#ations.0 Further, in -$ue >egs #( ;nite' States -ureau o In'ian A airs, EP2 F(1' 1+R< @Eth 5ir( 1RERB, the Eighth 5ircuit oun' a trust o%$igation or the -ureau o In'ian A airs an' In'ian Hea$th Ser#ice to c$ean up i$$ega$ so$i' &aste 'umps arising rom the Resource 5onser#ation an' Reco#er! Act e#en though R5RA containe' no speci ic trust $anguage( The court reasone' that 5ongress inten'e' the speci ic o%$igations to app$! to the agenc! through R5RA( In 'iscussing the i'uciar! ro$e o the agencies, the court state', /-IA an' IHS ha#e not mere$! #io$ate' R5RA, %ut, in so 'oing, the! ha#e #io$ate' their i'uciar! o%$igation to&ar' the p$ainti s an' the tri%e( 5ourts ha#e a$so eAten'e' the 'ut! o protection to other orms o tri%a$ trust propert!, such as In'ian &ater rights, orest resources, an' &i$'$i e resources( :oreo#er, the 'ut! to protect trust propert! has irm groun'ing in pri#ate trust $a&( In in'ing a i'uciar! 'ut! to protect tri%a$ &ater rights, the ;nite' States 5ourt o 5$aims state'9 /Here, the tit$e to Uthe tri%e.sV &ater rights constitutes the trust propert!, or the res, &hich the go#ernment, as trustee, has a 'ut! to preser#e[( UWVhere a trust eAists &ith respect to a 'e ine' res, the trustee is charge' &ith ta,ing appropriate steps to preser#e that res( There ore, the ;nite' States &as re3uire' un'er the trust arrangement to 'e en' Uthe tri%esV &ater rights[(Fort :o=a#e In'ian Tri%e, 1* 5$(5t( at <1P( See a$so :ar! 5hristina Woo', Protecting the Attri%utes o Nati#e So#ereignt!9 A Ne& Trust Para'igm or Fe'era$ Actions A ecting Tri%a$ >an's an' Resources, 1RR6 ;tah >( Re#( 1+R( 5ER5>A, the En#ironmenta$ Protection Agenc!s, 4epartment o 4e enses, an' 4epartment o Energ!s In'ian po$ic!, the e'era$"In'ian trust responsi%i$it! an' e'era$ In'ian $a& pro#i'e su icient authorit! or e'era$ agencies to incorporate tri%a$ cu$tura$ concerns in an! ris, ana$!sis or en#ironmenta$ monitoring program con'ucte' at Han or'( Northern 5he!enne Tri%e #( Ho'e$, 11 In'ian >( Rep( *+P6 @4( :ont( :a! 1E, 1RE6B is instructi#e in this regar'( In that case the court state' that9 /UTVhe specia$ re$ationship historica$$! eAisting %et&een the ;nite' States an' the Northern 5he!enne Tri%e o%$igate' the Secretar! to consi'er care u$$! the potentia$ impacts to the tri%e U rom coa$ $easing near the reser#ationV( Ignoring the specia$ nee's o the tri%e an' treating the Northern 5he!enne $i,e mere$! citi7ens o the a ecte' area an' reser#ation $an' $i,e an! other rea$ estate in the 'ecisiona$ process ( ( ( #io$ate' this trust responsi%i$it!(0

1<

STATES COUNTERPLAN

BAUDL 2013

AFF& NO SOLVE BROWNFIELDS

THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT HAS SYSTEMICALLY NEGLECTED COMMUNITIES OF COLOR. UNIQUE MORAL OBLIGATION TO REDRESS THE HARM THAT HAS BEEN DONE.

THEY

HAVE A

-;>>AR4 ET A> 1++2 @RO-ERT 4(, 4IRE5TOR OF THE ENDIRON:ENTA> C;STI5E RESO;R5E 5ENTER AT 5>ARH AT>ANTA ;NIDERSIT?, PA;> :OHAI, PH(4(, RO-IN SAHA, PH(4(, -EDER>? WRIGHT, PH(4, TONI5 WASTES AN4 RA5E AT TWENT? 1RE2"1++2, GRASSROOTS STR;GG>ES TO 4IS:ANT>E, ENDIRON:ENTA> RA5IS: IN THE ;NITE4 STATES, HTTP9IIWWW(ECR5(5A;(E4;I1++2Y1+;55 Y1+ENE5;TIDEY1+S;::AR?(P4FB
S@CD ECA>?;F>;G ?>BHC;B> GC >;AI?C;F>;G:@ JC;G:FI;:GIC; :;< GCKIJ GL?>:GB M;;>J>BB:?I@N >;<:;E>?B GL> L>:@GL C= GL> FCBG AM@;>?:O@> HCHM@:GIC;B I; CM? BCJI>GN. GCA>?;F>;G C==IJI:@B L:A> P;CDI;E@N :@@CD>< H>CH@> C= JC@C? =:FI@I>B near Super un' sites an' other contaminate' &aste sites to %e poisone' &ith $ea', arsenic, 'ioAin, T5E, 44T, P5-s an' a host o other 'ea'$! chemica$s( Ha#ing the acts an' ai$ing to respon' is tantamount to an immora$ /human eAperiment(0 5$ear$!, the en#ironmenta$ =ustice mo#ement o#er the $ast t&o 'eca'es has ma'e a 'i erence in the $i#es o peop$e o co$or an' $o&income communities that are o#er%ur'ene' &ith en#ironmenta$ po$$ution( A ter !ears o intense stu'!, targete' research, pu%$ic hearings, grassroots organi7ing, net&or,ing an' mo#ement %ui$'ing, en#ironmenta$ =ustice strugg$es ha#e ta,en center stage( ?et, a$$ communities are sti$$ not create' e3ua$( Peop$e o co$or neigh%orhoo's are sti$$ the 'umping groun's or a$$ ,in's o toAins( Fe'era$ agencies such as the EPA ha#e 'roppe' the %a$$ in imp$ementing en#ironmenta$ =ustice an' ci#i$ rights po$icies an' programs that cou$' tru$! ma,e a 'i erence to a ecte' communities. 5ommunit! $ea'ers &ho ha#e %een on the ront $ine or =ustice or 'eca'es ,no& that the $ethargic, an' too o ten antagonistic, go#ernment response to en#ironmenta$ emergencies in their communities is not the eAception, %ut the genera$ ru$e( The! ha#e come to un'erstan' that &aiting or the go#ernment to respon' can %e ha7ar'ous to their hea$th an' the hea$th o their communities( :an! o these $ea'ers are not &aiting, %ut are mo%i$i7ing to orce a$$ $e#e$s o go#ernment to 'o the right thing\an' 'o it in a time$! manner %e ore 'isaster stri,es( Whi$e communities a$$ across the nation ce$e%rate the t&entieth anni#ersar! o Toxic Wastes an Race an' the ne& report, the! ,no& a$$ too &e$$ that there is sti$$ much &or, to %e 'one %e ore &e achie#e the goa$ o en#ironmenta$ =ustice or a$$( Whi$e much progress has %een ma'e in mainstreaming en#ironmenta$ protection as a ci#i$ rights, human rights an' socia$ =ustice issue, the ,e! is getting go#ernment to en orce the $a&s an' regu$ations e3ua$$! across the %oar'\&ithout regar' to race, co$or or nationa$ origin(

STATE

ACTION RELIEVES THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF ITS RESPONSIBILITY! LETTING THEM OFF THE HOO".

:OORE 1++* @ANNE PERR?, :INNESOTA PO>>;TION 5ONTRO> AGEN5?, /FE4ERA> S;PERF;N49 THE PO>>;TER PA?S,0 :INNESOTA ENDIRON:ENT, SPRING 1++*B Where is the e'era$ program hea'e'F /Theres no $ight at the en' o the nationa$ programs tunne$ !0 sa!s Gar! Pu$ or', :P5As Super un' program manager( /Theres no mone! in the un' to c$ean up remaining or ne&$! 'isco#ere' e'era$ sites(0 Since 1RE+, the nationa$ programs on$! income &as taAes on the chemica$ an' oi$ in'ustriesL those taAes eApire' in 1RR6 an' 5ongress is sti$$ 'e%ating the merits o rene&ing them( One stic,ing point is &hether states shou$' ta,e an increase' inancia$ responsi%i$it! or c$eaning up Super un' sites an' re$ie#e the e'era$ go#ernment o this o%$igation( ;n$ess an' unti$ that happens, nationa$ Super un' sites &ithout #ia%$e responsi%$e parties &i$$ %e in $im%o(

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5A>IFORNIA IS -ROHE] IT 5ANT AFFOR4 TO 4O THE P>AN( --5, DECEMBER 2! 1++E( $/CALIFORNIA HTTP9IINEWS(--5(5O(;HI1IHIIA:ERI5ASI22P+1<R(ST:V
FACES BUDGET CRISIS.0

Sch&ar7enegger, has 'ec$are' a isca$ emergenc!, ami' ears the state cou$' run out o cash %! ear$! neAt !ear( He has or'ere' $a&ma,ers to ho$' a specia$ session to tac,$e the 811(1%n @^2(6%nB 'e icit in 5a$i ornia, one o the &or$'.s %iggest economies(
The go#ernor o 5a$i ornia, Arno$' Across the ;S, state taA re#enues are 'o&n %ecause o the economic s$ump( State go#ernors ha#e %een meeting Presi'ent"e$ect -arac, O%ama to press the case or e'era$ he$p( Go#ernor Sch&ar7enegger on :on'a! in#o,e' po&ers a$$o&ing him to 'ec$are a isca$ emergenc! as the ne& state $egis$ature &as s&orn in( SWithout imme'iate action, our state is hea'e' or a isca$ 'isaster,S :r Sch&ar7enegger sai', sa!ing that the current 811(1%n short a$$ cou$' s&e$$ to Sa staggering 81E%nS o#er the neAt 1E months(

SI compare the situation that &e are in right no& to in'ing an acci'ent #ictim on the si'e o the roa' that is %$ee'ing to 'eath,S the Repu%$ican go#ernor to$' a ne&s con erence in >os Ange$es(
SWe &ou$'n.t spen' hours 'e%ating o#er &hich am%u$ance &e shou$' use, or &hich hospita$ &e shou$' use(((No, &e &ou$' irst stop the %$ee'ing, an' that.s eAact$! the same &e ha#e to 'o here(S He sai' the state &as a$rea'! 'ra&ing up p$ans to $a! o pu%$ic emp$o!ees( ;n'er the isca$ emergenc!, $a&ma,ers ha#e <6 'a!s to pass $egis$ation a''ressing the %u'get crisis( I the! miss the 'ea'$ine, 16 Canuar!, the! ha#e to sta! in session &ithout consi'ering an! other %usiness unti$ agreement is reache' ( The pre#ious state $egis$ature ai$e' to reach agreement on a series o spen'ing cuts an' taA increases( Ho&e#er, the e$ections in No#em%er pro'uce' $itt$e change in the $egis$ature.s po$itica$ ma,e"up, &ith the 4emocrats three seats short o the t&o" thir's ma=orit! nee'e' to pass isca$ measures( SIt.s our =o% as $egis$ators &or,ing &ith the go#ernor to tr! to ma,e a ma=or 'ent in the pro%$em, an' &e can on$! 'o so %!

cutting eApenses an' %! raising a''ition re#enue,S the Senate presi'ent, 4emocrat 4arre$$ Stein%erg, to$' the --5( 5A>IFORNIA
IS HE? TO THE 5O;>4 GO ;N4ER(

;S

E5ONO:?(

IF

THE 5O;NTERP>AN H;RTS IT, THE WHO>E NATIONA> E5ONO:?

RA? HAYNES, 5A>IFORNIA ASSE:->? :E:-ER REPRESENTING RIDERSI4E AN4 TE:E5;>A, R"1"2003L /WHOS 4RAGGING 4OWN WHOF0, HTTP&))THEAMERICASHOW.NET)ARCHIVES)COLUMNS)HAYNES)20030802HAYNESDRAGGING.HTML I thin, it is important peop$e ,no& &hat is happening in 5a$i ornia go#ernmen G( One in se#en peop$e &ho $i#e in the ;nite' States $i#e in 5a$i ornia( 5a$i ornia constitutes ten per cent o the entire nationa$ econom!, an' it is the i th @or siAth or se#enth or eighthB $argest econom! in the &or$' @our ran,ing shrin,s each !ear 4a#is sta!s in o iceB( When 5a$i ornias econom! hiccups, it causes a nationa$ economic earth3ua,e( A $arge, 'i#erse, an' po&er u$ economic actor is important not =ust to those o us &ho $i#e here, %ut to those &ho &a$, the ha$$s o Washington po&er as &e$$( Go#ernment at an! $e#e$ cant 'o much to he$p the econom!( The econom! is 'ri#en %! peop$es nee's an' the en'$ess e ort o pri#ate companies to meet those nee's( Go#ernment, ho&e#er, can scre& it up( ;sing taA an' regu$ator! po$ic!, an' go#ernment su%si'ies, go#ernment impacts in'i#i'ua$ pre erences %! increasing the price o one pro'uct or ser#ice @or 'ecreasing anotherB, an' shi ting $imite' socia$ resources to go#ernment"pre erre' acti#ities( I these pre erre' acti#ities arent %ene icia$ to the econom! as a &ho$e, go#ernment causes the econom! to a$ter( Co%s are $ost, peop$e are hurt, an' the econom! shrin,s( Gi#en these acts, it &ou$' %e important to co#er an! go#ernment unction that a ects ten per cent o the econom!( Sacramento shou$' %e the ocus o a $ot o me'ia attention(

1P

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AFF& CALIFORNIA DISAD 42)21

ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES GREAT POWER WARS AND NUCLEAR EXTINCTION. BEARDEN! 2000 @>IE;TENANT 5O>ONE> WE 5AN SO>DE IT, 1+++B
IN THE

;(S( AR:?, 1+++, THE ;NNE5ESSAR? ENERG? 5RISIS9 HOW

As the co$$apse o the Western economies nears, one ma! eApect catastrophic stress on the 1P+ 'e#e$oping nations as the 'e#e$ope' nations are orce' to 'ramatica$$! curtai$ or'ers( Internationa$ Strategic Threat Aspects Histor! %ears out that 'esperate nations ta,e 'esperate actions( Prior to the ina$ economic co$$apse, the stress on nations &i$$ ha#e increase' the intensit! an' num%er o their con $icts, to the point &here the arsena$s o &eapons o mass 'estruction @W:4B no& possesse' %! some 16 nations, are a$most certain to %e re$ease'( As an eAamp$e, suppose a star#ing North Horea $aunches nuc$ear &eapons upon Capan an' South Horea, inc$u'ing ;(S( orces there, in a spasmo'ic suici'a$ response( Or suppose a 'esperate 5hina " &hose $ong range nuc$ear missi$es can reach the ;nite' States " attac,s Tai&an( In a''ition to imme'iate responses, the mutua$ treaties in#o$#e' in such scenarios &i$$ 3uic,$! 'ra& other nations into the con $ict, esca$ating it signi icant$!( Strategic nuc$ear stu'ies ha#e sho&n or 'eca'es that, un'er such eAtreme stress con'itions, once a e& nu,es are $aunche', a'#ersaries an' potentia$ a'#ersaries are then compe$$e' to $aunch on perception o preparations %! one.s a'#ersar!( The rea$ $egac! o the :A4 concept is this si'e o the :A4 coin that is a$most ne#er 'iscusse'( Without e ecti#e 'e ense, the on$! chance a nation has to sur#i#e at a$$, is to $aunch imme'iate u$$"%ore pre" empti#e stri,es an' tr! to ta,e out its percei#e' oes as rapi'$! an' massi#e$! as possi%$e( As the stu'ies sho&e', rapi' esca$ation to u$$ W:4 eAchange occurs, &ith a great percent o the W:4 arsena$s %eing un$eashe' ( The resu$ting great Armage''on &i$$ 'estro! ci#i$i7ation as &e ,no& it, an' perhaps most o the %iosphere, at $east or man! 'eca'es(
-$unt$!, &e oresee these actors " an' others _ ` not co#ere' " con#erging to a catastrophic co$$apse o the &or$' econom! in a%out eight !ears(

12