NH THC

A. Tm tt l thuyt:
I/ Tnh cht c bn ca nh thc:
TC1: Php chuyn v khng lm thay i nh thc
TC2: Nu i ch hai dng bt k ca ma trn vung th nh thc i du
TC3: Nu nh thc c mt hng ch gm ton s khng th nh thc bng khng.
TC4: Mt nh thc c hai hng ging nhau th bng khng.
TC5: Nu nhn mi phn t ca mt hng no vi k th nh thc c nhn ln
vi k
TC6: Mt nh thc c hai hng t l th bng khng
TC7: Nu dng th i no ca A c tnh cht: aij = bj + cj (j = 1, 2, ..., n) th:
det(A) = det(B) + det (C)
Trong cc phn t dng th i trong B l b1, b2, b3..., bn, ca C l c1,...,cn
TC8: Nu c mt hng l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hng khc th nh thc bng
khng
TC9: nh thc khng thay i nu ta thm vo mt hng no t hp tuyn tnh
ca cc hng khc.
II/ Tnh nh thc:
(1) i vi cc nh thc cp 3 c th dng quy tc Sarrus tnh.
(2) Tnh nh thc bng php khai trin theo dng (hay ct)
n

det A =

aijAij ; i = 1, 2, ..., n
j =1

hoc

det A =

aijAij ;

j = 1, 2, ..., n

i =1
trong : Aij = (-1)i+j detSij (vi Sij l ma trn c c t ma trn A bng cch xa i
dng i v ct j
(3)

Tnh nh thc bng cc php bin i s cp a nh thc v dng tam gic.

(4)

Phng php thay i cc phn t ca nh thc: Da vo tnh cht sau:

Nu ta cng vo mi phn t ca nh thc D vi cng mt phn t x th nh thc

s tng mt lng bng tch ca x vi tng cc phn b i s ca mi phn t trong D.
Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

B/ Bi tp:
Bi 3.1 nh thc ca mt ma trn thay i th no nu ta vit cc dng ca ma trn theo
th t ngc li
Bi 3.2 nh thc cp n thay i nh th no, nu ta i du mi phn t ca nh thc
Bi 3.3 nh thc phn i xng l nh thc m cc phn t nm i xng nhau qua
ng cho chnh th i nhau, ngha l aik = - aki. Chng minh rng: nh thc phn i
xng cp n bng khng nu n l.
Bi 3.4 Gii cc phng trnh:

a/

1
1
1
. .
1

x
a1
a2
. .
an

x2
a1 2
a2 2
. .
an 2

... xn-1
... a1n-1
... a2n-1
. . . .
... ann-1

1
.1 .
1

=0

b/

1
1
...
1
1-x 1
...
1
1 2-x ...
1
=0
. . . . . .
. .
1
1
... (n-1)-x
trong a1, a2, ..., an i mt khc nhau

1 1 2
Bi 3.5 Khng tnh nh thc. Chng minh rng: A = 1 8 5
5 4 3

chia ht cho 13

Bi 3.6 Chng minh rng:

a+x
a/ x + u
u+a

b+y c+z
y+v z+w
v+b w+c

a b c

x y z
=2

u v w

x0

b/
y
z

x
0
z
y

y
y
0
x

z
z
x
0

01
=
1
1

1
0
z2
y2

1
z2
0
x2

1
y2
x2
0

Bi 3.7 Khng khai trin nh thc, tnh

b
c
b/
b+c
2
a

a/

n2
(n+1)2 (n+2)2
(n+1)2 (n+2)2 (n+3)2
(n+2)2 (n+3)2 (n+4)2

b
c
a
c+a
2

c 1
a 1
b 1
a+b
1
2

Bi 3.8 Khng khai trin nh thc, chng minh rng:

1 a bc
a. 1 b ca
1 c ab

= (b a)(c a)(c b)

2
1 a a
2
b. 1 b b
2
1 c c

= (b a)(c a)(c b)

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

 1r

d.
r
r

1 1 1
c. a b c = (a + b + c)(b a)(c a)(c b)
3
3
3
a b c

1
1
r
r

1
1
1
r

1
1
1
1

= (1 r)3

1 1 1
2
2
2
e. a b c = (ab + ac + bc)(b a)(c a)(c b)
3
3
3
a b c
4
1 a a
4
f. 1 b b
4
1 c c

+c
a +b
a+b
g.
a
a

1+a
b
h.
c
d

2
2
2
= (a + b + c + ab + ac + bc)(b a)(c a)(c b)

a+b
a
a +b + c
a
a
a+b+c
a
a+b

a
a
a
1+b b
b
c 1+c c
d
d 1+d

a
a
a +b
a +b + c

= c2(2b+c)(4a+2b+c)

=1+a+b+c+d

Bi 3.9 Tnh
13547 13647

a.
28423 28523

246 427 327

b. 1014 543 443
-342 721 621

31

d.
1
1

1
3
1
1

12

e.
3
4

g.

99 83 1
8 16 0
17 134 20
43 106 5

4
0
60
15

1
1
3
1

1
1
1
3

2
3
4
1

3
4
1
2

4
1
2
3

2 1
3
1
1
1

1
1
4
1
1

1
1
1
5
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
h. 1
1
1

c.

13

-2
1

5
2
-3
3

7
3
3
5

f.

-21

3
4

2
1
-4
3

3
-4
-1
-2

1
i. 0
0
0

5 6
5
1
0
0

0
6
5
1
0

2
4
2
4

0
0
6
5
1

4
3
2
-1

0
0
0
6
5

Bi 3.10 Tnh

0x

a. y

1
c. 1
. .
1
1

x
0
z
y

y
y
0
x
1
0
1
. .
1

z
z
x
0

1 ... 1
1 ... 1
0 ... 1
. . . . . .
1 ... 0

11

b. 1

x
d. x
. .
x
a1

1
1
1
1
cosc cosb
cosc
1
cosa
cosb cosa
1
x
a2
x
. .
x

x ... x
x ... x
a3 ... x
. . . . . .
x ... an

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L

Bai tap ai So Tuyen Tnh Nam hoc: 2003 - 2004

-1
e. -1
. .
-1
1

g.

2 3 ... n
0 3 ... n
-2 0 ... n
. . . . . . . .
-2 -3 ... 0

1
1
1
x1
x2
x3
x12 x22 x32
. . . .
. .
x1n-1 x2n-1 x3n-1

...
1
...
xn
... xn2
. . . .
... xnn-1

2
f. 2
. .
2
1
-1
0
h.
. 0.
0
1

2 2 ... 2
2 2 ... 2
2 3 ... 2
. . . . . . . .
2 2 ... n

1 1 ... 1 1
2 0 ... 0 0
-1 2 ... 0 0
0 -1 ... 0 0
. . . . . . . . . .
0 0 ... -1 2

Bi 3.11 Hy xt xem cc h phng trnh bi 2.12, h phng trnh no l h Cramer.

Gii h phng trnh theo phng php trn.
Bi 3.12 Gii li bi 2.15 v 2.16 bng phng php nh thc

Bin son: GV Nguyn V Th Nhn Dng Minh Thnh T b mn Ton - L