أساسيات الاتصالات الرقمية - عملي PDF

EF
? EF ?
??
K
W
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
( PAM )
WK W
KW
KW
.( PAM F .
. ( PAM ) .
E PAM FESampling PulsesF K
E PAMF K
.(PAM) K
K(PAM) K
.(LPF)
K :
:
KK :
K :

PAM Signal Generation
W
( PAM F .
( PAM ) .
E PAM FESampling PulsesF K
EPAMF K
(Fs)K(Fs) (Fs)
Fs>2FmW
W
( Digital Communications Unit ) K
EOscilloscopeF K
EFunction GeneratorF K
E1-1F
W
WE1-1F(PAM) J
.(SAMPLER)EM2F J
(0.1ms/DIV) E2V/DIV) () J
(M2) ( SAMPLE) () E) (TRIGGER)
(Fm) (Vp.p)EM2F J
M2 =
Vp.p
M2 =
KHZ
(Nyquist rate)(2KHZ) (M2) J

Nyquist rate=
KHZ
(SP)
E
F(2V/DIV)EF J
K(SP)EF
EF ESPF J
((2-1) (SP M2)F (Fs)

T=
ms
Fs =
KHZ
(2-1)
( PAM) (Fs) J
( SAMPLER)EF J
E
(3-1)( ) )
(flat-top)(natural)K J
(3-1)
K (GND) J
(AC)
(3-1) (PAM ) (M2) J
F(CIRCUIT MODIVATION)(CM) J
(16 KHZ ) EFsFE

(PAM)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(4-1)(PAM)( M2) J
(4-1)
(4 KHZ) (Fs)(CM) J
(M2)
( Sample/hold)(CM) (8 KHZ)EFsF(CM) J
( Sample/hold) K
( Sample/hold)
((5-1)F (Sample/hold)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

(5-1)
EPAMFEF J
EPAMFE50 ms/DIVF ( V/DIV)EF

( 6-1 )
Tp =
ms
ETpFK

(6-1)
KE20s/DIVF J
EPWF
Pw =
K(7-1F
ms
E7-1F
(PW/Tp)EP2F EP1FEPW/TpF J
( ) PW/Tp = (
V1=
ms
E P2FE P1F J
V2=
EPAMF J
2
= PW / TpX (v1 + v2 Vrms(p)
=
Vrms
EK FEPAMF J
Pp = v
rms( p )
Z
mw
E0.1ms/DIVFEV/DIVFEF J
( ( 8-1)KFE{Vp) EM2F
EK FEM2F J
Ps = (0.707 x V Peak)2 /Z
=mw

(8-1)
(M2)EPAMF J
E( M2)LEPAMFF

Pp/Ps =

.(Ps) (M2) (PAM) J
(Tp)(T= 0.125ms) (PAM)

Pp=PW/T x PS =
mw
(PAM) J
( PW/Tp) (PAM)
PAM Signal Demodulation
(PAM) J
K(PAM) J
.( LPF) -
( SAMPLER ) ESAMPLE/HOLDF
J J
E1-2)K(STAIRCASE)

(1-2)
EFsFK
K

E2-2F
W
( Digital Communications Unit) K
EOscilloscopeF K
ESignal GeneratorF K

E3-2F
WE3-2F(PAM) J
EM2FEPAMF J
( SAMPLER)(SAMPLERF
KEL P FFEFILTERF
(0.1ms/DIV)E2V/DIVFEF J
(M2)(M2)()()(TRIGGERF
EKHZ)(V p.p)
(2V/DIV)EF J
(SP)EFEF
Fs = 8 KH(SP)
( Nyquist rate) (8KHZ)(SP)(KHZ) (M2) J
..
( SAMPLER ) () J
(M2)(PAM)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(M2)(TOW-POST CONNECTOR) J
EF( SAMPLER )
( SAMPLER ) (SIGNAL GENERATOR )
(2KHZ)(5Vp.p) J
(2V /DIV) ( SAMPLER ) ( )( )
(200 mv/DIV)EF(FILTER)EF J
EF
EE4-2FEF
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
E4-2F
(0.5VP.PF(0.5KHZF J
()
..................................................................................................................................
(Fs) ( Fm) J
K
(KHZ) (5VP.P) J
(4KHZ8KHZ)(Fs)(CM) J
()(L P F)
(5-2) EFs-Fm ) ( Fm) (Fs)
(Fs= 2Fm)

E5-2F
J

E6-2F

E6-2F
( Fm)(8KHZ)( Fs)(CM) J
F (6KHZ)
FEFs<Nyquist rateF( Fs<2 Fm
(Fs-Fm)
K(7-2)
(aliasing or fold-over distortion) J
E7-2F
ECM)(16KHZF(Fs)(3.5KHZFEFmF J

(Fs>2 FmF
KE8-2F
(Fs>2 Fm ) J
(Fs-Fm)(Fm)
KE9-2F
Fs=16KHZ (3.8KHZ) J
Fm=3.5KHZ
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W
-
PAM Time Division Multiplexing
( PAM-TDM )
K W
W
(PAMFW
EPAM) W
.EPAMF J
. (PAM- TDM ) J
K(S1-S2F J
.(PAM-TDMF .
K (time slots) .
K(PAM-TDM) K
K :
:
KK :
K :

- -

(PAMF
PAM TDM (Transmission)
W
KEPAMF .
(PAM- TDM ) .
(S1-S2F K

K(SAMPELR)
Ea J JF
J
K J
K
(a-1-3)
(fs)(SAMPELR)(fs)

(fs)(SAMPELR)
- -
(frame)
K(frame)
(SLOT COUNTER)E5-3F J
K(S2)(S1)

(b-1-3)

Guard )(b-1-3)(PAM TDM)
(S1)(time
(S2)

W
EOscilloscopeF K

(c-1-3)
- -
W
(c-1-3)(PAM-TDM) J
(SAMPLER2)(M2)(SAMPLER1)(M1)
( SAMPLER1) () (M1)() J
()(0.2 ms/DIV)(2V/DIV) ()()
(PAM)(2-3) J
(M1)
()

E JF
(DC) ()(PAM) J
(M2)(SAMPLER1) (M1)
K (3-3)
E JF
( DC)(SAMPLER1)(M1) J
(SAMPLER1)
DC =
V
(SAMPLER1)(M1) J
()(PAM)(Tp)E10 S/DIV)
Tp =
S
- -
(SAMPLER1) J
(fs=2 x fm) Nyquist JFs =

Fm =.KHZ
KHZ
(M1)
( SAMPLER2)()(SAMPLER1)() J
(PAM)EF(50 ms/DIV)
(4-3)

(4-3)
(M2)(M1)(PAM) J
(S1)(50 ms/DIV)(S1)() J
(SAMPLER1)
(SAMPLER2)(S2) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(S2) (S1)(S2)()(S1)() J
=
ES2 S1))

(slot 0)(frame) J
( Slot 1) ( Sync. Pulse )
- -
K(7-3)(PAM 2)( Slot 2)(PAM 1)

(bits) J
EEEE
KE6-3)(Guard time)(S2)(S1) J

6-3F
()(SAMPLER1)(EXT.TRIG.) J
(EXT.TRIG)(ADDER)()(S1)
(5V/DIV)() (0.1 ms/DIV)
KEM2 M1F(7-3F
(7-3)
( )(PAM TDM) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(Guard time)(10 s/DIV) J

Guard time =ms (PAM TDM)

- -
(S2)(S1)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(20 s/DIV) J
(CM)(PAM TDM)

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(CM) J
(PAM)
K
(CM)(SYNC. PULS)() J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.()
(Guard time)(PAM) J
(PEDESTAL)
EF(PEDESTAL)(PAM TDM)
K(8-3)EF(CLCKT)

E-F
()(CLCKT)() J
(CLCKT)(10s/DIV)(SAMPLER1)
ECLCKTFEPAMF
EPAMF
- -
E9-3F

E J F
EM2M1)(PAM) (ADDER) J
(PA)
(CLCKT)(M-TDM
EF(CLCKT)
(CLCKT) ( PAM)
(0 Vdc)(PEDESTAL)(PAM)
(ADDER)(10-3)
(10-3)
()(CLCKT) () J
(SAMPLER1)
( EXT.TRIG)(5V/DIV2V/DIV )( )( 10s/DIV)
(ADDER)(CLCKT) J
- -
(10k) =(12-3)(Av) J
Av =
(CLCKT) J
Av=
?
(SAMPLER1)(1)(50 s/DIV) J
(13-3)(1)(PAM)()
Vi =
(11-3F
(14-3)() J
Vo =

(12-3)
Av=
(Vi ,Vo )(Av) J

- -
PAM
PAM TDM (Reception)
W
.(PAM-TDMF .
K (time slots) .
K(PAM-TDM) K

(frame)
WE JFK
(slot
J(frame)(frame)counter)
(H2)(H1)(slot counter)
(H1)
K(H2)(H2)(S1)
(SAMBELR2)(SAMBELR1)
(PLL)
- -
W
EOscilloscopeF K
(PAM-TDM RECEIVER) (1-4)
W
EPAM-TDMF(1-4) J
( 2-4)EPAM-TDMF J
SAMPLE&HOLD 1- ) (ADEER- COMP) (M2-SAMPLER 2) (M1-SAMPLER1)
() E) () E) (FILTER 1
EF(0.5ms/DIV)(2V/DIV)
(2-4)
K(M2) J
- -
(M)(M1) ( )
EF(M)()
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

EFEMFEF J
EFEFEMFEF

Vi =
V
Vo =
V
EPAM-TDMF J
AV =
EFEPAM-TDMFEF J
EFE50ms/DIVFESAMPLE & HOLD1F
EGNDF
EM1FEPAMFEF
ESAMPLE & HOLD1F(StaircaseFEF

EF EF(H1 F
EF (H1F
KE3-4F
E3-4)
EM1FETime slot 1FEFEH1F
K( S1)
- -
(M2)(Time slot 2)(2)(H2)
K( S2)
(20s/DIV)(2V/DIV)(H1)EF J
( HIGH) (H1)(SAMPLE&HOLD1)
...................................................................................................................................
..............
TH1 =
s
(H1) J
EFEFEF J
(H1FEH1FES1FE5V/DIVF(S1F
TS1 =
KES1F
ES1F J
(S1)(H1) J
EH1)(H1)
K(PAM)(PAM)
(H1)(CM)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(CMFEFEFEFEF J
ECMF (7.7KHZF (2.6KHZFEF
EF J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
EF(CLKT)
EF(PAM-TDM)(Time slot)
(6-4)(PEDESTAL)

(4-4)
- -
(CLKT) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(PAM-TDM) J
(-0.7V)(PAM-TDM)(COMP-) J
(PAM-TDM)
(HIGH)(LOW)
(PAM-TDM)
(PAM-TDM)
(7-4)(CLKT)

(5-4)
(M1-SAMPLER1)EPAM-TDMF J
(SAMPLE&HOLD 1- FILTER 1) (ADDER- COMP) (M2-SAMPLER 2)
(5V/DIV)(COMP-)()()
(10s/DIV)
EF(PAM-TDM) J
( ) ( T)( PEDESTAL) J
T =
ms
Fpam =
KHZ
() J
(-0.7V)(PAM-TDM)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -
( ) ) ( J
T =
ms
Fcomp =

KHZ
( -COMP)(PAM-TDM) J
(CLKT)() J
(-COMP)(CLKT)(PAM-TDM)
EF(6-4) J
K(PLL)(PH) (-COMP)
(CLKT) (PH) J
(PH)()EF() J
(-COMP) EF()(PH)E)
(PH)
(C48) (48KHZ)(PH)( PLL) J
. (C48)(PH)
EF(PH)() (C48)() J
(C48) J
(CLOCK)(PLL) J
(PH)(C48)(PLL)(C48)
.(PH)(PLL)
EPAM-TDMF J
(PLL) J
- -
(H2)(H1) J
(SLOT 0)(S2)(S1)
K(SYNC PULS)
EPAM-TDMF J
(+COMP)(-COMP)
( 2-4)EPAM-TDMF J
SAMPLE&HOLD 1- ) (ADEER- COMP) (M2-SAMPLER 2) (M1-SAMPLER1)
(H1)()(S1)()(FILTER 1
() (20S/DIV)(5V/DIV)
(S1) ( H1) ...................................................................................................................................

(CT2&CT1) J
K(Frame)
(,)(SLOT 0)(,)(CT2&CT1)
(SLOT 2)(1,0)(M1)(SLOT 1)
(6-4)(M2)

E JF
()(SYN)() J
()( CT2)
ESYNFELOWFECT2F J
...................................................................................................................................
( SYN)(CT2)(CT1)(CT1)() J
- -
...................................................................................................................................
E7-4F
E7-4F
(CM)K(M2 M1) J
(CM)(SYN)
(TIME SLOT) ( CT2)(CT1)() J

(CM)(CT2)(CT1)
(CT2)(CT1)ESYNF(CM) J
(PAM-TDM)(+COMP) J
(PEDESTAL)(PAM-TDM)
K(SYN)()
(+1.5V) J
(SYNC)(M2M1)( PAM-TDM)
K(SLOT 0)
(+COMP)()() J
(1.5V)( PAM-TDM)()
- -
()(M2) J
ESLOT 2) E20S/DIV)
(M1)
(1.5V) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
()( SYN)() J
EF()
.ESLOT 0) ( SYN)( M2)
(H1)EH1FEFES1F() J
ES1F(HIGH)
J
J
EFEFEF J
- -
W
Pulse Code Modulation
( PCM )
WK W
KW
KETDMFEPCMFW
KEPCMF
KEPCMF
o
o
KEPCMF
KETDMFEPCMF
.(PCMF(FULL
DUPLEXF
o
o
K :
:
KK :
K :

- -
PCM Signal (Generation & Demodulation)
.(PCMF .
.(PCM) .
K(PCM) K
(CODEC)E JF
(AX)E JF
W(DX)

E1-5F
E2-5F
- -
8KHz(SX)
K J J(SAMPLE&HOLD)
(ADC)
(+)(8 bit)
( ) ( )( )(-127)
(3-5) (Quantization)( )

(3-5F
EP/SF J
E4-5FEPCMF

E4-5F
- -
W(COMPANDING)
EPCM)
(6,4,2,0FA-law J
(0111 1111)(-127)
(PCM)
.(0010 1010)
-law J
0111 )(-127)(PCM)E6,5,4,3,2,1,0F
K(000 000)(1111
(MSB) EF
E5-5)()

(5-5)
- -
(AR)(DR)

(DACFES/ PF

K(SAMPLE/HOLDF
( TIMING AND CONTROL)
K(8KHZ)(SXSR)(1.54 MHZ)(CLK)

W
EOscilloscopeF K
W
( 1-5)( PCM) J

(codec 2) () (codec 1 ) ()
(codec 1)EAXF(Signal Generator) J
E1KHZ ) (4Vp.p)F J
EFE0.2 ms/DIVFE2V/DIVF J
(codec 2)(AR)EF(codec 1)EAXF
E6-5) J

EAXF
EFEF(AR)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -

(6-5)
(3.5KHZ)(4KHZ) J
(0.2KHZ)(0.1KHZ)
E(BPF)F
(codec 2)(AR) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
()(AX) J
(M1)
M1=
Vp.p
M1=
KHZ
()(SX)()()(AX)() J
()(0.2 ms/DIV)(2 V/DIV)
(SX)(3-5)()(SX)()(M1)

(7-5)
- -
()()(DR)() J
()(DR)(DX)F J
()
()(DX)()(DR)
K()()
K(4-5) J

(8-5)
(10s/DIV) J
K(LEVEL)(PCM)
(8 bit) (Frame)(PCM) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(50 s/DIV)()(SX)() J
(PCM)E)(SX) ( )
()(DR)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KESXFEPCMF (9-5F
- -
(9-5)
()(SR)( ) J

()(SR)()(SX)
()(SR)()(DR)() J
()(DR)(PCM)
EARFEFEF(0.1 ms /DIVF J
KEF(DRFEFEF
(M1)(PCM) (Frame)
()(AX)()(0.2 ms /DIV) J
() ()(AR)
E10-5FEAXF
J
F (AX) =KHZ
F (AR) =..KHZ
- -
(10-5)
- -
P C M Signal (Time- Division Multiplexing)
(TDM) (PCMF .
(PCMF(FULL DUPLEX) K
W
EOscilloscopeF K
(1-6)

W
(M1-AX) ( 1-6)(PCM) J
E2 V/DIVF ()()(DX-DX)()(M2-AX)()
()(AX)()()(0,2 ms/DIV)
(2-6)(AX)()
K
- -
(2-6)
M1 =
M2 =
Vp.p
Vp.p
M1 =
M2 =
W J
KHZ
KHZ
:(M1)( M2) J
FM2/FM1 =
()()(SX)()( 50 S/DIV) J
.( 3-6)()(SR)

(3-6)
()(SX)()(SR) J
()(PCM)()
()()(AX)()(0,2 ms/DIV) J
()(AR)
(M1)() J
- -
()(SR)()()(SX)() J
(4-6)(2S/DIV)

(4-6)
( CLK)()(SR)
()(SX)
(M1)
( 5-6)(CM) J
()(SX)()(SR)
K (CM)

(5-6)
- -
()()(AX)()E0,1 ms/DIVF J
(6-6)(SR)(CM)()(AR)
.(CM)
()(M1)() J

(6-6)
(SX)()()E50 S/DIVF J
K(7-6)()(SR)()()

(7-6)
(M2)() J
()()(DR)()E20 S/DIVF J
()(SR)(M1-PCM)()(SR)
- -
(AX)()()E0.2mS/DIV) J
()(AR)()()
()() J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
()(AX)(EX.TRIG.) J
(CM)(EXT.)E20 S/DIVF
(FULL DUPLEX)
(7-6)()(SX)()()(SX)() J
(M2)()(M1)() J
.( -) ( )(DR)() J
( )
(8-6)
(PCM-M1)()()(SR)() J
- -
K(9-6) J
(9-6)
()(SR)()()(SX)() J
( PCM-M2F()
()()(AX)()(2ms/Div) J
()()()(AR)
(10-6) J

(10-6)
()(AX) J
()(SX) ()(1S/DIV)(EXT.)
(11-6)K(CLK)()

- -
(11-6)
K(12-6) J
(12-6FECLKFESXF J

(12-6)
()(PCM)()(DR)() J
(13-6)(PCM)(SX)
(13-6)
- -
()()(SX)()(5S/Div) J
()(DR)
(14-6)()(PCM)( )(SX)
(14-6)
(M2)(M1F()(PCM) J
()(SX)(CM)()(SX)() J
(15-6)()(PCM)
(M2) (M1)()(PCM) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

(15-6)
()(SR)()(SR)() J
() (PCM)
()(SX)() J
- -
EM2F(M1)(PCM)()(SR)
( )(PCM) J
(PCM)(CM) J
EPCMF
(PCM) J
(PCM)(CM)(2S/DIV) J
EF(PCM)()
T pcm = .... sec
()(SX) (20s/DIV) J
T sx= ms
(16-6)

(16-6)
(SX)(PCM) Tsx = 0.125S Tpcm = 5.208S J
- -
Line Coding
:
WK W
KW
KW
.(NRZ)(Non Return to Zero ) .

.(RZ)(Return to Zero) .
K(MAN)(Manchester ) K
K K
.(NRZ) (non return to zero ) .

.(RZ) (return to zero) .
K(MAN) (Manchester ) K
K :
. :
KK :
K :
- -
W
Encoding
.(NRZ)(Non Return to Zero ) .

.(RZ)(Return to Zero) .
K(MAN)(Manchester ) K
K K
W
(NRZ)
W(1-7)() bit
(1-7)
bit )EF(NRZ)
( timing information)( time
K(NRZ)
EFbit(RZ)
EFbitK
W(2-7)

- -

(2-7)
(NRZ)(RZ)
K(3-7)

(3-7)
EFbit( EMANF
EFbitK
W(4-7)

(4-7)
- -
(NRZ)(MAN)
(5-7)
E5-7F
(b/s)(DATA RATE)
(CLK)
(1/T F(CLK)
T =
DATA RATE =1/ T=
ms
b/s
(BAUD RATE)
W(6-7)

(6-7)
(NRZ)(BAUD RATE)(DATA RATE)
(DATA RATE)(BAUD RATE)(RZ)
K(bit time)(RZ)
- -
(DATA RATE)(BAUD RATE)MAN)
(bit time)(MAN)
(Bandwidth)(NRZ)
K(MAN)

W
EOscilloscopeF K
(Multimeter) K
- -
()(7-7)( ENCODING) J
(SYNC)()(CLK)
K(SYNC)
(7-7)
(0.5ms/DIV)(5V/DIV) J
(8-7)
msEFECLKF
T =

(8-7)
J
EF
(CLK) J
=
(NRZ)() J

(9-7) (NRZ)
- -

(9-7)
(NRZ)
EF J
()
EF
(ENCODING)(RZ)() J
K(10-7)(RZ)

(10-7)
(RZ) EF J
EF
EF
(RZ) J

(b/s)(DATA RATE) J
(1/T )(CLK)(CLK)
T =
DATA RATE =1/ T=
ms
b/s
- -
EENCODINGF(MAN)() J
(11-7)(MAN)

11-)
(MAN)
EF J
EF
EF
(MAN) J
(BAUD RATE) J
()
BAUD RATE =
baud
(unipolar)(polar) J
(12-7)

12-)
- -
( ) J
(NRZ) (13-7)( Modulator) J
()(NRZ)()(FSK)
(FSK)(polar)

13-)
()(unipolar) (NRZ)() J
(14-7)(polar) (NRZ)
14-)
(+5V)() J
K(-5V) (+5V)()
()() J
( Unipolar signal )
V(0)=
V(1)=
(polar signal )
V(0)=
V(1)=
EF(polar)()() J
(polar)()
(NRZ)(DC)( Voltmeter) J
NRZ =
mv dc
- -
(DC)()(CM) J
NRZ =
mv dc
(NRZ)
(MAN) J
()()( polar)
(polar)(MAN)
(MAN)(DC) J
MAN =
mv dc
(DC)( 0)(CM) J
MAN =
mv dc(MAN)
(MAN) (NRZ) J
(DC) (NRZ)(15-7)
(DC)(MAN)(MAN)
K
NRZ
-2.43mvdc
42mvdc
01000100
56m.vdc
42mvdc
(15-7)
- -
10110100

Decoding
.(NRZ) (non return to zero ) .

.(RZ) (return to zero) .
K(MAN) (Manchester ) K
W
K( Digital Communications Unit ) K
KEOscilloscopeF K
KEfunction generatorF K
.(Multimeter) K

W
(MAN)(RZ)(NRZ) J
K(NRZ)
(1-8) (NRZ)(RZ) J
(1-8)
EF(CLK)()(ENCODING) J
- -
(SYNC)(SYNC)
K(2-8) (EXT.)

(2-8)
(0.5ms/DIV)(5V/DIV) J
K(3-8)

(3-8)
()(D)(RZ) J
(RZ)(RZ)
(NRZ)()() J
K(4-8)

- -

(4.-8)
K(CLK) (NRZ)
()() J
ENRZFERZFEF J
ENRZFERZFE-8F
(5-8)
(NRZ)(MAN) J
(6-8)

- -

(6-8)
KEF J
()(XOR)(MAN) J
.( MAN)( MAN)
(XOR)EF(MAN) (XOR)() J
WE7-8FENRZFEMANF

(7-8)
ENRZFEF J
.(CLK) (NRZ)
EFEF J
(Phase Locked Loop) (PLL) J
.(MAN)(CLK)EF
(PLL)(8-8)

- -

(8-8)
EF J
(MAN) J
(LOCK)(MAN SYNC DECODER) (MAN)

(RELK)EF (CW)
(DECODERF
ELOCKF J
EFECLKFEFERCLKF
WE8 J9FK EMANF

(9-8)
(CLK) (MAN)(RCLK) J
- -
(PLL) (AND)(EDGE DET.)

( -SHIFT)
(EDGE DET.)EF(MAN)EF J
EFEF(MAN)

(10-8)(XOR)(AND)
(XOR)(RC)(AND)
(10-8)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
EFE
- SHIFTFEF J
EFEANDF J
()(
- SHIFT)
(AND)(AND OUT)() J
( ) (AND) J
(PLL)( AND) J
K
(phase detector)W(11-8)(PLL) J
(V.C.O)(L.P.F)

- -

(11-8)
(VCO)(PLL) J
(LOCK)(VCO)(REF)
(phase detector)(REF)(VCO) J
(PLL)(VCO OUT)(REF)
(REF)(PLL) J
(VCO OUT)(REF)
EE
(VCO OUT)(REF) J
(VCO)
(LPF)
.(VCO OUT)(REF)(VCO)
(VCO OUT)(PLL) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK(VCO)
(AND OUT)EF(VCO OUT)EF J

EFEF J
(RCLK)EF J
EFEF
- -
(AND OUT) J
K(RCLK)(PLL)
( - SHIFT )EF J
(RCLK)(SHIFT) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(NRZ-OUT)EF(NRZ)EF J
(MAN)
(MAN)(RCLK) J
(NRZ)(D)
(NRZ) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- -
W
Frequency Shift Keying
EF S K)
WK W
K W K
KEF W K
KEF K
W
.EF S KF .
.(FSK) ( Analog Multiplexer) .
K(FSK) K
W
.(F S K)(NRZ) .
(FSK) .
.
K(Envelope Detector) K
W
K(F S K)(NRZ) .
(PLL) .
.(FSK)
.(PLL) K
K :
:
KK :
K :
- -

F S K Signal Generation

KEF S KF .
.(FSK) ( Analog Multiplexer) .
K(FSK) K
W
(FSK)(1-9) J
(1-9)

(FSK)(2-9)
K(HIGH)
(LOW)
K(NRZ)
- -
(2-9)

(Oscilloscope) K
(Function Generator ) .

(2-9)( ENCODING) J
K(NRZ)() (SYNC)(EXT.)

(3-9)
(NRZ)(BAUD RATE) J
BAUD RATE =

baud
E4-9FEMODULATORSF J
EFSKFEFENRZFEFSKF

- -

(4-9)
EFEFSKFEBAUD RATEF J
EFSKF BAUD RATE =
baud
(BAUD RATE) J
(NRZ) (FSK) J
Vp.p =
(high)
(NRZ) (FSK) J
Vp.p =
(low)
(FSK) J
(FSK) (CARRIER) J
(FSK)
(
(
(
(FSK) J
(
(
(
(
(FSK) J
(NRZ)(FSK) J
F =
KHZ
F=
KHZ
(high)
(NRZ)(FSK) J
(low)
(FSK) J
- -
K(FSK)(POLAR)() J
(NRZ)(POLAR) J
. (FSK)(POLAR INV)() J
K(FSK)() J
(POLAR)(FSK) J
F =
KHZ
(high)
EHIGH TONE)EF J
F =
F =
EHIGH TONE) J
KHZ (high tone)

(LOW TONE)() J
(LOW TONE) J
KHZ
(low tone)
(FSK) J
(LOW TONE)()(HIGH TONE)() J
K(CM)
(CM) J
K(CM)(FSK)() J
(CM)(FSK) J
(FSK)(FSK) J
K( 5-9)

- -
(5-9)
(FSK) J
2025/2225 HZ(
1200/2000 HZ(
600/1200 HZ(2
600 HZ(
(CM)() J
K(FSK)
(FSK)(CM) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(2400 HZ FSK) J
(
(Discontinuities) J
(FSK)
(Discontinuities)
K(FSK)EF J

(2400HZ)(FSK) J
(
ELOWFEHIGHF
(
KECMFEHIGH TONE)EF J
(Discontinuities)(CM) J
- -

EF
F S K Asynchronous Detection

.(F S K)(NRZ) .
(FSK) .
.
K(Envelope Detector) K
EF E1-10)W
K
(1-10)
(ATTENUATES) (LPF)
(+5V)(HIGH)
( V ref.)
V ) (0V) (LOW)
K(ref.
- -

EOscilloscopeF K

(2-10) ( ENCODER) J
(NRZ)()(SYNC)(EXT.)

(2-10)
(NRZ) (MODULATORS) J
E()CHANNEL)(FSK)(FSK)
K
K(3-10)
(3-10)
(CCW)( NOISE) J
- -
(FSK)(NRZ) (CHANNEL) () J
(FSK)( CARRIER)(NRZ) J
(BANDPASS)() J
K
(HIGH)(NRZ)(FSK) J
Vp.p =
V (NRZ high)
(LOW)(NRZ) (FSK) J
Vp.p =
V (NRZ low)
(NRZ) J
(NRZ)(Envelope Detector) J
. (BANDPASS)
(FWR)() J
(3-10) ( ASYNC DETECTOR)
(FWR)(BANDPASS) J
( ASYNC DETECTOR)
(NRZ)
10110110(
() J
01001001(
11001111(
1011011(
()(LPF) J
() (NRZ)
K(VOLT COMP)() J
J
(NRZ)( CW)(CCW)
.()
(LPF)() J
- -
(LPF)(+5V) J
(CM)(CHANNEL) J
(CM)(NRZ) J
.(CM)(BANDPASS)() J
(BANDPASS)(CM) J
(CM)(CHANNEL)() J
(BANDPASS)(CM)
K(CM)(CHANNEL)() J
(CM) J
(4-10)
(4-10)
J
KE
K(BANDPASS)E
KE
KE
- -

EF
F S K Synchronous Detection

.(F S K)(NRZ) .
(PLL) .
.(FSK)
.(PLL) K

EOscilloscopeF K

- -
(1-11) ( ENCODER) J
(EXT.)(SYNC)(EXT.)
(NRZ)()

(1-11)
(NRZ)(MODULATORS) J
(CHANNEL)(FSK)(FSK)
(2-11)

(2-11)
(CCW)(NOISE) J
(CHANNEL)() J
K(NRZ)( FSK)

- -
ENRZF J
E)
ESYNC DETECTORF(CHANNEL) J
KEREF IN) (PLL)(CHANNEL)
(VCO)() (PLL) J
(3-11)EREF IN) (PLL)E)

(3-11)
(FSK)(VCO) J
K(CIN)(PLL)(A/F) J
(PLL)(D)(VCO)
(CHANNEL)()(VCIN)(VCO)() J
K(LPF)(PC)
(VCIN)(VCO)(PC) J
(HIGH) (PC) J
EEE
K J
()( FSK)( VCD) J

- -
(FSK)(VCIN) J
(VCD)
K(VCIN)()(VCD)() J
(LPF) (VCIN)(CM) J
(VCO)
(VCD)(VCO) J
K(VCO)() J
(VCD)(VCO) J
F VCO out =
HZ
(VCIN) ( VCO)(PLL) J
(VCD)(FSK)
K(FSK)() J
2400 HZ (FSK) (VCD) J

F VCD out =
HZ
(FSK high)
200 HZ (FSK)(VCD) J J
F VCD out =
HZ
(FSK low)
(FSK)(VCD) J
.(VCIN)( VCO) () J
(FSK)(VCO) J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
(LPF)(PLL) J
(500 mv/ DIV) ()(LPF)() J
(VCO)(LPF)(PLL) J
(NRZ)(VCO)
(FSK)(BINARY) J
EF
- -
K(NRZ)() J
(NRZ) J
(5 V) J
EF
.(VOLT COMP)() J
(NEGATIVE SUPPLY) J
K(NRZ)
(NRZ) J
.(LPF)()(CHANNEL)() J
K(1mse/DIV)(500mv/DIV)()E2V/DIVF() J
.(4-11) J

(4-11)
()(LPF) (LOW)(DC) J
DC =
mV
E)(LPF) (HIGH)(DC) J
DC =
mV

- -
(CHANNEL) (BANDWIDTH)(CM) J
K(FSK)
(NRZ)( FSK) J
K(FSK)(Discontinuities) (CM) J
(LPF) J
- -
W
Phase Shift Keying
EPSK)
:
WK W
K W
KEF W
W
.(PSK) .

W
.(PSK) .
K :
:
KK :
K :

- -

P S K Signal Generation
.(PSK)W

EOscilloscopeF K

EFE1-12F J
K(SYNCF
(1-12)
K(SYNC) J
(SYNC)(SYNC)() J
( EXT.)
(NRZ)
( MODULATORS) J
( 2-12)( PSK/ASK )
- -
(2-12)
( PSK)(PSK/ASK ) J
(BAL)(CCW)(OFFSET)(PSK/ASK ) J
K
(ASK/PSK)(P)()(NRZ)() J
()(PSK)()(NRZ) J
BALANCED) () J
E JFEHF(MODULATOR
- -
(NRZ)E0F J
K(ASK/PSK)() J

(CCW)(BAL) J
(BAL)(PSK)
(CW)
K(BAL) J
(ASK/PSK)ENRZF J
()(ASK/PSK) (RZ)
EBALANCED MODULATORF
(3-12) J

(3-12)
(MAN)(RZ) J
(4-12)

- -
(4-12)
( 5-12)(50s/DIV) J
() (PSK)
(LOW)
(PSK) J
(
(5-12)
(PSK)(CM) J
- -

EF
P S K Synchronous Detection

.(PSK) J

EOscilloscopeF K

- -

(NRZ) (1-13) J
(PSK)
(1-13)
(CHANNEL)(PSK)-
K(SYNC DETECTOR)
(NRZ)()(SYNC)
(MODULATORS)()
(2-13)

(2-13)
(NRZ) J
- -
() J
(CHANNEL)()() J
K(CCW)( NOISE)
(PSK)(BAL) J
(3-13)
(3-13)
(PSK)(NRZ) J
(RECT)(DOUBLER) () J
J
(PSK) J
EEE
(4-13)
- -

(4-13)
(DOUBLER)()() J
(DOUBLER)
(PLL)(VCO)() J
VCO) J
EE
K(VCD)() J
(VCD) J
()(VCO)(VCD) J
.(5-13)

(5-13)
(VCD) J
180(
(
0(
K( )() J
- -
() J
(PSK) J
(PSK) J
J

.(MIXER) () J
(MIXER) J
PSKEE
VCDE
()(50mv/DIV)() J
K (1)
(PHASE SHIFTER) J
( unipolar )E( polar )E
EMIXERFEPSKFEF J
E6-13F

(6-13)
K J
(PSK)

EF(PSK)
- -
EF(PSK)
K
(7-13)(PSK) J
(PHASE SHIFTER)
D

(7-13)
(BAL)() J
(8-13)

(8-13)
(PSK)
(PSK)E(PSK) E
(PSK)E
E0.5V/DIV) ( )(LPF)() J
- -
(LPF)() J
EE
K(CCW)() J
()(CW) J
(9-13)

(9-13)
E(LPF) EE

(NRZ)() J
(10-13)
E(PSK)E(NRZ)E

(10-13)
- -
(CHANNEL) J
()
(ASYNC DETECTOR)
(CW)(CCW) J

(PSK)E
(PSK)E
- -

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .
Schaums outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).
Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New
York (1985).
Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw
Hill 3 rd edition (2000).
Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc
(1996).
Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).
Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.
Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to
communication`` King Saoud university (1988)

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
- - ........................................................................ W
- - .........................................................................
- - ...............................................................................
....................................................................W
................................................... (PAMF
................................................... PAM
........................................................................ W
.................................................................
.........................................................................
..................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................
W
...................................................................
.................................................... EF
......................................................... EF
................................................................ W
...................................................................
......................................................... EF
................................................................. W
...................................................................
...................................................... EF

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EF

E PAM FESampling PulsesF K

E PAM FESampling PulsesF K

(M2) ( SAMPLE) () E) (TRIGGER)

(Nyquist rate)(2KHZ) (M2) J

((2-1) (SP M2)F (Fs)

(3-1) (PAM ) (M2) J

EPAMFE50 ms/DIVF ( V/DIV)EF

= PW / TpX (v1 + v2 Vrms(p)

.(Ps) (M2) (PAM) J

(Tp)(T= 0.125ms) (PAM)

PAM Signal Demodulation

( Nyquist rate) (8KHZ)(SP)(KHZ) (M2) J

( SAMPLER ) (SIGNAL GENERATOR )

(5-2) EFs-Fm ) ( Fm) (Fs)

FEFs<Nyquist rateF( Fs<2 Fm

(aliasing or fold-over distortion) J

(fs=2 x fm) Nyquist JFs =

K(7-3)(PAM 2)( Slot 2)(PAM 1)

(Guard time)(10 s/DIV) J

Guard time =ms (PAM TDM)

(Vi ,Vo )(Av) J

(PAM-TDM RECEIVER) (1-4)

EFE50ms/DIVFESAMPLE & HOLD1F

ESAMPLE & HOLD1F(StaircaseFEF

EM1FETime slot 1FEFEH1F

(M2)(Time slot 2)(2)(H2)

(SAMPLE&HOLD 1- FILTER 1) (ADDER- COMP) (M2-SAMPLER 2)

(S1) ( H1) ...................................................................................................................................

(TIME SLOT) ( CT2)(CT1)() J

.ESLOT 0) ( SYN)( M2)

PCM Signal (Generation & Demodulation)

( TIMING AND CONTROL)

(codec 1)EAXF(Signal Generator) J

()(0.2 ms/DIV)(2 V/DIV)

P C M Signal (Time- Division Multiplexing)

(SX)(PCM) Tsx = 0.125S Tpcm = 5.208S J

.(NRZ)(Non Return to Zero ) .

.(NRZ) (non return to zero ) .

.(NRZ)(Non Return to Zero ) .

( timing information)( time

(NRZ)(BAUD RATE)(DATA RATE)

(DATA RATE)(BAUD RATE)(RZ)

(DATA RATE)(BAUD RATE)MAN)

( Digital Communications Unit ) K

(NRZ) (13-7)( Modulator) J

.(NRZ) (non return to zero ) .

(LOCK)(MAN SYNC DECODER) (MAN)

(PLL) (AND)(EDGE DET.)

(AND OUT)EF(VCO OUT)EF J

.(FSK) ( Analog Multiplexer) .

.(FSK) ( Analog Multiplexer) .

EFSKF BAUD RATE =

KHZ (high tone)

(LOW TONE)()(HIGH TONE)() J

(3-11)EREF IN) (PLL)E)

()( FSK)( VCD) J

2400 HZ (FSK) (VCD) J

(500 mv/ DIV) ()(LPF)() J

( unipolar )E( polar )E

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