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GII THIU H thng khai thc ming co ngn RF l phng php kch thch mi c nghin cu bi cc nh khoa hc ngi Malaysia t u nhng nm 1990 gii quyt vic thiu lao ng co m. Nhiu bo co khoa hc nghin cu v ch khai thc mi ny c cng b: Sivakumaran v cng s (1991, 1995, 2004), Yew v cng s (1998), Lim v Sivakumaran (2003). Phng php ny bao gm ming co 1/8S vi nhp d/3 hoc d/4 kt hp vi vic kch thch bng kh ethylen c bm vo hp cha kh thm thu qua m v vi khong thi gian l 10 ngy. Cy c kch thch bng kh ethylen cho nng sut rt cao do dng chy ko di trong nhiu gi. Ch khai thc RF c thng mi ha ln u tin Malyasia t nm 1995 v c nhiu ci tin c thc hin tng tin cy cho cc n in cao su. u im ca phng php ny l ti u ha tim nng sn lng, gim lao ng v c th pht trin nh l mt cng ngh khai thc ca tng lai. Chnh v vy, cng vi vic gia tng gi bn cao su nh hin nay to ra mt i hi l ti u ha c nng sut ca cy cao su trng thnh. Do , ch khai thc RF c th nghim ln u tin Vit Nam vo nm 2005. Vic p dng RF Vit Nam cng cn b sung nhng nghin cu thch hp vi iu kin kh hu v th nhng. Mc ch chnh ca phng php ny so snh sn lng 1
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN ca RF vi cc ch co ph bin hin nay v kho st kh nng p ng kch thch bng kh mt s dng v tnh cao su. Kt qu nghin cu l c s khoa hc h tr cho vic p dng k thut khai thc ny trn din rng. Do c khong thi gian cy ngh thay l t thng mi hai n thng t nm sau nn thc t cy ch co c 10 thng trong nm. Nhp co ca cc nghim thc trong th nghim l d/3. Kch thch Ethephon c s dng nng 2,5% cho c hai ming p v nga. Cht kch thch c bi trn bng co (Pa) cho ming nga v trn ng ming co (La) cho ming p. Ch khai thc RF vi ming co 1/8S c quy c khong bng 10 cm b rng ca bng co. G/3 c ngha l sau ba nht co bm kh mt ln. i vi nghim thc RF, ch chn la nhng cy c vanh thn trn 50 cm lp t hp cha kh. Nghim thc RF c b tr cng vi ba ch co ang ph bin hin nay Vit Nam. Su nghim thc c lp li ba ln. Do vy, 6 nghim thc x 3 ln lp li bng 18. Mi c s bng khong na phn co. Th nghim c b tr theo kiu khi y hon ton ngu nhin. M nc c thu thp vo mi ln co theo tng c s, m tp c thu thp vo ngy hm sau. Sn lng m cao su c biu hin bng lng m quy kh trn cy trn ln co (g/c/c). Lng cao su kh trn cy (Kg/cy) c tnh t trung bnh g/c/c vi s ln co thc t c ghi nhn trong nm. Sn lng cng dn (Kg/ha) trong sut thi gian th nghim t thng nm 2005 n thng by 2006 c tnh bng cch nhn Kg/cy vi s cy co bnh qun trn mt hecta (350 cy co/ha). Sn lng trn phn co c tnh bng cch nhn g/c/c vi s cy co trn mt phn co (350 cy) cho tt c cc nghim thc. Hm lng cao su kh (DRC) c quan trc mi tun mt ln. Kh ming co c tin hnh quan trc vo thng mi hai 2005 v thng tm 2006. Th nghim 2: Kh nng p ng vi kch thch bng kh (RF) ca mt s dng v tnh. Th nghim c b tr ti l SL87, Trm thc nghim cao su Lai Kh, Vin Nghin Cu Cao Su Vit Nam. 2
Vn cy p dng k thut RF VT LIU V PHNG PHP Hai th nghim ring bit c thc hin t thng nm 2005. Chi tit ca cc th nghim c m t nh sau: Th nghim 1: So snh sn lng ca ch khai thc p dng RF vi cc ch khai thc thng thng trn dng v tnh GT 1. Th nghim c b tr ti l 86, Nng trng Bnh Sn, Cng ty Cao Su ng Nai. L ny c trng nm 1988, m co nm 1995. Cc nghim thc bao gm ba ch co thng thng ngha l c mt hay hai ming co v c chuyn i v tr ming co ch co phi hp p v nga, c th tm tt nh sau: N0: 1/4S d/3 10m/12. ET 2,5% La 8/y (i chng) N1: 1/2S d/3 10m/12. ET 2,5% Pa 5/y + 1/4S d/3 4m/12. ET 2,5% La 3/y N2: 1/2S d/3 10m/12. ET 2,5% Pa 5/y + 1/4S d/3 7m/12. ET 2,5% La 6/y N3: 1/2S d/3 3m/12. ET 2,5% Pa 2/y , 1/2S d/3 7m/12. ET 2,5% La 4/y N4: 1/8S (10cm) d/3 10m/12 RF G/3 N5: 1/4S d/3 10m/12 RF G/3
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN By dng v tnh cao su c dng kho st gm RRIC 121, RRIC 100, RRIC 110, RRIM 600, RRIM 712, GT 1 v PB 235. Ch khai thc ca mi dng v tnh nh sau: N0: 1/4S d/3 10m/12. ET 2,5% La 4/y (i chng) N1: 1/8S (10 cm) d/3 10m/12 RF G/3 Th nghim c b tr theo kiu mt cy mt c s. RRIC 121, RRIC 100, RRIC 110, RRIM 600 v RRIM 712 c 10 cy cho mi nghim thc; GT 1 v PB 235 c 20 cy cho mi nghim thc. Sn lng c ghi nhn mi cy cho mi ln co. DRC c quan trc hng tun theo trnh t nht co th nht, nht th hai v nht th ba sau khi bm kh. KT LUN Th nghim 1: So snh sn lng ca cc ch khai thc p dng RF vi cc ch khai thc ph bin hin nay trn dng v tnh GT 1. Bng 1 cho thy hai nghim thc RF c sn lng m quy kh (g/c/c) cao hn cc ch co ph bin hin nay c ngha thng k, ngoi tr nghim thc c ch co lun phin hai ming 1/2S (N2). Ch co 1/4S d/3 RF cho sn lng cao nht, cao hn 50% so vi i chng. Tuy nhin, cc ch co c cng cao nh ch co hai ming (1/2S + 1/4S ) hay ch co hai ming lun phin (1/2S , 1/2S ) u cao hn i chng tng ng 21% v 41%. Cc ch co 1/8S v 1/4S kt hp vi kch thch RF cho sn lng t cao nht ng thi t lm hao tn v co v thao tc ca ngi cng nhn thc hin d dng hn. iu ny cho thy phng php mi ny gip cho vic khai thc thun li v gim c chiu di ming co, t hao v m vn khng lm gim sn lng. Nng sut trn cy trn ln co cao c ngha l nng sut trn cy trn nm cao do nh hng n nng sut trn hecta cng cao. Nng sut lao ng cao hn hn ch khai thc RF, mc d trong iu kin th nghim, nng sut lao ng c tnh s lng cy co trn mt phn co l nh nhau tt c cc nghim thc bt k l co cng cao hay thp. Din bin sn lng hng thng cho thy ch khai thc RF cho sn lng cao trong sut cc thng ma kh v duy tr mc cao trong sut nm khai thc ( th 1). Ngc li, cc ch khai thc thng thng hin nay cho sn lng rt thp vo u ma co v sn lng c gia tng dn vo cc thng sau, c bit cc ch co vi cng cao nh co hai ming (1/2S + 1/4S ) v co lun phin
Bng 1: Sn lng cao su kh ca ch khai thc RF vi cc ch khai thc ph bin hin nay (Thng 5/2005 n 7/2006) Ch khai thc 1/4S 10m/12 8/y (i chng) (N0) 1/2S 10m/12 5/y + 1/4S 4m/12 3/y 1/2S 10m/12 5/y + 1/4S 7m/12 6/y 1/2S 3m/12 2/y , 1/2S7m/12 4/y 1/8S(10cm) RF G/3 1/4S RF G/3 (N1) (N2) (N3) (N4) (N5) g/c/c 64,9 78,3 72,3 91,3 91,1 97,5
c b
bc
a a a
LSD 0,05 11,4 Ghi ch: cc gi tr c cng ch ci trn mi ct khng c s khc bit thng k.
100 g/t/t g/c/c 50 0 May 5 Jun 6 July 7 Aug 8 Sep 9 Oct 10 Nov 11 Dec 12 Jan 1 May 5 Jun 6 July 7 Month Thng T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
th 1. Din bin sn lng (g/c/c) qua cc thng trn ch khai thc c p dng RF v ch khai thc thng thng
(1/2S , 1/2S ) cho sn lng cao hn ch khai thc c s dng RF vo cc thng cao sn. Hp cha kh c s dng lin tc t thng nm 2005 n thng by 2006 (15 thng). Tuy nhin, do cha thay hp cha kh mi nn sn lng c gim vo thng by nm 2006. Kh nng p ng kch thch ca ch khai thc s dng RF c theo di lin tc t thng nm n thng su nm 2005 cho thy nht co u tin sau khi bm kh cho sn lng rt cao, sau sn lng gim dn nht co th hai v th ba ( th 2). Ch khai thc 1/4S lm i chng ch cho sn
200 160 120 g/t/t g/c/c 80 40 0
lng cao hn khi bi kch thch Ethephon nht co th su. Trung bnh hm lng cao su kh (DRC) ca ch khai thc s dng RF nhn chung l thp hn cc ch co thng thng. S khc bit DRC ln hn vo thng by n thng chn do y l thi k ma nhiu v s khc bit ny gim li vo cc thng cao sn. th 3 cho thy c ba mc DRC ph hp vi tng cng khai thc. Nghim thc c ch khai thc cng thp N0 v N1 cho hm lng DRC cao nht. Nghim thc co hai ming v co 1/2S l N2 v N3 cho hm lng DRC
6 7 8 No.of tappings
10
11
12
13
Nht co
Control /c
1/8S RF
1/4S RF
2005
40
2006
DRC(%)
30
20
10
5 May
6 Jun
7 July
8 Aug
9 Sep
T1
1 Jan
T3
5 May
6 Jun
T4
7 July
T5
T 0 (control)
thp hn. Mc d DRC ca cc nghim thc RF u thp nhng vn nm trong gii hn cho php (trn 25%). S cy kh v t l kh ming co c ghi nhn ring bit trn ming co p v ming nga. Bng 2 cho thy rng hin tng ming co nga b kh ming rt cao trong khi bng co bn trn li t hn. Bn cnh , cc nghim thc RF c hin tng kh ming co cao hn cc ch khai thc ph bin khc. Nhng cy b kh c kim tra ngoi ng v hu ht cc trng hp kh ming co p u c ming co nga b kh t trc.
Th nghim 2: Kh nng p ng kch thch bng kh ethylen trn mt s dng v tnh cao su. Bng 3 cho thy cc nghim thc c p dng RF u cho sn lng cao hn nghim thc i chng trn tt c cc dng v tnh trong th nghim trong khong t 75% n 117% so vi i chng. S khc bit v sn lng trn by dng v tnh u c ngha thng k. Kh nng p ng cao nht c ghi nhn trn RRIM 600 v PB 235, gia tng gp hai ln so vi i chng. Nhm th hai bao gm RRIC 121, GT 1, RRIC 100 v RRIC 110 tng hn 50% so vi i chng. RRIM 712 c kh nng p ng km nht trong s cc dng v tnh th nghim.
Bng 2. T l (%) kh ming co ca ch khai thc c RF v cc ch co hin nay Ch khai thc 1/4S 10m/12 8/y (control) 1/2S 10m/12 5/y + 1/4S 4m/12 3/y 1/2S 10m/12 5/y + 1/4S 7m/12 6/y 1/2S 7m/12 4/y 1/8S (10cm) d/3 RF G/3 1/4S d/3 RF G/3 (N0) (N1) (N2) (N3) (N4) (N5) S cy quan trc 510 484 484 509 509 540 556 546 12/2005 Tng phn 13,8 15,5 0,6 1,4 4,2 Ton phn 2,4 8,9 9,2 0,6 1,7 0,9 2,7 2,4 16,7 6,9 1,1 1,1 4,0 8/2005 Tng phn Ton phn 2,2 22,7 14,9 2,2 4,5 5,7
Bng 3. Trung bnh sn lung (g/c/c) ca ch khai thc RF vi ch khai thc thng thng. (T thng nm 2005 n thng mt 2006) Dng v tnh RRIM 600 35,6b 77,3a 11,5 (217)
Ch khai thc 1/4S d/3 ET 2,5% 4/y (i chng) 1/8S d/3 RF G/3 LSD 0,05 Phn trm so vi i chng
200
g/t/t (RRIC 121)
160 120 80
0
200
g/t/t (RRIM 600)
g/c/c
May
40
J un
J uly
Aug
Sep
Oc t
No v
De c
J a n/06
160 120 80 0
200
g/c/c
40
May
J un
J uly
Aug
Sep
Oc t
No v
De c
J a n/06
Month
g/t/t (PB235)
160 120 80 40 0
200
g/c/c
May
J un
J uly
Aug
Sep
Oc t
No v
De c
J a n/06
Month
160 120 80 0 40
g/c/c
May
J un
J uly
Aug
8 9 Month Thng
Sep
Oc t
No v
10
De c
11
J a n/06
12
1/06
control
/c RRIMFLOW
th 4. Din bin sn lng (g/c/c) qua cc thng trong mt ma co ca nghim thc RF v i chng
th 4 cho thy sn lng trung bnh g/c/c ca nghim thc RF cao hn so vi i chng. C s gia tng nhanh chng v sn lng trong
hai thng u tin ca cc nghim thc RF trn cc dng v tnh, sau sn lng vn c duy tr tng i n nh mc cao. iu
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN c th do nh hng ca vic kch thch bng kh ethylen trong khong thi gian 10 ngy. Sn lng cao su ca nghim thc RF dng nh n nh mc cao hn trong khi sn lng ca nghim thc i chng li thp hn trong sut nhng thng khng kch thch nh thng by, thng tm v thng chn. Sn lng ca c hai nghim thc RF v i chng u tng nh vo cc thng cui nm do iu kin thi tit thun li ( Kim Thnh v cng s, 1997). Trung bnh hm lng cao su kh ca nghim thc RF v i chng ca by dng v tnh c trnh by th 5. Kch thch bng kh lm gim DRC tc ng n vic ko di thi gian chy m v do sn lng tng cao hn. S khc bit ca cc nghim thc RF v i chng ty thuc vo tng dng v tnh. Hm lng cao su kh ca RRIC 121, RRIC 110 v RRIC 100 thp hn i chng t 9% n 10%, nhng vn mc thp hn cc dng v tnh khc trong th nghim. Mc d c s chnh lch DRC ca nghim thc RF v i chng, nhng gi tr DRC ca nghim thc RF vn nm trong khong chp nhn c trn 25%, ngoi tr RRIC 100 v RRIM 712 c gi tr DRC tng ng l 23,8% v 23%. iu ny c ngha l cn xem xt vic gim nhp bm kh a hm lng DRC tr v mc bnh thng. THO LUN Biu hin sn lng ca ch khai thc RF so vi cc ch khai thc ph bin Nng sut c th nghin cu ny, r rng l ch khai thc RF cho sn lng cao hn i chng v cc ch co ph bin hin nay bao gm vic khai thc cng nng co hai ming hay co p na vng xon c kt hp kch thch Ethephon. Ch khai thc 1/2S ET 4/y cho sn lng tng ng vi ch khai thc RF nhng n li tiu hao nhiu v co v sn lng tt gim vo cc nm k tip. iu cn ch l phng php co ny lm tn hi n cy cao su v ming co cng di th v cy cng b hao ht. S liu ghi nhn li cho thy sn lng ca RF trong mt chu k bm kh thay i rt nhanh. Kh nng p ng tt nht l nht th nht sau khi bm kh; sau gim thp hn nht th hai v gim thp nht l vo nht th ba. S thay i ny dng nh do tn ti yu t t iu tit bn trong h thng ng m. Bo co gn y c cp n s tc ng ca yu t kh hu n sn lng cao su ( Kim Thnh v cng s, 1997). S liu sn lng hng thng cho thy rng trong iu kin
50 41.8 40 DRC(%) 32.6 30 20 10 0 RRIC121 RRIC110 RRIC100 RRIM600 RRIM712 control /c RRIMFLOW Clone DVT GT1 PB235 26.0 36.6 33.8 23.8 32.9 27.5 29.2 23.0 33.5 26.5 37.8 33.4
th 5. Hm lng cao su kh (DRC) ca nghim thc RF v i chng trn by dng v tnh cao su
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN thi tit giao ma gia ma kh v ma ma, ch RF cho sn lng rt cao trong khi cc ch co thng thng li cho sn lng thp. iu c th do vic kch thch bng kh ethylen thc y qu trnh trao i cht nhanh chng sau mt hoc hai ln bm kh. Ngc li, sn lng ca cc ch co vi cng cao 1/2S hay co hai ming u cao hn ch khai thc RF trong sut thi k cao sn. Tuy nhin, ch RF vn duy tr c sn lng cao trong cc thng . Ma lm cn tr vic thu hoch m trong sut nhng thng ma nhiu t thng by n thng chn. Tc ng ny hu nh pha long nhiu hn sn lng chy li ca RF bi v ch khai thc ny ko di thi gian chy m. Do vy, dng c h tr nh mng chn ma c coi nh l dng c bt buc khc phc. Nng sut qun th Nng sut qun th trong nghin cu ny c suy ra t nng sut c th vi gi nh s lng v tr cy co trn mt hecta l 350 cy. Nhn chung, sn lng cng dn trn 15 thng th nghim cho thy rng RF cho sn lng trn mt hecta cao hn cc nghim thc khc. Nng sut lao ng Ch khai thc RF cho kt qu sn lng trn tng cy cao hn vi cng s lng cy co trn phn co, nng sut lao ng ca ch RF cao hn hn. Ch khai thc hai ming co i hi lng lao ng cao nht nhng cho nng sut lao ng thp hn. l do sn lng chnh yu l t ming p v ming nga ch ng gp xp x 25% trong tng sn lng. Ch khai thc RF vi ming co ngn c th tng s cy co trn mt phn co do vy m nng sut lao ng s tng, kt qu l mang li li nhun cao cho ngi lao ng. Kh nng p ng kch thch RF trn cc dng v tnh Mc d RF cho sn lng cao hn nghim thc i chng trn tt c cc dng v tnh, nhng kh nng p ng kch thch RF ph 8 thuc vo c tnh ca tng dng v tnh. RRIM 712 c kh nng p ng kch thch thp nht so vi cc dng v tnh khc. nh gi kh nng p ng kch thch ca GT 1 trn hai th nghim cho thy rng mc p ng kch thch ph thuc vo cng co ca nghim thc i chng cng nh iu kin l th nghim. Vi ch co nng ca nghim thc i chng, mc p ng thp hn trong khi mc p ng kch thch c ghi nhn l cao hn cng co nh. Nhn chung ch khai thc RF ti u ho c tim nng sn lng ca cy cao su vi vic gim c hao v co. Tc ng ca RF n hm lng cao su kh Hm lng cao su kh ca ch khai thc s dng RF c ghi nhn l thp hn i chng trn tt c cc nghim thc. Mc d hm lng DRC ca ch RF thp, nhng gi tr ny vn cn mc cao hn so vi tiu chun ti hn. Din bin hm lng DRC hng thng cho thy DRC thp ch yu l vo ma ma t thng by n thng chn. Do , cn phi gim nhp bm kh (4 ln co cho mt chu k bm kh thay v 3 ln co m) trong cc thng ma ma. Kh ming co Cc s liu kh ming co cho thy ming co nga trn v co ti sinh c t l cy kh m cao nht. iu ny c th do s ti sinh khng y ca lp v ti sinh. Ming co p ch khai thc hai ming co dng nh din ra khng ng k. Bn cnh , t l kh ming co ca ch khai thc RF hnh nh cng c ghi nhn l cao hn nm th nht v nm th hai mc d hu ht cc trng hp kh u c ngun gc t nhng cy c ming nga b kh t trc. Cc yu t x hi Ch co p mt na vng xon v co hai ming i hi mt lng ln lao ng cn hon thnh phn co. Do vy, nhng ch khai thc ny, s cy co trn mt phn co
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN cng nhn c th ng ti ch co m khng cn phi di chuyn nhiu. V vy, k thut mi ny dng nh l phng php hu hiu cho vic co ming p c d dng hn. KT LUN Vic gii thiu k thut khai thc mi RF vi ngnh cao su Vit Nam i hi phi c nhng s liu khi qut ca vic nghin cu thc tin m bo s thnh cng ca k thut ny. Kt qu u tin ca hai th nghim ny l tin cho vic a k thut RF vo cc nng trng cao su ti u ho tim nng sn lng vi s lao ng thp v hn ch c hao v co. K thut RF c th cho sn lng cao hn cc ch khai thc hin nay vi cng cao t 20% n 50%. Kh nng p ng vi vic kch thch bng kh rt tt cc dng v tnh RRIM 600, RRIC 121, GT 1, RRIC 100 v RRIC 110. DRC ca ch khai thc RF c thp hn so vi i chng ch yu l vo cc thng ma nhiu nn cn phi gim nhp bm kh xung.
Lp t hp cha kh (RF) l rt t. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca vic khng chp nhn hon ton ca ngi nng dn co p c kim sot l c v vai b mt mi cng vi s di chuyn ca chn trong khi co p vi ming co di. iu ny gii thch rng vic co p c kim sot ang c s dng thnh cng ln cc khu trang tri v trung in (Vijayakuma v cng s, 2003). Vic rt ngn chiu di ming co ca ch khai thc RF lm cho thao tc co c d dng hn to c tm l thoi mi cho ngi lao ng. Vi ming co 1/8S, ngi
Ti s dng nc thi khng c lm gim cht lng sn phm. V th khuyn co vic ti s dng nc thi trong ch bin cao su nh chun k thut (TSR), nghin cu ny c thc hin ti nh my ch bin cao su Bn Sc, tnh Bnh Dng. Mc tiu ca n l xc nh kh nng ti s dng nc thi ti cng on nh ng trong ch bin TSR m khng lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. VT LIU V PHNG PHP Quy trnh ch bin TSR t latex v nc thi ca n TSR c nh ngha l cao su khi c sn xut theo quy trnh k thut chun v c phn hng cn c trn cc ch tiu k thut. Mt cch tm tt, trong ch bin TSR t latex, trc ht latex c trn u trong mt bn cha, sau c pha long v lng trong mt thi gian ngn trc khi nh ng. Latex thng cha ammonia do ammonia c thm vo latex trong qu trnh vn chuyn nhm mc ch ngn chn s ng t t nhin. Sau khi lng, latex c a sang mng nh ng v c lm cho ng t di tc dng ca axit cho vo mng nh ng. Sau khong 6-10 gi, cc khi m ng c gia cng trong mt lot my lm thnh cc ht cm. Cc my gia cng c hc ny thng gm c mt my cn ko, mt s my cn crepe v mt my cn ct. Cc ht cm sau c sy kh trong mt l sy trc khi c nn thnh cc bnh. Hnh 1 trnh by mt lu vn tt ca quy trnh ch bin TSR cng cc ngun nc thi ca n. Trong lu , nc thi A bt ngun t nc ra bn cha latex cng vi cc vt cha khc. Nc thi C xut pht t nc c phun ln b mt khi m v cho thm vo cc ht cm trong qu trnh gia cng c nhm gii nhit v ra sch cht bn.
GII THIU Gim thiu nc thi l mt trong nhng cch tip cn ph bin c s dng trong Sn xut Sch hn (CP). Ngoi li ch v mt bo v mi trng, gim thiu nc thi cn em li s gim thiu khi lng nc tiu th cho sn xut v gim thiu cc chi ph x l nc thi nh chi ph u t, chi ph vn hnh v chi ph x l bn t h thng x l nc thi. Ti s dng l mt k thut thng c p dng gim thiu nc thi. Ngi ta bit rng cc bin php CP tng c p dng trong cng nghip ch bin cao su nhng nc nh Sri Lanka (Peiris, 1999), Thi Lan (Leong v cng s, 2003) v n (Central Pollution Control Board, 2004). Tuy nhin, trong th tch khoa hc t thy cc cng trnh nghin cu v CP trong cng nghip ch bin cao su, c bit l cc cng trnh i su vo chi tit v ti s dng nc thi.
10
LATEX
nc thi A
NG T
nc thi B
GIA CNG C HC
nc thi C
S Y
P BNH
NG GI
Hnh 1. Lu ch bin TSR t latex
Nc thi B c 3 ngun gc, th nht l serum tch ra t latex, th hai l nc ra cc mng nh ng, v th ba l mt th nc khng dng ra nguyn liu hay vt cha. l nc x ni. Nc x ni l nc sch c cho vo mng nh ng sau khi qu trnh ng t chm dt. Mc ch ca nc x ni l to s thun li cho vic ly khi m ng ra khi mng. Khi mt khi m ng (nng khong vi tn) ni ln mt nc trong mng, n c th c ko ra khi mng d dng bi mt hay hai ngi cng nhn s dng mc. Bng cch ny khi m c np vo my cn ko, chic my u tin trong dy chuyn my gia cng c hc. Khi mt khi m ng i qua my cn ko, nc x ni cng vi serum cn
li trong mng s c thi ra cng vi nc ra mng. Cng on nh ng trong sn xut TSR ti nh my Bn Sc Trang thit b ti cng on nh ng nh my Bn Sc gm 4 bn tip nhn, 4 bn axit v 64 mng nh ng. Mi bn tip nhn hnh khi ch nht lm bng b tng su 1,5 m v c dung tch 60 m3. Cc bn axit lm bng thp khng r hnh tr trn, su 2,4 m vi ng knh 1,25 m. Kch thc ca mi mng nh ng l 40 m di, 50 cm rng v 50 cm su. Hnh 2 l s b tr trang thit b cng on nh ng nh my Bn Sc. Latex c tip nhn trong cc bn cha, ti latex t cc vn cy khc nhau c trn u bng mt my khuy c ng c 3,7 kW. 11
1 2 3
Ch thch: 1 bn tip nhn; 2 bn axit; 3 mng; 4 mng nh ng; 5 mng dn; 6 my cn ko Hnh 2. S b tr trang thit b cng on nh ng nh my Bn Sc
Mi bn tip nhn c ly mu xc nh hm lng cao su kh (DRC) v sau nc c cho vo bn tip nhn h DRC t khong 35% xung cn khong 25%. Nc c cho vo cc bn axit, ri axit axtic nng 99% c cho vo bn to thnh dung dch axit c nng khong 2% theo th tch. Dung dch axit c lm ng u bng my khuy c ng c 1,7 kW. Mt mng di ng bng thp khng r di khong 8 m v c kch thc mt ct khong 25x25 cm c ni vi van x ca mt bn tip nhn qua mt ng mm. Mt ng mm khc c lp ni t van x ca bn cha axit n mng. Khi lng dung dch axit cn thit cho nh ng c xc nh trc cn c vo t l khong t 4,5 n 5 kg axit axtic cho mt tn cao su kh. Cng on nh ng trong sn xut TSR ti nh my Bn Sc 12
Trang thit b ti cng on nh ng nh my Bn Sc gm 4 bn tip nhn, 4 bn axit v 64 mng nh ng. Mi bn tip nhn hnh khi ch nht lm bng b tng su 1,5 m v c dung tch 60 m3. Cc bn axit lm bng thp khng r hnh tr trn, su 2,4 m vi ng knh 1,25 m. Kch thc ca mi mng nh ng l 40 m di, 50 cm rng v 50 cm su. Hnh 2 l s b tr trang thit b cng on nh ng nh my Bn Sc. Latex c tip nhn trong cc bn cha, ti latex t cc vn cy khc nhau c trn u bng mt my khuy c ng c 3,7 kW. Mi bn tip nhn c ly mu xc nh hm lng cao su kh (DRC) v sau nc c cho vo bn tip nhn h DRC t khong 35% xung cn khong 25%. Nc c cho vo cc bn axit, ri axit axtic nng 99% c cho vo bn to thnh dung dch axit c nng khong 2% theo th tch.
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN Dung dch axit c lm ng u bng my khuy c ng c 1,7 kW. Mt mng di ng bng thp khng r di khong 8 m v c kch thc mt ct khong 25x25 cm c ni vi van x ca mt bn tip nhn qua mt ng mm. Mt ng mm khc c lp ni t van x ca bn cha axit n mng. Khi lng dung dch axit cn thit cho nh ng c xc nh trc cn c vo t l khong t 4,5 n 5 kg axit axtic cho mt tn cao su kh. Khi mi th sn sng, van x t bn tip nhn c m ht, cng lc van x t bn axit c m mt mc xc nh trc. Trong thi gian latex v axit ng lot chy qua mng vo cc mng nh ng, ch c van x axit l c iu chnh. Khi mt mng nh ng y, mt ngi cng nhn di chuyn mng sang mt mng k cn. Bt trong mng c nh tan bng vi nc t mt bm nc cao p, v sodium metabisulphite c phun vo mng. Cc mng khng c khuy trn. pH trong mng nh ng l khong 5,3 n 5,5 v thi gian ng t l t 10 n 13 gi. Khi mt mng nh ng sn sng gia cng, nc c thm vo mng lm cho khi m ng t ni ln. Hai ngi cng nhn s dng mc st ko khi m ng v pha my cn ko np vo my. Khi my cn ko ngm c khi m, cng nhn khng cn phi ko na. My cn ko c lp t trn ng ray khin cho n c th di ng d dng t mng ny sang mng khc. Sau khi qua my cn ko, m c a vo mt mng cha y nc c th tip tc c a sang my cn crepe. Mng dn ny su 0,38 m, rng 0,87 m v di 36 m. B tr th nghim Trong s 64 mng nh ng ti nh my Bn Sc, 8 mng nh s t 1 n 8 c chn. Cc mng ny u tip nhn latex t cng mt bn tip nhn s 1. Cc yu t gia cng nh pha long, pH nh ng v thi 13 gian ng t l ng nht i vi cc mng nh ng c chn ny. Th nghim c 2 nghim thc: - Nghim thc 1 (i chng): s dng nc sch lm nc x ni. - Nghim thc 2: s dng nc thi lm nc x ni. Nghim thc 1 c p dng cho cc mng nh s 1, 3, 5 v 7 (nhm 1); trong khi Nghim thc 2 c thc hin trn cc mng nh s 2, 4, 6 v 8 (nhm 2). Mi ngy vo khong 8 gi ti, m ng trong cc mng t 1 n 8 c em ra gia cng. Trc ht, nc sch c cho chy qua mng vo mng nh ng 1, ri n mng nh ng 3. Khi mng 1 y, khi m ng ni ln v c 2 ngi cng nhn ko ra np vo my cn ko. Khi my cn ko cn xong khi m ng trong mng 1, n di chuyn sang mng 3 bt u cn khi m , trong khi mt bm chm cng sut 1 kW c khi ng bm nc thi trong mng 1 sang mng 2. Khi khi m ng t mng 3 c cn xong th khi m ng trong mng 2 ni ln v sn sng c cn. Trong khi my cn ko quay li cn khi m ng t mng 2 th bm chm bm nc thi t mng 3 sang mng 4. Qu trnh ny c th tip tc vi 4 mng cn li. u vo ca l sy, m cm t 2 nhm khc nhau c a vo cc xe y khc nhau. Cc xe y ny c ghi k hiu bng phn trc khi a vo l. Sau khi sy, cao su cm c nn thnh bnh 33,33 kg. S lng bnh cao su l 1152 cho mi nhm. Thi gian tin hnh th nghim l 15 ngy, t 26/06/2003 n 11/07/2003. Ly mu v phn tch Mu cao su c ly theo phng php da trn tiu chun TCVN 3769:1995 (ng nht vi tiu chun ISO 2000:1989). Ba mu c ly ngu nhin t mi tn sn phm (30 bnh). Mu cao su c gi n Phng Km nghim
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN thuc Cng ty Cao su Du Ting phn tch. Cc ch tiu phn tch l Hm lng Cht bn, Hm lng Tro, Cht Bay hi, Hm lng Nit, Do u, Ch s Duy tr do, Nht Mooney v Ch s Mu. t ly mu u tin c thc hin trn ton b sn lng ca nh my trong thng 05/2003 (t 03/05/2003 n 01/06/2003) gm c 408 tn TSR 3L, 590,4 tn TSR CV60 v 235,2 tn TSR CV50. t ly mu th hai c thc hin trn 2 nghim thc th nghim, mi nghim thc cho ra 38,4 tn. Mu nc thi c ly t 8 mng nh ng c chn v em phn tch cc ch tiu pH, Nhu cu xy Ha hc (COD) v c. Mt mu n c ly t mi mng nh ng sau khi khi ng c ly ra. Vic ly mu nc thi ny c tin hnh trong 6 ngy, t 30/06/2003 n 07/07/2003. Mu nc thi c phn tch ti Phng Th nghim Mi trng thuc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng tnh Bnh Dng. Phn tch thng k Tr trung bnh, lch chun v h s bin thin c tnh ton t s liu thu thp c nh gi cht lng cao su. So snh bt cp theo trc nghim t Student c thc hin nhm xc nh mc chnh xc ca sai bit gia tr trung bnh t 2 nghim thc i vi Hm lng Cht bn, Hm lng Tro, Hm lng Nit v Ch s Duy tr do. Tr trung bnh cng c tnh ton i vi cc ch tiu pH, COD v c ca nc thi. KT QU V THO LUN Cht lng cao su trc th nghim Kt qu phn tch thng k trn cc ch tiu cht lng cao su i vi 408 tn TSR 3L, 590,4 tn TSR CV60 v 235,2 tn TSR CV50 c trnh by Bng 1, Bng 2 v Bng 3, cng vi cc gi tr gii hn tng ng trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3769:1995. Nh cc Bng 1, Bng 2 v Bng 3 cho thy, ton b sn phm TSR u c cht lng tha tiu chun TCVN 3769:1995 mc cao. Ch tiu duy nht ch va p ng gi tr gii hn ca tiu chun l Do u, vi tr trung bnh l 35,64 so vi yu cu ti thiu l 35 (xem Bng 1). Do u ph thuc ch yu vo khi lng phn t cao su, tuy nhin nu s dng nc nhim bn trong ch bin n cng c th b nh hng. Mc bin ng ca cc ch tiu cht lng cao su, c th hin bng lch chun v h s bin thin, c khng ch hp l ngoi tr i vi ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn vi h s bin thin trong khong 19,32% n 25%. ngha ca iu ny c th l ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn d b nh hng hn cc ch tiu cn li, v do vic ti s dng nc thi trong ch bin cn phi c tin hnh mt cch cn trng. nh hng ca nc thi ti s dng i vi cht lng cao su Gi tr trung bnh v h s bin thin ca cc ch tiu cht lng cao su thu thp c t 2 nghim thc c trnh by trong Bng 4 di y, cng vi cc gi tr gii hn tng ng trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 3769:1995. Do th nghim bao gm 3 hng cao su TSR: TSR 3L, TSR CV50 v TSR CV60, 2 ch tiu cn li l Do u v Nht Mooney (trong Nht Mooney vn ch p dng cho TSR CV50 v TSR CV60), khng c so snh gia 2 nghim thc, d chng cng c khng ch tt. R rng l cao su sn xut t 2 nghim thc u p ng hon ton tiu chun cht lng TSR. iu ny c biu th bng cc gi tr trung bnh t c di mc gii hn trong TCVN 3769:1995. Tuy vy, mc bin ng ca cc gi tr ch tiu cht lng thu c t nghim thc 2 (ti s dng nc thi), th hin bng h s bin thin, c cao hn i cht so vi nghim thc 1 (nc sch) i vi cc ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn (24,21% so vi 21,85%), Hm lng Tro (10,31% so vi 14
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN 8,92%) v Hm lng Nit (2,26% so vi 2,16%). Mt khc mc bin ng ny li thp hn cc ch tiu Cht Bay hi (6,55% so vi 8,29%) v Ch s Duy tr do (6,31% so vi 7,26%). Kt qu trc nghim bt cp t Student i vi Hm lng Cht bn, Hm lng Tro, Hm lng Nit v Ch s Duy tr do cho thy mc ngha P = 0,01 tr trung bnh ca Hm lng Cht bn, Hm lng Tro, Hm lng Nit v Ch s Duy tr do gia 2 nghim thc khng khc bit v mt thng k. Ni cch khc, 2 nghim thc th nghim cho ra sn phm c cng mc cht lng. Mc gim thiu ti lng nhim Tr trung bnh v h s bin thin ca cc ch tiu nh gi mc nhim thu thp c t 2 loi nc thi trong mng nh ng (c v khng c ti s dng nc thi) c trnh by Bng 5 di y.
Bng 1. Cht lng cao su TSR 3L ti nh my Bn Sc trc th nghim Ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn (%) Hm lng Tro (%) Cht Bay hi (%) Hm lng Nit (%) Do u Ch s Duy tr Do Ch s Mu TCVN 3769:1995 0,03 0,8 0,5 0,6 35 60 6 Trung bnh 0,0096 0,2177 0,2365 0,3714 35,64 87,76 4 lch chun 0,0024 0,0132 0,0099 0,0097 0,9330 2,5192 0 H s bin thin (%) 25,00 6,07 4,22 2,62 2,61 2,87 0
Bng 2. Cht lng cao su TSR CV60 ti nh my Bn Sc trc th nghim Ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn (%) Hm lng Tro (%) Cht Bay hi (%) Hm lng Nit (%) Ch s Duy tr Do Nht Mooney TCVN 3769:1995 0,03 0,8 0,5 0,6 60 60 5 Trung bnh 0,0092 0,2197 0,2683 0,3727 83,27 56,40 lch chun 0,0022 0,0011 0,0091 0,0085 1,9364 1,5791 H s bin thin (%) 24,35 5,32 3,39 2,28 2,32 2,79
Bng 3. Cht lng cao su TSR CV50 ti nh my Bn Sc trc th nghim Ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn (%) Hm lng Tro (%) Cht Bay hi (%) Hm lng Nit (%) Ch s Duy tr Do Nht Mooney TCVN 3769:1995 0,03 0,8 0,5 0,6 60 50 5 Trung bnh 0,0087 0,2211 0,2687 0,3722 78,67 50,14 lch chun 0,0016 0,0011 0,0084 0,0087 3,5487 2,3855 H s bin thin (%) 19,32 5,25 3,12 2,36 4,51 4,75
Bng 4. Cht lng cao su sn xut t 2 nghim thc th nghim Ch tiu Hm lng Cht bn (%) Hm lng Tro (%) Cht Bay hi (%) Hm lng Nit (%) Ch s Duy tr Do Ch s Mu TCVN 3769:1995 0,03 0,8 0,5 0,6 60 6 Trung bnh Nghim thc 1 0,0090 0,2221 0,2562 0,3737 83,375 4 H s bin thin (%) 21,85 8,92 8,29 2,16 7,26 0 Trung bnh Nghim thc 2 0,0098 0,2258 0,2525 0,3681 82,625 4 H s bin thin (%) 24,21 10,31 6,55 2,26 6,31 0
15
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN T nhng kt qu phn tch Bng 5, c th ghi nhn nh sau: - Hu nh khng c khc bit v pH gia 2 loi nc thi, ng thi mc bin ng v pH cng khng ln - Hai loi nc thi khc bit ln v COD v c. Nc thi c ti s dng c COD ln hn 77% so vi nc thi khng ti s dng. i vi c, ti s dng lm cho nc thi c c cao hn 107% so vi khng ti s dng. - c 2 loi nc thi, bin ng l ln i vi COD (93,14% v 96,41%) v thm ch cn ln hn i vi c (152,90% v 166,80%). cao 58 cm, vy dung tch ca mi mng l 11,6 m3. Trong sn xut bnh thng, th tch latex l 4,4 m3, nn th tch nc x ni trong mi mng l 7,2 m3 v tng th tch nc x ni c s dung hng ngy l 460,8 m3. Ti s dng nc x ni mt ln s tit kim c mt na th tch , tc 230,4 m3. Th tch ny chim khong 13% khi lng nc thi t dy chuyn sn xut TSR t latex. Lin quan n mt h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc nh trng hp nc thi ch bin cao su, mt mc tng hp l ca COD (v BOD) cng vi s gim thiu khi lng nc thi l c li, v tng qut iu ny c ngha l thm thc n cho s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trong h thng.
Bng 5. Hm lng cht nhim trong 2 loi nc thi Loi nc thi Khng ti s dng Ti s dng pH 5,23 5,19 CV% 4,80 5,53 COD (mg/L) 1859 3302 CV% 93,14 96,41 c (NTU) 915 1901 CV% 152,90 166,80
Hin tng nc thi c ti s dng c mc nhim cao hn nc thi khng c ti s dng l c th thy trc, bi v khi khi ng c ly ra khi mng nh ng, nc cn li trong mng cha serum (trong c cc cht phi cao su v mt s ht cao su), ammonia v axit axtic. Khi nc ny, thay v nc sch, c dng lm nc x ni cho mt mng nh ng khc th khi lng cht nhim trong mng c kh nng tng gp i. Cn s bin ng ln v COD v c th c th cho thy s km ng u trong trng thi ng t gia cc mng, do s khc nhau v pH nh ng. c cao (915-1901 NTU) th hin s c mt ca cc ht cao su trong nc thi. S lng cc ht cao su ny bin ng ln gia cc mng khc nhau Khi lng nc thi gim c ph thuc vo khi lng nc x ni c dng. Trong trng hp ca nh my Bn Sc, mi mng nh ng di 40 m, rng 50 cm v 16
Trong nghin cu ny, nc x ni c dng 2 ln m khng nh hng n cht lng sn phm sau cng. Khi xem xt vic dng li nc x ni mt ln th 3 th cn phi xem xt cn trng, v trong ch bin TSR t latex, Hm lng Cht bn l ch tiu nhy cm nht, nh tho lun trn. KT LUN T kt qu thu c trong th nghim, c th kt lun rng trong sn xut TSR t latex, vic s dng nc thi t mt mng nh ng lm nc x ni cho mt mng nh ng khc khng gy nh hng xu cho cht lng ca cao su trong mng nh ng sau. Vic ti s dng nc thi ny c th tit kim 13% ton khi lng nc thi t dy chuyn sn xut. Tuy nhin, vic gim thiu khi lng cht gy nhim do vic ti s dng nc thi ni trn l khng ng k.
dinh dng khi tm ra s thiu ht dinh dng (Jeevaratnam, 1969; Sivanadyan v cng s, 1983; Webster v cng s, 1989; Tolentino, 1998; v Sivanadian, 1995). Bo co ny, thng qua cc th nghim b tr, xc nhn li hiu qu ca phn bn ln nng sut m cao su khai thc trn t nu bazan Ty Nguyn. VT LIU V PHNG PHP Trn vng t nu bazan, cao trnh 650 m, ti Ty Nguyn, t nm 2002-2005, 4 th nghim phn bn c b tr trn vn cao su khai thc. Phn ur (46% N), clorua kali (60% K2O) v ln nung chy (16% P2O5) c bn cho cao su ging GT 1, trng theo khong cch 6 m x 3 m, mt cy co trung bnh 447 cy/ha, ch co S/2D/3 ET 2,5% 3-5/y. Ton b lng phn c bn thnh 2 ln, ln 1 bn 60% vo thng 5, v ln 2 bn 40% cn li vo thng 9. Mi t bn, tng loi phn c cn v bn ring cho tng c s.
GII THIU Trn th gii, c nhiu nghin cu v hiu ca phn bn ln nng sut m. Tuy nhin, hin c hai nhm kt qu, l: i) Phn bn c th hin p ng ln nng sut m trn mt s vng th nghim hoc trn mt s nguyn t dinh dng v ii) Mt s cng trnh nghin cu khc cho thy p ng cha r rt hoc n nh ca phn bn ln nng sut m. V p ng r ca phn bn ln nng sut m, mt s cng trnh kt lun rng trn t c hm lng dinh dng thp, vic bn N, P, K v Mg, c bit l Kali, lm gia tng nng sut m cc b hoc ton phn theo yu t bn hoc/v theo thi gian bn, (Tajudin Bin Ismail, 1981; Joseph v cng s, 1998; Murbach v cng s, 2003; Sivanadyan v cng s, 1972; Pushparajah, 1973; v Karthikakuttyamma v cng s, 1998). V p ng cha r ca phn bn ln nng sut m, nhiu cng trnh cha tm ra s khc bit c ngha ca phn bn ln nng sut m, thay vo ch khuyn co bn theo chn on 17
Ly mu t Th nghim 1 v 2, m s tng ng trong bo co ny l 8A v 8B, gm 8 nghim thc l 0, N, P, K, NP, NK, PK v NPK, vi mc bn 80 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 v 80 kg K2O/ha, l cc mc bn
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN trung bnh so vi qui trnh hin hnh ca Tng Cng Ty Cao Su Vit Nam, c bn cho vn t nm co th 2 cho n nm co th 5 (8A) v cho vn t nm co th 6 cho n nm co th 9 (8B). Hai th nghim ny c thit k nh gi tng qut vai tr ca N, P v K ln nng sut m trn 2 nhm tui khai thc khc nhau C 2 th nghim c b tr theo kiu ch, 3 nhc, mi c s gm 5 hng x 30 h trng/hng, trong bao gm 2 hng bo v 2 bn v tng din tch 5,4 ha cho mi th nghim. cng c thc hin trn tng c s, trong phn tch lp t mt (0-30 cm) v l c thc hin trc v sau th nghim, tng vanh c quan trc hng nm, t l kh ming co c quan trc hng qu v quan trc bnh c thc hin khi c du hiu bnh xut hin. V cch tnh nng sut bnh qun trong nm, c tnh trung bnh t cc thng theo ma co m thng thng, trong iu kin vng b tr tr th nghim, l bt u t thng 5-12 v ko di sang thng 01 nm sau. V x l s liu, chng trnh SAS c s dng. Trong , tm ra t hp NPK ti u, P c xc nh thng qua phn tch phng sai, N v K c xc nh thng qua dng thut ton Phn tch b mt p ng bc 2 xc nh cc h s v sai s ca m hnh c lng: y=0+1x1+2x2+3x12+4x22+5x1x2+ (1) T tm c cc gi tr liu lng phn bn ti u x1 v x2 (tng ng l N v K) mang li gi tr d bo nng sut cc i qua gii h phng trnh tha mn ng thi cc ng thc:
Ly mu l Th nghim 3 v 4, m s tng ng l 18A v 18B, gm 18 nghim thc t hp t 3 mc bn ca N (40, 80 v 120 kg N/ha), 2 mc bn ca P (30 v 60 kg P2O5/ha) v 3 mc bn ca K (40, 80 v 120 kg K2O/ha), c bn cho vn t nm co th 2 cho n nm co th 5 (18A) v cho vn t nm co th 6 cho n nm co th 9 (18B). Hai th nghim ny c thit k l xy dng liu bn ti u cho cao su khai thc. C 2 th nghim c b tr theo kiu ch ca ch, 3 nhc, mi c s gm 5 hng x 15 h trng/hng, trong bao gm 2 hng bo v 2 bn v tng din tch 7,8 ha cho mi th nghim. Trn cc th nghim ny, hng thng, th tch m nc ca tt c cc cy nh du trn tng c s c ong gp; mi nhc ly 3 mu xc nh DRC c nh ng ti l bng acid acetic 2,5%, mang v phng cn ra, sy kh trong l sy nhit 70oC trong 24 gi v tnh ra gam m kh/cy. Cc ch tiu khc 18
1 + 3 x1 + 5 x2 = 0 (2)
2 + 4 x 2 + 5 x1 = 0 (3)
Tm tt m s th nghim dng trong bo co: 8 = th nghim 8 nghim thc; 18 = th nghim 18 nghim thc; A = th nghim trn vn co m t nm th 2-5; B = th nghim trn vn co m t nm th 6-9. KT QU V THO LUN Tnh trng dinh dng trong t v l V dinh dng trong t, theo thang chun nh gi ca Vin Nghin Cu Cao Su VN, v dng cht, ngoi tr Mg thp, cc cht tng s, trao i v d tiu ca N, P v K u c hm lng dng cht t trung bnh n cao, c bit l ln tng s rt cao. Do vy, sau 4 nm bn phn, cc cht tng s khng thay i nhiu. Tuy nhin, cc cht P d tiu v K trao i tng ln r rt. Ring i vi Mg, nhng nghim thc c bn P nung chy, nng
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN hm lng Mg trong t t thp ln mc trung bnh v cao. chnh l do s hin din ng k ca MgO trong phn ln nung chy. V dinh dng trong l, cng theo thang chun nh gi ca Vin NCCS VN, hm lng N v P trong l t thay i trc v sau
0.05 co m nm th 2 - 5 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 2002 2005 co m nm th 6 - 9 40
th nghim cng nh theo cc mc bn vo t v u mc cao cho n trung bnh. Trong khi th hm lng K v Mg sau th nghim tng c ngha t mc trung bnh ln mc cao i vi K v t mc rt thp hoc thp ln mc trung bnh hoc cao.
50 co m nm th 2 - 5 2002 2005 co m nm th 6 - 9
P d tiu (mg%)
co m nm th 2 - 5 co m nm th 6 - 9
K tng s (%)
30 20 10 0
0.80 0.70
4.00 3.50
2002
2005
co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
co m nm th 6 - 9
K trao i (me%)
Mg trao i (me%) 0 0
NP
NP
NP
PK
PK
PK
NP
NPK
NPK
NPK
PK
N3P2K2
80 70
Co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
80 70
Co m nm th 6 - 9
2002
2005
P d tiu (mg%)
50 40 30 20 10 0
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
P d tiu (mg%)
60
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
Co m nm th 6 - 9
2002
2005
K trao i (me%)
K trao i (me%)
Co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
5.0
Co m nm th 6 - 9 Mg trao i (me%)
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 N1P1K1 N1P1K2 N1P1K3 N1P2K1 N1P2K2 N1P2K3 N2P1K1 N2P1K2 N2P1K3 N2P2K1 N2P2K2 N2P2K3 N3P1K1 N3P1K2
2002
2005
Mg trao i (me%)
N3P1K3
N3P2K1
19
N3P2K3
N1P1K1
N1P1K2
N1P1K3
N1P2K1
N1P2K2
N1P2K3
N2P1K1
N2P1K2
N2P1K3
N2P2K1
N2P2K2
N2P2K3
N3P1K1
N3P1K2
N3P1K3
N3P2K1
N3P2K2
N3P2K3
NPK
NK
NK
NK
NK
Co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
Co m nm th 6 - 9
0.50
Co m nm th 2 - 5
0.40 0.30 0.20
2002
2005
Co m nm th 6 - 9
Mg (%)
K (%)
NP
NP
NP
PK
PK
PK
NP
NK
NPK
NK
NPK
NK
NPK
NK
N3P2K1
PK
N3P2K2
Co m nm th 2 - 5
2002
2005
Co m nm th 6 - 9
2002
2005
K (%)
K (%)
Co m nm th 2 - 5
Co m nm th 6 - 9
2002
2005
Mg (%)
0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 N1P1K1 N1P1K2 N1P1K3 N1P2K1 N1P2K2 N1P2K3 N2P1K1 N2P1K2 N2P1K3 N2P2K1 N2P2K2 N2P2K3 N3P1K1 N3P1K2 N3P1K3 N3P2K1 N3P2K2 N3P2K3
Mg (%)
0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 N1P1K1 N1P1K2 N1P1K3 N1P2K1 N1P2K2 N1P2K3 N2P1K1 N2P1K2 N2P1K3 N2P2K1 N2P2K2 N2P2K3 N3P1K1 N3P1K2 N3P1K3 N3P2K3
V tng quan gia hm lng dinh dng trong t v l cho thy cc xu hng sau: i) vic bn tng K vo t lm tng K trong l, nhng lm hn ch P l; ii) v ngc li, vic bn gia tng P lm hn ch K l nhng lm gia tng hm lng Mg trong l. V xu hng u tin c th gii thch l do vic bn tng K vo t lm gia tng K trong l, v n lt n, s hin din ca hm lng K trong l cao c ch s hp thu P trong l theo nh nh lut i khng ca Schvette (1964); v xu hng th 2, vic i khng gia P v K c cng qui lut nh trn, nhng vic gia tng Mg l theo s gia tng bn P vo t c gii thch do 2 bn cht ng thi din ra, l s hin din ca 16% MgO trong phn ln nung chy v ng thi gia P v Mg trong l c s h tng ln nhau, cng tun theo nh lut h tng ca Schvette. Cc xu hng ny th hin r qua 20
cc h s tng quan c ngha gia hm lng dinh dng trong t v l trnh by Bng 1. Tng vanh v kh ming co V tng vanh trong khi co v t l kh ming co, khng c s chnh lch c ngha gia cc mc bn. Nhn chung, trn vng t ti hn Ty Nguyn, tng vanh trong khi co l thp, bin thin t 0,5-3,0 cm/nm vi tc tng vanh gim dn theo nm co. Lin quan n tng vanh trong khi co hay sc khe ca vn cy, ngc li, trong th nghim t l kh ming co vn nm trong ngng an ton v din bin theo qui lut: tng dn theo nm co, vi t l kh ming co ton phn trung bnh tng t khong 1% vn co t nm th 2-5 v ln n khong 6% vn co t nm th 6-9.
NPK
V bnh, ti vng b tr th nghim, bnh phn trng xy ra ph bin hng nm vo thng 1-2, vi mc bnh t nh n trung bnh. Ring vo nm 2005, bnh xy ra nng lm rng ht l non mi ra. Tuy nhin, d bnh xy ra mc no th ton b din tch th nghim u b nh hng nh nhau, khng c bt k s khc bit no gia cc c s. Vai tr ca N, P v K ln nng sut m Nh trnh by trong phn phng php, trong 4 th nghim b tr, cc th nghim 8A v 8B dng nh gi tng qut vai tr ca N, P v K ln nng sut m. Qua phn tch s liu nng sut thu thp hng thng t nm 2002-2005 cho thy mt s tc ng chnh v tng tc ca N, P v K tc ng c ngha ln nng sut m qua mt s thng quan trc v trung bnh nng sut mt s nm. C th: Vic bn K lm tng nng sut m c ngha vo cc thng 10/03, 11/03, 06-08/04, 11/05 v nng sut trung bnh c nm 2004 khi bn trn vn co m t nm th 2-5, ng thi lm tng nng sut m c ngha vo cc thng 08-10/04, 09-10/05 v nng sut trung bnh c nm 2004 khi bn trn vn co m t nm th 6-9. Vic bn N lm tng nng sut m cc thng 08/03, 12/03 v nng sut trung bnh c nm 2003 khi bn trn vn co m t nm th 6-9. Tuy nhin vic bn P ch lm tng 21
nng sut m thng 08/04 trn vn co m t nm th 2-5. Kt qu thu c trn v nh gi cc tc ng c lp ca phn bn cho thy vai tr ca K rt quan trng trong vic nng cao nng sut ca vn cy c trn 2 nhm tui khai thc so vi N v K. Bng 2 trnh by lng ton hiu qu tng nng sut ca cc yu t phn bn. Qua bng cho thy gi tr tng nng sut bnh qun trong ton b cc nm quan trc ca K cao hn hn so vi N v P, c bit trong nm 2004, K lm tng nng sut cao hn 10% c ngha trn c 2 nhm tui khai thc. Trong khi vic bn N, nht l trn vn co m t nm th 2-5, c xu hng lm gim nng sut m. Hin tng ny cng vi s xut hin tng tc gia N v K trn nng sut m vo cc thng 10/03, 06-07/04 v vo trung bnh nm 2004 vn co m t nm th 2-5, cho thy c s cha cn i gia N v K vi cc mc bn b tr. Tuy nhin do mi yu t phn bn ch b tr mt mc bn duy nht, do vic nh gi vai tr ca N, P v K v cc tng tc ca chng ch dng li mc tng qut. Kt qu nh gi ny s to c s khoa hc cho vic xy dng v gii thch cc t hp phn bn ti u trong cc th nghim 18A v 18B, mi nguyn t phn bn s c b tr theo nhiu mc khc nhau.
Mc d c xu hng gim nng sut khi bn N vn mi co nhiu hn vn co t 6-9 nm, nhng khi phn tch kt qu nng sut theo cng cc mc phn bn trn 2 nhm tui khc nhau (theo kiu th nghim kt hp) th khng tm thy s khc bit v vai tr ca N, P v K trn 2 nhm tui khai thc khc nhau ny. Xy dng t hp phn bn N, P v K ti u cho cao su khai thc xc nh t hp bn NPK ti u cho cao su khai thc, 2 th nghim phi t NPK, th nghim 18A & 18B, cng c thc hin song song trn cng vn vi 2 th nghim xc nh vai tr ca NPK, th nghim 8A & 8B. C th th nghim 8A v 18A cng c bt u trn cng mt vn co m t nm th 2 v th nghim 8B v 18B cng c bt u trn cng mt vn co m t nm th 6. Nh vy, trong m ho 4 th nghim, nhm A dnh cho vn c bn phn t nm co th 2-5 v
TN 18A 60 50 40 30 20 N1P1K1 N1P1K2 N1P1K3 N1P2K1 N1P2K2 N1P2K3 N2P1K1 N2P1K2 N2P1K3 N2P2K1 N2P2K2 N2P2K3 N3P1K1 N3P1K2 N3P1K3 N3P2K1 N3P2K2 N3P2K3 Nng sut m (g/c/c) 2003 2004 2005 TB
nhm B dnh cho vn c bn phn t nm co th 6-9. Nng sut m ca cc cng thc phn bn theo tng nm v bnh qun ca tt c cc nm ca 2 th nghim c trnh by trong Biu 3. Qua Biu cho thy, trong iu kin th nghim, din bin p ng phn bn gia 2 nhm tui khai thc c dng khc nhau. Trc ht, theo qui lut bnh thng, nng sut m bnh qun chung tng theo nm co; ngoi tr nm 2005 vn b tr th nghim 18B b nhim bnh phn trng nng hn dn n st gim nng sut so vi cc nm khc v thm ch so vi vn 18A. S khc bit th hai v din bin nng sut gia 2 vn l: i vi vn mi co m, 18A, cc nh nng sut cao xut hin kh r v tp trung trong cc nm t mt s t hp phn bn N1P1K3 v c bit l N2P2K2; trong khi , i vi vn co m tr hn, 18B, s chnh lch nng sut gia cc t
TN 18B 60 Nng sut m (g/c/c) 50 40 30 20 N1P1K1 N1P1K2 N1P1K3 N1P2K1 N1P2K2 N1P2K3 N2P1K1 N2P1K2 N2P1K3 N2P2K1 N2P2K2 N2P2K3 N3P1K1 N3P1K2 N3P1K3 N3P2K1 N3P2K2 N3P2K3 2003 2004 2005 TB
Biu 3. Trung bnh nng sut m ca cc nghim thc th nghim 18A & 18B
22
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN hp phn bn khng r lm, mc d nh nng sut m tng i cao xut hin vi t hp N2P2K3. Ni cch khc, Biu trn cho thy p ng ca phn bn ln nng sut m trn vn co t nm th 2-5 r hn trn vn co t nm th 6-9. Phn tch thng k s liu nng sut m chng thc nhn nh ny: trn th nghim 18A tm thy p ng nng sut m c ngha ca N vo cc t quan trc thng 7/03, 9/03 v 11/03, v tng tc ca N v K vo cc t quan trc thng 8/05, 9/05 v trung bnh nng sut nm 2005; trong khi , trn th nghim 18B ch tm thy p ng nng sut m c ngha ca K vo t quan trc thng 12/05 v tng tc ca N v P vo cc t quan trc thng 11/03 v 6/05. Lin quan n cc kt qu c ngha trn th nghim co m t nm th 2-5, i vi N, nng sut cao nht xut pht t mc phn N2, k l N3 v cui cng l N1, trong nng sut m t N2 hu nh khc bit c ngha vi N3 v N1; i vi K, nng sut t l thun theo mc phn, nhng khng c s khc bit gia K3 v K2, cng nh gia K2 v K1. Cc chnh lch nng sut ny gii thch r rng hn cho cc kt qu thu c cc th nghim 8A v 8B, cho thy c xu hng gim nng sut khi bn N cao khng cn i so vi K. C th gii thch vic st gim nng sut m khi bn N vi mc cao qua tng tc NxK xut hin th nghim 18A: c l trong iu kin t th nghim vi hm lng N cao v K trung bnh, nhu cu v vic hp thu K mnh hn N, v theo qui lut i khng gia N v K (Schvette, 1964), bn liu N cao s c ch ht K v lm gim nng sut. Ring v tng tc NxP, c th gii thch y khng phi l tng tc trc tip m ch l tng tc gin tip thng quan s hin din ca Mg trong phn ln nung chy v ng thi qua tc ng h tung gia Mg v N v tc ng i khng gia N v K theo Schvette. Hiu qu tng nng sut ca cc mc phn c trnh by trong Bng 3. Qua Bng cho thy vic bn tng P t P1 ln P2 hu nh khng mang li hiu qu no c, vic bn tng K t liu thp ln liu trung bnh v cao u lm tng nng sut m tng ng v hiu qu tng ny ch r vn co t nm th 2-5 vi lng tng nng sut trung bnh t 4-5%, trong khi bn gia tng N u lm gia tng nng sut m nhng mc p ng ca 2 giai on co m l khc nhau: vn co m t nm
Bng 3. Lng ton hiu qu tng nng sut ca cc mc phn bn Nm co/ Mc phn 25 N1 N2 N3 P1 P2 K1 K2 K3 69 N1 N2 N3 P1 P2 K1 K2 K3 2003 32,05 36,07 33,83 33,23 34,73 32,70 34,86 34,39 51,51 52,91 55,13 53,68 52,68 52,47 53,48 53,60 Trung bnh nng sut (g/c/c) theo nm v % tng ca cc yu t phn bn 2004 2005 TB 13% 6% 5% 7% 5% 3% 7% -2% 2% 2% 34,22 38,10 36,30 36,54 35,87 35,39 36,53 36,69 37,60 39,11 40,06 39,40 38,45 39,88 38,55 38,34 11% 6% -2% 3% 4% 4% 7% -2% -3% -4% 29,62 30,51 28,32 29,75 29,22 28,86 30,09 29,51 23,34 26,36 26,67 25,54 25,38 24,99 25,18 26,20 3% -4% -2% 4% 2% 13% 14% -1% 1% 5% 31,96 34,89 32,82 33,17 33,28 32,32 33,83 33,53 37,48 39,46 40,62 39,54 38,84 39,11 39,07 39,38 9% 3% 0% 5% 4% 5% 8% -2% 0% 1%
23
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN th 2-5, liu trung bnh N2 u cho nng sut cao hn ng k so vi liu cao N3 tt c cc nm vi lng tng trung bnh cao hn 9% so N1 v cao hn 6% so N2; trong khi vn co m t nm th 6-9, ngc li liu cao N3 cho nng sut hi cao hn hoc tng ng so vi liu trung bnh N2 vi lng tng trung bnh cao hn 8% so N1 v cao hn 3% so N2. T cc kt qu v tho lun thu c trn, c th d bo rng t nng sut ti a liu ti u ca N s nm gia N2 v N3, liu ti u ca P l P1 v liu ti u ca K s nm gia K2 v K3. xc nh chnh xc cc liu ti u trn, t nng sut trung bnh trong sut thi gian th nghim ca tt c cc phn bn, phng trnh hi qui bc 2 c c lng cho b mt p ng v cc thut ton phn tch canonic c p dng. Kt qu tm c phng trnh hi qui bc 2 cho cc th nghim nh sau: 18A: Y = 12,480N+5,571K2,698N2 0,631NK0,925K2+16,618 (4) 18B: Y = 4,309N+0,518K0,411N2 0,549NK0,178K2+32,816 (5) Thay cc gi tr t (4) v (5) vo h phng trnh (2) v (3), gi tr ti u tm c cho N v K tnh bng n v phn (40 kg N/ha cho 1 n v phn N v 40 kg K2O/ha cho 1 n v phn K) v qui ra lng bn trn ha l: 18A: N = 2,043 n v = 81,7 kg N/ha K = 2,315 n v = 92,6 kg K2O/ha 18B: N = 3,062 n v = 122,5 kg N/ha K = 3,264 n v = 130,6 kg K2O/ha Tuy nhin theo kt qu kim nh mc ph hp vi cc m hnh c lng c trnh by trong Bng 4 cho thy, ch c c lng (4) l ph hp v c ngha vi mc tin cy hn 99%, tc t hp ti u N, K tm c trn th nghim 18A l c gi tr. i vi c lng (5), do khng c ngha nn khng th khuyn co kt qu t phn tch ti u ho b mt p ng bc 2; mun c lng t hp ti u c ngha cn phi tip tc b tr th nghim theo cc mc phn khc theo m hnh bc 1 v/hoc bc 2. Nh vy t hp NPK ti u cho cao su co m t nm th 2-5 l (81,7 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 92,6 kg K2O)/ha. Ring i vi th nghim co m t nm th 6-9, cn c theo kt qu phn tch phng, trc nghim Duncan c ngha v c lng hiu qu tng nng sut qua cc mc phn tho lun trn, t hp NPK ti u cho cao su co m t nm th 6-9 l (80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O)/ha. KT LUN Trn t nu bazan, cao trnh 650 m, vi hm lng dinh dng trong t c N v P cao, K trung bnh v Mg thp, sau 4 nm bn ur, ln nung chy v clorua kali vi liu n hoc
Bng 4. nh gi mc ph hp ca cc m hnh c lng Hi qui TN 18A: Tuyn tnh B c 2 Tng tch Tng TN 18B: Tuyn tnh B c 2 Tng tch Tng t do 2 2 1 5 2 2 1 5 Tng bnh phng 19,943181 97,585575 9,550817 127,079572 89,026014 2,407042 7,238017 98,671072 R2 0,0400 0,1955 0,0191 0,2546 0,1118 0,0030 0,0091 0,1239 F 1,286 6,295* 1,232 3,279 3,064* 0,0828 0,498 1,358 ngha thng k 0,2856 0,0037 0,2725 0,0126 0,0506 0,9206 0,4837 0,2567
24
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN kt hp ca 40, 80 v 120 kg N/ha, 30 v 60 kg P2O5/ha, v 40, 80 v 120 kg K2O/ha, mt s kt qu v thay i c ngha xy ra trn tnh trng dinh dng trong t, l v nht l trn nng sut m: 1) Bn ln nung chy nng cao ng k pH, P d tiu v Mg trao i t v Mg l; bn KCl lm tng K trao i trong t v K l; trong khi bn ur khng th hin r s tch ly trong t v l. Gia hm lng dinh dng t v l c cc mi tng quan c ngha. C th l: cc mi tng quan dng gia K tng s v K trao i t/K l, P d tiu v Mg t/P l, P tng s t/Mg l, v Mg t/Mg l; cc mi tng quan m gia K tng s v K trao i t/P l, v P d tiu t v K l. 2) Cc liu bn b tr khng lm thay i ng k ln tng vanh trong khi co v t l kh ming co.
3) Trong cc th nghim n t, trn vn co m t nm th 2-9, bn duy nht 80 kg K2O hoc kt hp vi 80 kg N v/hoc 60 kg P2O5/ha, lm gia tng 5-13% nng sut m t sau 2 nm bn; bn 80 kg N hoc bn 60 kg P2O5/ha trong bn n hoc bn kt hp khng lm gia tng nng sut m. 4) Trong cc th nghim phi t, trn vn co m t nm th 2-9, cc liu bn trn P, 30 v 60 kg P2O5/ha, khng to ra bt k khc bit nng sut no; trn vn co m t nm th 2-5, bn 80 kg N/ha lm tng nng sut c ngha so vi 40 v 120 kg N/ha, v bn K lm tng nng sut m t l thun theo mc bn, nhng khng c khc bit gia K2 v K3. 5) T hp phn bn ti u trn vn cao su co m t nm th 2-5 l 81,7 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 92,6 kg K2O/ha, v t hp phn bn xem nh ti u trn vn co m t nm th 6-9 l 80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 80 kg K2O/ha.
25
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN V cao trnh, vng cn nhit i ni cao Ty Garo, Meghalaya ang c th nghim trng cao su n cao t 1.000 1.100 m. Cao su Ty nguyn phn ln cao di 700 m v v 14oB cha l qu tr ngi. Bo v ma Bo xy ra thng xuyn ng Bc n , ai chn gi phi c thit lp quanh l, nht l nhng vng phi gi. Tng t vng Hi Nam, Trung Quc hng chu bo mnh hng nm. duyn hi min Trung Vit Nam, bo cng tc hi n cao su nhng c tng sut thp v vn cy cng c th phc hi sau bo. c bo co v ma gy hi cho cao su n . Tn v thn cy b tn hi nng. Tripula, 4 nm sau khi c ma tc hi, v b thng tn n tng tng v h thng ng m pht trin khng hon chnh. Sn lng trn mt co b tc hi gim n 60% so pha khng b tc hi (Meenattoor v cng s, 1995). T kinh nghim trng cao su vng ti hn trong v ngoi nc, ngoi vic chn dng v tnh cao su thch hp theo iu kin tng vng, mt s bin php k thut lu ngoi qui trnh k thut thng thng gip canh tc cao su c hiu qu: - Thn trng trong vic chn t: tng t su, kh nng gi nc tng di trong ma kh. - Trng bu l phng php hiu qu nht. Bu cy con phi c t nht 3 tng l, trng trc khi ma kh n t nht 3 thng.
Trng cao su theo ng ng mc vng i Bc Trung B - Bin php t gc rt quan trng, cn t cng rng cng tt. - Bin php t gc rt quan trng, cn t cng rng cng tt. - Vng c m tng i gim thp hn vo ban ngy (nh cc vng c gi Lo) nn co t sau na m. Ngng co khi nhit xung di 10oC. - Ngng co trong nhng thng thiu ht nc, khng c hiu qu kinh t. Mng chn ma mang li hiu qu cao vo nhng thng ma nhiu. - Gi nc khng tut i t dc, tn dng ti a lng nc ma. Tuy nhin lu khng thit lp ng bc thang vng c hin tng t chui thng xy ra; i vi nhng vng nh vy, ch to h gi mn cha nc v gi t li.
nhn do dng chy b mt, xm kch ca ht ma v s can thip ca con ngi. Theo mt s chuyn gia, iu kin l tng hnh thnh 2,5 cm lp t mt mt 30 nm. Hin nay, t dc l mt phn quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip, chim 74% t t nhin. mt s a phng, t bit l ngi dn sng vng cao, canh tc trn t dc l phng thc ph bin. Mt trong nhng tin b k thut canh tc trn t dc hiu qu l canh tc khng cy. Vy k thut canh tc khng cy t l g? V sao phi p dng k thut canh tc khng cy trn t dc? K thut canh tc khng cy c nguyn tc c bn l lun duy tr mt lp thc vt trn mt t v canh tc trc tip ln . C th duy tr lp thm thc vt theo nhiu cch khc nhau, c th: i) Che ph t bng vt liu t ni khc; ii) Gieo cy bm sinh hc trc cy trng chnh; iii) Xen canh, lun canh cy ph t vi cy trng chnh. Theo Bligh, 1995 k thut lm t khng cy mt t 0,1 tn/ha/nm so vi cy t l 3,5 tn/ha/nm. Vit Nam, kt qu nghin
cu cho thy dinh dng ca cn t b xi mn l C: 2%, N: 0,18%, P2O5: 18%, K2O: 0,05% v t b tri i 10 tn t/ha/nm. Lng dinh dng mt trung bnh hng nm trn mt ha t dc ton quc rt ln (Bng 1). Lm t khng cy vi vic to thm thc vt ph t s gim ng k hin tng xi mn. Ngoi ra, ph t cn tc dng tch cc ti l ho tnh t. t c ph thng xuyn hn ch c c di, gi m, tng hu c t, to cho h vi sinh vt t hot ng v gim phn bn. V vy, p dng k thut lm t khng cy cho nng sut cao v n nh. Mc d c nhiu u im ca k thut lm t khng cy, nhng n vn tn ti mt s vn cn khc phc: i) thng xuyn che ph t l mi trng thun li cho nm bnh pht trin; ii) duy tr m t cao, t lnh lm gim qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt t v qu trnh khong ha cht hu c; iii) tng s lng sinh vt ym kh, dn ti lm tng qu trnh nitrat ha v bay hi di tc dng ca enzym ureaza c tm thy trong lp thc vt.
Bng 2. nh hng ca k thut lm t ti dinh dng t sau 5 nm canh tc Ch tiu Hu c (%) Pdt(mg/100gt) Kdt(ll/100gt) Ca (ldl/100gt) Mg (ldl/100gt)
++ ++
28
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN Nhn chung canh tc trn cc vng t dc th hin tng xi mn t v ra tri dinh dng t l ng k. Do , cc bin php bo v t v ngn chn xi mn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr cc h canh tc bn vng. Mt trong cc bin php hiu qu l canh tc khng cy t.
THNG TIN KHOA HC - CNG NGH CAO SU THIN NHIN Canxi (Ca): l mt trong nhng thnh phn ca vch t bo v m phn sinh v c bit cn thit cho s pht trin ca r. Triu chng u tin l phn chy sm ngn v ba l t mu trng n mu nu nht. - Trn cy cha phn cnh: triu chng xut hin tng non ca cy, trng hp nng nh sinh trng c th cht. - Trn cy phn cnh: triu chng chy sm mu trng, mng, xut hin nhng l di thp che trong tn.
Du hiu thiu Magi cy KTCB h hp. c bit c ngha trong m, mt vi DVT c hm lng Mg cao lm mt tnh n nh ca m. Thiu Mg biu hin l s pht trin ca mu vng a phn phin l gia cc gn l, hnh dng ging ch chi. Trng hp thiu Mg nghim trng, mu thng xut hin l mu vng m, ko theo phin l b kh, gy rng l. Cy c Mg thp qua ng sm hn cy c Mg cao. - Trn cy cha phn cnh: triu chng u tin xut hin tng gi hoc l di thp. - Trn cy phn cnh: nhng l phi ra ngoi sng, hoc nhng l tng cui cng, trn cng ca tn cy.
Mt trong cc du hiu thiu Canxi (Lc dch t Mineral deficiencies in Hevea and Associated cover plants by Victor M. Shorrocks. RRIM, 1964)
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